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October 27, 1858 saw the birth of what total badass, who spent time as New York City Police Commissioner, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 33rd Governor of New York, and 25th Vice President of the US, before going on to a few other impressive jobs?	Somos Primos Somos Primos Editor: Mimi Lozano ï¿½2000-2011 Dedicated to Hispanic Heritage and Diversity Issues Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research Marriage of Martin de Loyola to Princess Dona Beatriz and Don Juan Borja to Princess Lorenza. Cuzco school, 1718. Oil on canvas. Museo Pedro Osma, Lima, Peru. Photo: D. Giannoni. Major exhibit : on view until January 29, 2012. The Los Angeles County Museum of Art, in partnership with the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research P.O. 490, Midway City, CA 92655-0490 Virginia Gil, Gloria Cortinas Oliver Graciela Lozano, Mimi Lozano, Letty Pena Rodella, Viola Rodriguez. Sadler, Tom Saenz, John P. Schmal Resources: www.SomosPrimos.com "A patriot must always be ready to defend his country against his government." Edward Abbey "Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power." Abraham Lincoln ï¿½ngel Custodio Rebollo Tony Santiago Felipe de Ortego y Gasca Darlene Elliott Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez Gregorio Luke Dr. Marï¿½a Robledo Montecel Aurelio M. Montemayor Ricardo Palmerï¿½n Cordero Jose M. Pena Jesus Velazquezï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Albert Vigil [email protected] Letters to the Editor Mimi-- As always. the latest SOMOS PRIMOS looks great. Beats me how you keep up with such a prodigious and unforgiving chore. Galal Kernahan I am proud of Somos Primos Magazine Thank you Mimi, you do a great job as magazine editor Hugs and God bless, Joe Sanchez THANK YOU! Wow. Top of the page and everything! I'll let you know how it goes!. Mimi, now that I've really looked into what it is you do, I am SO amazed and impressed with how much integrity your site has. It has such an important cause. It's a beautiful work, and so many people are contributing. Thank you for letting me be a part of it Lori Kretcher Mimi your magazine as fascinating as always. Are you preparing a successor? Connie Vasquez Wonderful as always....thanks for your efforts!! Tim Crump Hola Sra. Mimï¿½. Envï¿½o esta informaciï¿½n de la familia del Sr. Lic. Don Benito Juï¿½rez, les mando un afectuoso saludo a los colaboradores y lectores de SOMOS PRIMOS. Su amigo, Presidente de la Sociedad de Genealogï¿½a de Nuevo Leï¿½n Tte. Cor. Ricardo Raï¿½l Palmerï¿½n Cordero. As popular as Somos Primos is getting to be as a go-to site for Hispanic heritage news, I am sure that most folks donï¿½t realize how involved putting the web site together is. So, Mimi, speaking for the many of us who donï¿½t say it enough, Thank You and Mil Gracias! Joe Lopez Alaska style "Merry Christmas" the Hallelujah Chorus CHCI Receives $1 Million Gift The Story of G.I. Josï¿½ by Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez Alonso S. Perales and the Development of Mexican-American Public Intellectuals Julian Samora Legacy Project Marisol A. Chalas, A Wise Latina, by Mercy Bautista-Olvera Rise Of Young Latino Politicians In Texas by Sara Calderon Laus Deo, Do you know what it means? Honoring America's Veterans by Felipe de Ortego y Gasca Alaska style Merry Christmas, the Hallelujah Chorus... This is a video from the small Yupiq Eskimo Village of Quinhagak, Alaska. It is first rate and really gives a very fine picture of life in an Alaska Eskimo village. This was a school computer project intended for the other Yupiq villages in the area. Much to the villages shock, over a quarter of a million people have already seen the video. (As of 9/1/11 --over 600,000)! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyviyF-N23A Sent by [email protected] CHCI Receives $1 Million Gift The Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI) has announced that Walmart will continue to fund its Latino leadership program with a $1 million grant. In 2009, CHCI also received a grant that allowed them to conduct not only a summer program but also to hold three internship sessions each year. This grant will allow the Congressional Internship Program to continue through 2015. ï¿½CHCI is thrilled to continue its strong relationship with Walmart to benefit the ever-expanding Latino youth population and ensure more opportunities are provided for Latino undergraduates to access careers in public service and public policy,ï¿½ said CHCI chairman Charles Gonzalez. Belinda Garza, director of federal government relations for Walmart, one of the programï¿½s major sponsors, says she wishes to continue her support for future leaders. Visit www.chci.org for details. Compiled by Claudia Gï¿½mez, source: American Sabor Traveling Exhibit Launch Latino Cultural Calendar [email protected] First federal Thanksgiving proclamation was issued by President George Washington in 1789. "It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor." On October 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a day of thanksgiving . 1905, Theodore Roosevelt issued a proclamation declaring November 12 as a day of thanksgiving. Thanksgiving Day did not actually become a national holiday until December 26, 1941, with House Joint Resolution 41 (77th Congress, 1st Session) declaring the 4th Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day. The 1941 date is particularly interesting because December 7, 1941, the United States had been attacked by Japan, and entered World War II on December 8, 1941 by declaring war on Japan. Editor: With so many citizens out of work, this information about our members of Congress seems timely. I think these sums might include benefits. I could not find these specific amounts, but there is considerable information available online, such as: http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/thepresidentandcabinet/a/presidentialpay.htm Salary of retired US Presidents .............$450,000 FOR LIFE Salary of House/Senate members ..........$174,000 FOR LIFE Salary of Speaker of the House .............$223,500 FOR LIFE Salary of Majority/Minority Leaders .....$193,400FOR LIFE Sent by Carol Floyd The 4th issue in the series ï¿½Hispanics Breaking Barriersï¿½ focuses on contributions of Hispanic leadership in United States government. Their contributions have improved not only the local community but the country as well. Their struggles, stories, and accomplishments will by example; illustrate to our youth and to future generations that everything and anything is possible. Marina Garcia Marmolejo: U.S. District Court Judge, Southern District of Texas Juan Verde: U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary for Europe and Eurasia Dr. Cynthia Telles: Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence Albert Nï¿½jera: U.S. Marshal, Eastern District of California Jaime Areizaga-Soto: Senior Attorney Advisor, General Counsel, at the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Marina Garcia Marmolejo Marina Garcia Marmolejo is serving as U.S. District Court Judge in the Southern District of Texas, which stretches from Houston Marina Garcia Marmolejo was born in 1971, in Nuevo Laredo , Tamaulipas , Mexico . She became a naturalized U.S. citizen. She is married to Wesley Boyd. The couple have two children; Natalia and Nicolas. In 1992, Marmolejo earned a Bachelorï¿½s of Arts Degree in English from the University of Incarnate Word . Between her studies from the University Marmolejo served as a substitute teacher in the United Independent School District in Laredo,Texas . In 1996, she earned a Masterï¿½s of Arts Degree in International Relations from St. Maryï¿½s University in San Antonio , Texas . She served as an Associate Editor on the St. Maryï¿½s Law Review. She earned her Juris Doctorate Degree from St. Maryï¿½s School of Law, completing each degree program with honors. From 1993 to 1996, she worked as a Research Assistant to Professor Raul M. Sanchez at St. Mary's University School of Law where she also worked as a Property tutor and a Student Attorney at the Criminal Justice Clinic. Marmolejo began her legal career as an assistant public defender, serving first in the Western District and later for Southern District. U.S. Representative Lloyd Doggett from Texas 25th District. From 1996 to 1999, she served as an Assistant Federal Public Defender, where she worked to ensure that the indigent and vulnerable defendants received their constitutional right to a fair trial; she appeared in 350 cases before Federal district courts in both the Southern and Western Districts of Texas . Marmolejo at age 29, prosecuted a complex public corruption case against several Laredo public officials and family members. After a five-week trial in the defendants' hometown, the jury returned unanimous guilty verdicts. At age 31, the Executive Office of the Department of Justice, awarded Marina one of its most prestigious awards-the ï¿½Attorney General's Director'sï¿½ Award for her work on several public corruption cases. In 2007, she helped open the San Antonio office of Thompson & Knight, where she served as counsel from 2007 to 2009. She then joined Diamond McCarthy LLP; and became a partner later that year. In 2009, Marmolejo served as a partner with Reid Davis LLP. Marmolejo often served with witnesses and clients in foreign countries in evaluating and preparing for U.S. litigation. In 2005, she received Recognition for Outstanding Service, from the Office of the Inspector General, Department of Homeland Security. In 2006, Marmolejo was recognized as an ï¿½Outstanding Prosecutorial Skills, Federal Bureau of Investigation.ï¿½ In 2010, ï¿½Hispanic Businessï¿½ magazine recognized Marmolejo as one of The 100 Influentialï¿½s-Thought Leaders. In 2011, the ï¿½League of United American Citizensï¿½ (LULAC) recognized Marmolejo with its ï¿½Tejano Achieversï¿½ award and ï¿½Nuevo Laredo Rotary Clubï¿½ awarded her with the ï¿½Super Lawyers, Texas Rising Star.ï¿½ She is licensed to practice law in Texas and is a member of the State Bar of Texas and the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Marmolejo represents historic change in the diversity of the Texas Federal judiciary and is an inspiration to young Latinas in South Texas Juan Verde was appointed to serve as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Europe and Eurasia at the U.S. Department of Commerce by President Obama. Juan Verde was born in Spain . Juan Verde earned a Bachelorï¿½s of Arts Degree in Political Science and International Relations from Tufts Boston , Massachusetts, where he graduated with honors. He earned a Masterï¿½s Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University . Verde has also completed graduate business studies at Georgetown University . Verde worked as an International Trade Coordinator for the U.S. Department of Commerce, where he supervised a series of U.S. government trade missions and worked on international trade policy issues for the Clinton Administration. Verde served as Director for Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula for the Corporate Executive Board (CEB), a publicly traded strategy consulting and research firm serving more than 2,000 of the most prestigious corporations and financial institutions around the world. Verde also served in the corporate world as a consultant to numerous business and political leaders in the United States , Europe, and . He specialized in growth strategies, international expansion, business development, human resources, and corporate strategies. Verde served as an entrepreneur, and as a business consultant. His career in the private sector included roles as founder, controlling shareholder, and CEO of several successful companies. Verde also founded the American Chamber of Commerce in the Canary Islands . He also served on the boards of several Spanish and North American companies. He was responsible for ushering U.S. companies such as Critical Solutions and GigaTrust into the European market, and drafting their strategic plans for the continent. Verdeï¿½s career and dedication to public administration and politics was launched in the Boston Mayorï¿½s Office and the Boston City Council with his work as a Business and Legislative Aide. Verde has extensive experience in the political world, having worked on the political campaigns of Senator Ted Kennedy, President Bill Clinton, Vice President Al Gore, Senator John Kerry, and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In his political work, he has specialized in fundraising, and strategic issues relevant to the Hispanic community. In 2008, Verde served on President Obamaï¿½s Campaign Committee advising the campaign on the design of the overall electoral strategy, while focusing his work on attracting the Hispanic vote, and fundraising. Verde is also heavily involved in social issues. He was the founder and CEO of the Climate Project Spain , the Spanish branch of former Vice President Al Goreï¿½s climate change nonprofit. He also served as president of the Fundaciï¿½n Biosfera (Biosphere Foundation), a nonprofit organization that promotes environmental values, sustainability, and the fight against climate change. In this capacity, he leads the Department of Commerceï¿½s efforts to help solve trade policy and market access issues facing U.S. firms seeking to grow their business operations in Europe and Eurasia . He is responsible for developing and recommending policies and programs with respect to United States economic and commercial relations with 52 countries in Europe and Eurasia . Verde has modeled his Office into a one-stop shop for companies looking for export assistance. President Obama appointed Cynthia Telles to the White House Commission on Presidential Scholars. Cynthia Ann Telles was born in Texas. She is the daughter of Raymond L. Telles Jr. (1915-2011) and Delfina Navarro-Telles (1916-2010). Her father served in the Air Force in WWII. He completed 34 years of active and reserve duty. He retired in 1975, as a Colonel in the U.S. Air Force, and became a Political figure. Cynthia Telles is married to Robert M. Hertzberg Vice President at the International firm Mayer Brown LLP. She has three sons: Daniel, David, and Raymond. Telles received a Bachelorï¿½s of Arts Degrees from Smith and a Juris Doctorate Degree in Clinical Psychology from Boston . She also served as Chairperson of the board of the National Coalition of Hispanic Health, and Human Service Organizations in Washington Since 1986, Dr. Telles has been on the faculty of the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry. She is currently the Director of the UCLA Neuropsychiatry Institute Spanish-Speaking Psychosocial Clinic where she is responsible for managing the clinical operations of this model psychiatric clinic, as well as the training program, research, and budget. During the Clinton Administration Dr. Telles served on the National Advisory Council, the Mental Health Task Force for the Carter , Georgia to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in the Department of Health and Human Services. Dr. Telles served on the Board of Directors of Sanwa Bank California for eight years. She has extensive public service experience having served as the City of Los Angeles Board of Library Commissioners for 13 years. Since 2003, Dr. Cynthia A. Telles has served on the boards of Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. She serves as chair of the Community Benefit Committee and also is a member of the Audit and Compliance Committee, and Executive Committee, and serves on the Executive Advisory Board of Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Georgia, Inc. In 2006 and again in 2010, Dr. Telles was named by ï¿½Hispanic Businessï¿½ Magazine as one of the Top ï¿½100 Most Influential Hispanicsï¿½ in the United States . She has published extensively in the area of mental health, particularly with respect to the assessment and treatment of Hispanic populations. "Cynthia just believes that nothing like this is being done, so let's do something," says Dr. George Paz, a psychiatrist who, like Telles, counsels largely impoverished Latino immigrants who may be suffering from serious mental illness, post-traumatic stress syndrome or difficulties in acculturation. "Without Cynthia, there would be no clinic.ï¿½ Dr. Telles inherited the zeal for public service from her father Raymond L. Telles Jr. who in 1957, became the first Mexican-American Mayor in El Paso . In 1961, former President John F. Kennedy named him as Ambassador to Costa Rica . Former President Richard M. Nixon appointed Raymond L. Telles Jr., as Head of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, one of the few democrats to serve in the Nixon Administration. ï¿½My maternal great-grandmother Santos Elizondo served for public service as well. She ran an orphanage in the barrio; she set up a home for abused women and children. My maternal grandmother carried on the tradition of helping in the Latino community. As a girl, I remember going with my grandmother to work in the orphanage,ï¿½ she further stated, "These were incredible women, they left a very important legacy in my family.ï¿½ Albert Nï¿½jera Albert Nï¿½jera, the former Sacramento Police Chief, is a certified SWAT Tactical Officer and Commander serving as a United States Federal Marshal for the Eastern District of California. Albert Nï¿½jera was born in Sacramento , California . In 1978, Nï¿½jera earned his Bachelorï¿½s Degree in Criminal Justice from California and earned his Masterï¿½s Degree in Management at California . He studied at the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Academy and at the Bramshill London . Nï¿½jera also oversaw security for the 2000 and 2004 U.S. Olympic Track and Field Trials at Sacramento . From 2003 and 2008, Nï¿½jera served as the Sacramento Police Chief, he oversaw a staff of 1,200 and a budget of about $130 million. Nï¿½jera became Sacramento ï¿½s 43rd Police Chief. California Senator Barbara Boxer stated, ï¿½I am so pleased that the Senate has confirmed Albert Nï¿½jera as the next federal marshal for California ï¿½s Eastern District. The Eastern District will be well served by Chief Nï¿½jera, who is a smart, experienced law enforcement official.ï¿½ Nï¿½jera has traveled around the world to lead anti-terrorist and emergency operations training sessions. He also deployed to New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina to assist local law enforcement. With over 30 years of experience, former Sacramento Police Chief Albert Nï¿½jera joined Delegata as a General Manager with a wealth of knowledge in the public safety and government sectors. He brings extensive leadership, management, In addition delivering innovative solutions and leading organization transformation efforts. His leadership was recognized nationally and internationally when he was appointed to the National Advisory Committee of the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) and asked to lead initiatives such as Public Safety Training for the Brazilian National Police and the South Africa Police Service. As Chief of Police from 2003 to 2008, Albertï¿½s vision and leadership led to many successful initiatives to advance public safety in Sacramento . He managed a $30 Million dollar 911 communications center with linkages to remote public surveillance camera systems. He also led the successful implementation of a Computer Aided Dispatch and Records Management solution that includes geospatial analysis and GPS components representing the Sacramento Police Department. Albert received the 2008 ï¿½Best of California ï¿½ Award for ï¿½Most Innovative Use of Technologyï¿½ for the Automated Vehicle License Plate Recognition Program. U.S. Marshals work within the Justice Department as the law enforcement arm of the federal court system. They protect judges, attorneys, witnesses and jurors; secure courthouses; safeguard witnesses; transport prisoners; and execute court orders and civil and criminal processes. Nï¿½jera is the National President of the Hispanic American Command Police Officers Association, an active member of the local American Leadership Forum chapter and a member of numerous other police associations. Jaime Areizaga-Soto President Obama and his Administration appointed Jaime Areizaga-Soto as Senior Attorney Advisor to the Office of the General Counsel at the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). He is currently running to represent the 31st District in the Virginia State Senate. Jaime Areizaga-Soto was born in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. His mother served as an elementary school teacher, and his father served in the Korean War. He is fluent in Portuguese, French, and Spanish. Areizaga-Soto earned a Bachelorï¿½s Degree in Science with honors from the Georgetown School of Foreign Service, where his thesis analyzed the Cuban economy. He earned a Masterï¿½s Degree in Latin American Studies from University . He earned a Juris Doctorate Degree from Stanford University School of Law. Areizaga-Soto served as an attorney for over a decade, including eight years in the Global Project Finance Group of the Brazil office of Clifford Chance, the largest law firm in the world, structuring and negotiating cross-border project finance transactions in Latin America for major United States In 1998, Areizaga-Soto joined former President Carter as an international election observer in Venezuela and in 1996, he served as an election observer in Nicaragua . In 2007, President Bush appointed Areizaga-Soto as a White House Fellow, one of the most prestigious programs on leadership and public service. During the Fellowship, he served as policy advisor to Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson and to the Under-Secretary for International Affairs, David McCormick. Areizaga-Soto spent more than ten years in private practice, including Hogan & Hartson in Washington D.C. Areizaga-Soto served as a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel in the Judge Advocate General Corps of the District of Columbia National Guard. Areizaga-Soto served as the Principal Advisor for Latino Affairs to the 2009 Democratic candidate for Governor of Virginia, Sen. Creigh Deeds. During the 2010 and 2011, General Assembly sessions Areizaga-Soto served as the Policy Advisor to Virginia State Senator Mary Margaret Whipple (31st District) and worked closely with each of our 22 state Democratic Senators. Areizaga-Soto is very active in the community. He is the Vice President of the Democratic Latino Organization of Virginia (DLOV), Deputy Finance Chair of the Arlington County Democratic Committee (ACDC), Treasurer of the National Puerto Rican Coalition, Inc. (NPRC), board member of the Hispanic Bar Association of the District of Columbia (HBA-DC), and board member of the Asociaciï¿½n Lï¿½deres Hispanos. Areizaga-Soto was admitted to the practice of law in New York He is also is a member of the Hispanic National Bar Association (HNBA). The Story of G.I. Josï¿½ By Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez, Rio Grande Guardian SAN ANTONIO, Nov. 6 - Veterans Day is a federal holiday honoring U.S. military warriors. Its observance on November 11 is a numbers enthusiast delight, because it refers to the ending of World War I major hostilities at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918. It was then that the peace agreement (Armistice) between the Allied Armies and the Central Powers (Germany) was signed. For the record, G.I. Josï¿½ (the Hispanic G.I. Joe) answered the call and has the medals to prove it. Private David Barkley Cantï¿½ (Laredo, Texas) received the Medal of Honor for his heroism in that war. Also, Private Josï¿½ P. Martinez (Taos, New Mexico) was the first Hispanic in WWII to win his Medal of Honor in 1943. The first U.S. troops to see action in the Pacific were Spanish-surnamed soldiers from the New Mexico National Guard posted in the Philippines. However, how long has G.I. Josï¿½ been a U.S. warrior veteran? To get that answer, we have to return to the very foundation of our nation when Texas and the Southwest were not even part of the U.S. General Bernardo Gï¿½lvez (the forgotten Lafayette) and his Spanish soldiers and French volunteers fought in a strong, determined alliance with General George Washingtonï¿½s forces fighting for freedom against the far superior country of England. Even those familiar with Spanish involvement in the American Revolution, may not be aware of the size (over 7,000 soldiers) and scope of Gï¿½lvezï¿½ theater of operations, which stretched a 1,000 miles from the Texas-Louisiana border to Florida. Additionally, Tejano vaquero citizen soldiers steered nearly 10,000 head of cattle from Tejas to feed U.S. soldiers. It was Gen. Gï¿½lvez who achieved key victories against the British in Mobile and Pensacola. If England didnï¿½t have to fight General Galvezï¿½ forces on the Gulf of Mexico, it is quite possible that they would have defeated the much weaker U.S. colonists. As such, one starts getting the big picture of G.I. Joseï¿½s level of involvement in the defense of the U.S. right from the start of its independence. Equally important a few years later, Colonel Bernardo Gutiï¿½rrez de Lara and his battle-hardened Tejano soldiers living in exile in Louisiana provided critical assistance to the U.S. Tejano aid in the 1815 Battle of New Orleans was crucial to General Andrew Jacksonï¿½s victory against the British in this last battle of the War of 1812. During the Spanish American War (1898-1901), Spanish-speaking U.S. infantry soldiers from Arizona, New Mexico, and Puerto Rico were vital in the U.S. victory. In WW II, General MacArthur honored Mexican American soldiers from Arizona and New Mexico as the most effective battle units he had ever commanded. Oddly in the 21st Century, Hispanic veterans find themselves in the same boat as Hispanic civilians. They are largely invisible. Equally rejected in U.S. military history are Native Americans, Blacks, and contributions by women whose notable acts have been deliberately left out of the pages of U.S. history books. Members of these loyal groups can only wonder what it takes to be given fair and equal treatment in the writing and filming of U.S. historical events they helped create. For example, in 2007 U.S. filmmaker Ken Burns showcased ï¿½The Warï¿½, a World War II program on PBS. Such epic presentations are nothing new and are a main staple of history aficionados throughout the country. As he presented yet another film with an all-white Anglo Saxon cast and perspective, Mr. Burns and his associates were expecting the typical applause from the general public. That was not be. For the first time ever, a group of concerned mostly Spanish-surnamed citizens said ï¿½ï¿½Ya Basta!ï¿½ (Enough!). Accordingly, they formed an alliance (Defend the Honor) that dared to declare war on the mainstream one-sided version of ï¿½The War.ï¿½ With all due respect to Mr. Burns and the many other respectful literary and cinema giants who have written books and produced films on U.S. military history, their reluctance to give credit where credit is due is unjustifiable. However, in their defense, their failing is due to how mainstream history is taught in elementary, secondary, college and university level classrooms. The question is why is history taught in this Anglophile fashion? In a very real sense, U.S. history book pages contain a hidden anti-Spanish slant that began in 1600s Europe. Its aim: to disparage Spain, Englandï¿½s chief European competitor in America. Accordingly, Spanish events are either distorted or left out of history books. Then, using this air-brush technique, U.S. mainstream historians continued to erase Hispanic veteran acts of heroism as if the events never happened. In his book, ï¿½No Greater Love (The Lives and Times of Hispanic Soldiers)ï¿½, Major General Freddie Valenzuela clearly asks a related question. Why do the courageous exploits of Hispanic military men and women remain largely unsung, when in reality they stand among the most valiant; most wounded and killed of any ethnic group in the U.S. Army? He further asks why Hispanic soldiers lag so far behind when it comes to promotion to higher grades. Those are important questions that deal with the spiral of neglect so common in recording Hispanic efforts in U.S. history. Past discrimination against Hispanic veterans cannot be undone. Aside from that, the incidents below serve only as reminders of how unequal liberty in this country can be. For example, WWII Medal of Honor winners Army Sergeants Josï¿½ M. Lï¿½pez and Macario Garcia were denied the very freedoms they fought for overseas. In other words, they were expected to know their place when they returned home with their hard-won medals. Asking only for the same dignity given to Anglo customers, both were denied service in public establishments because the Texas restaurants did not serve Mexicans. Adding insult to injury, in Private Garciaï¿½s case, the Anglo owner had him arrested by the police for refusing to leave the eatery. Also in WWII, Private First Class Guy Gabaldï¿½n singlehandedly captured over 1,500 Japanese soldiers. The young soldier suffered two setbacks related to his heroic actions. First, his singularly distinctive act as a soldier of "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United Statesï¿½ was not enough. His nomination for the Medal of Honor was turned down. Secondly, his daring acts were the subject of a popular 1960 WWII movie ï¿½Hell to Eternityï¿½. However, removing any reference that PFC Gabaldï¿½n was a Mexican American from Los Angeles, California; the heroï¿½s roles as both child and adult in the movie were given to Anglo actors. Likewise, the grieving family of Private Felix Longoria found themselves in the eye of a socio-political storm. While trying to bury the WWII hero in Three Rivers, Texas, the funeral director told the family that services could not be held in the only funeral home in town because ï¿½.. The whites would not like it.ï¿½ Of some solace was the fact that then Senator Lyndon B. Johnson challenged the prevailing Anglo bigotry in Texas. He interceded on the familyï¿½s behalf. As a result, Private Longoriaï¿½s remains rest in Arlington National Cemetery. Regardless of many undignified measures against them, Spanish-surnamed veterans have proven their gallantry in later wars, such as Korea, Vietnam and the current wars of today. In greater numbers, Hispana patriots pull their share of the load. In short, Hispanic instinctive patriotism has never wavered. Through it all, Spanish-surnamed veterans continue to serve loyally. General Valenzuela answers his own question when he asks, ï¿½Why do they do it?ï¿½ He responds that Hispanics are hard-wired to do their duty. Letï¿½s hope that their days of anonymity in the higher ranks are over. So, this Veterans Day, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of the eleventh year of the 21st century (11/11/11/11), promise yourself that you will pray for and thank all veterans. Most importantly, do something very special. South Texas G.I. Josï¿½s and G.I. Josefinas desperately need our help. Write, email, and/or phone your elected senators and representatives. Tell them that the time for excuses is over. South Texas warrior veterans have earned the construction of a Veterans Hospital in the Rio Grande Valley. It is time to get it done! Happy Veterans Day 2011! Laredo native Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez lives in San Antonio. He served in the U.S. Air Force between 1962 and 1966. An author, he contributes regularly to the Guardian. Marisol A. Chalas Written By Mercy Bautista-Olvera Marisol Chalas is the nation's first Latina National Guard Black Hawk pilot, The Black Hawk helicopter is a four-bladed, two engine, versatile Army fighting machine, and for Commander Marisol Chalas, itï¿½s her pride and joy. Chalas has lived her life from the cockpit of this legendary helicopter. She is one of the few Latinas who is certified to fly a Black Hawk helicopter and has received recognition and numerous decorations. Marisol Altagracia Chalas was born in 1973, in Bani, Dominican Republic , her parents Napoleon Chalas and Dulce Metos-Chalas immigrated to the United States leaving their children behind with relatives including Marisol, who was about 5-years old. Her parents in search for a better life for their family settled in Boston , Massachusetts . At the age of nine Marisol and her three younger sisters; Cornelia, Tricia, and Jacqueline reunited with their parents in America . Her parents worked two jobs at a Hilton hotel, at guest services and housekeeping, while also splitting time at a local Massachusetts Chalas attended the local elementary and intermediate schools and graduated from Lynn , Massachusetts . She took the advice of her high school physics teacher to attend college because of her ability to solve math and logic problems. After graduating from high school, she landed a job at General Electric. Chalas attended . She earned a Bachelorï¿½s of Science, Marine Engineer Degree from the Massachusetts , and a Professional Masterï¿½s in Business Administration (PMBA) from Georgia ï¿½ J. Mack Robinson College of Business. She graduated as the best cadet in leadership, and received an academic merit for physical fitness from the Military Institute in Georgia . She also was recognized as the best in her class at the Ft. . Since July 1990, Chalas continues to serve in the Army National Guard. She serves as an Aviation Readiness Officer for the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM). Some of her duties are to review aviation maintenance. She also evaluates and analyzes over 1000 aircraft for readiness, assists in providing combat capable aircraft support for the Global War on Terrorist. She provides training, leadership and mentorship for the 8th Combat Aviation Brigade, 2nd Training , and to Cavalry Regiment maintenance officers. In 1999, Chalas served at the Fairfield , California Army National Guard, she served there until 2003. She also served at the Georgia Army National Guard in Atlanta . Chalas became Commander of an entire fleet of Army Reserve Black Hawkï¿½s that included 16 pilots and 8 aircraft. In 2006, Chalas was on a six-month trip with the Hew Horizons Humanitarian missions (sponsored by the U.S. Army). She was able to help in the efforts to construct three rural schools and four clinics in and nearby Barahona . Chalas was given the chance to return home. ï¿½I served as a pilot and a translator on the ground for doctors and engineers. It was here where I experienced one of the most memorable flyovers of my life.ï¿½ She further stated, "I still get goosebumps, when I flew over Bani, it was very emotional and moving, that's where I was born and went to elementary school. And I came back 15 years later as an American soldier to provide services to the Dominican Republic ." Since September 2007, Chalas has served as an Associate ï¿½ Methods and Procedures Analyst for the Booz Allen Hamilton Inc., a public company; of over ten thousand employees. Chalasï¿½ twenty-year aviation career in the U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard includes flying soldiers and equipment to and from the battlefield during Operation Iraqi Freedom, to flying four-star generals, ambassadors, and Congressmen. ï¿½Thanks to my persistence, I have touched the sky,ï¿½ stated Chalas. She served in the National Guard for 18 years then transferred to the Reserves. Chalas has advice for women; "Take a step back, re-evaluate your life, and don't be afraid to rely on friends and mentors. Always reach out to people because you'll be surprised how many people are there to assist you.ï¿½ ï¿½Reach back and remember where you came from," she further stated. Chalas has flown all over the world including to Kuwait , and the Dominican Republic as a Black Hawk Captain. Getting to that point, Chalas says was not easy. ï¿½I even had a pilot instructor that said, ï¿½Females, it takes them longer to learn,ï¿½ but again I used that as strength,ï¿½ stated Chalas. ï¿½Project Mujerï¿½ magazine honored Marisol Chalas for her 20 years of service as one of the 100 Dominican Females who serve as a leading example for Latina women everywhere. Chalas is on military leave of absence from Booz Allen, while serving as a Commander for Aviation Company 7-158th AVN for the US Army Reserves, while maintaining her aviation currency, which requires flying 48 hours every six months. Chalas always remembers where she has been and how she got there and says mentoring is an invaluable resource. ï¿½To me, you can make a difference in someoneï¿½s life by just allowing them and just saying ï¿½you know I believe in you and I know you can do itï¿½, simple words will create a leader out of someone,ï¿½ Chalas further stated, ï¿½Donï¿½t be afraid to be persistent because it does pay off, and always ask for help, thereï¿½s always somebody out there whoï¿½s willing to help you. If you donï¿½t ask, you never know.ï¿½ Her parents are and continue to be her role models. "We learned very young that in order to be successful you have to work hard at it, nothing is handed to you," stated Chalas. HONORING AMERICAï¿½S VETERANS Previous version titled ï¿½Veteranï¿½s Day: Pain and Promiseï¿½ appeared in Newspaper Tree, November 10, 2008; Silver City Daily Press, November 11, 2008; La Prensa, San Antonio, Texas, November 11, 2007. Posted on Somos en Escritos: Latino Literary Online Magazine. By Felipe de Ortego y Gasca Scholar in Residence, Chair, Department of Chicana/Chicano and Hemispheric Studies, Western New Mexico University; USMC, World War II, 1943-1946 (Platoon Sergeant); USAF, Korean and Viet Nam Conflicts, 1952-1962 (Active Duty: Captain; Major, USAFR) American soldiers of the 353rd Infantry near a church at Stenay, Meus in France. Foto taken on November 11, 1918, two minutes before the armistice ending World War I went into effect. --Department of Veterans Affairs. S ince the founding of the nation, some 48 million men and women have served in the U.S. military. More than half are alive today. A small number of World War II veterans are still with us, though they are dying at the rate of about 1,000 a day. In the United States there are two days that honor American veterans: one is Memorial Dayï¿½the last Monday in Mayï¿½and the other is Veteranï¿½s Day ï¿½each year on November 11. Some sources indicate that Memorial Day was officially proclaimed on May 5, 1868 by General John Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic when, as decorations, flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery. In May of 1966, President Lyndon Johnson officially declared Waterloo N.Y. as the official birthplace of Memorial Day. In December of 2000, Congress passed the ï¿½National Moment of Remembranceï¿½ resolution to remind Americans of the true meaning of Memorial Day. Until 1968 when the Congress established the Uniform Holiday act and moved Memorial Day to the last Monday in May, the nation celebrated Decoration / Memorial Day on May 30th as a day of remembrance for Americans who died in battle. On January 19, 1999, efforts were made to restore Memorial Day back to May 30th instead of ï¿½the last Monday in May,ï¿½ the traditional day of observance of Decoration / Memorial Day. The efforts were unsuccessful. In the 20th century, the War of nations (World War I) ended on the eleventh day of the eleventh month in 1918 and the day was proclaimed as Armistice Day in remembrance of the end of World War I and is generally regarded as the end of ï¿½the war to end all wars.ï¿½ By Executive Order, in November 1919, President Wilson proclaimed November 11 as the first commemoration of Armistice Day. The day was later renamed Veterans Day to honor those who have served in any of the armed forces during war. Each year on November 11, the nation celebrates that legacy and commemorates its contribution to the American character. In 2004 the U.S. Senate voted unanimously to name the city of Emporia , as the official founding city of Veterans Day . When World War II ended in August of 1945, I was 19 years old and a Sergeant in the Marine Corps. I had survived the vagaries of that grueling war and, putting my uniform aside, went out into the world to make my ï¿½fortuneï¿½ with the 16 million men and women who served in that effort. What that fortune would be, I had no idea. Thanks to the University of Pittsburgh (1948-1952) that fortune has turned out to be an academic career spanning almost six decades and a staggering production of published words. All this with only one year of high school and no GED. What I knew at warï¿½s end was that as a World War II veteran the promises of America strengthened my resolve to confront the challenges of the nation at mid-century. What I also knew was that as a veteran I was part of a legacy of military service stretching back to the foundations of the nation. O n Veterans Day, in particular, I think about the youth of our nation fighting in brutal climes like Afghanistan and Iraq. I think about Willie Bains, a companion of my youth who went off to the European Theater during World War II and never came back. We should have grown old together and reveled in conversations about our children and grandchildren. On Veterans Day, especially, I think about the World War I veterans I used to see in my youth on the streets of San Antonio, Chicago, and Pittsburgh, hawking paper poppies (symbolic of Memorial Day) for donations. Inspired by the poem ï¿½In Flanders Fieldsï¿½ (December 18, 1915) by Lt. Colonel John McCrae a Medical Doctor of the Canadian Army, Moina Michaels initiated the tradition of sporting poppies on Decoration/Memorial Day. I remember how many veterans of World War I in my youth were without limbs, how many of them were blind, how many of them had grown old before their time, had given up on life and the promises of their countryï¿½all this after having given themselves to America. Though they are less, today I see maimed and crippled veterans of World War II struggling to come to terms with the visions they still carry in their heads about that conflagration. And now in our nation there are veterans of Viet Nam and subsequent battles waiting for the largesse of the nation to heal them of their wounds, to succor them in their time of need. The nation has not served its veterans well, those who gave their full measure of devotion ï¿½to protect and defend.ï¿½ This is not a panegyric to the nobility of war, for there is little nobility in the ravages of warfare. Memorial Day and Veterans Day should be a reminder to all of us that, despite our differences, regardless of color, religion, ethnicity, or gender, we should pay homage to our fellow Americans who have defended the ramparts of our democracy even though that democracy has at times disdained their service. Memorial Day and Veterans Day are flitting moments in the enduring cycle of nation-building. We have not yet formed ï¿½a more perfect union.ï¿½ Ronald Reaganï¿½s shining city on the hill still awaits us while the blood of our children is spent today on campaigns that remind us of Greek and Roman excursions into foreign lands in pursuit of empire. And what of the veterans of those campaigns? Those men and women who have sacrificed (and are sacrificing) so much in pursuit of an imperious chimera whose flight takes (has taken) us into perilous regions. What of their sacrifices? All the sacrifices of our veterans over the life of our nation create a collectivity of patriotism dedicated to the ideals of the nation rather than to the vagaries of its politics. For that reason we should honor our live and fallen veterans on Memorial Day and Veterans Day. World War II, Korean Conflict, Early Vietnam Era Sergeant, USMC, 1943-1946, (USMCR 1946-1950) Adjutant, Cadet Corps, USAF Advanced ROTC, University of Pittsburgh, 1950-1952 2nd Lt/Major, USAFR, 1952-1962 (Active duty 1953-1962) Texas Civil Air Patrol 1962-1965 Paid-up for Life Member of The American Legion Rise Of Young Latino Politicians In Texas by Sara Calderon, October 19, 2011 It seems like every time you turn around in Texas these days, thereï¿½s another young, educated Latino professional with political aspirations whoï¿½s either running for office ï¿½ or just won office. And while it would be easy to say anecdotally that more Latinos are being elected to office in Texas, the facts speak for themselves. A look at the 2011 directory of the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (NALEO) shows that Texas has more Latino elected officials than any other state, more than 2,500, with Californiaï¿½s 1,306 making a not-so-close second. Interestingly, while young Latino politicians seem to be populating the stateï¿½s political scene ever quickly, women, or Latinas, donï¿½t seem to be keeping pace ï¿½ but thatï¿½s a story weï¿½ll be telling you in the near future. But why is this happening? Demographics have obviously played a role in this new trend ï¿½ Texas received four new congressional seats as the result of population growth, at least 70% of this growth from Latinos in the state ï¿½ but demographics alone donï¿½t begin to explain this particular change. We spoke to two young men that may be counted among this trend recently, former San Antonio City Councilman Philip Cortez (left), who has announced his candidacy for State Representative of District 117 and Austin State Rep. Eddie Rodriguez (right) and a few additional reasons that help account for these changes to Texasï¿½ political landscape emerged. For one, both Cortez, 33, and Rodriguez, 40, were adamant about the debt owed to everyone who came before them. Texasï¿½ sketchy history with civil rights and discrimination is by no means a secret ï¿½ people not yet eligible for Social Security can tell you stories about ï¿½No Mexicansï¿½ signs in restaurants ï¿½ but both politicos have personal and professional experiences to back up their claims. Citing their parents and politicians who came before them such as former congressman Henry B. Gonzalez, as well as countless other civil rights activists, both men said others had cleared political road for them. Personally for these two, the political mentorship and opportunities afforded to them both in the realms of education and politics would have been practically unheard of for Latinos in Texas even 30 years ago. But, at a cultural level, both noted that the expectation of being able to ascend levels of political power for Latinos across the state came about as a result of the work and struggle of many before them. ï¿½There are people that did all of the legwork in the 60s, 70s and even early 80s that really paved the way for people my age that made it,ï¿½ Rodriguez told NewsTaco. ï¿½Thereï¿½s almost an expectation that, if youï¿½re Latino and going to college, you can compete with any Anglo person ï¿½ thereï¿½s no reason why you canï¿½t. We have our parents to thank for that.ï¿½ Cortez, currently a doctoral student at the University of Texas at Austin, acknowledged the same for himself, but on a larger scale also pointed to the Castro brothers of San Antonio, who attended Harvard Law School, and now Juliï¿½n is the mayor of his hometown while his brother Joaquï¿½n is a congressional candidate in Central Texas. ï¿½Educational opportunities have opened up for us,ï¿½ Cortez said, referencing Texasï¿½ historical struggles with such access, ï¿½Itï¿½s not a guarantee youï¿½re going to get into these schools without the proper effort ï¿½ but at least the doors are open.ï¿½ Of course neither these two, nor the Castro brothers, and not even the current crop of Latino political candidates ï¿½ be they city council members, county supervisors, district attorneys, state reps or senators ï¿½ are the first to come to political power. Itï¿½d be disingenuous at best, just as these two Latino politicos noted, to exclude those who paved the way for them. It was members of La Raza Unida, the first Latino mayors and congressman and state reps, voter registration campaigns, and even the solid tradition of Latino elected officials along the border who created the idea that, despite Texasï¿½ spotty record on inclusion, Latinos had just as much a right as anybody else to be in public office. Fast forward to today and, as Rodriguez points out, there were Latinos in their 20s who were elected to the state house. Opportunities to be elected to statewide office are enhanced by the large numbers of Latinos being elected to school boards, where they may then launch a political career. While this class of young Latino politicos grows, as a group, Rodriguez told us that finding a cohesive political voice becomes a build-the-airplane-while-youï¿½re-flying-it kind of challenge. ï¿½Everything is happening in real time,ï¿½ he told us. But like everything else, thereï¿½s always more that can be done. Both Rodriguez and Cortez said that, as current political leaders following the paths laid down by others, what weighs heavily on their minds now is how to continue to create those opportunities. Teen pregnancy, high school dropout rates, college completion rates, building a diverse and sustainable economy with real jobs, political apathy, building up a Latino middle class in Texas ï¿½ these are the issues that define their political agends. ï¿½I want to provide a good example, to hope that one day some young girl or some young boy can see the things weï¿½ve done and think, ï¿½I can do that, too,ï¿½ï¿½ Cortez told us, with a small caveat, ï¿½But we still got a long way to go.ï¿½ In Defense of My People: Alonso S. Perales and the Development of Mexican-American Public Intellectuals Friday, January 13, 2012: The life and work of this civil rights leader will be high lighted in a conference and exhibition. Alonso S. Perales (1898 - 1960) was a civil-rights lawyer, diplomat, political leader and soldier. One of the most influential Mexican Americans of his time, Perales saw himself as a defender of la raza, especially battling charges that Mexicans and Latin Americans were inferior and a social problem. He was one of the founders of LULAC (the League of United Latin American Citizens) in 1929 and helped write the LULAC constitution. He served as the organization's second president. Perales was an intellectual who firmly believed in the law. He wrote about civil rights, religion and racial discrimination, which he argued "had the approval of the majority." His work includes the pamphlet Are We Good Neighbors? and the two-volume set, En defensa de mi raza. A member of the American Legion and the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce, Perales was also a columnist for La Prensa and other Spanish-language newspapers. Conference Information: Highlighting the recent acquisition of the Alonso S. Perales Papers by the University of Houston's M.D. Anderson Library, courtesy of the Perales Family and the Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary Heritage Project, scholars will present their research on this trailblazing public intellectual at a day-long conference on Friday, January 13, 2012. Coming from prestigious institutions around the country and abroad, scholars will shed light on Perales' activism and defense of Latinos, including the chronology and history of Mexican American and Latino civil rights movements, the impact of religion on Latinos, the concept of "race," and individual versus community action to bring about social and political change. About the Exhibition: The previously unavailable items in this collection shed light on Alonso S. Perales' leadership, ideas and writings. His legacy can now be studied from historical, ethical, religious, legal and humanistic perspectives. On view will be: Letters and correspondence with key political figures Manuscripts Memorabilia, including photographs For conference information, call 713-743-2078 For logistical information, call 713-743-3128 Preliminary Sponsors: ARTE Pï¿½BLICO PRESS is the nation's largest and most established publisher of contemporary and recovered literature by U.S. Hispanic authors. Its imprint for children and young adults, Piï¿½ata Books, is dedicated to the realistic and authentic portrayal of the themes, languages, characters, and customs of Hispanic culture in the United States. Based at the University of Houston, Arte Pï¿½blico Press, Piï¿½ata Books, and the Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary Heritage project provide the most widely recognized and extensive showcase for Hispanic literary arts and creativity. For more information, please visit our website at www.latinoteca.com Sent by [email protected] Dear Colegas, The Julian Samora Legacy Project is very pleased to announce that the Julian Samora Papers are available online. Most of the scholarly papers from the Julian Samora Archive, housed at the Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin, are scanned and available to be searched. Go to our website, www.samoralegacymedia.org and click on Search the Archives or click on the button on the homepage. We are building our search tables. Files in boxes 3 to 12 are content searchable. However, every file can be found by using the file title which can be located in the finder's guide, located just below Search the Archives. Type in the folder title and begin your search. Other files may pop up because key words are activated. Scroll down until you find the title you want. In addition to loading the papers, we have made other changes to our website. Please feel free to send us comments about our new look. Please, above all, search the papers for information concerning just about every major political activity involving Latinos post WWII. 1829 Sigma Chi Rd NE MSC02 1680 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 The Christian Foundation of OUR Nation Where is Our John Wayne? by Dr. Lino Garcia, Jr., and Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez Preserving the Fabric of Our Nation by Senator John Cornyn, Texas Your turn: A birthday prayer for California Texas Heritage Effort by Joe Lopez LAUS DEO Do you know what it means? One detail that is seldom mentioned in Washington, D.C. is that there can never be a building of greater height than the Washington Monument. With all anti-Christmas sentiments and the uproar about removing the ten commandments, etc., this is worth a moment or two of your time. On the aluminum cap, atop the Washington Monument in Washington , D.C., are displayed two words: Laus Deo. Most visitors to the monument are totally unaware that the words are even there, historic proof of the Christian faith of the founding fathers. Sadly, many members of the US congress would ignore, deny, demean, and erase the Christian foundation and facts of history. These words have been there for many years; they are 555 feet, 5.125 inches high, perched atop the monument, facing skyward to the Father of our nation, overlooking the 69 square miles which comprise the District of Columbia, capital of the United States of America. Laus Deo ! Two seemingly insignificant, unnoticed words. Out of sight and, one might think, out of mind, but very meaningfully placed at the highest point over what is the most powerful city in the most successful nation in the world. So, what do those two words, in Latin, composed of just four syllables and only seven letters, possibly mean? Very simply, they say 'Praise be to God!' Though construction of this giant obelisk began in 1848, when James Polk was President of the United States , it was not until 1888 that the monument was inaugurated and opened to the public. It took twenty-five years to finally cap the memorial with a tribute to the Father of our nation, Laus Deo 'Praise be to God!' From atop this magnificent granite and marble structure, visitors may take in the beautiful panoramic view of the city with its division into four major segments. From that vantage point, one can also easily see the original plan of the designer, Pierre Charles l'Enfant ..... A perfect cross imposed upon the landscape, with the White House to the north. The Jefferson Memorial is to the south, the Capitol to the east and the Lincoln Memorial to the west. A cross you ask? Why a cross? What about separation of church and state? Yes, a cross; separation of church and state was not, is not, in the Constitution. So, read on. How interesting and, no doubt, intended to carry a profound meaning for those who bother to notice. Washington, D.C. should be a constant reminder that the United States is unique in world history, founded on the Christian divine principles of individual rights, and responsibilities, not royal or inherited rights and privileges. When the cornerstone of the Washington Monument was laid on July 4th, 1848 deposited within it were many items including the Holy Bible presented by the Bible Society. Praise be to God! Such was the discipline, the moral direction, and the spiritual mood given by the founder and first President of our unique democracy 'One Nation, Under God.' ' Almighty God; We make our earnest prayer that Thou wilt keep the United States in Thy holy protection; that Thou wilt incline the hearts of the citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and obedience to government; and entertain a brotherly affection and love for one another and for their fellow citizens of the United States at large. And finally that Thou wilt most graciously be pleased to dispose us all to do justice, to love mercy, and to demean ourselves with that charity, humility, and pacific temper of mind which were the characteristics of the Divine Author of our blessed religion, and without a humble imitation of whose example in these things we can never hope to be a happy nation. Grant our supplication, we beseech Thee, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.' Laus Deo ! Editor: I received the above message from numerous readers, with some variation, but did not receive the name of the author. Thank you. Let me boldly say . . . . A VERY MERRY CHRISTMAS . . and GOD BLESS AMERICA. Mimi Where is Our John Wayne? An Essay By Dr. Lino Garcia, Jr., and Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez One great historian once proclaimed: ï¿½If Spain had not existed, there would be no United States of America todayï¿½. That simple statement may be true in many ways. Using only the most rudimentary navigational technology and dead reckoning, our intrepid ancestors were the first to navigate and settle nearly the entire globe. Yes, it was the Spanish who set the standard for exploration and adventure for other European nations to follow. The extraordinary daring of the Spanish to sail past the Pillars of Hercules (Rock of Gibraltar), which to countless generations from the age of antiquity meant ï¿½Nothing exists beyondï¿½, was truly remarkable. So significant were Spanish accomplishments in those early days that they were the admiration of all of Europe. Attesting to Spainï¿½s worldwide strength, the Spanish Mexican Dollar was used as legal tender in the U.S. itself until 1857. It was then that the U.S. copied it and created its own dollar system. Specifically, the dollar sign ($) we see today on U.S. currency, based on the Pillars of Hercules logo, is a Mexican contribution to our nationï¿½s history. Hispanics, particularly Spanish Mexicans originating in Old Mexico have been part of U.S. history since its beginning. In fact, Spanish and New Spain support of U.S. independence are truly examples of American Exceptionalism. General Bernardo Gï¿½lvez (the forgotten Lafayette) provided key assistance to the young U.S. republic by leading a 7,000 man army along a 1,000 mile long battle line from Texas to Florida. If the British did not have to face General Galvez, it is quite possible that England would have easily defeated the weaker U.S. colonists changing the history of our country forever. Yet, it appears that shortly thereafter in the recording of U.S. history, admiration for the Spanish contributions faded away. For all they did during the age of discovery and their role in the earliest beginnings of our nation, Hispanics are basically forgotten. Additionally, Spanish Mexicans have been virtually scratched off the pages of Texas history books. In short, they have been given little credit in the early establishment of so many civilized institutions in Texas, such as land management, water rights, education, community property rights, and law. In contrast, the Anglo Saxon viewpoint continues to be held as the only method of teaching our nationï¿½s history. The story is well-known to every school child. Because they are used to it, generations of Anglo Saxon students are taught that only their pioneer ancestorsï¿½ history matters in the U.S. At the same time, generations of Spanish Mexican-descent U.S. citizens are likewise taught that their ancestor heroes and events are not worthy of pride, robbing them of U.S. history ownership. Based on the one-sided perspective of U.S. history, numerous popular heroes in film, books, and other media world reenact the roles of Anglo Saxon founding of our country. One individual in particular exemplifies that virtue. For over 50 years, John Wayneï¿½s persona has been molded to embody and defend the Anglo Saxon ideals of freedom, liberty, and patriotism. The question is how can Mexican-descent Hispanics tell their story? Why donï¿½t they have advocates at local, state, and national levels to speak on their behalf? They are 30 million strong and their numbers are increasing. Where is the Spanish Mexican John Wayne (or Joan of Arc) voice to tell and defend their well-earned place in U.S history? Yet, it was not always that way. For example, in 1783 General George Washington asked that General Gï¿½lvez stand to his right during the July 4th Parade celebrations, symbolizing Gï¿½lvezï¿½ key role in the war of independence victory. A U.S. Congress proclamation formally thanked Gï¿½lvez for his bulwark of support. Also, President James Madison in 1811 welcomed New Spainï¿½s Don Bernardo Gutiï¿½rrez de Lara to Washington, DC, as a ï¿½fellow Americanï¿½. Madison similarly supported Mexicoï¿½s ï¿½Gritoï¿½ for independence in 1810 as a chance to establish another ï¿½Americanï¿½ sister republic and trading partner. However, when did todayï¿½s animosity toward Spanish Mexicans in U.S. history begin? The answer is three-fold. First, the Anglo prejudice against Spanish Mexicans was stimulated by old hostilities created by anti-Hispanic bias in England commonly referred to as the Black Legend. Second, as they laid their sight on Mexican land, Anglo leaders in the U.S. disapproved of the strong Spanish assimilation with the Native American population. It must be noted that Anglo brutal intolerance toward Native Americans was a way of life in the U.S. As a result, U.S. political leaders began a deliberate anti-Mexican (Native American) drive in their recently acquired territory of Texas and the Southwest. For example, on January 4, 1848, Senator John C. Calhoun addressed the Senate regarding the U.S. taking of Mexican land. He complained that it would have been better if the U.S. Army had rid the region of its Spanish Mexican (Native American) race. In other words, he and others in the U.S. believed that the half-white, half-brown Mexicans were not equal to Anglos. Third, with their unique culture and language, Spanish Mexican people and events do not fit the Anglo Saxon mold. Even today, due to the illegal immigration debate most members of the general public do not realize that Mexican Hispanics have a long history in the U.S. It is that lost history that we must now rediscover. Below is a collage of people and events that Anglophile historians have seen fit to leave out of the history books. ï¿½ Lest we forget, this continent was first colonized by Hispanics. Look at any pre-1845 North America map and two thirds of the land in the U.S. today is the Spanish Southwest. Hispanic exploration went from sea to shining sea. They were the first in Texas (1528), California (1542), New Mexico (1598), and St. Augustine, Florida (1565). They were the first to explore the West Coast from California to Washington State and the East Coast from Florida to the Chesapeake Bay area. However, where is our John Wane to tell this story? ï¿½ After the initial Spanish contact with the American Continent, many enterprising Spaniards financed their own excursions into the unknown. Pï¿½nfilo Narvï¿½ez was one such brave soul. Cabeza de Vacaï¿½s unique intrepid story is an adventure writerï¿½s dream. So is the follow-on story of Brother Menaï¿½s incredible story of survival in 1554 after a shipwreck on the Texas coast. However, where is the Hollywood movie? Whereï¿½s our John Wayne to tell the story? ï¿½ There are other intrepid heroes, such as, Captain Alonso de Leï¿½n, Juan Bautista Chiapapria (Chapa), Los Bexareï¿½os and Isleï¿½os. Also, those involved with building the Camino Real and Spanish Missions in the Tejas frontera are to be admired. The travels of Fathers Morfi, Margil, Olivares, Terreros, and Francisco Hidalgo are truly inspiring, as are the Ramï¿½n Family, Manuela Sï¿½nchez, St. Denis, Gil Ybarbo, Josï¿½ de Escandï¿½n (Villas del Norte), and the Martin and Patricia de Leï¿½n family. Bernardo Gutiï¿½rrez de Lara was the first to achieve Texas independence (1813). The Battle of Medina is unique in Texas history. The Texas Historical Commission calls it the largest battle ever fought on Texas soil. Over 800 Tejanos lost their lives for Texas freedom. These stories are each worthy of Hollywood blockbuster movie sagas. However, where are the films? Where is our John Wayne to tell the story? ï¿½ As far as their loyalty, U.S. citizens of Spanish Mexican descent have proven their bravery on the battlefield and have the medals to prove it. A total of forty three Hispanics have received the Medal of Honor beginning with the Civil War when three Hispanics were so honored with this distinction. They have participated in every war fought by the U.S. Even in recent conflicts like in the war in Iraq, nearly 30 Hispanic soldiers from South Texas have been killed in action. What more does the U.S. expect from us? Where are the mainstream library books detailing Hispanic bravery as integral parts of U.S. history? Where are the Hollywood movies? Where is our John Wayne to tell the story? Sadly, encouraged by an anti-Mexican frenzy led by far-right extremists in states such as Arizona and Texas, the illegal immigration issue is used as a whip to punish the entire Spanish Mexican culture in the Southwest. They push for intolerant bills, such as, Voter ID, ï¿½Papers, pleaseï¿½ legislation, English Only, ending Bilingual Ed and Mexican American studies, etc. Far-right extremists expect all Hispanics in the U.S. to abandon their unique culture. Where is our John Wayne to educate the general public through the media that Spanish Mexican-descent U.S. citizens originating in the Southwest are not immigrants to the U.S.? Where is our John Wayne to firmly declare that speaking Spanish and preserving our centuries-old Spanish Mexican heritage in the Southwest must no longer be considered as sins of U.S. citizenship? Finally, it is indeed disappointing that U.S. citizens of Spanish Mexican-descent, numbering over 30 million strong and the largest segment under the Hispanic umbrella, do not have a consistent defender. The need is urgent. Could the Spanish Mexican John Wayne please step forward? Authors: Brownsville native Dr. Lino Garcï¿½a, Jr., is an 8th Generation Tejano and a Professor Emeritus of Spanish Literature at UTPA. He can be reached at: [email protected] . Laredo native Joe Lï¿½pez is also an 8th Generation Tejano. He and wife visit South Texas campuses where they teach students the rich history of early Texas. [email protected] . Preserving the Fabric of Our Nation Last year on Veterans Day, I had the privilege of speaking at the National Museum of the Pacific Warï¿½s annual ceremony in Fredericksburg, Texas. In attendance were veterans and their family members representing virtually every major military conflict in the past seven decades, including the oldest member of the audience, U.S. Navy veteran Sam Sorenson ï¿½ born in 1916. We were gathered in the museumï¿½s Memorial Courtyard, a beautiful space spotted with large oak trees and surrounded by old limestone walls that hold more than 1,000 plaques honoring individuals, ships, and units that served in the Pacific during the Second World War. The program included a musical performance, the Presentation of the Colors and remarks by my good friend General Michael Hagee, 33rd Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, and current CEO & President of the Admiral Nimitz Foundation. After I delivered my remarks, I had the chance to meet many of the veterans in attendance. As I took in the settingï¿½the dedicated plaques and park benches, the memorials, the veterans and their families, and the many local residents who took the time to attend the ceremonyï¿½I was moved by the sense of community, pride and patriotism that marked the ceremony. As the event concluded and I made my way to the exit, one of the museumï¿½s staffers reminded me of the new George H.W. Bush Gallery, which had been completed since my last visit to the museum. With a little time to spare, I gladly accepted the invitation to tour the new wing. The gallery was exceptional. As the son of a World War II B-17 bomber pilot, I could have easily spent hours there, examining each carefully assembled exhibit in detail. One exhibit, however, caught my attention and stayed with me long after Iï¿½d left the museum. It was a battle-worn American flag, which, along with its incredible story, was donated to the museum by Marble Falls resident Pat Spain. In 1942, while serving in the U.S. Army on the island of Mindanao, Spainï¿½s husband Paul and fellow soldiers Joe Victoria and Eddie Lindros were ordered to burn the U.S. flag at the Del Monte Airfield to prevent its capture by the approaching Japanese. Before they carried out their orders, however, the three soldiers removed the flagï¿½s 48 stars and hid them in their clothing. Over the next 42 months, the men were transferred to several POW camps and eventually to Japan. All the while, they kept the stars hidden. As the war came to a close, the men began receiving parachute drops with food and aid, which signaled that their liberation was imminent. Spain, Victoria and Lindros wanted to make the U.S. troops feel welcome when they arrived, so they set out to sew the stars back together, using material from the parachutes and other scraps of fabric, an old pedal-driven sewing machine they managed to find, and a rusty nail, which they converted into a sewing needle. When the American troops arrived at the camp on September 7, 1945, their ï¿½newï¿½ flag was flying proudly over the camp. Today, as we prepare to mark another Veterans Day, Iï¿½m reminded of the stars of the flag from Mindanao and the story of three brave service members who risked their lives preserving the very fabric of our nation. It is because of these men, and the generations of Americans who served before and after them, that we enjoy our freedoms, our way of life, and our safety. I hope we can show our gratitude and support to our veterans and the greater military community not just on Veterans Day but on every day of the year. Senator John Cornyn, Texas Photo courtesy of National Museum of the Pacific War. Sen. Cornyn serves on the Finance, Judiciary, Armed Services, and Budget Committees. He served previously as Texas Attorney General, Texas Supreme Court Justice, and Bexar County District Judge. Sent by Odell Harwell [email protected] November 13th, 2011, ï¿½ posted by RON GONZALES, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER Talk about troubled times! People donï¿½t even seem to be speaking the same language! And thatï¿½s exactly how things were November 13, 1849, when the State of California was born. It may be how things will feel nationwide that same day next year. It will fall just a week after the contentious 2012 General Elections for everything from Commander-in-Chief to dogcatcher. Will the Nation survive? It may. Iï¿½m fairly certain California will. I also believe prayer wonï¿½t hurt. Hereï¿½s why. The most important ballots in California history were cast on a dreary day in 1849. In polling places from San Diego to Sacramento and beyond, the voting blessed our Stateï¿½s Birth by ratifying our Original Constitution. That plan of government had been deliberated, decided and printed in Spanish and in English. The winning margin was more than twelve-to-one (12,781 to 811). In an effort to renew observance of our Stateï¿½s unusual birth, the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research and Los Amigos of Orange County collaborated with scholars at the University of California, Irvine (1999), California State University, Fullerton (2000) and the Orange County Heritage Museum (2010). That helped reassure us we were getting our history right. These days we have been suggesting to Orange County religious communities that they prayerfully remember our Stateï¿½s Birth in services held before or on Sunday, November 13, 2011. If any combination of things could lead to every-man-for-himself conflict, that mid-19th century human mix should have. Yet, forty-eight newcomers and oldtimersï¿½bickering in two languages in a Monterey schoolhouse/jailï¿½yammered out our California way to do the publicï¿½s business. . .in two languages! (In fact, the mother tongues of a couple of delegates included French and German). Once or twice some were ready to step outside to settle differences. Yet, in the end, everyone chipped in for an all-night celebration. When they fired off a cannon 31 times, sleeping shorebirds round Monterey Bay exploded into the night sky. Some town folks all but joined them. It was advance celebration of Californiaï¿½s entry as the 31st State into the Union. . .providing voters approved what they had put together. Did prayer have anything to do with it? Some strongly suspect it did. . . providing you subscribe to the belief any God worth praying to must be tuned to all frequencies. The language in which prayers are offered. . .English, Spanish, Hebrew, Latin, Arabic, whatever. . .canï¿½t pose a problem. People are people. We share infinite numbers of ways to get things wrong whatever our race, culture or creed. Even atheists and agnostics canï¿½t be uppity. Or dead sure of what they donï¿½t believe. Each session of Californiaï¿½s 1849 Constitutional Convention opened with prayer. One day, Roman Catholic Father Ignacio Ramirez de Arrellano of the Carmel Mission San Carlos prayed in Spanish. The next, U.S. Pacific Squadronï¿½s Congregational Chaplain Reverend Samuel H. Willey prayed in English. They launched a California tradition of opening Our Stateï¿½s law-making deliberations by seeking guidance. Recent sessions of the California Legislature were begun in the Assembly by Greek Orthodox Father Constantine Papademos and in State Senate by Jewish Rabbi Mona Alfi. In March v. Chambers (1983), the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of opening legislative sessions with prayer. That decision does not appear to have been appealed any higher. So whatï¿½s the outlook for todayï¿½s fractured, contentious politics? Californiaï¿½s experience offers hope. But if you are ready to pray about it, please do. ï¿½Likeï¿½ OC Latino Link on Facebook to see more news, information and conversation. Josï¿½ Antonio ï¿½Joeï¿½ Lï¿½pez responds to another article: Lingo Language of the West Article by Julie Carter Julie, thanks for a great informative article giving credit for cowboy terminology to our vaquero ancestors. Articles such as yours go far in education people about our long history in what is now the U.S. It is especially timely, in this day when extremists are using the illegal immigration issue as a whip to punish the entire Spanish Mexican heritage in the Southwest. Unfortunately, there are many folks that donï¿½t realize that the Southwest is in New Spain, not New England. In short, speaking Spanish or looking Mexican (Native American) must no longer be treated as sins of U.S. citizenship. As we say in Spanish, ï¿½Aqui todavï¿½a estamos; y no nos vamosï¿½ (Here we still are and weï¿½re not going anywhere). I only have one constructive suggestion. Ref. your comment, ï¿½A Spaniard by the name of Nuï¿½ez Cabeza de Vaca (that means head of a cow -- poor Nuï¿½ez!) ï¿½ï¿½. In my view, poking fun at Cabeza de Vacaï¿½s name is not warranted. You may not know that the name has honorable beginnings. It was formally bestowed by the Spanish Crown to Alvarï¿½s family in the 13th Century due to one of his ancestorï¿½s role in a key victory against the Muslims during Spainï¿½s nearly 800-year long war. (Martin Alhaja marked a narrow passage through a mountain range by placing a cowï¿½s head at its entrance.) That act assured victory to the Spanish Christian Army. Also, he was not just any ordinary ï¿½Spaniardï¿½. He and three of his ship-wreck mates lived among Texas Native American tribes for nearly eight years, a lot of it as a slave who endured much abuse. He is the father of firsts in Texas. He was the first doctor, merchant, geographer, botanist, and historian, to name a few. He was also the first European to treat Native Americans as fellow human beings and became the first advocate for their rights. Attesting to his intellect, creativity, and resourcefulness, he was able to write about his experiences in his Relaciï¿½n, a work that is still used by researchers and historians to this very day. Thank you. Josï¿½ Antonio ï¿½Joeï¿½ Lï¿½pez (8th Generation Texan) Co-Founder, Tejano Heritage Effort www.TejanosUnidos.org Julie, Iï¿½m Juan Marinez , I also support the very constructive comments by Jose. I urge you heed the advice by Jose, to review the history of Spanish, Mexican America. You will find great contribution to the whole of rural America and Agriculture as a whole. No, doubt the legacy of our ancestor to the vaquero is legendary and difficult to dispute. If you took a close look at water ï¿½acequiasï¿½ will come to the forefront that goes back hundreds of years that came to Spain from North Africa during the period of Moorish Spain (800 hundred years) this system made none productive land in highly productive food producing areas in the whole of the west and beyond. The foods that came from Mexico like tomatoes, beans, squash and corn just to mention have made the world food secure, if not for this food products the world today would be the throws of food wars and mass starvation. I could go on but you get the meaning in terms of the contribution of our ancestors, as well as our present generations. Thank you for taking this comments in the manner in which they are intended. Juan Cowgirl Sass & Savvy , Lingo language of the West By Julie Carter Cowboy lingo has always been my first language. I never thought to dissect, define or explain it. It always seemed pretty clear to me. Recently a few questions from someone who seriously wanted to be correct in his terminology but claimed only Eastern savvy sent me on a quest to learn why I knew what I knew. Here in the Southwest, just a few cow trails north of Mexico, we are quite familiar with the mixture of Spanish and English terms. I had just never seen them all in a list until Robert Smead published a book called Vocabulario Vaquero, Cowboy Talk. The book is a dictionary of sorts that diagrams the absorption of a large number of ranch-related words from Spanish into English. He contends it offers striking evidence of that particular heritage in the history of the American West and its cowboys. Many of the essential cowboy items of tack originated in the Spanish culture. The bozal, usually written and said as bosal, is the nose band of a headstall or hackamore, which is from the Spanish term jï¿½quima. Cowboys still use and still say chaps. That is pronounced as ï¿½shapsï¿½ which stems from the original Spanish chaparreras, also pronounced with the ï¿½sh.ï¿½ The first guy you hear say chaps with the ch sound as in chapped lips, see if he isnï¿½t from New York City and check the origin of his salsa while youï¿½re at it. Corral, lariat, latigo, cinch and 10-gallon hat all are words we throw around that have Spanish roots. Gallon in the hat doesnï¿½t refer to capacity but to the braided decorations or galones that adorned it. What came first, tank or tanque? Both hold water. A Spaniard by the name of Nuï¿½ez Cabeza de Vaca (that means head of a cow -- poor Nuï¿½ez!) erroneously gave the Spanish term bï¿½falo to the bison because it looked like the Indian or African wild ox, and it stuck. After the words themselves comes the peculiar direct phrases used by the cowboy who is almost always free from the constraints of polite society or convention. These are covered in two other books written by Ramon Adams called Cowboy Lingo and Western Words. A cowboyï¿½s slang usually strengthens rather that weakens his speech. The jargon of this individual among individuals is often picturesque, humorous and leaves you with no doubt how the man felt about the subject he was talking about. The cowboy squeezes the juice from language, molds it to suit his needs and is a genius at making a verb out of anything. The words ï¿½cowboyï¿½ and ï¿½rodeoï¿½ can be verbs and ï¿½tryï¿½ is not. ï¿½He paid his entry fees knowing he better have enough try to cowboy up and rodeo tough.ï¿½ There are phrases that cover situations like when someone talks a lot with their hands. ï¿½He couldnï¿½t say ï¿½hellï¿½ with his hands tied.ï¿½ When riding a horse with a rough gait that pounds even the best of riders you will hear, ï¿½That buzzard bait would give a woodpecker a headache.ï¿½ For a breed of mankind that has a reputation for being ï¿½men of few words,ï¿½ the cowboy culture has their own entire dictionary of the West. It is filled with words from several nationalities, many occupations and all rolled into a ï¿½lingoï¿½ uniquely their own. Time to go catch the old cow-hocked, gotch-eared, ring-tailed cayuse, cinch up my kack and spend a little more daylight riding for the brand instead of for the grub line. Julie can be reached for comment at [email protected] PERSISTENCE OF THE BLACK LEGEND Against Mexico -The Making of Heroes and Enemies PBS Presents . . . Against Mexico -The Making of Heroes and Enemies Explore reenactments of Texas flight for Freedom, probe images of heroes and enemies http://video.pbs.org/video/15171988/ Presented by Latino Public Broadcasting Michelle Garcia NALIPster's doc short Against Mexico airing now on PBS.org NALIP member Michelle Garcia 's short documentary Against Mexico - the making of heroes and enemies is now live on PBS.org. The film explores the intersection of myth and history, its influence on public perceptions about 'heroes' and 'enemies' and its implications in current debates about who is entitled to claim the mantle of 'American.' Against Mexico was funded by Latino Public Broadcasting. Click here to watch the film online . Through camp-side conversations we explore why U.S. born Latino men suit up to play the Mexican 'bad guy.' What inspires white men to fight them, now, nearly two centuries later? The men explain their personal quests behind recreating history, recreating war, and the experience of standing in the shoes of the 'enemy.' Their reflections reveal the powerful effect of myth and historical narrative in forming a man's ideals, prejudices and dreams and the function of an 'enemy' in the pursuit of recapturing glory. In Against Mexico we discover that some of the men who portray hero and enemy are mirror images of each other, with similar scars and their aspirations. Source: the National Association of Latino Independent Producers (NALIP) with the generous assistance of Alex Mendoza & Associates (AMA) [email protected] Pete Magana April 14, 1928 - October 19, 2011 Josï¿½ Angel Cï¿½rdenas October 16, 1930 - September 17, 2011 Joel C. Uribe July 11, 1934 - October 27, 2011 Harry Pachon June 4, 1945 - November 4, 2011 April 14, 1928 - October 19, 2011 Eulogy My name is Jake Alarid, I am past National Commander Of the American GI Forum of the U.S. The national commander of the American GI Forum, Albert Gonzales, has asked me to pass on his condolences to Angie and the Magaï¿½a Family. He was unable to be here today. He is in Washington DC getting training on his appointment, by the President of the United States, to the selective service commission. Family members, friends, veterans, members of the American GI Forum and all of you who have come to salute this great man, my friend Pete Magaï¿½a. I have known Pete since the late sixties when I joined the GI Forum. My wife and I became friends with Pete and his wife Angie, and we have been friends ever since. We got to know each other's families. Like the Magaï¿½as, we attended state and national conferences. My wife and I visited Pete and Angie at their home. One year we even helped them and other GI Forum members make tamales. When I met Pete he was the commander of the American GI Forum chapter in Oceanside. He had been a member of the AGIF long before I met him. Pete held positions in the chapter level, state level and national level of the AGIF. In all his AGIF positions he brought experience, knowledge and leadership and sometimes a little humor to the organization. But there is one title that everyone in the AGIF knew Pete by, and that was the chairman of the credentials committee. In this role he was persistent to have an accurate count of delegates at national conferences to determine, who was eligible to vote and how many votes each state had. No matter how difficult the task, he did it with humor, like he enjoyed doing it. He was an advocate for veterans and the under privileged. Many present here today can thank Pete for his advocacy and what he was able to do for the community. He went before city councils, members of congress, state legislators and demanded fair and equal treatment for all. Here in Oceanside, California the community is better off because of his community involvement, just ask the mayor and the superintendent of schools. For Pete, being a member of the AGIF was, an involvement from the heart. Thinking about his involvement, it captures the essence of why we do, what we do, and why so many of us who wear this little cap, do what we do and want to do. Quite frankly Pete taught us the value of giving and sharing and he did it because of his love of the organization and his country. October 1951 with the 19th Infantry He served this nation in time of crisis during the Korean War in the US Army. In spite of obstacles which he experienced, being a Mexican American, Pete exhibited his courage and valor fighting for his country. At a veterans ceremony he told the story when his unit was caught in the fighting in the frozen chosen reservoir and in spite of being outnumbered by the enemy his unit fought gallantly which included hand to hand combat. Not only was the enemy their attackers, but they were subjected to brutal weather, sub zero temperatures, inadequate clothing, malfunctioning of weapons due to the cold temperatures and lack of hot meals. Many in his unit, friends of Pete, did not make it but hopefully today they are together somewhere as a band of brothers. Pete eating snow. 1951 Aside from the AGIF, Pete was very much involved on other organizations where he served on boards with CEOs and executives from corporations. These organizations included: ser, educational boards, civic organizations and others. His involvement was, speaking in behalf of veterans and the underprivileged so they could have better services, jobs, training and opportunities. Community based organization such as ser, LULAC, GI Forum and others can attribute to Pete's contributions to these organizations. Their leaders can tell you and I can tell you, Pete made a difference. Pete and Angie built their home here in Oceanside and raised their family here. In their community they acquired new friends and neighbors. They took up the cause to help the underserved and Pete helped Angie started a women's GI Forum chapter. They raised money and awarded scholarships to deserving students every year. As true Forumeers they organized the community and engaged them in an effort to better themselves and their community, to enjoy and preserve the freedom that we enjoy in this nation. I am honored and privileged to have known Pete and his family and to have called Pete my true friend. I am humbled to have been associated with a man, who offered and gave so much. Pete, as you travel over hill, over dale in that dusty trail we wish you buen viaje. I want to thank the Magaï¿½a Family for letting me share a few memories In behalf of the national commander of the American GI Forum of the united states, Albert Gonzales, the members of the American GI Forum, my wife and I, Pete Magaï¿½a, we salute you. American GI Forum of the U.S. Josï¿½ Angel Cï¿½rdenas October 16, 1930 - September 17, 2011 It is with great sadness that we share the news of the passing of IDRAï¿½s beloved Founder and Director Emeritus, Dr. Josï¿½ Angel Cï¿½rdenas. On behalf of everyone at IDRA, I offer my deepest condolences to Laura Tobin Cï¿½rdenas, Josï¿½s wife, and the entire Cï¿½rdenas family. Dr. Cï¿½rdenas died on Saturday, September 17, 2011, in San Antonio, Texas. He was 80. I received word of his passing just after a group of civil rights and education leaders had gathered at IDRA to launch a new phase of work to increase school funding equity in Texas. For us, there is no more fitting tribute than to continue the work that Dr. Cï¿½rdenas pioneered and to carry forward his vision for an equitable, excellent education for every child. With deep roots in Laredo, Texas, Josï¿½ always knew that having more than one language and culture (a Spanish-speaking left foot as he put it, having been taught in the U.S. Army that the left foot always comes first), is not a deficit, but a reservoir of strength. He then went onï¿½as teacher, principal, superintendent, university professor, researcher and advocateï¿½to dedicate his lifeï¿½s work to fighting for an educational system that nurtured and recognized childrenï¿½s strengths. He was a champion for all children and carried their concerns from the streets and the schools to the legislature and the courts. Dr. Cï¿½rdenas, it has been the greatest privilege for all of us to have known and worked with you. Your presence, whether we knew you as Pepe, Joe, Josï¿½, JC or Doc, will be profoundly missed. But you have lit a torch. Within all of us, it burns on. Gracias por todo, Josï¿½ Angel Cï¿½rdenas. I will miss you. Que en paz descanses amigo, educador, defensor de niï¿½os y eterna inspiraciï¿½n. Dr. Marï¿½a "Cuca" Robledo Montecel, President and CEO Intercultural Development Research Association September 19, 2011 Editor: For a beautiful biography on Dr. Cï¿½rdena's life, please go to a special edition of IDRA's October Newsletter at: http://www.idra.org/images/stories/Newsltr_Oct2011.pdf July 11, 1934 - October 27, 2011 By Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez It is with a great deal of sadness that I inform you of the passing of one of Tejano historyï¿½s greatest advocates and my cousin and mentor, Joel C. Uribe from Laredo. Although not widely known outside the triangle of Laredo, Zapata, and Hebbronville, and the Lower Rio Grande area, Joel was an educator, rancher, bi-lingual author, playwright, and accomplished multi-talented musician. He was a devoted son, brother, husband, father, grandfather, and teacher. He was the consummate Tejano historian. It was his passion. Joel sincerely believed that his ancestry, especially in Texas and Central and Northern Mexico, was a valuable inheritance -- a gift. He treasured it as such. Member of a distinguished South Texas family in San Ygnacio, he was taught to be proud of his Spanish Mexican roots at a very early age. He wrote extensively about his heritage. As the Blas Maria Uribe Family genealogist, he and his brother Jorge wrote the ï¿½Genealogia de la Familia Uribeï¿½ in 1987. Because of its great wealth of many old Villas del Norte family names, the book quickly became a main resource for many genealogy enthusiasts. Its popularity continues today. Speaking Spanish with a fluid, rich, and polished style, Joel reminded me of the speech of our ancestors who first came to the Lower Rio Grande in 1747. He had a big appetite for knowledge and it was one of the interests we shared. Both of us were fans of our ancestor, Don Josï¿½ Bernardo Gutiï¿½rrez de Lara Uribe. His book, ï¿½The Sword and the Chaliceï¿½ was published in 2009. It presents the story of the birth of the Texas independence movement from a very unique perspective. That is, the book covers the lives of two exceptional brothers ï¿½ Don Bernardo (the Sword) and his brother Josï¿½ Antonio (the Chalice). Don Bernardo was the first to achieve Texas independence in 1813. He was its first president. Josï¿½ Antonio, an ordained Catholic priest, expressed some of the very first Texas independence thought from the pulpit. He suffered greatly for his support of freedom. It is a must-read book for those who wish to learn more of what it must have been like living in the very early days of this great place we now call Texas. Education was another of Joelï¿½s passions. He spent most of his adult life as a teacher in elementary school. He felt honored to have had a chance to influence and improve the lives of his students. His support for teaching in the classroom continued throughout his life. As a retired person, he often visited classrooms to share his knowledge with and inspire the younger generation. Alexander the Great is quoted as saying ï¿½I am indebted to my father for living, but to my teacher for living well.ï¿½ Many Laredo citizens of today would agree with that statement. They are indeed blessed to have had Joel as their teacher. There is so much more to say about Joel. The only way that I know of honoring his memory is to share with you the following homage that I wrote. Because Spanish was his preferred language, I wrote it ï¿½en Espaï¿½ol.ï¿½ Homenaje a Joel C. Uribe Hijo, padre, maestro, y amigo. Ser Uribe, su gozo mï¿½s precioso en el mundo. Viviï¿½ guiado por el buen ideal que obtuvo de sus padres, lleno de ternura, cariï¿½o, y amor. Sin mï¿½s, su vida fue inunda de alegrï¿½a. Si una palabra bastarï¿½a, esa serï¿½a ï¿½devociï¿½nï¿½ a su linda familia, hermanos, esposa, e hijos, y a su inmensa fe en nuestra santa religiï¿½n. Un ser ï¿½nico, de sobresaliente virtud Con una rica y maravillosa inquietud. Tenï¿½a un sï¿½lo credo ï¿½ ï¿½Hay mucho que hacer y no hay tiempo que perderï¿½. Talento y energï¿½a le sobraba. A Joel, nada se le dificultaba. Aunque apto en letras en espaï¿½ol y el inglï¿½s, amaba mï¿½s el idioma de Miguel Cervantes. Autor, cantante, y compositor con talentos ademï¿½s. Aï¿½n, no habï¿½a lï¿½mite que lo detuviera jamï¿½s. Tremendo historiador de sus favoritos temas, La historia Hispana Mexicana del sur de Tejas. Profesor escolar, diestro, y erudito modelo. Gran ejemplo a sus hijos y a muchos niï¿½os de su pueblo. Con apretï¿½n de mano firme y segura, Sus amigos confiaban en su sabidurï¿½a. El pueblo de Laredo ha perdido un ilustre tesoro. No de alhajas y dinero, pero de un ser insï¿½lito. Por sus hechos, Joel ya se ahorrï¿½ su reposo. A los aquï¿½ presente, recuerden: el camino de la vida es corto. Caminï¿½moslo como Joel Uribe, hijo, padre, y nuestro buen amigo, el Maestro. Adiï¿½s Primo. MALDEF MOURNS THE LOSS OF CIVIL RIGHTS LEADER HARRY PACHON, June 4, 1945 - November 4, 2011 From NALEO Co-Founder and Executive Director to Admired Professor at USC School of Policy, Planning and Development, November 8, 2011 LOS ANGELES, CA ï¿½ MALDEF mourns the recent passing of Professor Harry Pachon, the longtime leader of the Tomas Rivera Policy Institute (TRPI). Dr. Pachon had a lengthy and groundbreaking career as a leader in the effort to advance the rights of Latinos and other minorities in the United States. He served as President of TRPI for nearly two decades, growing the organization into a nationally-renowned civic research organization and a leader in the areas of immigration, education policy, and Latino politics and policy. He was called on to testify before congressional committees and appointed Chairman of the Presidentï¿½s Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans in 1997. His work on behalf of Mexicans living in the United States earned him the Ohtli (humanitarian) Award from the Mexican government. MALDEF President and General Counsel, Thomas A. Saenz, had the following to say of Dr. Pachonï¿½s tremendous contributions: "The entire nation -- and especially the 50 million Latinos in the United States -- has lost a true giant in civil rights advocacy. Through his leadership of NALEO and TRPI, Harry Pachon provided the academic and intellectual heft to move many an obstacle to equality and fairness. His extraordinary legacy will reverberate for many years to come, with positive effects nationwide." Dr. Pachon was a founding board member and past Executive Director of the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials Educational Fund (NALEO), where he initiated an acclaimed U.S. citizenship project and the National Directory of Latino Elected Officials. The citizenship project has been replicated across the country on a multi-ethnic basis, and the Directory is now in its seventeenth year of publication. Dr. Pachon authored over twenty articles and journals, and co-authored three books on U.S. Latino politics and political behavior. He held academic positions at Michigan State University, Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, City University of New York, and held the Kenan All Campus Chair at the Claremont Colleges. His final position was as Professor of Public Policy at the University of Southern Californiaï¿½s School of Policy, Planning and Development. He also served on the boards of several organizations, including the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation, Southern California Public Radio and KPPC, and the Education Advisory Committee of the Rand Corporation. 2 Dead, 1 Wounded at Pot Farm National Association of Former Border Patrol Officers 17 tons of marijuana were seized in a raid on a cross-border tunnel The Faces of Meth Newspaper article criticized by Hispanic Link founder, Charlie Erickson Whatï¿½s the Easiest Way to Legally Get to the U.S. from Mexico? Lincoln Club of Orange County proposal provides path to legal residency Iraqi Christian convert attacked in US over Holocaust poem Detroit Prayer event puts Muslim community on Edge 83 victims, family seek $750M for ï¿½preventableï¿½ Fort Hood tragedy Erasing hate 29 Oct 2011, AP ATLANTA ï¿½ For years, Bryon Widnerï¿½ thrived on hate as a violent skinhead ï¿½ a razor-carrying ï¿½enforcerï¿½ who helped organize other racist gangs around the United States. His hate was literally etched on his face in the form of tattoos with racist and violent themes. But with the help of the Southern Poverty Law Centre ï¿½ the nationï¿½s leading monitor of hate and extremist activity ï¿½ Widner left the white-power movement and endured nearly two years of excruciating laserï¿½ treatments to remove the tell-tale tattoos so that he could start a new life with his wife and children. In Erasing Hate, a one-hour documentary, Widnerï¿½s life within the white-power movement, the decision that led him and his wife to leave it, and the procedures he received are recounted. He now seeks to create a new life for himself and his family as he spreads the word against racist hate. ï¿½This is a powerful story of human redemption,ï¿½ said Joe Roy, the SPLCï¿½s chief investigator, whose meeting with Widner led to the removal of his tattoos and, ultimately, the documentary. ï¿½Bryon, by his own admission, did horrible things in his life. But he made the decision to reject racism and leave behind his life of hate and violence.ï¿½ During his 16 years as a skinhead, Widner became known as a vicious brawler who would fight at the slightest provocation. Today, he says heï¿½s haunted by the things he did. ï¿½If I can prevent one other kid from making the same mistakes I did, if I can prevent one other family from having to go through the same crap that I put my family through, maybe I can redeem myself,ï¿½ Widner said. Widner gained notoriety within the movement for the tattoos covering his face and body. Eventually, he caught the attention of SPLC officials, including Roy, a former police detective who has spent 25 years monitoring hate and extremist movements for the SPLC. ï¿½He was the pit bull of the movement,ï¿½ Roy said. ï¿½He had a reputation of being an enforcer.ï¿½ In 2005, at a white-power music festival in Kentucky called Nordic Fest, Widner met his future wife, Julieï¿½, who was also active in the white-power movement. Together, they began to see the hypocrisy of the skinhead culture and realised it was no place to raise a family. Despite death threats and harassment, they left the movement. As Widner attempted to get his life on track, the tattoos that made him an intimidating force in skinhead circles became a liability as he searched for a job to support his family. Since he couldnï¿½t afford to get his tattoos removed, it seemed his racist past would remain branded across his face. Then he found an ally in a former enemy ï¿½ the Southern Poverty Law Centre. After SPLC officials learnt of Widnerï¿½s struggle, Roy and Laurie Wood of the SPLC met with him. The SPLC provided financial aid that allowed Widner to get the tattoos removed from his face and hands at Vanderbilt University Medical Centre in Nashville. Each treatment left Widnerï¿½s face badly blistered and swollen ï¿½ a sort of penanceï¿½ for his violent past. Part 2 (OC Register, Nov 8, 2011) included the fact that the cost for the removal was paid for by an anonymous donor, and cost $35.000.00. Editor: As I see the popularity for tattoos increasing among all youth, but specifically our Latino youth, I am concerned for the difficulties they will encounter due to their appearance and how it will impact their ability to support themselves and their future families. There are companies and employers who are including in their job description, no visible tattoos. Coincidentally, in the same edition of the OC Register (11/7/11) was a photo of a young woman Roxanne Agradano of Irvine who had just converted to the Muslim faith. What caught my eye were the tatoos covering her hands. I wondered if she too was trying to make a change in her life; covering up her body would be one way of doing it. DRUG SMUGGLING RING DISMANTLED Arizona authorities have disrupted a Mexican durg cartel's distribution network, arresting dozens of smugglers in dismantling ar ring responsible for carrying more than $33 million worth of drugs through the state's western desert EVERY MONTH, official said Monday. The ring is believed to be tied to the Sinaloa cartel and responsible for smuggling more than 3.3 million pounds of marijuana, 20,000 pounds of cocaine and 10,000 pounds of heroin into the U.S. through Arizona over the past years, according to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. OCRegister, 11/1/11 To keep up with Border problems and incidences, visit http://www.nafbpo.org The National Association of Former Border Patrol Officers (NAFBPO) extracts and condenses the material that follows from Mexican, Central and South American and U.S. on-line media sources on a daily basis. Editor: The rampant killings are shocking. We really do not grasp the extent of the drug war destroying communities and murdering innocents. Few incidents make the US newspapers. The Faces of Meth. see the effects of using methamphetamines. These pictures were originally taken in 2005, then the second and third pictures were taken from 2 months to six years later. The amount of aging that happens to those using meth is amazing. -of-meth,0,942695.photogallery 2 DEAD, 1 WOUNDED AT POT FARM Two brothers shot dead at a medical marijuana processing site near the small farming community of Pixley became the fourth and fifth pot-related homicides this year in rural Tulare Co, CA. The killings Saturday night were the latest in what has become an increasingly dangerous occupation as growers come out of the Sierra Nevada and use of California's 1996 landmark ballot measure to grow marijuana on prime farmland by bundling together the permits of multiple people. In Fresno county alone, the number of large farms rose to 121 in 2011, up from 37 in 2010. Marijuana can sell for thousands of dollars a pound, making it by weight the most valuable cash crop in the state. OCRegister, 11/1/11 Huge marijuana haul found in border tunnel. An estimated 17 tons of marijuana were seized in a raid on a cross-border tunnel, authorities said Wednesday. The tunnel discovered Tuesday stretched about 400 [four football fields] and linked warehouses in San Diego and Tijuana. U.S. authorities seized about nine tons of marijuana inside a truck and at the warehouse in San Diego's Otay Mesa area, said Derek Benner, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement special agent in charge of investigations in San Diego Mexican authorities recovered about eight tons south of the border. OCRegister, 11/17/11 Mexico Under Siege IBD Editorials The helicopter crash Friday that killed Mexico's top Cabinet official, Jose Francisco Blake, couldn't have come at a worse time. Cartels are acquiring heavy arms to challenge the state and to move their war to the U.S. In Mexico, Blake, the Interior Secretary, was the best hope of winning the war against the vicious cartels, who've killed as many as 86,000 people. Blake, 45, had managed to crush the cartels and cut crime in his native Tijuana before he was asked to do the same for the country in the top Cabinet job in 2010. He had some success ï¿½ five of the top seven cartel capos were knocked off by the end of his watch. But he's the second interior secretary killed in a helicopter crash since 2008, and that leaves a great sense of uneasiness. Mexico's currency fell on news of his death, the cause of which is still undetermined. One thing is known: As Mexico fights, the cartels have been bulking up. They've expanded their firepower and extended their reach into the U.S. Addressing this issue should be a top U.S. policy priority. But as Mexico mourns, this war is going largely unnoticed in the U.S. Increased firepower is just one element in this difficult war, but it's a sign of potentially worse to come. Earlier this year, the Mexican press reported that cartels are moving to arm themselves with "monstruos," or homemade monster trucks. These armored assault vehicles are capable of carrying 20 cartel gunmen at 60 mph and hurling oil slicks or nails to evade pursuers. Last May, a monstruo battled police in Jalisco state. Mexico's defense secretariat reported last week that the "Los Zetas" cartel is buying heavy armaments left over from the Central American wars of the 1980s, including "anti-armored-vehicle rockets," according to the reports. The Mexican cartels' other heavy firepower includes submarines, most of which are being built by their FARC allies hiding out from the Colombian army in safe havens like Ecuador. The subs are nominally for smuggling drugs, but convertible to combat purposes. All of these are weapons of war. Their use goes well beyond criminal and moves toward the aim of actually challenging the state. If they succeed, Mexico's state apparatus will be unable to govern. That's the definition of a failed state, which the U.S. Department of Defense warned was possible in Mexico in its 2008 Joint Operating Environment report. Two retired Mexican generals recently told the press that the government now controls only 50% to 60% of the country's territory. Bigger weapons mean the cartels will lunge for more. Meanwhile, two U.S. officials ï¿½ Phil Jordan, formerly director of El Paso's Drug Enforcement Administration's Intelligence Center, and Robert Plumlee, a former CIA contract pilot ï¿½ told the El Paso Times last July that increased smuggling of military-grade weapons from Texas could disrupt Mexico's 2012 elections. Analysts at at the foreign policy website Stratfor have noted that if the Mexican state goes down, the cartels it fights will move their violent operations to the U.S. Already it's moving toward that. Mexican gunmen last Tuesday crossed the Rio Grande into the U.S. and fought a pitched battle with a SWAT team near Escobares, Texas. The only media reports were from locally based newspaper The Monitor. Last September, Texas released a report by retired U.S. generals Barry McCaffrey and Robert Scales called "Texas Border Security: A Strategic Assessment," warning that cartels were creating a buffer zone in Texas border counties. "Criminality spawned in Mexico," they warned, "is spilling over into the United States." That's war. If the U.S. doesn't step up its efforts to stop it, worse will come. Securing the border and helping Mexico ought to be of top importance. But right now, this war is invisible to Americans. The title of a newspaper article criticized by Charlie Erickson On Nov. 1, the tabloid Washington Examiner splashed this across the top half of its Page 1: ï¿½ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT GUILTY OF KILLING NUNï¿½ (Hispanic Link publisher Charlie Ericksen takes over from here.) The editors who composed or approved those provocative words should turn in their press credentials and join the KKK, the Federation for American Immigration Reform or some other publicly identified hate group. The racist composite the Examiner created tells its readers to fear and hate 11 million U.S. immigrants. The ï¿½illegal alien nun-killerï¿½ the headline paints is Carlos Martinelly-Montaï¿½o. Itï¿½s untrue. He is not here illegally. In January 2009, he was granted a Employment Authorization Document (EAD), a temporary work permit issued by Homeland Security. Then he secured an identification card from the state of Virginia. His successful pursuit of a job was vetted by the e-verify process. His parents brought Carlos undocumented to the United States from Bolivia when he was eight years old. He grew up in suburban northern Virginia and is the father of two small U.S. born children. His parents are now legal residents and he applied for legal residency four years ago. As a teenager, Carlos was twice arrested Guest Column for misdemeanor driving under the influence. He enrolled in and completed a program to deal with his serious alcoholism problem. Then last year, at 22, he drove his Subaru into a highway guardrail while drunk and crashed head-on into a car occupied by three nuns. One of them, Sister Denise Mosier, 66, was killed. The Examiner chose to write a headline conjuring up a lusting, machete-wielding psycho chasing nuns through our tranquil communities, making readersï¿½ flesh creep. Carlos was charged with, and found guilty of, murder. This is the first time that a DUI case involving a fatality resulted in a murder conviction in Virginia. He faces up to 70 years in prison. The Examiner isnï¿½t alone with Its front-loaded ï¿½illegal immigrantï¿½ headline. On top of the list of news outlets that have routinely depicted Martinelly-Montaï¿½o a criminal alien who just sneaked across our border are CBS News, Fox News, the Washington Post, CNN, USA Today, National Public Radio ï¿½ the list goes on. While Carlosï¿½ punishment far exceeds the norm, even weighing the tragedy consequences of his act, this is not a plea for mercy. The Benedictine sisters, along with Carlosï¿½ family, already have done that. The Benedictine sisters also expressed dismay that this case has become politicized as a forum for debate on illegal immigration. As a journalist, Iï¿½ll feel better if media like the Examiner would stop fanning flames of hate and ethnic division and concentrate on journalistic ethics and telling the whole truth. Hispanic Link, Vol. 29, Issue 19 1420 N St. NW Whatï¿½s the Easiest Way to Legally Get to the U.S. from Mexico? By DAMIEN CAVE NY Times online on Nov 4, 2011 Given the billions of dollars spent annually on border enforcement, not to mention the long lines at the various crossings, the most pleasant way to travel legally from Mexico to the United States might be on the borderï¿½s only hand-drawn ferry. Every day, six wide-backed Mexican men use ropes and cables to pull an ersatz barge, El Chalan, a distance of about 10 car lengths across the Rio Grande from Los Ebanos, Tex., to Gustavo Dï¿½az Ordaz, Mexico, and vice versa. Sometimes passengers help out, too. The trip takes only a few minutes, but, especially on weekends, every ferry is full, which makes it feel as if the men are pulling the boat through cement. El Chalan ï¿½ which roughly translates as ï¿½the Bargeï¿½ in Spanish ï¿½ is capable of carrying three cars and a dozen people at a time. When it occasionally lingers midriver, the ferry becomes the ultimate in-between: floating proof that what Americans call the border (a hard line to be defended), Mexicans more appropriately call la frontera, a bilingual frontier with a unique mingling of characteristics. Recently that cultural melding has become more serious. For longtime passengers like Martha Vï¿½squez, who grew up across the river in Gustavo Dï¿½az Ordaz before moving to Oklahoma, the barge has become the best, or only, option for safe passage. Drug cartels now run her home state, Tamaulipas, but their territorial battle has generally sidestepped the ferry crossing. American border-patrol agents are known to take their time with inspections, and strangers are easily noticed among the regulars making the trip back and forth. Still, everyoneï¿½s movements have become more calculated. These days, Vï¿½squez relies on the first ride of the day so she can pick up her mother and return quickly. ï¿½We used to come all the time,ï¿½ Vï¿½squez said, standing at the sandy edge of Texas. ï¿½But right now Iï¿½m scared. Someone is on the other side waiting for us, but Iï¿½m still scared.ï¿½ Every ferry that followed seemed to contain the same conflict between fear and family ties. After Vï¿½squez departed, a truck driver ï¿½ Mexico-born, Texas-residing ï¿½ returned from a visit to his relatives. (ï¿½Theyï¿½re like the mafia over there,ï¿½ he said.) Clutching a cookbook he just borrowed, he explained that his sisterï¿½s neighbor was murdered the night before. Later, three brothers returned from visiting their father in Mexico for the first time in years. ï¿½Everyone said it wasnï¿½t a good idea to go,ï¿½ Emmanuel Lopez said. They went anyway, he explained, ï¿½because Grandmaï¿½s a little sick.ï¿½ The privately run ferry arrived at this bend in the green river in 1950, and the original boat, a wooden contraption, survived until around 1980. It was replaced by the metal barge still in use today, with profits and costs shared between one family in Mexico and another in the United States. The workers say they donï¿½t get paid much, and there have been a few close calls with cars moving too quickly, but their easy laughs suggest they enjoy pulling people together. After all, the six main laborers are related ï¿½ two sets of three brothers, cousins all. The seventh and final crew member is Alejo Valdemar, a skinny, septuagenarian with the demeanor of a favorite uncle. For a decade, he has been the fare collector (10 pesos or $1 for pedestrians, 35 pesos or $3 for cars) who pats every child on the head and usually brings the conversation around to his wife, whom he described as ï¿½marvelous.ï¿½ Valdemar married for the first time only four years ago, and when I visited the ferry, his excitement inspired good-natured gossip and laughs. Humor was actually the most common response to the areaï¿½s dark undercurrent. A regular named Juan Salinas ï¿½ a big man in a San Antonio hat who had four children in America before being deported ï¿½ saw one of the boat workers reading a newspaper and asked, ï¿½How many?ï¿½ He meant how many dead, but he didnï¿½t need to say it. ï¿½You have to watch TV for the bodies,ï¿½ came the other workerï¿½s quick reply, sparking laughter all around. Gabriel Soto, 50, the boatman with the most experience on the river (15 years), said that seeing friends like Salinas made the job worthwhile. Many regulars trust Soto with important tasks like carrying things across to family or friends. ï¿½They are always asking me to give their keys to someone or asking me to check on their houses,ï¿½ he said. ï¿½On the river,ï¿½ he added, ï¿½nothing changes.ï¿½ Or at least thatï¿½s what he hoped. At the dayï¿½s end ï¿½ as gusts eased the boatï¿½s passage toward the Mexican side ï¿½ I realized that there was a reason that Soto was carrying so many keys back and forth. His neighbors were fleeing. Their trips, and those of their family members, were becoming more infrequent. Things were changing; he just didnï¿½t want to admit it. Lincoln Club of Orange County proposal would provide path to legal residency The Lincoln Club of Orange County broke with much of the Republican establishment today in announcing an immigration-reform proposal that would provide a path to legal residency for illegal immigrants. Most of the Republican presidential field and many congressional Republicans have said the border must be better secured before addressing those now in the country illegally. Many grassroots Republican activists denounce any talk of legalizing illegal immigrants. But with the Latino vote growing and many Latinos turned off by the GOPï¿½s hardline on illegal immigration, the Lincoln Club wants to build a political bridge. ï¿½Our hope is that this provides a starting point for Republicans and Latinos to find common ground on immigration solutions that respect the rule of law, secure our borders, and afford future immigrants and those who are already here a fair pathway to legal residency,ï¿½ said Lincoln Club President Robert Loewen. While the proposal includes a route to legal residency, it stops short of offering illegal immigrants a road to citizenship. Some in the respected, 40-year-old group of GOP business people went so far as to blame Democrats for not reforming the system. Despite statements from President Barack Obama and many Democrats about the need for immigration reform, many Latinos have been leveling the same complaint against the Administration and Congress. ï¿½Democrats who were in control of Congress for two years under President Obama did nothing to reform our broken immigration system, except to deport more than a million illegal immigrants,ï¿½ Teresa Hernandez, chairwoman of the Lincoln Clubï¿½s Immigration Reform Subcommittee. ï¿½Republicans have an opportunity to be leaders on this issue by replacing our antiquated, quota-driven immigration system with a 21st century one that embraces the free-market demand for jobs.ï¿½ The Lincoln Clubï¿½s three-point plan calls for: 1) Increasing border security. 2) ï¿½Creating a guest worker program that allows both foreign workers and illegal immigrants already here to apply for temporary work permits, provided they pay certain fees and meet certain requirements such as proof of employment and passing a criminal background check.ï¿½ 3) More help for employers in identifying legal workers. Read more details of the plan in the Lincoln Clubï¿½s policy statement. In St. Louis, Missouri, a Star of David was carved into Alaa Alsaeghï¿½s back Published: Wednesday 12 October 2011 Iraqi Christian convert attacked in US over Holocaust poem An Iraqi convert from Islam to Christianity was violently attacked in America over a poem he wrote about the Jewish Holocaust. Alaa Alsaegh was targeted in St Louis, Missouri, because of his Arabic poem, ï¿½Tears at the Heart of the Holocaustï¿½, which expresses pain over the loss of six million Jews at the hands of the Nazis. The attackers carved the Star of David on Alsaeghï¿½s back with a knife while laughing as they recited his poem. They had trapped the Iraqi immigrant using two cars as he was driving along in St Louis. One cut across and struck his car, forcing him to stop, while the other blocked his vehicle from behind. Two attackers then got out of the cars, opened Alsaeghï¿½s door and pointed a gun at him. They pushed his upper body down against the steering wheel, stabbed him and pulled off his shirt before carving the Jewish symbol on his back. Alsaegh, who survived the ordeal, said that the assailants may have been Somali Muslims; they told him not to publish any more poems. The FBI has opened an investigation into the incident, but no arrests have yet been made. Editor: Where is the outrage? A US Christian pastor talks about burning a Koran and the news is published all over the world, A young man in the US is tortured and mutilated, and no one hears about it. Why? Detroit Prayer event puts Muslim community on Edge DETROIT (AP) ï¿½ An area with one of the largest Muslim communities outside the Middle East is bracing itself for a 24-hour prayer rally by a group that counts Islam among the ills facing the U.S. The gathering in Detroit at Ford Field, the stadium where the Detroit Lions play, starts Friday evening and is designed to tackle issues such as the economy, racial strife, same-sex relationships and abortion. But the decade-old organization known as TheCall has said Detroit is a "microcosm of our national crisis" in all areas, including "the rising tide of the Islamic movement." Leaders of TheCall believe a satanic spirit is shaping all parts of U.S. society, and it must be challenged through intensive Christian prayer and fasting. Such a demonic spirit has taken hold of specific areas, Detroit among them, organizers say. In the months ahead of their rallies, teams of local organizers often travel their communities performing a ritual called "divorcing Baal," the name of a demon spirit, to drive out the devil from each location. "Our concern is that we are literally being demonized by the organizers of this group," said Dawud Walid, executive director of Council on American-Islamic Relations' Michigan chapter, which last week urged local mosques and Islamic schools to increase security. "And given the recent history of other groups that have come into Michigan ... we're concerned about this prayer vigil stoking up the flames of divisiveness in the community." TheCall is the latest and largest of several groups or individuals to come to the Detroit area with a message that stirred up many of its estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Muslims. Recent visitors have included Florida pastor Terry Jones; members of the Westboro Baptist Church; and the Acts 17 Apologetics, missionaries who were arrested for disorderly conduct last year at Dearborn's Arab International Festival but were later acquitted. As with many other Christian groups, TheCall and its adherents believe Jesus is the only path to salvation. While they consider all other religions false, they have a specific focus on Islam, largely in response to the Sept. 11 attacks, terrorism overseas and fear that Islam, which is also a proselytizing faith, will spread faster than Christianity. TheCall is modeled partly on the Promise Keepers, the men's stadium prayer movement that was led in the 1990s by former University of Colorado football coach Bill McCartney. TheCall's first major rally was in September 2000 on the national Mall in Washington, drawing tens of thousands of young people to pray for a Christian revival in America. Co-founder Lou Engle has organized similar rallies in several cities, including a 2008 event at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium two days before Election Day to generate support for Proposition 8, which banned gay marriage in California. Theologically, Engle is part of a stream of Pentecostalism that is independent of any denomination and is intensely focused on the end times. Within these churches, some leaders are elevated to the position of apostle, or hearing directly from God. Muslims aren't the only ones concerned about Friday's event. A coalition of Detroit clergy plans to march to the football stadium Friday and hold their own rally. "We do not agree with the spread of a message of hate, but a message of peace and a message of love," the Rev. Charles Williams II, pastor of Historic King Solomon Church in Detroit, said Wednesday. "We love our Muslim brothers. We love those who are homosexual and we are not scared ... to stand up when the time calls for us to." Engle declined interview requests from The Associated Press, and one of his representatives referred calls to Apostle Ellis Smith of Detroit's Jubilee City Church. Smith, who appeared with Engle and other Detroit-area clergy in promotional videos filmed at Ford Field, considers himself a point-person for TheCall in Detroit. Smith told the AP that fears of the event taking on an anti-Muslim tone are overblown. He said attendees won't be "praying against Muslims," but rather "against terrorism that has its roots in Islam." "We're dealing with extremism," he said. "We're against extremism when it comes to Christians." Still, in a pre-event sermon he delivered Oct. 9 at a suburban church, Smith called Islam a "false," ''lame" and "perverse" religion. He said it was allowed to take root in Detroit because of the city's strong religious base. That's why TheCall event is "pivotal," he said. "That's why I believe it's by divine appointment: Detroit is the most religious city in America," Smith said in the sermon, adding later, "What I'm saying to you is Detroit had to happen because we have to break these barriers that have hindered in so many ways." The sermon was archived on the online sermon library Sermon.net. Smith on Thursday said he was offering his personal perspective that Islam is "a false religion, as many others are." He said the main focus of Friday's gathering is "loving God, loving God's people." Dawn Bethany, 43, said she is attending with about 70 others from Lansing's Epicenter of Worship, where she is the church's administrator. Bethany said she believes the event will be a "monumental spiritual experience," and "the negativity is a distraction from seeing who God is." God, she said, "is love." ___ Associated Press writer Corey Williams in Detroit and AP Religion Writer Rachel Zoll in New York contributed to this report. ___ Jeff Karoub can be reached at http://twitter.com/jeffkaroub Sent by Jaime Cader [email protected] 83 victims, family members seek $750M for ï¿½preventableï¿½ Fort Hood tragedy By Associated Press, Published: November 10, 2011 WASHINGTON ï¿½ Eighty-three victims and family members in the worst-ever mass shooting at a U.S. military installation are seeking $750 million in compensation from the Army, alleging that willful negligence enabled psychiatrist Maj. Nidal Hasan to carry out a terrorist attack at Fort Hood, Texas. The administrative claims filed last week said the government had clear warnings that Hasan, who is scheduled to go on trial in March, posed a grave danger to the lives of soldiers and civilians. The government bowed to political correctness and not only ignored the threat Hasan presented but actually promoted him to the rank of major five months before the massacre, according to the administrative claims against the Defense Department, the Justice Department and the FBI. Thirteen soldiers and civilians were killed and more than two dozen soldiers and civilians were injured in the Nov. 5, 2009, shooting spree. Fifty-four relatives of eight of the murdered soldiers have filed claims. One civilian police officer and nine of the injured soldiers have filed claims along with 19 family members of those 10. ï¿½It was unconscionable that Hasan was allowed to continue in the military and ultimately be in the position to perpetrate the only terror attack committed on U.S. soil since 9/11,ï¿½ attorney Neal Sher, who represents the claimants, told The Associated Press. ï¿½Weï¿½re aware claims have been filed, but weï¿½re not going to comment on it,ï¿½ Christopher Haug, chief of media relations for the public affairs office at Fort Hood, said Thursday. ï¿½Theyï¿½ll be taken seriously and theyï¿½ll go through the legal process.ï¿½ Among the claimants is a civilian police officer who shot Hasan, Sgt. Kimberly Munley, who was hit in the leg and hand in an exchange of gunfire that has cut short her law enforcement career. She underwent a series of surgeries for her wounds and is on unpaid leave from her post as a civilian police officer with the Army. ï¿½I brought this claim because I strongly believe this tragedy was totally preventable and that the Army swept under the rug what they knew about Hasan,ï¿½ Munley said in a statement. Munley and her partner, Sgt. Mark Todd, another civilian officer in Fort Hoodï¿½s police force, are credited with shooting Hasan, ending the violence. Hasan, an American-born Muslim, faces the death penalty or life in prison without parole if convicted of 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted premeditated murder. U.S. officials have said they believe Hasanï¿½s attack was inspired by the radical U.S.-born cleric Anwar al-Awlaki and that the two men exchanged as many as 20 emails. Al-Awlaki was killed in a U.S. drone strike in Yemen in late September. His name has not yet been mentioned in any hearings in the criminal case against Hasan. ï¿½It is a tragic irony that our government sought out and killed al-Awlaki, while Hasan was promoted in the Army which enabled him to carry out his murderous terror attack,ï¿½ said Sher, who for many years ran the Justice Departmentï¿½s Office of Special Investigations that hunted Nazi criminals living illegally in the United States. He also is a former executive director of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, a pro-Israel lobbying group. Evidence of Hasanï¿½s radicalization to violent Islamist extremism was on full display to his superiors and colleagues during military medical training, according to a Senate report issued in February and included as an exhibit accompanying the claims. In the events leading up to the shooting, an instructor and a colleague each referred to Hasan as a ï¿½ticking time bomb,ï¿½ according to the report by Sens. Joe Lieberman, I-Conn., and Susan Collins of Maine, the chairman and ranking Republican, respectively, on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. In classroom presentations, Hasan repeatedly spoke of violent Islamist extremism instead of medical subjects and justified suicide bombings, said the report, which concluded that Hasanï¿½s superiors failed to discipline him, refer him to counterintelligence officials or seek to discharge him. Letters to Senator Hutchison and Senator Cornyn by Jose Antonio Lï¿½pez The Story Of One Deported Latino Veteran by Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n St. Athanasius School in Long Beach, California Valley Veterans Hospital Needed Hi All, I just mailed the letter below to both Senator Hutchison and Senator Cornyn asking them to lead the funding of the much-needed Valley Veterans Hospital. In my view, few other things are representative of the benign neglect and abandonment of South Texas by the powers that be than the lack of a Veterans Hospital in the Rio Grande Valley. In addition to the senators, I mailed copies of the letter to President Obama, Vice-President Biden, and Secretaries Rodham Clinton, Panetta, and Shinseki, Rep. Cuellar, Gov. Perry, the American Legion, VFW, and certain officials in the Valley. I added a short note covering the following points: A veteran in Harlingen, Texas and surrounding area is more likely to be uninsured, unemployed, and/or underemployed. Per capita income in South Texas is truly at the lowest levels in Texas. Many area counties do not have civilian medical facilities either. Seeking help for service-related health care, veterans have to travel to San Antonio -- a 10-hour round trip. As a result, many economically-burdened veterans are forced to pass up on treatment of serious illness altogether. That is unconscionable and unacceptable. For nearly 40 years, returning military men and women of South Texas have been promised a medical center. To date, all they get is electioneering speeches, pledges, and finger pointing as to who is responsible for delaying its construction. Our wounded warriors served gallantly. They deserve only the best medical care in return for readily answering the call to duty. Waving the U.S. flag on Veterans Day is a precious tradition. Letï¿½s make sure that when we wave the flag next Veterans Day, the event will also be to celebrate the approval of funds for the groundbreaking of a Rio Grande Valley Veterans Hospital. Moreover, letï¿½s give new meaning to the phrase ï¿½Thank a Vetï¿½, by using the new facility as a ï¿½Thank Youï¿½ from a grateful nation. Please spread the word. Join me and other patriots, such as Plï¿½cido Salazar. Let our two senators and responsible officials hear our voices of support in unison. La uniï¿½n es la fuerza! Saludos, Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison Senator John Cornyn 284 Russell Senate Office Building 517 Hart Senate Office Building Dear Senator Hutchison and Senator Cornyn : On this glorious day honoring U.S. men and women warriors, I ask that you focus on the urgent need for a Rio Grande Valley Veterans Hospital. No other ethnic minority group is more loyal to the cause of freedom than Spanish Mexican-descent citizen veterans from South Texas. To this very day, they serve honorably and are returning home from current war zones in Afghanistan and Iraq. What kind of warriors come from the Rio Grande Valley? Only the bravest! I could write volumes of examples of their loyalty and courage in defense of the U.S. However, I believe that the citation below for Medal of Honor Winner Sergeant Freddy Cantï¿½ Gonzï¿½lez, Edinburg, Texas, speaks for itself. Senators, please reflect on the last two sentences of the citation. In memory of Sergeant Gonzï¿½lez, I ask you to actively and vigorously back Representative Henry Cuellarï¿½s bi-partisan HR 1318, South Texas Veterans Health Care Expansion Act. The thousands of Rio Grande Valley veterans have earned the construction of a VA Hospital. The matter has been studied enough. No more excuses. No more ifs, ands, or buts. No more promises of support. Find the way to get it done this time. Thank you. Very Respectfully, Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez, USAF Veteran (1962-66) Citation to the Award of the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Alfredo Cantï¿½ Gonzï¿½lez. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as platoon commander, 3d Platoon, Company A. On 31 January 1968, during the initial phase of Operation Hue City, Sgt. Gonzalez' unit was formed as a reaction force and deployed to Hue to relieve the pressure on the beleaguered city. While moving by truck convoy along Route No. 1, near the village of Lang Van Lrong, the marines received a heavy volume of enemy fire. Sgt. Gonzalez aggressively maneuvered the marines in his platoon, and directed their fire until the area was cleared of snipers. Immediately after crossing a river south of Hue, the column was again hit by intense enemy fire. One of the marines on top of a tank was wounded and fell to the ground in an exposed position. With complete disregard for his safety, Sgt. Gonzalez ran through the fire-swept area to the assistance of his injured comrade. He lifted him up and though receiving fragmentation wounds during the rescue, he carried the wounded marine to a covered position for treatment. Due to the increased volume and accuracy of enemy fire from a fortified machine gun bunker on the side of the road, the company was temporarily halted. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Sgt. Gonzalez exposed himself to the enemy fire and moved his platoon along the east side of a bordering rice paddy to a dike directly across from the bunker. Though fully aware of the danger involved, he moved to the fire-swept road and destroyed the hostile position with hand grenades. Although seriously wounded again on 3 February, he steadfastly refused medical treatment and continued to supervise his men and lead the attack. On 4 February, the enemy had again pinned the company down, inflicting heavy casualties with automatic weapons and rocket fire. Sgt. Gonzalez, utilizing a number of light antitank assault weapons, fearlessly moved from position to position firing numerous rounds at the heavily fortified enemy emplacements. He successfully knocked out a rocket position and suppressed much of the enemy fire before falling mortally wounded. The heroism, courage, and dynamic leadership displayed by Sgt. Gonzalez reflected great credit upon himself and the Marine Corps, and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country. By Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n November 11, 2011 Immigrants have served in the United States armed forces since the Revolutionary War, and one veteran we spoke to noted that, being an immigrant sometimes makes things a little bit more complicated. Hector Barajas served with the 82nd Airborne as a paratrooper, but now lives in Mexico, where he was deported a few years ago after he was deported. Barajas doesnï¿½t make excuses for the actions that led to his deportation, but working with the groupBanished Veterans, he and other deported veterans lobby to try to find a way to come back home ï¿½ the U.S. He told NewsTaco his story. Barajasï¿½ story goes like this. He came to the U.S. when he was 5 or 6, grew up in Compton and joined the military right after high school, in 1995. He never became a citizen. One day he came home from Fort Bliss outside El Paso to visit his family in Compton; at the time he was in a military alcohol rehabilitation program, he was driving under the influence with some friends. One of them in the backseat thought he was being followed and shot a gun at the car behind them. ï¿½Nobody got hurt,ï¿½ Barajas told us. He pleaded guilty to the discharge of a firearm and was sentenced to three years in a California state prison. After Barajas said a bad lawyer fumbled his case, he found himself with a deportation hold about two years into his sentence. Barajas meant to become a citizen, he started the application, but never followed up. He was eventually flown from California to Arizona, where he said he felt like he was in limbo. While in immigration custody he said he felt like he was ï¿½being considered an illegal immigrant. I never thought of myself as being an illegal immigrant.ï¿½ Especially since, as a soldier, he was always attending ceremonies and exercises where his patriotism was praised. ï¿½I was good enough to fight for the country, but all of a sudden, youï¿½re disposable,ï¿½ he said. Nine months passed in the Arizona detention facility. One day, in the middle of the night, he was dropped off in Nogales, Sonora. He spent some time in Zacatecas with his grandparents, then tried to come home, was deported again, and has since been trying to find legal recourse to come home to Los Angeles to be with his parents and daughter. He currently works as a caregiver for the elderly in Rosarito, Baja California. Banished Veterans has been a beacon of hope for him, he told us, about a dozen people work with the group. His dream for the group is to open up different chapters to help other veterans who find themselves in a similar situation. And while he takes responsibility for his actions, he longs to come back to the U.S., for a very simple reason. ï¿½Why do I want to come back? Iï¿½m an American,ï¿½ he told NewsTaco. ï¿½There are a lot of Americans that wonï¿½t put on a uniform to defend the country, to do what we did.ï¿½ St. Athanasius School in Long Beach, California Friends and family, Help Decorate Our "Tree of Lights" . . . Most of you may know that I am currently teaching 6th grade at St. Athanasius School in Long Beach. As you will read in the following letter, we are one of the poorest communities in the LA area so we have recently launched a project to help brighten the holidays for our students/families. Please read about our project and check out our website to perhaps participate in our project. If you would like to donate specifically to the 6th grade class, you may do so by following the directions in this email as well as posted on the website. Here is the direct link: http://www.saslongbeach.com/tree-of-lights.html Thank you so much and God bless! Hayley Palacios [An article on Haley is her October 2011] Each September children everywhere greet the new school year having eaten a full breakfast, dressed in new outfits and shoes, with a backpack filled with supplies. At St. Athanasius Catholic School most students rely on government provided breakfasts and lunches for their daily nutrition, many wear used or hand me down uniforms, and some are considered fortunate to have a notebook and a pencil to begin the school year. At Christmas many children dream of beautiful Christmas trees surrounded with a multitude of toys, games, clothes, and electronic gadgets. For the children of St. Athanasius Catholic School, most have not experienced a Christmas morning of gift giving as their families cannot afford one. St. Athanasius parish in Long Beach, CA is one of the poorest parishes in the Los Angeles diocese, and also one of the poorest in the nation. Last year, a couple of young teachers embarked on a mission to buy one gift for every student in their class, and to help provide a Christmas for some of the schoolï¿½s poorest families. Their success revealed a much larger need. This year, the entire staff has joined together and expanded the program with the hope of buying one gift and one book for every student, plus provide a Christmas for the schoolï¿½s neediest families. Two weeks ago the teachers solicited toy and game wishes from the students. One 8 year old in tattered sneakers asked for new shoes or a pair of bicycle shorts to wear under her school skirt. With those wishes fulfilled immediately she was asked to make a fun wish, but it illuminated the perspective of these children and their needs. Our mission for the month of November is to decorate our Tree of Lights, where a light represents one of our 186 children, an angel represents an entire class, and a present represents a family. To decorate our tree: adopt a child or class, then purchase and deliver a gift(s) from our Wish List; make a cash donation to help first raise $15 per child to buy a gift and a book for all 186 children; and/or then adopt, or donate to a fund, to provide gifts and food (about $200 per family) for our neediest families. Cash donations of any amount are graciously accepted either thru our web site: saslongbeach.com , or by check payable to St. Athanasius Tree of Love, and mailed to Development Team, St. Athanasius School, 5369 Linden, Long Beach, CA 90805. To adopt a child or family directly contact the Development Team through our website for Wish List items and delivery instructions. St. Athanasius Catholic School is a 501(C)(3) organization and all donations are tax deductible. Any donation of $250 or greater will receive a letter for tax purposes. Please help decorate our Tree of Lights and help make a child or familyï¿½s wish come true this Christmas. Thank you! Dropout Rate Reaches 28 Percent Senator Iris Martinez writes the foreword to from The Barrio to the Board Hispanic Education Endowment Fund: 18th Annual Apple of Gold Celebration Stand and Deliver' Movie Quotes by Jaime Escalante Intercultural Development Research Association Gilbert G. Gonzalez Collection, 1864-2001 Focusing on the Needs of Latino Students by Manuel Hernandez-Carmona Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior by Amy Chua Latino Dropout Rate Reaches 28% The National Council of La Raza recently released a study that indicated a Hispanic dropout rate of 28 percent. May 2, 2011 The report also included strategy recommendations to improve the opportunities of young Latinos and the social barriers they face as they enter the job market. According to the study, only ï¿½58% of Latinos complete high school when compared with 78 percent of non-Hispanic whites.ï¿½ These figures correspond significantly with unemployment rates because 40 percent of Latinos age 25 and up without high school diplomas are unemployed or only have a temporary job. New jobs are forecasted to require at least some university education, thus indicating the sad reality that Latinos will continue to be concentrated in low-paying labor jobs. La Raza report places an emphasis on the importance of establishing educational programs focused on Latinos between the ages of 16 and 24 who dropped out and are not working. ï¿½Keeping in mind that Hispanics are going to represent a very important segment in the future labor force, itï¿½s crucial to reengage these young people in their training, educate them, to be able to place these kids, who now are at risk of social exclusion, on the road to quality employment and economic stability,ï¿½ said Simon Lopez, NCLRï¿½s director for Workforce and Leadership Development. Other factors that contribute to the increased dropout rates of Latinos include language barriers, immigration status of their families, low-incomes and over representation in the juvenile justice system. The NCLR report stresses the importance of addressing the increased dropout rates and high unemployment rates immediately because of the repercussions it will have to the economy in the future. References: Latino Fox News Source: NewsTaco, 11/11/11 The Education News is a publication of the League of United Latin American Citizens, founded in 1929 and currently headed by National President Margaret Moran. Written and Edited by: Michael Castro, LULAC National Intern, [email protected], Amaris Kinne, Education Policy Fellow, [email protected] & Iris Chavez, Deputy Director for Education Policy, [email protected] SENATOR IRIS MARTINEZ WRITES THE FOREWORD to FROM THE BARRIO TO THE BOARD ROOM 2ND EDITION 11/16/11 Robert Renteria's story needs to be heard. Young people are living in neighborhoods with more violence than ever before and gangs havebecome a routine part of the environment. For some of our young people, survival is all they know. We have to show them that there is more. We have to encourage them to look beyond, and have a sense of the future and look to where they want to be 10 or 20 years from now. Robert clearly illustrates that life is full of choices, and the choices you make will determine which way you go. From the Barrio to the Board Room shows young people that others who were just like them, with similar experiences, have made something positive happen in their lives. How did we do this? Both Robert and I were able to disconnect from our environment to a certain degree so that we could not only continue to survive within it, but also look toward the future. Our personal experiences gave us the upper hand in dealing with gangs, violence, drug and alcohol abuse and our youth dropping out of school. We are committed to our community because we recognize that many of these young men and women need role models and individuals who can nurture and mentor them. This is the message that Robert and I have in common. We've been there, yet here we are. We made it out from the Barrio and our kids can do the same. But the Barrio should stay with us as a reminder of who we are. I always say that you can take me out of the Barrio but you can't take the Barrio out of me. I also say that although I am the first Latina in the State Senate, I won't be the last! When I visit schools I tell young people that education is the most precious gift that you can give yourself and your community. By becoming educated, you can understand the social injustice and economic issues that exist out there. What you capture in the classroom is something that nobody can ever take away from you. And you can choose to make it a positive experience! A book like Robert's can make a difference and change the course of someone's life because it is a story that hits home. From the Barrio tells you that it does not matter where you are born, what community you grow up in, or where in society you may be; what matters is you and what you want to do with your life. Everything that Robert has shared-the words, his commitment and his philosophy-is a reality. He is living proof that a kid from the Barrio can make it, and his story will change lives. -The Honorable Iris Y. Martinez Illinois State Senator For more information, please contact Corey Michael Blake at 224.475.0392 or [email protected] Hispanic Education Endowment Fund: 18th Annual Apple of Gold Celebration By Yobany Banks-McKay On Thursday Oct 20th, HEEF celebrated 18 years of progress for the Orange County Hispanic Education Endowment Fund. The Apple of Gold Awards Celebration honors teachers in the following categories: Excellence in High School Teaching, Excellence in K-12 Leadership and Excellence in Post Secondary Leadership. This year the honorees were Yamila Castro from Anaheim Union High School District for Excellence in High School Teaching. Lucinda Nares Pueblos for Excellence in K-12 Leadership and Professor John Dombrink for excellence in Post Secondary Leadership. The teachers and students are an inspiration to all of us as they speak of their stories of overcoming challenges posed in the everyday lives of our Latino youth in the school system. HEEF allows students who may not be able to afford a higher level education an opportunity to advance in their education and more importantly in the workforce once they graduate. To date, more than 1,250 scholarships have been awarded to college-bound youth. These scholarships support specific college majors and professional school as well as private K-12 education. Students are completing not only the bachelorï¿½s degree but also advanced degrees and professional school. NHBWA is proud to be among the HEEF partnership organizations that allow us to provide annual scholarships to deserving young Latinas. Congratulations to all awardees and scholarship recipients as together we will improve opportunities for all Hispanic youth in our community! Source: NHBWA November 2011 News Brief National Hispanic Business Women Association 2024 N. Broadway STE 100 Santa Ana, CA 92706 Stand and Deliver' Movie Quotes by Jaime Escalante Students will rise to the level of expectation. Did you know that neither the Greeks nor the Romans were capable of using the concept of zero? It was your ancestors, the Mayans, who first contemplated the zero. The absence of value. True story. There will be no free rides, no excuses. You already have two strikes against you: your name and your complexion. Because of these two strikes, there are some people in this world who will assume that you know less than you do. Math is the great equalizer... When you go for a job, the person giving you that job will not want to hear your problems; ergo, neither do I. You're going to work harder here than you've ever worked anywhere else. And the only thing I ask from you is ganas. Desire. You don't count how many times you are on the floor. You count how many times you get up. We are all concerned about the future of American education. But as I tell my students, you do not enter the future -- you create the future. The future is created through hard work. 'Stand and Deliver' is a 1988 American drama film. The film is a dramatization based on a true story of a dedicated high school mathematics teacher Jaime Escalante. Edward James Olmos portrayed Escalante in the film and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.[1] Jaime Escalante, the East Los Angeles mathematics teacher whose story inspired the movie Stand and Deliver, died from bladder cancer at his son's home on March 30, 2010.[ Intercultural Development Research Association The Intercultural Development Research Association is an independent, private non-profit organization dedicated to strengthening public schools to work for all children. We are committed to the IDRA valuing philosophy, respecting the knowledge and skills of the individuals we work with and build on the strengths of the students and parents in their schools. IDRA's professional staff membersï¿½ Are fluent and literate in English and Spanish. Have many years of classroom, administrative, and community engagement experience. Have graduate degrees ï¿½ master's and doctorates ï¿½ from respected universities. Are skilled trainers, accustomed to designing and implementing top-notch workshops. Through its history IDRA has been a vocal advocate for the right of every student to equality of educational opportunity. IDRA was founded in 1973 by Dr. Josï¿½ A. Cï¿½rdenas and, today, is directed by Dr. Marï¿½a ï¿½Cucaï¿½ Robledo Montecel. IDRA fulfills its mission through professional development, research and evaluation, policy and leadership development, and programs and materials development. IDRA's vision: IDRA is a vanguard leadership development and research team working with people to create self-renewing schools that value and empower all children, families and communities. Episode 11 Video Aurelio Montemayor (April 20, 2007) The underlying assumptions we have about our students have a dramatic affect on our ability to teach. The same holds true among adults. Even with the best of intentions, educators struggle to work with families without realizing that their own deficit assumptions are creating the barriers. Aurelio Montemayor, M.Ed., director of the IDRA Texas Parent Information and Resource Center, illustrates the contrast between the valuing and deficit models of thinking and acting, and he provides examples of schools that are valuing families as partners in childrenï¿½s education. Aurelio is interviewed by Josie Danini Cortez, M.A., an IDRA senior education associate. Listen to this podcast. Aurelio M. Montemayor 5815 Callaghan Road, Suite 101 San Antonio, Texas 78228 ï¿½ LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/intercultural-development-research-association Check out IDRA Classnotes Podcasts at http://www.idra.org/Podcasts/ Also sign up for Graduation for All , our monthly e-letter (English/Spanish), and IDRA eNews , for occasional news updates Dr. Jose Angel Cardenas, founder of IDRA passed away September 17, 2011. Go to to the October IDRA Newsletter, VOL XXXVIII, NO. IX October 2011 dedicated In Memoriam to Dr. Cardenas http://www.idra.org/images/stories/Newsltr_Oct2011.pdf Gilbert G. Gonzalez Collection, 1864-2001 Quantity: 87 Boxes; 43.5 Linear Feet Collection Guide (63pp.) - 18,800 words, Language: English and Spanish URL: http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/asu/gonzalez.xml&doc.view=print;chunk.id=0 Abstract: The Gilbert G. Gonzalez Collection consists of journal articles, book chapters, personal notes, newspaper articles, lesson plans, Mexican consulate records, bibliographic entries and citations, handwritten research notes, marginal notes and numerous yellow ï¿½Post Itï¿½ notes in paginations. Primary and secondary source materials in this collection are in English and in Spanish. There are no translations provided for the materials in the Spanish language. Repository: Arizona State University Libraries Chicano Research Collection Arizona State University Libraries E-Mail: [email protected] Biographical Note Dr. Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Professor Emeritus and Historian, University of California-Irvine, Chicano/Latino Studies and former Professor of Social Sciences and Director of the Labor and Studies Program at the same university, is one of eight children born to Mexican immigrant parents. Raised and educated in southern California, Dr. Gonzalez received his Ph.D. in United States history from UCLA in 1974. In 1971, Professor Gonzalez was affiliated with the Program in Comparative Culture at the University of California-Irvine, where his interests in ethnic studies, U.S.-Mexico agricultural labor relations, Mexican consuls and public policy, segregation of Mexican children in the southwestern states, and Mexican immigration established themselves and took root. His authoritative works have been required readings for graduate students in departments of history and sociology throughout the southwestern United States. Considered by his peers as ï¿½one of the preeminent scholars of Chicano history and transborder studiesï¿½, Dr. Gonzalezï¿½s path-breaking work over a 30-year period explains that Mexican migration since the late nineteenth century is the social and political consequence of United Statesï¿½ economic domination over Mexico. This is the theme that drives the scholarship of Dr. Gilbert G. Gonzalez, a most prolific historian and author. Currently, Dr. Gonzalez and a colleague, Vivian Price, are completing the film documentary, ï¿½Soldiers of the Fields: Forgotten But Not Silenced,ï¿½ a historical perspective of the lives, struggles and sacrifices of the men and women of the U.S.-Mexico Bracero Program, one that brought approximately 4.8 million Mexican agricultural workers into the United States over a twenty-two year period, from 1942 to 1964. Scope and Content Note The Gilbert G. Gonzalez Collection consists of journal articles, book chapters, personal notes, newspaper articles, lesson plans, Mexican consulate records, bibliographic entries and citations, handwritten research notes, marginal notes and numerous yellow ï¿½Post Itï¿½ notes in paginations. Primary and secondary source materials in this collection are in English and in Spanish. There are no translations provided for the materials in the Spanish language. The Personal Papers and Writings series extends from 1970 to 2001 and includes Professor Gonzalezï¿½s 1974 UCLA dissertation, The System of Public Education and Its Function Within the Chicano Communities, 1920-1930, with several drafts of this manuscript included; handwritten research notes and drafts of manuscripts which became his noted publications, such as Progressive Education: a Marxist Interpretation ( c. 1982); Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation (c. 1990); Labor and Community: Mexican Citrus Worker Villages in a Southern California County, 1900-1950 (c. 1994); Mexican Consuls and Labor Organizing: Imperial Politics in the American Southwest ( c. 1999); and preliminary notes for, and correspondence with, the publisher of Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico and Mexican Immigration, 1880-1930 ( c. 2003). The Los Angeles Schools series includes research notes taken from the Los Angeles School Journal (1920s); Los Angeles School Education Bulletin (1920s); Los Angeles School District Publications (1920s and 1930s); and Los Angeles School Board of Education Minutes (1950s). Dr. Gonzalezï¿½s personal handwritten notes are available in long hand and are readable. This series includes materials compiled and prepared by Dr. Gonzalez for use in his Mexican American and Chicano studies courses and workshops offered at the University of California at Irvine (1970s). The Chicano Studies, University of California at Irvine series offers primary source materials such as annual reports, correspondence and minority and academic personnel employment statistics produced by the Chicano/Latino Faculty Association and the Affirmative Action Committee at the University of California at Irvine, where Dr. Gonzalez held memberships (1980s and 1990s). Also included in this series are Dr. Gonzalezï¿½s lesson plans used in his Chicano studies courses. The Manuscript Materials series contains numerous photocopies of selected book chapters from scholarly publications, articles published in trade periodicals, contemporary southwest monographs, and articles from the Spanish-language Mexican newspaper, La Opiniï¿½n, published in Los Angeles in the 1940s. Themes such as the history of Mexico (1860s to 1890s); Mexican social life and customs (1900 to 1920s); the education of Mexican children in the southwest (1920s); the plight of Mexican agricultural laborers and Japanese growers in southern California (1930s); agricultural labor strikes and unionism (1930s and 1940s); and intelligence test scores of Mexican children (1940s and 1950s). Included in this series are numerous undated 5x7 and 3x5 index cards that bear Dr. Gonzalezï¿½s handwritten notes on miscellaneous topics of interest relating to the state of U.S.-Mexico history and thought, Mexican immigration, and Mexican culture and labor. Sent by Roberto Calderon, [email protected] Focusing on the needs of Latino students is making an alignment with the content standards (C.S.) and grade level expectations of each state and school community. Although there are different versions, the core values of the book Christians call Bible are the same. Much like those who interpret the Bible, it is the responsibility of state and city school communities to align their content standards with the specific school needs assessment to which they serve. The alignment does not only come in words but in principle. The New York City Board of Education serves a multi-ethnic and diverse school community of millions of students which spread out in five different boroughs. The Department of Education in Puerto Rico serves primarily Puerto Rican students in seventy-eight municipalities organized in twenty-eight mega school districts. Two different school communities with diverse and unique academic interests but both adhere to content standards and grade level expectations. The content standards provide an academic platform, and school districts and teachers make the interpretation and adjust accordingly. When the C.S. do not meet the expectations of school communities, the results are not only reflected in city and statewide testing but put a strangle hold on student achievement. How can an English teacher from Chicago teach Shakespeare to a recently arrived seventeen year old immigrant from Guatemala? This is the story in hundreds of school districts in cities across America. Thousands of immigrant children who are not only threatened to be deported but lack reading and the mathematical skills needed to pass city and statewide examinations. Knowing the Spanish language at home is not always a guarantee for these students to take what may seem an obviously easy course since the Spanish spoken at home is usually different from the ï¿½Castellanoï¿½ taught at the school. Content Standards must provide for the diverse academic needs assessment of each community. Ever since No Child Left Behind was created in 2001, the school population in most districts across America has changed drastically. The Latino population continues to surge, but the Law has stagnated and must be changed! Because NCLB has not advanced, Latino students continue to have retention and suspension/expulsion rates that are higher than those of Whites, but lower than those of Blacks. Regardless of the lower numbers of drop outs, Latino students still have higher high school dropout rates and lower high school completion rates than White or Black students. The role of culturally competent teachers has been part of the remarkable strides that have been made in educating Latino students. Research shows that talented and dedicated teachers are the single biggest contributor to the educational development of these children especially in areas where role models are far and few between. Focusing on the needs of Latino students is making an academic difference to help improve the quality of Latino children. The 21st century has focused Americaï¿½s eyes on terror, war and the economy. The empowerment of children in America is focusing towards the improvement of the education of Latino children and all American children as well. (The author is an associate for Souder, Betances and Associates, an English Staff Development Specialist for the Department of Education in Puerto Rico and a professor at the University of Phoenix, Puerto Rico Campus) (Erin Patrice O'Brien for The Wall Street Journal) Amy Chua with her daughters, Louisa and Sophia, at their home in New Haven, Connecticut. Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior By Amy Chua January 8, 2011 Do better parents produce better students? Most research says absolutely yes!!! Chinese parents believe their children are the best, expect their children to be the best and work towards their children being the best! Their children usually respond by being the best!!! Can a regimen of no playdates, no TV, no computer games and hours of music practice create happy kids? And what happens when they fight back? A lot of people wonder how Chinese parents raise such stereotypically successful kids. They wonder what these parents do to produce so many math whizzes and music prodigies, what it's like inside the family, and whether they could do it too. Well, I can tell them, because I've done it. Here are some things my daughters, Sophia and Louisa, were never allowed to do: attend a sleepover, have a playdate, be in a school play, complain about not being in a school, play watch TV, or play computer games, choose their own extracurricular activities, get any grade less than an A, not be the No. 1 student in every subject except gym and drama play any instrument other than the piano or violin, not play the piano or violin. I'm using the term "Chinese mother" loosely. I know some Korean, Indian, Jamaican, Irish and Ghanaian parents who qualify too. Conversely, I know some mothers of Chinese heritage, almost always born in the West, who are not Chinese mothers, by choice or otherwise. I'm also using the term "Western parents" loosely. Western parents come in all varieties. All the same, even when Western parents think they're being strict, they usually don't come close to being Chinese mothers. For example, my Western friends who consider themselves strict make their children practice their instruments 30 minutes every day. An hour at most. For a Chinese mother, the first hour is the easy part. It's hours two and three that get tough. Despite our squeamishness about cultural stereotypes, there are tons of studies out there showing marked and quantifiable differences between Chinese and Westerners when it comes to parenting. In one study of 50 Western American mothers and 48 Chinese immigrant mothers, almost 70% of the Western mothers said either that "stressing academic success is not good for children" or that "parents need to foster the idea that learning is fun." By contrast, roughly 0% of the Chinese mothers felt the same way. Instead, the vast majority of the Chinese mothers said that they believe their children can be "the best" students, that "academic achievement reflects successful parenting," and that if children did not excel at school then there was "a problem" and parents "were not doing their job." Other studies indicate that compared to Western parents, Chinese parents spend approximately 10 times as long every day drilling academic activities with their children. By contrast, Western kids are more likely to participate in sports teams. What Chinese parents understand is that nothing is fun until you're good at it. To get good at anything you have to work, and children on their own never want to work, which is why it is crucial to override their preferences. This often requires fortitude on the part of the parents because the child will resist; things are always hardest at the beginning, which is where Western parents tend to give up. But if done properly, the Chinese strategy produces a virtuous circle. Tenacious practice, practice, practice is crucial for excellence; rote repetition is underrated in America. Once a child starts to excel at something-whether it's math, piano, pitching or ballet-he or she gets praise, admiration and satisfaction. This builds confidence and makes the once not-fun activity fun. This in turn makes it easier for the parent to get the child to work even more. Chinese parents can get away with things that Western parents can't. Once when I was young-maybe more than once-when I was extremely disrespectful to my mother, my father angrily called me "garbage" in our native Hokkien dialect. It worked really well. I felt terrible and deeply ashamed of what I had done. But it didn't damage my self-esteem or anything like that. I knew exactly how highly he thought of me. I didn't actually think I was worthless or feel like a piece of garbage. As an adult, I once did the same thing to Sophia, calling her garbage in English when she acted extremely disrespectfully toward me. When I mentioned that I had done this at a dinner party, I was immediately ostracized. One guest named Marcy got so upset she broke down in tears and had to leave early. My friend Susan, the host, tried to rehabilitate me with the remaining guests. The fact is that Chinese parents can do things that would seem unimaginable-even legally actionable-to Westerners. Chinese mothers can say to their daughters, "Hey fatty-lose some weight." By contrast, Western parents have to tiptoe around the issue, talking in terms of "health" and never ever mentioning the f-word, and their kids still end up in therapy for eating disorders and negative self-image. (I also once heard a Western father toast his adult daughter by calling her "beautiful and incredibly competent." She later told me that made her feel like garbage.) Chinese parents can order their kids to get straight As. Western parents can only ask their kids to try their best. Chinese parents can say, "You're lazy. All your classmates are getting ahead of you." By contrast, Western parents have to struggle with their own conflicted feelings about achievement, and try to persuade themselves that they're not disappointed about how their kids turned out. I've thought long and hard about how Chinese parents can get away with what they do. I think there are three big differences between the Chinese and Western parental mind-sets. First, I've noticed that Western parents are extremely anxious about their children's self-esteem. They worry about how their children will feel if they fail at something, and they constantly try to reassure their children about how good they are notwithstanding a mediocre performance on a test or at a recital. In other words, Western parents are concerned about their children's psyches. Chinese parents aren't. They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently. For example, if a child comes home with an A-minus on a test, a Western parent will most likely praise the child. The Chinese mother will gasp in horror and ask what went wrong. If the child comes home with a B on the test, some Western parents will still praise the child. Other Western parents will sit their child down and express disapproval, but they will be careful not to make their child feel inadequate or insecure, and they will not call their child "stupid," "worthless" or "a disgrace." Privately, the Western parents may worry that their child does not test well or have aptitude in the subject or that there is something wrong with the curriculum and possibly the whole school. If the child's grades do not improve, they may eventually schedule a meeting with the school principal to challenge the way the subject is being taught or to call into question the teacher's credentials. If a Chinese child gets a B-which would never happen-there would first be a screaming, hair-tearing explosion. The devastated Chinese mother would then get dozens, maybe hundreds of practice tests and work through them with her child for as long as it takes to get the grade up to an A. Chua family From Ms. Chua's album: 'Mean me with Lulu in hotel room... with score taped to TV! Chinese parents demand perfect grades because they believe that their child can get them. If their child doesn't get them, the Chinese parent assumes it's because the child didn't work hard enough. That's why the solution to substandard performance is always to excoriate, punish and shame the child. The Chinese parent believes that their child will be strong enough to take the shaming and to improve from it. (And when Chinese kids do excel, there is plenty of ego-inflating parental praise lavished in the privacy of the home.) Second, Chinese parents believe that their kids owe them everything. The reason for this is a little unclear, but it's probably a combination of Confucian filial piety and the fact that the parents have sacrificed and done so much for their children. (And it's true that Chinese mothers get in the trenches, putting in long grueling hours personally tutoring, training, interrogating and spying on their kids.) Anyway, the understanding is that Chinese children must spend their lives repaying their parents by obeying them and making them proud. By contrast, I don't think most Westerners have the same view of children being permanently indebted to their parents. My husband, Jed, actually has the opposite view. "Children don't choose their parents," he once said to me. "They don't even choose to be born. It's parents who foist life on their kids, so it's the parents' responsibility to provide for them. Kids don't owe their parents anything. Their duty will be to their own kids." This strikes me as a terrible deal for the Western parent. Third, Chinese parents believe that they know what is best for their children and therefore override all of their children's own desires and preferences. That's why Chinese daughters can't have boyfriends in high school and why Chinese kids can't go to sleepaway camp. It's also why no Chinese kid would ever dare say to their mother, "I got a part in the school play! I'm Villager Number Six. I'll have to stay after school for rehearsal every day from 3:00 to 7:00, and I'll also need a ride on weekends." God help any Chinese kid who tried that one. Don't get me wrong: It's not that Chinese parents don't care about their children. Just the opposite. They would give up anything for their children. It's just an entirely different parenting model. Here's a story in favor of coercion, Chinese-style. Lulu was about 7, still playing two instruments, and working on a piano piece called "The Little White Donkey" by the French composer Jacques Ibert. The piece is really cute-you can just imagine a little donkey ambling along a country road with its master-but it's also incredibly difficult for young players because the two hands have to keep schizophrenically different rhythms. Lulu couldn't do it. We worked on it nonstop for a week, drilling each of her hands separately, over and over. But whenever we tried putting the hands together, one always morphed into the other, and everything fell apart. Finally, the day before her lesson, Lulu announced in exasperation that she was giving up and stomped off. "Get back to the piano now," I ordered. "You can't make me." "Oh yes, I can." Back at the piano, Lulu made me pay. She punched, thrashed and kicked. She grabbed the music score and tore it to shreds. I taped the score back together and encased it in a plastic shield so that it could never be destroyed again. Then I hauled Lulu's dollhouse to the car and told her I'd donate it to the Salvation Army piece by piece if she didn't have "The Little White Donkey" perfect by the next day. When Lulu said, "I thought you were going to the Salvation Army, why are you still here?" I threatened her with no lunch, no dinner, no Christmas or Hanukkah presents, no birthday parties for two, three, four years. When she still kept playing it wrong, I told her she was purposely working herself into a frenzy because she was secretly afraid she couldn't do it. I told her to stop being lazy, cowardly, self-indulgent and pathetic. Jed took me aside. He told me to stop insulting Lulu-which I wasn't even doing, I was just motivating her-and that he didn't think threatening Lulu was helpful. Also, he said, maybe Lulu really just couldn't do the technique-perhaps she didn't have the coordination yet-had I considered that possibility? "You just don't believe in her," I accused. "That's ridiculous," Jed said scornfully. "Of course I do." "Sophia could play the piece when she was this age." "But Lulu and Sophia are different people," Jed pointed out. Chua family Sophia playing at Carnegie Hall in 2007 "Oh no, not this," I said, rolling my eyes. "Everyone is special in their special own way," I mimicked sarcastically. "Even losers are special in their own special way. Well don't worry, you don't have to lift a finger. I'm willing to put in as long as it takes, and I'm happy to be the one hated. And you can be the one they adore because you make them pancakes and take them to Yankees games." I rolled up my sleeves and went back to Lulu. I used every weapon and tactic I could think of. We worked right through dinner into the night, and I wouldn't let Lulu get up, not for water, not even to go to the bathroom. The house became a war zone, and I lost my voice yelling, but still there seemed to be only negative progress, and even I began to have doubts. Then, out of the blue, Lulu did it. Her hands suddenly came together-her right and left hands each doing their own imperturbable thing-just like that. Lulu realized it the same time I did. I held my breath. She tried it tentatively again. Then she played it more confidently and faster, and still the rhythm held. A moment later, she was beaming. "Mommy, look-it's easy!" Izzy Sanabria, Why they call him Mr. Sanabria 40 Years Since The BIRTH of SALSA by Izzy Sanabria American Saborï¿½s traveling exhibition Own a piece of Salsa History, Posters Gregorio Luke Triumphs in Mexico's Bellas Artes East L.A. speaks from its heart In South Texas Happiness can be Found on the Grill by Richard G. Santos First Annual Lloronathon Launches In Phoenix WHY THEY CALL HIM ï¿½MR. SALSAï¿½ Izzy Sanabria Graphic Artist, Writer, Actor, Emcee-Comedian Official Master of Ceremonies & Original Member of The FANIA ALL STARS since 1971 In 1978, the prestigious GQ (Gentlemenï¿½s Quarterly) magazine published a profile of Izzy Sanabria in which it stated: Known as "Mr. Salsa" because he almost single- handedly popularized the term "Salsa" (during the 1970s) which the world now recognizes as the name for New Yorkï¿½s Latin Music. Sanabria is something of a Puerto Rican Toulouse Lautrec as well. His bold colorful posters plastered throughout the walls of New York documented and immortalized Salsaï¿½s (subculture) events in much the same way Lautrecï¿½s posters immortalized the Moulin Rouge in Paris. Izzy's album cover designs and illustrations also set new standards of quality in Latin music packaging and provided the world with its first visual imagery of Salsa. In 1973, Sanabria branched out AS host of a Latino version of the ï¿½Soul Train" TV Show, appropriately called ï¿½Salsa" on New Yorks Channel 41. That same year, by combining all his talents, he started publishing Latin NY magazine. Written in English, it became the single most influential magazine in the Latin commu- nity and the ultimate word on Salsa music world-wide. From 1973 until 1985, Latin NY reflected the vibrant energies of an emerging new Latino subculture with its own unique fashions, music, dances and lifestyles. A generation that grew into adulthood influenced and inspired by the contents of Latin NY. In 1975, Izzy presented The Latin NY Music Awards (the first Salsa Awards) which brought international attention and recognition to the music and its creators. These awards were not only important for the Latino and music community, but they also forced NARRAS to create and include a Separate Latin Music Category in the Grammy Awards competition. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION FOR SALSA, LATIN NY MAGAZINE and Mr. SALSA The Awards received greater mainstream press coverage than was ever given to any Latin music event. This coverage aroused a tremendous curiosity and interest in Salsa especially from members of the international press. In turn, they exposed Salsa to the world an set off the world-wide salsa Explosion. Journalists from throughout Europe (Italy Holland, France, Germany, England, etc.) and as far away as Japan, came to interview Sanabria, Salsa's most visible and articulate spokesman and to document this new Latino phenomena of high energy rhythmic music. This world-wide attention established Latin NY as the primary source for information on Salsa and Sanabria a central figure as Salsaï¿½s spokesman, earning him the title of ï¿½Mr. Salsa". It also provided Sanabria with opportunities to further develop his talents and skills. Consequently, he acquired direct experience in literally all the media arts; as performer and artist, in front and behind the camera, and including radio, television and print production. A MULTI-TALENTED ARTIST Sanabria is a multi-talented artist who regards the world as his canvas. Besides being an artist, writer, actor, dancer, photographer, publisher, philosopher and visionary, he is also a versatile stand-up comedian. Sanabriaï¿½s brand of bi-lingual humor have made him one of the communityï¿½s favorite master of ceremonies. As the official emcee of the Fania All-Stars (the worldï¿½s greatest exponents of Salsa), Izzy has traveled throughout South America, Europe and as far as Africa and Japan always adding little bits of humor to his presentations. In Japan, to everyoneï¿½s surprise, he actually emceed in perfect Japanese (by using Spanish phonetics). Sanabria has performed in some of the worldï¿½s most prestigious concert halls such as New Yorkï¿½s Carnegie Hall, Madison Square Garden, Radio City Music Hall, Avery Fisher Hall and at the Hollywood Palladium.. Izzy has also appeared in several films, stage productions and numerous television shows. Izzy Sanabria is a multi-talented individualist that played a major role in promoting New Yorkï¿½s Latino music and culture during the 1970s. He has been often quoted and recognized for his efforts by numerous mainstream publications, including: The New York Times, The Village Voice, New York Daily News, Show Business and Gentlemenï¿½s Quarterly. For his numerous and, valuable contributions to Latin music, on April 5, 2000, Izzy Sanabria received a long overdue recognition from his peers, when he was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame. Izzy Sanabria http://www.izzysanabria.com For the majority of Latinos struggling to provide a better life for their families, Salsa music is of little concern and certainly not at the top of their list of priorities. So what's so important and why should they care that August 26, 2011 marked the 40th anniversary of the event many consider to be the birth of Salsa? Why? If for no other reason, it should provide us all with a sense of Pride. Why? Because Salsa is our greatest cultural art form being embraced today by people of all ages and nationalities around the world. I dare say that Salsa is perhaps our greatest contribution to world culture. In fact, Salsa dancing has created a world-wide industry that is booming. Salsa Clubs and dance studios continue to spring up to meet the demands of the 100s of thousands wanting to learn how to dance Salsa. This growing interest has also led to the growth of local Salsa bands throughout European, African and even Asian countries. They sound like and even dress-up to look like 1970s Latinos. The question is: How did this 1970s urban NY Latino music acquire such a growing audience? "The Latin NY Salsa Explosion" is a film in progress that addresses that question and provides some answers. If you'd like to see it, contact me (at: [email protected] ) and I will send you a copy. Salsa and the 1970s Latino Cultural Renaissance in New York City. Starting in the late 60s and into the 70s, Latinos had a major cultural impact on New York City. It was a new generation of English speaking Puerto Rican baby boomers that created a Renaissance in all the arts and even had their own media voice (Latin NY magazine). They expressed their presence in poetry, their clothes, lifestyles and of course their most popular art form - their music! The new Latino lifestyle started emerging in the 1960s with Latin Soul music (The Boogaloo) in places like the St George Hotel in Brooklyn. In the 1970s, it was the world famous Cheetah Discotheque which became the showplace of these young Latinos and they gathered by the tens of thousands every Sunday in Central Park. Their immense presence literally Latinized the park as well as the City itself with a new look and a new sound. August 26 1971 The Fania All Stars perform at the Cheetah This was no ordinary performance, it was an explosion of energy no one had ever felt / experienced before. This incredible event was captured on film and released the following year as "Our Latin Thing." A few years later, it would have a greater impact than when originally released. Ironically, while many consider this night as the birth of Salsa, there is no mention of the word Salsa in the movie. In 1973, Latin NY magazine was launched from the Cheetah. The Fania All Stars' concert at Yankee Stadium draws 44,000 screaming fans. Later that year I hosted a TV Show called Salsa! 1975: The Spark that Ignited the Salsa Explosion! Its fire fanned by the Newyorican fervor, the Salsa scene was bursting at the seams. Like dynamite waiting for a spark to ignite it, Salsa was ready to explode. The spark came in the form of Latin NYs First Salsa Awards in May 1975. This event received greater (pre and post) mass media coverage than was ever given to any Latin music event at that time and thus gave Salsa its biggest push and momentum. The coverage by mainstream media such as The N.Y. Times, created an incredible worldwide avalanche of interest in Salsa. What made the awards (by American media standards) a ï¿½News Worthyï¿½ event was our intense public criticism of NARAS for ignoring 17 years of repeated requests to give Latin music its own separate category in the Grammys. Though ignored by local Spanish media, the rest of the world took notice. From Europe (Holland, Germany, France, Italy, England, etc.) and as far away as Japan, journalists and TV camera crews came to New York to comment on and document Salsa; what they perceived as a new phenomena of high energy rhythmic Latino urban music, its dancing and its lifestyles. For more detailed information visit: SalsaMagazine.com . And join me on FaceBook. American Saborï¿½s traveling exhibition SAN FRANCISCO ï¿½American Saborï¿½s traveling exhibition has made the sixth floor of the Main Library here as the second stop of its 13 city nationwide tour that will go on through 2015. The music exhibition, which includes the likes of Selena, Rubï¿½n Blades, Los Tigres del Norte, Celia Cruz, Santana and Richie Valens, will remain on display until Nov. 13 before moving to Dallas, where it will be featured starting in March of next year. The U.S. tour is part of a three-month presentation that was launched at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. and concluded at the end of Hispanic Heritage Month. It was put together by the Smithsonian Institution, Seattleï¿½s Experience Music Project and the Ford Foundation. One of its most ear-catching features is a 12-minute film capturing the mambo era of the late ï¿½50s and mid ï¿½60s at New York Cityï¿½s Palladium Ballroom, opening a window to when mambo brought people together and revealing how music was instrumental in breaking down racial barriers. By revisiting musicians such as Machito and the rivalry between Tito Puente and Tito Rodrï¿½guez, museum visitors see how a blend of Afro-American and Caribbean-inspired rhythm made its way into the cultural fabric of the United States. The exhibit spotlights other memorable elements. There is a jukebox and additional audio media reintroducing popular musicians of the era and providing differing Latin genres. The exhibitï¿½s layout allows free movement. It zooms in on diverse regions, among them Los Angeles, San Antonio, Miami, San Francisco and New York, allowing visitors to get a vibe of every section separately for a unique experience. Entering the San Antonio section, for instance, they meet musicians influenced by the ï¿½Tex-Mexï¿½ musical style, with Selena beaming as its most illustrious star. The Miami exhibit features such artists as Celia Cruz, Gloria Estefan and Albita ï¿½ reminding us how Florida whose keys edge 90 miles from Cuba, serves as the doorway to the Caribbean. Its Los Angeles section introduces the greatest multi-formity of musicians. With the likes of Richie Valens, Alice Bag, Los Lobos and Quetzal, the section covers a broad taste, from punk to rock and everything in between. The section dedicated to San Francisco includes Carlos Santana, who blended the Caribbean drumbeat and rhythm section with a modern electric guitar and West Coast rock sound. An example was in his 1970 rendition of Tito Puenteï¿½s ï¿½Oye como va.ï¿½ The music that grew out of these Latino expressions became a staple of the times. From the civil rights movement to the anti-war efforts of the ï¿½60s that took place by the bay came the growth of Latin Rock. A cradle of diversity with their influx of different races, places such as the Mission District and North Beach, saw a cacophony of cultures harmonize. The result reflects a variety of genres sounds and rhythms. Another example of such diversity is also seen in Los Tigres del Norteï¿½a band that became famous by singing corridos of the immigrantï¿½s plight. The traveling exhibit accomplishes a lot with very little. Each section is small and spaced out allowing aficionados to enjoy each section individually. It doesnï¿½t try to provide an excess of information and like the music inspired by Latin rhythm, you are free to move. The traveling exhibition date: Contact: Michelle Torres-Carmona, 202.633.3143, [email protected] 08/27/2011 11/13/2011 San Francisco Public Library 03/24/2012 06/17/2012 Dallas Latino Cultural Center 07/07/2012 10/14/2012 Puerto Rican Arts Alliance, Chicago 10/27/2012 01/20/2013 Charlotte, N.C., Museum of History 05/25/2013 08/18/2013 Los Angeles Plaza de Cultura y Artes 09/07/2013 12/01/2013 American Jazz Museum, Kansas City For a whole collection of posters created by Izzy Sanabria, go to: http://www.salsamagazine.com/index.php?page=12 GREGORIO LUKE TRIUMPHS IN MEXICO'S BELLAS ARTES Elena Poniatowska, one of Mexico's greatest authors affirmed "Gregorio Luke gives the most extraordinary lectures that can be seen on earth. I have never seen anything more instructive or moving than his presentations on Mexico's great artists, which he makes even greater with his words." Gregorio Luke presented his Murals Under the Stars lectures at Mexico's most prestigious venue, el Palacio de Bellas Artes. A large screen was placed at the center of the Palacio and the murals of Jose Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros were projected life size. The presentations held October 14th, 15th and 16th were attended by more than 8,000 people. Mr. Luke has delivered his Murals Under the Stars lectures in the U. S., Italy, Australia, China and Latin America. This is the first time that he has presented the series in Mexico City. Gregorio Luke, a native of Mexico City, served as cultural attachï¿½ of Mexico in Los Angeles, first secretary of the embassy of Mexico in Washington and director of the Museum of Latin American Art in Long Beach. During the past five years, he has dedicated himself to presenting lectures around the globe. In addition to his lecture series, Mr. Luke has established a non-profit, Arts in Communities and Schools (ARCoS,) that will bring his multimedia shows to low-income communities across the United States and Latin America. East L.A. speaks from its heart The distinctive accent is heard in a cluster of neighborhoods. Its roots might be in Mexico, but it transcends race and ethnicity. And the sing-song style is GO-ween to new places. By Hector Becerra, Los Angeles Times Frances Flores, 61, was born in Boyle Heights to a Japanese mother and a German-English father and was raised by a Mexican American woman. "I sound like a Mexican American," she says. (Gary Friedman, Los Angeles Times / October 19, 2011) The moment Carmen Fought laid eyes on the man in the hallway of a Pomona courthouse, she was certain he was white. Then his lips parted, and Fought did an about-face. Now she was sure he was Mexican American, probably from East Los Angeles or Boyle Heights. The tell-tale signs: the drawn-out vowels in the first syllables of his words. "Together" became "TWO-gether" instead of "tuh-GE-ther." "Going" sounded like "GO-ween." Fought, a linguistics professor at Pitzer College, sidled up to the man for some detective work. "So ï¿½ is your family originally from California?" she asked. "Oh, you're asking because you think I'm Mexican," the man said with a smile. "You think I'm Mexican because I sound like a homeboy." Fought, it turned out, was half-right. The man was of European descent, but he was born in East L.A. The East L.A. accent is not as well-known as some other Southern California styles of speech ï¿½ the Valley Girl accent or the surfer dude patois. But it is a distinct, instantly recognizable way of talking, associated with a part of L.A. famous as a melting pot of Mexicans, Japanese, Jews, Armenians and other ethnic groups. The accent ï¿½ also known as Chicano English ï¿½ crosses racial and ethnic lines and inspires a certain pride even in those who have long since left the neighborhoods where it prevails, most notably East L.A., Boyle Heights, Lincoln Heights, El Sereno and City Terrace. It is also an object of scholarly attention. Researchers say that as Mexican immigrants spread across the country, they probably are creating regional versions of Chicano English. The East L.A. accent is marked by a higher vowel sound at the end of words, so that "talking" is often pronounced "talk-een." Many speakers pronounce the "eh" sound before the letter L as an "ah" ï¿½ as in "ash" ï¿½ so that elevator becomes "alavator" and L.A. becomes "all-ay." In a slightly Canadian-sounding twist, some people will add "ey" to the end of a sentence, in a vaguely questioning tone: "Someone's on the phone for you, ey." The word "barely" is often used to indicate that something just happened, as in: "I barely got out of the hospital." Some linguists believe that aspects of Mexican American speech, particularly a sing-song quality, can be traced to Nahuatl, a group of indigenous tongues still spoken in parts of Mexico. What makes the East L.A. accent especially interesting to linguists is that it's been adapted by people of different races and cultures. Thus, the "white" man, whom Fought met while both were doing jury duty in Pomona. "There is no genetic component. It's not like you talk that way because you're Mexican," Fought said. "You talk that way because that's where you grew up, and in that area, that's how a lot of people spoke." Fought has been studying the East L.A. accent since 1994 and wrote the definitive text on the subject, "Chicano English in Context." She developed an exercise for her students to show how complex accents can be. The students listened to Mexican Americans from the Eastside speaking English and were asked to guess if the people also spoke Spanish. Students could not reliably tell. Fought said the exercise showed that a person can sound like a Latino even if he is not a Spanish speaker. Walt Wolfram, a linguist at North Carolina State University, has been studying accents of American-born children of Latino immigrants in that state. He has detected similarities to Chicano English, but with a decidedly southern tint. William T Fujioka, chief executive officer of Los Angeles County, grew up in East L.A. and neighboring Montebello, and traces of the old neighborhood linger in his speech. "People say, 'Oh, you grew up in the Eastside,'" said Fujioka, 57. "There's just some inflections, some use of slang. I don't know, I guess some mannerisms. If you're talking to a bunch of friends, you're calling them 'homes' or saying things like watcha! [look] You'll just be talking and it'll slip out." "The cadence too," he said. "If you're with certain people, the cadence, it's almost like music." Fujioka recalled how a teacher from his childhood, whose last name was Chitwood, bristled when students pronounced the "ch" as "sh." As Fujioka tells the story, the principal said, "They can't help it" and explained that many Mexican Americans pronounce "ch" that way. Linguists say that's true, especially for first-generation Mexican Americans. The teacher wasn't buying it, Fujioka said, perhaps because Japanese American children, himself included, also used the offending pronunciation. The East L.A. mode of expression can be as much a persona as an accent. It goes beyond pronunciation to include choice of words, use of slang, even body language. For many, it is a badge of authenticity and a lifelong source of pride. "It's about identity. You wear it like a shield," said actor Edward James Olmos. "I want people to know where I'm coming from. You use that accent, and you use it very strongly. I use it with pride and self-esteem." For some who hear it, the accent can lead to assumptions, not always positive, about the speaker's social class or educational level. On television and in movies, Mexican American accents are often associated with negative or cartoonish depictions of characters. In the 2006 dystopian comedy "Idiocracy," one character melds two classic L.A. speaking styles, those of East L.A. and the surfer dude, when he exclaims, "Heeeey, how's it hang, ese?'" Cheech Marin drew on Chicano English in providing the voice for Ramone, the talking 1959 Chevy Impala low-rider in Pixar's "Cars." Olmos used the accent in depicting Jaime Escalante in the 1988 film "Stand and Deliver," just as the Bolivian-born teacher used it to inspire and cajole his East L.A. students into showing ganas, or effort. For the role of Gaff in the cult classic "Blade Runner," Olmos helped develop a fictitious street language that incorporated bits of several tongues, including Hungarian, German and French ï¿½ but not Spanish. Still, the character's tone and rhythm ï¿½ along with his flamboyant clothes and fedora, hinting at a Zoot Suiter ï¿½ were reminiscent of East L.A. To Olmos, they imbued Gaff with street cred. "Of course the Eastside was put in there. Of course. Are you kidding?" he said. City Councilman Jose Huizar, who grew up in Boyle Heights, said that after he left the neighborhood, he could recognize people from the Eastside by their speech. As a student at UC Berkeley and then Princeton, he became self-conscious about the accent. People asked questions that usually nibbled around the edges. But he knew they wanted to know where he was from, he said. He wondered whether the accent might not be a hindrance, a barrier to his ambitions. "I honestly thought about taking courses to get rid of my accent," he recalled. "I thought, 'One day, I'm going to be a professional and this accent is not part of that.'" More than 20 years later, he no longer worries about that. His accent has receded, as accents often do when someone moves geographically and socially. But traces of it burble up sometimes. "When I'm hanging out with guys I grew up with in the 'hood, yeah, that's part of the language that we use. You relax a little bit and may retreat into that comfort zone where you say things a certain way," he said. "I don't apologize for it. This is who I am. I don't need no stinkin' get-rid-of-my-accent classes!" Frances Flores, 61, rarely thought about her accent. She was born in Boyle Heights to a Japanese mother and a German-English father. Left behind by her parents, she was raised by a Mexican American woman. She grew up watching Spanish-language movies starring Mexican icons like Pedro Infante and Maria Felix at the old Million Dollar Theater, and dancing in the ballet folklorico. Sometimes, in a snippet of her own speech on a voice mail, she'll hear the residue of those childhood influences. "I'm like, 'Is that me? Is that what I sound like? I sound like a Mexican American,'" Flores said with a laugh. "People always ask me what nationality I am. They see that I look Asian, but then they hear the way I talk, so they're confused." She's not. "I think wherever you were brought up, that's who you are." [email protected] Copyright ï¿½ 2011, Los Angeles Times IN SOUTH TEXAS HAPPINESS CAN BE FOUND ON THE GRILL by Richard G. Santos [email protected] Happiness in South Texas and Winter Garden area are fajitas grilled over mesquite with flour tortillas warmed on the side accompanied by freshly boiled pinto beans with ham hocks, bacon or ham, cilantro, onions, garlic cloves and serrano peppers. Happiness is also a bowl of true Texas chile con carne spicy hot enough to benefit the ice cream industry, bringing tears to a visitorï¿½s eyes as he/she recall their deceased relatives and topped with chopped onions and crushed saltine crackers. On Sundays happiness is barbacoa de pozo (not prepared in an electric broiler) served on hand-made corn tortillas with chopped onions, cilantro, chilepiquin or serrano peppers de amor (a mordidas, bitable whole peppers). Happiness Sunday afternoon or early evening is a cup of home made chocolate with pan dulce of your choice. In winter, happiness in South Texas and Winter Garden area is several dozens of home made tamales of pork, beef or fried pinto beans served and accompanied with freshly boiled pinto beans and a hot salsa. Happiness can also be found in a bowl of fresh beef or chicken caldo with bite size pieces of yellow zucchini, small red potatoes, a cabbage cut in quarters, green squash, baby carrots, peas, whole kernel corn or quartered corn on the cob with a quarter cup of Spanish rice added to taste served with corn tortillas. Happiness on a cold day can also be found in pork chops or small steaks smothered in a hot salsa accompanied by crushed pinto beans fried in bacon grease or olive oil with corn or flour tortillas. Across the tracks or Main street, happiness can be found in pork loin sliced to make large steaks with salt, pepper, seasoning, sliced onions, seedless tomato slices, seedless sliced bell pepper strips, sliced serrano peppers rolled, tied and cooked in a hot oven. Happiness can also be found in chicken breast prepared the same way with or without the serrano peppers. An alternative to happiness on the other side of the tracks is chicken cut into quarters, floured and fried in oil, served with mashed potatoes topped with cream gravy with young green peas or whole kernel corn. Happiness on a cold day is found in a roast cooked with celery, quartered potatoes, onions and carrots in a cast iron dutch oven, served with hot home made biscuits. Baked meatloaf topped with tomato ketchup and cooked macaroni with Velveeta cheese sauce brings back memories of childhood happiness. For some happiness can be found in cooked sauerkraut served with a hearty homemade wurst sausage. On a Sunday afternoon fresh apple pie topped with ice cream brings happiness to both sides of the tracks. Early morning breakfast happiness can be found in pancakes topped with strawberries or maple syrup, accompanied on a cold day with bacon and eggs to taste. Fried ham steak with red-eye gravy and biscuits bring back memories of happiness at breakfast. For children and grandchildren of the Depression Era parents and grandparents on both sides of the track, happiness can be found in scrambled eggs cooked with bite size pieces of wieners accompanied by buttered toast and a glass of milk or juice. On one side of the tracks happiness can be found in a bowl of fideo with onions and cilantro to taste or the dish is promoted to fideo loco if fresh pinto beans and cooked ground beef is added. On the other side of the tracks happiness can be found in a plate of cooked spaghetti smothered in a tomato sauce with handmade meat balls, topped with a sprinkle of grated parmesan cheese and served with garlic bread. Regardless of ethnic, racial and socio-economic background, in a restaurant on either side of the tracks early morning happiness is found in diced potato and egg tacos with or without bacon, or in an egg with diced potato and chorizo tacos, as well as bean and cheese taco with or without bacon accompanied by salsa or chilepiquin brought from home. The equally popular sausage and biscuit with or without cream gravy can also bring a smile. Happiness at mid-day can also be found in a polish sausage wrapped in a flour tortilla. Happy childhood memories can be found in a slice of bologna with mayonnaise with or without a freshly sliced onion ring. Post World War II happy memories can be found in scrambled eggs with spam prepared at home. For others, happy childhood memories can be found in the simple and ever popular peanut butter and jelly sandwich or taco, with a cold glass of milk. Childhood happy memories in New Mexico can be found in a homemade sopapilla stuffed with homemade guacamole or fried beans for breakfast or venison for lunch or supper. Others relive happy childhood memories at the sight of ripened mesquite pods, orange, grapefruit, peach, pecan or persimmon laden trees. Fond childhood memories are also relived in freshly cut red or yellow watermelon and off-the-field cantaloupes. In conclusion, all items mentioned above and many more, bring happiness when shared with relatives or friends. The items can also bring back cherished ï¿½back homeï¿½ childhood memories for those away from their home town, farm or ranch.. Most frequently, I have witnessed lengthily discussions and conversations of such memories as well as the comparison of restaurant cooking and how it does not compare with ï¿½motherï¿½s recipesï¿½ as recalled by a person. For instance, do you remember your first pizza, the Chicago red hots sold by cart pushing vendors, or the cart pushing taco vendors in the Mexican border towns? Or was it your first lox and bagel, or Chinese sweet and sour pork or lemon chicken? Chances are you will also recall who was with you that first time you tasted that delicacy. Ah, the aromas of the home, the barrio, the neighborhood. Ah, the taste, place, year and your companion when you first shared a dish that became a special memory. That is happiness of the mind and soul my friends. Provecho, bon appetite, enjoy. Zavala County Sentinel ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. 19 ï¿½ 20 October 2011 Sent by Juan Marinez [email protected] First Annual Lloronathon Launches In Phoenix NewsTaco.com What is the Lloronathon? The Lloronathon is an afternoon gathering of all things La Llorona. Stories, art, performance, dance, and Llorona-chisme. We all have heard stories about her while we were growing up. It varies from region to region, state to state, and with a variety of bodies of water. On Saturday, October 29 in Phoenix, Arizona the First Annual Lloronathon will be held at South Mountain Community College. Organizer Joe Ray told NewsTaco that the premise was to celebrate what can be characterized as a Latino boogeyman ï¿½ La Llorona ï¿½ with stories, chismes and more. Here's our interview with him. People who grew up near a river see it pertaining to them via the river. Stories were told about La Llorona roaming near the river. The same with lakes, oceans, canals, etc. It varies with where you grew up. One friend told me she grew up knowing La Llorona roamed the canal banks in the Tempe/Mesa area next to Phoenix. Thatï¿½s where she grew up. Obviously, her parents wanted her to stay away from the canals as a kid. Also, La Llorona has been vilified through the ages. This presents an opportunity for a different point of view. One story which I will read is called A Letter to La Llorona, which is a letter written by Amira de La Garza. It is a letter written with a look back at youth and misunderstanding. She makes peace with La Llorona, to which Amira writes ï¿½You donï¿½t need a name. You are every one of us.ï¿½ Plus, there are four artists who will be doing a live painting the entire afternoon. A fun project which will be inspired by the stories being told. The 4 artists are Monica Crespo, Veronica Verdugo, Lalo Cota, and myself. How did it come about? Liz Warren, Director of the Storytelling Institute at South Mountain Community College, and I were talking about doing a joint project. Iï¿½m an artist and a writer, plus I love stories. Liz and I have known each other for more than 20 years and share many of the interests. I originally posted a Llorona story on her storytelling blog and after that we began talking about it. It was a natural fit for the Storytelling Institute. We set up a blog for dialogue and to collect stories about La Llorona called La Lloronasphere. Can anyone participate or just the invited guests? We have some great storytellers who are scheduled but are open to anyone coming in and sharing stories with us. Plus, I encourage people to send me their Llorona stories to [email protected], some are more comfortable doing this as opposed to getting up in front of an audience. Also, there will be an area where people can create art via painting, drawing or writing a story here as well. Why did you want to set this up? Iï¿½ve never been to a Lloronathon before and felt it was time. Plus, I like the name. I enjoy collaborating with artists of different disciplines, ages and backgrounds. This was a perfect opportunity. Plus, this is an opportunity for groups, individuals and organizations of different backgrounds and purposes to get together, share stories, share art and share memories with one another. The stories that we share as people are what bring us together and promote understanding. What are your hopes for the future? Grow and expand it! It would be great to get sponsorship and funding for this to have it become an annual event and have certain aspects of it travel to other states where La Llorona is rumored to have been hanging around. I was in Mexico a couple weeks ago for a three-day fiesta of art, culture and biodiversity and I mentioned it to folks there who thought it was a great idea to include the following year down there. Iï¿½m really excited about that possibility. Plus, developing an online community and looking at publishing something, which Liz and I have been speaking about. I want to see this become an educational part of Latino culture. It would be great to have this aspect of our legends, beliefs and literature be something that is explored wider by Latinos all over, and by those who interact and reach out to us. Llorona2.0, I think this is a good start. http://www.newstaco.com/2011/10/27/first-annual-lloronathon-launches-in-phoenix Periï¿½dicos en Espaï¿½olï¿½Hispanic American Newspapers Online Latino Quote of the Day is posted by Bobby Gonzalez Where are all the Latinos in the Media by Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n Update for Oct-Nov 2011 of Somos en escrito by Armando Rendon http://blog.genealogybank.com/2011/10/periodicos-en-espanolhispanic-american.html GenealogyBank has the largest collection of Hispanic American newspapers to explore Latino family ancestry online. Our extensive Hispanic American collection currently contains over 360 newspaper titles. This is an essential newspaper archive for genealogists, supplementing the other newspapers on our genealogy website and helping to make it one of the most comprehensive resources for Hispanic genealogical research online. The oldest surviving Hispanic newspaper is El Misisipi , first published in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1808. A masthead in Spanish from an 1808 issue of El Misisipi is featured below. The newspapers in GenealogyBankï¿½s Hispanic American newspapers archive are a virtual goldmine to genealogists, providing a terrific resource for researching your Hispanic genealogy. You can easily search in every Hispanic newspaper issue online to find birth, marriage and obituary announcements, news reports about events that affected your Hispanic ancestorsï¿½even the vintage advertisements can be a helpful genealogical resource. Here is a Hispanic American death notice in Spanish printed by the Bejareï¿½o (San Antonio, Texas) newspaper on 17 May 1856, page 2. Here is a birth announcement en espaï¿½ol printed by the Cronista del Valle (Brownsville, Texas) newspaper on 20 April 1925, page 1. And here is a Latino marriage announcement in Spanish printed by the Amigo del Hogar (Indiana Harbour, Indiana) newspaper on 23 June 1929, page 1. Did your Hispanic American family run a business? Look for their ads in the local Latino newspapers to get a glimpse into the lives they led. The following Hispanic newspaper ads were printed by the Cronista del Valle (Brownsville, Texas) newspaper on 20 April 1925, page 5 . As these Latino birth, death and marriage announcements have shown, the Hispanic American newspapers in GenealogyBankï¿½s historical newspaper archives are important to genealogists because of their editorial focus on covering the cultural, social, religious and personal news that was of high interest to the Hispanic American community. Latino newspapers are also good at providing specific historical information that can aid in tracing your Hispanic family tree. These Hispanic newspapers tend to be especially good at covering community news and events, giving genealogists the opportunity to find information about their Hispanic ancestors interacting with their neighbors and participating at the local levelï¿½stories that donï¿½t appear in censuses and other government records, providing personal details about your ancestorsï¿½ lives. Posted by Tom Kemp Latino Quote of The Day by Jose Marti Jose Marti (1853-1895) Cuban poet, philosopher and patriot. "The struggles waged by nations are weak only when they lack support in the hearts of their women." Latino Quote of the Day is curated by Bobby Gonzalez. Bobby Gonzï¿½lez is a nationally known multicultural motivational speaker, storyteller and poet. Born and raised in the South Bronx, New York City, he grew up in a bicultural environment. Bobby draws on his Native American (Taino) and Latino (Puerto Rican) roots to offer a unique repertoire of discourses, readings and performances that celebrates his indigenous heritage. For more info on Bobby, visit www.BobbyGonzalez.com WHERE ARE ALL THE LATINOS IN THE MEDIA by Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n NewsTaco, November 8, 2011 I remember when I was a young girl dreaming about being a reporter, I used to pretend to be Rachel from ï¿½Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles,ï¿½ because she was the only reporter I knew of. As I grew up, though, and began scouring bylines looking for Latino voices, I realized that I may as well still look up to Rachel, because the number of Latino journalists out there was few and far between. And although more than 20 years have passed since I was running around pretending to be a pretend journalist, not much has changed if you consider newsroom diversity. News Taco emerged in a large part due to the dearth of Latino journalists, Latino perspective or Latino reportage available in the mainstream media. And, based on the rapid growth and enthusiastic response from our readership, it seems weï¿½re really onto something. Itï¿½s gotten so bad, actually, that in January a bunch of online organizations ï¿½ major ones like AOL, Salon, TPM, Yahoo and HuffPo ï¿½ refused to complete a survey of newsroom diversity. The only window into this world were some staff photos from HuffPo, which showed almost no people of color. When I was laid off from my corporate journalism gig, there were several other Spanish speaking Latinos who went with me, so itï¿½s no wonder that the American Society of Newspaper Editors reports that racial and ethnic minorities account for less than 13% of newsroom employees. Note, thatï¿½s employees, not reporters. So you might ask yourself, why does this matter? Isnï¿½t the news just the news and so it doesnï¿½t matter who reports it? Well, the truth is, itï¿½s not that simple. News is generated by people, and people search for news based on their experience of the world. For example, I read somewhere once that the vast majority of people quoted in the media tend to be white because interviews often take place over the phone. If youï¿½re sitting in an office all day waiting for the phone to ring, itï¿½s likely that other people sitting in their offices calling you are white. In a world where 1 in 6 of us are Latino, how do you get those Latino voices into the paper when, institutionally, they have not had access to jobs, promotion, marketing, education and a myriad of other resources to help them appear in the media? And what about people who donï¿½t speak English? People who work from home? People doing advocacy or important work in their communities without a spokesperson? I can tell you from experience that sometimes the best stories happen when youï¿½re having a casual conversation with someone face-to-face, which in my experience is a context much more comfortable for most people, than when youï¿½re waiting by the phone for a spokesperson to call you back with a canned response. Including Latinos as creators of news is not just a ï¿½feel goodï¿½ gesture that looks dandy on the diversity literature for your particular corporation. Itï¿½s much more important than that. Fox has launched a Latino news machine, as has The Huffington Post, and Univisiï¿½n is set to launch an English service as well. Are all of these sites doing this work because they want to please some invisible PC police, or do they want to make money, to be relevant in the future, to sustain the business model that employs so many people? Unfortunately, the most important part ï¿½ the hiring and core inclusion of Latinos as reporters and creators of news ï¿½ seems to be the last thing they consider as they fight for their own futures as our news outlets. http://www.newstaco.com/2011/08/11/where-are-all-the-latinos-in-the-media Follow Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n on Twitter @SaraChicaD . [Incidentally, News Taco is looking for an intern, email [email protected] for more information.] Update for Oct-Nov 2011 of Somos en escrito by Armando Rendon Update for Oct-Nov 2011 of Somos en escrito, the Latino/a online literary magazine Somos en escrito, the Latino/a online literary magazine, made history this past publishing period by printing the first chapter of Lipstick con Chorizo, the first novel by author Tommy Villalobos, who lives in Loma Rica, Yuba County, California, to kick off our publishing it in serial formï¿½think of Charles Dickens without the pence per word. Another new author, Hugo Cï¿½sar Garcia, has given us a peak athis new novel, Ratos, with a chapter extract. Two poems introduce a pair of new poets, Marcelo Hernandez Castillo, with Folklore 1: The Cow Eye, and Adriana Martinez-Chavez with Mujer, joining an internationally known poet, Teresinka Pereira, with Canciï¿½n para apurar el mes de octubre. Then, Jim Estrada, a communications guru, comments in an insightful essay on a number of issues regarding why so many U.S. Americans are opposed to comprehensive immigration reform and what is at the root of the anti-immigration mania that seems to grip the nation. Finally, the Editor sends out a call for readers who may be interested in writing reviews of any of the many books being published by American Latino and Latina writers. Please delve into Somos en escrito, and spread the word about our magazine. Below are short abstracts of the articles mentioned above. Lipstick con Chorizo ï¿½ A novel in serial form By Tommy Villalobos Chapter 1 The sun, which is such an agreeable fixture in and around Southern California, had to work overtime this day to get through the haze and onto the streets of East Los Angeles. On such days, East Los seemed to sit on a remote planet 200 hundred light years away from Mother Earth. The sun took on the appearance of an overripe tangerine in an off-blue sky, sharing its rationed light with the Lydia Telliz palace (for it was an impressive dwelling). It was High Noon of a June day. ~~~~~~~ The KKKï¿½s Border watch -- Extract from a new novel, Ratos By Hugo Cï¿½sar Garcia Chapter 3 Diego stayed in touch with Pete and found out the date Dodge and the KKK were to start patrolling the border. Pucho was pleased with the first edition of ï¿½El Paisï¿½ for many of his friends and colleagues in the Argentinean colony were impressed with its content. Grudgingly, he agreed to boost the payment to $50 for the follow-up story in San Diego. ~~~~~~~ Folklore 1: The Cow Eye By Marcelo Hernandez Castillo You said the aspens the sun down the middle, which means you as you slip into your long pajamas. We turned on each other, became like the creatures of my seldom childhood, ï¿½ Canciï¿½n para apurar el mes de octubre Por Teresinka Pereira Aquï¿½ las hojas amarillas se oscurecen abandonadas en el patio, se desnudan los ï¿½rboles y las ardillas, las tortugas, los conejos, los venados, los zorrillosï¿½ ~~~~~~~ Cï¿½ntaros de miel, Vientre incubador de vida, ~~~~~~~ Why Anti-Immigrant Proponents Focus on Latinos By Jim Estrada Immigration is an issue in the United States that could greatly influence the election of our nationï¿½s next president. Not because an estimated 10-million undocumented Latino immigrants canï¿½t vote, but because the registered voters who are part of the 40-million U.S.-born and naturalized Latinos can! Why are so many U.S. Americans opposed to comprehensive immigration reform? What is the root of their anti-immigration mania that seems to grip our nation? ~~~~~~~ Se Necesitan: Escritores de Reseï¿½as ï¿½ Wanted: Book Reviewers WANTED: BOOK REVIEWERS Books by Latina and Latino writers on all kinds of topics and genres are being published everyday but theyï¿½re not always getting proper reviews and enough exposure. Somos en escrito aims to focus more attention on our writers, but we need some of our readers to become reviewers. Send a note [email protected], listing your areas of interest and background, sort of a mini-resume. You often get to read books before theyï¿½re in bookstores, and have a hand in helping give a book a boost, if itï¿½s deserving; plus the copy is free. SE NECESITAN: ESCRITORES DE RESEï¿½AS Cada dï¿½a se publican libros por escritores Latinas o Latinos tratando de una variedad de temas y gï¿½neros, pero usualmente no se les ofrece crï¿½ticas apropiadas ni bastante publicidad. Somos en escrito intenta enfocar su atenciï¿½n a nuestros escritores, pero necesitamos que algunos de nuestros lectores se conviertan en crï¿½ticos de esos libros. Comunï¿½quese con [email protected], incluyendo sus intereses y experiencias, como un mini-resumen. Estos crï¿½ticos, frecuentemente tienen la oportunidad de leer los libros antes de que lleguen a las librerï¿½as, y asï¿½ podrï¿½ ayudar que el libro, si lo merece, tenga un buen ï¿½xito; ademï¿½s la copia es gratis. Armando Rendï¿½n, Editor News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media, Juan Gonzalez and Joe Torres Before the End, After the Beginning by Dagoberto Gilb Sol, Sombra y la Tierra by Adelina Ortiz de Hill Why Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata Wore Cananas by Marco Portales Terror on the Border by J. Gilberto Quezada Invisible & Voiceless, the Struggle of Mexican Americans for Recognition, Justice and Equality by Martha Caso I am Grey Eyes, A Story of Old Florida by William Ryan The Legacy of Piri Thomas By Manuel Hernandez Carmona Trespassers On Our Own Land: Structured as an oral history of the Juan P. Valdez family and of the land grants of Northern New Mexico by Mike Scarborough The Enemy We Need by Dr. Michael Zurowski Scarborough The Enemy We Need by Dr. Michael Zurowski Aleph by Paulo Coelho The Tejano Diaspora: Mexican Americanism and Ethnic Politics in Texas and Wisconsin by Marc S. Rodriguez Bernardo de Galvez in Louisiana, 1776-1784 by John Caughey Indigenous Quotient/Stalking Words: American Indian Heritage as Future by Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones Sleepy Lagoon by Mark A. Weitz Moon Warriorï¿½s Dream by Jesus Velazquez News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media by Juan Gonzalez and Joe Torres The book focuses on the role the mainstream media has played in the perpetuating racism in America, according to the authors and reviews. It goes on to reveal how black, Asian, Latino and Native-American journalists first emerged and challenged mediaï¿½s responsibility in this arena to current day efforts to privatize the internet. "News for All People" comes as the battle in Washington D.C. over the control of the internet and net neutrality is brewing. In the book Gonzalez and Torres look ahead in explaining how changes or limitations placed on the internet will affect communities of color and access to information. "One of the things that weï¿½ve uncovered is that this fundamental debate that is constantly occurring is: does our nation need a centralized system of news and information, or does it need a decentralized, autonomous system? And which serves democracy best?" said Gonzï¿½lez said during an interview on Democracy Now! about the book. "It turns out that in those periods of time when the government has opted for a decentralized or autonomous system, democracy has had a better opportunity to flourish, racial minorities have been able to be heard more often and to establish their own press. In those periods of the nationï¿½s history when policies have fostered centralized news and information, thatï¿½s when dissident voices, racial minorities, marginalized groups in society are excluded from the media system." Gonzalez, who also wrote ï¿½Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America,ï¿½ is a former president of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. Torres, senior advisor for government and external affairs for Free Press, is a former deputy director of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. While in those roles the two men decided to pursue the questions that led to the book. Highlights from the Democracy Now! interview with the authors: ï¿½The book identifies five major periods in history where Congress stepped in and rewrote the rules of the media system including the development of the early Post Office, the telegraph, the radio, television (and cable) and internet. ï¿½Unsung heroes of journalism in the book include radio host Pedro Gonzalez who hosted the morning show Los Madrugadores in Los Angeles; Ora Eddleman Reed, whose family owned the Twin Territories magazine in Oklahoma, a publication focused on native American literature and who went on to become one of the first Native American broadcasters in the country; and John Rollin Ridge, a Cherokee, who founded the Sacramento Bee before selling it to John McClatchy but who is never mentioned as the original founder of the newspaper. ï¿½Before the Civil War there were nearly 100 Hispanic newspapers in the U.S.. For example, the city of New Orleans had 25 Spanish-language newspapers. ï¿½Traces the historically negative verbiage about Native Americans in the founding U.S. newspapers and finds similar treatment of other communities of color throughout the centuries in American media. ï¿½Outlines the current battles over the internet and the privatization of it and the potential affect on communities of color. Book Review by Elizabeth Aguilera BEFORE THE END, AFTER THE BEGINNING by Dagoberto Gilb. The pieces in BEFORE THE END, AFTER THE BEGINNING come in the wake of a stroke Gilb suffered at his home in Austin, Texas, in 2009, and a majority of the stories were written over many months of recovery. The result is a powerful and triumphant collection that tackles common themes of mortality and identity and describes the American experience in a raw, authentic vernacular unique to Gilb.These ten stories take readers throughout the American West and Southwest, from Los Angeles and Albuquerque to El Paso and Austin. Gilb covers territory familiar to some of his earlier work. Gilbï¿½s fiction recently appeared in the NEW YORKER and HARPERï¿½S at the same time. He is the only Mexican American writer whose fiction as well as nonfiction has appeared in the NEW YORKER. He founded Centro Victoria, based at the University of Houston-Victoria, which is becoming the leading think thank for Latino Arts and Culture. He staffed the center with his protï¿½gï¿½s, as Gilb is also responsible for getting many of his former students published. He also edited HECHO EN TEJAS: An Anthology of Texas Mexican Literature. Centro Victoria created a booklet of lesson plans titled MADE IN TEXAS for high school teachers based on that anthology. Gilb also started the literary journal of Mexican American fiction and poetry titled HUISACHE, possibly the only one of its kind in the country. ï¿½My father was a pachuco back in the day, and mother barely stopped using a tortilla for her only eating utensilï¿½ From the story ï¿½Cheapï¿½ "You were born. Until you die, the rest is on you. I'm just doing my job." From the story ï¿½Blessingï¿½ More info: (713) 867-8943 www.aztecmuse.com We will also be visiting Houston and Dallas. Sent by Roberto Calderon [email protected] Sol, Sombra y la Tierra by Adelina Ortiz de Hill Adelina Ortiz de Hill is cited in: Icons of Latino America: Latino Contributions to American Culture, edited by Roger Bruns. 2 vols., 593 p. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-313-34086-4. --Claire Ortiz Hill This book is written in English. It is divided into three parts entitled: La Ventura Brava --A Challenge; (pp. 1-26); La Alza y Bajo de Dominios --The Rise and Fall of Dominions (pp. 27-38); and El Camino Real --The Royal Road (pp. 39-118). Part 1 starts in 409 AD and is subdivided into sections entitled: The Scene and a Royal Dynasty;A Dynasty; A Passage to Know a World; Cultures and Clashes;. It spells out complex historical inter-relationships in Europe. The tone of the book is set in the prologue, where the author writes: My choice of the term prologue... is a conscious attempt to begin a dialogue on the events that perpetuated myths and the legends that affect us today.... My stance... will be to cover some of the events that led to my being here and what defines me as an American in today's world. My family history and that of my ancestors (antepasados) is complicated by the black legend (la leyenda negra) and the defensive posture of those who have justified their history as Manifest Destiny, often leaving the truth to myth and legend.... It is a survey of events offering a personal surmise on the unique identity of the people of northern New Mexico. It begins in Spain at the time of its entrance on the world stage as a global power. The focus will then shift to Mexico, a new republic attempting to maintain a vast frontier. Finally to New Mexico, the territoral home of some of Europe's earliest settlers (pp. ix-x) Adelina Ortiz de Hill, P.O. Box 45, Santa Fe NM, 87504.... Sent by Jose M. Pena [email protected] Why Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata Wore Cananas by Marco Portales A Mexican Revolution Photo History, 100 Years Later http://www.mexicanrevolutionphotos.com/#[email protected] 2010 marks the 100th anniversary of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted from 1910 to 1928, when President ï¿½lvaro Obregï¿½n was killed. To provide a brief, visual text for students and communities, I have written a nonfiction narrative complemented by 80 pictures of the revolution taken by different photographers. My 110-page photographic history should sell extremely well because many U.S. citizens want to know what happened 100 years ago when Mexicans from all stations in life sought to escape an interminable civil war. By relying on scholarly interpretations, pictures available in the public domain on the internet, and on photographs housed in the John David Wheelan Collection of the Cushing Library at Texas A&M University, where I teach, my narrative and photographs allow readers to learn how events in Mexico have continued to affect the United States. The U.S. Library of Congress has informed me several pictures I use are in the public domain and do not require special permission for their use. My narrative explains why Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata were unable to establish a new government following triumphant separate marches with their troops into Mexico City. In late November, 1914 Zapata took possession of the capital with 30,000 campesino soldiers, followed in early December by Pancho Villaï¿½s entry with his own 40,000 Divisiï¿½n del Norte soldiers. Having defeated the forces of President Porfirio Diaz and General Victoriano Huerta, the two revolutionary generals had effectively won the revolution. Villa and Zapata met for the first time and only known time in their lives that December. They implicitly faced the challenge of creating a new government. Due to a lack of education, each general then learned his counterpart could not form the kind of government for which they had been fighting four long, exhausting years. The goal of the government they desired was to redistribute land back to the people, one that would provide basic freedoms to the Mexican people. My pictorial interpretation of the Mexican Revolution clarifies why PanchoVilla and Emiliano Zapata had little choice but to endorse Eulalio Gutierrez, who had been named provisional president of Mexico on November 1, 1914 in Aguascalientes. Feeling manipulated by Villaï¿½s troops, two months later Gutierrez moved his administration to San Luis Potosï¿½. There he declared Villa and Carranza traitors of the revolution, but in July Gutierrez resigned the presidency. The revolution spun out of control in the months after the December meetings of Villa and Zapata in Mexico City. Obregï¿½n then teamed up with Carranza to defeat the forces of the two victorious rebel generals. These developments extended the Mexican Revolution another five long years--culminating with Zapataï¿½s assassination in 1919, and Villaï¿½s surrender to Obregï¿½n on July 28, 1920. My photo history documents events of the revolution, beginning with the Magï¿½n brothers in 1905 and ending with Obregonï¿½s assassination in 1928. Sent by Roberto Calderon, Ph.D. [email protected] My grandfather was Anselmo Vidales Torres. He is pictured with Villa and Zapata on the infamous picture of Dec. 6, 1914. Anselmo is standing beind the Mexican Presidential Chair with the white or light Tres Equis Texas style hat. Anselmo was a Morse Code decoder and or telegraph interceptor for Pancho Villa. The Ciudad Juarez and the "Trojan Horse Train" had lots to do with my grandfather. Pancho Villa, Pascual Orozco and Franciso y Madero were at the site when Gen. Juan Navarro surrender. Madero gave Gen Juan Navarro amnesty and Gen. Navarro went into El Paso, TX. Pancho Villa wanted him dead because Navarro had in the past killed Villa's men. Terror on the Border by J. Gilberto Quezada My name is J. Gilberto Quezada and my novel, "Terror on the Border," is now available online at Amazon.com., Barnes & Noble, and Books-A-Million. It is a contemporary and multicultural work of adult fiction, a compelling fast-paced story filled with 404 pages of drama, adventure, suspense, humor, and mystery that progesses to an unexpected ending. My two protagonists are Whitaker Saxon, a public school administrator, and his lovely wife, Sylvia Brent Saxon, an attorney and councilwoman, Latinos with an interesting Spanish-European ancestral and genealogical heritage. Their lavish and complacent lifestyle is suddenly interrupted forever by unforeseen events, in many more ways than they can handle: a multi-billion dollar drug cartel headed by the enigmatic Cobra, his right hand man-the Scorpion, and the venerated Santa Muerte (the Holy Death), the grotesque and frightful patron saint of the Mexican Mafia; the moral and ethical depravation of school politics governed by a kleptocratic school board; the tragic death of a sixteen-year-old Latino boy tasered by four Anglo police officers causes an international uproar and the biggest demonstration in South Texas, with Sylvia's dogged investigation into the murder case, followed by the federal court trial of the 21st century; and a Texas gubernatorial race of enormous historical significance if Sylvia, the first Latina woman, wins the election. The story takes place from March through December of the same year. Learning from my own experiences growing up in the Barrio de la Azteca in the 1950s, provided me with the insights to develop some of the characters and plots for my novel. The story takes place in Santa Dolores, Texas, a city I created from a cultural, social, and historical mixture of Laredo (my hometown) and San Antonio, and located it along the Rio Grande and across from Nueva Santa Dolores, Tamaulipas. The hotly debated immigration issue in Arizona, and in other states, and the violent Mexican drug cartel bloody battles along the United States-Mexico border, are of special interest and concern at the local, state, and national levels. These two topics evoke strong emotional feelings and also stir a social, political, and economic reality that is currently beleaguering our country today and for years to come. The immigration and the Mexican drug cartel problems, which are spilling over into the Unted States, are not going to go away anytime soon; they are just going to get worse. And that is why I feel that what makes "Terror on the Border," unique and sets it completely apart is that it is the first adult fiction in the publishing market that tells the story of the murderous Mexican Mafia and the immigration issue, and of the lives that are affected by it on both sides of the border. Invisible & Voiceless, the Struggle of Mexican Americans for Recognition, Justice and Equality by Martha Caso INVISIBLE & VOICELESS: The Struggle of Mexican Americans for Recognition, Justice, and Equality traces the vicious history of the European conquest of the Americas and examines its pervasive impact on Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants today. Author Martha Caso sheds light on events often ignored or glossed over by history textbooks, from the holocaust and enslavement of native peoples at the hands of European conquerors to the Mexican-American War of 1848 to modern efforts by extremists to fan the flames of racism and xenophobia. The reverberations of the European invasion still echo today, and it is impossible to understand the current issues of poverty and racism without understanding their origins. Historically, Mexican Americans have wielded very little social and political power, and recent xenophobic laws only serve to stoke the fires of hatred and antagonism and further erode their rights. INVISIBLE & VOICELESS offers Mexican Americans an opportunity to learn more about their history and their relationship with the United States and Mexico. Caso's hope is that once they understand their past, Mexican Americans will find their collective voice and stand up for their rights-that they will cease to be invisible and voiceless in America. Hardcover: 272 pages Publisher: iUniverse.com (February 22, 2011) Language: English Sent by Roberto Calderon, Ph.D. [email protected] I am Grey Eyes, A Story of Old Florida by William Ryan 20 May 1767 Grey Eyes, a Seminole Indian, and some 25 Indian boys drive a herd of Spanish cattle from Colerain, Georgia to New Smyrna, a distance of about 106 miles. Thus begins the story of Old Kings Road and the dramatic series of events affecting the history of Florida, as viewed thru the eyes of Grey Eyes, a most unusual Indian. Historic events are intertwined into a readable story that is partly historic fiction, but mostly fact. The great cattle drive, the Minorcan settlers, a terrible Florida war, and a black slave uprising all mix into a little known part of Floridaï¿½s early history. The little known story of the Black Seminoles is told here along with the events that shaped Florida along Old Kings Road. Author and historian William Ryan is webmaster for the Flagler County Public Libraryï¿½s Flagler Memories group, and is active in Flagler County Florida historical societies. He also wrote ï¿½The Search for Old Kings Roadï¿½ from which much of this novel is taken. Grey Eyes will lead you thru a violent part of Florida History that brought many of the Florida Seminoles into Mexico. This is a little known part of Floridaï¿½s rich, and often violent past. The Legacy of Piri Thomas By Manuel Hernandez Carmona Piri Thomas was born Juan Pedro Tomï¿½s, of Puerto Rican and Cuban parents in New York City's Spanish Harlem in 1928. His parents wanted him to assimilate from childbirth and named him John Peter Thomas, but his mother could never pronounce Peter correctly and called him Piri. It was a struggle for survival, identity, and respect from an early age. Growing up in the mean street environment of poverty, prejudice and racism of the years immediately before, during and after World War II made a dent in young Piriï¿½s upbringing and as a consequence served seven years of horrendous imprisonment. With incarceration came an encounter with his roots, and he rose above his violent background of drugs and gang warfare and promised to use his street education and prison know-how to touch youth and turn them away from a life of crime. In 1967, with a grant from the Rabinowitz Foundation, his career as an author was propelled with the exhilarating autobiography, Down These Mean Streets. After more than 40 years of being continuously in print, it is now considered a classic in Latino/a literature in the United States. The literature of Piri Thomas centers on issues such as education, language, culture and racism, and it also speaks out on social concerns such as poverty injustice and assimilation. Assimilation comes in different forms and different colors. In Piri Thomas' short story "The Konk", a young pre-adolescent boy straightens his hair to be accepted by friends and family, but once he meets their standards, he is faced with hostility and rejection. In many ways, ï¿½The Konkï¿½ is the story of Piriï¿½s life. In the process of assimilation and belonging, Latinos are faced with situations of race, identity and culture. As a result of his lifelong battle with assimilation, Piri fought for recognition and acceptance with a vibrant and powerful voice which his readers and audiences connected with when he read at schools, colleges and community centers. In Down These Mean Streets, Piri Thomas made El Barrio a household word to multitudes of non-Spanish-speaking readers. A front-page review in the New York Times book review section May 21, 1967 stated: "It claims our attention and emotional response because of the honesty and pain of a life led in outlaw, fringe status, where the dream is always to escape." Nearly 45 years later, Down These Mean Streets continues to thrill and influence readers of all likes and ages. Savior, Savior Hold My Hand also received wide critical acclaim, as did Seven Long Times, a narrative of one man's experience in New York's degrading penal system. Stories from El Barrio, a collection of short stories, are for young people of all ages. Piri's extensive travel in Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Cuba, Mexico, Europe, and the United States gave him a vision to expand and recreate with the understanding that his struggles were universal. His eye-opening experiences have contributed to an inimitable perspective on peace and justice. During the later years of his memorable life, Piri dedicated much of his time to visit young juvenile delinquents in maximum security detention centers. He believed in the power of poetry to restore and heal lives. He read poetry and spoke to troubled teens directly with no holds barred because it was a familiar territory which he knew from actual personal experience. In Jonathan Robinsonï¿½s PBS documentary, Every Child is Born a Poet, on Piri Thomasï¿½ lifetime work, his work is genuinely and graphically portrayed in and out of the classroom, churches and community centers and into the prison cells where he spent time to heal and later to go back to and impart by what grace he had received to others. Although during the 20th century, his work was viewed as a major literary breakthrough for Nuyorican literature, his worldwide literary outreach lifted his voice beyond the influential Nuyorican literary discourse, and today is recognized by literary critics as one of the forefathers of the Hispanic/Latino/a literary movement in the United States. His untimely death catapults the discussion and study of the life and literary legacy of a man who was only stopped by death itself. Preachers, priests and psychologists have made internal healing a necessary process for all those interested in burying past experiences, but Piri Thomas was the embodiment of the healing process itself because he not only exposed who he was for others but allowed people to make a connection through him to help them walk forward with their lives. Piri Thomas passed away, but his legacy will live for generations to come. (The author is an associate at Souder, Betances and Associates, an English Staff Developer at the Department of Education and a professor at the University of Phoenix, Puerto Rico Campus) [email protected] Trespassers On Our Own Land: Structured as an oral history of the Juan P. Valdez family and of the land grants of Northern New Mexico by Mike Scarborough Juan P. Valdez was born May 25, 1938 in Canjilï¿½n, New Mexico, the second of Amarante and Philomena Valdez' seven children. Juan's father took him out of school after the third grade to help with the raising of crops and tending of livestock necessary to support the family. After having been continuously denied grazing permits by the U. S. Forest Service it was necessary for Juan to sneak his family's cattle on and off the forest pastures on a daily basis. While in his mid-twenties Juan met Reies Lï¿½pez Tijerina, a charismatic former preacher who was traveling from village to village in Northern New Mexico speaking out about how the United States had stolen hundreds of thousands of acres of grant lands that were supposed to have been protected by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Juan was the first of eight members of Tijerina's Alianza to enter the Rio Arriba County courthouse on June 5, 1967 in a failed attempt to arrest the local district attorney, Alfonso Sanchez. Ironically, the judge in the courthouse that day was J. M. Scarborough, the father of Mike Scarborough who would wind up assisting Juan in the telling of his family history. Trespassers On Our Own Land is the history of the Valdez family from the time Spain granted Juan Bautista Valdez, Juan's great, great, great-grandfather an interest in a land grant located around the present village of Caï¿½ones, New Mexico. Mike Scarborough grew up in Espaï¿½ola, sixty miles south of where Juan grew up. After having spent eight years in the United States Air Force, Mike returned to New Mexico, attended college and law school, and practiced law in the area for twenty-five years. Some years ago he was asked by his good friend, Juan Valdez, to help write Juan's family history. Mike recently completed a five year study of Juan's family history and the period during the late 1800s and early 1900s when the United States government chose to claim ownership of million of acres of then existing land grants and to deny the settlers who had lived on them for over eighty years their legitimate right to use the land. Trespassers on Our Own Land is the result of his research. The novel is set in Los Angeles in the late 1980s. There are two protagonists, cousins, both in the history department at a leading privately funded university in the city. Their lives intertwine when, at various stages of the story, they have romantic relationships with the same woman, called Pamela, who is employed on the same campus. The novel also portrays the lives of the two men until each, in his individual way, reaches a crisis point and shows how each deals to this. The first cousin, decidedly the poorer one, is Harry de la Vega, who has an attraction/repulsion complex towards the second, called Lance, and towards his family (his family name being Sampson de la Vega). The family's Spanish colonial heritage and the lure of Lance's wealth provide the attraction side of the equation. The repulsion side is the result of the failure of Harry's attempts to be accepted by these relatives. As regards this obsession, there are two subplots the results of which Harry concludes he is being persecuted by Lance and which transforms that preoccupation into a visceral hostility. The central character in the first one is Luiza Gomez, a Cuban-born sociologist, who is Harry's ex-flame of three years before. Having been spurned by him prior to the events of the novel, she sets herself on exacting her revenge. She hatches a plot whereby by lobbying three fellow academics on a hiring committee, she succeeds in having him fail in his attempt to obtain a one year extension as a lecturer. The central figure of the second subplot is Leonora Craxi, a long-time departmental secretary of the history department. Because of her reputation as a gossip and at the urging of Lance, she is removed from her position. But because she knows too much about too many people in authority, she is transferred to another office on the same campus. A combination of two aspects of campus politics concurrently occurring during the same time period propels her new boss to confide to her information about a member of staff which she wrongly identifies as Lance. Because of her loose tongue, this information spreads amongst the support staff amongst whom Pamela figures and Harry becomes a recipient of this as well. The third aspect of the novel is the road taken by Pamela, the woman mentioned in the first paragraph, in her search for emotional fulfillment. In the beginning of the story, we find her in a relationship with Lance. His lack of emotional commitment, however, and Harry's declared interest draws her to him. Eventually, this leads to an engagement and marriage. What will Harry do regarding Lance and his perceived persecution? How will he emotionally handle his failure to remain teaching at the university? Will he seek employment elsewhere? Or will he try to scheme his way back on to the campus? And supposing he does -what, theoretically, could be his options? How about Leonora Craxi? Will she end up unscathed by her actions or will her life be drawn further into the rivalries of her superiors? How does Pamela figure in the complex web of campus rivalries? Will this somehow affect her feelings towards her home environment or will she simply carry on unaffected, regardless ? And privileged and handsome Lance? What will he do, now that he has lost Pamela? Will it affect his life as an academic? Or will he simply dismiss the whole episode? Will Harry and he clash again? If so, will there be a fight to the finish? Or will there be a reconciliation at the end of the story? How will Pamela figure in all this? Yours most sincerely, Dr. Michael Zurowski, Montreal, Canada Paulo Coelho's Aleph www.tintafresca.us In bookland, when stumbling upon the word "Aleph", the first thing that comes to mind is Jorge Luis Borges. The Argentinean author penned a short story book with a similar name, The Aleph, published in 1945. Fast-forward to 2011: international best-selling author Paulo Coelho pays homage to his literary idol with Aleph (Vintage Espaï¿½ol), one of the most anticipated books of 2011. As with his previous books, Aleph draws from Coelho's personal experience. It is the result of a journey of self-discovery, a turning point in Coelho's life that helped him emerge from the "vice of solitude" and the disconnection from his spiritual side. According to the author, it took him four years of research and only three weeks to write it. To those unfamiliar with the term, "Aleph" is the first letter in the Hebrew alphabet. In the Kabbalah tradition, ithas esoteric and mystical meanings that relates to the origin, and all the energy, of the universe. As described in the book, "Aleph" is a place where time and space meet. Contrary to Borges's story, where the main subject is a fictionalized version of the author, in Coelho's Aleph the main character is the author himself. This is an autobiographical book. Between March and July 2006, during a personal pilgrimage throughAfrica, Europe and Asia aboard the Trans-Siberia railway, the protagonist (Paulo) encounters a personal revelation. He meets Hial, a gifted violinist and real life character whose names has been changed for privacy reasons. Deep-sea conversations lead Paulo to discover that five hundred years ago, in a different life, he loved Hial. He also meets Yao, his translator. His publishers tagged along with him too. Guided by subtle signs, eventually Paulo finds a new meaning to his life. The story blends all the ingredients mostly associated with Coelho: the universe, spiritual growth, love, friendship, betrayal, forgiveness, redemption, mysticism and magic words. This book will be enjoyed by those who believe in past and future lives and reincarnation. With an active and solid presence on the Internet and social media platforms (he has over 2.3 million followers on Twitters) Paulo Coelho changed the publishing industry years ago when he started to give his books for free, on line, in countries where they were not available. About the author Paulo Coelho was born in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He left a successful career as a songwriter to pursue his longtime dream of writing full-time. Since his first book, Hell Archives (1982), Coelho has been writing extensively, producing a novel every two years. Among his books are The Pilgrimage, The Fifth Mountain, Brida, The Valkyries, Veronika Decides to Die, The Zahir, Eleven Minutes, The Witch of Portobello, The Winner Stands Alone. He has sold a reported 100 million books in more than 150 countries and in 67 languages. His opus magnum, The Alchemist has been on the New York Times best-seller list for over 5 years. He lives in Geneva, Switzerland. Sent by [email protected] \| Editor: LPN News Latino Print Network \| 3445 Catalina Dr. \| Carlsbad \| CA \| 92010 The Tejano Diaspora: Mexican Americanism and Ethnic Politics in Texas and Wisconsin by Marc S. Rodriguez Each spring during the 1960s and 1970s, a quarter million farm workers left Texas to travel across the nation, from the Midwest to California, to harvest America's agricultural products. During this migration of people, labor, and ideas, Tejanos established settlements in nearly all the places they traveled to for work, influencing concepts of Mexican Americanism in Texas, California, Wisconsin, Michigan, and elsewhere. In The Tejano Diaspora, Marc Simon Rodriguez examines how Chicano political and social movements developed at both ends of the migratory labor network that flowed between Crystal City, Texas, and Wisconsin during this period. Rodriguez argues that translocal Mexican American activism gained ground as young people, activists, and politicians united across the migrant stream. Crystal City, well known as a flash point of 1960s-era Mexican Americanism, was a classic migrant sending community, with over 80 percent of the population migrating each year in pursuit of farm work. Wisconsin, which had a long tradition of progressive labor politics, provided a testing ground for activism and ideas for young movement leaders. By providing a view of the Chicano movement beyond the Southwest, Rodriguez reveals an emergent ethnic identity, discovers an overlooked youth movement, and interrogates the meanings of American citizenship. About the Author: Marc Simon Rodriguez is assistant professor of history and law and a fellow of the Institute for Latino Studies at the University of Notre Dame. Reviews: Rodriquez reveals an emergent ethnic identity, discovers an overlooked youth movement, and interrogates the meanings of American citizenship. --Pluma Fronteriza Blog "No extant work portrays and documents the links between the migrant phenomenon and political activism in Texas and the Midwest so thoroughly as The Tejano Diaspora. This original and important story is one of the finest scholarly studies to date of the Chicano movement." --Dionicio Valdï¿½s, Michigan State University "The Tejano Diaspora is a first-rate piece of civil rights history. It is among the best works on the experiences of the Mexican Americans of South Texas and the Midwest in the postwar civil rights era." --Zaragosa Vargas, author of Labor Rights Are Civil Rights: Mexican American Workers in Twentieth-Century America. Marc S. Rodriguez Indigenous Quotient/Stalking Words: American Indian Heritage as Future by Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones Literary Nonfiction. Native American Studies. Latino/Latina Studies. Philosophy. In INDIGENOUS QUOTIENT/STALKING WORDS, Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones argues for readers to connect to the intellectual traditions of an ever-present American Indigenous civilization. With this new consciousness of lndigeneity, readers can better understand the intellectual and cultural heritage of all peoples in the Western hemisphere as a continuation of millennia of history and civilization. As such, Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones demonstrates that Indigenous history is U.S. and Western hemisphere history and vice versa. A critical understanding of this is a necessary requirement for any useful understanding of the history of culture, politics, and economics in the Western hemisphere. Finally, Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones's essays demonstrate the necessity of the fundamental Indigenous "belief in the interdependence of all life and life sources." This depicts the historic and present responsibility all humans have to each other and their environment. Publisher: Aztlan Libre Press PubDate: 11/27/2011 ISBN: 9780984441525 Binding: PAPERBACK Price: $18.00, Pages: 120 About the author: Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones is an award-winning educator, author, community activist, editor, poet, and for over forty years, one of the foremost Chicano historians and scholars in the U.S. He has a Ph.D. in History from the University of California Los Angeles, where he has taught since 1974. Gï¿½mez- Quiï¿½ones has been active in higher education, cultural activities, and Chicano Studies efforts since 1969. He specializes in the fields of political, labor, intellectual, and cultural history. Among his over thirty published writings that include articles and monographs, are the books: Mexican American Labor: 1790-1990; The Roots of Chicano Politics: 1600-1940; Chicano Politics: 1940- 1990; and a collection of poetry, 5th and Grande Vista. Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones circa 1970s Small Press Distribution http://www.spdbooks.org/Search/Default.aspx?PublisherName=Aztlan%20Libre%20Press Nota: Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones has just published a new book. Aztlï¿½n Libre Press in San Antonio is the publisher. We are awaiting further notice from Juan Tejeda who together Anisa Onofre are the publishers of the still recently established independent Chican@ publishing house. May there be many more. The title of the new book is Indigenous Quotient/Stalking Words: American Indian Heritage as Future. Celebramos su llegada y esperamos ustedes tambiï¿½n. We learn a few vital facts about the person whoï¿½s our mentor and friend Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones when we go online and Google his name. Juan was born on January 28, 1940. Hereï¿½s the quote from his Wikipedia entry: He is ï¿½an American historian, professor of history, poet, and activist. He is best known for his work in the field of Chicana/o history. As a co-editor of the Plan de Santa Bï¿½rbara, an educational manifesto for the implementation of Chicano studies programs in universities nationwide, he was an influential figure in the development of the field.ï¿½ The short biographical note continues: ï¿½Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones was born in the City of Parral, Chihuahua, Mï¿½xico, and raised in East Los Angeles. He graduated from Cantwell Sacred Heart of Mary School, a Catholic high school in Montebello, California. He subsequently attended the University of California, Los Angeles, earning his Bachelorï¿½s degree in literature, his Master of Arts in Latin American studies, and his Doctorate of Philosophy in history. His 1972 dissertation was titled ï¿½Social Change and Intellectual Discontent: The Growth of Mexican Nationalism, 1890-1911.ï¿½ Ademï¿½s, ï¿½He was the founding co-editor of Aztlï¿½n, a journal of Chicano studies. He began teaching at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1969, and has held his post for the past forty years. He has served as the director of UCLAï¿½s Chicano Studies Research Center, as well as on the board of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund.ï¿½ Hereï¿½s an abbreviated bibliography of his work as listed in his Wikipedia entry: ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1973). Sembradores, Ricardo Flores Magon y el Partido Liberal Mexicano: A Eulogy and Critique. Los Angeles: Aztlï¿½n Publications. LCCN F1234.F668. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1974). 5th and Grande Vista : Poems, 1960-1973. Staten Island: Editorial Mensaje. LCCN PS3557.O46 F5. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan; translated by Roberto Gï¿½mez Ciriza (1977). Las ideas polï¿½ticas de Ricardo Flores Magï¿½n. Mï¿½xico: Ediciones Era. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1978). Mexican Students Por La Raza: The Chicano Student Movement in Southern California, 1967-1977. Santa Bï¿½rbara: Editorial La Causa. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1981). Porfirio Dï¿½az, los intelectuales y la revoluciï¿½n. Mï¿½xico: El Caballito. ISBN 9686011110. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1982). Development of the Mexican Working Class North of the Rï¿½o Bravo: Work and Culture among Laborers and Artisans, 1600-1900. Los Angeles: Chicano Studies Research Center Publications, University of California, Los Angeles. ISBN 0895510553. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1990). Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0826312047. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1994). Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600-1940. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0826314716. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1994). Mexican American Labor, 1790-1990. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0585259429. The online Dictionary of Literary Biography at the site Book Rags lists Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½onesï¿½s birthdate as February 28, 1942 instead of January. These online sources have to be verified against otherwise solidly credible sources. Having said so, the Book Rags entry adds these additional biographical notes: ï¿½Born to Juan Gï¿½mez Duarte and Dolores Quiï¿½ones in Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico, Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones was raised in the "white fence barrio" of Los Angeles, as he terms it. He declares in a love poem, however, "Yo nunca he salido de mi tierra" (I have never left my homeland). He holds a B.A. in English (1964), an M.A. in Latin American studies (1966), and a Ph.D. in history (1970), all from the University of California, Los Angeles, where he has also been a professor since 1969. His community and political activities date back to his work with the United Farm Workers and the United Mexican American Students (now MECHA, Movimiento Estudiantil de Chicanos de Aztlï¿½n [Student Movement of Chicanos of Aztlï¿½n]), and include such positions as chairman of the East Los Angeles Poor People's March Contingent (1968), director of Chicano Legal Defense (1968-1969), co-organizer of the Chicano Council of Higher Education (1969-1970), member of the National Broadcasting Company Mexican American Advisory Committee (1969), member of the Board of Directors of the Los Angeles Urban Coalition (1970-1972), director of the UCLA Chicano Studies Center (1974-1987), and member of the Board of Trustees of the California State Universities and Colleges (1976-1984).ï¿½ Finally, immediately following is the advance notice posted on the Small Press Distribution Web site including a copy of the new bookï¿½s cover albeit in miniature. Adelante. Roberto R. Calderï¿½n, Historia Chicana [Historia] Sources: Wikipedia, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_G%C3%B3mez-Qui%C3%B1ones (accessed 11.6.11); and, Book Rags, Dictionary of Literary Biography, see: http://www.bookrags.com/biography/juan-h-gomez-quinones-dlb "The Sleepy Lagoon Case: Race Discrimination and Mexican American Rights" by Attorney and author MARK A. WEITZ What began as a neighborhood party during the summer of 1942 led to the largest mass murder trial in Californiaï¿½s history. After young Jose Diaz was found murdered near Los Angelesï¿½ Sleepy Lagoon reservoir, 600 Mexican Americans were rounded up by the police, 24 were indicted, and 17 were convicted. But thanks to the efforts of crusading lawyers, Hollywood celebrities, and Mexican Americans throughout the nation, all 17 convictions were thrown out in an appellate decision that cited lack of evidence, coerced testimony, deprivation of the right to counsel, and judicial misconduct. (University of Kansas Press) Sponsored by the Charles F. Riddell Fund for Undergraduate Education [email protected] Moon Warriorï¿½s Dream by Jesus Velazquez It is a self published short story about 8,000 words 32 pages. The book is called Moon Warriorï¿½s Dream. The story is about Natayo an adventurous boy from a tribe of food gathers. Almost every night he has the same recurring nightmare. Unable to go back to sleep he goes to his favorite place, the ridge that overlooks the villages. He enjoys the stream that flows endlessly through the neighboring villages and he enjoys the stars and especially the moon. For weeks he notices something strange heading towards his friend Yanyan's village. A herd of buffalo maybe deer he doesn't pay much attention to it. Then one day he sees some men from Yanyan's village bloodied and badly hurt. Their village has been attacked by the Pume' a small tribe of ruthless, barbaric nomads. He also learns they have taken several young women away including Yanyan. Because the villagers are afraid of the Pume' no one goes looking for them, no one that is... except Natayo .But before he sets out he learns the truth about something that will change his life forever. It will be available in paperback and eBook format at Amazon.com in December. The ISBN# is 978-0615553399. My name is Jesus Velazquez I was born in Caguas Puerto Rico and raised in Paterson, New Jersey. I was a co host and dj for an internet radio show on ubroadcast.com and on 88.7 fm. I am also a composer and a music producer. I am currently working on several literary projects in different genres. Thank you, Jesus Velazquez Interesting Veterans Statistics off the Vietnam Memorial Wall A little history most people will never know. "Carved on these walls is the story of America , of a continuing quest to preserve both Democracy and decency, and to protect a national treasure that we call the American dream." ~President George Bush SOMETHING to think about - Most of the surviving Parents are now Deceased. There are 58,267 names now listed on that polished black wall, including those added in 2010. The names are arranged in the order in which they were taken from us by date and within each date the names are alphabetized. It is hard to believe it is 36 years since the last casualties. Beginning at the apex on panel 1E and going out to the end of the East wall, appearing to recede into the earth (numbered 70E - May 25, 1968), then resuming at the end of the West wall, as the wall emerges from the earth (numbered 70W - continuing May 25, 1968) and ending with a date in 1975. Thus the war's beginning and end meet. The war is complete, coming full circle, yet broken by the earth that bounds the angle's open side and contained within the earth itself. The first known casualty was Richard B. Fitzgibbon, of North Weymouth , Mass. Listed by the U.S. Department of Defense as having been killed on June 8, 1956. His name is listed on the Wall with that of his son, Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Richard B. Fitzgibbon III, who was killed on Sept. 7, 1965. ï¿½ There are three sets of fathers and sons on the Wall. ï¿½ 39,996 on the Wall were just 22 or younger. ï¿½ 8,283 were just 19 years old. The largest age group, 33,103 were 18 years old. ï¿½ 12 soldiers on the Wall were 17 years old. ï¿½ 5 soldiers on the Wall were 16 years old. ï¿½ One soldier, PFC Dan Bullock was 15 years old. ï¿½ 997 soldiers were killed on their first day in Vietnam .. ï¿½ 1,448 soldiers were killed on their last day in Vietnam .. ï¿½ 31 sets of brothers are on the Wall. ï¿½ Thirty one sets of parents lost two of their sons. ï¿½ 54 soldiers on attended Thomas Edison High School in Philadelphia . I wonder why so many from one school. ï¿½ 8 Women are on the Wall. Nursing the wounded. ï¿½ 244 soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor during the Vietnam War; 153 of them are on the Wall. ï¿½ Beallsville , Ohio with a population of 475 lost 6 of her sons. ï¿½ West Virginia had the highest casualty rate per capita in the nation. There are 711 West Virginians on the Wall. ï¿½ The Marines of Morenci - They led some of the scrappiest high school football and basketball teams that the little Arizona copper town of Morenci (pop. 5,058) had ever known and cheered. They enjoyed roaring beer busts. In quieter moments, they rode horses along the Coronado Trail, stalked deer in the Apache National Forest . And in the patriotic camaraderie typical of Morenci's mining families, the nine graduates of Morenci High enlisted as a group in the Marine Corps. Their service began on Independence Day, 1966. Only 3 returned home. ï¿½ The Buddies of Midvale - LeRoy Tafoya, Jimmy Martinez, Tom Gonzales were all boyhood friends and lived on three consecutive streets in Midvale, Utah on Fifth, Sixth and Seventh avenues. They lived only a few yards apart. They played ball at the adjacent sandlot ball field. And they all went to Vietnam . In a span of 16 dark days in late 1967, all three would be killed. LeRoy was killed on Wednesday, Nov. 22, the fourth anniversary of John F. Kennedyï¿½s assassination. Jimmy died less than 24 hours later on Thanksgiving Day. Tom was shot dead assaulting the enemy on Dec. 7, Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day. ï¿½ The most casualty deaths for a single day was on January 31, 1968 ~ 245 deaths. ï¿½ The most casualty deaths for a single month was May 1968 - 2,415 casualties were incurred. For most Americans who read this they will only see the numbers that the Vietnam War created. To those of us who survived the war, and to the families of those who did not, we see the faces, we feel the pain that these numbers created. We are, until we too pass away, haunted with these numbers, because they were our friends, fathers, husbands, wives, sons and daughters. There are no noble wars, just noble warriors. Walter Herbeck [email protected] Information on how to submit photos for the Call for Photos for the Vietnam War Memorial. http://www.vvmf.org/pafwan New resources for veterans WASHINGTON ï¿½ Secretary of Labor Hilda L. Solis today announced a new partnership with Microsoft Corp. to provide veterans with vouchers for no-cost training and certifications that can lead to important industry-recognized credentials. The voucher program will serve veterans in five communities with the highest number of returning post-9/11 era veterans: Seattle, Wash.; San Diego, Calif., Houston, Texas; Northern Virginia; and Jacksonville, Fla. VETS News Release: Contact Name: David Roberts Phone Number: (202) 693-5945 Release Number: 11-1640-NAT A great resource of our Veterans and their families and caregivers: State Veterans Benefits Directories Historian chronicles South Texas soldier's fight for equality by Neal Morton The Monitor, November 8, 2011 McALLEN ï¿½ A University of Texas historian lamented what he described as Mexican-Americansï¿½ glaring absence from school history lessons, despite the sacrifices they made with the nationï¿½s armed forces. Kicking off a week of Veterans Day lectures, hosted by the Center for Mexican-American Studies at South Texas College, author and historian Emilio Zamora on Monday highlighted the writings of Josï¿½ de la Luz Saenz, who likely provided the only written account of a Mexican-American soldier in World War I. Zamora, who will release an English translation of Luz Saenzï¿½s book next year, said the South Texas native joined the U.S. military to be able to fight for equality when he returned home. ï¿½Theyï¿½re sacrificing not necessarily for the flag and country (but) for what that represents ï¿½ for whatï¿½s behind the American flag,ï¿½ Zamora said. Luz Saenz was ï¿½fighting for the principals in our Constitution, for democracy and justice and equality ï¿½ making those sacrifices so (he) can come back and argue for equal rights,ï¿½ Zamora added. After his service in the 90th Division of the 360th Infantry Regiment, Luz Saenz continued his work as a teacher and worked for a time in La Joya, Edinburg and McAllen schools. He also became a leading civil rights leader in Texas and helped end the segregation of Hispanic students in the public school system. ï¿½You may ask yourself: ï¿½Why is it that I have never heard of this man?ï¿½ï¿½ Zamora said. ï¿½It says a whole lot about our education, our curriculum at the public schools and even the universities. Our history hasnï¿½t really been told. ï¿½Our children should be told this. Itï¿½s unfair,ï¿½ he added. ï¿½We should be very angry.ï¿½ Though many in the crowded audience attended Zamoraï¿½s lecture for class credit, several said they agreed with his condemnation of the stateï¿½s history curriculum. Jen Guerra, 47, appeared at the event with her daughter, who went for a sociology class, and the McAllen mother said she was disappointed in Texas schools, too. ï¿½My children went to Rio Grande Valley schools (and) they know very little history about our region, about how the border crossed us,ï¿½ Guerra said. ï¿½They learn a lot about Anglo presidents and kings. ï¿½Why donï¿½t we ever hear about leaders like Jose Saenz?ï¿½ she asked. Guerra planned to attend the other STC Veterans Day events this week, including showings of the award-winning documentary The Longoria Affair and a Thursday presentation about Latinas who served in World War II. Neal Morton covers education and general assignments for The Monitor. He can be reached at [email protected] or at (956) 683-4472. Follow Neal Morton on Twitter: @nealtmorton Sent by Juan Marinez [email protected] Navajo Code Talkers In addition to the Congressional Gold medal which was awarded to the original 29 Navajo Code Talkers, the Congressional Silver Medal was also awarded to about 200 of the 400 other Navajo Code Talkers. I think that Joe Morris and the other Native Warriors received the Presidential Gold medal not the Medal of Honor for the original 29 Code talker. (there are 24 MOH recipients). The other combat medal that President Bush awarded to the other Navajo Code talkers was the Silver Star Medal. The second web site has a lot of Native history. War Forged Lasting Friendships : Pearl Harbor: When the Japanese attacked, the patriotic went to war. But after the war, Latinos in Santa Ana and elsewhere found that a soldier's uniform still couldn't get them into a restaurant or school. December 07, 1989 Lily Eng, Times Staff Writer, Orange County On Dec. 7, 1941, the day Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Manuel Esqueda remembers sitting in Santa Ana's old State Theater balcony--the seating area where Latinos were allowed--and wondering whether he would go to war. "You knew at that point that you could die in a war, but I knew I had to go," said Esqueda, then a 22-year-old steelworker. "The segregation wouldn't stop me from joining. I knew I was going to fight for my country." 1 ridiculously huge coupon a day. It's like doing O.C. at 90% off! www.Groupon.com/Orange-CountyEsqueda was one of hundreds of Latinos from Santa Ana who marched off to fight for their country. Yet, in their own city, Latinos were largely segregated. As the harvesters of Orange County's booming orange, bean, and walnut crops, they lived mostly in the city's three major barrios: Artesia, Logan and Delhi. "We were treated a bit better than a pooch," said Esqueda, who grew up in the Delhi barrio and now is a 67-year-old retired bank manager. These veterans remember well that Pearl Harbor Day, the town they left behind and the trauma of war. And many returned home to Santa Ana, again confronting bigotry despite their military service. But they remained here, and watched the town change and grew old. Through the years, these men have forged a lasting friendship. It is a friendship that has continuously brought them together through the passing years for weddings, bowling leagues, golf tournaments, simple phone conversations, and, at times, funerals. In the 1940s, Santa Ana was a farm community where 15% of the population was Latino. Everyone knew just about everyone in the barrios. There was little fear of crime. Doors were left open at night. The children played together and were bused to the "Mexican" schools. Movie houses, schools and restaurants were segregated, Latinos and blacks separated from Anglos. Barbershop owner Robert Benitez, now 68, remembers being cuffed behind the ears if his teachers caught him speaking Spanish in school. He and his brothers, Richard, 75, and Raul, 67, lived in the West 2nd Street Barrio. "The bus would come along and pick up all the little Mexicans. They didn't want us to mix with the white children," Benitez said. But when the United States declared war, Benitez and his two brothers felt a duty to go. "We were born and raised here. We didn't know another country. We didn't love another country. You just love your own," said Benitez, who joined the Navy to become a gunner's mate a year after the attack on Pearl Harbor. HURLBURT FIELD, Fla. -- Two Air Force Special Operations Command combat controllers were presented military decorations here Oct. 27 by the Air Force chief of staff for exhibiting extraordinary heroism in combat. Staff Sgt. Robert Gutierrez Jr. was presented the Air Force Cross and Tech. Sgt. Ismael Villegas was presented the Silver Star by Gen. Norton Schwartz in a joint ceremony. The Air Force Cross is the service's highest award and is second only to the Medal of Honor. The Silver Star is awarded for valor, to include risk of life during engagement with the enemy. Both Airmen received their awards for gallant actions during combat operations in 2009 that directly contributed to saving the lives of their teammates and decimating enemy forces. Gutierrez and Villegas were both assigned to the 21st Special Tactics Squadron, Pope Field, N.C., when they deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2009, although the two medals are not related to the same operation. Freedom Hangar was a sea of berets as more than 1,000 gathered to watch Schwartz present the Airmen their awards. Air Force News by Rachel Arroyo, October 31, 2011 Korean War Project (Online since 1/15/94) Site: www.koreanwar.org Help: [email protected] Ted Barker: [email protected] PH: 214.320.0342 We donï¿½t have anything specific I can point you to. However, we have had a burning issue with how Latino and Filipinos are represented in the official casualty databases. For starters, most Filipinos are officially listed as of today from the Virgin Islands in all government databases. Sometime years ago, PI was changed to VI in the databases, so dozens of Filipinos are officially Virgin Islanders. We have corrected probably 95 percent of these errors, but these cannot and will not be corrected officially. So we are the only outfit that has the correct information. Many families have commented that we have honored their families by taking the time to correct these errors. Latinos from Puerto Rico also have a major problem in the official databases. It has been customary in military usage to use a hypen in Puerto Rican and other Latino names, such as Medal of Honor recipient Fernando Luis Garcia-Ledesma. Of course the 1930 Census cites him as Fernando L Garcia Y Ledesma, but the hypen was added by mainlanders to replace the Y. I know this is an oversimplification of the hypen and ï¿½Yï¿½ issue, but it is what it is. The issue we have is the government dropped the Garcia-Ledesma and his Medal of Honor citation cites Fernando L. Garcia. Small detail? Perhaps. But not to us or his family. My opinion is this disrespects his heritage and heroism. But perhaps that is just me. Hundreds of Puerto Rican names are mismanaged officially. First name becomes last name, middle name becomes last name, and all sorts of combinations. Nobody in government will listen to us. A group is attempting to create a Wall of Remembrance in Washington using all the incorrect names, and we have no input into that mess. Hal Korean War Project Newsletter July 27 2011 Volume 13, 2 ============================================== From: Hal and Ted Barker: koreanwar.org For: Maria Elizabeth Del Valle Embry Table of Contents: 2. This Mailing List (Join or Leave) 3. Our Newsletter 7. US Air Force History 8. US Marine Corps History 9. US Army History 10. US Coast Guard History 11. US Navy History 12. 2nd Infantry Division - Korean War Alliance 13.7th, 24th, 25th Infantry Division Records - Update 14. Agent Orange \| Blue \| Monuron in Korea in the news 15. Thank You to our Sponsors \| Donors/Members ============================================== 1. Editorial ============================================== July 27th 1953 marks the enactment of the truce to end the three years of war in Korea. The truce had been a long time coming. The steps in the process resulted in stretching the war for such a long time. For those who were in the middle of the fierce fighting of 1953, it could not come quickly enough. The toll of the last months of the war was steep in life and limb. The same date also marks the beginning of a very unsettled truce that has reached across many decades. Violence and intrigue have been commonplace. The period from 1966-1969 became known as the "2nd Korean War". Incidents that have threatened the fragile truce have continued to include two of the more well-known: the "Blue House Raid of January 1968" and the "Tree Trimming Incident of August of 1976" The tunneling episodes, dating from 1968 through 1990 plus many dozens more, serious incidents have shown how fragile the truce has been. Most recently, two major incidents almost brought the two Korea's to the brink of all-out war while the whole world anxiously awaited the outcome. The rebuilding of what has become The Republic of Korea commenced shortly after the end of hostilities. The ROK has become a vibrant social and economic engine on the world stage. Each year, veterans who served in Korea during the Fifties or later, make the journey to South Korea as part of personal quests to more fully understand their individual roles in the war or as peace-keepers. Hal and Ted Barker 2. This Mailing List (going to 44,000 + persons) ============================================== We began sending this newsletter mailing in December of 1998. The first issue went to just over 2000 persons. This list is a private list for our visitors and members. A person may join or leave the list at will. It is compiled from our Guest Book and comprises public service messages of general interest to veterans and families. To join or leave the list: email to: Ted Barker [email protected] Place: Subscribe or Unsubscribe in the subject line. Consider forwarding the Newsletter to your friends by email or print. Word of mouth is how we grow. Thanks to all who have made this newsletter and the website possible! ============================================== 3. Our Newsletter ============================================== The Memorial Day 2011 version of our newsletter reached many thousands of people who had not received copies in several years. It has taken the better part of two months to reply to those who wrote back to us. Here is a big "Thank You" for all who wrote or called. How and why did the last news get to you? We had to remove any references to web page or email address links. Those important tools seemed to have caused the service providers to block our content from our audience. ============================================== 4. Bookstore \| Film. . . The following list contains very interesting books received since the fall of 2010. ============================================== a) Hollywood Through My Eyes: The Lives and Loves of a Golden Age Siren by Monica Lewis with Dan Lamanna Yes, the Hollywood bombshell and celebrated singer, Monica Lewis, who so loved her American GI's, Sailors and Marines, has published her memoir. This wonderful backward look features photos of her tours of Korea and hospitals, most never seen by the public. A must read! Reviews are by Robert Wagner, Debbie Reynolds, Elmore Leonard, Liz Smith, Rex Reed and Ginny Mancini, all of whom were personal friends of the author. Cable Publishing, 14090 E. Keinenen Rd, Brule, WI 54820 Coffee Table Version, Hardback: $24.95 Kindle: $19.95 Turner Classic Movies Link on the web ISBN: 978-1-934980-88-0 b) The Lucifer Patch: Flying with the 'Lucky 13th' Korea 1955-56 by Bertram Brent The author describes his tour with the 13th Helicopter Company which was stationed at Uijongbu, Korea. He narrates his personal history from an early fascination with helicopters through his interesting tour. The book is filled with photographs. Bertram hails from Independence, Arkansas but has lived in Ashville, Alabama, Self-Published and sold by the author. Order: Bertram Brent PO Box 338 Ashville, AL 35953 ISBN: 978-0-615-33147-8 c) Command Influence: A Story of Korea and the politics of injustice by Robert A. Shaines The book can be purchased from: Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Kindle EBooks and Outskirts Press Bookstore. From the author: 'I have just had my book published about the 75th Air Depot Wing and the 543rd Ammo Supply Sqdn, Pusan. It is the story of the Court-Martial of George C. Schreiber, Robert Toth and Thomas Kinder and the Korean War in 1952-1953.' 'The story should be of interest to all Korean War veterans, their families and veterans of the 75th. I would love to hear from and get feedback from my readers.' Published by Outskirts Press Cost: $26.95 paperback. Author Shaines was a young Air Force Judge Advocate who took up the challenge of writing this book to shine a light and to clear his conscience. (d) Korea: Shuffling To A Different Drummer by Ira 'Ike' Hessler, Korean War Project member From the author: A realistic off-beat story from the Korean War. A forgotten war fought by soldiers unable to forget. The author grew up in Seattle and was ready to join the Navy when his father hatched a plan to get him into the Army Security Agency. He joined in March of 1952 and things changed. This easy narrative follows him to Korea where he wound up with the 2nd Engineer Bn of the Second Infantry Division. He dedicates this book to his friend, Sgt. Pak, a young Korean attached to his Battalion. Self-Published Order: Ira Hessler 63084 Strawberry Rd Coos Bay, Or 97420-6285 (e) Battle Songs, A Story of the Korean War in Four Movements by Paul G. Zolbrod The author hails from Western Pennsylvania and is a Korean War Veteran. His book is an interesting novel revolving around four young draftee's in the early fifties. This is a complex book that has many contrasts of the experiences of each man in war and at home during a time far different from the modern 21st Century. The author has published quite often during his thirty year career teaching at Allegheny College. Published by iUniverse Price: $15.95 paperback Order: 1-800-288-4677 Also on the web. (f) On the Sea of Purple Hearts My Story of the Forgotten War - Korea by George G. 'Pat' Patrick The author was a Seaman First Class upon the USS Tawakoni (ATF-114), a minesweeper operating off the coastal waters of Korea during the war. 'The most dangerous game of the day!, Minesweeping Korea's Coast'. George dedicates his book to the two Patrick brothers, Pat and Jimmy as well as all Naval Personnel who lost their lives while performing coastal duties. The book follows the ship and sister ships, recording the accidents, sinking's and loss of life of those brave men. Published by Cozzen Publications, Claremont, NC 910-326-3608 231 Fishing Creek Ln Hubert, NC 28539 (g) Korea: The Last Memoir by Robert Compton Miller The author pens a personal narrative of his time spent in Korea during the last year of the war, a young 19 year old. He was with Baker Company, 32nd Infantry Regiment of the 7th Infantry Division. His unit fought on Triangle Hill, Old Baldy and the myriad small outposts that most infantrymen will recall from that last year of the war. He pulls no punches describing the events and conditions. ISBN: 978-1-4535-2214-1 Published by XLibris and obtained from the author on his website or direct mail. 30915 County Road 435 Sorrento, FL 32776 (h) A Moment In Time A Korean War P.O.W. Survivor's Story by William W. Smith as told to Charlotte Smith The author is from Rockingham, North Carolina, and from a farming family in the produce business. The book centers on his experience in Korea and his capture and imprisonment in 1950. He and his wife spent many hours going over the painful experience of the harsh treatment and internment. The work to create the book was often raw with emotion. The intent was to depict the conditions of a POW in the Korean War and it was hard for him to relate the details to his wife. Published by Gazelle Press:. PO Box 191540 Mobile, AL 36619 800-367-8203 Cost: $17.00 includes postage Also order from author: W.W. Smith 1825 Melview Rd Quincy, IL 62305 (i) Korean War Project Member, Robert L. Hanson has another book out. His first book has been featured on the Bookstore for several years. Originally titled 'The Boys of Korea, The 625th Field Artillery Battalion', that first book has been re-titled to: 'The Boys of Fifty; The 625th Field Artillery Battalion' Price: $25.00 and carried by Lulu Press, an online bookseller. The new book is titled: 'The Guns of Korea; The U.S. Army Field Artillery Battalions in the Korean War'. by Robert Hanson, MSGT 625th FAB HQ Battery, 40th Infantry Division Price: $45.00 This book is over 600 pages and has been reviewed as a handy reference for historians and veterans. Bob indicated that each chapter on a specific battalion has a list of casualties included. Those sections are called, 'All Gave Some ... Some Gave All'. We have not seen the book, just been advised by Bob of the release. If it is as good as his first book, everyone will be pleased. Both books are available at Lulu Press, on the Internet. Bob also is selling them directly. Contact; Robert L. Hanson 10777 Pointed Oak Lane San Diego, CA 92131-2604 (j) Dog Tags The History, Personal Stories, Cultural Impact, and Future of Military Identification by Ginger Cucolo Ginger just let us know of the release of her book which may be purchases as eBook or paperback. Check prices at the outlets mentioned below. Background: The 100 year anniversary of the official use of military personal identity tags, affectionately known as Dog Tags, recently passed without fanfare. Interestingly, though, we are in a war where the Dog Tag is once again a highly personal item to warriors in every service and their families. Each Dog Tag carries its own human interest story, and is much more than a piece of metal with words and numbers imprinted on it. Receiving it, hanging it around the neck, and feeling it is at once a silent statement of commitment. The tag itself individualizes the human being who wears it within a huge and faceless organization. Outskirts Press - eBook or paperback Amazon - Paperback or Kindle Barnes and Noble - Paperback Contact the Korean War Project for email and Ginger's website link. ============================================== 5. Membership/ Sponsors ============================================== Consider supporting the mission of the Korean War Project by donations in the form of Membership/Sponsorship. Visit our Membership page where you may select how to help out. On that page is a link to our PayPal account. You may choose online or regular surface mail to support our efforts. Our Pledge Drive is an ongoing process. Many of our previous donors no longer can assist. We are recruiting from those who have not participated, so if you can, jump on in, it will be appreciated. The site is free for all to use and those who participate help to ensure that we remain online whether the donation is $1.00 or more! For those persons or groups who cannot participate, we certainly understand. Donations/Memberships are tax deductible, if you use long form IRS reports. Our EIN: 75-2695041 501(c) (3) Postal Address Korean War Project PO Box 180190 Dallas, TX 75218 6. Website Update ============================================== Hal has spent the past couple of months updating how the entire website works. He has gone over graphic design, back room program code, and addition of new content. His continues to plug away on changes and additions of recently acquired military unit records. The new site search tool has helped visitors, as well as the two of us, to find resources on the site, not easily discovered otherwise. Look for the 'Google Site Search' block on the main website page, top right, just under the 'I Remember Korea' graphic. Questions can always be directed to either of us. Part of our process is to identify broken web page links or any type of error message that may come from programming code that we have created. Please alert us to error you may encounter. Note: from time to time the web server will be unavailable. Severe weather can force us to shut off the telephone line to prevent damage. There are also times when the server will hang up and has to be re-started. ============================================== 7. US Air Force History ============================================== US Air Force in Korea, the full book by Robert F. Futrell, is now available as a link from the Korean War Project. You may find the link at the bottom center of the main page of the website. The book is in Adobe PDF format. We hope you enjoy it. Be sure to visit the Air Force section of our Reference Department for many other reading items. ============================================== 8. US Marine Corps History ============================================== We alerted readers about our project to place unit diaries and command reports for the USMC online. They are titled 'Marin Corps Unit Files'. This is a work in progress. More units will be represented each month as they are made ready. We previously posted the 'Marines in the War Commemorative Series' online. That series of Adobe PDF files has been hugely popular as downloads from our website. A brand new online offering is the DVD based 'The Sea Services in the Korean War'. This had previously been accessible only as DVD. The files are now in Adobe PDF format and linked by clicking the on-screen menu. This file contains the full 'Marine Corps Operations in Korea' plus the United States Naval Operations - Korea, and 'The Sea War in Korea'. There are 13 other files that are available to include the history of Marine Helicopters in two parts. Start reviewing from the bottom center of the main website page. Continue to our Reference section, sub-section Marines and Marines - History Division. ============================================== 9. US Army History ============================================== The Center for Military History created a series of books and pamphlets over the years. Some have been available as online downloads for several years. Hal actually assisted the CMH in 1995-96 by scanning the maps for two of the books. New versions of the series have been created by staff at CMH in Adobe PDF format. These are far superior to previous online editions. The KWP is now offering the 5 volume series and several other related books or pamphlets totaling 11 in all. Titles include 'Ebb and Flow', 'Years of Stalemate', 'Black Soldier - White Army', 'South to the Naktong, North to The Yalu', Start your review from the bottom center of the main website page. Continue to our Reference section, sub-section Army and Army - Center of Military History. ============================================== 10. US Coast Guard History ============================================== We previously covered the Coast Guard in our April 2007 newsletter with chronology and articles by Scott T. Price. Updates to old links are being repaired. The excellent article by Mr. Price is now available, online, as part of 'The Sea Service in the Korean War' DVD discussed in the USMC history topic. The article is in Adobe PDF format. Click the link in the US Marine Corps - History section. 11. US Navy History ============================================== The full 'History of United State Naval Operations - Korea' and 'The Sea War in Korea' are part of 'The Sea Services in the Korean War' DVD, previously discussed. The large Adobe PDF file is full of the maps, narrative of operations and wonderful bibliographic notes. A large gallery of photographs is part of this collection. Be sure to navigate to our Reference Department for the sub-section for Navy. There are many great links to other resources from Seebee's to Sea Tugs. ============================================== 12. 2nd Infantry Division - Korean War Alliance ============================================== This great fraternal reunion association had it's very last reunion in New Orleans this past April. Hal attended as a guest speaker. He was able to visit with many of the men he has met since 1979. During the business meeting, the Board of Directors voted to forward all the Division records they had amassed to the Korean War Project. Those include over 17,000 awards, General Orders, unit diaries and command reports. The Korean War Project sends a very big 'Thank You' to the entire membership. It will take considerable time to convert these valuable records into internet usable format. The association also awarded the Korean War Project a substantial cash donation to assist with the continuation of our work. Ralph and Carolyn Hockley met with us on July 16th to deliver the donation and the record files. We spent several enjoyable hours as the Hockley's showed us how they utilized the Division files. Both Hockley's will be taking time off from the many years of work for the Alliance. We shall be thinking of Carolyn as she gets ready for scheduled surgery on her back. ============================================== 13. 7th, 24th, 25th Infantry Division Records - Update ============================================== The KWP just received word from the Department of the Army that all the records we had requested via FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) are on the way to us by FEDEX. The 13 CD's are supposed to contain unit diaries and command summary reports. When they have been examined, organized and catalogued, notice will be posted on the website and in the next newsletter. We do not know if and when other major commands will be converted to digital format as this group has been. ============================================== 14. Agent Orange \| Blue \| Monuron in Korea in the news ============================================== We have reported to our readers since November of 1999 of the use of toxic agents in South Korea. Our first inquiry was actually in June of1995. At that time neither of us had any idea of toxic defoliant use in South Korea, along the DMZ or elsewhere. Our DMZ Veterans Center has recorded many messages since 1997 about questions related to these chemicals. After the news stories of November 1999, this issue became much clearer. We created an Agent Orange Registry about the time the VA began to accept physical examinations for possible symptoms. Documents similar to the CY 1968 file and the Senator Glenn letter began to be used by veterans to establish claims for possible chemical intoxication and diseases related to those admitted to have been used. Dates and places and mode of use continue to create controversy. This has not been helpful. Jump forward to May 22nd 2011, about midnight in Texas. The phone started ringing, call after call from Seoul. Quotes from the Agent Orange Registry on the KWP were in the news in South Korea, TV, print. An Arizona vet, Steve House had made the news with his recounting of burial of toxic chemicals at Camp Carroll. That story has been getting a full vetting by joint task forces comprised of USFK and Korean organizations and governmental agencies. Many other investigations are ongoing in South Korea at other locations. Several hundred media stories have been aired or printed with no conclusions at this time. Getting this issue out in the open and under the bright light of media examination can only help to settle the thousands upon thousands of questions by civilian and military who may have been affected while living or serving in Korea. Use Google to query this string: Agent Orange in Korea. ============================================== 15. Thank You to our Sponsors \| Donors/Members ============================================== Thanks to all who have made this newsletter and the website possible! Visit the following page to see the names of those involved.; Donors: www.koreanwar.org/html/membership.html Hal and Ted Barker [email protected] Korean War Project Newsletter July 27 2011 Re-enactment of the Battle of Medina in Losoya Battle of Medina: The Empire Strikes Back Resources for the Celebration for the War of 1812 Historical Twin City Celebration Hats and attire reflect the diversity of people involved in the battle. The reenactment of the Battle of Medina in Losoya was a huge success with well over 800 students, teachers and parents in the schools football stadium. I had a total of 29 re-enactors on the field including the Superintendent of Schools; Dr Juan Jaso who dressed as a Tejano, who I may add, died a glorious death. It was a lot of fun but also educational. There were a lot of comments from both students and teachers especially when they were informed that there school was on sacred ground and had been part of the killing field. Our ancestors fought to the last man at the Battle of Medina. So determined to achieve victory that they chose to fight to the death than live under the yoke of tyranny. Plans are already underway for next yearï¿½s event. Click on the URL below to view a selection of a 142 photos taken during the reenactment. BATTLE OF MEDINA: THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK In the early 1810s revolution racked Spainï¿½s New World colonies, including Texas. Between 1811 and 1813 San Antonio was consumed by revolution and counter-revolution, which eventually resulted in the brutal murder of the Spanish governor. Afterward, the Republican Army of the North occupied San Antonio; a mix of Tejano rebels, Anglo American filibusters, and Texas Indians. In the spring of 1813, this force drove the Spanish army out of San Antonio. On April 6, 1813 leaders of the Republican Army declared Texas independence. They wrote a constitution and formed a representative government, both firsts in Texas. By early August 1813 the Spanish army was marching back to San Antonio. Not wanting to do battle in the streets of their hometown, Tejano rebels convinced their commander to meet the enemy south of the city. Near the Medina River, the republicans were drawn into a trap. The rebels chased a small Spanish scouting party through the sandy oak groves of southern Bexar/northern Atascosa counties right into the main body of the kingï¿½s army. Spanish artillery opened up and decimated the rebels. Still the republicans put up a fierce fight. Realizing they had been ambushed the republicans fled the battlefield and ran back to San Antonio. Hundreds of rebels were killed, as they were unable to out run Spanish cavalry. When given orders to retreat, Miguel Menchaca, commander of the Tejano rebels, yelled at his superiors, ï¿½Tejanos do not withdraw!ï¿½ He turned his horse and charged back into the fight, where he fell with his men. When the Spanish army reached San Antonio, the Bexareï¿½os paid a terrible price. 300 men that survived the battle were publicly shot in Military Plaza. Their severed heads were displayed as a warning to other rebels. The women of San Antonio fared not much better. 500 women were forced to perform hard labor and many were sexually assaulted by Spanish soldiers. The Battle of Medina put an end to the first constitutional government in Texas, but not the spirit of independence. Independence would have to wait 23 years for another generation of freedom-loving Texans and Tejanosï¿½ Viva Tejas libre! Sent by Dan Arellano [email protected] BATTLE OF MEDINA FACTS, August 18, 1813 ï¿½ It is the biggest battle ever fought on Texas soil ï¿½ Over 1,000 Tejanos were killed at this one battle alone ï¿½ More Texans died at this battle than died during the entire War of Texas Independence, 1835-1836 ï¿½ Many in the Republican Army were killed on land that is now Southside ISD property ï¿½ Serving in the Spanish army at this battle was a 19-year old lieutenant, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna ï¿½ 55 Spanish soldiers that were killed in the battle are buried in a mass grave at El Carmen Cemetery Data researched and compiled by 7th grade Pre-AP Texas History students of Julius L. Matthey Middle School; Michelle Hickman, Principal. Resources for the Celebration for the War of 1812 Estimada MImi, You may want to give a heads up on many of the celebration for the War of 1812. From NY to New Orleans many of the Tall Ships from around the world will be sailing in for these celebrations. Spain, Mexico and many of the Central and South American Countries will be showcasing their Tall Ships. Historical Twin City Celebration October 7, 2011 marked the Historical sister city celebration between Pensacola, Florida with Mayor, Ashton Hayward and Macharaviaya, Spain with Mayor, Antonio Campos. The cities have joined hands to commemorate one of the most important battles of the American Revolution fought at Ft. George in Pensacola on May 8 1781. Bernardo de Galvezï¿½ being at the head of the Spanish troops steered the troops into the bay to defeat the British. Macharaviaya is the hometown of Galvez. Many events were scheduled such as a wreath laying ceremony at Ft. George, tours of local museums and landmarks. The two cities will be joining hands in many future cultural and educational endeavors. Sent by Molly Long de Fernandez de Mesa, Spanish Task Force Chairman NSDAR Building la Familia de Abraham Gonzales Dear Friends and Family, I have taken a plunge into the blogging world to see if I can build on the information I already have on our Gonzales and and Ayala ancestors. See the link below to introduce you to the 2 blog sites I have set up to attract some dialog on finding more of our ancestors through the wonders of the Internet world. Your feedback through these blogs would be appreciated. When you get to the Geneabloggers.com site, scroll down to the Gonzales and Ayala blogspots and follow the links to our sites. This is my first attempt at setting up a blogging site so there are many improvements to be added to them as I gain experience. Michael Gonzales Kingsville - Omar Alvarez I am forwarding this email (as is) to the few who I know will be interested in the subject. The Omar Alvarez story was sent to me by Israel Yzaguirre who lives in San Antonio and his family is originally from the Hebbronville area and surrounding towns. I'm limiting distribution to just a few who I know will be interested in the subject. After reading Omar's story I am glad that I grew up in Laredo/Zapata where "we" the Mexican-Americans ran the town and controlled the politics (even if they were a bunch of crooks) and never experienced any racial discrimination in our schools. That's what happens when the Mexican-American students make up 90+% of the student body. Because we never experienced what Omar Alvarez went through... I can only imagine how it must have felt to be in that situation... and I don't think I would have liked it. It's an interesting short biography that in many ways is similar to what we all experienced growing up.	Theodore Roosevelt
Valance, fitted and flat are all types of what?	Somos Primos Somos Primos Editor: Mimi Lozano ï¿½2000-2011 Dedicated to Hispanic Heritage and Diversity Issues Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research Marriage of Martin de Loyola to Princess Dona Beatriz and Don Juan Borja to Princess Lorenza. Cuzco school, 1718. Oil on canvas. Museo Pedro Osma, Lima, Peru. Photo: D. Giannoni. Major exhibit : on view until January 29, 2012. The Los Angeles County Museum of Art, in partnership with the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research P.O. 490, Midway City, CA 92655-0490 Virginia Gil, Gloria Cortinas Oliver Graciela Lozano, Mimi Lozano, Letty Pena Rodella, Viola Rodriguez. Sadler, Tom Saenz, John P. Schmal Resources: www.SomosPrimos.com "A patriot must always be ready to defend his country against his government." Edward Abbey "Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power." Abraham Lincoln ï¿½ngel Custodio Rebollo Tony Santiago Felipe de Ortego y Gasca Darlene Elliott Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez Gregorio Luke Dr. Marï¿½a Robledo Montecel Aurelio M. Montemayor Ricardo Palmerï¿½n Cordero Jose M. Pena Jesus Velazquezï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ Albert Vigil [email protected] Letters to the Editor Mimi-- As always. the latest SOMOS PRIMOS looks great. Beats me how you keep up with such a prodigious and unforgiving chore. Galal Kernahan I am proud of Somos Primos Magazine Thank you Mimi, you do a great job as magazine editor Hugs and God bless, Joe Sanchez THANK YOU! Wow. Top of the page and everything! I'll let you know how it goes!. Mimi, now that I've really looked into what it is you do, I am SO amazed and impressed with how much integrity your site has. It has such an important cause. It's a beautiful work, and so many people are contributing. Thank you for letting me be a part of it Lori Kretcher Mimi your magazine as fascinating as always. Are you preparing a successor? Connie Vasquez Wonderful as always....thanks for your efforts!! Tim Crump Hola Sra. Mimï¿½. Envï¿½o esta informaciï¿½n de la familia del Sr. Lic. Don Benito Juï¿½rez, les mando un afectuoso saludo a los colaboradores y lectores de SOMOS PRIMOS. Su amigo, Presidente de la Sociedad de Genealogï¿½a de Nuevo Leï¿½n Tte. Cor. Ricardo Raï¿½l Palmerï¿½n Cordero. As popular as Somos Primos is getting to be as a go-to site for Hispanic heritage news, I am sure that most folks donï¿½t realize how involved putting the web site together is. So, Mimi, speaking for the many of us who donï¿½t say it enough, Thank You and Mil Gracias! Joe Lopez Alaska style "Merry Christmas" the Hallelujah Chorus CHCI Receives $1 Million Gift The Story of G.I. Josï¿½ by Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez Alonso S. Perales and the Development of Mexican-American Public Intellectuals Julian Samora Legacy Project Marisol A. Chalas, A Wise Latina, by Mercy Bautista-Olvera Rise Of Young Latino Politicians In Texas by Sara Calderon Laus Deo, Do you know what it means? Honoring America's Veterans by Felipe de Ortego y Gasca Alaska style Merry Christmas, the Hallelujah Chorus... This is a video from the small Yupiq Eskimo Village of Quinhagak, Alaska. It is first rate and really gives a very fine picture of life in an Alaska Eskimo village. This was a school computer project intended for the other Yupiq villages in the area. Much to the villages shock, over a quarter of a million people have already seen the video. (As of 9/1/11 --over 600,000)! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyviyF-N23A Sent by [email protected] CHCI Receives $1 Million Gift The Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI) has announced that Walmart will continue to fund its Latino leadership program with a $1 million grant. In 2009, CHCI also received a grant that allowed them to conduct not only a summer program but also to hold three internship sessions each year. This grant will allow the Congressional Internship Program to continue through 2015. ï¿½CHCI is thrilled to continue its strong relationship with Walmart to benefit the ever-expanding Latino youth population and ensure more opportunities are provided for Latino undergraduates to access careers in public service and public policy,ï¿½ said CHCI chairman Charles Gonzalez. Belinda Garza, director of federal government relations for Walmart, one of the programï¿½s major sponsors, says she wishes to continue her support for future leaders. Visit www.chci.org for details. Compiled by Claudia Gï¿½mez, source: American Sabor Traveling Exhibit Launch Latino Cultural Calendar [email protected] First federal Thanksgiving proclamation was issued by President George Washington in 1789. "It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor." On October 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a day of thanksgiving . 1905, Theodore Roosevelt issued a proclamation declaring November 12 as a day of thanksgiving. Thanksgiving Day did not actually become a national holiday until December 26, 1941, with House Joint Resolution 41 (77th Congress, 1st Session) declaring the 4th Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day. The 1941 date is particularly interesting because December 7, 1941, the United States had been attacked by Japan, and entered World War II on December 8, 1941 by declaring war on Japan. Editor: With so many citizens out of work, this information about our members of Congress seems timely. I think these sums might include benefits. I could not find these specific amounts, but there is considerable information available online, such as: http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/thepresidentandcabinet/a/presidentialpay.htm Salary of retired US Presidents .............$450,000 FOR LIFE Salary of House/Senate members ..........$174,000 FOR LIFE Salary of Speaker of the House .............$223,500 FOR LIFE Salary of Majority/Minority Leaders .....$193,400FOR LIFE Sent by Carol Floyd The 4th issue in the series ï¿½Hispanics Breaking Barriersï¿½ focuses on contributions of Hispanic leadership in United States government. Their contributions have improved not only the local community but the country as well. Their struggles, stories, and accomplishments will by example; illustrate to our youth and to future generations that everything and anything is possible. Marina Garcia Marmolejo: U.S. District Court Judge, Southern District of Texas Juan Verde: U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary for Europe and Eurasia Dr. Cynthia Telles: Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence Albert Nï¿½jera: U.S. Marshal, Eastern District of California Jaime Areizaga-Soto: Senior Attorney Advisor, General Counsel, at the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Marina Garcia Marmolejo Marina Garcia Marmolejo is serving as U.S. District Court Judge in the Southern District of Texas, which stretches from Houston Marina Garcia Marmolejo was born in 1971, in Nuevo Laredo , Tamaulipas , Mexico . She became a naturalized U.S. citizen. She is married to Wesley Boyd. The couple have two children; Natalia and Nicolas. In 1992, Marmolejo earned a Bachelorï¿½s of Arts Degree in English from the University of Incarnate Word . Between her studies from the University Marmolejo served as a substitute teacher in the United Independent School District in Laredo,Texas . In 1996, she earned a Masterï¿½s of Arts Degree in International Relations from St. Maryï¿½s University in San Antonio , Texas . She served as an Associate Editor on the St. Maryï¿½s Law Review. She earned her Juris Doctorate Degree from St. Maryï¿½s School of Law, completing each degree program with honors. From 1993 to 1996, she worked as a Research Assistant to Professor Raul M. Sanchez at St. Mary's University School of Law where she also worked as a Property tutor and a Student Attorney at the Criminal Justice Clinic. Marmolejo began her legal career as an assistant public defender, serving first in the Western District and later for Southern District. U.S. Representative Lloyd Doggett from Texas 25th District. From 1996 to 1999, she served as an Assistant Federal Public Defender, where she worked to ensure that the indigent and vulnerable defendants received their constitutional right to a fair trial; she appeared in 350 cases before Federal district courts in both the Southern and Western Districts of Texas . Marmolejo at age 29, prosecuted a complex public corruption case against several Laredo public officials and family members. After a five-week trial in the defendants' hometown, the jury returned unanimous guilty verdicts. At age 31, the Executive Office of the Department of Justice, awarded Marina one of its most prestigious awards-the ï¿½Attorney General's Director'sï¿½ Award for her work on several public corruption cases. In 2007, she helped open the San Antonio office of Thompson & Knight, where she served as counsel from 2007 to 2009. She then joined Diamond McCarthy LLP; and became a partner later that year. In 2009, Marmolejo served as a partner with Reid Davis LLP. Marmolejo often served with witnesses and clients in foreign countries in evaluating and preparing for U.S. litigation. In 2005, she received Recognition for Outstanding Service, from the Office of the Inspector General, Department of Homeland Security. In 2006, Marmolejo was recognized as an ï¿½Outstanding Prosecutorial Skills, Federal Bureau of Investigation.ï¿½ In 2010, ï¿½Hispanic Businessï¿½ magazine recognized Marmolejo as one of The 100 Influentialï¿½s-Thought Leaders. In 2011, the ï¿½League of United American Citizensï¿½ (LULAC) recognized Marmolejo with its ï¿½Tejano Achieversï¿½ award and ï¿½Nuevo Laredo Rotary Clubï¿½ awarded her with the ï¿½Super Lawyers, Texas Rising Star.ï¿½ She is licensed to practice law in Texas and is a member of the State Bar of Texas and the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Marmolejo represents historic change in the diversity of the Texas Federal judiciary and is an inspiration to young Latinas in South Texas Juan Verde was appointed to serve as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Europe and Eurasia at the U.S. Department of Commerce by President Obama. Juan Verde was born in Spain . Juan Verde earned a Bachelorï¿½s of Arts Degree in Political Science and International Relations from Tufts Boston , Massachusetts, where he graduated with honors. He earned a Masterï¿½s Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University . Verde has also completed graduate business studies at Georgetown University . Verde worked as an International Trade Coordinator for the U.S. Department of Commerce, where he supervised a series of U.S. government trade missions and worked on international trade policy issues for the Clinton Administration. Verde served as Director for Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula for the Corporate Executive Board (CEB), a publicly traded strategy consulting and research firm serving more than 2,000 of the most prestigious corporations and financial institutions around the world. Verde also served in the corporate world as a consultant to numerous business and political leaders in the United States , Europe, and . He specialized in growth strategies, international expansion, business development, human resources, and corporate strategies. Verde served as an entrepreneur, and as a business consultant. His career in the private sector included roles as founder, controlling shareholder, and CEO of several successful companies. Verde also founded the American Chamber of Commerce in the Canary Islands . He also served on the boards of several Spanish and North American companies. He was responsible for ushering U.S. companies such as Critical Solutions and GigaTrust into the European market, and drafting their strategic plans for the continent. Verdeï¿½s career and dedication to public administration and politics was launched in the Boston Mayorï¿½s Office and the Boston City Council with his work as a Business and Legislative Aide. Verde has extensive experience in the political world, having worked on the political campaigns of Senator Ted Kennedy, President Bill Clinton, Vice President Al Gore, Senator John Kerry, and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In his political work, he has specialized in fundraising, and strategic issues relevant to the Hispanic community. In 2008, Verde served on President Obamaï¿½s Campaign Committee advising the campaign on the design of the overall electoral strategy, while focusing his work on attracting the Hispanic vote, and fundraising. Verde is also heavily involved in social issues. He was the founder and CEO of the Climate Project Spain , the Spanish branch of former Vice President Al Goreï¿½s climate change nonprofit. He also served as president of the Fundaciï¿½n Biosfera (Biosphere Foundation), a nonprofit organization that promotes environmental values, sustainability, and the fight against climate change. In this capacity, he leads the Department of Commerceï¿½s efforts to help solve trade policy and market access issues facing U.S. firms seeking to grow their business operations in Europe and Eurasia . He is responsible for developing and recommending policies and programs with respect to United States economic and commercial relations with 52 countries in Europe and Eurasia . Verde has modeled his Office into a one-stop shop for companies looking for export assistance. President Obama appointed Cynthia Telles to the White House Commission on Presidential Scholars. Cynthia Ann Telles was born in Texas. She is the daughter of Raymond L. Telles Jr. (1915-2011) and Delfina Navarro-Telles (1916-2010). Her father served in the Air Force in WWII. He completed 34 years of active and reserve duty. He retired in 1975, as a Colonel in the U.S. Air Force, and became a Political figure. Cynthia Telles is married to Robert M. Hertzberg Vice President at the International firm Mayer Brown LLP. She has three sons: Daniel, David, and Raymond. Telles received a Bachelorï¿½s of Arts Degrees from Smith and a Juris Doctorate Degree in Clinical Psychology from Boston . She also served as Chairperson of the board of the National Coalition of Hispanic Health, and Human Service Organizations in Washington Since 1986, Dr. Telles has been on the faculty of the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry. She is currently the Director of the UCLA Neuropsychiatry Institute Spanish-Speaking Psychosocial Clinic where she is responsible for managing the clinical operations of this model psychiatric clinic, as well as the training program, research, and budget. During the Clinton Administration Dr. Telles served on the National Advisory Council, the Mental Health Task Force for the Carter , Georgia to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in the Department of Health and Human Services. Dr. Telles served on the Board of Directors of Sanwa Bank California for eight years. She has extensive public service experience having served as the City of Los Angeles Board of Library Commissioners for 13 years. Since 2003, Dr. Cynthia A. Telles has served on the boards of Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. She serves as chair of the Community Benefit Committee and also is a member of the Audit and Compliance Committee, and Executive Committee, and serves on the Executive Advisory Board of Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Georgia, Inc. In 2006 and again in 2010, Dr. Telles was named by ï¿½Hispanic Businessï¿½ Magazine as one of the Top ï¿½100 Most Influential Hispanicsï¿½ in the United States . She has published extensively in the area of mental health, particularly with respect to the assessment and treatment of Hispanic populations. "Cynthia just believes that nothing like this is being done, so let's do something," says Dr. George Paz, a psychiatrist who, like Telles, counsels largely impoverished Latino immigrants who may be suffering from serious mental illness, post-traumatic stress syndrome or difficulties in acculturation. "Without Cynthia, there would be no clinic.ï¿½ Dr. Telles inherited the zeal for public service from her father Raymond L. Telles Jr. who in 1957, became the first Mexican-American Mayor in El Paso . In 1961, former President John F. Kennedy named him as Ambassador to Costa Rica . Former President Richard M. Nixon appointed Raymond L. Telles Jr., as Head of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, one of the few democrats to serve in the Nixon Administration. ï¿½My maternal great-grandmother Santos Elizondo served for public service as well. She ran an orphanage in the barrio; she set up a home for abused women and children. My maternal grandmother carried on the tradition of helping in the Latino community. As a girl, I remember going with my grandmother to work in the orphanage,ï¿½ she further stated, "These were incredible women, they left a very important legacy in my family.ï¿½ Albert Nï¿½jera Albert Nï¿½jera, the former Sacramento Police Chief, is a certified SWAT Tactical Officer and Commander serving as a United States Federal Marshal for the Eastern District of California. Albert Nï¿½jera was born in Sacramento , California . In 1978, Nï¿½jera earned his Bachelorï¿½s Degree in Criminal Justice from California and earned his Masterï¿½s Degree in Management at California . He studied at the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Academy and at the Bramshill London . Nï¿½jera also oversaw security for the 2000 and 2004 U.S. Olympic Track and Field Trials at Sacramento . From 2003 and 2008, Nï¿½jera served as the Sacramento Police Chief, he oversaw a staff of 1,200 and a budget of about $130 million. Nï¿½jera became Sacramento ï¿½s 43rd Police Chief. California Senator Barbara Boxer stated, ï¿½I am so pleased that the Senate has confirmed Albert Nï¿½jera as the next federal marshal for California ï¿½s Eastern District. The Eastern District will be well served by Chief Nï¿½jera, who is a smart, experienced law enforcement official.ï¿½ Nï¿½jera has traveled around the world to lead anti-terrorist and emergency operations training sessions. He also deployed to New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina to assist local law enforcement. With over 30 years of experience, former Sacramento Police Chief Albert Nï¿½jera joined Delegata as a General Manager with a wealth of knowledge in the public safety and government sectors. He brings extensive leadership, management, In addition delivering innovative solutions and leading organization transformation efforts. His leadership was recognized nationally and internationally when he was appointed to the National Advisory Committee of the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) and asked to lead initiatives such as Public Safety Training for the Brazilian National Police and the South Africa Police Service. As Chief of Police from 2003 to 2008, Albertï¿½s vision and leadership led to many successful initiatives to advance public safety in Sacramento . He managed a $30 Million dollar 911 communications center with linkages to remote public surveillance camera systems. He also led the successful implementation of a Computer Aided Dispatch and Records Management solution that includes geospatial analysis and GPS components representing the Sacramento Police Department. Albert received the 2008 ï¿½Best of California ï¿½ Award for ï¿½Most Innovative Use of Technologyï¿½ for the Automated Vehicle License Plate Recognition Program. U.S. Marshals work within the Justice Department as the law enforcement arm of the federal court system. They protect judges, attorneys, witnesses and jurors; secure courthouses; safeguard witnesses; transport prisoners; and execute court orders and civil and criminal processes. Nï¿½jera is the National President of the Hispanic American Command Police Officers Association, an active member of the local American Leadership Forum chapter and a member of numerous other police associations. Jaime Areizaga-Soto President Obama and his Administration appointed Jaime Areizaga-Soto as Senior Attorney Advisor to the Office of the General Counsel at the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). He is currently running to represent the 31st District in the Virginia State Senate. Jaime Areizaga-Soto was born in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. His mother served as an elementary school teacher, and his father served in the Korean War. He is fluent in Portuguese, French, and Spanish. Areizaga-Soto earned a Bachelorï¿½s Degree in Science with honors from the Georgetown School of Foreign Service, where his thesis analyzed the Cuban economy. He earned a Masterï¿½s Degree in Latin American Studies from University . He earned a Juris Doctorate Degree from Stanford University School of Law. Areizaga-Soto served as an attorney for over a decade, including eight years in the Global Project Finance Group of the Brazil office of Clifford Chance, the largest law firm in the world, structuring and negotiating cross-border project finance transactions in Latin America for major United States In 1998, Areizaga-Soto joined former President Carter as an international election observer in Venezuela and in 1996, he served as an election observer in Nicaragua . In 2007, President Bush appointed Areizaga-Soto as a White House Fellow, one of the most prestigious programs on leadership and public service. During the Fellowship, he served as policy advisor to Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson and to the Under-Secretary for International Affairs, David McCormick. Areizaga-Soto spent more than ten years in private practice, including Hogan & Hartson in Washington D.C. Areizaga-Soto served as a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel in the Judge Advocate General Corps of the District of Columbia National Guard. Areizaga-Soto served as the Principal Advisor for Latino Affairs to the 2009 Democratic candidate for Governor of Virginia, Sen. Creigh Deeds. During the 2010 and 2011, General Assembly sessions Areizaga-Soto served as the Policy Advisor to Virginia State Senator Mary Margaret Whipple (31st District) and worked closely with each of our 22 state Democratic Senators. Areizaga-Soto is very active in the community. He is the Vice President of the Democratic Latino Organization of Virginia (DLOV), Deputy Finance Chair of the Arlington County Democratic Committee (ACDC), Treasurer of the National Puerto Rican Coalition, Inc. (NPRC), board member of the Hispanic Bar Association of the District of Columbia (HBA-DC), and board member of the Asociaciï¿½n Lï¿½deres Hispanos. Areizaga-Soto was admitted to the practice of law in New York He is also is a member of the Hispanic National Bar Association (HNBA). The Story of G.I. Josï¿½ By Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez, Rio Grande Guardian SAN ANTONIO, Nov. 6 - Veterans Day is a federal holiday honoring U.S. military warriors. Its observance on November 11 is a numbers enthusiast delight, because it refers to the ending of World War I major hostilities at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918. It was then that the peace agreement (Armistice) between the Allied Armies and the Central Powers (Germany) was signed. For the record, G.I. Josï¿½ (the Hispanic G.I. Joe) answered the call and has the medals to prove it. Private David Barkley Cantï¿½ (Laredo, Texas) received the Medal of Honor for his heroism in that war. Also, Private Josï¿½ P. Martinez (Taos, New Mexico) was the first Hispanic in WWII to win his Medal of Honor in 1943. The first U.S. troops to see action in the Pacific were Spanish-surnamed soldiers from the New Mexico National Guard posted in the Philippines. However, how long has G.I. Josï¿½ been a U.S. warrior veteran? To get that answer, we have to return to the very foundation of our nation when Texas and the Southwest were not even part of the U.S. General Bernardo Gï¿½lvez (the forgotten Lafayette) and his Spanish soldiers and French volunteers fought in a strong, determined alliance with General George Washingtonï¿½s forces fighting for freedom against the far superior country of England. Even those familiar with Spanish involvement in the American Revolution, may not be aware of the size (over 7,000 soldiers) and scope of Gï¿½lvezï¿½ theater of operations, which stretched a 1,000 miles from the Texas-Louisiana border to Florida. Additionally, Tejano vaquero citizen soldiers steered nearly 10,000 head of cattle from Tejas to feed U.S. soldiers. It was Gen. Gï¿½lvez who achieved key victories against the British in Mobile and Pensacola. If England didnï¿½t have to fight General Galvezï¿½ forces on the Gulf of Mexico, it is quite possible that they would have defeated the much weaker U.S. colonists. As such, one starts getting the big picture of G.I. Joseï¿½s level of involvement in the defense of the U.S. right from the start of its independence. Equally important a few years later, Colonel Bernardo Gutiï¿½rrez de Lara and his battle-hardened Tejano soldiers living in exile in Louisiana provided critical assistance to the U.S. Tejano aid in the 1815 Battle of New Orleans was crucial to General Andrew Jacksonï¿½s victory against the British in this last battle of the War of 1812. During the Spanish American War (1898-1901), Spanish-speaking U.S. infantry soldiers from Arizona, New Mexico, and Puerto Rico were vital in the U.S. victory. In WW II, General MacArthur honored Mexican American soldiers from Arizona and New Mexico as the most effective battle units he had ever commanded. Oddly in the 21st Century, Hispanic veterans find themselves in the same boat as Hispanic civilians. They are largely invisible. Equally rejected in U.S. military history are Native Americans, Blacks, and contributions by women whose notable acts have been deliberately left out of the pages of U.S. history books. Members of these loyal groups can only wonder what it takes to be given fair and equal treatment in the writing and filming of U.S. historical events they helped create. For example, in 2007 U.S. filmmaker Ken Burns showcased ï¿½The Warï¿½, a World War II program on PBS. Such epic presentations are nothing new and are a main staple of history aficionados throughout the country. As he presented yet another film with an all-white Anglo Saxon cast and perspective, Mr. Burns and his associates were expecting the typical applause from the general public. That was not be. For the first time ever, a group of concerned mostly Spanish-surnamed citizens said ï¿½ï¿½Ya Basta!ï¿½ (Enough!). Accordingly, they formed an alliance (Defend the Honor) that dared to declare war on the mainstream one-sided version of ï¿½The War.ï¿½ With all due respect to Mr. Burns and the many other respectful literary and cinema giants who have written books and produced films on U.S. military history, their reluctance to give credit where credit is due is unjustifiable. However, in their defense, their failing is due to how mainstream history is taught in elementary, secondary, college and university level classrooms. The question is why is history taught in this Anglophile fashion? In a very real sense, U.S. history book pages contain a hidden anti-Spanish slant that began in 1600s Europe. Its aim: to disparage Spain, Englandï¿½s chief European competitor in America. Accordingly, Spanish events are either distorted or left out of history books. Then, using this air-brush technique, U.S. mainstream historians continued to erase Hispanic veteran acts of heroism as if the events never happened. In his book, ï¿½No Greater Love (The Lives and Times of Hispanic Soldiers)ï¿½, Major General Freddie Valenzuela clearly asks a related question. Why do the courageous exploits of Hispanic military men and women remain largely unsung, when in reality they stand among the most valiant; most wounded and killed of any ethnic group in the U.S. Army? He further asks why Hispanic soldiers lag so far behind when it comes to promotion to higher grades. Those are important questions that deal with the spiral of neglect so common in recording Hispanic efforts in U.S. history. Past discrimination against Hispanic veterans cannot be undone. Aside from that, the incidents below serve only as reminders of how unequal liberty in this country can be. For example, WWII Medal of Honor winners Army Sergeants Josï¿½ M. Lï¿½pez and Macario Garcia were denied the very freedoms they fought for overseas. In other words, they were expected to know their place when they returned home with their hard-won medals. Asking only for the same dignity given to Anglo customers, both were denied service in public establishments because the Texas restaurants did not serve Mexicans. Adding insult to injury, in Private Garciaï¿½s case, the Anglo owner had him arrested by the police for refusing to leave the eatery. Also in WWII, Private First Class Guy Gabaldï¿½n singlehandedly captured over 1,500 Japanese soldiers. The young soldier suffered two setbacks related to his heroic actions. First, his singularly distinctive act as a soldier of "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United Statesï¿½ was not enough. His nomination for the Medal of Honor was turned down. Secondly, his daring acts were the subject of a popular 1960 WWII movie ï¿½Hell to Eternityï¿½. However, removing any reference that PFC Gabaldï¿½n was a Mexican American from Los Angeles, California; the heroï¿½s roles as both child and adult in the movie were given to Anglo actors. Likewise, the grieving family of Private Felix Longoria found themselves in the eye of a socio-political storm. While trying to bury the WWII hero in Three Rivers, Texas, the funeral director told the family that services could not be held in the only funeral home in town because ï¿½.. The whites would not like it.ï¿½ Of some solace was the fact that then Senator Lyndon B. Johnson challenged the prevailing Anglo bigotry in Texas. He interceded on the familyï¿½s behalf. As a result, Private Longoriaï¿½s remains rest in Arlington National Cemetery. Regardless of many undignified measures against them, Spanish-surnamed veterans have proven their gallantry in later wars, such as Korea, Vietnam and the current wars of today. In greater numbers, Hispana patriots pull their share of the load. In short, Hispanic instinctive patriotism has never wavered. Through it all, Spanish-surnamed veterans continue to serve loyally. General Valenzuela answers his own question when he asks, ï¿½Why do they do it?ï¿½ He responds that Hispanics are hard-wired to do their duty. Letï¿½s hope that their days of anonymity in the higher ranks are over. So, this Veterans Day, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of the eleventh year of the 21st century (11/11/11/11), promise yourself that you will pray for and thank all veterans. Most importantly, do something very special. South Texas G.I. Josï¿½s and G.I. Josefinas desperately need our help. Write, email, and/or phone your elected senators and representatives. Tell them that the time for excuses is over. South Texas warrior veterans have earned the construction of a Veterans Hospital in the Rio Grande Valley. It is time to get it done! Happy Veterans Day 2011! Laredo native Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez lives in San Antonio. He served in the U.S. Air Force between 1962 and 1966. An author, he contributes regularly to the Guardian. Marisol A. Chalas Written By Mercy Bautista-Olvera Marisol Chalas is the nation's first Latina National Guard Black Hawk pilot, The Black Hawk helicopter is a four-bladed, two engine, versatile Army fighting machine, and for Commander Marisol Chalas, itï¿½s her pride and joy. Chalas has lived her life from the cockpit of this legendary helicopter. She is one of the few Latinas who is certified to fly a Black Hawk helicopter and has received recognition and numerous decorations. Marisol Altagracia Chalas was born in 1973, in Bani, Dominican Republic , her parents Napoleon Chalas and Dulce Metos-Chalas immigrated to the United States leaving their children behind with relatives including Marisol, who was about 5-years old. Her parents in search for a better life for their family settled in Boston , Massachusetts . At the age of nine Marisol and her three younger sisters; Cornelia, Tricia, and Jacqueline reunited with their parents in America . Her parents worked two jobs at a Hilton hotel, at guest services and housekeeping, while also splitting time at a local Massachusetts Chalas attended the local elementary and intermediate schools and graduated from Lynn , Massachusetts . She took the advice of her high school physics teacher to attend college because of her ability to solve math and logic problems. After graduating from high school, she landed a job at General Electric. Chalas attended . She earned a Bachelorï¿½s of Science, Marine Engineer Degree from the Massachusetts , and a Professional Masterï¿½s in Business Administration (PMBA) from Georgia ï¿½ J. Mack Robinson College of Business. She graduated as the best cadet in leadership, and received an academic merit for physical fitness from the Military Institute in Georgia . She also was recognized as the best in her class at the Ft. . Since July 1990, Chalas continues to serve in the Army National Guard. She serves as an Aviation Readiness Officer for the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM). Some of her duties are to review aviation maintenance. She also evaluates and analyzes over 1000 aircraft for readiness, assists in providing combat capable aircraft support for the Global War on Terrorist. She provides training, leadership and mentorship for the 8th Combat Aviation Brigade, 2nd Training , and to Cavalry Regiment maintenance officers. In 1999, Chalas served at the Fairfield , California Army National Guard, she served there until 2003. She also served at the Georgia Army National Guard in Atlanta . Chalas became Commander of an entire fleet of Army Reserve Black Hawkï¿½s that included 16 pilots and 8 aircraft. In 2006, Chalas was on a six-month trip with the Hew Horizons Humanitarian missions (sponsored by the U.S. Army). She was able to help in the efforts to construct three rural schools and four clinics in and nearby Barahona . Chalas was given the chance to return home. ï¿½I served as a pilot and a translator on the ground for doctors and engineers. It was here where I experienced one of the most memorable flyovers of my life.ï¿½ She further stated, "I still get goosebumps, when I flew over Bani, it was very emotional and moving, that's where I was born and went to elementary school. And I came back 15 years later as an American soldier to provide services to the Dominican Republic ." Since September 2007, Chalas has served as an Associate ï¿½ Methods and Procedures Analyst for the Booz Allen Hamilton Inc., a public company; of over ten thousand employees. Chalasï¿½ twenty-year aviation career in the U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard includes flying soldiers and equipment to and from the battlefield during Operation Iraqi Freedom, to flying four-star generals, ambassadors, and Congressmen. ï¿½Thanks to my persistence, I have touched the sky,ï¿½ stated Chalas. She served in the National Guard for 18 years then transferred to the Reserves. Chalas has advice for women; "Take a step back, re-evaluate your life, and don't be afraid to rely on friends and mentors. Always reach out to people because you'll be surprised how many people are there to assist you.ï¿½ ï¿½Reach back and remember where you came from," she further stated. Chalas has flown all over the world including to Kuwait , and the Dominican Republic as a Black Hawk Captain. Getting to that point, Chalas says was not easy. ï¿½I even had a pilot instructor that said, ï¿½Females, it takes them longer to learn,ï¿½ but again I used that as strength,ï¿½ stated Chalas. ï¿½Project Mujerï¿½ magazine honored Marisol Chalas for her 20 years of service as one of the 100 Dominican Females who serve as a leading example for Latina women everywhere. Chalas is on military leave of absence from Booz Allen, while serving as a Commander for Aviation Company 7-158th AVN for the US Army Reserves, while maintaining her aviation currency, which requires flying 48 hours every six months. Chalas always remembers where she has been and how she got there and says mentoring is an invaluable resource. ï¿½To me, you can make a difference in someoneï¿½s life by just allowing them and just saying ï¿½you know I believe in you and I know you can do itï¿½, simple words will create a leader out of someone,ï¿½ Chalas further stated, ï¿½Donï¿½t be afraid to be persistent because it does pay off, and always ask for help, thereï¿½s always somebody out there whoï¿½s willing to help you. If you donï¿½t ask, you never know.ï¿½ Her parents are and continue to be her role models. "We learned very young that in order to be successful you have to work hard at it, nothing is handed to you," stated Chalas. HONORING AMERICAï¿½S VETERANS Previous version titled ï¿½Veteranï¿½s Day: Pain and Promiseï¿½ appeared in Newspaper Tree, November 10, 2008; Silver City Daily Press, November 11, 2008; La Prensa, San Antonio, Texas, November 11, 2007. Posted on Somos en Escritos: Latino Literary Online Magazine. By Felipe de Ortego y Gasca Scholar in Residence, Chair, Department of Chicana/Chicano and Hemispheric Studies, Western New Mexico University; USMC, World War II, 1943-1946 (Platoon Sergeant); USAF, Korean and Viet Nam Conflicts, 1952-1962 (Active Duty: Captain; Major, USAFR) American soldiers of the 353rd Infantry near a church at Stenay, Meus in France. Foto taken on November 11, 1918, two minutes before the armistice ending World War I went into effect. --Department of Veterans Affairs. S ince the founding of the nation, some 48 million men and women have served in the U.S. military. More than half are alive today. A small number of World War II veterans are still with us, though they are dying at the rate of about 1,000 a day. In the United States there are two days that honor American veterans: one is Memorial Dayï¿½the last Monday in Mayï¿½and the other is Veteranï¿½s Day ï¿½each year on November 11. Some sources indicate that Memorial Day was officially proclaimed on May 5, 1868 by General John Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic when, as decorations, flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery. In May of 1966, President Lyndon Johnson officially declared Waterloo N.Y. as the official birthplace of Memorial Day. In December of 2000, Congress passed the ï¿½National Moment of Remembranceï¿½ resolution to remind Americans of the true meaning of Memorial Day. Until 1968 when the Congress established the Uniform Holiday act and moved Memorial Day to the last Monday in May, the nation celebrated Decoration / Memorial Day on May 30th as a day of remembrance for Americans who died in battle. On January 19, 1999, efforts were made to restore Memorial Day back to May 30th instead of ï¿½the last Monday in May,ï¿½ the traditional day of observance of Decoration / Memorial Day. The efforts were unsuccessful. In the 20th century, the War of nations (World War I) ended on the eleventh day of the eleventh month in 1918 and the day was proclaimed as Armistice Day in remembrance of the end of World War I and is generally regarded as the end of ï¿½the war to end all wars.ï¿½ By Executive Order, in November 1919, President Wilson proclaimed November 11 as the first commemoration of Armistice Day. The day was later renamed Veterans Day to honor those who have served in any of the armed forces during war. Each year on November 11, the nation celebrates that legacy and commemorates its contribution to the American character. In 2004 the U.S. Senate voted unanimously to name the city of Emporia , as the official founding city of Veterans Day . When World War II ended in August of 1945, I was 19 years old and a Sergeant in the Marine Corps. I had survived the vagaries of that grueling war and, putting my uniform aside, went out into the world to make my ï¿½fortuneï¿½ with the 16 million men and women who served in that effort. What that fortune would be, I had no idea. Thanks to the University of Pittsburgh (1948-1952) that fortune has turned out to be an academic career spanning almost six decades and a staggering production of published words. All this with only one year of high school and no GED. What I knew at warï¿½s end was that as a World War II veteran the promises of America strengthened my resolve to confront the challenges of the nation at mid-century. What I also knew was that as a veteran I was part of a legacy of military service stretching back to the foundations of the nation. O n Veterans Day, in particular, I think about the youth of our nation fighting in brutal climes like Afghanistan and Iraq. I think about Willie Bains, a companion of my youth who went off to the European Theater during World War II and never came back. We should have grown old together and reveled in conversations about our children and grandchildren. On Veterans Day, especially, I think about the World War I veterans I used to see in my youth on the streets of San Antonio, Chicago, and Pittsburgh, hawking paper poppies (symbolic of Memorial Day) for donations. Inspired by the poem ï¿½In Flanders Fieldsï¿½ (December 18, 1915) by Lt. Colonel John McCrae a Medical Doctor of the Canadian Army, Moina Michaels initiated the tradition of sporting poppies on Decoration/Memorial Day. I remember how many veterans of World War I in my youth were without limbs, how many of them were blind, how many of them had grown old before their time, had given up on life and the promises of their countryï¿½all this after having given themselves to America. Though they are less, today I see maimed and crippled veterans of World War II struggling to come to terms with the visions they still carry in their heads about that conflagration. And now in our nation there are veterans of Viet Nam and subsequent battles waiting for the largesse of the nation to heal them of their wounds, to succor them in their time of need. The nation has not served its veterans well, those who gave their full measure of devotion ï¿½to protect and defend.ï¿½ This is not a panegyric to the nobility of war, for there is little nobility in the ravages of warfare. Memorial Day and Veterans Day should be a reminder to all of us that, despite our differences, regardless of color, religion, ethnicity, or gender, we should pay homage to our fellow Americans who have defended the ramparts of our democracy even though that democracy has at times disdained their service. Memorial Day and Veterans Day are flitting moments in the enduring cycle of nation-building. We have not yet formed ï¿½a more perfect union.ï¿½ Ronald Reaganï¿½s shining city on the hill still awaits us while the blood of our children is spent today on campaigns that remind us of Greek and Roman excursions into foreign lands in pursuit of empire. And what of the veterans of those campaigns? Those men and women who have sacrificed (and are sacrificing) so much in pursuit of an imperious chimera whose flight takes (has taken) us into perilous regions. What of their sacrifices? All the sacrifices of our veterans over the life of our nation create a collectivity of patriotism dedicated to the ideals of the nation rather than to the vagaries of its politics. For that reason we should honor our live and fallen veterans on Memorial Day and Veterans Day. World War II, Korean Conflict, Early Vietnam Era Sergeant, USMC, 1943-1946, (USMCR 1946-1950) Adjutant, Cadet Corps, USAF Advanced ROTC, University of Pittsburgh, 1950-1952 2nd Lt/Major, USAFR, 1952-1962 (Active duty 1953-1962) Texas Civil Air Patrol 1962-1965 Paid-up for Life Member of The American Legion Rise Of Young Latino Politicians In Texas by Sara Calderon, October 19, 2011 It seems like every time you turn around in Texas these days, thereï¿½s another young, educated Latino professional with political aspirations whoï¿½s either running for office ï¿½ or just won office. And while it would be easy to say anecdotally that more Latinos are being elected to office in Texas, the facts speak for themselves. A look at the 2011 directory of the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (NALEO) shows that Texas has more Latino elected officials than any other state, more than 2,500, with Californiaï¿½s 1,306 making a not-so-close second. Interestingly, while young Latino politicians seem to be populating the stateï¿½s political scene ever quickly, women, or Latinas, donï¿½t seem to be keeping pace ï¿½ but thatï¿½s a story weï¿½ll be telling you in the near future. But why is this happening? Demographics have obviously played a role in this new trend ï¿½ Texas received four new congressional seats as the result of population growth, at least 70% of this growth from Latinos in the state ï¿½ but demographics alone donï¿½t begin to explain this particular change. We spoke to two young men that may be counted among this trend recently, former San Antonio City Councilman Philip Cortez (left), who has announced his candidacy for State Representative of District 117 and Austin State Rep. Eddie Rodriguez (right) and a few additional reasons that help account for these changes to Texasï¿½ political landscape emerged. For one, both Cortez, 33, and Rodriguez, 40, were adamant about the debt owed to everyone who came before them. Texasï¿½ sketchy history with civil rights and discrimination is by no means a secret ï¿½ people not yet eligible for Social Security can tell you stories about ï¿½No Mexicansï¿½ signs in restaurants ï¿½ but both politicos have personal and professional experiences to back up their claims. Citing their parents and politicians who came before them such as former congressman Henry B. Gonzalez, as well as countless other civil rights activists, both men said others had cleared political road for them. Personally for these two, the political mentorship and opportunities afforded to them both in the realms of education and politics would have been practically unheard of for Latinos in Texas even 30 years ago. But, at a cultural level, both noted that the expectation of being able to ascend levels of political power for Latinos across the state came about as a result of the work and struggle of many before them. ï¿½There are people that did all of the legwork in the 60s, 70s and even early 80s that really paved the way for people my age that made it,ï¿½ Rodriguez told NewsTaco. ï¿½Thereï¿½s almost an expectation that, if youï¿½re Latino and going to college, you can compete with any Anglo person ï¿½ thereï¿½s no reason why you canï¿½t. We have our parents to thank for that.ï¿½ Cortez, currently a doctoral student at the University of Texas at Austin, acknowledged the same for himself, but on a larger scale also pointed to the Castro brothers of San Antonio, who attended Harvard Law School, and now Juliï¿½n is the mayor of his hometown while his brother Joaquï¿½n is a congressional candidate in Central Texas. ï¿½Educational opportunities have opened up for us,ï¿½ Cortez said, referencing Texasï¿½ historical struggles with such access, ï¿½Itï¿½s not a guarantee youï¿½re going to get into these schools without the proper effort ï¿½ but at least the doors are open.ï¿½ Of course neither these two, nor the Castro brothers, and not even the current crop of Latino political candidates ï¿½ be they city council members, county supervisors, district attorneys, state reps or senators ï¿½ are the first to come to political power. Itï¿½d be disingenuous at best, just as these two Latino politicos noted, to exclude those who paved the way for them. It was members of La Raza Unida, the first Latino mayors and congressman and state reps, voter registration campaigns, and even the solid tradition of Latino elected officials along the border who created the idea that, despite Texasï¿½ spotty record on inclusion, Latinos had just as much a right as anybody else to be in public office. Fast forward to today and, as Rodriguez points out, there were Latinos in their 20s who were elected to the state house. Opportunities to be elected to statewide office are enhanced by the large numbers of Latinos being elected to school boards, where they may then launch a political career. While this class of young Latino politicos grows, as a group, Rodriguez told us that finding a cohesive political voice becomes a build-the-airplane-while-youï¿½re-flying-it kind of challenge. ï¿½Everything is happening in real time,ï¿½ he told us. But like everything else, thereï¿½s always more that can be done. Both Rodriguez and Cortez said that, as current political leaders following the paths laid down by others, what weighs heavily on their minds now is how to continue to create those opportunities. Teen pregnancy, high school dropout rates, college completion rates, building a diverse and sustainable economy with real jobs, political apathy, building up a Latino middle class in Texas ï¿½ these are the issues that define their political agends. ï¿½I want to provide a good example, to hope that one day some young girl or some young boy can see the things weï¿½ve done and think, ï¿½I can do that, too,ï¿½ï¿½ Cortez told us, with a small caveat, ï¿½But we still got a long way to go.ï¿½ In Defense of My People: Alonso S. Perales and the Development of Mexican-American Public Intellectuals Friday, January 13, 2012: The life and work of this civil rights leader will be high lighted in a conference and exhibition. Alonso S. Perales (1898 - 1960) was a civil-rights lawyer, diplomat, political leader and soldier. One of the most influential Mexican Americans of his time, Perales saw himself as a defender of la raza, especially battling charges that Mexicans and Latin Americans were inferior and a social problem. He was one of the founders of LULAC (the League of United Latin American Citizens) in 1929 and helped write the LULAC constitution. He served as the organization's second president. Perales was an intellectual who firmly believed in the law. He wrote about civil rights, religion and racial discrimination, which he argued "had the approval of the majority." His work includes the pamphlet Are We Good Neighbors? and the two-volume set, En defensa de mi raza. A member of the American Legion and the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce, Perales was also a columnist for La Prensa and other Spanish-language newspapers. Conference Information: Highlighting the recent acquisition of the Alonso S. Perales Papers by the University of Houston's M.D. Anderson Library, courtesy of the Perales Family and the Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary Heritage Project, scholars will present their research on this trailblazing public intellectual at a day-long conference on Friday, January 13, 2012. Coming from prestigious institutions around the country and abroad, scholars will shed light on Perales' activism and defense of Latinos, including the chronology and history of Mexican American and Latino civil rights movements, the impact of religion on Latinos, the concept of "race," and individual versus community action to bring about social and political change. About the Exhibition: The previously unavailable items in this collection shed light on Alonso S. Perales' leadership, ideas and writings. His legacy can now be studied from historical, ethical, religious, legal and humanistic perspectives. On view will be: Letters and correspondence with key political figures Manuscripts Memorabilia, including photographs For conference information, call 713-743-2078 For logistical information, call 713-743-3128 Preliminary Sponsors: ARTE Pï¿½BLICO PRESS is the nation's largest and most established publisher of contemporary and recovered literature by U.S. Hispanic authors. Its imprint for children and young adults, Piï¿½ata Books, is dedicated to the realistic and authentic portrayal of the themes, languages, characters, and customs of Hispanic culture in the United States. Based at the University of Houston, Arte Pï¿½blico Press, Piï¿½ata Books, and the Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary Heritage project provide the most widely recognized and extensive showcase for Hispanic literary arts and creativity. For more information, please visit our website at www.latinoteca.com Sent by [email protected] Dear Colegas, The Julian Samora Legacy Project is very pleased to announce that the Julian Samora Papers are available online. Most of the scholarly papers from the Julian Samora Archive, housed at the Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin, are scanned and available to be searched. Go to our website, www.samoralegacymedia.org and click on Search the Archives or click on the button on the homepage. We are building our search tables. Files in boxes 3 to 12 are content searchable. However, every file can be found by using the file title which can be located in the finder's guide, located just below Search the Archives. Type in the folder title and begin your search. Other files may pop up because key words are activated. Scroll down until you find the title you want. In addition to loading the papers, we have made other changes to our website. Please feel free to send us comments about our new look. Please, above all, search the papers for information concerning just about every major political activity involving Latinos post WWII. 1829 Sigma Chi Rd NE MSC02 1680 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 The Christian Foundation of OUR Nation Where is Our John Wayne? by Dr. Lino Garcia, Jr., and Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez Preserving the Fabric of Our Nation by Senator John Cornyn, Texas Your turn: A birthday prayer for California Texas Heritage Effort by Joe Lopez LAUS DEO Do you know what it means? One detail that is seldom mentioned in Washington, D.C. is that there can never be a building of greater height than the Washington Monument. With all anti-Christmas sentiments and the uproar about removing the ten commandments, etc., this is worth a moment or two of your time. On the aluminum cap, atop the Washington Monument in Washington , D.C., are displayed two words: Laus Deo. Most visitors to the monument are totally unaware that the words are even there, historic proof of the Christian faith of the founding fathers. Sadly, many members of the US congress would ignore, deny, demean, and erase the Christian foundation and facts of history. These words have been there for many years; they are 555 feet, 5.125 inches high, perched atop the monument, facing skyward to the Father of our nation, overlooking the 69 square miles which comprise the District of Columbia, capital of the United States of America. Laus Deo ! Two seemingly insignificant, unnoticed words. Out of sight and, one might think, out of mind, but very meaningfully placed at the highest point over what is the most powerful city in the most successful nation in the world. So, what do those two words, in Latin, composed of just four syllables and only seven letters, possibly mean? Very simply, they say 'Praise be to God!' Though construction of this giant obelisk began in 1848, when James Polk was President of the United States , it was not until 1888 that the monument was inaugurated and opened to the public. It took twenty-five years to finally cap the memorial with a tribute to the Father of our nation, Laus Deo 'Praise be to God!' From atop this magnificent granite and marble structure, visitors may take in the beautiful panoramic view of the city with its division into four major segments. From that vantage point, one can also easily see the original plan of the designer, Pierre Charles l'Enfant ..... A perfect cross imposed upon the landscape, with the White House to the north. The Jefferson Memorial is to the south, the Capitol to the east and the Lincoln Memorial to the west. A cross you ask? Why a cross? What about separation of church and state? Yes, a cross; separation of church and state was not, is not, in the Constitution. So, read on. How interesting and, no doubt, intended to carry a profound meaning for those who bother to notice. Washington, D.C. should be a constant reminder that the United States is unique in world history, founded on the Christian divine principles of individual rights, and responsibilities, not royal or inherited rights and privileges. When the cornerstone of the Washington Monument was laid on July 4th, 1848 deposited within it were many items including the Holy Bible presented by the Bible Society. Praise be to God! Such was the discipline, the moral direction, and the spiritual mood given by the founder and first President of our unique democracy 'One Nation, Under God.' ' Almighty God; We make our earnest prayer that Thou wilt keep the United States in Thy holy protection; that Thou wilt incline the hearts of the citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and obedience to government; and entertain a brotherly affection and love for one another and for their fellow citizens of the United States at large. And finally that Thou wilt most graciously be pleased to dispose us all to do justice, to love mercy, and to demean ourselves with that charity, humility, and pacific temper of mind which were the characteristics of the Divine Author of our blessed religion, and without a humble imitation of whose example in these things we can never hope to be a happy nation. Grant our supplication, we beseech Thee, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.' Laus Deo ! Editor: I received the above message from numerous readers, with some variation, but did not receive the name of the author. Thank you. Let me boldly say . . . . A VERY MERRY CHRISTMAS . . and GOD BLESS AMERICA. Mimi Where is Our John Wayne? An Essay By Dr. Lino Garcia, Jr., and Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez One great historian once proclaimed: ï¿½If Spain had not existed, there would be no United States of America todayï¿½. That simple statement may be true in many ways. Using only the most rudimentary navigational technology and dead reckoning, our intrepid ancestors were the first to navigate and settle nearly the entire globe. Yes, it was the Spanish who set the standard for exploration and adventure for other European nations to follow. The extraordinary daring of the Spanish to sail past the Pillars of Hercules (Rock of Gibraltar), which to countless generations from the age of antiquity meant ï¿½Nothing exists beyondï¿½, was truly remarkable. So significant were Spanish accomplishments in those early days that they were the admiration of all of Europe. Attesting to Spainï¿½s worldwide strength, the Spanish Mexican Dollar was used as legal tender in the U.S. itself until 1857. It was then that the U.S. copied it and created its own dollar system. Specifically, the dollar sign ($) we see today on U.S. currency, based on the Pillars of Hercules logo, is a Mexican contribution to our nationï¿½s history. Hispanics, particularly Spanish Mexicans originating in Old Mexico have been part of U.S. history since its beginning. In fact, Spanish and New Spain support of U.S. independence are truly examples of American Exceptionalism. General Bernardo Gï¿½lvez (the forgotten Lafayette) provided key assistance to the young U.S. republic by leading a 7,000 man army along a 1,000 mile long battle line from Texas to Florida. If the British did not have to face General Galvez, it is quite possible that England would have easily defeated the weaker U.S. colonists changing the history of our country forever. Yet, it appears that shortly thereafter in the recording of U.S. history, admiration for the Spanish contributions faded away. For all they did during the age of discovery and their role in the earliest beginnings of our nation, Hispanics are basically forgotten. Additionally, Spanish Mexicans have been virtually scratched off the pages of Texas history books. In short, they have been given little credit in the early establishment of so many civilized institutions in Texas, such as land management, water rights, education, community property rights, and law. In contrast, the Anglo Saxon viewpoint continues to be held as the only method of teaching our nationï¿½s history. The story is well-known to every school child. Because they are used to it, generations of Anglo Saxon students are taught that only their pioneer ancestorsï¿½ history matters in the U.S. At the same time, generations of Spanish Mexican-descent U.S. citizens are likewise taught that their ancestor heroes and events are not worthy of pride, robbing them of U.S. history ownership. Based on the one-sided perspective of U.S. history, numerous popular heroes in film, books, and other media world reenact the roles of Anglo Saxon founding of our country. One individual in particular exemplifies that virtue. For over 50 years, John Wayneï¿½s persona has been molded to embody and defend the Anglo Saxon ideals of freedom, liberty, and patriotism. The question is how can Mexican-descent Hispanics tell their story? Why donï¿½t they have advocates at local, state, and national levels to speak on their behalf? They are 30 million strong and their numbers are increasing. Where is the Spanish Mexican John Wayne (or Joan of Arc) voice to tell and defend their well-earned place in U.S history? Yet, it was not always that way. For example, in 1783 General George Washington asked that General Gï¿½lvez stand to his right during the July 4th Parade celebrations, symbolizing Gï¿½lvezï¿½ key role in the war of independence victory. A U.S. Congress proclamation formally thanked Gï¿½lvez for his bulwark of support. Also, President James Madison in 1811 welcomed New Spainï¿½s Don Bernardo Gutiï¿½rrez de Lara to Washington, DC, as a ï¿½fellow Americanï¿½. Madison similarly supported Mexicoï¿½s ï¿½Gritoï¿½ for independence in 1810 as a chance to establish another ï¿½Americanï¿½ sister republic and trading partner. However, when did todayï¿½s animosity toward Spanish Mexicans in U.S. history begin? The answer is three-fold. First, the Anglo prejudice against Spanish Mexicans was stimulated by old hostilities created by anti-Hispanic bias in England commonly referred to as the Black Legend. Second, as they laid their sight on Mexican land, Anglo leaders in the U.S. disapproved of the strong Spanish assimilation with the Native American population. It must be noted that Anglo brutal intolerance toward Native Americans was a way of life in the U.S. As a result, U.S. political leaders began a deliberate anti-Mexican (Native American) drive in their recently acquired territory of Texas and the Southwest. For example, on January 4, 1848, Senator John C. Calhoun addressed the Senate regarding the U.S. taking of Mexican land. He complained that it would have been better if the U.S. Army had rid the region of its Spanish Mexican (Native American) race. In other words, he and others in the U.S. believed that the half-white, half-brown Mexicans were not equal to Anglos. Third, with their unique culture and language, Spanish Mexican people and events do not fit the Anglo Saxon mold. Even today, due to the illegal immigration debate most members of the general public do not realize that Mexican Hispanics have a long history in the U.S. It is that lost history that we must now rediscover. Below is a collage of people and events that Anglophile historians have seen fit to leave out of the history books. ï¿½ Lest we forget, this continent was first colonized by Hispanics. Look at any pre-1845 North America map and two thirds of the land in the U.S. today is the Spanish Southwest. Hispanic exploration went from sea to shining sea. They were the first in Texas (1528), California (1542), New Mexico (1598), and St. Augustine, Florida (1565). They were the first to explore the West Coast from California to Washington State and the East Coast from Florida to the Chesapeake Bay area. However, where is our John Wane to tell this story? ï¿½ After the initial Spanish contact with the American Continent, many enterprising Spaniards financed their own excursions into the unknown. Pï¿½nfilo Narvï¿½ez was one such brave soul. Cabeza de Vacaï¿½s unique intrepid story is an adventure writerï¿½s dream. So is the follow-on story of Brother Menaï¿½s incredible story of survival in 1554 after a shipwreck on the Texas coast. However, where is the Hollywood movie? Whereï¿½s our John Wayne to tell the story? ï¿½ There are other intrepid heroes, such as, Captain Alonso de Leï¿½n, Juan Bautista Chiapapria (Chapa), Los Bexareï¿½os and Isleï¿½os. Also, those involved with building the Camino Real and Spanish Missions in the Tejas frontera are to be admired. The travels of Fathers Morfi, Margil, Olivares, Terreros, and Francisco Hidalgo are truly inspiring, as are the Ramï¿½n Family, Manuela Sï¿½nchez, St. Denis, Gil Ybarbo, Josï¿½ de Escandï¿½n (Villas del Norte), and the Martin and Patricia de Leï¿½n family. Bernardo Gutiï¿½rrez de Lara was the first to achieve Texas independence (1813). The Battle of Medina is unique in Texas history. The Texas Historical Commission calls it the largest battle ever fought on Texas soil. Over 800 Tejanos lost their lives for Texas freedom. These stories are each worthy of Hollywood blockbuster movie sagas. However, where are the films? Where is our John Wayne to tell the story? ï¿½ As far as their loyalty, U.S. citizens of Spanish Mexican descent have proven their bravery on the battlefield and have the medals to prove it. A total of forty three Hispanics have received the Medal of Honor beginning with the Civil War when three Hispanics were so honored with this distinction. They have participated in every war fought by the U.S. Even in recent conflicts like in the war in Iraq, nearly 30 Hispanic soldiers from South Texas have been killed in action. What more does the U.S. expect from us? Where are the mainstream library books detailing Hispanic bravery as integral parts of U.S. history? Where are the Hollywood movies? Where is our John Wayne to tell the story? Sadly, encouraged by an anti-Mexican frenzy led by far-right extremists in states such as Arizona and Texas, the illegal immigration issue is used as a whip to punish the entire Spanish Mexican culture in the Southwest. They push for intolerant bills, such as, Voter ID, ï¿½Papers, pleaseï¿½ legislation, English Only, ending Bilingual Ed and Mexican American studies, etc. Far-right extremists expect all Hispanics in the U.S. to abandon their unique culture. Where is our John Wayne to educate the general public through the media that Spanish Mexican-descent U.S. citizens originating in the Southwest are not immigrants to the U.S.? Where is our John Wayne to firmly declare that speaking Spanish and preserving our centuries-old Spanish Mexican heritage in the Southwest must no longer be considered as sins of U.S. citizenship? Finally, it is indeed disappointing that U.S. citizens of Spanish Mexican-descent, numbering over 30 million strong and the largest segment under the Hispanic umbrella, do not have a consistent defender. The need is urgent. Could the Spanish Mexican John Wayne please step forward? Authors: Brownsville native Dr. Lino Garcï¿½a, Jr., is an 8th Generation Tejano and a Professor Emeritus of Spanish Literature at UTPA. He can be reached at: [email protected] . Laredo native Joe Lï¿½pez is also an 8th Generation Tejano. He and wife visit South Texas campuses where they teach students the rich history of early Texas. [email protected] . Preserving the Fabric of Our Nation Last year on Veterans Day, I had the privilege of speaking at the National Museum of the Pacific Warï¿½s annual ceremony in Fredericksburg, Texas. In attendance were veterans and their family members representing virtually every major military conflict in the past seven decades, including the oldest member of the audience, U.S. Navy veteran Sam Sorenson ï¿½ born in 1916. We were gathered in the museumï¿½s Memorial Courtyard, a beautiful space spotted with large oak trees and surrounded by old limestone walls that hold more than 1,000 plaques honoring individuals, ships, and units that served in the Pacific during the Second World War. The program included a musical performance, the Presentation of the Colors and remarks by my good friend General Michael Hagee, 33rd Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, and current CEO & President of the Admiral Nimitz Foundation. After I delivered my remarks, I had the chance to meet many of the veterans in attendance. As I took in the settingï¿½the dedicated plaques and park benches, the memorials, the veterans and their families, and the many local residents who took the time to attend the ceremonyï¿½I was moved by the sense of community, pride and patriotism that marked the ceremony. As the event concluded and I made my way to the exit, one of the museumï¿½s staffers reminded me of the new George H.W. Bush Gallery, which had been completed since my last visit to the museum. With a little time to spare, I gladly accepted the invitation to tour the new wing. The gallery was exceptional. As the son of a World War II B-17 bomber pilot, I could have easily spent hours there, examining each carefully assembled exhibit in detail. One exhibit, however, caught my attention and stayed with me long after Iï¿½d left the museum. It was a battle-worn American flag, which, along with its incredible story, was donated to the museum by Marble Falls resident Pat Spain. In 1942, while serving in the U.S. Army on the island of Mindanao, Spainï¿½s husband Paul and fellow soldiers Joe Victoria and Eddie Lindros were ordered to burn the U.S. flag at the Del Monte Airfield to prevent its capture by the approaching Japanese. Before they carried out their orders, however, the three soldiers removed the flagï¿½s 48 stars and hid them in their clothing. Over the next 42 months, the men were transferred to several POW camps and eventually to Japan. All the while, they kept the stars hidden. As the war came to a close, the men began receiving parachute drops with food and aid, which signaled that their liberation was imminent. Spain, Victoria and Lindros wanted to make the U.S. troops feel welcome when they arrived, so they set out to sew the stars back together, using material from the parachutes and other scraps of fabric, an old pedal-driven sewing machine they managed to find, and a rusty nail, which they converted into a sewing needle. When the American troops arrived at the camp on September 7, 1945, their ï¿½newï¿½ flag was flying proudly over the camp. Today, as we prepare to mark another Veterans Day, Iï¿½m reminded of the stars of the flag from Mindanao and the story of three brave service members who risked their lives preserving the very fabric of our nation. It is because of these men, and the generations of Americans who served before and after them, that we enjoy our freedoms, our way of life, and our safety. I hope we can show our gratitude and support to our veterans and the greater military community not just on Veterans Day but on every day of the year. Senator John Cornyn, Texas Photo courtesy of National Museum of the Pacific War. Sen. Cornyn serves on the Finance, Judiciary, Armed Services, and Budget Committees. He served previously as Texas Attorney General, Texas Supreme Court Justice, and Bexar County District Judge. Sent by Odell Harwell [email protected] November 13th, 2011, ï¿½ posted by RON GONZALES, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER Talk about troubled times! People donï¿½t even seem to be speaking the same language! And thatï¿½s exactly how things were November 13, 1849, when the State of California was born. It may be how things will feel nationwide that same day next year. It will fall just a week after the contentious 2012 General Elections for everything from Commander-in-Chief to dogcatcher. Will the Nation survive? It may. Iï¿½m fairly certain California will. I also believe prayer wonï¿½t hurt. Hereï¿½s why. The most important ballots in California history were cast on a dreary day in 1849. In polling places from San Diego to Sacramento and beyond, the voting blessed our Stateï¿½s Birth by ratifying our Original Constitution. That plan of government had been deliberated, decided and printed in Spanish and in English. The winning margin was more than twelve-to-one (12,781 to 811). In an effort to renew observance of our Stateï¿½s unusual birth, the Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research and Los Amigos of Orange County collaborated with scholars at the University of California, Irvine (1999), California State University, Fullerton (2000) and the Orange County Heritage Museum (2010). That helped reassure us we were getting our history right. These days we have been suggesting to Orange County religious communities that they prayerfully remember our Stateï¿½s Birth in services held before or on Sunday, November 13, 2011. If any combination of things could lead to every-man-for-himself conflict, that mid-19th century human mix should have. Yet, forty-eight newcomers and oldtimersï¿½bickering in two languages in a Monterey schoolhouse/jailï¿½yammered out our California way to do the publicï¿½s business. . .in two languages! (In fact, the mother tongues of a couple of delegates included French and German). Once or twice some were ready to step outside to settle differences. Yet, in the end, everyone chipped in for an all-night celebration. When they fired off a cannon 31 times, sleeping shorebirds round Monterey Bay exploded into the night sky. Some town folks all but joined them. It was advance celebration of Californiaï¿½s entry as the 31st State into the Union. . .providing voters approved what they had put together. Did prayer have anything to do with it? Some strongly suspect it did. . . providing you subscribe to the belief any God worth praying to must be tuned to all frequencies. The language in which prayers are offered. . .English, Spanish, Hebrew, Latin, Arabic, whatever. . .canï¿½t pose a problem. People are people. We share infinite numbers of ways to get things wrong whatever our race, culture or creed. Even atheists and agnostics canï¿½t be uppity. Or dead sure of what they donï¿½t believe. Each session of Californiaï¿½s 1849 Constitutional Convention opened with prayer. One day, Roman Catholic Father Ignacio Ramirez de Arrellano of the Carmel Mission San Carlos prayed in Spanish. The next, U.S. Pacific Squadronï¿½s Congregational Chaplain Reverend Samuel H. Willey prayed in English. They launched a California tradition of opening Our Stateï¿½s law-making deliberations by seeking guidance. Recent sessions of the California Legislature were begun in the Assembly by Greek Orthodox Father Constantine Papademos and in State Senate by Jewish Rabbi Mona Alfi. In March v. Chambers (1983), the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of opening legislative sessions with prayer. That decision does not appear to have been appealed any higher. So whatï¿½s the outlook for todayï¿½s fractured, contentious politics? Californiaï¿½s experience offers hope. But if you are ready to pray about it, please do. ï¿½Likeï¿½ OC Latino Link on Facebook to see more news, information and conversation. Josï¿½ Antonio ï¿½Joeï¿½ Lï¿½pez responds to another article: Lingo Language of the West Article by Julie Carter Julie, thanks for a great informative article giving credit for cowboy terminology to our vaquero ancestors. Articles such as yours go far in education people about our long history in what is now the U.S. It is especially timely, in this day when extremists are using the illegal immigration issue as a whip to punish the entire Spanish Mexican heritage in the Southwest. Unfortunately, there are many folks that donï¿½t realize that the Southwest is in New Spain, not New England. In short, speaking Spanish or looking Mexican (Native American) must no longer be treated as sins of U.S. citizenship. As we say in Spanish, ï¿½Aqui todavï¿½a estamos; y no nos vamosï¿½ (Here we still are and weï¿½re not going anywhere). I only have one constructive suggestion. Ref. your comment, ï¿½A Spaniard by the name of Nuï¿½ez Cabeza de Vaca (that means head of a cow -- poor Nuï¿½ez!) ï¿½ï¿½. In my view, poking fun at Cabeza de Vacaï¿½s name is not warranted. You may not know that the name has honorable beginnings. It was formally bestowed by the Spanish Crown to Alvarï¿½s family in the 13th Century due to one of his ancestorï¿½s role in a key victory against the Muslims during Spainï¿½s nearly 800-year long war. (Martin Alhaja marked a narrow passage through a mountain range by placing a cowï¿½s head at its entrance.) That act assured victory to the Spanish Christian Army. Also, he was not just any ordinary ï¿½Spaniardï¿½. He and three of his ship-wreck mates lived among Texas Native American tribes for nearly eight years, a lot of it as a slave who endured much abuse. He is the father of firsts in Texas. He was the first doctor, merchant, geographer, botanist, and historian, to name a few. He was also the first European to treat Native Americans as fellow human beings and became the first advocate for their rights. Attesting to his intellect, creativity, and resourcefulness, he was able to write about his experiences in his Relaciï¿½n, a work that is still used by researchers and historians to this very day. Thank you. Josï¿½ Antonio ï¿½Joeï¿½ Lï¿½pez (8th Generation Texan) Co-Founder, Tejano Heritage Effort www.TejanosUnidos.org Julie, Iï¿½m Juan Marinez , I also support the very constructive comments by Jose. I urge you heed the advice by Jose, to review the history of Spanish, Mexican America. You will find great contribution to the whole of rural America and Agriculture as a whole. No, doubt the legacy of our ancestor to the vaquero is legendary and difficult to dispute. If you took a close look at water ï¿½acequiasï¿½ will come to the forefront that goes back hundreds of years that came to Spain from North Africa during the period of Moorish Spain (800 hundred years) this system made none productive land in highly productive food producing areas in the whole of the west and beyond. The foods that came from Mexico like tomatoes, beans, squash and corn just to mention have made the world food secure, if not for this food products the world today would be the throws of food wars and mass starvation. I could go on but you get the meaning in terms of the contribution of our ancestors, as well as our present generations. Thank you for taking this comments in the manner in which they are intended. Juan Cowgirl Sass & Savvy , Lingo language of the West By Julie Carter Cowboy lingo has always been my first language. I never thought to dissect, define or explain it. It always seemed pretty clear to me. Recently a few questions from someone who seriously wanted to be correct in his terminology but claimed only Eastern savvy sent me on a quest to learn why I knew what I knew. Here in the Southwest, just a few cow trails north of Mexico, we are quite familiar with the mixture of Spanish and English terms. I had just never seen them all in a list until Robert Smead published a book called Vocabulario Vaquero, Cowboy Talk. The book is a dictionary of sorts that diagrams the absorption of a large number of ranch-related words from Spanish into English. He contends it offers striking evidence of that particular heritage in the history of the American West and its cowboys. Many of the essential cowboy items of tack originated in the Spanish culture. The bozal, usually written and said as bosal, is the nose band of a headstall or hackamore, which is from the Spanish term jï¿½quima. Cowboys still use and still say chaps. That is pronounced as ï¿½shapsï¿½ which stems from the original Spanish chaparreras, also pronounced with the ï¿½sh.ï¿½ The first guy you hear say chaps with the ch sound as in chapped lips, see if he isnï¿½t from New York City and check the origin of his salsa while youï¿½re at it. Corral, lariat, latigo, cinch and 10-gallon hat all are words we throw around that have Spanish roots. Gallon in the hat doesnï¿½t refer to capacity but to the braided decorations or galones that adorned it. What came first, tank or tanque? Both hold water. A Spaniard by the name of Nuï¿½ez Cabeza de Vaca (that means head of a cow -- poor Nuï¿½ez!) erroneously gave the Spanish term bï¿½falo to the bison because it looked like the Indian or African wild ox, and it stuck. After the words themselves comes the peculiar direct phrases used by the cowboy who is almost always free from the constraints of polite society or convention. These are covered in two other books written by Ramon Adams called Cowboy Lingo and Western Words. A cowboyï¿½s slang usually strengthens rather that weakens his speech. The jargon of this individual among individuals is often picturesque, humorous and leaves you with no doubt how the man felt about the subject he was talking about. The cowboy squeezes the juice from language, molds it to suit his needs and is a genius at making a verb out of anything. The words ï¿½cowboyï¿½ and ï¿½rodeoï¿½ can be verbs and ï¿½tryï¿½ is not. ï¿½He paid his entry fees knowing he better have enough try to cowboy up and rodeo tough.ï¿½ There are phrases that cover situations like when someone talks a lot with their hands. ï¿½He couldnï¿½t say ï¿½hellï¿½ with his hands tied.ï¿½ When riding a horse with a rough gait that pounds even the best of riders you will hear, ï¿½That buzzard bait would give a woodpecker a headache.ï¿½ For a breed of mankind that has a reputation for being ï¿½men of few words,ï¿½ the cowboy culture has their own entire dictionary of the West. It is filled with words from several nationalities, many occupations and all rolled into a ï¿½lingoï¿½ uniquely their own. Time to go catch the old cow-hocked, gotch-eared, ring-tailed cayuse, cinch up my kack and spend a little more daylight riding for the brand instead of for the grub line. Julie can be reached for comment at [email protected] PERSISTENCE OF THE BLACK LEGEND Against Mexico -The Making of Heroes and Enemies PBS Presents . . . Against Mexico -The Making of Heroes and Enemies Explore reenactments of Texas flight for Freedom, probe images of heroes and enemies http://video.pbs.org/video/15171988/ Presented by Latino Public Broadcasting Michelle Garcia NALIPster's doc short Against Mexico airing now on PBS.org NALIP member Michelle Garcia 's short documentary Against Mexico - the making of heroes and enemies is now live on PBS.org. The film explores the intersection of myth and history, its influence on public perceptions about 'heroes' and 'enemies' and its implications in current debates about who is entitled to claim the mantle of 'American.' Against Mexico was funded by Latino Public Broadcasting. Click here to watch the film online . Through camp-side conversations we explore why U.S. born Latino men suit up to play the Mexican 'bad guy.' What inspires white men to fight them, now, nearly two centuries later? The men explain their personal quests behind recreating history, recreating war, and the experience of standing in the shoes of the 'enemy.' Their reflections reveal the powerful effect of myth and historical narrative in forming a man's ideals, prejudices and dreams and the function of an 'enemy' in the pursuit of recapturing glory. In Against Mexico we discover that some of the men who portray hero and enemy are mirror images of each other, with similar scars and their aspirations. Source: the National Association of Latino Independent Producers (NALIP) with the generous assistance of Alex Mendoza & Associates (AMA) [email protected] Pete Magana April 14, 1928 - October 19, 2011 Josï¿½ Angel Cï¿½rdenas October 16, 1930 - September 17, 2011 Joel C. Uribe July 11, 1934 - October 27, 2011 Harry Pachon June 4, 1945 - November 4, 2011 April 14, 1928 - October 19, 2011 Eulogy My name is Jake Alarid, I am past National Commander Of the American GI Forum of the U.S. The national commander of the American GI Forum, Albert Gonzales, has asked me to pass on his condolences to Angie and the Magaï¿½a Family. He was unable to be here today. He is in Washington DC getting training on his appointment, by the President of the United States, to the selective service commission. Family members, friends, veterans, members of the American GI Forum and all of you who have come to salute this great man, my friend Pete Magaï¿½a. I have known Pete since the late sixties when I joined the GI Forum. My wife and I became friends with Pete and his wife Angie, and we have been friends ever since. We got to know each other's families. Like the Magaï¿½as, we attended state and national conferences. My wife and I visited Pete and Angie at their home. One year we even helped them and other GI Forum members make tamales. When I met Pete he was the commander of the American GI Forum chapter in Oceanside. He had been a member of the AGIF long before I met him. Pete held positions in the chapter level, state level and national level of the AGIF. In all his AGIF positions he brought experience, knowledge and leadership and sometimes a little humor to the organization. But there is one title that everyone in the AGIF knew Pete by, and that was the chairman of the credentials committee. In this role he was persistent to have an accurate count of delegates at national conferences to determine, who was eligible to vote and how many votes each state had. No matter how difficult the task, he did it with humor, like he enjoyed doing it. He was an advocate for veterans and the under privileged. Many present here today can thank Pete for his advocacy and what he was able to do for the community. He went before city councils, members of congress, state legislators and demanded fair and equal treatment for all. Here in Oceanside, California the community is better off because of his community involvement, just ask the mayor and the superintendent of schools. For Pete, being a member of the AGIF was, an involvement from the heart. Thinking about his involvement, it captures the essence of why we do, what we do, and why so many of us who wear this little cap, do what we do and want to do. Quite frankly Pete taught us the value of giving and sharing and he did it because of his love of the organization and his country. October 1951 with the 19th Infantry He served this nation in time of crisis during the Korean War in the US Army. In spite of obstacles which he experienced, being a Mexican American, Pete exhibited his courage and valor fighting for his country. At a veterans ceremony he told the story when his unit was caught in the fighting in the frozen chosen reservoir and in spite of being outnumbered by the enemy his unit fought gallantly which included hand to hand combat. Not only was the enemy their attackers, but they were subjected to brutal weather, sub zero temperatures, inadequate clothing, malfunctioning of weapons due to the cold temperatures and lack of hot meals. Many in his unit, friends of Pete, did not make it but hopefully today they are together somewhere as a band of brothers. Pete eating snow. 1951 Aside from the AGIF, Pete was very much involved on other organizations where he served on boards with CEOs and executives from corporations. These organizations included: ser, educational boards, civic organizations and others. His involvement was, speaking in behalf of veterans and the underprivileged so they could have better services, jobs, training and opportunities. Community based organization such as ser, LULAC, GI Forum and others can attribute to Pete's contributions to these organizations. Their leaders can tell you and I can tell you, Pete made a difference. Pete and Angie built their home here in Oceanside and raised their family here. In their community they acquired new friends and neighbors. They took up the cause to help the underserved and Pete helped Angie started a women's GI Forum chapter. They raised money and awarded scholarships to deserving students every year. As true Forumeers they organized the community and engaged them in an effort to better themselves and their community, to enjoy and preserve the freedom that we enjoy in this nation. I am honored and privileged to have known Pete and his family and to have called Pete my true friend. I am humbled to have been associated with a man, who offered and gave so much. Pete, as you travel over hill, over dale in that dusty trail we wish you buen viaje. I want to thank the Magaï¿½a Family for letting me share a few memories In behalf of the national commander of the American GI Forum of the united states, Albert Gonzales, the members of the American GI Forum, my wife and I, Pete Magaï¿½a, we salute you. American GI Forum of the U.S. Josï¿½ Angel Cï¿½rdenas October 16, 1930 - September 17, 2011 It is with great sadness that we share the news of the passing of IDRAï¿½s beloved Founder and Director Emeritus, Dr. Josï¿½ Angel Cï¿½rdenas. On behalf of everyone at IDRA, I offer my deepest condolences to Laura Tobin Cï¿½rdenas, Josï¿½s wife, and the entire Cï¿½rdenas family. Dr. Cï¿½rdenas died on Saturday, September 17, 2011, in San Antonio, Texas. He was 80. I received word of his passing just after a group of civil rights and education leaders had gathered at IDRA to launch a new phase of work to increase school funding equity in Texas. For us, there is no more fitting tribute than to continue the work that Dr. Cï¿½rdenas pioneered and to carry forward his vision for an equitable, excellent education for every child. With deep roots in Laredo, Texas, Josï¿½ always knew that having more than one language and culture (a Spanish-speaking left foot as he put it, having been taught in the U.S. Army that the left foot always comes first), is not a deficit, but a reservoir of strength. He then went onï¿½as teacher, principal, superintendent, university professor, researcher and advocateï¿½to dedicate his lifeï¿½s work to fighting for an educational system that nurtured and recognized childrenï¿½s strengths. He was a champion for all children and carried their concerns from the streets and the schools to the legislature and the courts. Dr. Cï¿½rdenas, it has been the greatest privilege for all of us to have known and worked with you. Your presence, whether we knew you as Pepe, Joe, Josï¿½, JC or Doc, will be profoundly missed. But you have lit a torch. Within all of us, it burns on. Gracias por todo, Josï¿½ Angel Cï¿½rdenas. I will miss you. Que en paz descanses amigo, educador, defensor de niï¿½os y eterna inspiraciï¿½n. Dr. Marï¿½a "Cuca" Robledo Montecel, President and CEO Intercultural Development Research Association September 19, 2011 Editor: For a beautiful biography on Dr. Cï¿½rdena's life, please go to a special edition of IDRA's October Newsletter at: http://www.idra.org/images/stories/Newsltr_Oct2011.pdf July 11, 1934 - October 27, 2011 By Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez It is with a great deal of sadness that I inform you of the passing of one of Tejano historyï¿½s greatest advocates and my cousin and mentor, Joel C. Uribe from Laredo. Although not widely known outside the triangle of Laredo, Zapata, and Hebbronville, and the Lower Rio Grande area, Joel was an educator, rancher, bi-lingual author, playwright, and accomplished multi-talented musician. He was a devoted son, brother, husband, father, grandfather, and teacher. He was the consummate Tejano historian. It was his passion. Joel sincerely believed that his ancestry, especially in Texas and Central and Northern Mexico, was a valuable inheritance -- a gift. He treasured it as such. Member of a distinguished South Texas family in San Ygnacio, he was taught to be proud of his Spanish Mexican roots at a very early age. He wrote extensively about his heritage. As the Blas Maria Uribe Family genealogist, he and his brother Jorge wrote the ï¿½Genealogia de la Familia Uribeï¿½ in 1987. Because of its great wealth of many old Villas del Norte family names, the book quickly became a main resource for many genealogy enthusiasts. Its popularity continues today. Speaking Spanish with a fluid, rich, and polished style, Joel reminded me of the speech of our ancestors who first came to the Lower Rio Grande in 1747. He had a big appetite for knowledge and it was one of the interests we shared. Both of us were fans of our ancestor, Don Josï¿½ Bernardo Gutiï¿½rrez de Lara Uribe. His book, ï¿½The Sword and the Chaliceï¿½ was published in 2009. It presents the story of the birth of the Texas independence movement from a very unique perspective. That is, the book covers the lives of two exceptional brothers ï¿½ Don Bernardo (the Sword) and his brother Josï¿½ Antonio (the Chalice). Don Bernardo was the first to achieve Texas independence in 1813. He was its first president. Josï¿½ Antonio, an ordained Catholic priest, expressed some of the very first Texas independence thought from the pulpit. He suffered greatly for his support of freedom. It is a must-read book for those who wish to learn more of what it must have been like living in the very early days of this great place we now call Texas. Education was another of Joelï¿½s passions. He spent most of his adult life as a teacher in elementary school. He felt honored to have had a chance to influence and improve the lives of his students. His support for teaching in the classroom continued throughout his life. As a retired person, he often visited classrooms to share his knowledge with and inspire the younger generation. Alexander the Great is quoted as saying ï¿½I am indebted to my father for living, but to my teacher for living well.ï¿½ Many Laredo citizens of today would agree with that statement. They are indeed blessed to have had Joel as their teacher. There is so much more to say about Joel. The only way that I know of honoring his memory is to share with you the following homage that I wrote. Because Spanish was his preferred language, I wrote it ï¿½en Espaï¿½ol.ï¿½ Homenaje a Joel C. Uribe Hijo, padre, maestro, y amigo. Ser Uribe, su gozo mï¿½s precioso en el mundo. Viviï¿½ guiado por el buen ideal que obtuvo de sus padres, lleno de ternura, cariï¿½o, y amor. Sin mï¿½s, su vida fue inunda de alegrï¿½a. Si una palabra bastarï¿½a, esa serï¿½a ï¿½devociï¿½nï¿½ a su linda familia, hermanos, esposa, e hijos, y a su inmensa fe en nuestra santa religiï¿½n. Un ser ï¿½nico, de sobresaliente virtud Con una rica y maravillosa inquietud. Tenï¿½a un sï¿½lo credo ï¿½ ï¿½Hay mucho que hacer y no hay tiempo que perderï¿½. Talento y energï¿½a le sobraba. A Joel, nada se le dificultaba. Aunque apto en letras en espaï¿½ol y el inglï¿½s, amaba mï¿½s el idioma de Miguel Cervantes. Autor, cantante, y compositor con talentos ademï¿½s. Aï¿½n, no habï¿½a lï¿½mite que lo detuviera jamï¿½s. Tremendo historiador de sus favoritos temas, La historia Hispana Mexicana del sur de Tejas. Profesor escolar, diestro, y erudito modelo. Gran ejemplo a sus hijos y a muchos niï¿½os de su pueblo. Con apretï¿½n de mano firme y segura, Sus amigos confiaban en su sabidurï¿½a. El pueblo de Laredo ha perdido un ilustre tesoro. No de alhajas y dinero, pero de un ser insï¿½lito. Por sus hechos, Joel ya se ahorrï¿½ su reposo. A los aquï¿½ presente, recuerden: el camino de la vida es corto. Caminï¿½moslo como Joel Uribe, hijo, padre, y nuestro buen amigo, el Maestro. Adiï¿½s Primo. MALDEF MOURNS THE LOSS OF CIVIL RIGHTS LEADER HARRY PACHON, June 4, 1945 - November 4, 2011 From NALEO Co-Founder and Executive Director to Admired Professor at USC School of Policy, Planning and Development, November 8, 2011 LOS ANGELES, CA ï¿½ MALDEF mourns the recent passing of Professor Harry Pachon, the longtime leader of the Tomas Rivera Policy Institute (TRPI). Dr. Pachon had a lengthy and groundbreaking career as a leader in the effort to advance the rights of Latinos and other minorities in the United States. He served as President of TRPI for nearly two decades, growing the organization into a nationally-renowned civic research organization and a leader in the areas of immigration, education policy, and Latino politics and policy. He was called on to testify before congressional committees and appointed Chairman of the Presidentï¿½s Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans in 1997. His work on behalf of Mexicans living in the United States earned him the Ohtli (humanitarian) Award from the Mexican government. MALDEF President and General Counsel, Thomas A. Saenz, had the following to say of Dr. Pachonï¿½s tremendous contributions: "The entire nation -- and especially the 50 million Latinos in the United States -- has lost a true giant in civil rights advocacy. Through his leadership of NALEO and TRPI, Harry Pachon provided the academic and intellectual heft to move many an obstacle to equality and fairness. His extraordinary legacy will reverberate for many years to come, with positive effects nationwide." Dr. Pachon was a founding board member and past Executive Director of the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials Educational Fund (NALEO), where he initiated an acclaimed U.S. citizenship project and the National Directory of Latino Elected Officials. The citizenship project has been replicated across the country on a multi-ethnic basis, and the Directory is now in its seventeenth year of publication. Dr. Pachon authored over twenty articles and journals, and co-authored three books on U.S. Latino politics and political behavior. He held academic positions at Michigan State University, Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, City University of New York, and held the Kenan All Campus Chair at the Claremont Colleges. His final position was as Professor of Public Policy at the University of Southern Californiaï¿½s School of Policy, Planning and Development. He also served on the boards of several organizations, including the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation, Southern California Public Radio and KPPC, and the Education Advisory Committee of the Rand Corporation. 2 Dead, 1 Wounded at Pot Farm National Association of Former Border Patrol Officers 17 tons of marijuana were seized in a raid on a cross-border tunnel The Faces of Meth Newspaper article criticized by Hispanic Link founder, Charlie Erickson Whatï¿½s the Easiest Way to Legally Get to the U.S. from Mexico? Lincoln Club of Orange County proposal provides path to legal residency Iraqi Christian convert attacked in US over Holocaust poem Detroit Prayer event puts Muslim community on Edge 83 victims, family seek $750M for ï¿½preventableï¿½ Fort Hood tragedy Erasing hate 29 Oct 2011, AP ATLANTA ï¿½ For years, Bryon Widnerï¿½ thrived on hate as a violent skinhead ï¿½ a razor-carrying ï¿½enforcerï¿½ who helped organize other racist gangs around the United States. His hate was literally etched on his face in the form of tattoos with racist and violent themes. But with the help of the Southern Poverty Law Centre ï¿½ the nationï¿½s leading monitor of hate and extremist activity ï¿½ Widner left the white-power movement and endured nearly two years of excruciating laserï¿½ treatments to remove the tell-tale tattoos so that he could start a new life with his wife and children. In Erasing Hate, a one-hour documentary, Widnerï¿½s life within the white-power movement, the decision that led him and his wife to leave it, and the procedures he received are recounted. He now seeks to create a new life for himself and his family as he spreads the word against racist hate. ï¿½This is a powerful story of human redemption,ï¿½ said Joe Roy, the SPLCï¿½s chief investigator, whose meeting with Widner led to the removal of his tattoos and, ultimately, the documentary. ï¿½Bryon, by his own admission, did horrible things in his life. But he made the decision to reject racism and leave behind his life of hate and violence.ï¿½ During his 16 years as a skinhead, Widner became known as a vicious brawler who would fight at the slightest provocation. Today, he says heï¿½s haunted by the things he did. ï¿½If I can prevent one other kid from making the same mistakes I did, if I can prevent one other family from having to go through the same crap that I put my family through, maybe I can redeem myself,ï¿½ Widner said. Widner gained notoriety within the movement for the tattoos covering his face and body. Eventually, he caught the attention of SPLC officials, including Roy, a former police detective who has spent 25 years monitoring hate and extremist movements for the SPLC. ï¿½He was the pit bull of the movement,ï¿½ Roy said. ï¿½He had a reputation of being an enforcer.ï¿½ In 2005, at a white-power music festival in Kentucky called Nordic Fest, Widner met his future wife, Julieï¿½, who was also active in the white-power movement. Together, they began to see the hypocrisy of the skinhead culture and realised it was no place to raise a family. Despite death threats and harassment, they left the movement. As Widner attempted to get his life on track, the tattoos that made him an intimidating force in skinhead circles became a liability as he searched for a job to support his family. Since he couldnï¿½t afford to get his tattoos removed, it seemed his racist past would remain branded across his face. Then he found an ally in a former enemy ï¿½ the Southern Poverty Law Centre. After SPLC officials learnt of Widnerï¿½s struggle, Roy and Laurie Wood of the SPLC met with him. The SPLC provided financial aid that allowed Widner to get the tattoos removed from his face and hands at Vanderbilt University Medical Centre in Nashville. Each treatment left Widnerï¿½s face badly blistered and swollen ï¿½ a sort of penanceï¿½ for his violent past. Part 2 (OC Register, Nov 8, 2011) included the fact that the cost for the removal was paid for by an anonymous donor, and cost $35.000.00. Editor: As I see the popularity for tattoos increasing among all youth, but specifically our Latino youth, I am concerned for the difficulties they will encounter due to their appearance and how it will impact their ability to support themselves and their future families. There are companies and employers who are including in their job description, no visible tattoos. Coincidentally, in the same edition of the OC Register (11/7/11) was a photo of a young woman Roxanne Agradano of Irvine who had just converted to the Muslim faith. What caught my eye were the tatoos covering her hands. I wondered if she too was trying to make a change in her life; covering up her body would be one way of doing it. DRUG SMUGGLING RING DISMANTLED Arizona authorities have disrupted a Mexican durg cartel's distribution network, arresting dozens of smugglers in dismantling ar ring responsible for carrying more than $33 million worth of drugs through the state's western desert EVERY MONTH, official said Monday. The ring is believed to be tied to the Sinaloa cartel and responsible for smuggling more than 3.3 million pounds of marijuana, 20,000 pounds of cocaine and 10,000 pounds of heroin into the U.S. through Arizona over the past years, according to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. OCRegister, 11/1/11 To keep up with Border problems and incidences, visit http://www.nafbpo.org The National Association of Former Border Patrol Officers (NAFBPO) extracts and condenses the material that follows from Mexican, Central and South American and U.S. on-line media sources on a daily basis. Editor: The rampant killings are shocking. We really do not grasp the extent of the drug war destroying communities and murdering innocents. Few incidents make the US newspapers. The Faces of Meth. see the effects of using methamphetamines. These pictures were originally taken in 2005, then the second and third pictures were taken from 2 months to six years later. The amount of aging that happens to those using meth is amazing. -of-meth,0,942695.photogallery 2 DEAD, 1 WOUNDED AT POT FARM Two brothers shot dead at a medical marijuana processing site near the small farming community of Pixley became the fourth and fifth pot-related homicides this year in rural Tulare Co, CA. The killings Saturday night were the latest in what has become an increasingly dangerous occupation as growers come out of the Sierra Nevada and use of California's 1996 landmark ballot measure to grow marijuana on prime farmland by bundling together the permits of multiple people. In Fresno county alone, the number of large farms rose to 121 in 2011, up from 37 in 2010. Marijuana can sell for thousands of dollars a pound, making it by weight the most valuable cash crop in the state. OCRegister, 11/1/11 Huge marijuana haul found in border tunnel. An estimated 17 tons of marijuana were seized in a raid on a cross-border tunnel, authorities said Wednesday. The tunnel discovered Tuesday stretched about 400 [four football fields] and linked warehouses in San Diego and Tijuana. U.S. authorities seized about nine tons of marijuana inside a truck and at the warehouse in San Diego's Otay Mesa area, said Derek Benner, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement special agent in charge of investigations in San Diego Mexican authorities recovered about eight tons south of the border. OCRegister, 11/17/11 Mexico Under Siege IBD Editorials The helicopter crash Friday that killed Mexico's top Cabinet official, Jose Francisco Blake, couldn't have come at a worse time. Cartels are acquiring heavy arms to challenge the state and to move their war to the U.S. In Mexico, Blake, the Interior Secretary, was the best hope of winning the war against the vicious cartels, who've killed as many as 86,000 people. Blake, 45, had managed to crush the cartels and cut crime in his native Tijuana before he was asked to do the same for the country in the top Cabinet job in 2010. He had some success ï¿½ five of the top seven cartel capos were knocked off by the end of his watch. But he's the second interior secretary killed in a helicopter crash since 2008, and that leaves a great sense of uneasiness. Mexico's currency fell on news of his death, the cause of which is still undetermined. One thing is known: As Mexico fights, the cartels have been bulking up. They've expanded their firepower and extended their reach into the U.S. Addressing this issue should be a top U.S. policy priority. But as Mexico mourns, this war is going largely unnoticed in the U.S. Increased firepower is just one element in this difficult war, but it's a sign of potentially worse to come. Earlier this year, the Mexican press reported that cartels are moving to arm themselves with "monstruos," or homemade monster trucks. These armored assault vehicles are capable of carrying 20 cartel gunmen at 60 mph and hurling oil slicks or nails to evade pursuers. Last May, a monstruo battled police in Jalisco state. Mexico's defense secretariat reported last week that the "Los Zetas" cartel is buying heavy armaments left over from the Central American wars of the 1980s, including "anti-armored-vehicle rockets," according to the reports. The Mexican cartels' other heavy firepower includes submarines, most of which are being built by their FARC allies hiding out from the Colombian army in safe havens like Ecuador. The subs are nominally for smuggling drugs, but convertible to combat purposes. All of these are weapons of war. Their use goes well beyond criminal and moves toward the aim of actually challenging the state. If they succeed, Mexico's state apparatus will be unable to govern. That's the definition of a failed state, which the U.S. Department of Defense warned was possible in Mexico in its 2008 Joint Operating Environment report. Two retired Mexican generals recently told the press that the government now controls only 50% to 60% of the country's territory. Bigger weapons mean the cartels will lunge for more. Meanwhile, two U.S. officials ï¿½ Phil Jordan, formerly director of El Paso's Drug Enforcement Administration's Intelligence Center, and Robert Plumlee, a former CIA contract pilot ï¿½ told the El Paso Times last July that increased smuggling of military-grade weapons from Texas could disrupt Mexico's 2012 elections. Analysts at at the foreign policy website Stratfor have noted that if the Mexican state goes down, the cartels it fights will move their violent operations to the U.S. Already it's moving toward that. Mexican gunmen last Tuesday crossed the Rio Grande into the U.S. and fought a pitched battle with a SWAT team near Escobares, Texas. The only media reports were from locally based newspaper The Monitor. Last September, Texas released a report by retired U.S. generals Barry McCaffrey and Robert Scales called "Texas Border Security: A Strategic Assessment," warning that cartels were creating a buffer zone in Texas border counties. "Criminality spawned in Mexico," they warned, "is spilling over into the United States." That's war. If the U.S. doesn't step up its efforts to stop it, worse will come. Securing the border and helping Mexico ought to be of top importance. But right now, this war is invisible to Americans. The title of a newspaper article criticized by Charlie Erickson On Nov. 1, the tabloid Washington Examiner splashed this across the top half of its Page 1: ï¿½ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT GUILTY OF KILLING NUNï¿½ (Hispanic Link publisher Charlie Ericksen takes over from here.) The editors who composed or approved those provocative words should turn in their press credentials and join the KKK, the Federation for American Immigration Reform or some other publicly identified hate group. The racist composite the Examiner created tells its readers to fear and hate 11 million U.S. immigrants. The ï¿½illegal alien nun-killerï¿½ the headline paints is Carlos Martinelly-Montaï¿½o. Itï¿½s untrue. He is not here illegally. In January 2009, he was granted a Employment Authorization Document (EAD), a temporary work permit issued by Homeland Security. Then he secured an identification card from the state of Virginia. His successful pursuit of a job was vetted by the e-verify process. His parents brought Carlos undocumented to the United States from Bolivia when he was eight years old. He grew up in suburban northern Virginia and is the father of two small U.S. born children. His parents are now legal residents and he applied for legal residency four years ago. As a teenager, Carlos was twice arrested Guest Column for misdemeanor driving under the influence. He enrolled in and completed a program to deal with his serious alcoholism problem. Then last year, at 22, he drove his Subaru into a highway guardrail while drunk and crashed head-on into a car occupied by three nuns. One of them, Sister Denise Mosier, 66, was killed. The Examiner chose to write a headline conjuring up a lusting, machete-wielding psycho chasing nuns through our tranquil communities, making readersï¿½ flesh creep. Carlos was charged with, and found guilty of, murder. This is the first time that a DUI case involving a fatality resulted in a murder conviction in Virginia. He faces up to 70 years in prison. The Examiner isnï¿½t alone with Its front-loaded ï¿½illegal immigrantï¿½ headline. On top of the list of news outlets that have routinely depicted Martinelly-Montaï¿½o a criminal alien who just sneaked across our border are CBS News, Fox News, the Washington Post, CNN, USA Today, National Public Radio ï¿½ the list goes on. While Carlosï¿½ punishment far exceeds the norm, even weighing the tragedy consequences of his act, this is not a plea for mercy. The Benedictine sisters, along with Carlosï¿½ family, already have done that. The Benedictine sisters also expressed dismay that this case has become politicized as a forum for debate on illegal immigration. As a journalist, Iï¿½ll feel better if media like the Examiner would stop fanning flames of hate and ethnic division and concentrate on journalistic ethics and telling the whole truth. Hispanic Link, Vol. 29, Issue 19 1420 N St. NW Whatï¿½s the Easiest Way to Legally Get to the U.S. from Mexico? By DAMIEN CAVE NY Times online on Nov 4, 2011 Given the billions of dollars spent annually on border enforcement, not to mention the long lines at the various crossings, the most pleasant way to travel legally from Mexico to the United States might be on the borderï¿½s only hand-drawn ferry. Every day, six wide-backed Mexican men use ropes and cables to pull an ersatz barge, El Chalan, a distance of about 10 car lengths across the Rio Grande from Los Ebanos, Tex., to Gustavo Dï¿½az Ordaz, Mexico, and vice versa. Sometimes passengers help out, too. The trip takes only a few minutes, but, especially on weekends, every ferry is full, which makes it feel as if the men are pulling the boat through cement. El Chalan ï¿½ which roughly translates as ï¿½the Bargeï¿½ in Spanish ï¿½ is capable of carrying three cars and a dozen people at a time. When it occasionally lingers midriver, the ferry becomes the ultimate in-between: floating proof that what Americans call the border (a hard line to be defended), Mexicans more appropriately call la frontera, a bilingual frontier with a unique mingling of characteristics. Recently that cultural melding has become more serious. For longtime passengers like Martha Vï¿½squez, who grew up across the river in Gustavo Dï¿½az Ordaz before moving to Oklahoma, the barge has become the best, or only, option for safe passage. Drug cartels now run her home state, Tamaulipas, but their territorial battle has generally sidestepped the ferry crossing. American border-patrol agents are known to take their time with inspections, and strangers are easily noticed among the regulars making the trip back and forth. Still, everyoneï¿½s movements have become more calculated. These days, Vï¿½squez relies on the first ride of the day so she can pick up her mother and return quickly. ï¿½We used to come all the time,ï¿½ Vï¿½squez said, standing at the sandy edge of Texas. ï¿½But right now Iï¿½m scared. Someone is on the other side waiting for us, but Iï¿½m still scared.ï¿½ Every ferry that followed seemed to contain the same conflict between fear and family ties. After Vï¿½squez departed, a truck driver ï¿½ Mexico-born, Texas-residing ï¿½ returned from a visit to his relatives. (ï¿½Theyï¿½re like the mafia over there,ï¿½ he said.) Clutching a cookbook he just borrowed, he explained that his sisterï¿½s neighbor was murdered the night before. Later, three brothers returned from visiting their father in Mexico for the first time in years. ï¿½Everyone said it wasnï¿½t a good idea to go,ï¿½ Emmanuel Lopez said. They went anyway, he explained, ï¿½because Grandmaï¿½s a little sick.ï¿½ The privately run ferry arrived at this bend in the green river in 1950, and the original boat, a wooden contraption, survived until around 1980. It was replaced by the metal barge still in use today, with profits and costs shared between one family in Mexico and another in the United States. The workers say they donï¿½t get paid much, and there have been a few close calls with cars moving too quickly, but their easy laughs suggest they enjoy pulling people together. After all, the six main laborers are related ï¿½ two sets of three brothers, cousins all. The seventh and final crew member is Alejo Valdemar, a skinny, septuagenarian with the demeanor of a favorite uncle. For a decade, he has been the fare collector (10 pesos or $1 for pedestrians, 35 pesos or $3 for cars) who pats every child on the head and usually brings the conversation around to his wife, whom he described as ï¿½marvelous.ï¿½ Valdemar married for the first time only four years ago, and when I visited the ferry, his excitement inspired good-natured gossip and laughs. Humor was actually the most common response to the areaï¿½s dark undercurrent. A regular named Juan Salinas ï¿½ a big man in a San Antonio hat who had four children in America before being deported ï¿½ saw one of the boat workers reading a newspaper and asked, ï¿½How many?ï¿½ He meant how many dead, but he didnï¿½t need to say it. ï¿½You have to watch TV for the bodies,ï¿½ came the other workerï¿½s quick reply, sparking laughter all around. Gabriel Soto, 50, the boatman with the most experience on the river (15 years), said that seeing friends like Salinas made the job worthwhile. Many regulars trust Soto with important tasks like carrying things across to family or friends. ï¿½They are always asking me to give their keys to someone or asking me to check on their houses,ï¿½ he said. ï¿½On the river,ï¿½ he added, ï¿½nothing changes.ï¿½ Or at least thatï¿½s what he hoped. At the dayï¿½s end ï¿½ as gusts eased the boatï¿½s passage toward the Mexican side ï¿½ I realized that there was a reason that Soto was carrying so many keys back and forth. His neighbors were fleeing. Their trips, and those of their family members, were becoming more infrequent. Things were changing; he just didnï¿½t want to admit it. Lincoln Club of Orange County proposal would provide path to legal residency The Lincoln Club of Orange County broke with much of the Republican establishment today in announcing an immigration-reform proposal that would provide a path to legal residency for illegal immigrants. Most of the Republican presidential field and many congressional Republicans have said the border must be better secured before addressing those now in the country illegally. Many grassroots Republican activists denounce any talk of legalizing illegal immigrants. But with the Latino vote growing and many Latinos turned off by the GOPï¿½s hardline on illegal immigration, the Lincoln Club wants to build a political bridge. ï¿½Our hope is that this provides a starting point for Republicans and Latinos to find common ground on immigration solutions that respect the rule of law, secure our borders, and afford future immigrants and those who are already here a fair pathway to legal residency,ï¿½ said Lincoln Club President Robert Loewen. While the proposal includes a route to legal residency, it stops short of offering illegal immigrants a road to citizenship. Some in the respected, 40-year-old group of GOP business people went so far as to blame Democrats for not reforming the system. Despite statements from President Barack Obama and many Democrats about the need for immigration reform, many Latinos have been leveling the same complaint against the Administration and Congress. ï¿½Democrats who were in control of Congress for two years under President Obama did nothing to reform our broken immigration system, except to deport more than a million illegal immigrants,ï¿½ Teresa Hernandez, chairwoman of the Lincoln Clubï¿½s Immigration Reform Subcommittee. ï¿½Republicans have an opportunity to be leaders on this issue by replacing our antiquated, quota-driven immigration system with a 21st century one that embraces the free-market demand for jobs.ï¿½ The Lincoln Clubï¿½s three-point plan calls for: 1) Increasing border security. 2) ï¿½Creating a guest worker program that allows both foreign workers and illegal immigrants already here to apply for temporary work permits, provided they pay certain fees and meet certain requirements such as proof of employment and passing a criminal background check.ï¿½ 3) More help for employers in identifying legal workers. Read more details of the plan in the Lincoln Clubï¿½s policy statement. In St. Louis, Missouri, a Star of David was carved into Alaa Alsaeghï¿½s back Published: Wednesday 12 October 2011 Iraqi Christian convert attacked in US over Holocaust poem An Iraqi convert from Islam to Christianity was violently attacked in America over a poem he wrote about the Jewish Holocaust. Alaa Alsaegh was targeted in St Louis, Missouri, because of his Arabic poem, ï¿½Tears at the Heart of the Holocaustï¿½, which expresses pain over the loss of six million Jews at the hands of the Nazis. The attackers carved the Star of David on Alsaeghï¿½s back with a knife while laughing as they recited his poem. They had trapped the Iraqi immigrant using two cars as he was driving along in St Louis. One cut across and struck his car, forcing him to stop, while the other blocked his vehicle from behind. Two attackers then got out of the cars, opened Alsaeghï¿½s door and pointed a gun at him. They pushed his upper body down against the steering wheel, stabbed him and pulled off his shirt before carving the Jewish symbol on his back. Alsaegh, who survived the ordeal, said that the assailants may have been Somali Muslims; they told him not to publish any more poems. The FBI has opened an investigation into the incident, but no arrests have yet been made. Editor: Where is the outrage? A US Christian pastor talks about burning a Koran and the news is published all over the world, A young man in the US is tortured and mutilated, and no one hears about it. Why? Detroit Prayer event puts Muslim community on Edge DETROIT (AP) ï¿½ An area with one of the largest Muslim communities outside the Middle East is bracing itself for a 24-hour prayer rally by a group that counts Islam among the ills facing the U.S. The gathering in Detroit at Ford Field, the stadium where the Detroit Lions play, starts Friday evening and is designed to tackle issues such as the economy, racial strife, same-sex relationships and abortion. But the decade-old organization known as TheCall has said Detroit is a "microcosm of our national crisis" in all areas, including "the rising tide of the Islamic movement." Leaders of TheCall believe a satanic spirit is shaping all parts of U.S. society, and it must be challenged through intensive Christian prayer and fasting. Such a demonic spirit has taken hold of specific areas, Detroit among them, organizers say. In the months ahead of their rallies, teams of local organizers often travel their communities performing a ritual called "divorcing Baal," the name of a demon spirit, to drive out the devil from each location. "Our concern is that we are literally being demonized by the organizers of this group," said Dawud Walid, executive director of Council on American-Islamic Relations' Michigan chapter, which last week urged local mosques and Islamic schools to increase security. "And given the recent history of other groups that have come into Michigan ... we're concerned about this prayer vigil stoking up the flames of divisiveness in the community." TheCall is the latest and largest of several groups or individuals to come to the Detroit area with a message that stirred up many of its estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Muslims. Recent visitors have included Florida pastor Terry Jones; members of the Westboro Baptist Church; and the Acts 17 Apologetics, missionaries who were arrested for disorderly conduct last year at Dearborn's Arab International Festival but were later acquitted. As with many other Christian groups, TheCall and its adherents believe Jesus is the only path to salvation. While they consider all other religions false, they have a specific focus on Islam, largely in response to the Sept. 11 attacks, terrorism overseas and fear that Islam, which is also a proselytizing faith, will spread faster than Christianity. TheCall is modeled partly on the Promise Keepers, the men's stadium prayer movement that was led in the 1990s by former University of Colorado football coach Bill McCartney. TheCall's first major rally was in September 2000 on the national Mall in Washington, drawing tens of thousands of young people to pray for a Christian revival in America. Co-founder Lou Engle has organized similar rallies in several cities, including a 2008 event at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium two days before Election Day to generate support for Proposition 8, which banned gay marriage in California. Theologically, Engle is part of a stream of Pentecostalism that is independent of any denomination and is intensely focused on the end times. Within these churches, some leaders are elevated to the position of apostle, or hearing directly from God. Muslims aren't the only ones concerned about Friday's event. A coalition of Detroit clergy plans to march to the football stadium Friday and hold their own rally. "We do not agree with the spread of a message of hate, but a message of peace and a message of love," the Rev. Charles Williams II, pastor of Historic King Solomon Church in Detroit, said Wednesday. "We love our Muslim brothers. We love those who are homosexual and we are not scared ... to stand up when the time calls for us to." Engle declined interview requests from The Associated Press, and one of his representatives referred calls to Apostle Ellis Smith of Detroit's Jubilee City Church. Smith, who appeared with Engle and other Detroit-area clergy in promotional videos filmed at Ford Field, considers himself a point-person for TheCall in Detroit. Smith told the AP that fears of the event taking on an anti-Muslim tone are overblown. He said attendees won't be "praying against Muslims," but rather "against terrorism that has its roots in Islam." "We're dealing with extremism," he said. "We're against extremism when it comes to Christians." Still, in a pre-event sermon he delivered Oct. 9 at a suburban church, Smith called Islam a "false," ''lame" and "perverse" religion. He said it was allowed to take root in Detroit because of the city's strong religious base. That's why TheCall event is "pivotal," he said. "That's why I believe it's by divine appointment: Detroit is the most religious city in America," Smith said in the sermon, adding later, "What I'm saying to you is Detroit had to happen because we have to break these barriers that have hindered in so many ways." The sermon was archived on the online sermon library Sermon.net. Smith on Thursday said he was offering his personal perspective that Islam is "a false religion, as many others are." He said the main focus of Friday's gathering is "loving God, loving God's people." Dawn Bethany, 43, said she is attending with about 70 others from Lansing's Epicenter of Worship, where she is the church's administrator. Bethany said she believes the event will be a "monumental spiritual experience," and "the negativity is a distraction from seeing who God is." God, she said, "is love." ___ Associated Press writer Corey Williams in Detroit and AP Religion Writer Rachel Zoll in New York contributed to this report. ___ Jeff Karoub can be reached at http://twitter.com/jeffkaroub Sent by Jaime Cader [email protected] 83 victims, family members seek $750M for ï¿½preventableï¿½ Fort Hood tragedy By Associated Press, Published: November 10, 2011 WASHINGTON ï¿½ Eighty-three victims and family members in the worst-ever mass shooting at a U.S. military installation are seeking $750 million in compensation from the Army, alleging that willful negligence enabled psychiatrist Maj. Nidal Hasan to carry out a terrorist attack at Fort Hood, Texas. The administrative claims filed last week said the government had clear warnings that Hasan, who is scheduled to go on trial in March, posed a grave danger to the lives of soldiers and civilians. The government bowed to political correctness and not only ignored the threat Hasan presented but actually promoted him to the rank of major five months before the massacre, according to the administrative claims against the Defense Department, the Justice Department and the FBI. Thirteen soldiers and civilians were killed and more than two dozen soldiers and civilians were injured in the Nov. 5, 2009, shooting spree. Fifty-four relatives of eight of the murdered soldiers have filed claims. One civilian police officer and nine of the injured soldiers have filed claims along with 19 family members of those 10. ï¿½It was unconscionable that Hasan was allowed to continue in the military and ultimately be in the position to perpetrate the only terror attack committed on U.S. soil since 9/11,ï¿½ attorney Neal Sher, who represents the claimants, told The Associated Press. ï¿½Weï¿½re aware claims have been filed, but weï¿½re not going to comment on it,ï¿½ Christopher Haug, chief of media relations for the public affairs office at Fort Hood, said Thursday. ï¿½Theyï¿½ll be taken seriously and theyï¿½ll go through the legal process.ï¿½ Among the claimants is a civilian police officer who shot Hasan, Sgt. Kimberly Munley, who was hit in the leg and hand in an exchange of gunfire that has cut short her law enforcement career. She underwent a series of surgeries for her wounds and is on unpaid leave from her post as a civilian police officer with the Army. ï¿½I brought this claim because I strongly believe this tragedy was totally preventable and that the Army swept under the rug what they knew about Hasan,ï¿½ Munley said in a statement. Munley and her partner, Sgt. Mark Todd, another civilian officer in Fort Hoodï¿½s police force, are credited with shooting Hasan, ending the violence. Hasan, an American-born Muslim, faces the death penalty or life in prison without parole if convicted of 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted premeditated murder. U.S. officials have said they believe Hasanï¿½s attack was inspired by the radical U.S.-born cleric Anwar al-Awlaki and that the two men exchanged as many as 20 emails. Al-Awlaki was killed in a U.S. drone strike in Yemen in late September. His name has not yet been mentioned in any hearings in the criminal case against Hasan. ï¿½It is a tragic irony that our government sought out and killed al-Awlaki, while Hasan was promoted in the Army which enabled him to carry out his murderous terror attack,ï¿½ said Sher, who for many years ran the Justice Departmentï¿½s Office of Special Investigations that hunted Nazi criminals living illegally in the United States. He also is a former executive director of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, a pro-Israel lobbying group. Evidence of Hasanï¿½s radicalization to violent Islamist extremism was on full display to his superiors and colleagues during military medical training, according to a Senate report issued in February and included as an exhibit accompanying the claims. In the events leading up to the shooting, an instructor and a colleague each referred to Hasan as a ï¿½ticking time bomb,ï¿½ according to the report by Sens. Joe Lieberman, I-Conn., and Susan Collins of Maine, the chairman and ranking Republican, respectively, on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. In classroom presentations, Hasan repeatedly spoke of violent Islamist extremism instead of medical subjects and justified suicide bombings, said the report, which concluded that Hasanï¿½s superiors failed to discipline him, refer him to counterintelligence officials or seek to discharge him. Letters to Senator Hutchison and Senator Cornyn by Jose Antonio Lï¿½pez The Story Of One Deported Latino Veteran by Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n St. Athanasius School in Long Beach, California Valley Veterans Hospital Needed Hi All, I just mailed the letter below to both Senator Hutchison and Senator Cornyn asking them to lead the funding of the much-needed Valley Veterans Hospital. In my view, few other things are representative of the benign neglect and abandonment of South Texas by the powers that be than the lack of a Veterans Hospital in the Rio Grande Valley. In addition to the senators, I mailed copies of the letter to President Obama, Vice-President Biden, and Secretaries Rodham Clinton, Panetta, and Shinseki, Rep. Cuellar, Gov. Perry, the American Legion, VFW, and certain officials in the Valley. I added a short note covering the following points: A veteran in Harlingen, Texas and surrounding area is more likely to be uninsured, unemployed, and/or underemployed. Per capita income in South Texas is truly at the lowest levels in Texas. Many area counties do not have civilian medical facilities either. Seeking help for service-related health care, veterans have to travel to San Antonio -- a 10-hour round trip. As a result, many economically-burdened veterans are forced to pass up on treatment of serious illness altogether. That is unconscionable and unacceptable. For nearly 40 years, returning military men and women of South Texas have been promised a medical center. To date, all they get is electioneering speeches, pledges, and finger pointing as to who is responsible for delaying its construction. Our wounded warriors served gallantly. They deserve only the best medical care in return for readily answering the call to duty. Waving the U.S. flag on Veterans Day is a precious tradition. Letï¿½s make sure that when we wave the flag next Veterans Day, the event will also be to celebrate the approval of funds for the groundbreaking of a Rio Grande Valley Veterans Hospital. Moreover, letï¿½s give new meaning to the phrase ï¿½Thank a Vetï¿½, by using the new facility as a ï¿½Thank Youï¿½ from a grateful nation. Please spread the word. Join me and other patriots, such as Plï¿½cido Salazar. Let our two senators and responsible officials hear our voices of support in unison. La uniï¿½n es la fuerza! Saludos, Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison Senator John Cornyn 284 Russell Senate Office Building 517 Hart Senate Office Building Dear Senator Hutchison and Senator Cornyn : On this glorious day honoring U.S. men and women warriors, I ask that you focus on the urgent need for a Rio Grande Valley Veterans Hospital. No other ethnic minority group is more loyal to the cause of freedom than Spanish Mexican-descent citizen veterans from South Texas. To this very day, they serve honorably and are returning home from current war zones in Afghanistan and Iraq. What kind of warriors come from the Rio Grande Valley? Only the bravest! I could write volumes of examples of their loyalty and courage in defense of the U.S. However, I believe that the citation below for Medal of Honor Winner Sergeant Freddy Cantï¿½ Gonzï¿½lez, Edinburg, Texas, speaks for itself. Senators, please reflect on the last two sentences of the citation. In memory of Sergeant Gonzï¿½lez, I ask you to actively and vigorously back Representative Henry Cuellarï¿½s bi-partisan HR 1318, South Texas Veterans Health Care Expansion Act. The thousands of Rio Grande Valley veterans have earned the construction of a VA Hospital. The matter has been studied enough. No more excuses. No more ifs, ands, or buts. No more promises of support. Find the way to get it done this time. Thank you. Very Respectfully, Josï¿½ Antonio Lï¿½pez, USAF Veteran (1962-66) Citation to the Award of the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Alfredo Cantï¿½ Gonzï¿½lez. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as platoon commander, 3d Platoon, Company A. On 31 January 1968, during the initial phase of Operation Hue City, Sgt. Gonzalez' unit was formed as a reaction force and deployed to Hue to relieve the pressure on the beleaguered city. While moving by truck convoy along Route No. 1, near the village of Lang Van Lrong, the marines received a heavy volume of enemy fire. Sgt. Gonzalez aggressively maneuvered the marines in his platoon, and directed their fire until the area was cleared of snipers. Immediately after crossing a river south of Hue, the column was again hit by intense enemy fire. One of the marines on top of a tank was wounded and fell to the ground in an exposed position. With complete disregard for his safety, Sgt. Gonzalez ran through the fire-swept area to the assistance of his injured comrade. He lifted him up and though receiving fragmentation wounds during the rescue, he carried the wounded marine to a covered position for treatment. Due to the increased volume and accuracy of enemy fire from a fortified machine gun bunker on the side of the road, the company was temporarily halted. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Sgt. Gonzalez exposed himself to the enemy fire and moved his platoon along the east side of a bordering rice paddy to a dike directly across from the bunker. Though fully aware of the danger involved, he moved to the fire-swept road and destroyed the hostile position with hand grenades. Although seriously wounded again on 3 February, he steadfastly refused medical treatment and continued to supervise his men and lead the attack. On 4 February, the enemy had again pinned the company down, inflicting heavy casualties with automatic weapons and rocket fire. Sgt. Gonzalez, utilizing a number of light antitank assault weapons, fearlessly moved from position to position firing numerous rounds at the heavily fortified enemy emplacements. He successfully knocked out a rocket position and suppressed much of the enemy fire before falling mortally wounded. The heroism, courage, and dynamic leadership displayed by Sgt. Gonzalez reflected great credit upon himself and the Marine Corps, and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country. By Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n November 11, 2011 Immigrants have served in the United States armed forces since the Revolutionary War, and one veteran we spoke to noted that, being an immigrant sometimes makes things a little bit more complicated. Hector Barajas served with the 82nd Airborne as a paratrooper, but now lives in Mexico, where he was deported a few years ago after he was deported. Barajas doesnï¿½t make excuses for the actions that led to his deportation, but working with the groupBanished Veterans, he and other deported veterans lobby to try to find a way to come back home ï¿½ the U.S. He told NewsTaco his story. Barajasï¿½ story goes like this. He came to the U.S. when he was 5 or 6, grew up in Compton and joined the military right after high school, in 1995. He never became a citizen. One day he came home from Fort Bliss outside El Paso to visit his family in Compton; at the time he was in a military alcohol rehabilitation program, he was driving under the influence with some friends. One of them in the backseat thought he was being followed and shot a gun at the car behind them. ï¿½Nobody got hurt,ï¿½ Barajas told us. He pleaded guilty to the discharge of a firearm and was sentenced to three years in a California state prison. After Barajas said a bad lawyer fumbled his case, he found himself with a deportation hold about two years into his sentence. Barajas meant to become a citizen, he started the application, but never followed up. He was eventually flown from California to Arizona, where he said he felt like he was in limbo. While in immigration custody he said he felt like he was ï¿½being considered an illegal immigrant. I never thought of myself as being an illegal immigrant.ï¿½ Especially since, as a soldier, he was always attending ceremonies and exercises where his patriotism was praised. ï¿½I was good enough to fight for the country, but all of a sudden, youï¿½re disposable,ï¿½ he said. Nine months passed in the Arizona detention facility. One day, in the middle of the night, he was dropped off in Nogales, Sonora. He spent some time in Zacatecas with his grandparents, then tried to come home, was deported again, and has since been trying to find legal recourse to come home to Los Angeles to be with his parents and daughter. He currently works as a caregiver for the elderly in Rosarito, Baja California. Banished Veterans has been a beacon of hope for him, he told us, about a dozen people work with the group. His dream for the group is to open up different chapters to help other veterans who find themselves in a similar situation. And while he takes responsibility for his actions, he longs to come back to the U.S., for a very simple reason. ï¿½Why do I want to come back? Iï¿½m an American,ï¿½ he told NewsTaco. ï¿½There are a lot of Americans that wonï¿½t put on a uniform to defend the country, to do what we did.ï¿½ St. Athanasius School in Long Beach, California Friends and family, Help Decorate Our "Tree of Lights" . . . Most of you may know that I am currently teaching 6th grade at St. Athanasius School in Long Beach. As you will read in the following letter, we are one of the poorest communities in the LA area so we have recently launched a project to help brighten the holidays for our students/families. Please read about our project and check out our website to perhaps participate in our project. If you would like to donate specifically to the 6th grade class, you may do so by following the directions in this email as well as posted on the website. Here is the direct link: http://www.saslongbeach.com/tree-of-lights.html Thank you so much and God bless! Hayley Palacios [An article on Haley is her October 2011] Each September children everywhere greet the new school year having eaten a full breakfast, dressed in new outfits and shoes, with a backpack filled with supplies. At St. Athanasius Catholic School most students rely on government provided breakfasts and lunches for their daily nutrition, many wear used or hand me down uniforms, and some are considered fortunate to have a notebook and a pencil to begin the school year. At Christmas many children dream of beautiful Christmas trees surrounded with a multitude of toys, games, clothes, and electronic gadgets. For the children of St. Athanasius Catholic School, most have not experienced a Christmas morning of gift giving as their families cannot afford one. St. Athanasius parish in Long Beach, CA is one of the poorest parishes in the Los Angeles diocese, and also one of the poorest in the nation. Last year, a couple of young teachers embarked on a mission to buy one gift for every student in their class, and to help provide a Christmas for some of the schoolï¿½s poorest families. Their success revealed a much larger need. This year, the entire staff has joined together and expanded the program with the hope of buying one gift and one book for every student, plus provide a Christmas for the schoolï¿½s neediest families. Two weeks ago the teachers solicited toy and game wishes from the students. One 8 year old in tattered sneakers asked for new shoes or a pair of bicycle shorts to wear under her school skirt. With those wishes fulfilled immediately she was asked to make a fun wish, but it illuminated the perspective of these children and their needs. Our mission for the month of November is to decorate our Tree of Lights, where a light represents one of our 186 children, an angel represents an entire class, and a present represents a family. To decorate our tree: adopt a child or class, then purchase and deliver a gift(s) from our Wish List; make a cash donation to help first raise $15 per child to buy a gift and a book for all 186 children; and/or then adopt, or donate to a fund, to provide gifts and food (about $200 per family) for our neediest families. Cash donations of any amount are graciously accepted either thru our web site: saslongbeach.com , or by check payable to St. Athanasius Tree of Love, and mailed to Development Team, St. Athanasius School, 5369 Linden, Long Beach, CA 90805. To adopt a child or family directly contact the Development Team through our website for Wish List items and delivery instructions. St. Athanasius Catholic School is a 501(C)(3) organization and all donations are tax deductible. Any donation of $250 or greater will receive a letter for tax purposes. Please help decorate our Tree of Lights and help make a child or familyï¿½s wish come true this Christmas. Thank you! Dropout Rate Reaches 28 Percent Senator Iris Martinez writes the foreword to from The Barrio to the Board Hispanic Education Endowment Fund: 18th Annual Apple of Gold Celebration Stand and Deliver' Movie Quotes by Jaime Escalante Intercultural Development Research Association Gilbert G. Gonzalez Collection, 1864-2001 Focusing on the Needs of Latino Students by Manuel Hernandez-Carmona Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior by Amy Chua Latino Dropout Rate Reaches 28% The National Council of La Raza recently released a study that indicated a Hispanic dropout rate of 28 percent. May 2, 2011 The report also included strategy recommendations to improve the opportunities of young Latinos and the social barriers they face as they enter the job market. According to the study, only ï¿½58% of Latinos complete high school when compared with 78 percent of non-Hispanic whites.ï¿½ These figures correspond significantly with unemployment rates because 40 percent of Latinos age 25 and up without high school diplomas are unemployed or only have a temporary job. New jobs are forecasted to require at least some university education, thus indicating the sad reality that Latinos will continue to be concentrated in low-paying labor jobs. La Raza report places an emphasis on the importance of establishing educational programs focused on Latinos between the ages of 16 and 24 who dropped out and are not working. ï¿½Keeping in mind that Hispanics are going to represent a very important segment in the future labor force, itï¿½s crucial to reengage these young people in their training, educate them, to be able to place these kids, who now are at risk of social exclusion, on the road to quality employment and economic stability,ï¿½ said Simon Lopez, NCLRï¿½s director for Workforce and Leadership Development. Other factors that contribute to the increased dropout rates of Latinos include language barriers, immigration status of their families, low-incomes and over representation in the juvenile justice system. The NCLR report stresses the importance of addressing the increased dropout rates and high unemployment rates immediately because of the repercussions it will have to the economy in the future. References: Latino Fox News Source: NewsTaco, 11/11/11 The Education News is a publication of the League of United Latin American Citizens, founded in 1929 and currently headed by National President Margaret Moran. Written and Edited by: Michael Castro, LULAC National Intern, [email protected], Amaris Kinne, Education Policy Fellow, [email protected] & Iris Chavez, Deputy Director for Education Policy, [email protected] SENATOR IRIS MARTINEZ WRITES THE FOREWORD to FROM THE BARRIO TO THE BOARD ROOM 2ND EDITION 11/16/11 Robert Renteria's story needs to be heard. Young people are living in neighborhoods with more violence than ever before and gangs havebecome a routine part of the environment. For some of our young people, survival is all they know. We have to show them that there is more. We have to encourage them to look beyond, and have a sense of the future and look to where they want to be 10 or 20 years from now. Robert clearly illustrates that life is full of choices, and the choices you make will determine which way you go. From the Barrio to the Board Room shows young people that others who were just like them, with similar experiences, have made something positive happen in their lives. How did we do this? Both Robert and I were able to disconnect from our environment to a certain degree so that we could not only continue to survive within it, but also look toward the future. Our personal experiences gave us the upper hand in dealing with gangs, violence, drug and alcohol abuse and our youth dropping out of school. We are committed to our community because we recognize that many of these young men and women need role models and individuals who can nurture and mentor them. This is the message that Robert and I have in common. We've been there, yet here we are. We made it out from the Barrio and our kids can do the same. But the Barrio should stay with us as a reminder of who we are. I always say that you can take me out of the Barrio but you can't take the Barrio out of me. I also say that although I am the first Latina in the State Senate, I won't be the last! When I visit schools I tell young people that education is the most precious gift that you can give yourself and your community. By becoming educated, you can understand the social injustice and economic issues that exist out there. What you capture in the classroom is something that nobody can ever take away from you. And you can choose to make it a positive experience! A book like Robert's can make a difference and change the course of someone's life because it is a story that hits home. From the Barrio tells you that it does not matter where you are born, what community you grow up in, or where in society you may be; what matters is you and what you want to do with your life. Everything that Robert has shared-the words, his commitment and his philosophy-is a reality. He is living proof that a kid from the Barrio can make it, and his story will change lives. -The Honorable Iris Y. Martinez Illinois State Senator For more information, please contact Corey Michael Blake at 224.475.0392 or [email protected] Hispanic Education Endowment Fund: 18th Annual Apple of Gold Celebration By Yobany Banks-McKay On Thursday Oct 20th, HEEF celebrated 18 years of progress for the Orange County Hispanic Education Endowment Fund. The Apple of Gold Awards Celebration honors teachers in the following categories: Excellence in High School Teaching, Excellence in K-12 Leadership and Excellence in Post Secondary Leadership. This year the honorees were Yamila Castro from Anaheim Union High School District for Excellence in High School Teaching. Lucinda Nares Pueblos for Excellence in K-12 Leadership and Professor John Dombrink for excellence in Post Secondary Leadership. The teachers and students are an inspiration to all of us as they speak of their stories of overcoming challenges posed in the everyday lives of our Latino youth in the school system. HEEF allows students who may not be able to afford a higher level education an opportunity to advance in their education and more importantly in the workforce once they graduate. To date, more than 1,250 scholarships have been awarded to college-bound youth. These scholarships support specific college majors and professional school as well as private K-12 education. Students are completing not only the bachelorï¿½s degree but also advanced degrees and professional school. NHBWA is proud to be among the HEEF partnership organizations that allow us to provide annual scholarships to deserving young Latinas. Congratulations to all awardees and scholarship recipients as together we will improve opportunities for all Hispanic youth in our community! Source: NHBWA November 2011 News Brief National Hispanic Business Women Association 2024 N. Broadway STE 100 Santa Ana, CA 92706 Stand and Deliver' Movie Quotes by Jaime Escalante Students will rise to the level of expectation. Did you know that neither the Greeks nor the Romans were capable of using the concept of zero? It was your ancestors, the Mayans, who first contemplated the zero. The absence of value. True story. There will be no free rides, no excuses. You already have two strikes against you: your name and your complexion. Because of these two strikes, there are some people in this world who will assume that you know less than you do. Math is the great equalizer... When you go for a job, the person giving you that job will not want to hear your problems; ergo, neither do I. You're going to work harder here than you've ever worked anywhere else. And the only thing I ask from you is ganas. Desire. You don't count how many times you are on the floor. You count how many times you get up. We are all concerned about the future of American education. But as I tell my students, you do not enter the future -- you create the future. The future is created through hard work. 'Stand and Deliver' is a 1988 American drama film. The film is a dramatization based on a true story of a dedicated high school mathematics teacher Jaime Escalante. Edward James Olmos portrayed Escalante in the film and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.[1] Jaime Escalante, the East Los Angeles mathematics teacher whose story inspired the movie Stand and Deliver, died from bladder cancer at his son's home on March 30, 2010.[ Intercultural Development Research Association The Intercultural Development Research Association is an independent, private non-profit organization dedicated to strengthening public schools to work for all children. We are committed to the IDRA valuing philosophy, respecting the knowledge and skills of the individuals we work with and build on the strengths of the students and parents in their schools. IDRA's professional staff membersï¿½ Are fluent and literate in English and Spanish. Have many years of classroom, administrative, and community engagement experience. Have graduate degrees ï¿½ master's and doctorates ï¿½ from respected universities. Are skilled trainers, accustomed to designing and implementing top-notch workshops. Through its history IDRA has been a vocal advocate for the right of every student to equality of educational opportunity. IDRA was founded in 1973 by Dr. Josï¿½ A. Cï¿½rdenas and, today, is directed by Dr. Marï¿½a ï¿½Cucaï¿½ Robledo Montecel. IDRA fulfills its mission through professional development, research and evaluation, policy and leadership development, and programs and materials development. IDRA's vision: IDRA is a vanguard leadership development and research team working with people to create self-renewing schools that value and empower all children, families and communities. Episode 11 Video Aurelio Montemayor (April 20, 2007) The underlying assumptions we have about our students have a dramatic affect on our ability to teach. The same holds true among adults. Even with the best of intentions, educators struggle to work with families without realizing that their own deficit assumptions are creating the barriers. Aurelio Montemayor, M.Ed., director of the IDRA Texas Parent Information and Resource Center, illustrates the contrast between the valuing and deficit models of thinking and acting, and he provides examples of schools that are valuing families as partners in childrenï¿½s education. Aurelio is interviewed by Josie Danini Cortez, M.A., an IDRA senior education associate. Listen to this podcast. Aurelio M. Montemayor 5815 Callaghan Road, Suite 101 San Antonio, Texas 78228 ï¿½ LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/intercultural-development-research-association Check out IDRA Classnotes Podcasts at http://www.idra.org/Podcasts/ Also sign up for Graduation for All , our monthly e-letter (English/Spanish), and IDRA eNews , for occasional news updates Dr. Jose Angel Cardenas, founder of IDRA passed away September 17, 2011. Go to to the October IDRA Newsletter, VOL XXXVIII, NO. IX October 2011 dedicated In Memoriam to Dr. Cardenas http://www.idra.org/images/stories/Newsltr_Oct2011.pdf Gilbert G. Gonzalez Collection, 1864-2001 Quantity: 87 Boxes; 43.5 Linear Feet Collection Guide (63pp.) - 18,800 words, Language: English and Spanish URL: http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/asu/gonzalez.xml&doc.view=print;chunk.id=0 Abstract: The Gilbert G. Gonzalez Collection consists of journal articles, book chapters, personal notes, newspaper articles, lesson plans, Mexican consulate records, bibliographic entries and citations, handwritten research notes, marginal notes and numerous yellow ï¿½Post Itï¿½ notes in paginations. Primary and secondary source materials in this collection are in English and in Spanish. There are no translations provided for the materials in the Spanish language. Repository: Arizona State University Libraries Chicano Research Collection Arizona State University Libraries E-Mail: [email protected] Biographical Note Dr. Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Professor Emeritus and Historian, University of California-Irvine, Chicano/Latino Studies and former Professor of Social Sciences and Director of the Labor and Studies Program at the same university, is one of eight children born to Mexican immigrant parents. Raised and educated in southern California, Dr. Gonzalez received his Ph.D. in United States history from UCLA in 1974. In 1971, Professor Gonzalez was affiliated with the Program in Comparative Culture at the University of California-Irvine, where his interests in ethnic studies, U.S.-Mexico agricultural labor relations, Mexican consuls and public policy, segregation of Mexican children in the southwestern states, and Mexican immigration established themselves and took root. His authoritative works have been required readings for graduate students in departments of history and sociology throughout the southwestern United States. Considered by his peers as ï¿½one of the preeminent scholars of Chicano history and transborder studiesï¿½, Dr. Gonzalezï¿½s path-breaking work over a 30-year period explains that Mexican migration since the late nineteenth century is the social and political consequence of United Statesï¿½ economic domination over Mexico. This is the theme that drives the scholarship of Dr. Gilbert G. Gonzalez, a most prolific historian and author. Currently, Dr. Gonzalez and a colleague, Vivian Price, are completing the film documentary, ï¿½Soldiers of the Fields: Forgotten But Not Silenced,ï¿½ a historical perspective of the lives, struggles and sacrifices of the men and women of the U.S.-Mexico Bracero Program, one that brought approximately 4.8 million Mexican agricultural workers into the United States over a twenty-two year period, from 1942 to 1964. Scope and Content Note The Gilbert G. Gonzalez Collection consists of journal articles, book chapters, personal notes, newspaper articles, lesson plans, Mexican consulate records, bibliographic entries and citations, handwritten research notes, marginal notes and numerous yellow ï¿½Post Itï¿½ notes in paginations. Primary and secondary source materials in this collection are in English and in Spanish. There are no translations provided for the materials in the Spanish language. The Personal Papers and Writings series extends from 1970 to 2001 and includes Professor Gonzalezï¿½s 1974 UCLA dissertation, The System of Public Education and Its Function Within the Chicano Communities, 1920-1930, with several drafts of this manuscript included; handwritten research notes and drafts of manuscripts which became his noted publications, such as Progressive Education: a Marxist Interpretation ( c. 1982); Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation (c. 1990); Labor and Community: Mexican Citrus Worker Villages in a Southern California County, 1900-1950 (c. 1994); Mexican Consuls and Labor Organizing: Imperial Politics in the American Southwest ( c. 1999); and preliminary notes for, and correspondence with, the publisher of Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico and Mexican Immigration, 1880-1930 ( c. 2003). The Los Angeles Schools series includes research notes taken from the Los Angeles School Journal (1920s); Los Angeles School Education Bulletin (1920s); Los Angeles School District Publications (1920s and 1930s); and Los Angeles School Board of Education Minutes (1950s). Dr. Gonzalezï¿½s personal handwritten notes are available in long hand and are readable. This series includes materials compiled and prepared by Dr. Gonzalez for use in his Mexican American and Chicano studies courses and workshops offered at the University of California at Irvine (1970s). The Chicano Studies, University of California at Irvine series offers primary source materials such as annual reports, correspondence and minority and academic personnel employment statistics produced by the Chicano/Latino Faculty Association and the Affirmative Action Committee at the University of California at Irvine, where Dr. Gonzalez held memberships (1980s and 1990s). Also included in this series are Dr. Gonzalezï¿½s lesson plans used in his Chicano studies courses. The Manuscript Materials series contains numerous photocopies of selected book chapters from scholarly publications, articles published in trade periodicals, contemporary southwest monographs, and articles from the Spanish-language Mexican newspaper, La Opiniï¿½n, published in Los Angeles in the 1940s. Themes such as the history of Mexico (1860s to 1890s); Mexican social life and customs (1900 to 1920s); the education of Mexican children in the southwest (1920s); the plight of Mexican agricultural laborers and Japanese growers in southern California (1930s); agricultural labor strikes and unionism (1930s and 1940s); and intelligence test scores of Mexican children (1940s and 1950s). Included in this series are numerous undated 5x7 and 3x5 index cards that bear Dr. Gonzalezï¿½s handwritten notes on miscellaneous topics of interest relating to the state of U.S.-Mexico history and thought, Mexican immigration, and Mexican culture and labor. Sent by Roberto Calderon, [email protected] Focusing on the needs of Latino students is making an alignment with the content standards (C.S.) and grade level expectations of each state and school community. Although there are different versions, the core values of the book Christians call Bible are the same. Much like those who interpret the Bible, it is the responsibility of state and city school communities to align their content standards with the specific school needs assessment to which they serve. The alignment does not only come in words but in principle. The New York City Board of Education serves a multi-ethnic and diverse school community of millions of students which spread out in five different boroughs. The Department of Education in Puerto Rico serves primarily Puerto Rican students in seventy-eight municipalities organized in twenty-eight mega school districts. Two different school communities with diverse and unique academic interests but both adhere to content standards and grade level expectations. The content standards provide an academic platform, and school districts and teachers make the interpretation and adjust accordingly. When the C.S. do not meet the expectations of school communities, the results are not only reflected in city and statewide testing but put a strangle hold on student achievement. How can an English teacher from Chicago teach Shakespeare to a recently arrived seventeen year old immigrant from Guatemala? This is the story in hundreds of school districts in cities across America. Thousands of immigrant children who are not only threatened to be deported but lack reading and the mathematical skills needed to pass city and statewide examinations. Knowing the Spanish language at home is not always a guarantee for these students to take what may seem an obviously easy course since the Spanish spoken at home is usually different from the ï¿½Castellanoï¿½ taught at the school. Content Standards must provide for the diverse academic needs assessment of each community. Ever since No Child Left Behind was created in 2001, the school population in most districts across America has changed drastically. The Latino population continues to surge, but the Law has stagnated and must be changed! Because NCLB has not advanced, Latino students continue to have retention and suspension/expulsion rates that are higher than those of Whites, but lower than those of Blacks. Regardless of the lower numbers of drop outs, Latino students still have higher high school dropout rates and lower high school completion rates than White or Black students. The role of culturally competent teachers has been part of the remarkable strides that have been made in educating Latino students. Research shows that talented and dedicated teachers are the single biggest contributor to the educational development of these children especially in areas where role models are far and few between. Focusing on the needs of Latino students is making an academic difference to help improve the quality of Latino children. The 21st century has focused Americaï¿½s eyes on terror, war and the economy. The empowerment of children in America is focusing towards the improvement of the education of Latino children and all American children as well. (The author is an associate for Souder, Betances and Associates, an English Staff Development Specialist for the Department of Education in Puerto Rico and a professor at the University of Phoenix, Puerto Rico Campus) (Erin Patrice O'Brien for The Wall Street Journal) Amy Chua with her daughters, Louisa and Sophia, at their home in New Haven, Connecticut. Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior By Amy Chua January 8, 2011 Do better parents produce better students? Most research says absolutely yes!!! Chinese parents believe their children are the best, expect their children to be the best and work towards their children being the best! Their children usually respond by being the best!!! Can a regimen of no playdates, no TV, no computer games and hours of music practice create happy kids? And what happens when they fight back? A lot of people wonder how Chinese parents raise such stereotypically successful kids. They wonder what these parents do to produce so many math whizzes and music prodigies, what it's like inside the family, and whether they could do it too. Well, I can tell them, because I've done it. Here are some things my daughters, Sophia and Louisa, were never allowed to do: attend a sleepover, have a playdate, be in a school play, complain about not being in a school, play watch TV, or play computer games, choose their own extracurricular activities, get any grade less than an A, not be the No. 1 student in every subject except gym and drama play any instrument other than the piano or violin, not play the piano or violin. I'm using the term "Chinese mother" loosely. I know some Korean, Indian, Jamaican, Irish and Ghanaian parents who qualify too. Conversely, I know some mothers of Chinese heritage, almost always born in the West, who are not Chinese mothers, by choice or otherwise. I'm also using the term "Western parents" loosely. Western parents come in all varieties. All the same, even when Western parents think they're being strict, they usually don't come close to being Chinese mothers. For example, my Western friends who consider themselves strict make their children practice their instruments 30 minutes every day. An hour at most. For a Chinese mother, the first hour is the easy part. It's hours two and three that get tough. Despite our squeamishness about cultural stereotypes, there are tons of studies out there showing marked and quantifiable differences between Chinese and Westerners when it comes to parenting. In one study of 50 Western American mothers and 48 Chinese immigrant mothers, almost 70% of the Western mothers said either that "stressing academic success is not good for children" or that "parents need to foster the idea that learning is fun." By contrast, roughly 0% of the Chinese mothers felt the same way. Instead, the vast majority of the Chinese mothers said that they believe their children can be "the best" students, that "academic achievement reflects successful parenting," and that if children did not excel at school then there was "a problem" and parents "were not doing their job." Other studies indicate that compared to Western parents, Chinese parents spend approximately 10 times as long every day drilling academic activities with their children. By contrast, Western kids are more likely to participate in sports teams. What Chinese parents understand is that nothing is fun until you're good at it. To get good at anything you have to work, and children on their own never want to work, which is why it is crucial to override their preferences. This often requires fortitude on the part of the parents because the child will resist; things are always hardest at the beginning, which is where Western parents tend to give up. But if done properly, the Chinese strategy produces a virtuous circle. Tenacious practice, practice, practice is crucial for excellence; rote repetition is underrated in America. Once a child starts to excel at something-whether it's math, piano, pitching or ballet-he or she gets praise, admiration and satisfaction. This builds confidence and makes the once not-fun activity fun. This in turn makes it easier for the parent to get the child to work even more. Chinese parents can get away with things that Western parents can't. Once when I was young-maybe more than once-when I was extremely disrespectful to my mother, my father angrily called me "garbage" in our native Hokkien dialect. It worked really well. I felt terrible and deeply ashamed of what I had done. But it didn't damage my self-esteem or anything like that. I knew exactly how highly he thought of me. I didn't actually think I was worthless or feel like a piece of garbage. As an adult, I once did the same thing to Sophia, calling her garbage in English when she acted extremely disrespectfully toward me. When I mentioned that I had done this at a dinner party, I was immediately ostracized. One guest named Marcy got so upset she broke down in tears and had to leave early. My friend Susan, the host, tried to rehabilitate me with the remaining guests. The fact is that Chinese parents can do things that would seem unimaginable-even legally actionable-to Westerners. Chinese mothers can say to their daughters, "Hey fatty-lose some weight." By contrast, Western parents have to tiptoe around the issue, talking in terms of "health" and never ever mentioning the f-word, and their kids still end up in therapy for eating disorders and negative self-image. (I also once heard a Western father toast his adult daughter by calling her "beautiful and incredibly competent." She later told me that made her feel like garbage.) Chinese parents can order their kids to get straight As. Western parents can only ask their kids to try their best. Chinese parents can say, "You're lazy. All your classmates are getting ahead of you." By contrast, Western parents have to struggle with their own conflicted feelings about achievement, and try to persuade themselves that they're not disappointed about how their kids turned out. I've thought long and hard about how Chinese parents can get away with what they do. I think there are three big differences between the Chinese and Western parental mind-sets. First, I've noticed that Western parents are extremely anxious about their children's self-esteem. They worry about how their children will feel if they fail at something, and they constantly try to reassure their children about how good they are notwithstanding a mediocre performance on a test or at a recital. In other words, Western parents are concerned about their children's psyches. Chinese parents aren't. They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently. For example, if a child comes home with an A-minus on a test, a Western parent will most likely praise the child. The Chinese mother will gasp in horror and ask what went wrong. If the child comes home with a B on the test, some Western parents will still praise the child. Other Western parents will sit their child down and express disapproval, but they will be careful not to make their child feel inadequate or insecure, and they will not call their child "stupid," "worthless" or "a disgrace." Privately, the Western parents may worry that their child does not test well or have aptitude in the subject or that there is something wrong with the curriculum and possibly the whole school. If the child's grades do not improve, they may eventually schedule a meeting with the school principal to challenge the way the subject is being taught or to call into question the teacher's credentials. If a Chinese child gets a B-which would never happen-there would first be a screaming, hair-tearing explosion. The devastated Chinese mother would then get dozens, maybe hundreds of practice tests and work through them with her child for as long as it takes to get the grade up to an A. Chua family From Ms. Chua's album: 'Mean me with Lulu in hotel room... with score taped to TV! Chinese parents demand perfect grades because they believe that their child can get them. If their child doesn't get them, the Chinese parent assumes it's because the child didn't work hard enough. That's why the solution to substandard performance is always to excoriate, punish and shame the child. The Chinese parent believes that their child will be strong enough to take the shaming and to improve from it. (And when Chinese kids do excel, there is plenty of ego-inflating parental praise lavished in the privacy of the home.) Second, Chinese parents believe that their kids owe them everything. The reason for this is a little unclear, but it's probably a combination of Confucian filial piety and the fact that the parents have sacrificed and done so much for their children. (And it's true that Chinese mothers get in the trenches, putting in long grueling hours personally tutoring, training, interrogating and spying on their kids.) Anyway, the understanding is that Chinese children must spend their lives repaying their parents by obeying them and making them proud. By contrast, I don't think most Westerners have the same view of children being permanently indebted to their parents. My husband, Jed, actually has the opposite view. "Children don't choose their parents," he once said to me. "They don't even choose to be born. It's parents who foist life on their kids, so it's the parents' responsibility to provide for them. Kids don't owe their parents anything. Their duty will be to their own kids." This strikes me as a terrible deal for the Western parent. Third, Chinese parents believe that they know what is best for their children and therefore override all of their children's own desires and preferences. That's why Chinese daughters can't have boyfriends in high school and why Chinese kids can't go to sleepaway camp. It's also why no Chinese kid would ever dare say to their mother, "I got a part in the school play! I'm Villager Number Six. I'll have to stay after school for rehearsal every day from 3:00 to 7:00, and I'll also need a ride on weekends." God help any Chinese kid who tried that one. Don't get me wrong: It's not that Chinese parents don't care about their children. Just the opposite. They would give up anything for their children. It's just an entirely different parenting model. Here's a story in favor of coercion, Chinese-style. Lulu was about 7, still playing two instruments, and working on a piano piece called "The Little White Donkey" by the French composer Jacques Ibert. The piece is really cute-you can just imagine a little donkey ambling along a country road with its master-but it's also incredibly difficult for young players because the two hands have to keep schizophrenically different rhythms. Lulu couldn't do it. We worked on it nonstop for a week, drilling each of her hands separately, over and over. But whenever we tried putting the hands together, one always morphed into the other, and everything fell apart. Finally, the day before her lesson, Lulu announced in exasperation that she was giving up and stomped off. "Get back to the piano now," I ordered. "You can't make me." "Oh yes, I can." Back at the piano, Lulu made me pay. She punched, thrashed and kicked. She grabbed the music score and tore it to shreds. I taped the score back together and encased it in a plastic shield so that it could never be destroyed again. Then I hauled Lulu's dollhouse to the car and told her I'd donate it to the Salvation Army piece by piece if she didn't have "The Little White Donkey" perfect by the next day. When Lulu said, "I thought you were going to the Salvation Army, why are you still here?" I threatened her with no lunch, no dinner, no Christmas or Hanukkah presents, no birthday parties for two, three, four years. When she still kept playing it wrong, I told her she was purposely working herself into a frenzy because she was secretly afraid she couldn't do it. I told her to stop being lazy, cowardly, self-indulgent and pathetic. Jed took me aside. He told me to stop insulting Lulu-which I wasn't even doing, I was just motivating her-and that he didn't think threatening Lulu was helpful. Also, he said, maybe Lulu really just couldn't do the technique-perhaps she didn't have the coordination yet-had I considered that possibility? "You just don't believe in her," I accused. "That's ridiculous," Jed said scornfully. "Of course I do." "Sophia could play the piece when she was this age." "But Lulu and Sophia are different people," Jed pointed out. Chua family Sophia playing at Carnegie Hall in 2007 "Oh no, not this," I said, rolling my eyes. "Everyone is special in their special own way," I mimicked sarcastically. "Even losers are special in their own special way. Well don't worry, you don't have to lift a finger. I'm willing to put in as long as it takes, and I'm happy to be the one hated. And you can be the one they adore because you make them pancakes and take them to Yankees games." I rolled up my sleeves and went back to Lulu. I used every weapon and tactic I could think of. We worked right through dinner into the night, and I wouldn't let Lulu get up, not for water, not even to go to the bathroom. The house became a war zone, and I lost my voice yelling, but still there seemed to be only negative progress, and even I began to have doubts. Then, out of the blue, Lulu did it. Her hands suddenly came together-her right and left hands each doing their own imperturbable thing-just like that. Lulu realized it the same time I did. I held my breath. She tried it tentatively again. Then she played it more confidently and faster, and still the rhythm held. A moment later, she was beaming. "Mommy, look-it's easy!" Izzy Sanabria, Why they call him Mr. Sanabria 40 Years Since The BIRTH of SALSA by Izzy Sanabria American Saborï¿½s traveling exhibition Own a piece of Salsa History, Posters Gregorio Luke Triumphs in Mexico's Bellas Artes East L.A. speaks from its heart In South Texas Happiness can be Found on the Grill by Richard G. Santos First Annual Lloronathon Launches In Phoenix WHY THEY CALL HIM ï¿½MR. SALSAï¿½ Izzy Sanabria Graphic Artist, Writer, Actor, Emcee-Comedian Official Master of Ceremonies & Original Member of The FANIA ALL STARS since 1971 In 1978, the prestigious GQ (Gentlemenï¿½s Quarterly) magazine published a profile of Izzy Sanabria in which it stated: Known as "Mr. Salsa" because he almost single- handedly popularized the term "Salsa" (during the 1970s) which the world now recognizes as the name for New Yorkï¿½s Latin Music. Sanabria is something of a Puerto Rican Toulouse Lautrec as well. His bold colorful posters plastered throughout the walls of New York documented and immortalized Salsaï¿½s (subculture) events in much the same way Lautrecï¿½s posters immortalized the Moulin Rouge in Paris. Izzy's album cover designs and illustrations also set new standards of quality in Latin music packaging and provided the world with its first visual imagery of Salsa. In 1973, Sanabria branched out AS host of a Latino version of the ï¿½Soul Train" TV Show, appropriately called ï¿½Salsa" on New Yorks Channel 41. That same year, by combining all his talents, he started publishing Latin NY magazine. Written in English, it became the single most influential magazine in the Latin commu- nity and the ultimate word on Salsa music world-wide. From 1973 until 1985, Latin NY reflected the vibrant energies of an emerging new Latino subculture with its own unique fashions, music, dances and lifestyles. A generation that grew into adulthood influenced and inspired by the contents of Latin NY. In 1975, Izzy presented The Latin NY Music Awards (the first Salsa Awards) which brought international attention and recognition to the music and its creators. These awards were not only important for the Latino and music community, but they also forced NARRAS to create and include a Separate Latin Music Category in the Grammy Awards competition. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION FOR SALSA, LATIN NY MAGAZINE and Mr. SALSA The Awards received greater mainstream press coverage than was ever given to any Latin music event. This coverage aroused a tremendous curiosity and interest in Salsa especially from members of the international press. In turn, they exposed Salsa to the world an set off the world-wide salsa Explosion. Journalists from throughout Europe (Italy Holland, France, Germany, England, etc.) and as far away as Japan, came to interview Sanabria, Salsa's most visible and articulate spokesman and to document this new Latino phenomena of high energy rhythmic music. This world-wide attention established Latin NY as the primary source for information on Salsa and Sanabria a central figure as Salsaï¿½s spokesman, earning him the title of ï¿½Mr. Salsa". It also provided Sanabria with opportunities to further develop his talents and skills. Consequently, he acquired direct experience in literally all the media arts; as performer and artist, in front and behind the camera, and including radio, television and print production. A MULTI-TALENTED ARTIST Sanabria is a multi-talented artist who regards the world as his canvas. Besides being an artist, writer, actor, dancer, photographer, publisher, philosopher and visionary, he is also a versatile stand-up comedian. Sanabriaï¿½s brand of bi-lingual humor have made him one of the communityï¿½s favorite master of ceremonies. As the official emcee of the Fania All-Stars (the worldï¿½s greatest exponents of Salsa), Izzy has traveled throughout South America, Europe and as far as Africa and Japan always adding little bits of humor to his presentations. In Japan, to everyoneï¿½s surprise, he actually emceed in perfect Japanese (by using Spanish phonetics). Sanabria has performed in some of the worldï¿½s most prestigious concert halls such as New Yorkï¿½s Carnegie Hall, Madison Square Garden, Radio City Music Hall, Avery Fisher Hall and at the Hollywood Palladium.. Izzy has also appeared in several films, stage productions and numerous television shows. Izzy Sanabria is a multi-talented individualist that played a major role in promoting New Yorkï¿½s Latino music and culture during the 1970s. He has been often quoted and recognized for his efforts by numerous mainstream publications, including: The New York Times, The Village Voice, New York Daily News, Show Business and Gentlemenï¿½s Quarterly. For his numerous and, valuable contributions to Latin music, on April 5, 2000, Izzy Sanabria received a long overdue recognition from his peers, when he was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame. Izzy Sanabria http://www.izzysanabria.com For the majority of Latinos struggling to provide a better life for their families, Salsa music is of little concern and certainly not at the top of their list of priorities. So what's so important and why should they care that August 26, 2011 marked the 40th anniversary of the event many consider to be the birth of Salsa? Why? If for no other reason, it should provide us all with a sense of Pride. Why? Because Salsa is our greatest cultural art form being embraced today by people of all ages and nationalities around the world. I dare say that Salsa is perhaps our greatest contribution to world culture. In fact, Salsa dancing has created a world-wide industry that is booming. Salsa Clubs and dance studios continue to spring up to meet the demands of the 100s of thousands wanting to learn how to dance Salsa. This growing interest has also led to the growth of local Salsa bands throughout European, African and even Asian countries. They sound like and even dress-up to look like 1970s Latinos. The question is: How did this 1970s urban NY Latino music acquire such a growing audience? "The Latin NY Salsa Explosion" is a film in progress that addresses that question and provides some answers. If you'd like to see it, contact me (at: [email protected] ) and I will send you a copy. Salsa and the 1970s Latino Cultural Renaissance in New York City. Starting in the late 60s and into the 70s, Latinos had a major cultural impact on New York City. It was a new generation of English speaking Puerto Rican baby boomers that created a Renaissance in all the arts and even had their own media voice (Latin NY magazine). They expressed their presence in poetry, their clothes, lifestyles and of course their most popular art form - their music! The new Latino lifestyle started emerging in the 1960s with Latin Soul music (The Boogaloo) in places like the St George Hotel in Brooklyn. In the 1970s, it was the world famous Cheetah Discotheque which became the showplace of these young Latinos and they gathered by the tens of thousands every Sunday in Central Park. Their immense presence literally Latinized the park as well as the City itself with a new look and a new sound. August 26 1971 The Fania All Stars perform at the Cheetah This was no ordinary performance, it was an explosion of energy no one had ever felt / experienced before. This incredible event was captured on film and released the following year as "Our Latin Thing." A few years later, it would have a greater impact than when originally released. Ironically, while many consider this night as the birth of Salsa, there is no mention of the word Salsa in the movie. In 1973, Latin NY magazine was launched from the Cheetah. The Fania All Stars' concert at Yankee Stadium draws 44,000 screaming fans. Later that year I hosted a TV Show called Salsa! 1975: The Spark that Ignited the Salsa Explosion! Its fire fanned by the Newyorican fervor, the Salsa scene was bursting at the seams. Like dynamite waiting for a spark to ignite it, Salsa was ready to explode. The spark came in the form of Latin NYs First Salsa Awards in May 1975. This event received greater (pre and post) mass media coverage than was ever given to any Latin music event at that time and thus gave Salsa its biggest push and momentum. The coverage by mainstream media such as The N.Y. Times, created an incredible worldwide avalanche of interest in Salsa. What made the awards (by American media standards) a ï¿½News Worthyï¿½ event was our intense public criticism of NARAS for ignoring 17 years of repeated requests to give Latin music its own separate category in the Grammys. Though ignored by local Spanish media, the rest of the world took notice. From Europe (Holland, Germany, France, Italy, England, etc.) and as far away as Japan, journalists and TV camera crews came to New York to comment on and document Salsa; what they perceived as a new phenomena of high energy rhythmic Latino urban music, its dancing and its lifestyles. For more detailed information visit: SalsaMagazine.com . And join me on FaceBook. American Saborï¿½s traveling exhibition SAN FRANCISCO ï¿½American Saborï¿½s traveling exhibition has made the sixth floor of the Main Library here as the second stop of its 13 city nationwide tour that will go on through 2015. The music exhibition, which includes the likes of Selena, Rubï¿½n Blades, Los Tigres del Norte, Celia Cruz, Santana and Richie Valens, will remain on display until Nov. 13 before moving to Dallas, where it will be featured starting in March of next year. The U.S. tour is part of a three-month presentation that was launched at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. and concluded at the end of Hispanic Heritage Month. It was put together by the Smithsonian Institution, Seattleï¿½s Experience Music Project and the Ford Foundation. One of its most ear-catching features is a 12-minute film capturing the mambo era of the late ï¿½50s and mid ï¿½60s at New York Cityï¿½s Palladium Ballroom, opening a window to when mambo brought people together and revealing how music was instrumental in breaking down racial barriers. By revisiting musicians such as Machito and the rivalry between Tito Puente and Tito Rodrï¿½guez, museum visitors see how a blend of Afro-American and Caribbean-inspired rhythm made its way into the cultural fabric of the United States. The exhibit spotlights other memorable elements. There is a jukebox and additional audio media reintroducing popular musicians of the era and providing differing Latin genres. The exhibitï¿½s layout allows free movement. It zooms in on diverse regions, among them Los Angeles, San Antonio, Miami, San Francisco and New York, allowing visitors to get a vibe of every section separately for a unique experience. Entering the San Antonio section, for instance, they meet musicians influenced by the ï¿½Tex-Mexï¿½ musical style, with Selena beaming as its most illustrious star. The Miami exhibit features such artists as Celia Cruz, Gloria Estefan and Albita ï¿½ reminding us how Florida whose keys edge 90 miles from Cuba, serves as the doorway to the Caribbean. Its Los Angeles section introduces the greatest multi-formity of musicians. With the likes of Richie Valens, Alice Bag, Los Lobos and Quetzal, the section covers a broad taste, from punk to rock and everything in between. The section dedicated to San Francisco includes Carlos Santana, who blended the Caribbean drumbeat and rhythm section with a modern electric guitar and West Coast rock sound. An example was in his 1970 rendition of Tito Puenteï¿½s ï¿½Oye como va.ï¿½ The music that grew out of these Latino expressions became a staple of the times. From the civil rights movement to the anti-war efforts of the ï¿½60s that took place by the bay came the growth of Latin Rock. A cradle of diversity with their influx of different races, places such as the Mission District and North Beach, saw a cacophony of cultures harmonize. The result reflects a variety of genres sounds and rhythms. Another example of such diversity is also seen in Los Tigres del Norteï¿½a band that became famous by singing corridos of the immigrantï¿½s plight. The traveling exhibit accomplishes a lot with very little. Each section is small and spaced out allowing aficionados to enjoy each section individually. It doesnï¿½t try to provide an excess of information and like the music inspired by Latin rhythm, you are free to move. The traveling exhibition date: Contact: Michelle Torres-Carmona, 202.633.3143, [email protected] 08/27/2011 11/13/2011 San Francisco Public Library 03/24/2012 06/17/2012 Dallas Latino Cultural Center 07/07/2012 10/14/2012 Puerto Rican Arts Alliance, Chicago 10/27/2012 01/20/2013 Charlotte, N.C., Museum of History 05/25/2013 08/18/2013 Los Angeles Plaza de Cultura y Artes 09/07/2013 12/01/2013 American Jazz Museum, Kansas City For a whole collection of posters created by Izzy Sanabria, go to: http://www.salsamagazine.com/index.php?page=12 GREGORIO LUKE TRIUMPHS IN MEXICO'S BELLAS ARTES Elena Poniatowska, one of Mexico's greatest authors affirmed "Gregorio Luke gives the most extraordinary lectures that can be seen on earth. I have never seen anything more instructive or moving than his presentations on Mexico's great artists, which he makes even greater with his words." Gregorio Luke presented his Murals Under the Stars lectures at Mexico's most prestigious venue, el Palacio de Bellas Artes. A large screen was placed at the center of the Palacio and the murals of Jose Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros were projected life size. The presentations held October 14th, 15th and 16th were attended by more than 8,000 people. Mr. Luke has delivered his Murals Under the Stars lectures in the U. S., Italy, Australia, China and Latin America. This is the first time that he has presented the series in Mexico City. Gregorio Luke, a native of Mexico City, served as cultural attachï¿½ of Mexico in Los Angeles, first secretary of the embassy of Mexico in Washington and director of the Museum of Latin American Art in Long Beach. During the past five years, he has dedicated himself to presenting lectures around the globe. In addition to his lecture series, Mr. Luke has established a non-profit, Arts in Communities and Schools (ARCoS,) that will bring his multimedia shows to low-income communities across the United States and Latin America. East L.A. speaks from its heart The distinctive accent is heard in a cluster of neighborhoods. Its roots might be in Mexico, but it transcends race and ethnicity. And the sing-song style is GO-ween to new places. By Hector Becerra, Los Angeles Times Frances Flores, 61, was born in Boyle Heights to a Japanese mother and a German-English father and was raised by a Mexican American woman. "I sound like a Mexican American," she says. (Gary Friedman, Los Angeles Times / October 19, 2011) The moment Carmen Fought laid eyes on the man in the hallway of a Pomona courthouse, she was certain he was white. Then his lips parted, and Fought did an about-face. Now she was sure he was Mexican American, probably from East Los Angeles or Boyle Heights. The tell-tale signs: the drawn-out vowels in the first syllables of his words. "Together" became "TWO-gether" instead of "tuh-GE-ther." "Going" sounded like "GO-ween." Fought, a linguistics professor at Pitzer College, sidled up to the man for some detective work. "So ï¿½ is your family originally from California?" she asked. "Oh, you're asking because you think I'm Mexican," the man said with a smile. "You think I'm Mexican because I sound like a homeboy." Fought, it turned out, was half-right. The man was of European descent, but he was born in East L.A. The East L.A. accent is not as well-known as some other Southern California styles of speech ï¿½ the Valley Girl accent or the surfer dude patois. But it is a distinct, instantly recognizable way of talking, associated with a part of L.A. famous as a melting pot of Mexicans, Japanese, Jews, Armenians and other ethnic groups. The accent ï¿½ also known as Chicano English ï¿½ crosses racial and ethnic lines and inspires a certain pride even in those who have long since left the neighborhoods where it prevails, most notably East L.A., Boyle Heights, Lincoln Heights, El Sereno and City Terrace. It is also an object of scholarly attention. Researchers say that as Mexican immigrants spread across the country, they probably are creating regional versions of Chicano English. The East L.A. accent is marked by a higher vowel sound at the end of words, so that "talking" is often pronounced "talk-een." Many speakers pronounce the "eh" sound before the letter L as an "ah" ï¿½ as in "ash" ï¿½ so that elevator becomes "alavator" and L.A. becomes "all-ay." In a slightly Canadian-sounding twist, some people will add "ey" to the end of a sentence, in a vaguely questioning tone: "Someone's on the phone for you, ey." The word "barely" is often used to indicate that something just happened, as in: "I barely got out of the hospital." Some linguists believe that aspects of Mexican American speech, particularly a sing-song quality, can be traced to Nahuatl, a group of indigenous tongues still spoken in parts of Mexico. What makes the East L.A. accent especially interesting to linguists is that it's been adapted by people of different races and cultures. Thus, the "white" man, whom Fought met while both were doing jury duty in Pomona. "There is no genetic component. It's not like you talk that way because you're Mexican," Fought said. "You talk that way because that's where you grew up, and in that area, that's how a lot of people spoke." Fought has been studying the East L.A. accent since 1994 and wrote the definitive text on the subject, "Chicano English in Context." She developed an exercise for her students to show how complex accents can be. The students listened to Mexican Americans from the Eastside speaking English and were asked to guess if the people also spoke Spanish. Students could not reliably tell. Fought said the exercise showed that a person can sound like a Latino even if he is not a Spanish speaker. Walt Wolfram, a linguist at North Carolina State University, has been studying accents of American-born children of Latino immigrants in that state. He has detected similarities to Chicano English, but with a decidedly southern tint. William T Fujioka, chief executive officer of Los Angeles County, grew up in East L.A. and neighboring Montebello, and traces of the old neighborhood linger in his speech. "People say, 'Oh, you grew up in the Eastside,'" said Fujioka, 57. "There's just some inflections, some use of slang. I don't know, I guess some mannerisms. If you're talking to a bunch of friends, you're calling them 'homes' or saying things like watcha! [look] You'll just be talking and it'll slip out." "The cadence too," he said. "If you're with certain people, the cadence, it's almost like music." Fujioka recalled how a teacher from his childhood, whose last name was Chitwood, bristled when students pronounced the "ch" as "sh." As Fujioka tells the story, the principal said, "They can't help it" and explained that many Mexican Americans pronounce "ch" that way. Linguists say that's true, especially for first-generation Mexican Americans. The teacher wasn't buying it, Fujioka said, perhaps because Japanese American children, himself included, also used the offending pronunciation. The East L.A. mode of expression can be as much a persona as an accent. It goes beyond pronunciation to include choice of words, use of slang, even body language. For many, it is a badge of authenticity and a lifelong source of pride. "It's about identity. You wear it like a shield," said actor Edward James Olmos. "I want people to know where I'm coming from. You use that accent, and you use it very strongly. I use it with pride and self-esteem." For some who hear it, the accent can lead to assumptions, not always positive, about the speaker's social class or educational level. On television and in movies, Mexican American accents are often associated with negative or cartoonish depictions of characters. In the 2006 dystopian comedy "Idiocracy," one character melds two classic L.A. speaking styles, those of East L.A. and the surfer dude, when he exclaims, "Heeeey, how's it hang, ese?'" Cheech Marin drew on Chicano English in providing the voice for Ramone, the talking 1959 Chevy Impala low-rider in Pixar's "Cars." Olmos used the accent in depicting Jaime Escalante in the 1988 film "Stand and Deliver," just as the Bolivian-born teacher used it to inspire and cajole his East L.A. students into showing ganas, or effort. For the role of Gaff in the cult classic "Blade Runner," Olmos helped develop a fictitious street language that incorporated bits of several tongues, including Hungarian, German and French ï¿½ but not Spanish. Still, the character's tone and rhythm ï¿½ along with his flamboyant clothes and fedora, hinting at a Zoot Suiter ï¿½ were reminiscent of East L.A. To Olmos, they imbued Gaff with street cred. "Of course the Eastside was put in there. Of course. Are you kidding?" he said. City Councilman Jose Huizar, who grew up in Boyle Heights, said that after he left the neighborhood, he could recognize people from the Eastside by their speech. As a student at UC Berkeley and then Princeton, he became self-conscious about the accent. People asked questions that usually nibbled around the edges. But he knew they wanted to know where he was from, he said. He wondered whether the accent might not be a hindrance, a barrier to his ambitions. "I honestly thought about taking courses to get rid of my accent," he recalled. "I thought, 'One day, I'm going to be a professional and this accent is not part of that.'" More than 20 years later, he no longer worries about that. His accent has receded, as accents often do when someone moves geographically and socially. But traces of it burble up sometimes. "When I'm hanging out with guys I grew up with in the 'hood, yeah, that's part of the language that we use. You relax a little bit and may retreat into that comfort zone where you say things a certain way," he said. "I don't apologize for it. This is who I am. I don't need no stinkin' get-rid-of-my-accent classes!" Frances Flores, 61, rarely thought about her accent. She was born in Boyle Heights to a Japanese mother and a German-English father. Left behind by her parents, she was raised by a Mexican American woman. She grew up watching Spanish-language movies starring Mexican icons like Pedro Infante and Maria Felix at the old Million Dollar Theater, and dancing in the ballet folklorico. Sometimes, in a snippet of her own speech on a voice mail, she'll hear the residue of those childhood influences. "I'm like, 'Is that me? Is that what I sound like? I sound like a Mexican American,'" Flores said with a laugh. "People always ask me what nationality I am. They see that I look Asian, but then they hear the way I talk, so they're confused." She's not. "I think wherever you were brought up, that's who you are." [email protected] Copyright ï¿½ 2011, Los Angeles Times IN SOUTH TEXAS HAPPINESS CAN BE FOUND ON THE GRILL by Richard G. Santos [email protected] Happiness in South Texas and Winter Garden area are fajitas grilled over mesquite with flour tortillas warmed on the side accompanied by freshly boiled pinto beans with ham hocks, bacon or ham, cilantro, onions, garlic cloves and serrano peppers. Happiness is also a bowl of true Texas chile con carne spicy hot enough to benefit the ice cream industry, bringing tears to a visitorï¿½s eyes as he/she recall their deceased relatives and topped with chopped onions and crushed saltine crackers. On Sundays happiness is barbacoa de pozo (not prepared in an electric broiler) served on hand-made corn tortillas with chopped onions, cilantro, chilepiquin or serrano peppers de amor (a mordidas, bitable whole peppers). Happiness Sunday afternoon or early evening is a cup of home made chocolate with pan dulce of your choice. In winter, happiness in South Texas and Winter Garden area is several dozens of home made tamales of pork, beef or fried pinto beans served and accompanied with freshly boiled pinto beans and a hot salsa. Happiness can also be found in a bowl of fresh beef or chicken caldo with bite size pieces of yellow zucchini, small red potatoes, a cabbage cut in quarters, green squash, baby carrots, peas, whole kernel corn or quartered corn on the cob with a quarter cup of Spanish rice added to taste served with corn tortillas. Happiness on a cold day can also be found in pork chops or small steaks smothered in a hot salsa accompanied by crushed pinto beans fried in bacon grease or olive oil with corn or flour tortillas. Across the tracks or Main street, happiness can be found in pork loin sliced to make large steaks with salt, pepper, seasoning, sliced onions, seedless tomato slices, seedless sliced bell pepper strips, sliced serrano peppers rolled, tied and cooked in a hot oven. Happiness can also be found in chicken breast prepared the same way with or without the serrano peppers. An alternative to happiness on the other side of the tracks is chicken cut into quarters, floured and fried in oil, served with mashed potatoes topped with cream gravy with young green peas or whole kernel corn. Happiness on a cold day is found in a roast cooked with celery, quartered potatoes, onions and carrots in a cast iron dutch oven, served with hot home made biscuits. Baked meatloaf topped with tomato ketchup and cooked macaroni with Velveeta cheese sauce brings back memories of childhood happiness. For some happiness can be found in cooked sauerkraut served with a hearty homemade wurst sausage. On a Sunday afternoon fresh apple pie topped with ice cream brings happiness to both sides of the tracks. Early morning breakfast happiness can be found in pancakes topped with strawberries or maple syrup, accompanied on a cold day with bacon and eggs to taste. Fried ham steak with red-eye gravy and biscuits bring back memories of happiness at breakfast. For children and grandchildren of the Depression Era parents and grandparents on both sides of the track, happiness can be found in scrambled eggs cooked with bite size pieces of wieners accompanied by buttered toast and a glass of milk or juice. On one side of the tracks happiness can be found in a bowl of fideo with onions and cilantro to taste or the dish is promoted to fideo loco if fresh pinto beans and cooked ground beef is added. On the other side of the tracks happiness can be found in a plate of cooked spaghetti smothered in a tomato sauce with handmade meat balls, topped with a sprinkle of grated parmesan cheese and served with garlic bread. Regardless of ethnic, racial and socio-economic background, in a restaurant on either side of the tracks early morning happiness is found in diced potato and egg tacos with or without bacon, or in an egg with diced potato and chorizo tacos, as well as bean and cheese taco with or without bacon accompanied by salsa or chilepiquin brought from home. The equally popular sausage and biscuit with or without cream gravy can also bring a smile. Happiness at mid-day can also be found in a polish sausage wrapped in a flour tortilla. Happy childhood memories can be found in a slice of bologna with mayonnaise with or without a freshly sliced onion ring. Post World War II happy memories can be found in scrambled eggs with spam prepared at home. For others, happy childhood memories can be found in the simple and ever popular peanut butter and jelly sandwich or taco, with a cold glass of milk. Childhood happy memories in New Mexico can be found in a homemade sopapilla stuffed with homemade guacamole or fried beans for breakfast or venison for lunch or supper. Others relive happy childhood memories at the sight of ripened mesquite pods, orange, grapefruit, peach, pecan or persimmon laden trees. Fond childhood memories are also relived in freshly cut red or yellow watermelon and off-the-field cantaloupes. In conclusion, all items mentioned above and many more, bring happiness when shared with relatives or friends. The items can also bring back cherished ï¿½back homeï¿½ childhood memories for those away from their home town, farm or ranch.. Most frequently, I have witnessed lengthily discussions and conversations of such memories as well as the comparison of restaurant cooking and how it does not compare with ï¿½motherï¿½s recipesï¿½ as recalled by a person. For instance, do you remember your first pizza, the Chicago red hots sold by cart pushing vendors, or the cart pushing taco vendors in the Mexican border towns? Or was it your first lox and bagel, or Chinese sweet and sour pork or lemon chicken? Chances are you will also recall who was with you that first time you tasted that delicacy. Ah, the aromas of the home, the barrio, the neighborhood. Ah, the taste, place, year and your companion when you first shared a dish that became a special memory. That is happiness of the mind and soul my friends. Provecho, bon appetite, enjoy. Zavala County Sentinel ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. 19 ï¿½ 20 October 2011 Sent by Juan Marinez [email protected] First Annual Lloronathon Launches In Phoenix NewsTaco.com What is the Lloronathon? The Lloronathon is an afternoon gathering of all things La Llorona. Stories, art, performance, dance, and Llorona-chisme. We all have heard stories about her while we were growing up. It varies from region to region, state to state, and with a variety of bodies of water. On Saturday, October 29 in Phoenix, Arizona the First Annual Lloronathon will be held at South Mountain Community College. Organizer Joe Ray told NewsTaco that the premise was to celebrate what can be characterized as a Latino boogeyman ï¿½ La Llorona ï¿½ with stories, chismes and more. Here's our interview with him. People who grew up near a river see it pertaining to them via the river. Stories were told about La Llorona roaming near the river. The same with lakes, oceans, canals, etc. It varies with where you grew up. One friend told me she grew up knowing La Llorona roamed the canal banks in the Tempe/Mesa area next to Phoenix. Thatï¿½s where she grew up. Obviously, her parents wanted her to stay away from the canals as a kid. Also, La Llorona has been vilified through the ages. This presents an opportunity for a different point of view. One story which I will read is called A Letter to La Llorona, which is a letter written by Amira de La Garza. It is a letter written with a look back at youth and misunderstanding. She makes peace with La Llorona, to which Amira writes ï¿½You donï¿½t need a name. You are every one of us.ï¿½ Plus, there are four artists who will be doing a live painting the entire afternoon. A fun project which will be inspired by the stories being told. The 4 artists are Monica Crespo, Veronica Verdugo, Lalo Cota, and myself. How did it come about? Liz Warren, Director of the Storytelling Institute at South Mountain Community College, and I were talking about doing a joint project. Iï¿½m an artist and a writer, plus I love stories. Liz and I have known each other for more than 20 years and share many of the interests. I originally posted a Llorona story on her storytelling blog and after that we began talking about it. It was a natural fit for the Storytelling Institute. We set up a blog for dialogue and to collect stories about La Llorona called La Lloronasphere. Can anyone participate or just the invited guests? We have some great storytellers who are scheduled but are open to anyone coming in and sharing stories with us. Plus, I encourage people to send me their Llorona stories to [email protected], some are more comfortable doing this as opposed to getting up in front of an audience. Also, there will be an area where people can create art via painting, drawing or writing a story here as well. Why did you want to set this up? Iï¿½ve never been to a Lloronathon before and felt it was time. Plus, I like the name. I enjoy collaborating with artists of different disciplines, ages and backgrounds. This was a perfect opportunity. Plus, this is an opportunity for groups, individuals and organizations of different backgrounds and purposes to get together, share stories, share art and share memories with one another. The stories that we share as people are what bring us together and promote understanding. What are your hopes for the future? Grow and expand it! It would be great to get sponsorship and funding for this to have it become an annual event and have certain aspects of it travel to other states where La Llorona is rumored to have been hanging around. I was in Mexico a couple weeks ago for a three-day fiesta of art, culture and biodiversity and I mentioned it to folks there who thought it was a great idea to include the following year down there. Iï¿½m really excited about that possibility. Plus, developing an online community and looking at publishing something, which Liz and I have been speaking about. I want to see this become an educational part of Latino culture. It would be great to have this aspect of our legends, beliefs and literature be something that is explored wider by Latinos all over, and by those who interact and reach out to us. Llorona2.0, I think this is a good start. http://www.newstaco.com/2011/10/27/first-annual-lloronathon-launches-in-phoenix Periï¿½dicos en Espaï¿½olï¿½Hispanic American Newspapers Online Latino Quote of the Day is posted by Bobby Gonzalez Where are all the Latinos in the Media by Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n Update for Oct-Nov 2011 of Somos en escrito by Armando Rendon http://blog.genealogybank.com/2011/10/periodicos-en-espanolhispanic-american.html GenealogyBank has the largest collection of Hispanic American newspapers to explore Latino family ancestry online. Our extensive Hispanic American collection currently contains over 360 newspaper titles. This is an essential newspaper archive for genealogists, supplementing the other newspapers on our genealogy website and helping to make it one of the most comprehensive resources for Hispanic genealogical research online. The oldest surviving Hispanic newspaper is El Misisipi , first published in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1808. A masthead in Spanish from an 1808 issue of El Misisipi is featured below. The newspapers in GenealogyBankï¿½s Hispanic American newspapers archive are a virtual goldmine to genealogists, providing a terrific resource for researching your Hispanic genealogy. You can easily search in every Hispanic newspaper issue online to find birth, marriage and obituary announcements, news reports about events that affected your Hispanic ancestorsï¿½even the vintage advertisements can be a helpful genealogical resource. Here is a Hispanic American death notice in Spanish printed by the Bejareï¿½o (San Antonio, Texas) newspaper on 17 May 1856, page 2. Here is a birth announcement en espaï¿½ol printed by the Cronista del Valle (Brownsville, Texas) newspaper on 20 April 1925, page 1. And here is a Latino marriage announcement in Spanish printed by the Amigo del Hogar (Indiana Harbour, Indiana) newspaper on 23 June 1929, page 1. Did your Hispanic American family run a business? Look for their ads in the local Latino newspapers to get a glimpse into the lives they led. The following Hispanic newspaper ads were printed by the Cronista del Valle (Brownsville, Texas) newspaper on 20 April 1925, page 5 . As these Latino birth, death and marriage announcements have shown, the Hispanic American newspapers in GenealogyBankï¿½s historical newspaper archives are important to genealogists because of their editorial focus on covering the cultural, social, religious and personal news that was of high interest to the Hispanic American community. Latino newspapers are also good at providing specific historical information that can aid in tracing your Hispanic family tree. These Hispanic newspapers tend to be especially good at covering community news and events, giving genealogists the opportunity to find information about their Hispanic ancestors interacting with their neighbors and participating at the local levelï¿½stories that donï¿½t appear in censuses and other government records, providing personal details about your ancestorsï¿½ lives. Posted by Tom Kemp Latino Quote of The Day by Jose Marti Jose Marti (1853-1895) Cuban poet, philosopher and patriot. "The struggles waged by nations are weak only when they lack support in the hearts of their women." Latino Quote of the Day is curated by Bobby Gonzalez. Bobby Gonzï¿½lez is a nationally known multicultural motivational speaker, storyteller and poet. Born and raised in the South Bronx, New York City, he grew up in a bicultural environment. Bobby draws on his Native American (Taino) and Latino (Puerto Rican) roots to offer a unique repertoire of discourses, readings and performances that celebrates his indigenous heritage. For more info on Bobby, visit www.BobbyGonzalez.com WHERE ARE ALL THE LATINOS IN THE MEDIA by Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n NewsTaco, November 8, 2011 I remember when I was a young girl dreaming about being a reporter, I used to pretend to be Rachel from ï¿½Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles,ï¿½ because she was the only reporter I knew of. As I grew up, though, and began scouring bylines looking for Latino voices, I realized that I may as well still look up to Rachel, because the number of Latino journalists out there was few and far between. And although more than 20 years have passed since I was running around pretending to be a pretend journalist, not much has changed if you consider newsroom diversity. News Taco emerged in a large part due to the dearth of Latino journalists, Latino perspective or Latino reportage available in the mainstream media. And, based on the rapid growth and enthusiastic response from our readership, it seems weï¿½re really onto something. Itï¿½s gotten so bad, actually, that in January a bunch of online organizations ï¿½ major ones like AOL, Salon, TPM, Yahoo and HuffPo ï¿½ refused to complete a survey of newsroom diversity. The only window into this world were some staff photos from HuffPo, which showed almost no people of color. When I was laid off from my corporate journalism gig, there were several other Spanish speaking Latinos who went with me, so itï¿½s no wonder that the American Society of Newspaper Editors reports that racial and ethnic minorities account for less than 13% of newsroom employees. Note, thatï¿½s employees, not reporters. So you might ask yourself, why does this matter? Isnï¿½t the news just the news and so it doesnï¿½t matter who reports it? Well, the truth is, itï¿½s not that simple. News is generated by people, and people search for news based on their experience of the world. For example, I read somewhere once that the vast majority of people quoted in the media tend to be white because interviews often take place over the phone. If youï¿½re sitting in an office all day waiting for the phone to ring, itï¿½s likely that other people sitting in their offices calling you are white. In a world where 1 in 6 of us are Latino, how do you get those Latino voices into the paper when, institutionally, they have not had access to jobs, promotion, marketing, education and a myriad of other resources to help them appear in the media? And what about people who donï¿½t speak English? People who work from home? People doing advocacy or important work in their communities without a spokesperson? I can tell you from experience that sometimes the best stories happen when youï¿½re having a casual conversation with someone face-to-face, which in my experience is a context much more comfortable for most people, than when youï¿½re waiting by the phone for a spokesperson to call you back with a canned response. Including Latinos as creators of news is not just a ï¿½feel goodï¿½ gesture that looks dandy on the diversity literature for your particular corporation. Itï¿½s much more important than that. Fox has launched a Latino news machine, as has The Huffington Post, and Univisiï¿½n is set to launch an English service as well. Are all of these sites doing this work because they want to please some invisible PC police, or do they want to make money, to be relevant in the future, to sustain the business model that employs so many people? Unfortunately, the most important part ï¿½ the hiring and core inclusion of Latinos as reporters and creators of news ï¿½ seems to be the last thing they consider as they fight for their own futures as our news outlets. http://www.newstaco.com/2011/08/11/where-are-all-the-latinos-in-the-media Follow Sara Inï¿½s Calderï¿½n on Twitter @SaraChicaD . [Incidentally, News Taco is looking for an intern, email [email protected] for more information.] Update for Oct-Nov 2011 of Somos en escrito by Armando Rendon Update for Oct-Nov 2011 of Somos en escrito, the Latino/a online literary magazine Somos en escrito, the Latino/a online literary magazine, made history this past publishing period by printing the first chapter of Lipstick con Chorizo, the first novel by author Tommy Villalobos, who lives in Loma Rica, Yuba County, California, to kick off our publishing it in serial formï¿½think of Charles Dickens without the pence per word. Another new author, Hugo Cï¿½sar Garcia, has given us a peak athis new novel, Ratos, with a chapter extract. Two poems introduce a pair of new poets, Marcelo Hernandez Castillo, with Folklore 1: The Cow Eye, and Adriana Martinez-Chavez with Mujer, joining an internationally known poet, Teresinka Pereira, with Canciï¿½n para apurar el mes de octubre. Then, Jim Estrada, a communications guru, comments in an insightful essay on a number of issues regarding why so many U.S. Americans are opposed to comprehensive immigration reform and what is at the root of the anti-immigration mania that seems to grip the nation. Finally, the Editor sends out a call for readers who may be interested in writing reviews of any of the many books being published by American Latino and Latina writers. Please delve into Somos en escrito, and spread the word about our magazine. Below are short abstracts of the articles mentioned above. Lipstick con Chorizo ï¿½ A novel in serial form By Tommy Villalobos Chapter 1 The sun, which is such an agreeable fixture in and around Southern California, had to work overtime this day to get through the haze and onto the streets of East Los Angeles. On such days, East Los seemed to sit on a remote planet 200 hundred light years away from Mother Earth. The sun took on the appearance of an overripe tangerine in an off-blue sky, sharing its rationed light with the Lydia Telliz palace (for it was an impressive dwelling). It was High Noon of a June day. ~~~~~~~ The KKKï¿½s Border watch -- Extract from a new novel, Ratos By Hugo Cï¿½sar Garcia Chapter 3 Diego stayed in touch with Pete and found out the date Dodge and the KKK were to start patrolling the border. Pucho was pleased with the first edition of ï¿½El Paisï¿½ for many of his friends and colleagues in the Argentinean colony were impressed with its content. Grudgingly, he agreed to boost the payment to $50 for the follow-up story in San Diego. ~~~~~~~ Folklore 1: The Cow Eye By Marcelo Hernandez Castillo You said the aspens the sun down the middle, which means you as you slip into your long pajamas. We turned on each other, became like the creatures of my seldom childhood, ï¿½ Canciï¿½n para apurar el mes de octubre Por Teresinka Pereira Aquï¿½ las hojas amarillas se oscurecen abandonadas en el patio, se desnudan los ï¿½rboles y las ardillas, las tortugas, los conejos, los venados, los zorrillosï¿½ ~~~~~~~ Cï¿½ntaros de miel, Vientre incubador de vida, ~~~~~~~ Why Anti-Immigrant Proponents Focus on Latinos By Jim Estrada Immigration is an issue in the United States that could greatly influence the election of our nationï¿½s next president. Not because an estimated 10-million undocumented Latino immigrants canï¿½t vote, but because the registered voters who are part of the 40-million U.S.-born and naturalized Latinos can! Why are so many U.S. Americans opposed to comprehensive immigration reform? What is the root of their anti-immigration mania that seems to grip our nation? ~~~~~~~ Se Necesitan: Escritores de Reseï¿½as ï¿½ Wanted: Book Reviewers WANTED: BOOK REVIEWERS Books by Latina and Latino writers on all kinds of topics and genres are being published everyday but theyï¿½re not always getting proper reviews and enough exposure. Somos en escrito aims to focus more attention on our writers, but we need some of our readers to become reviewers. Send a note [email protected], listing your areas of interest and background, sort of a mini-resume. You often get to read books before theyï¿½re in bookstores, and have a hand in helping give a book a boost, if itï¿½s deserving; plus the copy is free. SE NECESITAN: ESCRITORES DE RESEï¿½AS Cada dï¿½a se publican libros por escritores Latinas o Latinos tratando de una variedad de temas y gï¿½neros, pero usualmente no se les ofrece crï¿½ticas apropiadas ni bastante publicidad. Somos en escrito intenta enfocar su atenciï¿½n a nuestros escritores, pero necesitamos que algunos de nuestros lectores se conviertan en crï¿½ticos de esos libros. Comunï¿½quese con [email protected], incluyendo sus intereses y experiencias, como un mini-resumen. Estos crï¿½ticos, frecuentemente tienen la oportunidad de leer los libros antes de que lleguen a las librerï¿½as, y asï¿½ podrï¿½ ayudar que el libro, si lo merece, tenga un buen ï¿½xito; ademï¿½s la copia es gratis. Armando Rendï¿½n, Editor News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media, Juan Gonzalez and Joe Torres Before the End, After the Beginning by Dagoberto Gilb Sol, Sombra y la Tierra by Adelina Ortiz de Hill Why Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata Wore Cananas by Marco Portales Terror on the Border by J. Gilberto Quezada Invisible & Voiceless, the Struggle of Mexican Americans for Recognition, Justice and Equality by Martha Caso I am Grey Eyes, A Story of Old Florida by William Ryan The Legacy of Piri Thomas By Manuel Hernandez Carmona Trespassers On Our Own Land: Structured as an oral history of the Juan P. Valdez family and of the land grants of Northern New Mexico by Mike Scarborough The Enemy We Need by Dr. Michael Zurowski Scarborough The Enemy We Need by Dr. Michael Zurowski Aleph by Paulo Coelho The Tejano Diaspora: Mexican Americanism and Ethnic Politics in Texas and Wisconsin by Marc S. Rodriguez Bernardo de Galvez in Louisiana, 1776-1784 by John Caughey Indigenous Quotient/Stalking Words: American Indian Heritage as Future by Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones Sleepy Lagoon by Mark A. Weitz Moon Warriorï¿½s Dream by Jesus Velazquez News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media by Juan Gonzalez and Joe Torres The book focuses on the role the mainstream media has played in the perpetuating racism in America, according to the authors and reviews. It goes on to reveal how black, Asian, Latino and Native-American journalists first emerged and challenged mediaï¿½s responsibility in this arena to current day efforts to privatize the internet. "News for All People" comes as the battle in Washington D.C. over the control of the internet and net neutrality is brewing. In the book Gonzalez and Torres look ahead in explaining how changes or limitations placed on the internet will affect communities of color and access to information. "One of the things that weï¿½ve uncovered is that this fundamental debate that is constantly occurring is: does our nation need a centralized system of news and information, or does it need a decentralized, autonomous system? And which serves democracy best?" said Gonzï¿½lez said during an interview on Democracy Now! about the book. "It turns out that in those periods of time when the government has opted for a decentralized or autonomous system, democracy has had a better opportunity to flourish, racial minorities have been able to be heard more often and to establish their own press. In those periods of the nationï¿½s history when policies have fostered centralized news and information, thatï¿½s when dissident voices, racial minorities, marginalized groups in society are excluded from the media system." Gonzalez, who also wrote ï¿½Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America,ï¿½ is a former president of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. Torres, senior advisor for government and external affairs for Free Press, is a former deputy director of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. While in those roles the two men decided to pursue the questions that led to the book. Highlights from the Democracy Now! interview with the authors: ï¿½The book identifies five major periods in history where Congress stepped in and rewrote the rules of the media system including the development of the early Post Office, the telegraph, the radio, television (and cable) and internet. ï¿½Unsung heroes of journalism in the book include radio host Pedro Gonzalez who hosted the morning show Los Madrugadores in Los Angeles; Ora Eddleman Reed, whose family owned the Twin Territories magazine in Oklahoma, a publication focused on native American literature and who went on to become one of the first Native American broadcasters in the country; and John Rollin Ridge, a Cherokee, who founded the Sacramento Bee before selling it to John McClatchy but who is never mentioned as the original founder of the newspaper. ï¿½Before the Civil War there were nearly 100 Hispanic newspapers in the U.S.. For example, the city of New Orleans had 25 Spanish-language newspapers. ï¿½Traces the historically negative verbiage about Native Americans in the founding U.S. newspapers and finds similar treatment of other communities of color throughout the centuries in American media. ï¿½Outlines the current battles over the internet and the privatization of it and the potential affect on communities of color. Book Review by Elizabeth Aguilera BEFORE THE END, AFTER THE BEGINNING by Dagoberto Gilb. The pieces in BEFORE THE END, AFTER THE BEGINNING come in the wake of a stroke Gilb suffered at his home in Austin, Texas, in 2009, and a majority of the stories were written over many months of recovery. The result is a powerful and triumphant collection that tackles common themes of mortality and identity and describes the American experience in a raw, authentic vernacular unique to Gilb.These ten stories take readers throughout the American West and Southwest, from Los Angeles and Albuquerque to El Paso and Austin. Gilb covers territory familiar to some of his earlier work. Gilbï¿½s fiction recently appeared in the NEW YORKER and HARPERï¿½S at the same time. He is the only Mexican American writer whose fiction as well as nonfiction has appeared in the NEW YORKER. He founded Centro Victoria, based at the University of Houston-Victoria, which is becoming the leading think thank for Latino Arts and Culture. He staffed the center with his protï¿½gï¿½s, as Gilb is also responsible for getting many of his former students published. He also edited HECHO EN TEJAS: An Anthology of Texas Mexican Literature. Centro Victoria created a booklet of lesson plans titled MADE IN TEXAS for high school teachers based on that anthology. Gilb also started the literary journal of Mexican American fiction and poetry titled HUISACHE, possibly the only one of its kind in the country. ï¿½My father was a pachuco back in the day, and mother barely stopped using a tortilla for her only eating utensilï¿½ From the story ï¿½Cheapï¿½ "You were born. Until you die, the rest is on you. I'm just doing my job." From the story ï¿½Blessingï¿½ More info: (713) 867-8943 www.aztecmuse.com We will also be visiting Houston and Dallas. Sent by Roberto Calderon [email protected] Sol, Sombra y la Tierra by Adelina Ortiz de Hill Adelina Ortiz de Hill is cited in: Icons of Latino America: Latino Contributions to American Culture, edited by Roger Bruns. 2 vols., 593 p. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-313-34086-4. --Claire Ortiz Hill This book is written in English. It is divided into three parts entitled: La Ventura Brava --A Challenge; (pp. 1-26); La Alza y Bajo de Dominios --The Rise and Fall of Dominions (pp. 27-38); and El Camino Real --The Royal Road (pp. 39-118). Part 1 starts in 409 AD and is subdivided into sections entitled: The Scene and a Royal Dynasty;A Dynasty; A Passage to Know a World; Cultures and Clashes;. It spells out complex historical inter-relationships in Europe. The tone of the book is set in the prologue, where the author writes: My choice of the term prologue... is a conscious attempt to begin a dialogue on the events that perpetuated myths and the legends that affect us today.... My stance... will be to cover some of the events that led to my being here and what defines me as an American in today's world. My family history and that of my ancestors (antepasados) is complicated by the black legend (la leyenda negra) and the defensive posture of those who have justified their history as Manifest Destiny, often leaving the truth to myth and legend.... It is a survey of events offering a personal surmise on the unique identity of the people of northern New Mexico. It begins in Spain at the time of its entrance on the world stage as a global power. The focus will then shift to Mexico, a new republic attempting to maintain a vast frontier. Finally to New Mexico, the territoral home of some of Europe's earliest settlers (pp. ix-x) Adelina Ortiz de Hill, P.O. Box 45, Santa Fe NM, 87504.... Sent by Jose M. Pena [email protected] Why Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata Wore Cananas by Marco Portales A Mexican Revolution Photo History, 100 Years Later http://www.mexicanrevolutionphotos.com/#[email protected] 2010 marks the 100th anniversary of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted from 1910 to 1928, when President ï¿½lvaro Obregï¿½n was killed. To provide a brief, visual text for students and communities, I have written a nonfiction narrative complemented by 80 pictures of the revolution taken by different photographers. My 110-page photographic history should sell extremely well because many U.S. citizens want to know what happened 100 years ago when Mexicans from all stations in life sought to escape an interminable civil war. By relying on scholarly interpretations, pictures available in the public domain on the internet, and on photographs housed in the John David Wheelan Collection of the Cushing Library at Texas A&M University, where I teach, my narrative and photographs allow readers to learn how events in Mexico have continued to affect the United States. The U.S. Library of Congress has informed me several pictures I use are in the public domain and do not require special permission for their use. My narrative explains why Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata were unable to establish a new government following triumphant separate marches with their troops into Mexico City. In late November, 1914 Zapata took possession of the capital with 30,000 campesino soldiers, followed in early December by Pancho Villaï¿½s entry with his own 40,000 Divisiï¿½n del Norte soldiers. Having defeated the forces of President Porfirio Diaz and General Victoriano Huerta, the two revolutionary generals had effectively won the revolution. Villa and Zapata met for the first time and only known time in their lives that December. They implicitly faced the challenge of creating a new government. Due to a lack of education, each general then learned his counterpart could not form the kind of government for which they had been fighting four long, exhausting years. The goal of the government they desired was to redistribute land back to the people, one that would provide basic freedoms to the Mexican people. My pictorial interpretation of the Mexican Revolution clarifies why PanchoVilla and Emiliano Zapata had little choice but to endorse Eulalio Gutierrez, who had been named provisional president of Mexico on November 1, 1914 in Aguascalientes. Feeling manipulated by Villaï¿½s troops, two months later Gutierrez moved his administration to San Luis Potosï¿½. There he declared Villa and Carranza traitors of the revolution, but in July Gutierrez resigned the presidency. The revolution spun out of control in the months after the December meetings of Villa and Zapata in Mexico City. Obregï¿½n then teamed up with Carranza to defeat the forces of the two victorious rebel generals. These developments extended the Mexican Revolution another five long years--culminating with Zapataï¿½s assassination in 1919, and Villaï¿½s surrender to Obregï¿½n on July 28, 1920. My photo history documents events of the revolution, beginning with the Magï¿½n brothers in 1905 and ending with Obregonï¿½s assassination in 1928. Sent by Roberto Calderon, Ph.D. [email protected] My grandfather was Anselmo Vidales Torres. He is pictured with Villa and Zapata on the infamous picture of Dec. 6, 1914. Anselmo is standing beind the Mexican Presidential Chair with the white or light Tres Equis Texas style hat. Anselmo was a Morse Code decoder and or telegraph interceptor for Pancho Villa. The Ciudad Juarez and the "Trojan Horse Train" had lots to do with my grandfather. Pancho Villa, Pascual Orozco and Franciso y Madero were at the site when Gen. Juan Navarro surrender. Madero gave Gen Juan Navarro amnesty and Gen. Navarro went into El Paso, TX. Pancho Villa wanted him dead because Navarro had in the past killed Villa's men. Terror on the Border by J. Gilberto Quezada My name is J. Gilberto Quezada and my novel, "Terror on the Border," is now available online at Amazon.com., Barnes & Noble, and Books-A-Million. It is a contemporary and multicultural work of adult fiction, a compelling fast-paced story filled with 404 pages of drama, adventure, suspense, humor, and mystery that progesses to an unexpected ending. My two protagonists are Whitaker Saxon, a public school administrator, and his lovely wife, Sylvia Brent Saxon, an attorney and councilwoman, Latinos with an interesting Spanish-European ancestral and genealogical heritage. Their lavish and complacent lifestyle is suddenly interrupted forever by unforeseen events, in many more ways than they can handle: a multi-billion dollar drug cartel headed by the enigmatic Cobra, his right hand man-the Scorpion, and the venerated Santa Muerte (the Holy Death), the grotesque and frightful patron saint of the Mexican Mafia; the moral and ethical depravation of school politics governed by a kleptocratic school board; the tragic death of a sixteen-year-old Latino boy tasered by four Anglo police officers causes an international uproar and the biggest demonstration in South Texas, with Sylvia's dogged investigation into the murder case, followed by the federal court trial of the 21st century; and a Texas gubernatorial race of enormous historical significance if Sylvia, the first Latina woman, wins the election. The story takes place from March through December of the same year. Learning from my own experiences growing up in the Barrio de la Azteca in the 1950s, provided me with the insights to develop some of the characters and plots for my novel. The story takes place in Santa Dolores, Texas, a city I created from a cultural, social, and historical mixture of Laredo (my hometown) and San Antonio, and located it along the Rio Grande and across from Nueva Santa Dolores, Tamaulipas. The hotly debated immigration issue in Arizona, and in other states, and the violent Mexican drug cartel bloody battles along the United States-Mexico border, are of special interest and concern at the local, state, and national levels. These two topics evoke strong emotional feelings and also stir a social, political, and economic reality that is currently beleaguering our country today and for years to come. The immigration and the Mexican drug cartel problems, which are spilling over into the Unted States, are not going to go away anytime soon; they are just going to get worse. And that is why I feel that what makes "Terror on the Border," unique and sets it completely apart is that it is the first adult fiction in the publishing market that tells the story of the murderous Mexican Mafia and the immigration issue, and of the lives that are affected by it on both sides of the border. Invisible & Voiceless, the Struggle of Mexican Americans for Recognition, Justice and Equality by Martha Caso INVISIBLE & VOICELESS: The Struggle of Mexican Americans for Recognition, Justice, and Equality traces the vicious history of the European conquest of the Americas and examines its pervasive impact on Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants today. Author Martha Caso sheds light on events often ignored or glossed over by history textbooks, from the holocaust and enslavement of native peoples at the hands of European conquerors to the Mexican-American War of 1848 to modern efforts by extremists to fan the flames of racism and xenophobia. The reverberations of the European invasion still echo today, and it is impossible to understand the current issues of poverty and racism without understanding their origins. Historically, Mexican Americans have wielded very little social and political power, and recent xenophobic laws only serve to stoke the fires of hatred and antagonism and further erode their rights. INVISIBLE & VOICELESS offers Mexican Americans an opportunity to learn more about their history and their relationship with the United States and Mexico. Caso's hope is that once they understand their past, Mexican Americans will find their collective voice and stand up for their rights-that they will cease to be invisible and voiceless in America. Hardcover: 272 pages Publisher: iUniverse.com (February 22, 2011) Language: English Sent by Roberto Calderon, Ph.D. [email protected] I am Grey Eyes, A Story of Old Florida by William Ryan 20 May 1767 Grey Eyes, a Seminole Indian, and some 25 Indian boys drive a herd of Spanish cattle from Colerain, Georgia to New Smyrna, a distance of about 106 miles. Thus begins the story of Old Kings Road and the dramatic series of events affecting the history of Florida, as viewed thru the eyes of Grey Eyes, a most unusual Indian. Historic events are intertwined into a readable story that is partly historic fiction, but mostly fact. The great cattle drive, the Minorcan settlers, a terrible Florida war, and a black slave uprising all mix into a little known part of Floridaï¿½s early history. The little known story of the Black Seminoles is told here along with the events that shaped Florida along Old Kings Road. Author and historian William Ryan is webmaster for the Flagler County Public Libraryï¿½s Flagler Memories group, and is active in Flagler County Florida historical societies. He also wrote ï¿½The Search for Old Kings Roadï¿½ from which much of this novel is taken. Grey Eyes will lead you thru a violent part of Florida History that brought many of the Florida Seminoles into Mexico. This is a little known part of Floridaï¿½s rich, and often violent past. The Legacy of Piri Thomas By Manuel Hernandez Carmona Piri Thomas was born Juan Pedro Tomï¿½s, of Puerto Rican and Cuban parents in New York City's Spanish Harlem in 1928. His parents wanted him to assimilate from childbirth and named him John Peter Thomas, but his mother could never pronounce Peter correctly and called him Piri. It was a struggle for survival, identity, and respect from an early age. Growing up in the mean street environment of poverty, prejudice and racism of the years immediately before, during and after World War II made a dent in young Piriï¿½s upbringing and as a consequence served seven years of horrendous imprisonment. With incarceration came an encounter with his roots, and he rose above his violent background of drugs and gang warfare and promised to use his street education and prison know-how to touch youth and turn them away from a life of crime. In 1967, with a grant from the Rabinowitz Foundation, his career as an author was propelled with the exhilarating autobiography, Down These Mean Streets. After more than 40 years of being continuously in print, it is now considered a classic in Latino/a literature in the United States. The literature of Piri Thomas centers on issues such as education, language, culture and racism, and it also speaks out on social concerns such as poverty injustice and assimilation. Assimilation comes in different forms and different colors. In Piri Thomas' short story "The Konk", a young pre-adolescent boy straightens his hair to be accepted by friends and family, but once he meets their standards, he is faced with hostility and rejection. In many ways, ï¿½The Konkï¿½ is the story of Piriï¿½s life. In the process of assimilation and belonging, Latinos are faced with situations of race, identity and culture. As a result of his lifelong battle with assimilation, Piri fought for recognition and acceptance with a vibrant and powerful voice which his readers and audiences connected with when he read at schools, colleges and community centers. In Down These Mean Streets, Piri Thomas made El Barrio a household word to multitudes of non-Spanish-speaking readers. A front-page review in the New York Times book review section May 21, 1967 stated: "It claims our attention and emotional response because of the honesty and pain of a life led in outlaw, fringe status, where the dream is always to escape." Nearly 45 years later, Down These Mean Streets continues to thrill and influence readers of all likes and ages. Savior, Savior Hold My Hand also received wide critical acclaim, as did Seven Long Times, a narrative of one man's experience in New York's degrading penal system. Stories from El Barrio, a collection of short stories, are for young people of all ages. Piri's extensive travel in Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Cuba, Mexico, Europe, and the United States gave him a vision to expand and recreate with the understanding that his struggles were universal. His eye-opening experiences have contributed to an inimitable perspective on peace and justice. During the later years of his memorable life, Piri dedicated much of his time to visit young juvenile delinquents in maximum security detention centers. He believed in the power of poetry to restore and heal lives. He read poetry and spoke to troubled teens directly with no holds barred because it was a familiar territory which he knew from actual personal experience. In Jonathan Robinsonï¿½s PBS documentary, Every Child is Born a Poet, on Piri Thomasï¿½ lifetime work, his work is genuinely and graphically portrayed in and out of the classroom, churches and community centers and into the prison cells where he spent time to heal and later to go back to and impart by what grace he had received to others. Although during the 20th century, his work was viewed as a major literary breakthrough for Nuyorican literature, his worldwide literary outreach lifted his voice beyond the influential Nuyorican literary discourse, and today is recognized by literary critics as one of the forefathers of the Hispanic/Latino/a literary movement in the United States. His untimely death catapults the discussion and study of the life and literary legacy of a man who was only stopped by death itself. Preachers, priests and psychologists have made internal healing a necessary process for all those interested in burying past experiences, but Piri Thomas was the embodiment of the healing process itself because he not only exposed who he was for others but allowed people to make a connection through him to help them walk forward with their lives. Piri Thomas passed away, but his legacy will live for generations to come. (The author is an associate at Souder, Betances and Associates, an English Staff Developer at the Department of Education and a professor at the University of Phoenix, Puerto Rico Campus) [email protected] Trespassers On Our Own Land: Structured as an oral history of the Juan P. Valdez family and of the land grants of Northern New Mexico by Mike Scarborough Juan P. Valdez was born May 25, 1938 in Canjilï¿½n, New Mexico, the second of Amarante and Philomena Valdez' seven children. Juan's father took him out of school after the third grade to help with the raising of crops and tending of livestock necessary to support the family. After having been continuously denied grazing permits by the U. S. Forest Service it was necessary for Juan to sneak his family's cattle on and off the forest pastures on a daily basis. While in his mid-twenties Juan met Reies Lï¿½pez Tijerina, a charismatic former preacher who was traveling from village to village in Northern New Mexico speaking out about how the United States had stolen hundreds of thousands of acres of grant lands that were supposed to have been protected by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Juan was the first of eight members of Tijerina's Alianza to enter the Rio Arriba County courthouse on June 5, 1967 in a failed attempt to arrest the local district attorney, Alfonso Sanchez. Ironically, the judge in the courthouse that day was J. M. Scarborough, the father of Mike Scarborough who would wind up assisting Juan in the telling of his family history. Trespassers On Our Own Land is the history of the Valdez family from the time Spain granted Juan Bautista Valdez, Juan's great, great, great-grandfather an interest in a land grant located around the present village of Caï¿½ones, New Mexico. Mike Scarborough grew up in Espaï¿½ola, sixty miles south of where Juan grew up. After having spent eight years in the United States Air Force, Mike returned to New Mexico, attended college and law school, and practiced law in the area for twenty-five years. Some years ago he was asked by his good friend, Juan Valdez, to help write Juan's family history. Mike recently completed a five year study of Juan's family history and the period during the late 1800s and early 1900s when the United States government chose to claim ownership of million of acres of then existing land grants and to deny the settlers who had lived on them for over eighty years their legitimate right to use the land. Trespassers on Our Own Land is the result of his research. The novel is set in Los Angeles in the late 1980s. There are two protagonists, cousins, both in the history department at a leading privately funded university in the city. Their lives intertwine when, at various stages of the story, they have romantic relationships with the same woman, called Pamela, who is employed on the same campus. The novel also portrays the lives of the two men until each, in his individual way, reaches a crisis point and shows how each deals to this. The first cousin, decidedly the poorer one, is Harry de la Vega, who has an attraction/repulsion complex towards the second, called Lance, and towards his family (his family name being Sampson de la Vega). The family's Spanish colonial heritage and the lure of Lance's wealth provide the attraction side of the equation. The repulsion side is the result of the failure of Harry's attempts to be accepted by these relatives. As regards this obsession, there are two subplots the results of which Harry concludes he is being persecuted by Lance and which transforms that preoccupation into a visceral hostility. The central character in the first one is Luiza Gomez, a Cuban-born sociologist, who is Harry's ex-flame of three years before. Having been spurned by him prior to the events of the novel, she sets herself on exacting her revenge. She hatches a plot whereby by lobbying three fellow academics on a hiring committee, she succeeds in having him fail in his attempt to obtain a one year extension as a lecturer. The central figure of the second subplot is Leonora Craxi, a long-time departmental secretary of the history department. Because of her reputation as a gossip and at the urging of Lance, she is removed from her position. But because she knows too much about too many people in authority, she is transferred to another office on the same campus. A combination of two aspects of campus politics concurrently occurring during the same time period propels her new boss to confide to her information about a member of staff which she wrongly identifies as Lance. Because of her loose tongue, this information spreads amongst the support staff amongst whom Pamela figures and Harry becomes a recipient of this as well. The third aspect of the novel is the road taken by Pamela, the woman mentioned in the first paragraph, in her search for emotional fulfillment. In the beginning of the story, we find her in a relationship with Lance. His lack of emotional commitment, however, and Harry's declared interest draws her to him. Eventually, this leads to an engagement and marriage. What will Harry do regarding Lance and his perceived persecution? How will he emotionally handle his failure to remain teaching at the university? Will he seek employment elsewhere? Or will he try to scheme his way back on to the campus? And supposing he does -what, theoretically, could be his options? How about Leonora Craxi? Will she end up unscathed by her actions or will her life be drawn further into the rivalries of her superiors? How does Pamela figure in the complex web of campus rivalries? Will this somehow affect her feelings towards her home environment or will she simply carry on unaffected, regardless ? And privileged and handsome Lance? What will he do, now that he has lost Pamela? Will it affect his life as an academic? Or will he simply dismiss the whole episode? Will Harry and he clash again? If so, will there be a fight to the finish? Or will there be a reconciliation at the end of the story? How will Pamela figure in all this? Yours most sincerely, Dr. Michael Zurowski, Montreal, Canada Paulo Coelho's Aleph www.tintafresca.us In bookland, when stumbling upon the word "Aleph", the first thing that comes to mind is Jorge Luis Borges. The Argentinean author penned a short story book with a similar name, The Aleph, published in 1945. Fast-forward to 2011: international best-selling author Paulo Coelho pays homage to his literary idol with Aleph (Vintage Espaï¿½ol), one of the most anticipated books of 2011. As with his previous books, Aleph draws from Coelho's personal experience. It is the result of a journey of self-discovery, a turning point in Coelho's life that helped him emerge from the "vice of solitude" and the disconnection from his spiritual side. According to the author, it took him four years of research and only three weeks to write it. To those unfamiliar with the term, "Aleph" is the first letter in the Hebrew alphabet. In the Kabbalah tradition, ithas esoteric and mystical meanings that relates to the origin, and all the energy, of the universe. As described in the book, "Aleph" is a place where time and space meet. Contrary to Borges's story, where the main subject is a fictionalized version of the author, in Coelho's Aleph the main character is the author himself. This is an autobiographical book. Between March and July 2006, during a personal pilgrimage throughAfrica, Europe and Asia aboard the Trans-Siberia railway, the protagonist (Paulo) encounters a personal revelation. He meets Hial, a gifted violinist and real life character whose names has been changed for privacy reasons. Deep-sea conversations lead Paulo to discover that five hundred years ago, in a different life, he loved Hial. He also meets Yao, his translator. His publishers tagged along with him too. Guided by subtle signs, eventually Paulo finds a new meaning to his life. The story blends all the ingredients mostly associated with Coelho: the universe, spiritual growth, love, friendship, betrayal, forgiveness, redemption, mysticism and magic words. This book will be enjoyed by those who believe in past and future lives and reincarnation. With an active and solid presence on the Internet and social media platforms (he has over 2.3 million followers on Twitters) Paulo Coelho changed the publishing industry years ago when he started to give his books for free, on line, in countries where they were not available. About the author Paulo Coelho was born in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He left a successful career as a songwriter to pursue his longtime dream of writing full-time. Since his first book, Hell Archives (1982), Coelho has been writing extensively, producing a novel every two years. Among his books are The Pilgrimage, The Fifth Mountain, Brida, The Valkyries, Veronika Decides to Die, The Zahir, Eleven Minutes, The Witch of Portobello, The Winner Stands Alone. He has sold a reported 100 million books in more than 150 countries and in 67 languages. His opus magnum, The Alchemist has been on the New York Times best-seller list for over 5 years. He lives in Geneva, Switzerland. Sent by [email protected] \| Editor: LPN News Latino Print Network \| 3445 Catalina Dr. \| Carlsbad \| CA \| 92010 The Tejano Diaspora: Mexican Americanism and Ethnic Politics in Texas and Wisconsin by Marc S. Rodriguez Each spring during the 1960s and 1970s, a quarter million farm workers left Texas to travel across the nation, from the Midwest to California, to harvest America's agricultural products. During this migration of people, labor, and ideas, Tejanos established settlements in nearly all the places they traveled to for work, influencing concepts of Mexican Americanism in Texas, California, Wisconsin, Michigan, and elsewhere. In The Tejano Diaspora, Marc Simon Rodriguez examines how Chicano political and social movements developed at both ends of the migratory labor network that flowed between Crystal City, Texas, and Wisconsin during this period. Rodriguez argues that translocal Mexican American activism gained ground as young people, activists, and politicians united across the migrant stream. Crystal City, well known as a flash point of 1960s-era Mexican Americanism, was a classic migrant sending community, with over 80 percent of the population migrating each year in pursuit of farm work. Wisconsin, which had a long tradition of progressive labor politics, provided a testing ground for activism and ideas for young movement leaders. By providing a view of the Chicano movement beyond the Southwest, Rodriguez reveals an emergent ethnic identity, discovers an overlooked youth movement, and interrogates the meanings of American citizenship. About the Author: Marc Simon Rodriguez is assistant professor of history and law and a fellow of the Institute for Latino Studies at the University of Notre Dame. Reviews: Rodriquez reveals an emergent ethnic identity, discovers an overlooked youth movement, and interrogates the meanings of American citizenship. --Pluma Fronteriza Blog "No extant work portrays and documents the links between the migrant phenomenon and political activism in Texas and the Midwest so thoroughly as The Tejano Diaspora. This original and important story is one of the finest scholarly studies to date of the Chicano movement." --Dionicio Valdï¿½s, Michigan State University "The Tejano Diaspora is a first-rate piece of civil rights history. It is among the best works on the experiences of the Mexican Americans of South Texas and the Midwest in the postwar civil rights era." --Zaragosa Vargas, author of Labor Rights Are Civil Rights: Mexican American Workers in Twentieth-Century America. Marc S. Rodriguez Indigenous Quotient/Stalking Words: American Indian Heritage as Future by Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones Literary Nonfiction. Native American Studies. Latino/Latina Studies. Philosophy. In INDIGENOUS QUOTIENT/STALKING WORDS, Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones argues for readers to connect to the intellectual traditions of an ever-present American Indigenous civilization. With this new consciousness of lndigeneity, readers can better understand the intellectual and cultural heritage of all peoples in the Western hemisphere as a continuation of millennia of history and civilization. As such, Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones demonstrates that Indigenous history is U.S. and Western hemisphere history and vice versa. A critical understanding of this is a necessary requirement for any useful understanding of the history of culture, politics, and economics in the Western hemisphere. Finally, Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones's essays demonstrate the necessity of the fundamental Indigenous "belief in the interdependence of all life and life sources." This depicts the historic and present responsibility all humans have to each other and their environment. Publisher: Aztlan Libre Press PubDate: 11/27/2011 ISBN: 9780984441525 Binding: PAPERBACK Price: $18.00, Pages: 120 About the author: Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones is an award-winning educator, author, community activist, editor, poet, and for over forty years, one of the foremost Chicano historians and scholars in the U.S. He has a Ph.D. in History from the University of California Los Angeles, where he has taught since 1974. Gï¿½mez- Quiï¿½ones has been active in higher education, cultural activities, and Chicano Studies efforts since 1969. He specializes in the fields of political, labor, intellectual, and cultural history. Among his over thirty published writings that include articles and monographs, are the books: Mexican American Labor: 1790-1990; The Roots of Chicano Politics: 1600-1940; Chicano Politics: 1940- 1990; and a collection of poetry, 5th and Grande Vista. Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones circa 1970s Small Press Distribution http://www.spdbooks.org/Search/Default.aspx?PublisherName=Aztlan%20Libre%20Press Nota: Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones has just published a new book. Aztlï¿½n Libre Press in San Antonio is the publisher. We are awaiting further notice from Juan Tejeda who together Anisa Onofre are the publishers of the still recently established independent Chican@ publishing house. May there be many more. The title of the new book is Indigenous Quotient/Stalking Words: American Indian Heritage as Future. Celebramos su llegada y esperamos ustedes tambiï¿½n. We learn a few vital facts about the person whoï¿½s our mentor and friend Juan Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones when we go online and Google his name. Juan was born on January 28, 1940. Hereï¿½s the quote from his Wikipedia entry: He is ï¿½an American historian, professor of history, poet, and activist. He is best known for his work in the field of Chicana/o history. As a co-editor of the Plan de Santa Bï¿½rbara, an educational manifesto for the implementation of Chicano studies programs in universities nationwide, he was an influential figure in the development of the field.ï¿½ The short biographical note continues: ï¿½Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones was born in the City of Parral, Chihuahua, Mï¿½xico, and raised in East Los Angeles. He graduated from Cantwell Sacred Heart of Mary School, a Catholic high school in Montebello, California. He subsequently attended the University of California, Los Angeles, earning his Bachelorï¿½s degree in literature, his Master of Arts in Latin American studies, and his Doctorate of Philosophy in history. His 1972 dissertation was titled ï¿½Social Change and Intellectual Discontent: The Growth of Mexican Nationalism, 1890-1911.ï¿½ Ademï¿½s, ï¿½He was the founding co-editor of Aztlï¿½n, a journal of Chicano studies. He began teaching at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1969, and has held his post for the past forty years. He has served as the director of UCLAï¿½s Chicano Studies Research Center, as well as on the board of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund.ï¿½ Hereï¿½s an abbreviated bibliography of his work as listed in his Wikipedia entry: ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1973). Sembradores, Ricardo Flores Magon y el Partido Liberal Mexicano: A Eulogy and Critique. Los Angeles: Aztlï¿½n Publications. LCCN F1234.F668. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1974). 5th and Grande Vista : Poems, 1960-1973. Staten Island: Editorial Mensaje. LCCN PS3557.O46 F5. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan; translated by Roberto Gï¿½mez Ciriza (1977). Las ideas polï¿½ticas de Ricardo Flores Magï¿½n. Mï¿½xico: Ediciones Era. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1978). Mexican Students Por La Raza: The Chicano Student Movement in Southern California, 1967-1977. Santa Bï¿½rbara: Editorial La Causa. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1981). Porfirio Dï¿½az, los intelectuales y la revoluciï¿½n. Mï¿½xico: El Caballito. ISBN 9686011110. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1982). Development of the Mexican Working Class North of the Rï¿½o Bravo: Work and Culture among Laborers and Artisans, 1600-1900. Los Angeles: Chicano Studies Research Center Publications, University of California, Los Angeles. ISBN 0895510553. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1990). Chicano Politics: Reality and Promise, 1940-1990. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0826312047. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1994). Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600-1940. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0826314716. ï¿½ Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones, Juan (1994). Mexican American Labor, 1790-1990. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0585259429. The online Dictionary of Literary Biography at the site Book Rags lists Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½onesï¿½s birthdate as February 28, 1942 instead of January. These online sources have to be verified against otherwise solidly credible sources. Having said so, the Book Rags entry adds these additional biographical notes: ï¿½Born to Juan Gï¿½mez Duarte and Dolores Quiï¿½ones in Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico, Gï¿½mez-Quiï¿½ones was raised in the "white fence barrio" of Los Angeles, as he terms it. He declares in a love poem, however, "Yo nunca he salido de mi tierra" (I have never left my homeland). He holds a B.A. in English (1964), an M.A. in Latin American studies (1966), and a Ph.D. in history (1970), all from the University of California, Los Angeles, where he has also been a professor since 1969. His community and political activities date back to his work with the United Farm Workers and the United Mexican American Students (now MECHA, Movimiento Estudiantil de Chicanos de Aztlï¿½n [Student Movement of Chicanos of Aztlï¿½n]), and include such positions as chairman of the East Los Angeles Poor People's March Contingent (1968), director of Chicano Legal Defense (1968-1969), co-organizer of the Chicano Council of Higher Education (1969-1970), member of the National Broadcasting Company Mexican American Advisory Committee (1969), member of the Board of Directors of the Los Angeles Urban Coalition (1970-1972), director of the UCLA Chicano Studies Center (1974-1987), and member of the Board of Trustees of the California State Universities and Colleges (1976-1984).ï¿½ Finally, immediately following is the advance notice posted on the Small Press Distribution Web site including a copy of the new bookï¿½s cover albeit in miniature. Adelante. Roberto R. Calderï¿½n, Historia Chicana [Historia] Sources: Wikipedia, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_G%C3%B3mez-Qui%C3%B1ones (accessed 11.6.11); and, Book Rags, Dictionary of Literary Biography, see: http://www.bookrags.com/biography/juan-h-gomez-quinones-dlb "The Sleepy Lagoon Case: Race Discrimination and Mexican American Rights" by Attorney and author MARK A. WEITZ What began as a neighborhood party during the summer of 1942 led to the largest mass murder trial in Californiaï¿½s history. After young Jose Diaz was found murdered near Los Angelesï¿½ Sleepy Lagoon reservoir, 600 Mexican Americans were rounded up by the police, 24 were indicted, and 17 were convicted. But thanks to the efforts of crusading lawyers, Hollywood celebrities, and Mexican Americans throughout the nation, all 17 convictions were thrown out in an appellate decision that cited lack of evidence, coerced testimony, deprivation of the right to counsel, and judicial misconduct. (University of Kansas Press) Sponsored by the Charles F. Riddell Fund for Undergraduate Education [email protected] Moon Warriorï¿½s Dream by Jesus Velazquez It is a self published short story about 8,000 words 32 pages. The book is called Moon Warriorï¿½s Dream. The story is about Natayo an adventurous boy from a tribe of food gathers. Almost every night he has the same recurring nightmare. Unable to go back to sleep he goes to his favorite place, the ridge that overlooks the villages. He enjoys the stream that flows endlessly through the neighboring villages and he enjoys the stars and especially the moon. For weeks he notices something strange heading towards his friend Yanyan's village. A herd of buffalo maybe deer he doesn't pay much attention to it. Then one day he sees some men from Yanyan's village bloodied and badly hurt. Their village has been attacked by the Pume' a small tribe of ruthless, barbaric nomads. He also learns they have taken several young women away including Yanyan. Because the villagers are afraid of the Pume' no one goes looking for them, no one that is... except Natayo .But before he sets out he learns the truth about something that will change his life forever. It will be available in paperback and eBook format at Amazon.com in December. The ISBN# is 978-0615553399. My name is Jesus Velazquez I was born in Caguas Puerto Rico and raised in Paterson, New Jersey. I was a co host and dj for an internet radio show on ubroadcast.com and on 88.7 fm. I am also a composer and a music producer. I am currently working on several literary projects in different genres. Thank you, Jesus Velazquez Interesting Veterans Statistics off the Vietnam Memorial Wall A little history most people will never know. "Carved on these walls is the story of America , of a continuing quest to preserve both Democracy and decency, and to protect a national treasure that we call the American dream." ~President George Bush SOMETHING to think about - Most of the surviving Parents are now Deceased. There are 58,267 names now listed on that polished black wall, including those added in 2010. The names are arranged in the order in which they were taken from us by date and within each date the names are alphabetized. It is hard to believe it is 36 years since the last casualties. Beginning at the apex on panel 1E and going out to the end of the East wall, appearing to recede into the earth (numbered 70E - May 25, 1968), then resuming at the end of the West wall, as the wall emerges from the earth (numbered 70W - continuing May 25, 1968) and ending with a date in 1975. Thus the war's beginning and end meet. The war is complete, coming full circle, yet broken by the earth that bounds the angle's open side and contained within the earth itself. The first known casualty was Richard B. Fitzgibbon, of North Weymouth , Mass. Listed by the U.S. Department of Defense as having been killed on June 8, 1956. His name is listed on the Wall with that of his son, Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Richard B. Fitzgibbon III, who was killed on Sept. 7, 1965. ï¿½ There are three sets of fathers and sons on the Wall. ï¿½ 39,996 on the Wall were just 22 or younger. ï¿½ 8,283 were just 19 years old. The largest age group, 33,103 were 18 years old. ï¿½ 12 soldiers on the Wall were 17 years old. ï¿½ 5 soldiers on the Wall were 16 years old. ï¿½ One soldier, PFC Dan Bullock was 15 years old. ï¿½ 997 soldiers were killed on their first day in Vietnam .. ï¿½ 1,448 soldiers were killed on their last day in Vietnam .. ï¿½ 31 sets of brothers are on the Wall. ï¿½ Thirty one sets of parents lost two of their sons. ï¿½ 54 soldiers on attended Thomas Edison High School in Philadelphia . I wonder why so many from one school. ï¿½ 8 Women are on the Wall. Nursing the wounded. ï¿½ 244 soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor during the Vietnam War; 153 of them are on the Wall. ï¿½ Beallsville , Ohio with a population of 475 lost 6 of her sons. ï¿½ West Virginia had the highest casualty rate per capita in the nation. There are 711 West Virginians on the Wall. ï¿½ The Marines of Morenci - They led some of the scrappiest high school football and basketball teams that the little Arizona copper town of Morenci (pop. 5,058) had ever known and cheered. They enjoyed roaring beer busts. In quieter moments, they rode horses along the Coronado Trail, stalked deer in the Apache National Forest . And in the patriotic camaraderie typical of Morenci's mining families, the nine graduates of Morenci High enlisted as a group in the Marine Corps. Their service began on Independence Day, 1966. Only 3 returned home. ï¿½ The Buddies of Midvale - LeRoy Tafoya, Jimmy Martinez, Tom Gonzales were all boyhood friends and lived on three consecutive streets in Midvale, Utah on Fifth, Sixth and Seventh avenues. They lived only a few yards apart. They played ball at the adjacent sandlot ball field. And they all went to Vietnam . In a span of 16 dark days in late 1967, all three would be killed. LeRoy was killed on Wednesday, Nov. 22, the fourth anniversary of John F. Kennedyï¿½s assassination. Jimmy died less than 24 hours later on Thanksgiving Day. Tom was shot dead assaulting the enemy on Dec. 7, Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day. ï¿½ The most casualty deaths for a single day was on January 31, 1968 ~ 245 deaths. ï¿½ The most casualty deaths for a single month was May 1968 - 2,415 casualties were incurred. For most Americans who read this they will only see the numbers that the Vietnam War created. To those of us who survived the war, and to the families of those who did not, we see the faces, we feel the pain that these numbers created. We are, until we too pass away, haunted with these numbers, because they were our friends, fathers, husbands, wives, sons and daughters. There are no noble wars, just noble warriors. Walter Herbeck [email protected] Information on how to submit photos for the Call for Photos for the Vietnam War Memorial. http://www.vvmf.org/pafwan New resources for veterans WASHINGTON ï¿½ Secretary of Labor Hilda L. Solis today announced a new partnership with Microsoft Corp. to provide veterans with vouchers for no-cost training and certifications that can lead to important industry-recognized credentials. The voucher program will serve veterans in five communities with the highest number of returning post-9/11 era veterans: Seattle, Wash.; San Diego, Calif., Houston, Texas; Northern Virginia; and Jacksonville, Fla. VETS News Release: Contact Name: David Roberts Phone Number: (202) 693-5945 Release Number: 11-1640-NAT A great resource of our Veterans and their families and caregivers: State Veterans Benefits Directories Historian chronicles South Texas soldier's fight for equality by Neal Morton The Monitor, November 8, 2011 McALLEN ï¿½ A University of Texas historian lamented what he described as Mexican-Americansï¿½ glaring absence from school history lessons, despite the sacrifices they made with the nationï¿½s armed forces. Kicking off a week of Veterans Day lectures, hosted by the Center for Mexican-American Studies at South Texas College, author and historian Emilio Zamora on Monday highlighted the writings of Josï¿½ de la Luz Saenz, who likely provided the only written account of a Mexican-American soldier in World War I. Zamora, who will release an English translation of Luz Saenzï¿½s book next year, said the South Texas native joined the U.S. military to be able to fight for equality when he returned home. ï¿½Theyï¿½re sacrificing not necessarily for the flag and country (but) for what that represents ï¿½ for whatï¿½s behind the American flag,ï¿½ Zamora said. Luz Saenz was ï¿½fighting for the principals in our Constitution, for democracy and justice and equality ï¿½ making those sacrifices so (he) can come back and argue for equal rights,ï¿½ Zamora added. After his service in the 90th Division of the 360th Infantry Regiment, Luz Saenz continued his work as a teacher and worked for a time in La Joya, Edinburg and McAllen schools. He also became a leading civil rights leader in Texas and helped end the segregation of Hispanic students in the public school system. ï¿½You may ask yourself: ï¿½Why is it that I have never heard of this man?ï¿½ï¿½ Zamora said. ï¿½It says a whole lot about our education, our curriculum at the public schools and even the universities. Our history hasnï¿½t really been told. ï¿½Our children should be told this. Itï¿½s unfair,ï¿½ he added. ï¿½We should be very angry.ï¿½ Though many in the crowded audience attended Zamoraï¿½s lecture for class credit, several said they agreed with his condemnation of the stateï¿½s history curriculum. Jen Guerra, 47, appeared at the event with her daughter, who went for a sociology class, and the McAllen mother said she was disappointed in Texas schools, too. ï¿½My children went to Rio Grande Valley schools (and) they know very little history about our region, about how the border crossed us,ï¿½ Guerra said. ï¿½They learn a lot about Anglo presidents and kings. ï¿½Why donï¿½t we ever hear about leaders like Jose Saenz?ï¿½ she asked. Guerra planned to attend the other STC Veterans Day events this week, including showings of the award-winning documentary The Longoria Affair and a Thursday presentation about Latinas who served in World War II. Neal Morton covers education and general assignments for The Monitor. He can be reached at [email protected] or at (956) 683-4472. Follow Neal Morton on Twitter: @nealtmorton Sent by Juan Marinez [email protected] Navajo Code Talkers In addition to the Congressional Gold medal which was awarded to the original 29 Navajo Code Talkers, the Congressional Silver Medal was also awarded to about 200 of the 400 other Navajo Code Talkers. I think that Joe Morris and the other Native Warriors received the Presidential Gold medal not the Medal of Honor for the original 29 Code talker. (there are 24 MOH recipients). The other combat medal that President Bush awarded to the other Navajo Code talkers was the Silver Star Medal. The second web site has a lot of Native history. War Forged Lasting Friendships : Pearl Harbor: When the Japanese attacked, the patriotic went to war. But after the war, Latinos in Santa Ana and elsewhere found that a soldier's uniform still couldn't get them into a restaurant or school. December 07, 1989 Lily Eng, Times Staff Writer, Orange County On Dec. 7, 1941, the day Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Manuel Esqueda remembers sitting in Santa Ana's old State Theater balcony--the seating area where Latinos were allowed--and wondering whether he would go to war. "You knew at that point that you could die in a war, but I knew I had to go," said Esqueda, then a 22-year-old steelworker. "The segregation wouldn't stop me from joining. I knew I was going to fight for my country." 1 ridiculously huge coupon a day. It's like doing O.C. at 90% off! www.Groupon.com/Orange-CountyEsqueda was one of hundreds of Latinos from Santa Ana who marched off to fight for their country. Yet, in their own city, Latinos were largely segregated. As the harvesters of Orange County's booming orange, bean, and walnut crops, they lived mostly in the city's three major barrios: Artesia, Logan and Delhi. "We were treated a bit better than a pooch," said Esqueda, who grew up in the Delhi barrio and now is a 67-year-old retired bank manager. These veterans remember well that Pearl Harbor Day, the town they left behind and the trauma of war. And many returned home to Santa Ana, again confronting bigotry despite their military service. But they remained here, and watched the town change and grew old. Through the years, these men have forged a lasting friendship. It is a friendship that has continuously brought them together through the passing years for weddings, bowling leagues, golf tournaments, simple phone conversations, and, at times, funerals. In the 1940s, Santa Ana was a farm community where 15% of the population was Latino. Everyone knew just about everyone in the barrios. There was little fear of crime. Doors were left open at night. The children played together and were bused to the "Mexican" schools. Movie houses, schools and restaurants were segregated, Latinos and blacks separated from Anglos. Barbershop owner Robert Benitez, now 68, remembers being cuffed behind the ears if his teachers caught him speaking Spanish in school. He and his brothers, Richard, 75, and Raul, 67, lived in the West 2nd Street Barrio. "The bus would come along and pick up all the little Mexicans. They didn't want us to mix with the white children," Benitez said. But when the United States declared war, Benitez and his two brothers felt a duty to go. "We were born and raised here. We didn't know another country. We didn't love another country. You just love your own," said Benitez, who joined the Navy to become a gunner's mate a year after the attack on Pearl Harbor. HURLBURT FIELD, Fla. -- Two Air Force Special Operations Command combat controllers were presented military decorations here Oct. 27 by the Air Force chief of staff for exhibiting extraordinary heroism in combat. Staff Sgt. Robert Gutierrez Jr. was presented the Air Force Cross and Tech. Sgt. Ismael Villegas was presented the Silver Star by Gen. Norton Schwartz in a joint ceremony. The Air Force Cross is the service's highest award and is second only to the Medal of Honor. The Silver Star is awarded for valor, to include risk of life during engagement with the enemy. Both Airmen received their awards for gallant actions during combat operations in 2009 that directly contributed to saving the lives of their teammates and decimating enemy forces. Gutierrez and Villegas were both assigned to the 21st Special Tactics Squadron, Pope Field, N.C., when they deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2009, although the two medals are not related to the same operation. Freedom Hangar was a sea of berets as more than 1,000 gathered to watch Schwartz present the Airmen their awards. Air Force News by Rachel Arroyo, October 31, 2011 Korean War Project (Online since 1/15/94) Site: www.koreanwar.org Help: [email protected] Ted Barker: [email protected] PH: 214.320.0342 We donï¿½t have anything specific I can point you to. However, we have had a burning issue with how Latino and Filipinos are represented in the official casualty databases. For starters, most Filipinos are officially listed as of today from the Virgin Islands in all government databases. Sometime years ago, PI was changed to VI in the databases, so dozens of Filipinos are officially Virgin Islanders. We have corrected probably 95 percent of these errors, but these cannot and will not be corrected officially. So we are the only outfit that has the correct information. Many families have commented that we have honored their families by taking the time to correct these errors. Latinos from Puerto Rico also have a major problem in the official databases. It has been customary in military usage to use a hypen in Puerto Rican and other Latino names, such as Medal of Honor recipient Fernando Luis Garcia-Ledesma. Of course the 1930 Census cites him as Fernando L Garcia Y Ledesma, but the hypen was added by mainlanders to replace the Y. I know this is an oversimplification of the hypen and ï¿½Yï¿½ issue, but it is what it is. The issue we have is the government dropped the Garcia-Ledesma and his Medal of Honor citation cites Fernando L. Garcia. Small detail? Perhaps. But not to us or his family. My opinion is this disrespects his heritage and heroism. But perhaps that is just me. Hundreds of Puerto Rican names are mismanaged officially. First name becomes last name, middle name becomes last name, and all sorts of combinations. Nobody in government will listen to us. A group is attempting to create a Wall of Remembrance in Washington using all the incorrect names, and we have no input into that mess. Hal Korean War Project Newsletter July 27 2011 Volume 13, 2 ============================================== From: Hal and Ted Barker: koreanwar.org For: Maria Elizabeth Del Valle Embry Table of Contents: 2. This Mailing List (Join or Leave) 3. Our Newsletter 7. US Air Force History 8. US Marine Corps History 9. US Army History 10. US Coast Guard History 11. US Navy History 12. 2nd Infantry Division - Korean War Alliance 13.7th, 24th, 25th Infantry Division Records - Update 14. Agent Orange \| Blue \| Monuron in Korea in the news 15. Thank You to our Sponsors \| Donors/Members ============================================== 1. Editorial ============================================== July 27th 1953 marks the enactment of the truce to end the three years of war in Korea. The truce had been a long time coming. The steps in the process resulted in stretching the war for such a long time. For those who were in the middle of the fierce fighting of 1953, it could not come quickly enough. The toll of the last months of the war was steep in life and limb. The same date also marks the beginning of a very unsettled truce that has reached across many decades. Violence and intrigue have been commonplace. The period from 1966-1969 became known as the "2nd Korean War". Incidents that have threatened the fragile truce have continued to include two of the more well-known: the "Blue House Raid of January 1968" and the "Tree Trimming Incident of August of 1976" The tunneling episodes, dating from 1968 through 1990 plus many dozens more, serious incidents have shown how fragile the truce has been. Most recently, two major incidents almost brought the two Korea's to the brink of all-out war while the whole world anxiously awaited the outcome. The rebuilding of what has become The Republic of Korea commenced shortly after the end of hostilities. The ROK has become a vibrant social and economic engine on the world stage. Each year, veterans who served in Korea during the Fifties or later, make the journey to South Korea as part of personal quests to more fully understand their individual roles in the war or as peace-keepers. Hal and Ted Barker 2. This Mailing List (going to 44,000 + persons) ============================================== We began sending this newsletter mailing in December of 1998. The first issue went to just over 2000 persons. This list is a private list for our visitors and members. A person may join or leave the list at will. It is compiled from our Guest Book and comprises public service messages of general interest to veterans and families. To join or leave the list: email to: Ted Barker [email protected] Place: Subscribe or Unsubscribe in the subject line. Consider forwarding the Newsletter to your friends by email or print. Word of mouth is how we grow. Thanks to all who have made this newsletter and the website possible! ============================================== 3. Our Newsletter ============================================== The Memorial Day 2011 version of our newsletter reached many thousands of people who had not received copies in several years. It has taken the better part of two months to reply to those who wrote back to us. Here is a big "Thank You" for all who wrote or called. How and why did the last news get to you? We had to remove any references to web page or email address links. Those important tools seemed to have caused the service providers to block our content from our audience. ============================================== 4. Bookstore \| Film. . . The following list contains very interesting books received since the fall of 2010. ============================================== a) Hollywood Through My Eyes: The Lives and Loves of a Golden Age Siren by Monica Lewis with Dan Lamanna Yes, the Hollywood bombshell and celebrated singer, Monica Lewis, who so loved her American GI's, Sailors and Marines, has published her memoir. This wonderful backward look features photos of her tours of Korea and hospitals, most never seen by the public. A must read! Reviews are by Robert Wagner, Debbie Reynolds, Elmore Leonard, Liz Smith, Rex Reed and Ginny Mancini, all of whom were personal friends of the author. Cable Publishing, 14090 E. Keinenen Rd, Brule, WI 54820 Coffee Table Version, Hardback: $24.95 Kindle: $19.95 Turner Classic Movies Link on the web ISBN: 978-1-934980-88-0 b) The Lucifer Patch: Flying with the 'Lucky 13th' Korea 1955-56 by Bertram Brent The author describes his tour with the 13th Helicopter Company which was stationed at Uijongbu, Korea. He narrates his personal history from an early fascination with helicopters through his interesting tour. The book is filled with photographs. Bertram hails from Independence, Arkansas but has lived in Ashville, Alabama, Self-Published and sold by the author. Order: Bertram Brent PO Box 338 Ashville, AL 35953 ISBN: 978-0-615-33147-8 c) Command Influence: A Story of Korea and the politics of injustice by Robert A. Shaines The book can be purchased from: Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Kindle EBooks and Outskirts Press Bookstore. From the author: 'I have just had my book published about the 75th Air Depot Wing and the 543rd Ammo Supply Sqdn, Pusan. It is the story of the Court-Martial of George C. Schreiber, Robert Toth and Thomas Kinder and the Korean War in 1952-1953.' 'The story should be of interest to all Korean War veterans, their families and veterans of the 75th. I would love to hear from and get feedback from my readers.' Published by Outskirts Press Cost: $26.95 paperback. Author Shaines was a young Air Force Judge Advocate who took up the challenge of writing this book to shine a light and to clear his conscience. (d) Korea: Shuffling To A Different Drummer by Ira 'Ike' Hessler, Korean War Project member From the author: A realistic off-beat story from the Korean War. A forgotten war fought by soldiers unable to forget. The author grew up in Seattle and was ready to join the Navy when his father hatched a plan to get him into the Army Security Agency. He joined in March of 1952 and things changed. This easy narrative follows him to Korea where he wound up with the 2nd Engineer Bn of the Second Infantry Division. He dedicates this book to his friend, Sgt. Pak, a young Korean attached to his Battalion. Self-Published Order: Ira Hessler 63084 Strawberry Rd Coos Bay, Or 97420-6285 (e) Battle Songs, A Story of the Korean War in Four Movements by Paul G. Zolbrod The author hails from Western Pennsylvania and is a Korean War Veteran. His book is an interesting novel revolving around four young draftee's in the early fifties. This is a complex book that has many contrasts of the experiences of each man in war and at home during a time far different from the modern 21st Century. The author has published quite often during his thirty year career teaching at Allegheny College. Published by iUniverse Price: $15.95 paperback Order: 1-800-288-4677 Also on the web. (f) On the Sea of Purple Hearts My Story of the Forgotten War - Korea by George G. 'Pat' Patrick The author was a Seaman First Class upon the USS Tawakoni (ATF-114), a minesweeper operating off the coastal waters of Korea during the war. 'The most dangerous game of the day!, Minesweeping Korea's Coast'. George dedicates his book to the two Patrick brothers, Pat and Jimmy as well as all Naval Personnel who lost their lives while performing coastal duties. The book follows the ship and sister ships, recording the accidents, sinking's and loss of life of those brave men. Published by Cozzen Publications, Claremont, NC 910-326-3608 231 Fishing Creek Ln Hubert, NC 28539 (g) Korea: The Last Memoir by Robert Compton Miller The author pens a personal narrative of his time spent in Korea during the last year of the war, a young 19 year old. He was with Baker Company, 32nd Infantry Regiment of the 7th Infantry Division. His unit fought on Triangle Hill, Old Baldy and the myriad small outposts that most infantrymen will recall from that last year of the war. He pulls no punches describing the events and conditions. ISBN: 978-1-4535-2214-1 Published by XLibris and obtained from the author on his website or direct mail. 30915 County Road 435 Sorrento, FL 32776 (h) A Moment In Time A Korean War P.O.W. Survivor's Story by William W. Smith as told to Charlotte Smith The author is from Rockingham, North Carolina, and from a farming family in the produce business. The book centers on his experience in Korea and his capture and imprisonment in 1950. He and his wife spent many hours going over the painful experience of the harsh treatment and internment. The work to create the book was often raw with emotion. The intent was to depict the conditions of a POW in the Korean War and it was hard for him to relate the details to his wife. Published by Gazelle Press:. PO Box 191540 Mobile, AL 36619 800-367-8203 Cost: $17.00 includes postage Also order from author: W.W. Smith 1825 Melview Rd Quincy, IL 62305 (i) Korean War Project Member, Robert L. Hanson has another book out. His first book has been featured on the Bookstore for several years. Originally titled 'The Boys of Korea, The 625th Field Artillery Battalion', that first book has been re-titled to: 'The Boys of Fifty; The 625th Field Artillery Battalion' Price: $25.00 and carried by Lulu Press, an online bookseller. The new book is titled: 'The Guns of Korea; The U.S. Army Field Artillery Battalions in the Korean War'. by Robert Hanson, MSGT 625th FAB HQ Battery, 40th Infantry Division Price: $45.00 This book is over 600 pages and has been reviewed as a handy reference for historians and veterans. Bob indicated that each chapter on a specific battalion has a list of casualties included. Those sections are called, 'All Gave Some ... Some Gave All'. We have not seen the book, just been advised by Bob of the release. If it is as good as his first book, everyone will be pleased. Both books are available at Lulu Press, on the Internet. Bob also is selling them directly. Contact; Robert L. Hanson 10777 Pointed Oak Lane San Diego, CA 92131-2604 (j) Dog Tags The History, Personal Stories, Cultural Impact, and Future of Military Identification by Ginger Cucolo Ginger just let us know of the release of her book which may be purchases as eBook or paperback. Check prices at the outlets mentioned below. Background: The 100 year anniversary of the official use of military personal identity tags, affectionately known as Dog Tags, recently passed without fanfare. Interestingly, though, we are in a war where the Dog Tag is once again a highly personal item to warriors in every service and their families. Each Dog Tag carries its own human interest story, and is much more than a piece of metal with words and numbers imprinted on it. Receiving it, hanging it around the neck, and feeling it is at once a silent statement of commitment. The tag itself individualizes the human being who wears it within a huge and faceless organization. Outskirts Press - eBook or paperback Amazon - Paperback or Kindle Barnes and Noble - Paperback Contact the Korean War Project for email and Ginger's website link. ============================================== 5. Membership/ Sponsors ============================================== Consider supporting the mission of the Korean War Project by donations in the form of Membership/Sponsorship. Visit our Membership page where you may select how to help out. On that page is a link to our PayPal account. You may choose online or regular surface mail to support our efforts. Our Pledge Drive is an ongoing process. Many of our previous donors no longer can assist. We are recruiting from those who have not participated, so if you can, jump on in, it will be appreciated. The site is free for all to use and those who participate help to ensure that we remain online whether the donation is $1.00 or more! For those persons or groups who cannot participate, we certainly understand. Donations/Memberships are tax deductible, if you use long form IRS reports. Our EIN: 75-2695041 501(c) (3) Postal Address Korean War Project PO Box 180190 Dallas, TX 75218 6. Website Update ============================================== Hal has spent the past couple of months updating how the entire website works. He has gone over graphic design, back room program code, and addition of new content. His continues to plug away on changes and additions of recently acquired military unit records. The new site search tool has helped visitors, as well as the two of us, to find resources on the site, not easily discovered otherwise. Look for the 'Google Site Search' block on the main website page, top right, just under the 'I Remember Korea' graphic. Questions can always be directed to either of us. Part of our process is to identify broken web page links or any type of error message that may come from programming code that we have created. Please alert us to error you may encounter. Note: from time to time the web server will be unavailable. Severe weather can force us to shut off the telephone line to prevent damage. There are also times when the server will hang up and has to be re-started. ============================================== 7. US Air Force History ============================================== US Air Force in Korea, the full book by Robert F. Futrell, is now available as a link from the Korean War Project. You may find the link at the bottom center of the main page of the website. The book is in Adobe PDF format. We hope you enjoy it. Be sure to visit the Air Force section of our Reference Department for many other reading items. ============================================== 8. US Marine Corps History ============================================== We alerted readers about our project to place unit diaries and command reports for the USMC online. They are titled 'Marin Corps Unit Files'. This is a work in progress. More units will be represented each month as they are made ready. We previously posted the 'Marines in the War Commemorative Series' online. That series of Adobe PDF files has been hugely popular as downloads from our website. A brand new online offering is the DVD based 'The Sea Services in the Korean War'. This had previously been accessible only as DVD. The files are now in Adobe PDF format and linked by clicking the on-screen menu. This file contains the full 'Marine Corps Operations in Korea' plus the United States Naval Operations - Korea, and 'The Sea War in Korea'. There are 13 other files that are available to include the history of Marine Helicopters in two parts. Start reviewing from the bottom center of the main website page. Continue to our Reference section, sub-section Marines and Marines - History Division. ============================================== 9. US Army History ============================================== The Center for Military History created a series of books and pamphlets over the years. Some have been available as online downloads for several years. Hal actually assisted the CMH in 1995-96 by scanning the maps for two of the books. New versions of the series have been created by staff at CMH in Adobe PDF format. These are far superior to previous online editions. The KWP is now offering the 5 volume series and several other related books or pamphlets totaling 11 in all. Titles include 'Ebb and Flow', 'Years of Stalemate', 'Black Soldier - White Army', 'South to the Naktong, North to The Yalu', Start your review from the bottom center of the main website page. Continue to our Reference section, sub-section Army and Army - Center of Military History. ============================================== 10. US Coast Guard History ============================================== We previously covered the Coast Guard in our April 2007 newsletter with chronology and articles by Scott T. Price. Updates to old links are being repaired. The excellent article by Mr. Price is now available, online, as part of 'The Sea Service in the Korean War' DVD discussed in the USMC history topic. The article is in Adobe PDF format. Click the link in the US Marine Corps - History section. 11. US Navy History ============================================== The full 'History of United State Naval Operations - Korea' and 'The Sea War in Korea' are part of 'The Sea Services in the Korean War' DVD, previously discussed. The large Adobe PDF file is full of the maps, narrative of operations and wonderful bibliographic notes. A large gallery of photographs is part of this collection. Be sure to navigate to our Reference Department for the sub-section for Navy. There are many great links to other resources from Seebee's to Sea Tugs. ============================================== 12. 2nd Infantry Division - Korean War Alliance ============================================== This great fraternal reunion association had it's very last reunion in New Orleans this past April. Hal attended as a guest speaker. He was able to visit with many of the men he has met since 1979. During the business meeting, the Board of Directors voted to forward all the Division records they had amassed to the Korean War Project. Those include over 17,000 awards, General Orders, unit diaries and command reports. The Korean War Project sends a very big 'Thank You' to the entire membership. It will take considerable time to convert these valuable records into internet usable format. The association also awarded the Korean War Project a substantial cash donation to assist with the continuation of our work. Ralph and Carolyn Hockley met with us on July 16th to deliver the donation and the record files. We spent several enjoyable hours as the Hockley's showed us how they utilized the Division files. Both Hockley's will be taking time off from the many years of work for the Alliance. We shall be thinking of Carolyn as she gets ready for scheduled surgery on her back. ============================================== 13. 7th, 24th, 25th Infantry Division Records - Update ============================================== The KWP just received word from the Department of the Army that all the records we had requested via FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) are on the way to us by FEDEX. The 13 CD's are supposed to contain unit diaries and command summary reports. When they have been examined, organized and catalogued, notice will be posted on the website and in the next newsletter. We do not know if and when other major commands will be converted to digital format as this group has been. ============================================== 14. Agent Orange \| Blue \| Monuron in Korea in the news ============================================== We have reported to our readers since November of 1999 of the use of toxic agents in South Korea. Our first inquiry was actually in June of1995. At that time neither of us had any idea of toxic defoliant use in South Korea, along the DMZ or elsewhere. Our DMZ Veterans Center has recorded many messages since 1997 about questions related to these chemicals. After the news stories of November 1999, this issue became much clearer. We created an Agent Orange Registry about the time the VA began to accept physical examinations for possible symptoms. Documents similar to the CY 1968 file and the Senator Glenn letter began to be used by veterans to establish claims for possible chemical intoxication and diseases related to those admitted to have been used. Dates and places and mode of use continue to create controversy. This has not been helpful. Jump forward to May 22nd 2011, about midnight in Texas. The phone started ringing, call after call from Seoul. Quotes from the Agent Orange Registry on the KWP were in the news in South Korea, TV, print. An Arizona vet, Steve House had made the news with his recounting of burial of toxic chemicals at Camp Carroll. That story has been getting a full vetting by joint task forces comprised of USFK and Korean organizations and governmental agencies. Many other investigations are ongoing in South Korea at other locations. Several hundred media stories have been aired or printed with no conclusions at this time. Getting this issue out in the open and under the bright light of media examination can only help to settle the thousands upon thousands of questions by civilian and military who may have been affected while living or serving in Korea. Use Google to query this string: Agent Orange in Korea. ============================================== 15. Thank You to our Sponsors \| Donors/Members ============================================== Thanks to all who have made this newsletter and the website possible! Visit the following page to see the names of those involved.; Donors: www.koreanwar.org/html/membership.html Hal and Ted Barker [email protected] Korean War Project Newsletter July 27 2011 Re-enactment of the Battle of Medina in Losoya Battle of Medina: The Empire Strikes Back Resources for the Celebration for the War of 1812 Historical Twin City Celebration Hats and attire reflect the diversity of people involved in the battle. The reenactment of the Battle of Medina in Losoya was a huge success with well over 800 students, teachers and parents in the schools football stadium. I had a total of 29 re-enactors on the field including the Superintendent of Schools; Dr Juan Jaso who dressed as a Tejano, who I may add, died a glorious death. It was a lot of fun but also educational. There were a lot of comments from both students and teachers especially when they were informed that there school was on sacred ground and had been part of the killing field. Our ancestors fought to the last man at the Battle of Medina. So determined to achieve victory that they chose to fight to the death than live under the yoke of tyranny. Plans are already underway for next yearï¿½s event. Click on the URL below to view a selection of a 142 photos taken during the reenactment. BATTLE OF MEDINA: THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK In the early 1810s revolution racked Spainï¿½s New World colonies, including Texas. Between 1811 and 1813 San Antonio was consumed by revolution and counter-revolution, which eventually resulted in the brutal murder of the Spanish governor. Afterward, the Republican Army of the North occupied San Antonio; a mix of Tejano rebels, Anglo American filibusters, and Texas Indians. In the spring of 1813, this force drove the Spanish army out of San Antonio. On April 6, 1813 leaders of the Republican Army declared Texas independence. They wrote a constitution and formed a representative government, both firsts in Texas. By early August 1813 the Spanish army was marching back to San Antonio. Not wanting to do battle in the streets of their hometown, Tejano rebels convinced their commander to meet the enemy south of the city. Near the Medina River, the republicans were drawn into a trap. The rebels chased a small Spanish scouting party through the sandy oak groves of southern Bexar/northern Atascosa counties right into the main body of the kingï¿½s army. Spanish artillery opened up and decimated the rebels. Still the republicans put up a fierce fight. Realizing they had been ambushed the republicans fled the battlefield and ran back to San Antonio. Hundreds of rebels were killed, as they were unable to out run Spanish cavalry. When given orders to retreat, Miguel Menchaca, commander of the Tejano rebels, yelled at his superiors, ï¿½Tejanos do not withdraw!ï¿½ He turned his horse and charged back into the fight, where he fell with his men. When the Spanish army reached San Antonio, the Bexareï¿½os paid a terrible price. 300 men that survived the battle were publicly shot in Military Plaza. Their severed heads were displayed as a warning to other rebels. The women of San Antonio fared not much better. 500 women were forced to perform hard labor and many were sexually assaulted by Spanish soldiers. The Battle of Medina put an end to the first constitutional government in Texas, but not the spirit of independence. Independence would have to wait 23 years for another generation of freedom-loving Texans and Tejanosï¿½ Viva Tejas libre! Sent by Dan Arellano [email protected] BATTLE OF MEDINA FACTS, August 18, 1813 ï¿½ It is the biggest battle ever fought on Texas soil ï¿½ Over 1,000 Tejanos were killed at this one battle alone ï¿½ More Texans died at this battle than died during the entire War of Texas Independence, 1835-1836 ï¿½ Many in the Republican Army were killed on land that is now Southside ISD property ï¿½ Serving in the Spanish army at this battle was a 19-year old lieutenant, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna ï¿½ 55 Spanish soldiers that were killed in the battle are buried in a mass grave at El Carmen Cemetery Data researched and compiled by 7th grade Pre-AP Texas History students of Julius L. Matthey Middle School; Michelle Hickman, Principal. Resources for the Celebration for the War of 1812 Estimada MImi, You may want to give a heads up on many of the celebration for the War of 1812. From NY to New Orleans many of the Tall Ships from around the world will be sailing in for these celebrations. Spain, Mexico and many of the Central and South American Countries will be showcasing their Tall Ships. Historical Twin City Celebration October 7, 2011 marked the Historical sister city celebration between Pensacola, Florida with Mayor, Ashton Hayward and Macharaviaya, Spain with Mayor, Antonio Campos. The cities have joined hands to commemorate one of the most important battles of the American Revolution fought at Ft. George in Pensacola on May 8 1781. Bernardo de Galvezï¿½ being at the head of the Spanish troops steered the troops into the bay to defeat the British. Macharaviaya is the hometown of Galvez. Many events were scheduled such as a wreath laying ceremony at Ft. George, tours of local museums and landmarks. The two cities will be joining hands in many future cultural and educational endeavors. Sent by Molly Long de Fernandez de Mesa, Spanish Task Force Chairman NSDAR Building la Familia de Abraham Gonzales Dear Friends and Family, I have taken a plunge into the blogging world to see if I can build on the information I already have on our Gonzales and and Ayala ancestors. See the link below to introduce you to the 2 blog sites I have set up to attract some dialog on finding more of our ancestors through the wonders of the Internet world. Your feedback through these blogs would be appreciated. When you get to the Geneabloggers.com site, scroll down to the Gonzales and Ayala blogspots and follow the links to our sites. This is my first attempt at setting up a blogging site so there are many improvements to be added to them as I gain experience. Michael Gonzales Kingsville - Omar Alvarez I am forwarding this email (as is) to the few who I know will be interested in the subject. The Omar Alvarez story was sent to me by Israel Yzaguirre who lives in San Antonio and his family is originally from the Hebbronville area and surrounding towns. I'm limiting distribution to just a few who I know will be interested in the subject. After reading Omar's story I am glad that I grew up in Laredo/Zapata where "we" the Mexican-Americans ran the town and controlled the politics (even if they were a bunch of crooks) and never experienced any racial discrimination in our schools. That's what happens when the Mexican-American students make up 90+% of the student body. Because we never experienced what Omar Alvarez went through... I can only imagine how it must have felt to be in that situation... and I don't think I would have liked it. It's an interesting short biography that in many ways is similar to what we all experienced growing up.	i don't know
What is the name for money paid out to shareholders of a company out of the corporate profits, based on the number of owned shares?	Introduction To Dividends: Terms To Know And Other Basics \| Investopedia Introduction To Dividends: Terms To Know And Other Basics Introduction To Dividends: Conclusion Cash Dividend Cash payments made to stockholders, paid on a per share basis, quoted as a dollar amount or as a percentage of the current market value. Cash dividends are typically paid out of the company's current earnings or accumulated profits. Date Of Record The date the company uses to determine its shareholders or "holders of record." Declaration Date The date a company's Board of Directors announces an upcoming dividend. Dividend A distribution of a portion of a company's earnings paid to its eligible shareholders. Dividends can be in the form of cash, stock and property. Dividend Coverage Ratio The ratio between a company's earnings and its net dividend to shareholders. This ratio helps investors measure if a company's earnings are sufficient to cover its dividend obligations. Dividend coverage is calculated by dividing earnings per share by the dividend per share. Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP) A plan offered by certain dividend-paying corporations that allows you to automatically reinvest cash dividends by purchasing additional shares of stock on the dividend payment date. The date on or after which a stock is traded without a previously declared dividend. One-time Dividend A special dividend paid in addition to regular cash dividends. Payment Date The date a declared dividend is scheduled to be paid. Shareholder Any person, company or institution that owns at least one share in a company. Also called stockholder. Stock Dividend Stock dividends are dividends in the form of additional shares of stock instead of cash. Dividend Basics Companies that earn a profit can: Reinvest the profits through expansion, debt reduction and/or share repurchases; or Pay a portion of the profits to shareholders; or Both reinvest and payout to shareholders. When a company pays a portion of its profits to shareholders, it does so through the payment of dividends. A dividend is a payment made to eligible shareholders, paid on a quarterly or yearly basis that represents a portion of the company's profits. Companies in the United States typically pay quarterly dividends, while non-U.S. companies generally pay annual or semi-annual dividends. Not all companies pay dividends to shareholders, and companies that do pay may increase, decrease or eliminate future dividend payments, depending on the performance of the business. For example, a company may decrease its dividend to free up cash to acquire another company. Most companies, however, try to maintain or increase dividends to keep shareholders happy and avoid drawing negative publicity. Dividends are normally quoted on a per share basis, meaning that the dividend each shareholder receives is based on the number of shares that he or she owns. For example, if you own 100 shares of stock in company XYZ and the company decides to pay an annual dividend of $5 per share, your dividend would be $500 (100 shares x $5 per share). Dividends can also be quoted in terms of a percent of the current market price; for example, the company may announce a 2.5% dividend. The dividend will be equal to 2.5% of the current stock price. Each eligible shareholder's dividend will be that figure multiplied by the number of shares currently held by the shareholder. For example, assume stock XYZ is currently trading at $50 per share and the company offers a 5% dividend. The dividend would be $2.50 per share (.05 dividend x $50 share price). A stock's dividend yield is the expected yearly dividend divided by the current stock price: Figure 1: How to calculate a stock\'s dividend yield. For example, assume stock XYZ is trading at $50 per share and the company offers an annual dividend of $5 per share. The dividend yield would be 10% ($5 dividend ÷ $50 share price). Note that if the stock is trading at a higher price, say $100, the dividend yield decreases ($5 dividend ÷ $100 share price = 5% dividend yield). Conversely, if the stock is trading at a lower price, such as $25, the dividend yield increases ($5 dividend ÷ $25 share price = 20% dividend yield). [Please note, these figures are for illustrative purposes only; a 20% dividend yield would be uncommon (and cause for further research).] It is easy to become enamored with companies offering high dividends; however, keep in mind that these impressive figures might not represent a stable investment. High dividend yields are frequently indicators of low future growth prospects. A very high dividend yield might be a flag that the company is facing financial difficulty and that the market expects it to be accompanied by cuts to future dividends. Stocks with a low dividend yield, on the other hand, often indicate an expectation of high future growth. The historical average dividend yield for dividend-paying S&P 500 stocks has been between 2 and 5%. Cash Dividends, Stock Dividends and One-Time Dividends Cash dividends are what we normally think about when referring to dividends. These are cash payments made to stockholders, paid on a per share basis, quoted as a dollar amount (such as $5 per share) or as a percentage of the current market value (for example, a 2.5% dividend). Cash dividends are typically paid out of the company's current earnings or accumulated profits. Often, investors are able to reinvest the dividends to purchase additional shares of stock. Stock dividends are in the form of additional shares of stock instead of cash. The number of additional shares you receive depends on the number of shares you currently own. For example, a company may issue a stock dividend equal to five shares of stock for every 100 owned by each shareholder. If you have 500 shares, you would receive 25 shares. The price of the stock will likely respond to the dividend so that shareholders' post-dividend wealth remains the same. The stock dividend increases the number of shares each stockholder owns but does not necessarily have an immediate effect on the overall value of each stockholder's shares. A company may also pay a special one-time dividend in addition to its regular cash dividends. A company may pay a one-time dividend for a variety of reasons, such as a sudden increase in cash resulting from the sale of a business or substantial litigation winnings. During the last quarter of 2012, with the " fiscal cliff " approaching in the U.S., many companies issued one-time dividends in anticipation of the higher dividend tax rates presumed to go into effect starting Jan. 1, 2013. Introduction To Dividends: Dividend Dates Related Articles Seven words that are music to investors' ears? "The dividend check is in the mail." Investing Understanding dividends and how they work will help you become a more informed and successful investor. Investing Find out how a company can put its profits directly into your hands. Investing Apple's dividend has had healthy growth ever since its 2012 reinstatement, thanks to Apple's continuously rising revenue, earnings and operating cash flow. Investing Discover details about fundamental analysis ratios that could help to evaluate dividend paying stocks, and learn how to calculate these ratios. Investing Understanding the dates of the dividend payout process can be tricky. We clear up the confusion. Retirement	Dividend
Book Stieg Larsson – The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets’ Nest	What is a Dividend? - Dividend.com What is a Dividend? {:type=>"text", :name=>"", :tabindex=>"-1", :value=>""} Popular Articles Michael McDonald Jan 19, 2017 2017-01-19 The stock market over the next few years may look markedly different than over the last few... Premium Evan Cooper Jan 19, 2017 2017-01-19 On an absolute basis, it’s easy to see how any dividend stock you own performed last year. Start... Evan Cooper Jan 18, 2017 2017-01-18 There are three ways to invest like the legendary Warren Buffett. If you have $244,000 or... Loading Articles... Follow Dividend.com All stock quotes on this website should be considered as having a 24-hour delay. Certain financial information included in Dividend.com is proprietary to Mergent, Inc. ("Mergent") Copyright © 2014. Reproduction of such information in any form is prohibited. Because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by Mergent's sources, Mergent or others, Mergent does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, timeliness or availability or for the results obtained from the use of such information.	i don't know
The Maine Coon is a breed of what popular pet?	Breed Profile: The Maine Coon Exhibitors About the Maine Coon Cat Myths, legend and lore surround the Maine Coon Cat. Some are amusing, some are fantastic flights of fantasy and some are merely plausible. They certainly provide good material for conversation. Many books and articles dealing with these aspects of the Maine Coon Cat are available and have been well received as people never seem to tire of the subject and are always eager to learn more about this National Treasure. The Maine Coon Cat is the native American long-haired cat and was first recognized as a specific breed in Maine where it was named the official cat of the state. These cats were held in high regard by the locals for their mousing talents and special competitions were even held to reward the best “Coon Cat.” The Maine Coon cat evolved through nature’s own breeding program developing characteristics by following a “survival of the fittest” evolution. The characteristics all have a purpose or function. Maine Coon cats developed into sturdy, working cats suited to the harsh winters and varied seasons of the Northeast region. The Maine Coon Cat of today is known for a sturdy, rugged appearance, which includes an uneven, shaggy coat of three distinct lengths and a long, well furnished tail. They carry that tail proudly and use it to surround themselves for warmth and protection. A Maine Coon Cat has large, well tufted paws to allow ability to walk on top of snow despite size and weight. Ears are large and well tufted for protection and warmth. Even more than for beauty, Maine Coon Cats are noted for intelligence and kindly disposition. After all, what they couldn’t obtain themselves, they could always get by charming a nearby human. Though their size can be intimidating, they are known for their friendliness towards just about anything and are especially good with children and other pets. For these reasons, they have been dubbed the “Gentle Giant” of the cat fancy and are commonly sought after as family pets, companions, and therapy cats. After years of local competitions and adoration, the Maine Coon Cat was chosen as Best Cat at the first major cat show ever held in the United States. “Cosey,” a brown tabby female Maine Coon Cat, was awarded this distinction at the Madison Square Garden show held in NYC in May of 1895. The silver collar and medal awarded to Cosey is on display at the CFA headquarters in Alliance, Ohio. The transition from adorned or glorified “Barn Cat” to pedigreed CFA finalist was neither an easy one nor did it happen quickly. The Maine Coon Cat was all the rage in the early 20th century but lost popularity after the introduction of other long-haired breeds to the U.S. The Maine Coon Cat was even thought extinct in the 1950’s. Luckily, rumors of their death were greatly exaggerated and thanks to the dedication and perseverance of breeders, the Maine Coon Cat breed was accepted for CFA championship status in 1976. At present, sometimes the largest number of entries in a CFA show will be Maine Coon Cats and it is not unusual for one of them to be named Best Cat in a ring or even of the entire show. Recently, GC, NW, Highlander Tony Bennett of Wenlock achieved one of CFA’s top awards: Highest Scoring Cat in Premiership. Maine Coon Cats are intelligent, trainable, described as “dog like”. They will offer you hours of enjoyment with their antics but can at times be intrusive. Without question they want to be part of everything and your privacy may require a closed door between you and your cat. Most Maine Coon Cats have a fondness of water, to be in it, watch it, wash their food in it, or just plain play in it, so don’t be surprised if you have an uninvited guest in your shower or help washing the dishes on any given day. The Maine Coon Cat has a silky and somewhat oily coat, it is not dense and its upkeep is much easier than that of other longhaired breeds. The coat is almost self-maintained but will require occasional grooming. Because they love attention of any kind, grooming is easily accomplished. Maine Coon Cats are an affordable pedigreed addition to any household. Prices vary in different areas of the country and overseas, depending on an individual breeder’s guidelines. “Show” vs. “pet” qualities are often a determining factor as well as the pedigree or titles held by the cats in the kitten’s “family tree.” However, many breeders offer retired show or breeding cats at a reduced cost to welcoming homes. Kittens are normally available after 12 weeks of age, once they are weaned, physically stable, and have received basic inoculations. Socialization, additional examinations, testing and/or guarantees will vary from breeder to breeder. Maine Coon Cats and kittens are available from reputable CFA breeders in most areas in the U.S., Canada, and overseas, however, the transportation of cats/kittens to new homes depends on the individual breeder’s practices. Your new Maine Coon Cat addition should be kept indoors, spayed/neutered (if purchased as a pet) and be provided proper nutrition and acceptable surfaces for expression of natural behavior, for example, clean litter pans and scratching surfaces (CFA disapproves of declawing or tendonectomy surgery and most breeders will have related stipulations as part of their contract). Available in a variety of about 75 different color combinations (with the exception of pointed pattern and colors) and two acceptable tabby patterns (classic and mackerel), there is a Maine Coon Cat just right for anyone. Although it is impossible to predict longevity, with proper care and nutrition, your Maine Coon Cat should give you many years of love, enjoyment, and companionship. For more information, please contact the Breed Council Secretary for this breed. Maine Coon Cat Links	Cat
Hyundai, LG, Kia, and Samsung are all companies based in what country?	10 Fascinating Facts About Maine Coon Cats 0 By Dr. Becker Maine Coon cats are one of the most popular cat breeds in the US, which is fitting since they’re also one of the oldest natural breeds in America. Maine Coons are said to be native to the state of Maine (where they’re also the official state cat), but how they originated remains a mystery. One theory holds that this large, hearty cat developed from matings between a wild cat and a raccoon, but this is a myth. Another theory suggests the first Maine Coon belonged to Marie Antoinette, who sent him (along with five other pet cats) to America during the French Revolution, when she was planning to escape from France. 1 The third, and most plausible, theory is that Maine Coons originated from matings between short-haired domestic cats and longhairs that were introduced to America by New England seamen or Vikings (who often kept cats on their ships to control mice). 2 No matter how they came to be, Maine Coons have been adored for centuries and they quickly find a forever place in their owner’s heart. These cats are sometimes called “dogs of the cat world” because they’re loyal, playful, and, unlike many other cat breeds, prefer to stay close to the ground and often enjoy water. 3 What else is interesting about these “gentle giants”? 4 10 Fascinating Facts About Maine Coons 1. Biggest Domestic Cat Maine Coons are the largest domestic cat breed. They’re big boned and muscular, with males weighing up to 18 pounds. Maine Coons can be up to 40 inches in length and come in 75 different color combinations. They’re also called the American Longhair. 2. The Only Show Cat Breed Originating in the US As mentioned, the Maine Coon is thought to be the result of breeding between domestic shorthair cats and longhair cats that hitched a ride to America on European settlers’ ships. Only the strongest and fittest could survive the harsh New England winters, and to this day Maine Coons are known as hearty working cats with excellent hunting skills. 3. They’re Ready for Winter As Maine Coons adapted to life on the east coast, they have long, shaggy multi-layered fur and large paws that help them walk on the snow. They also have furry ears (some with tufts) and bushy tails, which they can actually wrap around their body for extra warmth. 4. “Dogs of the Cat World” Maine Coons tend to be highly social and like human interaction. They’re known for being friendly, loyal, and playful, and they typically get along well with children and other pets. They can even play fetch and be walked on a leash ! 5. They Chirp and Trill Maine Coons don’t typically “meow;” they chirp and trill (a mixture of a meow and a purr). Cats may chirp when they spot prey and a trill is often an expression of happiness. 6. They Like Water Most Maine Coons enjoy the water. They have water-resistant fur and can be quite efficient swimmers. 7. Coon’s Cats Another theory for how Maine Coons got their name is that they are descendants of seafaring cats belonging to British Captain Charles Coon, who sailed off of New England in the 1800s. The cats were said to be called “Coon’s cats.” 8. Related to Norwegian Forest Cats? Yet another theory about Maine Coons’ origins states that they came to America with the Vikings, which is why they resemble Norwegian Forest Cats. 9. They’re Not Related to Raccoons As mentioned, there’s a myth that Maine Coons are related to raccoons, but this is not true. 10. Winner of the First American Cat Show The first American cat show was held in New York City in 1895. The winner was a brown tabby Maine Coon cat named Cosey, who belonged to Mrs. E. N. Barker. Hear a Maine Coon Cat Croon! Did you know that Maine Coon cats can sing too? Check out Max in the video above to see a Maine Coon cat in all his glory! If you’re thinking of adding a Maine Coon cat to your family, be warned – they’re expensive . The average price for is $1,000. Another option? Apply to one of the many Maine Coon rescue organizations for your new friend. They exist across the US, and adoption fees typically range from about $115 to $300 (or even less for a senior ) and may be far less at animal control facilities. And don’t be alarmed if your Maine Coon doesn’t start out very large. Like the Manx , Maine Coons are slow growers and may not reach their full size until they are 3 to 5 years old. 0 Discover the comments that have the most impact on our readers. View this article’s most recent comments. Read your fellow readers’ comments arranged from oldest to newest. See what our top posters have to say about this article.	i don't know
In the human body, what is the name for the muscle that covers the shoulder?	Shoulder Muscles Anatomy, Diagram & Function \| Body Maps Written and medically reviewed by the Healthline Editorial Team Co-developed by: In Depth: Muscles The shoulder has about eight muscles that attach to the scapula, humerus, and clavicle. These muscles form the outer shape of the shoulder and underarm. The muscles in the shoulder aid in a wide range of movement and help protect and maintain the main shoulder joint, known as the glenohumeral joint. The largest of these shoulder muscles is the deltoid. This large triangular muscle covers the glenohumeral joint and gives the shoulder its rounded-off shape. It stretches across the top of the shoulder from the clavicle in the front to the scapula in the back. It then stretches downward to near the center of the humerus bone. Different fibers of the muscle are responsible for different actions, including raising the arm and assisting the pectoralis muscle in the chest. One important function of the deltoid is preventing joint dislocation when a person carries heavy objects. Other muscles that aid in shoulder movement include: Infraspinatus: This rotator cuff muscle helps with the raising and lowering of the upper arm. Triceps brachii: This large muscle in the back of the upper arm helps straighten the arm. Pectoralis major: This large fan-shaped muscle stretches from the armpit up to the collarbone and down across the lower chest region. It connects to the sternum (breastbone). Pectoralis minor: The smaller of the pectoralis muscles, this muscle fans out from the upper ribs up to the shoulder area. Teres major: This muscle helps rotate the upper arm. Biceps brachii: Commonly known as the bicep muscle, this muscle rests on top of the humerus bone. It rotates the forearm and also flexes the elbow. Latissimus dorsi: This flat rectangular muscle of the back helps the arms rotate as well as move away and closer to the body. Subscapularis: This is a large triangular muscle near the humerus and collarbone. It helps rotate the humerus. Supraspinatus: This small muscle is located at the top of the shoulder and helps raise the arm away from the body. Four muscles—the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis—make up the rotator cuff. It stabilizes the shoulder and holds the head of the humerus into the glenoid cavity to maintain the principal shoulder joint. Because these muscles are used in a wide range of motion and are responsible for bearing heavy loads, shoulder muscle pain is a common ailment. The most common cause of shoulder pain is overexertion of a muscle or injury to it. Twisting, pulling, or falling are common ways muscles in the shoulders become painful. Repetitive use injuries primarily affect the deep muscles; however, pain and soreness as a result of pulled muscles from heavy lifting or overexertion usually subsides in a few days. Minor shoulder muscle pain can usually be healed with a combination of rest, ice, elevation, and compression of the impacted region. Debugging Tools	Deltoid
What is the name for the affluent district in southwest Seoul, Korea, which boasts the highest land values in the entire country?	The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Shoulder - Human Anatomy Supraspinatus. Teres major. Deep Fascia.The deep fascia covering the Deltoideus invests the muscle, and sends numerous septa between its fasciculi. In front it is continuous with the fascia covering the Pectoralis major; behind, where it is thick and strong, with that covering the Infraspinatus; above, it is attached to the clavicle, the acromion, and the spine of the scapula; below, it is continuous with the deep fascia of the arm. The Deltoideus (Deltoid muscle) (Fig. 410) is a large, thick, triangular muscle, which covers the shoulder-joint in front, behind, and laterally. It arises from the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle; from the lateral margin and upper surface of the acromion, and from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula, as far back as the triangular surface at its medial end. From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion, the middle passing vertically, the anterior obliquely backward and lateralward, the posterior obliquely forward and lateralward; they unite in a thick tendon, which is inserted into the deltoid prominence on the middle of the lateral side of the body of the humerus. At its insertion the muscle gives off an expansion to the deep fascia of the arm. This muscle is remarkably coarse in texture, and the arrangement of its fibers is somewhat peculiar; the central portion of the musclethat is to say, the part arising from the acromionconsists of oblique fibers; these arise in a bipenniform manner from the sides of the tendinous intersections, generally four in number, which are attached above to the acromion and pass downward parallel to one another in the substance of the muscle. The oblique fibers thus formed are inserted into similar tendinous intersections, generally three in number, which pass upward from the insertion of the muscle and alternate with the descending septa. The portions of the muscle arising from the clavicle and spine of the scapula are not arranged in this manner, but are inserted into the margins of the inferior tendon. Variations.Large variations uncommon. More or less splitting common. Continuation into the Trapezius; fusion with the Pectoralis major; additional slips from the vertebral border of the scapula, infraspinous fascia and axillary border of scapula not uncommon. Insertion varies in extent or rarely is prolonged to origin of Brachioradialis. Nerves.The Deltoideus is supplied by the fifth and sixth cervical through the axillary nerve. Actions.The Deltoideus raises the arm from the side, so as to bring it at right angles with the trunk. Its anterior fibers, assisted by the Pectoralis major, draw the arm forward; and its posterior fibers, aided by the Teres major and Latissimus dorsi, draw it backward. Subscapular Fascia (fascia subscapularis).The subscapular fascia is a thin membrane attached to the entire circumference of the subscapular fossa, and affording attachment by its deep surface to some of the fibers of the Subscapularis. The Subscapularis (Fig. 411) is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa, and arises from its medial two-thirds and from the lower two-thirds of the groove on the axillary border of the bone. Some fibers arise from tendinous laminæ which intersect the muscle and are attached to ridges on the bone; others from an aponeurosis, which separates the muscle from the Teres major and the long head of the Triceps brachii. The fibers pass lateralward, and, gradually converging, end in a tendon which is inserted into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint. The tendon of the muscle is separated from the neck of the scapula by a large bursa, which communicates with the cavity of the shoulder-joint through an aperture in the capsule. Nerves.The Subscapularis is supplied by the fifth and sixth cervical nerves through the upper and lower subscapular nerves. Actions.The Subscapularis rotates the head of the humerus inward; when the arm is raised, it draws the humerus forward and downward. It is a powerful defence to the front of the shoulder-joint, preventing displacement of the head of the humerus. Supraspinatous Fascia (fascia supraspinata).The supraspinatous fascia completes the osseofibrous case in which the Supraspinatus muscle is contained; it affords attachment, by its deep surface, to some of the fibers of the muscle. It is thick medially, but thinner laterally under the coracoacromial ligament. The Supraspinatus (Fig. 412) occupies the whole of the supraspinatous fossa, arising from its medial two-thirds, and from the strong supraspinatous fascia. The muscular fibers converge to a tendon, which crosses the upper part of the shoulder-joint, and is inserted into the highest of the three impressions on the greater tubercle of the humerus; the tendon is intimately adherent to the capsule of the shoulder-joint. Infraspinatous Fascia (fascia infraspinata).The infraspinatous fascia is a dense fibrous membrane, covering the Infraspinatous muscle and fixed to the circum ference of the infraspinatous fossa; it affords attachment, by its deep surface, to some fibers of that muscle. It is intimately attached to the deltoid fascia along the over-lapping border of the Deltoideus. The Infraspinatus (Fig. 412) is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa; it arises by fleshy fibers from its medial two-thirds, and by tendinous fibers from the ridges on its surface; it also arises from the infraspinatous fascia which covers it, and separates it from the Teretes major and minor. The fibers converge to a tendon, which glides over the lateral border of the spine of the scapula, and, passing across the posterior part of the capsule of the shoulder-joint, is inserted into the middle impression on the greater tubercle of the humerus. The tendon of this muscle is sometimes separated from the capsule of the shoulder-joint by a bursa, which may communicate with the joint cavity. The Teres minor (Fig. 412) is a narrow, elongated muscle, which arises from the dorsal surface of the axillary border of the scapula for the upper two-thirds of its extent, and from two aponeurotic laminæ, one of which separates it from the Infraspinatus, the other from the Teres major. Its fibers run obliquely upward and lateralward; the upper ones end in a tendon which is inserted into the lowest of the three impressions on the greater tubercle of the humerus; the lowest fibers are inserted directly into the humerus immediately below this impression. The tendon of this muscle passes across, and is united with, the posterior part of the capsule of the shoulder-joint. Variations.It is sometimes inseparable from the Infraspinatus. The Teres major (Fig. 412) is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle, which arises from the oval area on the dorsal surface of the inferior angle of the scapula, and from the fibrous septa interposed between the muscle and the Teres minor and Infraspinatus; the fibers are directed upward and lateralward, and end in a flat tendon, about 5 cm. long, which is inserted into the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus. The tendon, at its insertion, lies behind that of the Latissimus dorsi, from which it is separated by a bursa, the two tendons being, however, united along their lower borders for a short distance. Nerves.The Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus are supplied by the fifth and sixth cervical nerves through the suprascapular nerve; the Teres minor, by the fifth cervical, through the axillary; and the Teres major, by the fifth and sixth cervical, through the lowest subscapular. Actions.The Supraspinatus assists the Deltoideus in raising the arm from the side of the trunk and fixes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity. The Infraspinatus and Teres minor rotate the head of the humerus outward; they also assist in carrying the arm backward. One of the most important uses of these three muscles is to protect the shoulder-joint, the Supraspinatus supporting it above, and the Infraspinatus and Teres minor behind. The Teres major assists the Latissimus dorsi in drawing the previously raised humerus downward and backward, and in rotating it inward; when the arm is fixed it may assist the Pectorales and the Latissimus dorsi in drawing the trunk forward.	i don't know
What Latin phrase, which translates as "you should have the body" is taken to mean a legal action which requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge.	Appendix:List of Latin phrases - Wiktionary Appendix:List of Latin phrases Appendix: *List of Latin phrases Warning, this page may be too large for some browsers. If so, the sections can be reviewed individually: This appendix lists direct English translations of Latin phrases. Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases, as Greek rhetoric and literature reached its peak centuries before that of Ancient Rome: Contents A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V This list is a combination of the three divided pages, for users who have no trouble loading large pages and prefer a single page to scroll or search through. The contents of the list cannot be edited here, and are kept automatically in synch with the divided lists (A-E), (F-O) and P-Z) through template inclusion. a bene placito "from one who has been pleased well" Or "at will", "at one's pleasure". This phrase, and its Italian (beneplacito) and Spanish (beneplácito) derivatives, are synonymous with the more common ad libitum ("at pleasure"). abusus non tollit usum "abuse does not preclude proper use" a caelo usque ad centrum "from the sky to the center" Or "from heaven all the way to the center of the earth". In law, can refer to the obsolete cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos maxim of property ownership. a capite ad calcem From top to bottom; all the way through. Equally a pedibus usque ad caput. a contrario "from the opposite" Equivalent to "on the contrary" or "au contraire". An argumentum a contrario is an "argument from the contrary", an argument or proof by contrast or direct opposite. a Deucalione a fortiori "from the stronger" Loosely, "even more so" or "with even stronger reason". Often used to lead from a less certain proposition to a more evident corollary. a mari usque ad mare "from sea to sea" From Psalm 72:8, "Et dominabitur a mari usque ad mare, et a flumine usque ad terminos terrae" ( KJV : "He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth"). National motto of Canada . a pedibus usque ad caput "from feet to head" Completely. Similar to the English expressions "from tip to toe" or "from top to toe". Equally a capite ad calcem. See also ab ovo usque ad mala. a posse ad esse "from being able to being" "From possibility to actuality" or "from being possible to being actual" a posteriori "from the latter" Based on observation (i.e., empirical knowledge ), the reverse of a priori. Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known after a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote something that can be known from empirical experience. a priori "from the former" Presupposed, the reverse of a posteriori. Used in mathematics and logic to denote something that is known or postulated before a proof has been carried out. In philosophy, used to denote something that can be known without empirical experience. In everyday speech, it denotes something occurring or being known before the event. ab absurdo "from the absurd" Said of an argument that seeks to prove a statement's validity by pointing out the absurdity of an opponent's position (cf. appeal to ridicule ) or that an assertion is false because of its absurdity. Not to be confused with a reductio ad absurdum , which is usually a valid logical argument. ab abusu ad usum non valet consequentia "a consequence from an abuse to a use is not valid" Inferences regarding something's use from its misuse are invalid. Rights abused are still rights (cf. abusus non tollit usum). ab aeterno "from the eternal" Literally, "from the everlasting" or "from eternity". Thus, "from time immemorial", "since the beginning of time" or "from an infinitely remote time in the past". In theology, often indicates something, such as the universe, that was created outside of time. ab antiquo ab extra "from beyond" A legal term meaning "from without". From external sources, rather than from the self or the mind (ab intra). ab hinc Often rendered abhinc (which in Latin means simply "since" or "ago"). ab imo pectore "from the bottom of my heart" More literally, "from the deepest chest". Attributed to Julius Caesar . Can mean "with deepest affection" or "sincerely". ab inconvenienti "from an inconvenient thing" New Latin for "based on unsuitability", "from inconvenience" or "from hardship". An argumentum ab inconvenienti is one based on the difficulties involved in pursuing a line of reasoning, and is thus a form of appeal to consequences ; it refers to a rule in law that an argument from inconvenience has great weight. ab incunabulis "from the cradle" Thus, "from the beginning" or "from infancy". Incunabula is commonly used in English to refer to the earliest stage or origin of something, and especially to copies of books that predate the spread of the printing press around AD 1500. ab initio "from the beginning" "At the outset", referring to an inquiry or investigation. In literature, refers to a story told from the beginning rather than in medias res (from the middle). In law , refers to something being the case from the start or from the instant of the act, rather than from when the court declared it so. A judicial declaration of the invalidity of a marriage ab initio is a nullity . In science, refers to the first principles . In other contexts, often refers to beginner or training courses. Ab initio mundi means "from the beginning of the world". ab intestato From someone who dies with no legal will (cf. ex testamento). ab intra From the inside. The opposite of ab extra. ab irato "from an angry man" By a person who is angry. Used in law to describe a decision or action that is detrimental to those it affects and was made based on hatred or anger, rather than on reason. The form irato is masculine; however, this does not mean it applies only to men, rather 'person' is meant, as the phrase probably elides "homo," not "vir." ab origine ab ovo usque ad mala "from the egg to the apples" From Horace , Satire 1.3. Means "from beginning to end", based on the Roman main meal typically beginning with an egg dish and ending with fruit (cf. the English phrase soup to nuts ). Thus, ab ovo means "from the beginning", and can also connote thoroughness. ab uno disce omnes "from one, learn all" From Virgil's Aeneid . Refers to situations where a single example or observation indicates a general or universal truth. (a.U.c.) "from the founding of the city" Refers to the founding of Rome , which occurred in 753 BC according to Livy 's count. Used as a reference point in ancient Rome for establishing dates, before being supplanted by other systems. Also anno Urbis conditae (a.U.c.) ("in the year that the city was founded"). ab utili absens haeres non erit "an absent person will not be an heir" In law, refers to the principle that someone who is not present is unlikely to inherit. absente reo "with the defendant being absent" In the absence of the accused. absit iniuria "let injury be absent" Expresses the wish that no insult or wrong be conveyed by the speaker's words, i.e., "no offense". Also rendered absit iniuria verbis "let injury be absent from these words". Contrast with absit invidia. absit invidia "let ill will/jealousy be absent" Said in the context of a statement of excellence. Unlike the English expression "no offense", absit invidia is intended to ward off jealous deities who might interpret a statement of excellence as hubris. Also extended to absit invidia verbo, meaning "may ill will/jealousy be absent from these words." Contrast with absit iniuria. An explanation of Livy's usage. absit omen "let an omen be absent" In other words, "let there not be an omen here". Expresses the wish that something seemingly ill-boding does not turn out to be an omen for future events, and calls on divine protection against evil. absolutum dominium absolvo "I acquit" A legal term said by a judge acquitting a defendant following a trial. Te absolvo or absolvo te, translated, "I forgive you," said by Roman Catholic priests during the Sacrament of Confession prior to Vatican II . abundans cautela non nocet "abundant caution does no harm" Thus, one can never be too careful; even excessive precautions don't hurt anyone. abusus non tollit usum "misuse does not remove use" An axiom stating that just because something can be, or has been, abused, does not mean that it must be, or always is. Abuse does not, in itself, justify denial of use accusare nemo se debet nisi coram Deo "no one ought to accuse himself except in the Presence of God" A legal maxim denoting that any accused person is entitled to make a plea of not guilty, and also that a witness is not obliged to give a response or submit a document that will incriminate himself . A very similar phrase is nemo tenetur seipsum accusare. Accipe Hoc Motto of 848 Naval Air Squadron, Royal Navy. acta est fabula plaudite "The play has been performed; applaud!" A common ending to ancient Roman comedies, also claimed by Suetonius in Lives of the Twelve Caesars to have been Caesar Augustus ' last words. Applied by Sibelius to the third movement of his String Quartet no. 2 so that his audience would realize it was the last one, as a fourth would normally be expected. acta non verba Acta Sanctorum "Deeds of the Saints " Also used in the singular, Acta Sancti ("Deeds of the Saint"), preceding a specific Saint's name. A common title of works in hagiography . actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea "The act is not guilty unless the mind is also guilty." A legal term outlining the presumption of mens rea in a crime . actus reus "guilty act" The actual crime that is committed, rather than the intent or thought process leading up to the crime. Thus, the external elements of a crime, as contrasted with mens rea, the internal elements. ad absurdum "to the absurd" In logic, to the point of being silly or nonsensical. See also reductio ad absurdum . Not to be confused with ab absurdo ("from the absurd"). adaequatio intellectûs nostri cum re "conformity of our minds to the fact" A phrase used in epistemology regarding the nature of understanding. ad abundantiam "to abundance" In legal language, used when providing additional evidence to an already sufficient collection. Also used commonly, as an equivalent of "as if this wasn't enough". "to the stars through difficulty" Motto of Kansas, and other organisations. ad astra per alia porci "to the stars on the wings of a pig" A favorite saying of John Steinbeck . A professor told him that he would be an author when pigs flew. Every book he wrote is printed with this insignia. ad captandum vulgus "in order to court the crowd" To do something to appeal to the masses. Often used of politicians who make false or insincere promises to appeal to popular interest. An argumentum ad captandum is an argument designed to please the crowd. ad eundem "to the same" An ad eundem degree , from the Latin ad eundem gradum ("to the same step" or "to the same degree"), is a courtesy degree awarded by one university or college to an alumnus of another. It is not an honorary degree, but a recognition of the formal learning that earned the degree at another college. A motto of Renaissance humanism . Also used in the Protestant Reformation . ad fundum "to the bottom" Said during a generic toast , equivalent to "bottoms up!" In other contexts, generally means "back to the basics". ad hoc "to this" Generally means "for this", in the sense of improvised on the spot or designed for only a specific, immediate purpose. Rather than relying on ad hoc decisions, we should form a consistent plan for dealing with emergency situations. ad hominem "to the man" Connotations of "against the man". Typically used in argumentum ad hominem, a logical fallacy consisting of criticizing a person when the subject of debate is the person's ideas or argument, on the mistaken assumption that the validity of an argument is to some degree dependent on the qualities of the proponent. (ad int) "for the meantime" As in the term "chargé d'affaires ad interim" for a diplomatic officer who acts in place of an ambassador. ad Kalendas Graecas "to the Greek Kalends " Attributed by Suetonius in Lives of the Twelve Caesars to Caesar Augustus . The phrase means "never" and is similar to phrases like " when pigs fly ". The Kalends (also written Calends) were specific days of the Roman calendar , not of the Greek , and so the "Greek Kalends" would never occur. ( ad lib ) "toward pleasure" Loosely, "according to what pleases" or "as you wish"; libitum comes from the past participle of libere, "to please". It typically indicates in music and theatrical scripts that the performer has the liberty to change or omit something. Ad lib is specifically often used when someone improvises or ignores limitations. ad litem "to the lawsuit" A legal term referring to a party appointed by a court to act in a lawsuit on behalf of another party who is deemed incapable of representing himself. An individual who acts in this capacity is called a guardian ad litem . ad lucem "to the light" ad nauseam "to the point of disgust" Literally, "to the point of nausea ". Sometimes used as a humorous alternative to ad infinitum. An argumentum ad nauseam is a logical fallacy involving basing one's argument on prolonged repetition, i.e., repeating something so much that people are "sick of it". ad oculos Meaning "obvious on sight" or "obvious to anyone that sees it". ad pedem litterae "to the foot of the letter" Thus, "exactly as it is written". Similar to the English idiom "to the letter", meaning "to the last detail". ad perpetuam memoriam "to the perpetual memory" Generally precedes "of" and a person's name, and is used to wish for someone to be remembered long after death. ad pondus omnium (ad pond om) "to the weight of all things" More loosely, "considering everything's weight". The abbreviation was historically used by physicians and others to signify that the last prescribed ingredient is to weigh as much as all of the previously mentioned ones. ad quod damnum "to what damage" Meaning "according to the harm" or "in proportion to the harm". The phrase is used in tort law as a measure of damages inflicted, implying that a remedy , if one exists, ought to correspond specifically and only to the damage suffered (cf. damnum absque injuria). ad referendum "for life or until fault" Usually used of a term of office. addendum An item to be added, especially a supplement to a book. The plural is addenda. adequatio intellectus et rei "correspondence of the mind and reality" One of the definitions of the truth. When the mind has the same form as reality, we think truth. Also found as adequatio rei et intellectus. adsum Equivalent to "Present!" or "Here!" The opposite of absum ("I am absent"). adversus solem ne loquitor "Don't speak against the sun" I.e., don't argue the obvious aegri somnia From Horace , Ars Poetica, 7. Loosely, "troubled dreams". aequitas aetatis suae "of his own age" Thus, "at the age of". Appeared on portraits, gravestones, etc. Sometimes extended to anno aetatis suae (AAS) , "in the year of his age". Sometimes shortened to just aetatis (aet.) . alea iacta est "the die is cast" Said by Julius Caesar upon crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC , according to Suetonius . The original meaning was roughly equivalent to the English phrase "the game is afoot", but its modern meaning, like that of the phrase " crossing the Rubicon ", denotes passing the point of no return on a momentous decision and entering into a risky endeavor where the outcome is left to chance. alenda lux ubi orta libertas "Let learning be cherished where liberty has arisen." The motto of Davidson College . alias "otherwise" An assumed name or pseudonym . Similar to alter ego, but more specifically referring to a name, not to a "second self". alibi "elsewhere" A legal defense where a defendant attempts to show that he was elsewhere at the time a crime was committed. His alibi is sound; he gave evidence that he was in another city on the night of the murder. alis aquilae "on eagles wings" taken from the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 40. "But those who wait for the Lord shall find their strength renewed, they shall mount up on wings like eagles, they shall run and not grow weary, they shall walk and not grow faint." alis grave nil "nothing is heavy to those who have wings" motto of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro ( Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro - PUC-RIO). alis volat propris "she flies with her own wings" State motto of Oregon . Can also be rendered alis volat propriis. Aliquantus "something that stands for something else" A foundational definition for semiotics alma mater "nourishing mother" Term used for the university one attends or has attended. Another university term, matriculation , is also derived from mater. The term suggests that the students are "fed" knowledge and taken care of by the university. The term is also used for a university's traditional school anthem. alter ego "other I" Another self, a second persona or alias . Can be used to describe different facets or identities of a single character, or different characters who seem representations of the same personality. Often used of a fictional character 's secret identity . alterius non sit qui suus esse potest "Let no man belong to another that can belong to himself" Final sentence from Aesop ascribed fable (see also Aesop's Fables ) " The Frogs Who Desired a King " as appears in the collection commonly known as the "Anonymus Neveleti" (fable "XXIb. De ranis a Iove querentibus regem"). Motto of Paracelsus . Usually attributed to Cicero . alterum non laedere One of Justinian I 's three basic legal precepts. alumna or alumnus "pupil" Sometimes rendered with the gender-neutral alumn or alum in English. A graduate or former student of a school, college or university. Alumna (pl. alumnae) is a female pupil, and alumnus (pl. alumni) is a male pupil—alumni is generally used for a group of both males and females. The word derives from alere, "to nourish", a graduate being someone who was raised and taken care of at the school (cf. alma mater). amicus curiae "friend of the court" An adviser, or a person who can obtain or grant access to the favour of powerful group, like a Roman Curia . In current U.S. legal usage, an amicus curiae is a third party allowed to submit a legal opinion (in the form of an amicus brief) to the court. amiterre legem terrae "to lose the law of the land" An obsolete legal term signifying the forfeiture of the right of swearing in any court or cause, or to become infamous. amor est vitae essentia "love is the essence of life" As said by Robert B. Mackay, Australian Analyst. amor et melle et felle est fecundissmismus "love is rich with both honey and venom" Amor fati "love of fate" Nietzscheian alternative world view to memento mori [remember you must die]. Nietzsche believed amor fati to be more life affirming. amor omnibus idem from Virgil 's Georgics III. amor patriae (an.) "in the year" Also used in such phrases as anno urbis conditae (see ab urbe condita), Anno Domini, and anno regni. (A.D.) "in the Year of the Lord" Short for Anno Domini Nostri Iesus Christi ("in the Year of Our Lord, Jesus Christ"), the predominantly used system for dating years across the world, used with the Gregorian calendar , and based on the perceived year of the birth of Jesus Christ . The years before Jesus' birth were once marked with a. C.n ( Ante Christum Natum , "Before Christ was Born"), but now use the English abbreviation BC ("Before Christ"). Augustus was born in the year 63 BC , and died AD 14 . anno regni "In the year of the reign" Precedes "of" and the current ruler. Annuit Cœptis "He Has Approved the Undertakings" Motto on the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States and on the back of the U.S. one dollar bill . "He" refers to God , and so the official translation given by the U.S. State Department is "He [God] has favored our undertakings". annus horribilis "horrible year" A recent pun on annus mirabilis, first used by Queen Elizabeth II to describe what a bad year 1992 had been for her, and subsequently occasionally used to refer to many other years perceived as "horrible". In Classical Latin , this phrase would actually mean "terrifying year". See also annus terribilis. annus mirabilis "wonderful year" Used particularly to refer to the years 1665 – 1666 , during which Isaac Newton made revolutionary inventions and discoveries in calculus, motion, optics and gravitation. Annus Mirabilis is also the title of a poem by John Dryden written in the same year. It has since been used to refer to other years, especially to 1905 , when Albert Einstein made equally revolutionary discoveries concerning the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion and the special theory of relativity. (See Annus Mirabilis Papers ) annus terribilis aqua vitae "water of life" "Spirit of Wine" in many English texts. Used to refer to various native distilled beverages , such as whisky in Scotland and Ireland, gin in Holland, brandy (eau de vie) in France, and akvavit in Scandinavia. aquila non capit muscas "an eagle doesn't catch flies" A noble or important person doesn't deal with insignificant issues. arare litus From Gerhard Gerhards' (1466-1536) [better known as Erasmus] collection of annotated Adagia (1508). Wasted labour. arbiter elegantiarum "judge of tastes" One who prescribes, rules on, or is a recognized authority on matters of social behavior and taste. Said of Petronius . Also rendered arbiter elegentiae ("judge of a taste"). arcus senilis Also "silver coin". Mentioned in Domesday , signifies bullion , or silver uncoined . arguendo "for arguing" For the sake of argument. Said when something is done purely in order to discuss a matter or illustrate a point. Let us assume, arguendo, that your claim is correct. argumentum "argument" Or "reasoning", "inference", "appeal", "proof". The plural is argumenta. Commonly used in the names of logical arguments and fallacies , preceding phrases such as a silentio ("by silence"), ad antiquitatem ("to antiquity"), ad baculum ("to the stick"), ad captandum ("to capturing"), ad consequentiam ("to the consequence"), ad crumenam ("to the purse"), ad feminam ("to the woman"), ad hominem ("to the person"), ad ignorantiam ("to ignorance"), ad judicium ("to judgment"), ad lazarum ("to poverty"), ad logicam ("to logic"), ad metum ("to fear"), ad misericordiam ("to pity"), ad nauseam ("to nausea"), ad novitatem ("to novelty"), ad personam ("to the character"), ad numerum ("to the number"), ad odium ("to spite"), ad populum ("to the people"), ad temperantiam ("to moderation"), ad verecundiam ("to reverence"), ex silentio ("from silence"), and in terrorem ("into terror"). ars celare artem "art [is] to conceal art" An aesthetic ideal that good art should appear natural rather than contrived. ars gratia artis " art for art's sake " Translated into Latin from Baudelaire 's "L'art pour l'art". Motto of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . This phrasing is a direct transliteration of 'art for the sake of art.' While very symmetrical for the MGM logo, the better Latin word order is 'Ars artis gratia.' ars longa vita brevis "art is long, life is short" The Latin translation by Horace of a phrase from Hippocrates , often used out of context. The "art" referred to in the original aphorism was the craft of medicine, which took a lifetime to acquire. asinus ad lyram "an ass to the lyre" From Gerhard Gerhards' (1466-1536) [better known as Erasmus] collection of annotated Adagia (1508). An awkward or incompetent individual. asinus asinum fricat "the jackass rubs the jackass" Used to describe two people lavishing excessive praise on one another. assecuratus non quaerit lucrum sed agit ne in damno sit "the assured does not seek profit but just indemnity for the loss" Refers to the insurance principle that the indemnity cannot be larger than the loss. audeamus "let us dare" Motto of Otago University Students' Association , a direct response to the university's motto of sapere aude ("dare to be wise"). audemus jura nostra defendere "we dare to defend our rights" State motto of Alabama , adopted in 1923. Translated into Latin from a paraphrase of the stanza "Men who their duties know / But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain" from the poem "What Constitutes a State?" by 18th-century author William Jones. audentes fortuna iuvat "fortune favors the bold" From Virgil , Aeneid X, 284 (where the first word is in the archaic form audentis). Allegedly the last words of Pliny the Elder before he left the docks at Pompeii to rescue people from the eruption of Vesuvius in 79. Often quoted as audaces fortuna iuvat. audere est facere "to dare is to do" audi alteram partem "hear the other side" A legal principle of fairness. Also worded as audiatur et altera pars ("let the other side be heard too"). audio hostem Motto of 845 NACS Royal Navy aurea mediocritas From Horace 's Odes II, 10. Refers to the ethical goal of reaching a virtuous middle ground between two sinful extremes. The golden mean concept is common to many philosophers, chiefly Aristotle . auri sacra fames "accursed hunger for gold" From Virgil , Aeneid 3,57. Later quoted by Seneca as "quod non mortalia pectora coges, auri sacra fames": "What aren't you able to bring men to do, miserable hunger for gold!" auribus teneo lupum "I hold a wolf by the ears" A common ancient proverb, this version from Terence . Indicates that one is in a dangerous situation where both holding on and letting go could be deadly. A modern version is "To have a tiger by the tail." aurora australis "southern dawn" The Southern Lights , an aurora that appears in the Southern Hemisphere . It is less well-known than the Northern Lights, or aurorea borealis. The Aurora Australis is also the name of an Antarctic icebreaker ship. aurora borealis The Northern Lights, an aurora that appears in the Northern Hemisphere . aut Caesar aut nihil "either Caesar or nothing" Indicates that the only valid possibility is to be emperor , or a similarly prominent position. More generally, "all or nothing". Adopted by Cesare Borgia as a personal motto. aut concilio aut ense "either by meeting or by the sword" Thus, either through reasoned discussion or through war. A former motto of Chile , post tenebras lux ultimately replaced by Por la Razon o la Fuerza (Spanish) ' by reason or by force '. aut pax aut bellum The motto of the Gunn Clan . Aut viam inveniam aut faciam "I will find a way, or I will make one" Medical shorthand for "twice a day". bona fide In other words, "well-intentioned", "fairly". In modern contexts, often has connotations of "genuinely" or "sincerely". Bona fides is not the plural (which would be bonis fidebus), but the nominative , and means simply "good faith". Opposite of mala fide. bona notabilia — In law, if a person dying has goods, or good debts, in another diocese or jurisdiction within that province, besides his goods in the diocese where he dies, amounting to a certain minimum value, he is said to have bona notabilia; in which case, the probat of his will belongs to the archbishop of that province. bona officia A nation's offer to mediate in disputes between two other nations. bona patria A jury or assize of countrymen, or good neighbors. bona vacantia United Kingdom legal term for ownerless property that passes to The Crown . boni pastoris est tondere pecus non deglubere "It is of a good shepherd to shear his flock, not to flay them." Tiberius reportedly said this to his regional commanders, as a warning against taxing the populace excessively. bonum commune communitatis "common good of the community" Or "general welfare". Refers to what benefits a society, as opposed to bonum commune hominis, which refers to what is good for an individual. bonum commune hominis "common good of a man" Refers to an individual's happiness, which is not "common" in that it serves everyone, but in that individuals tend to be able to find happiness in similar things. busillis — Pseudo-Latin meaning "baffling puzzle" or "difficult point". John of Cornwall (ca. 1170 ) was once asked by a scribe what the word meant. It turns out that the original text said in diebus illis magnis plenæ ("in those days there were plenty of great things"), which the scribe misread as indie busillis magnis plenæ ("in India there were plenty of large busillis"). Refers to a situation where nobody is safe from anybody, each man for himself. capax infiniti "capable of the infinite" a pejorative term refering (at least) to some Christian doctrines of the incarnation of the Son of God when it asserts that humanity is capable of housing full divinity within its finite frame. Related to the Docetic heresy and sometimes a counterpoint to the Reformed 'extracalvinisticum.' caput inter nubila (condit) "head in the clouds" So aggrandized as to be beyond practical (earthly) reach or understanding (from Virgil 's Aeneid and the shorter form appears in John Locke 's Two Treatises of Government) Caritas Christi "The love of Christ" It implies a command to love as Christ loved. Motto of St. Franicis Xavier High School located in West Meadowlark Park (Edmonton) . carpe diem "seize the day" An exhortation to live for today. From Horace , Odes I, 11.8. By far the most common translation is "seize the day," though carpere normally means something more like "pluck," and the allusion here is to picking flowers. The phrase collige virgo rosas has a similar sense. carpe noctem "seize the night" An exhortation to make good use of the night, often used when carpe diem, q.v., would seem absurd, e.g., when observing a deep sky object or conducting a Messier marathon . Carthago delenda est "Carthage must be destroyed" From Roman senator Cato the Elder , who ended every speech of his between the second and third Punic Wars with ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, literally "For the rest, I am of the opinion that Carthage is to be destroyed." Other translations include "In conclusion, I declare that Carthage must be destroyed." and "Furthermore, I move for Carthage to be destroyed." The user is responsible for checking whether the goods suit his need. Cedant arma togae "Let military power yield to civilian power," Cicero , De Officiis . See Toga , it:Cedant arma togae celerius quam asparagi cocuntur "more swiftly than asparagus is cooked" Or simply "faster than cooking asparagus". A variant of the Roman phrase velocius quam asparagi coquantur, using a different adverb and an alternate mood and spelling of coquere . cepi corpus "I got the body" In law, it is a return made by the sheriff, upon a capias, or other process to the like purpose; signifying, that he has taken the body of the party. certum est quod certum reddi potest "It is certain if it is capable of being rendered certain" Often used in law when something is not known, but can be ascertained (e.g. the purchase price on a sale which is to be determined by a third-party valuer) cessante ratione legis cessat ipsa lex "When the reason for the law ceases, the law itself ceases." A rule of law becomes ineffective when the reason for its application has ceased to exist or does not correspond to the reality anymore. cetera desunt In the sense of "approximately" or "about". Usually used of a date. circulus vitiosus In logic, begging the question , a fallacy involving the presupposition of a proposition in one of the premises (see petitio principii). In science, a positive feedback loop. In economics, a counterpart to the virtuous circle . citius altius fortius Motto of the modern Olympics . Clamea admittenda in itinere per atturnatum A writ whereby the king of England could command the justice in eyre to admit one's claim by an attorney, who being employed in the king's service, cannot come in person. clausum fregit An action of tresspass; thus called, by reason the writ demands the person summoned to answer to wherefore he broke the close (quare clausum fregit), i.e. why he committed such a trespass. claves Sancti Petri "the keys of Saint Peter " A symbol of the Papacy . The means of discovering hidden or mysterious meanings in texts, particularly applied in theology and alchemy . clerico admittendo "about to be made a clerk" In law, a writ directed to the bishop, for the admitting a clerk to a benefice upon a ne admittas, tried, and found for the party who procures the writ. clerico capto per statutum mercatorum In law, a writ for the delivery of a clerk out of prison, who is imprisoned upon the breach of statute merchant. clerico convicto commisso gaolae in defectu ordinarii deliberando In law, a writ for the delivery of a clerk to his ordinary, that was formerly convicted of felony; by reason that his ordinary did not challenge him according to the privilege of clerks. clerico intra sacros ordines constituto non eligendo in officium In law, a writ directed to the bailiffs, etc, that have thrust a bailiwick or beadleship upon one in holy orders; charging them to release him. Codex Iuris Canonici The official code of canon law in the Roman Catholic Church (cf. Corpus Iuris Canonici). Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt "Those who hurry cross the sea change the sky [upon them], not their souls or state of mind" "congress in the way of beasts" An medical euphemism for the doggy-style sexual position. "pick, girl, the roses" "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may", 1909, by John William Waterhouse . Exhortation to enjoy fully the youth, similar to Carpe diem, from De rosis nascentibus (also titled Idyllium de rosis ) attributed to Ausonius or Virgil . communibus annis "in common years" One year with another; on an average. "Common" here does not mean "ordinary," but "common to every situation" communibus locis "in common places" A term frequently used among philosophical and other writers, implying some medium, or mean relation between several places; one place with another; on a medium. "Common" here does not mean "ordinary," but "common to every situation" communis opinio compos mentis "in control of the mind" Describes someone of sound mind. Sometimes used ironically. Also a legal principle, non compos mentis ("not in control of one's faculties"), used to describe an insane person. concordia cum veritate Motto of the University of Waterloo . concordia salus The official name of Switzerland , hence the use of " CH " for its ISO country code , " .ch " for its Internet domain , and " CHF " for the ISO three-letter abbreviation of its currency, the Swiss franc . coniunctis viribus Or "with united powers". Sometimes rendered conjunctis viribus. Consuetudo pro lege servatur "Custom is kept before the law" An inconsistently applied maxim. See also consuetudo est altera lex (custom is another law) and consuetudo vincit communem legem (custom overrules the common law) consummatum est The last words of Jesus on the cross in the Latin translation of John 19:30. contemptus saeculi "scorn for the times" Despising the secular world. The monk or philosopher 's rejection of a mundane life and worldly values. contra spem spero A word that makes itself impossible contraria contrariis curantur "the opposite is cured with the opposite" First formulated by Hippocrates to suggest that the diseases are cured with contrary remedies. Antonym of Similia similibus curantur (the diseases are recovered with similar remedies. ) contra bonos mores Offensive to the conscience and to a sense of justice. contra legem cor ad cor loquitur "heart speaks to heart" From Augustine 's Confessions , referring to a prescribed method of prayer: having a "heart to heart" with God. Commonly used in reference to a later quote by John Henry Cardinal Newman . A motto of Newman Clubs. cor meum tibi offero domine prompte et sincere "my heart I offer to you Lord promptly and sincerely" cor unum "one heart" A popular school motto. Often used as names for religious and other organisations such as the Pontifical Council Cor Unum . coram Deo "in the Presence of God" A phrase from Christian theology which summarizes the idea of Christians living in the Presence of, under the authority of, and to the honor and glory of God . coram populo "in the presence of the people" Thus, openly. "the corruption of the best is the worst" corruptus in extremis Motto of the fictional Springfield Mayor Office in The Simpsons TV-Show Corruptissima re publica plurimae leges "When the republic is at its most corrupt the laws are most numerous"--Tacitus Cras amet qui nunquam amavit; quique amavit, cras amet "May he love tomorrow who has never loved before; And may he who has loved, love tomorrow as well" It's the refrain from the 'Pervigilium Veneris', a poem which describes a three day holiday in the cult of Venus, located somewhere in Sicily, involving the whole town in religious festivities joined with a deep sense of nature and Venus as the "procreatrix", the life-giving force behind the natural world. Credo in Unum Deum "I Believe in One God" The first words of the Nicene Creed . credo quia absurdum est "I believe it because it is absurd" A very common misquote of Tertullian 's et mortuus est Dei Filius prorsus credibile quia ineptum est ("and the Son of God is dead: in short, it is credible because it is unfitting"), meaning that it is so absurd to say that God's son has died that it would have to be a matter of belief, rather than reason. The misquoted phrase, however, is commonly used to mock the dogmatic beliefs of the religious (see fideism ). This phrase is commonly shortened to credo quia absurdum, and is also sometimes rendered credo quia impossibile est ("I believe it because it is impossible")or, as Darwin used it in his autobiography, credo quia incredibile. crescamus in Illo per omina "May we grow in Him through all things" crescit eundo "it grows as it goes" State motto of New Mexico , adopted in 1887 as the territory's motto, and kept in 1912 when New Mexico received statehood. Originally from Lucretius ' On the Nature of Things book VI, where it refers in context to the motion of a thunderbolt across the sky, which acquires power and momentum as it goes. cruci dum spiro fido "while I live, I trust in the cross", "Whilst I trust in the Cross I have life" Motto of the Sisters of Loreto (IBVM) and its associated schools. A second translation is "Whilst I trust in the Cross I have life" cucullus non facit monachum cui bono "Good for whom?" "Who benefits?" An adage in criminal investigation which suggests that considering who would benefit from an unwelcome event is likely to reveal who is responsible for that event (cf. cui prodest). Also the motto of the Crime Syndicate of America , a fictional supervillain group. The opposite is cui malo ("Bad for whom?"). cui prodest "for whom it advances" Short for cui prodest scelus is fecit ("for whom the crime advances, he has done it") in Seneca 's Medea. Thus, the murderer is often the one who gains by the murder (cf. cui bono). cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos "Whose the land is, all the way to the sky and to the underworld is his." First coined by Accursius of Bologna in the 13th century. A Roman legal principle of property law that is no longer observed in most situations today. Less literally, "For whosoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to the sky and down to the depths." cuius regio, eius religio "whose region, his religion" The privilege of a ruler to choose the religion of his subjects. A regional prince's ability to choose his people's religion was established at the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Cuiusvis hominis est errare, nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare. "Anyone can err, but only the fool persists in his fault." — Marcus Tullius Cicero, Philippica XII, ii, 5 culpa "fault" Also "blame" or " guilt ". In law, an act of neglect. In general, guilt, sin, or a fault. See also mea culpa . cum gladiis et fustibus From the Bible. Occurs in Matthew 26:47 and Luke 22:52. cum gladio et sale Motto of a well-paid soldier. See salary . cum grano salis Not to be taken too seriously or as the literal truth. Yes, the brochure made it sound great, but such claims should be taken cum grano salis. cum laude "with praise" The standard formula for academic Latin honors in the United States. Greater honors include magna cum laude and summa cum laude. A Roman custom in which disgraced Romans (particularly former Emperors) were pretended to have never existed. damnum absque injuria "damage without injury" A loss that results from no one's wrongdoing. In Roman law , a man is not responsible for unintended, consequential injury to another resulting from a lawful act. This protection does not necessarily apply to unintended damage by negligence or folly. data venia "with due respect" or "given the excuse" Used before disagreeing with someone. dat deus incrementum Motto of Westminster School , a leading British independent school. de bonis asportatis Trespass de bonis asportatis was the traditional name for larceny , or wrongful taking of chattels. Decus Et Tutamen "An ornament and a safeguard" Inscription on one pound coins . Originally on 17th century coins, it refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal. The phrase originally comes from Virgil 's Aeneid . "The descent into the cave of the rabbit" Down the Rabbit Hole de facto "in fact" Said of something that is the actual state of affairs , in contrast to something's legal or official standing, which is described as de jure. De facto refers to the "way things really are" rather than what is "officially" presented as the fact. Although the emperor held the title and trappings of head of state, the Shogun was the de facto ruler of Japan . de fideli "with faithfulness" A clerk makes the declaration De fideli on when appointed, promising to do his or her tasks faithfully as a servant of the court. de futuro Usually used in the context of "at a future time" de gustibus non est disputandum "there is not to be discussion regarding tastes" Less literally "In matters of taste there is no dispute" or simply "There's no arguing taste". A similar expression in English is "There's no accounting for taste". Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, without attribution, renders the phrase as de gustibus non disputandum; the verb "to be" is often assumed in Latin, and is rarely required. de integro de jure "by law" "Official", in contrast with de facto. Analogous to "in principle", whereas de facto is to "in practice". In other contexts, can mean "according to law", "by right" or "legally". Also commonly written de iure, the classical form. de lege ferenda "from law to be passed" de lege lata de minimis non curat praetor "The commander does not bother with the smallest things." Also "The chief magistrate does not concern himself with trifles." Trivial matters are no concern of a high official (cf. aquila non capit muscas, "the eagle does not catch flies"). Sometimes rex ("the king") or lex ("the law") is used in place of praetor , and de minimis is a legal term referring to things unworthy of the law's attention. de mortuis aut bene aut nihil "about the dead, either well or nothing" Less literally, "speak well of the dead or not at all" (cf. de mortuis nil nisi bonum). de mortuis nil nisi bonum "about the dead, nothing unless a good thing" From de mortuis nil nisi bonum dicendum est, "nothing must be said about the dead except the good", attributed by Diogenes Laertius to Chilon . In legal contexts, this quotation is used with the opposite meaning, as defaming a deceased person is not a crime. In other contexts, it refers to taboos against criticizing the recently deceased. de nobis fabula narratur "about us is the story told" Thus, "their story is our story". Originally referred to the end of Rome's dominance. Now often used when comparing any current situation to a past story or historical event. de novo "from the new" "Anew" or "afresh". In law, a trial de novo is a retrial. In biology, de novo means newly-synthesized , and a de novo mutation is a mutation that neither parent possessed or transmitted. In economics, de novo refers to newly-founded companies, and de novo banks are state banks that have been in operation for five years or less. de omnibus dubitandum "be suspicious of everything, doubt everything" Karl Marx 's favorite motto. He used this to explain his standpoint: "Critique everything in a capitalist economy". de omni re scibili et quibusdam aliis "about every knowable thing, and even certain other things" A 15th-century Italian scholar wrote the De omni re scibili portion, and a wag added et quibusdam aliis. "Free From Having Been Oppressed" Commonly mistranslated as "To Liberate the Oppressed". The motto of the United States Army Special Forces . The semi-Hispanicized form Deogracias is a Philippine first name. Deo Optimo Maximo (DOM) "To the Best and Greatest God" Derived from the Pagan Iupiter Optimo Maximo ("To the best and greatest Jupiter"). Printed on bottles of Benedictine liqueur. Deo vindice Motto of the Confederate States of America . An alternate translation is "With an avenging God". Deo volente "with God willing" This was often used in conjunction with a signature at the end of letters. It was used in order to signify that "God willing" this letter will get to you safely, "God willing" the contents of this letter come true. deus ex machina "a god from a machine" From the Greek Από μηχανής Θεός (Apo mēchanēs Theos). A contrived or artificial solution, usually to a literary plot. Refers to the practice in Greek drama of lowering by machine an actor playing a god or goddess, typically either Athena or (as in Euripides ) the Dioscuri onto the stage to resolve an insuperable conflict in the plot. The principal slogan of the Crusades . deus otiosus Dicto simpliciter "[From] a maxim, simply" I.e. "From a rule without exception." Short for A dicto simpliciter, the a often being dropped by confusion with the indefinite article. A dicto simpliciter occurs when an acceptable exception is ignored or eliminated. For instance, the appropriateness of using opiates is dependent on the presence of extreme pain. To justify the recreational use of opiates by referring to a cancer patient or to justify arresting said cancer patient by comparing him to the recreational user would be a dicto simpliciter. "my word [is] my bond" Motto of the London Stock Exchange diem perdidi "I have lost the day" From the Roman Emperor Titus . Passed down in Suetonius 's biography of him in Lives of the Twelve Caesars (8) Diem Ex Dei Dies Irae "Day of Wrath" Refers to the Judgment Day in Christian eschatology . The name of a famous 13th-century Medieval Latin hymn by Tommaso da Celano , used in the Mass for the dead. differentia specifica dirigo "I direct" In Classical Latin , "I arrange". State motto of Maine . Based on a comparison of the state of Maine to the star Polaris . dis aliter visum "it seemed otherwise to the gods" In other words, the gods have different plans than mortals, and so events do not always play out as people wish them to. dis manibus sacrum (D.M.S.) "Sacred to the ghost-gods" Refers to the Manes , Roman spirits of the dead. Loosely "To the memory of". A conventional inscription preceding the name of the deceased on pagan grave markings, often shortened to dis manibus (D.M.) , "for the ghost-gods". Preceded in some earlier monuments by hic situs est (H. S. E.) dixi "I have spoken" A popular eloquent expression, usually used in the end of a speech. The implied meaning is: "I have said all that I had to say and thus the argument is settled". ["...", ...] dixit Used to attribute a statement or opinion to its author, rather than the speaker. do ut des "I give that you may give" Often said or written for sacrifices, when one "gives" and expects something back from the gods. Docendo discitur "It is learned by teaching" Also translated "One learns by teaching." Attributed to Seneca the Younger . Docendo disco, scribendo cogito I learn by teaching, think by writing. dolus specialis special intent "The ... concept is particular to a few civil law systems and cannot sweepingly be equated with the notions of ‘special’ or ‘specific intent’ in common law systems. Of course, the same might equally be said of the concept of ‘specific intent,’ a notion used in the common law almost exclusively within the context of the defense of voluntary intoxication."—Genocide scholar William Schabas [1] Motto of the University of Oxford . Dominus vobiscum "Lord be with you" Phrase used during and at the end of Catholic sermons, and a general greeting form among and towards members of Catholic organizations, such as priests and nuns. See also pax vobiscum. dona nobis pacem "give us peace" Often set to music, either by itself or as part of the Agnus Dei prayer of the Mass (see above). Also an ending in the video game Haunting Ground . donatio mortis causa "giving in expectation of death" A legal concept where a person in imminent mortal danger need not meet the requisite consideration to create or modify a will . draco dormiens nunquam titillandus "a sleeping dragon is never to be tickled" Motto of the fictional Hogwarts school in the Harry Potter series; translated more loosely in the books as "never tickle a sleeping dragon". dramatis personae "the parts of the play" More literally, "the masks of the drama"; more figuratively, "cast of characters". The characters represented in a dramatic work. Duae tabulae rasae in quibus nihil scriptum est "Two minds, not one single thought" Stan Laurel , inscription for the fanclub logo Sons of the Desert . Ductus exemplo "Leadership by Example" This is the motto for the United States Marine Corps' Officer Candidates School located at Marine Corps Base Quantico; Quantico, Virginia. dulce bellum inexpertis "war is sweet to the inexperienced" War may seem pleasant to those who have never been involved in it, though the more experienced know better. A phrase from Erasmus in the 16th century . dulce et decorum est pro patria mori "It is sweet and honorable to die for the fatherland." From Horace , Odes III, 2, 13. Used by Wilfred Owen for the title of a poem about World War I , Dulce et Decorum Est . dulce et utile "a sweet and useful thing" Horace wrote in his Ars Poetica that poetry must be dulce et utile ("pleasant and profitable"), both enjoyable and instructive. dulce periculum e pluribus unum 'From many, (comes) One.' Usually translated 'Out of many, (is) One.' Motto of the United States of America. Inscribed on the Capitol and many coins used in the United States of America. The motto of the Sport Lisboa e Benfica Portuguese soccer club. Ecce Homo 'Behold the Man' From the Latin Vulgate Gospel according to St. John (XIX.v) (19.5, Douay-Rheims) , where Pilate speaks these words as he presents Christ , crowned with thorns, to the crowd. Oscar Wilde opened his defense with this phrase when on trial for sodomy , characteristically using a well-known Biblical reference as a double entendre. It is also the title of Nietzsche 's autobiography and of the theme music by Howard Goodall for the BBC comedy Mr. Bean . Often confused with id est (i.e.) ego te absolvo 'I absolve you' Part of the absolution -formula spoken by a priest as part of the sacrament of Penance (cf. absolvo). ego te provoco emeritus 'veteran' Also 'worn-out'. Retired from office. Often used to denote a position held at the point of retirement, as an honor, such as professor emeritus or provost emeritus. This does not necessarily mean that the honoree is no longer active. ens causa sui 'existing because of oneself' Or 'being one's own cause'. Traditionally, a being that owes its existence to no other being, hence God or a Supreme Being (cf. Primum Mobile ). errare humanum est 'to err is human' From Seneca the Younger . The full quote is errare humanum est perseverare diabolicum: 'to err is human; to persist is of the Devil'. erratum 'error' Or 'mistake'. Lists of errors in a previous edition of a work are often marked with the plural, errata ('errors'). esse est percipi 'to be is to be perceived' George Berkeley 's motto for his idealist philosophical position that nothing exists independently of its perception by a mind except minds themselves. esse quam videri 'to be, rather than to seem' Truly being something, rather than merely seeming to be something. State motto of North Carolina and academic motto of several schools, including North Carolina State University , Berklee College of Music , and Columbia College Chicagoas well as Connell's Point Public School and Cranbrook High School in Sydney, Australia. From chapter 26 of Cicero 's De amicitia ('On Friendship'). Earlier than Cicero, the phrase had been used by Sallust in his Bellum Catilinae (54.6), where he wrote that Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat ('he preferred to be good, rather than to seem so'). Earlier still, Aeschylus used a similar phrase in Seven Against Thebes, line 592, ou gar dokein aristos, all' enai thelei ('his resolve is not to seem the best, but in fact to be the best'). esto perpetua 'may it be perpetual' Said of Venice by the Venetian historian Fra Paolo Sarpi shortly before his death. Also the state motto of Idaho , adopted in 1867. et alibi (et al.) 'and elsewhere' A less common variant on et cetera used at the end of a list of locations to denote unlisted places. et alii (et al.) 'and others' Used similarly to et cetera ('and the rest'), to stand for a list of names. Alii is actually masculine , so it can be used for men, or groups of men and women; the feminine, et aliae, is appropriate when the 'others' are all female. Et alia is correct for the neuter. [3] APA style uses et al. if the work cited was written by more than two authors; MLA style uses et al. for more than three authors. Pluralized as et sequentia ('and the following things'), abbreviations: et seqq., et seq. ., or sqq. et suppositio nil ponit in esse 'a supposition puts nothing in being' More typically translated as "sayin' it don't make it so" 'And you, Brutus ?' Also 'Even you, Brutus?' or 'You too, Brutus?' Used to indicate a betrayal by someone close. From Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , based on the traditional dying words of Julius Caesar . However, these were almost certainly not Caesar's true last words; Plutarch quotes Caesar as saying, in Greek (which was the language of Rome's elite at the time), 'και συ, τεκνον;' (Kai su, teknon?), in English 'You as well, (my) child?' Some have speculated based on this that Brutus was Caesar's child, though there is no substantial evidence of this. et uxor Ex Astris Scientia 'From the Stars, Knowledge' The motto of the fictional Starfleet Academy on Star Trek . Adapted from ex luna scientia, which in turn was modeled after ex scientia tridens. ex cathedra 'from the chair' A phrase applied to the declarations or promulgations of the Pope when, preserved from even the possibility of error by the action of the Holy Ghost (see Papal Infallibility ), he solemnly declares or promulgates to the Church a dogmatic teaching on faith or morals as being contained in divine revelation, or at least being intimately connected to divine revelation. Used, by extension, of anyone who is perceived as speaking as though with supreme authority or with arrogance. ex Deo 'from fraud ' 'From harmful deceit'; dolus malus is the Latin legal term for 'fraud'. The full legal phrase is ex dolo malo non oritur actio ('an action does not arise from fraud'). When an action has its origin in fraud or deceit, it cannot be supported; thus, a court of law will not assist a man who bases his course of action on an immoral or illegal act. ex facie 'from the face' Idiomatically rendered 'on the face of it'. A legal term typically used to note that a document's explicit terms are defective without further investigation. ex gratia 'from kindness' More literally 'from grace'. Refers to someone voluntarily performing an act purely out of kindness, as opposed to for personal gain or from being forced to do it. In law, an ex gratia payment is one made without recognizing any liability or legal obligation. ex hypothesi ' nothing may come from nothing ' From Lucretius , and said earlier by Empedocles . Its original meaning is 'work is required to succeed', but its modern meaning is a more general 'everything has its origins in something' (cf. causality ). It is commonly applied to the conservation laws in philosophy and modern science. Ex nihilo often used in conjunction with the term creation, as in creatio ex nihilo, meaning 'creation, out of nothing'. It is often used in philosophy or theology in connection with the proposition that God created the universe from nothing. ex oblivione The title of a short story by H.P. Lovecraft . ex officio 'from the office' By virtue of office or position; 'by right of office'. Often used when someone holds one position by virtue of holding another. A common misconception is that ex officio members of a committee or congress may not vote, but this is not guaranteed by that title. ex opere operantis 'from the work of the one working' A theological phrase contrasted with ex opere operato , referring to the notion that the validity or promised benefit of a sacrament depends on the person administering it. ex opere operato 'from the work that worked' A theological phrase meaning that the act of receiving a sacrament actually confers the promised benefit, such as a baptism actually and literally cleansing one's sins . The Catholic Church affirms that the source of grace is God, not just the actions or disposition of the recipient. ex oriente lux 'from the East, the light' Superficially refers to the sun rising in the east, but alludes to culture coming from the Eastern world. ex parte 'from a part' A legal term meaning 'by one party' or 'for one party'. Thus, on behalf of one side or party only. 'from a thing done afterward' Said of a law with retroactive effect. ex scientia tridens 'from knowledge, sea power.' The United States Naval Academy motto. Refers to knowledge bringing men power over the sea comparable to that of the trident -bearing Greek god Poseidon . ex scientia vera The motto of the College of Graduate Studies at Middle Tennessee State University . ex silentio 'from silence' In general, the claim that the absence of something demonstrates the proof of a proposition. An argumentum ex silentio (' argument from silence ') is an argument based on the assumption that someone's silence on a matter suggests ('proves' when a logical fallacy ) that person's ignorance of the matter or their inability to counterargue validly. ex tempore 'This instant', 'right away' or 'immediately'. Also written extempore. ex vi termini 'from the force of the term' Thus, 'by definition'. ex vivo 'out of or from life' Used in reference to the study or assay of living tissue in an artificial environment outside the living organism. ex voto 'from the vow' Thus, in accordance with a promise. An ex voto is also an offering made in fulfillment of a vow. excelsior 'higher' exceptio firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis 'The exception confirms the rule in cases which are not excepted' A juridical motto which means that exception , as for example during a ' state of exception ', does not put in danger the legitimity of the rule in its globality. In other words, the exception is strictly limited to a particular sphere (see also: exceptio strictissimi juris est . excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta 'an excuse that has not been sought is an obvious accusation' More loosely, 'he who excuses himself, accuses himself'—an unprovoked excuse is a sign of guilt. In French, qui s'excuse, s'accuse. Literally 'believe one who has had experience'. An author's aside to the reader. expressio unius est exclusio alterius 'the expression of the one is the exclusion of the other' 'Mentioning one thing may exclude another thing'. A principle of legal statutory interpretation : the explicit presence of a thing implies intention to exclude others; e.g., a reference in the Poor Relief Act 1601 to 'lands, houses, tithes and coal mines' was held to exclude mines other than coal mines. Sometimes expressed as expressum facit cessare tacitum (broadly, 'the expression of one thing excludes the implication of something else'). 'still in existence; surviving' adjective: extant law is still existing, in existence, existent, surviving, remaining, undestroyed. Usage, when a law is repealed the extant law governs. extra domus '(placed) outside of the house' Refers to a possible result of Catholic ecclesiastical legal proceedings when the culprit is removed from being part of a group like a monastery. Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus 'Outside the Church there is no salvation' This expression comes from the writings of Saint Cyprian of Carthage, a bishop of the third century. It is often used to summarise the doctrine that the Catholic Church is absolutely necessary for salvation. Extra omnes 'Out, all of you.' It is issued by the Master of the Papal Liturgical Celebrations before a session of the Papal Conclave which will elect a new Pope . When spoken, all those who are not Cardinals , or those otherwise mandated to be present at the Conclave, must leave the Sistine Chapel . extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur 'he who administers justice outside of his territory is disobeyed with impunity' Motto of Prince Alfred College in Adelaide , Australia. fac simile Origin of the word facsimile, and, through it, of fax . facta, non verba "actions, not words" Motto of United States Navy Destroyer Squadron 22, and the Canadian Fort Garry Horse armoured regiment (Militia). falsus in unum, falsus in omnibus "false in one thing, false in everything" A Roman legal principle indicating that a witness who willfully falsifies one matter is not credible on any matter. The underlying motive for attorneys to impeach opposing witnesses in court: the principle discredits the rest of their testimony if it is without corroboration. felo de se "felon from himself" An archaic legal term for one who commits suicide , referring to early English common law punishments, such as land seizure, inflicted on those who killed themselves. fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt "as a rule, men willingly believe that which they wish to" People believe what they wish to be true, even if it isn't. Attributed to Julius Caesar . festina lente "hurry slowly" An oxymoronic motto of St Augustine . It encourages proceeding quickly, but with calm and caution. Equivalent to 'More haste, less speed'. fiat iustitia et pereat mundus "let justice be done, even should the world perish" (fd) "Defender of the Faith" A title given to Henry VIII of England by Pope Leo X on October 17 , 1521 before Henry became a heresiarch . Still used by the British monarchs, it appears on all British coins, usually abbreviated. fides qua creditur "the faith by which it is believed" the personal faith which apprehends, contrasted with fides quae creditur fides quae creditur "the faith which is believed" the content of "the faith," contrasted with fides qua creditur fides quaerens intellectum the motto of Saint Anselm , found in his Proslogion fidus Achates A faithful friend. From the name of Aeneas 's faithful companion in Virgil 's Aeneid . flagellum dei flectere si nequeo superos, Achaeronta movebo "If I cannot move heaven I will raise hell" habeas corpus "you may have the body" A legal term from the 14th century or earlier. Refers to a number of legal writs to bring a person before a court or judge, most commonly habeas corpus ad subjiciendum ("you may have the body to bring up"). Commonly used as the general term for a prisoner's legal right to have the charge against them specifically identified. habemus papam "we have a pope" Used after a Roman Catholic Church papal election to announce publicly a successful ballot to elect a new pope. hac lege haec olim meminisse iuvabit "one day, this will be pleasing to remember" Commonly rendered in English as "One day, we'll look back on this and smile". From Virgil 's Aeneid 1.203. Hannibal ante portas Refers to wasting time while the enemy is already here. Attributed to Cicero. Hannibal ad portas " Hannibal is at the gates" Roman parents would tell their misbehaving children this, invoking their fear of Hannibal. haud ignota loquor "I speak not of unknown things" Thus, "I say no things that are unknown". From Virgil 's Aeneid , 2.91. hic abundant leones Written on uncharted territories of old maps. hic et nunc (HJ) "here lies" Also rendered hic iacet. Written on gravestones or tombs, preceding the name of the deceased. Equivalent to hic sepultus ("here is buried"), and sometimes combined into hic jacet sepultus (HJS) hic manebimus optime "here we'll stay excellently" According to Titus Livius the phrase was pronounced by Marcus Furius Camillus , addressing the senators who intended to abandon the city, invaded by Gauls , in 390 BCE circa. It is used today to express the intent to keep one's position even if the circumstances appear adverse. hic sunt leones Written on uncharted territories of old maps. hinc illae lacrimae "hence those tears" From Terence , Andria, line 125. Originally literal, referring to the tears shed by Pamphilus at the funeral of Chrysis, it came to be used proverbally in the works of later authors, such as Horace (Epistula XIX, 41). historia vitae magistra "history, the teacher of life" From Cicero , Tusculanas, 2, 16. Also "history is the mistress of life". homo homini lupus "man [is a] wolf to man" First attested in Plautus ' Asinaria ("lupus est homo homini"). The sentence was drawn on by Hobbes in Leviathan as a concise expression of his human nature view. homo sum humani a mi nihil alienum puto "I am a human being; nothing human is strange to me" From Terence , Heautontimoroumenos. Originally "strange" or "foreign" (alienum) was used in the sense of "irrelevant", as this line was a response to the speaker being told to mind his own business, but it is now commonly used to advocate respecting different cultures and being humane in general. Puto ("I consider") is not translated because it is meaningless outside of the line's context within the play. Medical shorthand for "at bedtime". horas non numero nisi serenas "I do not count the hours unless they are sunny" A common inscription on sundials . hortus in urbe "A garden in the city" Motto of the Chicago Park District , a playful allusion to the city's motto, urbs in horto, q.v. horribile dictu That is, "a horrible thing to relate". A pun on mirabile dictu. hostis humani generis "enemy of the human race" Cicero defined pirates in Roman law as being enemies of humanity in general. hypotheses non fingo "I do not fabricate hypotheses" From Newton , Principia . Less literally, "I do not assert that any hypotheses are true". Not to be confused with an intelligence quotient . i.e. Abbreviation for id est, above. Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum ( INRI ) " Jesus of Nazareth , King of the Jews" Based on a Christian belief that "this one is King of the Jews" was written in Latin, Greek and Aramaic at the top of the cross Jesus was crucified on. igne natura renovatur integra "through fire, nature is reborn whole" An alchemical aphorism invented as an alternate meaning for the acronym INRI . igni ferroque "with fire and iron" A phrase describing scorched earth tactics. Also rendered as igne atque ferro, ferro ignique, and other variations. ignis fatuus Legal term for "in court". in girum imus nocte et consumimur igni "We enter the circle at night and are consumed by fire" A palindrome said to describe the behavior of moths. Also the title of a film by Guy Debord . in hoc signo vinces Words Constantine claimed to have seen in a vision before the Battle of Milvian Bridge . in illo tempore "in that time" "at that time", found often in Gospel lectures during Masses, used to mark an undetermined time in the past. in limine "at the outset" Preliminary, in law referring to a motion that is made to the judge before or during trial, often about the admissibility of evidence believed prejudicial in loco "in the place" That is, "at the place". The nearby labs were closed for the weekend, so the water samples were analyzed in loco. "in the place of a parent" A legal term meaning "assuming parental (i.e., custodial) responsibility and authority". in luce Tua videmus lucem "in Thy light we see light" in lumine tuo videbimus lumen "in your light we will see the light" in manus tuas commendo spiritum meum "into your hands I entrust my spirit" According to Luke 23:46, the last words of Jesus on the cross. in medias res "into the middle of things" From Horace . Refers to the literary technique of beginning a narrative in the middle of, or at a late point in, the story, after much action has already taken place. Examples include the Iliad , the Odyssey , and Paradise Lost . Compare ab initio. in necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas "in necessary things unity, in doubtful things liberty, in all things charity" "Charity" ( caritas ) is being used in the classical sense of "compassion" (cf. agape ). Motto of the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen . Often misattributed to Augustine of Hippo . in nuce I.e. "in potentiality." Comparable to "potential", "to be developed". In omnia paratus Motto of the so-called secret society of Yale in the sitcom Gilmore Girls . In omnibus requiem quaesivi, et nusquam inveni nisi in angulo cum libro "Everywhere I have searched for peace and nowhere found it, except in a corner with a book" in partibus infidelium "in the parts of the infidels" That is, "in the land of the infidels", infidels here referring to non- Christians . After Islam conquered a large part of the Roman Empire, the corresponding bishoprics didn't disappear, but remained as titular sees . in personam "into a person" "Directed towards a particular person". In a lawsuit in which the case is against a specific individual, that person must be served with a summons and complaint to give the court jurisdiction to try the case. The court's judgment applies to that person and is called an "in personam judgment." In personam is distinguished from in rem, which applies to property or "all the world" instead of a specific person. This technical distinction is important to determine where to file a lawsuit and how to serve a defendant . In personam means that a judgment can be enforceable against the person, wherever he or she is. On the other hand, if the lawsuit is to determine title to property (in rem), then the action must be filed where the property exists and is only enforceable there. in propria persona "in silicon " Coined in the early 1990s for scientific papers. Refers to an experiment or process performed virtually, as a computer simulation. The term is Dog Latin modeled after terms such as in vitro and in vivo. The Latin word for silicon is silicium, so the correct Latinization of "in silicon" would be in silicio, but this form has little usage. in situ "in the place" In the original place, appropriate position, or natural arrangement. In medical contexts, it implies that the condition is still in the same place and has not worsened, improved, spread, etc. In spe "in hope" "future" ("My mother-in-law in spe", i.e. "My future mother-in-law"), or "in embryonic form", as in " Locke 's theory of government resembles, in spe, Montesquieu 's theory of the separation of powers." In specialibus generalia quaerimus "To seek the general in the specifics" That is, to understand the most general rules through the most detailed analysis. in statu nascendi "in the state of being born" Just as something is about to begin. in toto "in wine [there is] truth" That is, wine loosens the tongue. (Referring to alcohol 's disinhibitory effects.) in vitro "in glass" An experimental or process methodology performed in a "non-natural" setting (e.g., in a laboratory using a glass test tube or Petri dish), and thus outside of a living organism or cell. The reference to glass is merely an historic one, as the current usage of this term is not specific to the materials involved, but rather to the "non-natural" setting employed. Alternative experimental or process methodologies would include in vitro, in silico, ex vivo and in vivo. In vitro fertilization is not literally done "in glass", but rather is a technique to fertilize egg cells outside of a woman's body. By definition, it is thus an ex vivo process. "in life" or "in a living thing" An experiment or process performed on a living specimen. incredibile dictu inter arma enim silent leges "In the face of arms, the law falls mute," more popularly rendered as "during warfare, in fact, the laws are silent" Said by Cicero in Pro Milone as a protest against unchecked political mobs that had virtually seized control of Rome in the '60s and '50s BC. Also used in the Star Trek DS9 episode of the same name to justify Admiral William Ross' decision to assist Agent Sloan from Section 31 in destabilizing the Romulan Senate. inter caetera Title of a papal bull . inter spem et metum inter vivos "between the living" Said of property transfers between living persons, as opposed to inheritance; often relevant to tax laws. intra muros Thus, "not public". Source of the word intramural. See also Intramuros . intra vires That is, "within the authority". ipsa scientia potestas est Or "by that very fact". Ira Deorum "Wrath of the Gods" Like the vast majority of inhabitants of the ancient world, the ancient Romans practiced pagan rituals, believing it important to achieve a state of Pax Deorum ("Peace of the Gods") instead of Ira Deorum ("Wrath of the Gods"): earthquakes, floods, famine, etc. ita vero "thus indeed" A useful phrase, as the Romans had no word for "yes", preferring to respond to questions with the affirmative or negative of the question (i.e., "Are you hungry?" was answered by "I am hungry" or "I am not hungry", not "Yes" or "No"). "go, the things have been sent" The final words of the Roman Missal , meaning "leave, the mass is finished". iura novit curia "the court knows the laws" A legal principle in civil law countries of the Roman-German tradition (e.g., in Brazil , Germany and Italy ) that says that lawyers need not to argue the law, as that is the office of the court. Sometimes miswritten as iura novat curia ("the court renews the laws"). juris ignorantia est cum jus nostrum ignoramus "it is ignorance of the law when we do not know our own rights" Johannes est nomen ejus "John is its name / Juan es su Nombre" Motto of the Seal of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico jus ad bellum "law towards war" Refers to the "laws" that regulate the reasons for going to war. Typically, this would address issues of self-defense or preemptive strikes jus in bello "law in war" Refers to the "laws" that regulate the conduct of combatants during a conflict. Typically, this would address issues of who or what is a valid target, how to treat prisoners, and what sorts of weapons can be used. The word jus is also commonly spelled ius. jus primae noctis lucus a non lucendo "[it is] a grove by not being light" From late 4th-century grammarian Honoratus Maurus, who sought to mock implausible word origins such as those proposed by Priscian . A pun based on the word lucus ("dark grove") having a similar appearance to the verb lucere ("to shine"), arguing that the former word is derived from the latter word because of a lack of light in wooded groves. Often used as an example of absurd etymology . lupus in fabula "the wolf in the story" With the meaning "speak of the wolf, and he will come". Occurs in Terence 's play Adelphoe. lupus non mordet lupum "a wolf does not bite a wolf" lux et lex "light and law" Motto of the prestigious liberal arts school, Franklin & Marshall College . Light in reference to Benjamin Franklin 's many innovations and discoveries. Law in reference to John Marshall as one of the most notable Supreme Court Justices. lux et veritas "light and truth" A translation of the Hebrew Urim and Thummim . Motto of Yale University and Indiana University . An expanded form, lux et veritas floreant ("let light and truth flourish"), is the motto of the University of Winnipeg lux hominum vita "life the light of men" lux sit " let there be light " A more literal Latinization of the phrase "let there be light", the most common translation of fiat lux ("let light arise", literally "let light be made"), which in turn is the Latin Vulgate Bible phrase chosen for the Genesis line "ג וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים, יְהִי אוֹר; וַיְהִי-אוֹר" ("And God said: 'Let there be light.' And there was light"). Motto of the University of Washington . Used to indicate that it is the moment to address more important, urgent, issues. mala fide "in bad faith" Said of an act done with knowledge of its illegality, or with intention to defraud or mislead someone. Opposite of bona fide. mala tempora currunt "bad times are upon us" Also used ironically, e.g.: New teachers know all tricks used by pupils to copy from classmates? Oh, mala tempora currunt!. malum discordiae "apple of dischord" Alludes to the apple of Eris in the judgement of Paris , the mythological cause of the Trojan War . It is also a pun based on the near- homonymous word malum ("evil"). The word for "apple" has a long a vowel in Latin and the word for "evil" a short a vowel, but they are normally written the same. malum quo communius eo peius "the more common an evil is, the worse it is" (m.p.) "with one's own hand" With the implication of "signed by one's hand". Its abbreviated form is sometimes used at the end of typewritten or printed documents or official notices, directly following the name of the person(s) who "signed" the document exactly in those cases where there isn't an actual handwritten signature . manus celer Dei "the swift hand of God" Originally used as the name of a ship in the Marathon game series, its usage has spread. manus manum lavat "one hand washes the other" famous quote from Lucius Annaeus Seneca . It implies that one situation helps the other. mare clausum In law, a sea under the jurisdiction of one nation and closed to all others. mare liberum In law, a sea open to international shipping navigation. mare nostrum "our sea" A nickname given to the Mediterranean Sea during the height of the Roman Empire , as it encompassed the entire coastal basin. "the mother of the family" The female head of a family. See paterfamilias. materia medica "medical matter" The branch of medical science concerned with the study of drugs used in the treatment of disease. Also, the drugs themselves. me vexat pede "it annoys me at the foot" Less literally, "my foot itches". Refers to a trivial situation or person that is being a bother, possibly in the sense of wishing to kick that thing away. Mea Culpa "My Fault" Used in Christian prayers and confession to denote the inherently flawed nature of mankind. Can also be extended to mea maxima culpa ("my greatest fault"). Also used similarly to the modern English slang "my bad". Media vita in morte sumus "In the midst of our lives we die" A well-known sequence, falsely attributed to Notker during the Middle Ages. It was translated by Cranmer and became a part of the burial service in the funeral rites of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer . meliora Carrying the connotation of "always better". The motto of the University of Rochester . Melita, domi adsum "Honey, I'm home!" A relatively common recent Latinization from the joke phrasebook Latin for All Occasions . Grammatically correct, but the phrase would be anachronistic in ancient Rome . memento mori "remember that [you will] die" Figuratively "be mindful of dying" or "remember your mortality", and also more literally rendered as "remember to die", though in English this ironically misses the original intent. An object (such as a skull) or phrase intended to remind people of the inevitability of death. A more common theme in Christian than in Classical art. The motto of the Trappist order . memento vivere Also, "remember that you have to live." Literally rendered as "remember to live." memores acti prudentes futuri "mindful of what has been done, aware of what will be" Thus, both remembering the past and foreseeing the future. From the North Hertfordshire District Council coat of arms. mens agitat molem "the mind moves the mass" An accommodation between disagreeing parties to allow life to go on. A practical compromise. montani semper liberi State motto of West Virginia , adopted in 1872. Montis Insignia Calpe "Badge of the Rock of Gibraltar " more ferarum used to describe any sexual act in the manner of beasts morituri te salutant "those who are about to die salute thee" Used once in Suetonius' Life of the Divine Claudius, chapter 21, by the condemned prisoners manning galleys about to take part in a mock naval battle on Lake Fucinus in AD 52. Popular misconception ascribes it as a gladiator's salute. mors vincit omnia "death conquers all" or "death always wins" An axiom often found on headstones. That is, the natural world is not sentimental or compassionate. natura non facit saltum ita nec lex "nature does not make a leap, thus neither does the law" Shortened form of "sicut natura nil facit per saltum ita nec lex" ("just as nature does nothing by a leap, so neither does the law"), referring to both nature and the legal system moving gradually. navigare necesse est vivere non est necesse "to sail is necessary; to live is not necessary" Attributed by Plutarch to Gnaeus Pompeius , who, during a severe storm, commanded sailors to bring food from Africa to Rome. ne cede malis "do not give in to misfortune" Used as a level name in the Marathon series to reflect the doomed theme of the level, and derived from the family motto of one of the developers. ne sutor ultra crepidam "Cobbler, no further than the sandal!" Thus, don't offer your opinion on things that are outside your competence. It is said that the Greek painter Apelles once asked the advice of a cobbler on how to render the sandals of a soldier he was painting. When the cobbler started offering advice on other parts of the painting, Apelles rebuked him with this phrase in Greek, and it subsequently became a popular Latin expression. nec dextrorsum, nec sinistrorsum "Neither to the left nor to the right" Do not get distracted. This Latin phrase is also the motto for Bishop Cotton Boys School and the Bishop Cotton Girls High school, both located in Bangalore, India. nec plus ultra "nothing more beyond" Also ne plus ultra or non plus ultra. A descriptive phrase meaning the best or most extreme example of something. The Pillars of Hercules , for example, were literally the nec plus ultra of the ancient Mediterranean world. Charles V 's heraldic emblem reversed this idea, using a depiction of this phrase inscribed on the Pillars—as plus ultra , without the negation. This represented Spain's expansion into the New World. The motto of the Dutch 11th air manouvre brigade 11 Air Manoeuvre Brigade nemine contradicente (nem. con.) "with no one speaking against" Less literally, "without dissent". Used especially in committees, where a matter may be passed nem. con., or unanimously . "no one gives what he does not have" Thus, "none can pass better title than they have". nemo iudex in sua causa "no man shall be a judge in his own cause" Legal principle that no individual can preside over a hearing in which he holds a specific interest or bias. nemo me impune lacessit "no one provokes me with impunity" Motto of the Order of the Thistle , and consequently of Scotland , found stamped on the milled edge of certain British pound sterling coins. It is also the motto of the Montressors in the Edgar Allan Poe short story " The Cask of Amontillado " nemo nisi per amicitiam cognoscitur "No one learns except by friendship" Used to imply that one must like a subject in order to study it. nemo tenetur seipsum accusare "no one is bound to accuse himself" A maxim banning mandatory self-incrimination . Near-synonymous with accusare nemo se debet nisi coram Deo. Similar phrases include: nemo tenetur armare adversarium contra se ("no one is bound to arm an opponent against himself"), meaning that a defendant is not obligated to in any way assist the prosecutor to his own detriment; nemo tenetur edere instrumenta contra se ("no one is bound to produce documents against himself", meaning that a defendant is not obligated to provide materials to be used against himself (this is true in Roman law and has survived in modern criminal law , but no longer applies in modern civil law ); and nemo tenere prodere seipsum ("no one is bound to betray himself"), meaning that a defendant is not obligated to testify against himself. nihil dicit nil sine numine "nothing without the divine will" Or "nothing without providence ". State motto of Colorado , adopted in 1861. Probably derived from Virgil 's Aeneid Book II, line 777, "non haec sine numine devum eveniunt" ("these things do not come to pass without the will of the gods"). See also numina . nil volentibus arduum "Nothing [is] arduous for the willing" "Nothing is impossible for the willing" nisi Dominus frustra "if not the Lord, [it is] in vain" That is, "everything is in vain without God ". Summarized from Psalm 127, "nisi Dominus aedificaverit domum in vanum laboraverunt qui aedificant eam nisi Dominus custodierit civitatem frustra vigilavit qui custodit" ("unless the Lord builds the house, they work on a useless thing who build it; unless the Lord guards the community, he keeps watch in vain who guards it"). The motto of Edinburgh . nisi prius "unless previously" In England, a direction that a case be brought up to Westminster for trial before a single judge and jury. In the United States, a court where civil actions are tried by a single judge sitting with a jury, as distinguished from an appellate court . nolens volens "unwilling, willing" That is, "whether unwillingly or willingly". Sometimes rendered volens nolens or aut nolens aut volens. Similar to willy-nilly, though that word is derived from Old English will-he nil-he ("[whether] he will or [whether] he will not"). noli me tangere "do not touch me" Commonly translated "touch me not". According to the Gospel of John , this was said by Jesus to Mary Magdalene after his resurrection . noli turbare circulos meos "Do not disturb my circles!" That is, "Don't upset my calculations!" Said by Archimedes to a Roman soldier who, despite having been given orders not to, killed Archimedes at the conquest of Syracuse . The soldier was executed for his act. nolle prosequi "to be unwilling to prosecute" nolo contendere "I do not wish to contend" That is, " no contest ". A plea that can be entered on behalf of a defendant in a court that states that the accused doesn't admit guilt, but will accept punishment for a crime. Nolo contendere pleas cannot be used as evidence in another trial. A scientific name of unknown or doubtful application. nomen est omen "the name is a sign" Thus, "true to its name". nomen nescio "I do not know the name" Thus, the name or person in question is unknown. nomen nudum "naked name" A purported scientific name that does not fulfill the proper formal criteria and therefore cannot be used unless it is subsequently proposed correctly. non bis in idem A legal principle forbidding double jeopardy . non causa pro causa "not the cause for the cause" Also known as the " questionable cause " or "false cause". Refers to any logical fallacy where a cause is incorrectly identified. non compos mentis "not in control of the mind" See compos mentis. Also rendered non compos sui ("not in control of himself"). Samuel Johnson , author of the first English dictionary, theorized that the word nincompoop may derive from this phrase. Motto of São Paulo city, Brazil . See also pro Brasilia fiant eximia. non facias malum ut inde fiat bonum "you should not make evil in order that good may be made from it" More simply, "don't do wrong to do right". The direct opposite of the phrase " the ends justify the means ". non impediti ratione congitatonis Motto of radio show Car Talk . non in legendo sed in intelligendo legis consistunt "the laws depend not on being read, but on being understood" non liquet "it is not proven" Also "it is not clear" or "it is not evident". A sometimes controversial decision handed down by a judge when they feel that the law is not complete. non mihi solum non obstante veredicto "not standing in the way of a verdict " A judgment notwithstanding verdict , a legal motion asking the court to reverse the jury 's verdict on the grounds that the jury could not have reached such a verdict reasonably. non olet non omnis moriar "I shall not all die" "Not all of me will die", a phrase expressing the belief that a part of the speaker will survive beyond death. non progredi est regredi "to not go forward is to go backward" non prosequitur "he does not proceed" A judgment in favor of a defendant when the plaintiff failed to take the necessary steps in an action within the time allowed. Non scholae sed vitae discimus "We learn not for school, but for life." from Seneca non sequitur "it does not follow" In general, a non sequitur is a comment which is absurd due to not making sense in its context (rather than due to being inherently nonsensical or internally inconsistent), often used in humor. As a logical fallacy , a non sequitur is a conclusion that does not follow from a premise. non serviam "I will not serve" Possibly derived from a Vulgate mistranslation of the Book of Jeremiah . Commonly used in literature as Satan 's statement of disobedience to God , though in the original context the quote is attributed to Israel , not Satan. non sum qualis eram "I am not such as I was" Or "I am not the kind of person I once was". Expresses a change in the speaker. non vi, sed verbo Martin Luther on Catholic church reform. (see Reformation ) nosce te ipsum From Cicero , based on the Greek γνῶθι σεαυτόν (gnothi seauton), inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi . A non-traditional Latin rendering, temet nosce ("thine own self know"), is translated in The Matrix as "know thyself". nota bene Also "contracts must be honored". Indicates the binding power of treaties. panem et circenses "bread and circuses" From Juvenal, Satire X , line 81. Originally described all that was needed for emperors to placate the Roman mob. Today used to describe any entertainment used to distract public attention from more important matters. parens patriae "parent of the nation" A public policy requiring courts to protect the best interests of any child involved in a lawsuit. See also Pater Patriae. pari passu Thus, "moving together", "simultaneously", etc. parva sub ingenti "the small under the huge" Implies that the weak are under the protection of the strong, rather than that they are inferior. Motto of Prince Edward Island . passim "here and there" Less literally, "throughout" or "frequently". Said of a word that occurs several times in a cited texts. Also used in proof reading , where it refers to a change that is to be repeated everywhere needed. pater familias "father of the family" Or "master of the house". The eldest male in a family, who held patria potestas ("paternal power"). In Roman law , a father had enormous power over his children, wife, and slaves, though these rights dwindled over time. Derived from the phrase pater familias, an Old Latin expression preserving the archaic -as ending. A euphemism for the British Empire . Adapted from Pax Romana. pax Dei Used in the Peace and Truce of God movement in 10th-Century France. Pax Deorum "Peace of the Gods" Like the vast majority of inhabitants of the ancient world, the Romans practiced pagan rituals, believing it important to achieve a state of Pax Deorum (The Peace of the Gods) instead of Ira Deorum (The Wrath of the Gods). pax et bonum "peace and the good" Motto of St. Francis of Assisi and, consequently, of his monastery in Assisi , in the Umbria region of Italy . Translated in Italian as pace e bene. pax et lux Pax Sinica "Chinese Peace" A euphemism for periods of peace in East Asia during times of strong Chinese imperialism . Adapted from Pax Romana. pax vobiscum "peace [be] with you" A common farewell. The " you " is plural ("you all"), so the phrase must be used when speaking to more than one person; pax tecum is the form used when speaking to only one person. pecunia non olet "the money doesn't smell" According to Suetonius , when Emperor Vespasian was challenged by his son Titus for taxing the public lavatories , the emperor held up a coin before his son and asked whether it smelled or simply said non olet ("it doesn't smell"). From this, the phrase was expanded to pecunia non olet, or rarely aes non olet ("copper doesn't smell"). "if you can use money, money is your slave; if you can't, money is your master" Written on a old Latin tablet in downtown Verona (Italy). pendent opera interrupta From the Aeneid of Virgil , Book IV. per "By, through, by means of" See specific phrases below. per ardua ad astra "through adversity to the stars" Motto of the British Royal Air Force , the Royal Australian Air Force , the Royal Canadian Air Force , and the Royal New Zealand Air Force . The phrase was derived from H. Rider Haggard 's famous novel The People of the Mist, and was selected and approved as a motto for the Royal Flying Corps on March 15 , 1913 . In 1929, the Royal Australian Air Force decided to adopt it as well. per aspera ad astra "through hardships to the stars" From Seneca the Younger . Motto of NASA and the South African Air Force . A common variant, ad astra per aspera ("to the stars through hardships"), is the state motto of Kansas . Ad Astra ("To the Stars") is the title of a magazine published by the National Space Society . De Profundus Ad Astra ("From the depths to the stars.") is the motto of the LASFS . per capsulam (per pro) "through the agency" Also rendered per procurationem. Used to indicate that a person is signing a document on behalf of another person. Correctly placed before the name of the person signing, but often placed before the name of the person on whose behalf the document is signed, sometimes through incorrect translation of the alternative abbreviation per pro. as "for and on behalf of". per quod "by reason of which" In a UK legal context: "by reason of which" (as opposed to per se which requires no reasoning). In American jurisprudence often refers to a spouse's claim for loss of consortium. per rectum pia mater "pious mother" Or "tender mother". Translated into Latin from Arabic. The delicate innermost of the three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. pinxit "one painted" Thus, "he painted this" or "she painted this". Formerly used on works of art, next to the artist's name. pluralis majestatis "plural of majesty" The first-person plural pronoun when used by an important personage to refer to himself or herself; also known as the "royal we". pollice verso "with a turned thumb" Used by Roman crowds to pass judgment on a defeated gladiator. It is uncertain whether the thumb was turned up , down , or concealed inside one's hand. Also the name of a famous painting depicting gladiators by Jean-Léon Gérôme . pons asinorum "bridge of asses" Any obstacle that stupid people find hard to cross. Originally used of Euclid 's Fifth Proposition in geometry . Pontifex Maximus "Greatest High Priest" Or "Supreme Pontiff". Originally an epithet of the Roman Emperors , and later a traditional epithet of the pope . The pontifices were the most important priestly college of the ancient Roman religion ; their name is usually thought to derive from pons facere ("to make a bridge"), which in turn is usually linked to their religious authority over the bridges of Rome, especially the Pons Sublicius . posse comitatus "to be able to attend" Thus, to be able to be made into part of a retinue or force. In common law, posse comitatus is a sheriff's right to compel people to assist law enforcement in unusual situations. post aut propter "after it or by means of it" Causality between two phenomena is not established (cf. post hoc, ergo propter hoc). post cibum Usually rendered postmortem. Not to be confused with post meridiem. post prandial "after the time before midday" Refers to the time after any meal. Usually rendered postprandial. post scriptum (p.s.) "after what has been written" A postscript . Used to mark additions to a letter, after the signature. Can be extended to post post scriptum (p.p.s.) post tenebras lux "after darkness, light" A motto of the Protestant Reformation inscribed on the Reformation Wall in Geneva, Switzerland . A former motto of Chile , replaced by the current one, Por la Razón o la Fuerza (Spanish: "By Right or Might"). Another obsolete motto is aut concilio aut ense. prima facie "at first sight" Used to designate evidence in a trial which is suggestive, but not conclusive, of something (e.g., a person's guilt). prima luce " prime mover " Or "first moving one". A common theological term, such as in the cosmological argument , based on the assumption that God was the first entity to "move" or "cause" anything. Aristotle was one of the first philosophers to discuss the "uncaused cause", a hypothetical originator—and violator of— causality . primum non nocere "first, to not harm" A medical precept. Often falsely attributed to the Hippocratic Oath , though its true source is probably a paraphrase from Hippocrates ' Epidemics, where he wrote, "Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future; practice these acts. As to diseases, make a habit of two things: to help, or at least to do no harm." A title of the Roman Emperors (cf. princeps ). principia probant non probantur "principles prove; they are not proved" Fundamental principles require no proof; they are assumed a priori. prior tempore potior iure "earlier in time, stronger in law" A legal principle that older laws take precedent over newer ones. Another name for this principle is lex posterior. pro bono "for the good" The full phrase is pro bono publico ("for the public good"). Said of work undertaken voluntarily at no expense, such as public services . Often used of a lawyer 's work that is not charged for. pro Brasilia fiant eximia quem di diligunt adulescens moritur "he whom the gods love dies young" Other translations of diligunt include "prize especially" or "esteem". From Plautus , Bacchides, IV, 7, 18. In this comic play, a sarcastic servant says this to his aging master. The rest of the sentence reads: dum valet sentit sapit ("while he is healthy, perceptive and wise"). questio quid iuris From the Summoner's section of Chaucer 's General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales , line 648. qui bono Common nonsensical Dog Latin misrendering of the Latin phrase cui bono ("who benefits?"). qui pro quo literally qui instead of quo ( medieval Latin ) Unused in English, but common in other modern languages (for instance Italian and Polish). Used as a noun , indicates a misunderstanding. Trivia: The expression "quid pro quo" is not used in Italian. An exchange of favours is indicated by "do ut des", another Latin expression meaning "I give in order that you give". qui tacet consentire videtur "he who is silent is taken to agree" Thus, silence gives consent. Sometimes accompanied by the proviso "ubi loqui debuit ac potuit", that is, "when he ought to have spoken and was able to". qui transtulit sustinet "he who transplanted still sustains" Or "he who brought us across still supports us", meaning God . State motto of Connecticut . Originally written as sustinet qui transtulit in 1639. quia suam uxorem etiam suspiciore vacare vellet "because he should wish even his wife to be free from suspicion" Attributed to Julius Caesar by Plutarch , Caesar 10. Translated loosely as "because even the wife of Caesar may not be suspected". At the feast of Bona Dea , a sacred festival for females only, which was being held at the Domus Publica, the home of the Pontifex Maximus , Caesar, and hosted by his second wife, Pompeia , the notorious rhetorian Clodius arrived in disguise. Caught by the outraged noblewomen, Clodius fled before they could kill him on the spot for sacrilege. In the ensuing trial, allegations arose that Pompeia and Clodius were having an affair, and while Caesar asserted that this was not the case and no substantial evidence arose suggesting otherwise, he nevertheless divorced, with this quotation as explanation. quid est veritas In the Vulgate translation of John 18:38, Pilate 's question to Jesus . quid novi ex Africa "What of the new out of Africa?" Less literally, "What's new from Africa?" Derived from an Aristotle quotation. quid pro quo "what for what" Also translated "this for that" or "a thing for a thing". Signifies a favor exchanged for a favor.' Trivia: The expression "quid pro quo" is not used in Italian. An exchange of favours is indicated by "do ut des", another Latin expression meaning "I give in order that you give". quid nunc "What now?" Commonly shortened to quidnunc. As a noun, a quidnunc is a busybody or a gossip. Patrick Campbell worked for The Irish Times under the pseudonym "Quidnunc". quidquid Latine dictum sit altum viditur "whatever has been said in Latin seems deep" Or "anything said in Latin sounds profound". A recent ironic Latin phrase to poke fun at people who seem to use Latin phrases and quotations only to make themselves sound more important or "educated". Similar to the less common omnia dicta fortiora si dicta latina. quis custodiet ipsos custodes? "Who will guard the guards themselves?" From Juvenal 's On Women , originally referring to the practice of having eunuchs guard women and beginning with the word sed ("but"). Usually translated less literally, as "Who watches the watchmen?" This translation is a common epigraph , such as of the Tower Commission and Alan Moore 's Watchmen comic book series. quis ut Deus "Who [is] as God?" Usually translated "Who is like unto God?" Questions who would have the audacity to compare himself to a Supreme Being. quo errat demonstrator A pun on quod erat demonstrandum. quo fata ferunt quo usque tandem "For how much longer?" From Cicero 's Ad Catilinam speech to the Roman Senate regarding the conspiracy of Catiline : quo usque tandem abutere Catilina patientia nostra ("For how much longer, Catiline, will you abuse our patience?"). quo vadis "Where are you going?" According to John 13:36, Saint Peter asked Jesus Domine, quo vadis ("Lord, where are you going?") on the Appian Way in Rome . The King James Version has the translation "Lord, whither goest thou?" quod erat demonstrandum ( Q.E.D. ) "which was to be demonstrated" The abbreviation is often written at the bottom of a mathematical proof . Sometimes translated loosely into English as "The Five Ws", W.W.W.W.W. , which stands for "Which Was What We Wanted". quod erat faciendum (Q.E.F) "which was to be done" Or "which was to be constructed". Used by Euclid in his Elements when there was nothing to prove, but there was something be constructed, for example a triangle with the same size as a given line. quod est quod gratis asseritur, gratis negatur "what is asserted without reason may be denied without reason" If no grounds have been given for an assertion, there is no need to provide grounds for contradicting it. quod licet Iovi non licet bovi "what is permitted to Jupiter is not permitted to an ox" If an important person does something, it does not necessarily mean that everyone can do it (cf. double standard ). Iovi (also commonly rendered Jovi) is the dative form of Iuppiter ("Jupiter" or "Jove"), the chief god of the Romans. quod me nutrit me destruit "what nourishes me destroys me" Thought to have originated with Elizabethan playwright Christopher Marlowe . Generally interpreted to mean that that which motivates or drives a person can consume him or her from within. This phrase has become a popular slogan or motto for pro-ana websites, anorexics and bulimics . In this case the phrase is literally describing food. quod natura non dat Salmantica non praestat "what nature does not give, Salamanca does not provide" Refers to the Spanish University of Salamanca , meaning that education cannot substitute the lack of brains. quod vide (q.v.) "which see" Used after a term or phrase that should be looked up elsewhere in the current document or book. For more than one term or phrase, the plural is quae vide (qq.v.) ratione soli "by account of the ground" Or "according to the soil". Assigning property rights to a thing based on its presence on a landowner's property. re "in the matter of" More literally, "by the thing". From the ablative of res ("thing" or "circumstance"). Often used in e-mail replies. It is a common misconception that the "Re:" in e-mail replies stands for reply, response, or regarding, or is simply the prefix meaning "again". The use of Latin re, in the sense of "about, concerning", is English usage. Whether to leave it in Latin or to translate it may depend on the usage of the target language, but the Internet norm is to leave it in Latin. rebus sic stantibus "with matters standing thus" The doctrine that treaty obligations hold only as long as the fundamental conditions and expectations that existed at the time of their creation hold. reductio ad absurdum "leading back to the absurd" A common debate technique, and a method of proof in mathematics and philosophy, that proves the thesis by showing that its opposite is absurd or logically untenable. In general usage outside mathematics and philosophy, a reductio ad absurdum is a tactic in which the logic of an argument is challenged by reducing the concept to its most absurd extreme. Translated from Aristotle 's "ἡ εις άτοπον απαγωγη" (hi eis atopon apagogi, "reduction to the impossible"). reductio ad infinitum "leading back to the infinite" An argument that creates an infinite series of causes that does not seem to have a beginning. As a fallacy, it rests upon Aristotle's notion that all things must have a cause, but that all series of causes must have a sufficient cause, that is, an unmoved mover. An argument which does not seem to have such a beginning becomes difficult to imagine. regnat populus "the people rule" State motto of Arkansas , adopted in 1907. Originally rendered in 1864 in the plural, regnant populi ("the peoples rule"), but subsequently changed to the singular. Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae res gestae "things done" (1) A phrase used in law representing the belief that certain statements are made naturally, spontaneously and without deliberation during the course of an event, they leave little room for misunderstanding/misinterpretation upon hearing by someone else ( i.e. by the witness who will later repeat the statement to the court) and thus the courts believe that such statements carry a high degree of credibility. (2) In history, a Latin biography res ipsa loquitur "the thing speaks for itself" A phrase from the common law of torts meaning that negligence can be inferred from the fact that such an accident happened, without proof of exactly how. A mock Latin clause sometimes added on to the end of this phrase is sed quid in infernos dicit ("but what the hell does it say?"), which serves as a reminder that one must still interpret the significance of events that "speak for themselves". res judicata "judged thing" A matter which has been decided by a court. Often refers to the legal concept that once a matter has been finally decided by the courts, it cannot be litigated again (cf. non bis in idem and double jeopardy ). respice finem "look back at the end" i.e., "have regard for the end" or "consider the end". Generally a memento mori , a warning to remember one's death. respiciendum est iudicanti ne quid aut durius aut remissius constituatur quam causa deposcit nec enim aut severitatis aut clementiae gloria affectanda est "the judge must see that no order be made or judgment given or sentence passed either more harshly or more mildly than the case requires; he must not seek renown, either as a severe or as a tender-hearted judge" A maxim on the conduct of judges. respondeat superior "let the superior respond" Regarded as a legal maxim in agency law, referring to the legal liability of the principal with respect to an employee. Whereas a hired independent contract acting tortiously may not cause the principal to be legally liable, a hired employee acting tortiously will cause the principal (the employer) to be legally liable, even if the employer did nothing wrong. res nullius "nobody's thing" Goods without an owner. Used for things or beings which belong to nobody and are up for grabs, e.g., uninhabited and uncolonized lands, wandering wild animals, etc. (cf. terra nullius, "no man's land"). rex regum fidelum et "king even of faithful kings" rigor mortis "stiffness of death" The rigidity of corpses when chemical reactions cause the limbs to stiffen about 3–4 hours after death. Other signs of death include drop in body temperature ( algor mortis , "cold of death") and discoloration ( livor mortis , "bluish color of death"). Romanes eunt domus "Romanes go the house" An intentionally garbled Latin phrase from Monty Python's Life of Brian . Its translation is roughly, as said by a centurion in the movie, "'People called Romanes they go the house'", but its intended meaning is "Romans, go home!" When Brian is caught vandalizing the palace walls with this phrase, rather than punish him, the centurion corrects his Latin grammar , explaining that Romanus is a second declension noun and has its plural in -i rather than -es, that ire ("to go") must be in the imperative mood to denote a command, and that domus takes the accusative case without a preposition as the object. The final result of this lesson is the correct Latin phrase Romani ite domum . rosa rubicundior lilio candidior omnibus formosior semper in te glorior "redder than the rose, whiter than the lilies, fairer than all things, I do ever glory in thee" rus in urbe "Farm in the city" Generally used to refer to a haven of peace and quiet within an urban setting, often a garden, but can refer to interior decoration. salus populi suprema lex esto "the welfare of the people is to be the highest law" From Cicero 's De Legibus, book III, part III, sub. VIII. Quoted by John Locke in his Second Treatise, On Civil Government, to describe the proper organization of government. Also the state motto of Missouri and of Harrow. salva veritate Salvator Mundi "Savior of the World" Christian epithet, usually referring to Jesus . The title of paintings by Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci . salvo errore et omissione "save for error and omission" Appears on statements of "account currents". salvo honoris titulo "save for title of honor" Sancta Sedes More literally, "Sacred Seat". Refers to the Papacy or the Holy See . Sancta Simplicitas sapere aude "dare to be wise" From Horace 's Epistularum liber primus , Epistle II, line 40. Popularized by its use in Kant 's What is Enlightenment? to define the Enlightenment . Frequently used in mottos, such as for the University of Otago , University of New Brunswick , Phystech , Manchester Grammar School , town of Oldham , and the University of New Zealand before its dissolution. Sapientia et Doctrina Motto of Fordham University , New York. sapienti sat "enough for the wise" From Plautus . Indicates that something can be understood without any need for explanation, as long as the listener has enough wisdom or common sense. Often extended to dictum sapienti sat est ("enough has been said for the wise", commonly translated as "a word to the wise is enough"). semper fidelis "always faithful" Motto of Exeter and several other cities; more recently has become the motto of United States Marine Corps and the Swiss Grenadiers . Also the motto of the Rot-Weiss Oberhausen and Plymouth Argyle football clubs. The US Marines often abbreviate it to Semper Fi. semper paratus Motto of the United States Coast Guard and the United States Cavalry 's 12th Regiment. semper reformanda "always reforming" A shortened form of a motto of the Protestant Reformation , Ecclesia reformata semper reformanda est secundu Verbum Dei ("the reformed Church must be always reforming according to the Word of God"), which refers to the Protestant position that the church must continually re-examine itself, reconsider its doctrines , and be prepared to accept change, in order to conform more closely to orthodox Christian belief as revealed in the Bible . The shortened form, semper reformanda, literally means "always about to be reformed", but the usual translation is taken from the full sentence where it is used in a passive periphrastic construction to mean "always reforming." semper ubi sub ubi "always where under where" A common English- New Latin translation joke . The phrase is nonsensical in Latin, but the English translation is a pun on "always wear underwear". Senatus Populusque Romanus "The Senate and the People of Rome" The official name of the Roman Republic . " SPQR " was carried on battle standards by the Roman legions . In addition to being an ancient Roman motto, it remains the motto of the modern city of Rome . sensu stricto Less literally, "in the strict sense". Servo Permaneo Bovis Provestri "Save the Last Bullet for Yourself" Meaning "After giving it everything you've got against the enemy,save the last effort to save yourself". sesquipedalia verba "words a foot and a half long" From Horace 's Ars Poetica , "proicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba" ("he throws down his high-flown language and his foot-and-a-half-long words"). A self-referential jab at long words and needlessly elaborate language in general. si peccasse negamus fallimur et nulla est in nobis veritas "if we refuse to make a mistake, we are deceived, and there's no truth in us" From Christopher Marlowe 's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus , where the phrase is translated "if we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and there's no truth in us". si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice "if you seek a delightful peninsula, look around" State motto of Michigan , adopted in 1835. Said to have been based on the tribute to architect Christopher Wren in St Paul's Cathedral , London , which reads si monumentum requiris circumspice ("if you seek a memorial, look around"). Si tacuisses, philosophus mansisses "If you had kept your silence, you would have stayed a philosopher" This quote is often attributed to the Latin philosopher Boethius of the late fifth and early sixth centuries. It translates literally as, "If you had been silent, you would have remained a philosopher." The phrase illustrates a common use of the subjunctive verb mood. Among other functions it expresses actions contrary to fact. Sir Humphrey Appleby translated it to the PM as: "If you'd kept your mouth shut we might have thought you were clever". si vales valeo (SVV) "if you are well, I am well" A common beginning for ancient Roman letters. Also extended to si vales bene est ego valeo ("if you are well, that is good; I am well"), abbreviated to SVBEEV . The practice fell out of fashion and into obscurity with the decline in Latin literacy. si vis pacem para bellum "if you want peace, prepare for war" From Vegetius , Epitoma rei militaris. Origin of the name parabellum for some ammunition and firearms, such as the luger parabellum. sic "thus" Or "just so". States that the preceding quoted material appears exactly that way in the source, despite any errors of spelling, grammar, usage, or fact that may be present. Used only for previous quoted text; ita or similar must be used to mean "thus" when referring to something about to be stated. sic et non More simply, "yes and no". sic gorgiamus allos subjectatos nunc "we gladly feast on those who would subdue us" sic semper tyrannis "thus always to tyrants" State motto of Virginia , adopted in 1776. Attributed to Brutus at the time of Julius Caesar 's assassination, and to John Wilkes Booth at the time of Abraham Lincoln 's assassination; whether it was actually said at either of these events is disputed. sic transit gloria mundi "thus passes the glory of the world" From the Bible . A reminder that all things are fleeting. During Papal Coronations , a monk reminds the pope of his mortality by saying this phrase, preceded by pater sancte ("holy father") while holding before his eyes a burning paper illustrating the passing nature of earthly glories. This is similar to the tradition of a slave in Roman triumphs whispering "memento mori". sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas "use [what is] yours so as not to harm [what is] of others" Or "use your property in such a way that you do not damage others'". A legal maxim related to property ownership laws, often shortened to simply sic utere ("use it thus"). sic vita est "thus is life" Or "such is life". Indicates that a circumstance, whether good or bad, is an inherent aspect of living. signetur sine qua non "without which not" Used to denote something that is an essential part of the whole. See also condicio sine qua non. sine scientia ars nihil est "without knowledge, skill is nothing" Motto of The International Diving Society. sit venia verbo "may there be forgiveness for the word" Similar to the English idiom "pardon my French". sola fide "by faith alone" The material principle of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas , referring to the Protestant claim that the Bible teaches that men are saved by faith even without works. sola gratia "by grace alone" A motto of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas , referring to the Protestant claim that salvation is an unearned gift (cf. ex gratia), not a direct result of merit . Sola lingua bona est lingua mortua "the only good language is a dead language" sola scriptura "by scripture alone" The formal principle of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas , referring to the Protestant idea that the Bible alone is the ultimate authority, not the pope or tradition . soli Deo gloria (S.D.G.) "glory to God alone" A motto of the Protestant Reformation and one of the five solas , referring to the idea that God is the creator of all good things and deserves all the praise for them. Johann Sebastian Bach often signed his manuscripts with the abbreviation S.D.G. to invoke this phrase, as well as with AMDG "hope is the anchor of [my] life" Motto of the Doran family. spiritus mundi "spirit of the world" From The Second Coming (poem) by William Butler Yeats . Refers to Yeats' belief that each human mind is linked to a single vast intelligence, and that this intelligence causes certain universal symbols to appear in individual minds. The idea is similar to Carl Jung 's concept of the collective unconscious . spiritus ubi vult spirat "the spirit spreads wherever it wants" From El espiritu donde quiera se infunde by Fernando Porturas ( http://www.cayetano-pae.org/Spiritus.htm ). Refers to The Gospel of Saint John, where he mentions how Jesus told Nicodemus "The wind blows wherever it wants, and even though you can hear its noise, you don't know where it comes from or where it goes. The same thing happens to whomever has been born of the Spirit". It is the motto of Cayetano Heredia University . splendor sine occasu Loosely "splendour without diminishment" or "magnificence without ruin". Motto of British Columbia . stamus contra malo "we stand against by evil" The motto of the Jungle Patrol in The Phantom . The phrase actually violates Latin grammar because of a mistranslation from English, as the preposition contra takes the accusative case . The correct Latin rendering of "we stand against evil" would be "stamus contra malum". stante pede Less literally, "in the strict sense". stupor mundi "the wonder of the world" The title by which Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor , was known. More literally translated "the bewilderment of the world", or, in its original, pre- Medieval sense, "the stupidity of the world". sua sponte Motto of the U.S. Army Rangers . Also a legal term . Sub Cruce Lumen "The Light Under the Cross" Motto of the University of Adelaide , Australia. Refers to the figurative "light of learning" and the Southern Cross constellation, Crux . sub judice "under a judge" sub poena "under penalty" Commonly rendered subpoena. Said of a request, usually by a court, that must be complied with on pain of punishment. Examples include subpoena duces tecum ("take with you under penalty"), a court summons to appear and produce tangible evidence, and subpoena ad testificandum ("under penalty to testify"), a summons to appear and give oral testimony. sub rosa "under the rose" "In secret", "privately", "confidentially" or "covertly". In the Middle Ages , a rose was suspended from the ceiling of a council chamber to indicate that what was said in the "under the rose" was not to be repeated outside. This practice originates in Greek mythology, where Aphrodite gave a rose to her son Eros , and he, in turn, gave it to Harpocrates , the god of silence, to ensure that his mother's indiscretions—or those of the gods in general, in other accounts—were kept under wraps. sub specie aeternitatis "under the sight of eternity" Thus, "from eternity's point of view". From Spinoza , Ethics. sub verbo; sub voce Literally "highest good". Also summum malum ("the supreme evil"). sunt lacrimae rerum "there are tears for things" From Virgil , Aeneid . Followed by et mentem mortalia tangunt ("and mortal things touch my mind"). Aeneas cries as he sees Carthaginian temple murals depicting the deaths of the Trojan War . See also hinc illae lacrimae. sunt omnes unum suo jure "in one's own right" Used in the context of titles of nobility , for instance where a wife may hold a title in her own right rather than through her marriage. suo moto "upon one's own initiative" Also rendered suo motu. Usually used when a court of law, upon its own initiative, (i.e., no petition has been filed) proceeds against a person or authority that it deems has committed an illegal act. It is used chiefly in South Asia . supero omnia A declaration that one succeeds above all others. surgam terra nova "new land" Also latin name of Newfoundland (island portion of Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador , capital- St. John's ), also root of French name of same, Terre-Neuve terra nullius "land of none" That is, no man's land . A neutral or uninhabited area, or a land not under the sovereignty of any recognized political entity. terras irradient "let them illuminate the lands" Or "let them give light to the world". An allusion to Isaiah 6.3: plena est omnis terra gloria eius ("the whole earth is full of his glory"). Sometimes mistranslated as "they will illuminate the lands" based on mistaking irradiare for a future indicative third- conjugation verb, whereas it is actually a present subjunctive first-conjugation verb. Motto of Amherst College ; the college's original mission was to educate young men to serve God. tertium non datur "a third is not given" A logical axiom that a claim is either true or false, with no third option. tertium quid "a third something" 1. Something that cannot be classified into either of two groups considered exhaustive; an intermediate thing or factor. 2. A third person or thing of indeterminate character. timeo Danaos et dona ferentes "I fear Greeks, even bearing gifts" Danaos being a term for the Greeks . In Virgil 's Aeneid , II, 49, the phrase is said by Laocoön when warning his fellow Trojans against accepting the Trojan Horse . The full original quote is quidquid id est timeo Danaos et dona ferentis, quidquid id est meaning "whatever it is" and ferentis being an archaic form of ferentes. Commonly mistranslated "Beware of Greeks bearing gifts". timidi mater non flet "A coward's mother does not weep" A Latin proverb . Occasionally appears on loading screens in the game Rome: Total War . timor mortis conturbat me "the fear of death confounds me" A Latin refrain originating in the response to the seventh lesson in the Office of the Dead . In the Middle Ages , this service was read each day by clerics . As a refrain, it appears also in other poems and can frequently be found inscribed on tombs. translatio imperii "transfer of rule" Used to express the belief in the transfer of imperial authority from the Roman Empire of antiquity to the Medieval Holy Roman Empire . Treuga Dei "Truce of God" A decree by the medieval Church that all feuds should be cancelled during the Sabbath —effectively from Wednesday or Thursday night until Monday. See also Peace and Truce of God . tu autem "you indeed" Also "even you" or "yes, you", in response to a person's belief that he will never die. A memento mori epitaph . tu autem domine miserere nobis "But Thou, O Lord, have mercy upon us" Phrase said at the end of biblical readings in the liturgy of the medieval church. tu fui ego eris "I was you; you will be me" Thus, "what you are, I was; what I am, you will be.". A memento mori gravestone inscription to remind the reader that death is unavoidable (cf. sum quod eris). tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito "you should not give in to evils, but proceed ever more boldly against them" From Virgil , Aeneid , 6, 95. tu quoque "you too" The logical fallacy of attempting to defend one's position merely by pointing out the same weakness in one's opponent. If a politician is criticized for advocating an inadequately-funded plan, and replies that his or her opponent's plan is equally inadequately funded, this is a 'tu quoque' argument: undermining the counterproposal on the same basis does not make the original plan any more satisfactory. Tu quoque may also refer to a "hypocrisy" argument, a form of ad hominem where a claim is dismissed as untrue on the basis that the claimant has contradicted his own advice. While contradiction may make the claimant's argument unsound, it does necessarily not make his claims untrue. It comes from the supposed last words of Julius Caesaer (" Et tu, Brute? ") tuebor "where [it is] well, there [is] the fatherland" Or "where I prosper, there is my country". Patriotic motto. ubi caritas et amor Deus ibi est "where there is charity and love, God is there" ubi mel ibi apes "where [there is] honey, there [are] bees" ubi dubium ibi libertas "where [there is] doubt, there [is] freedom" Anonymous proverb. "Where [there is] a right, there [is] a remedy" ubi non accusator ibi non iudex "where [there is] no accuser, there [is] no judge" Thus, there can be no judgement or case if no one charges a defendant with a crime. The phrase is sometimes parodied as "where there are no police, there is no speed limit". ubi re vera "when, in a true thing" Or "whereas, in reality..." Also rendered ubi revera ("when, in fact" or "when, actually"). ubi solitudinem faciunt pacem appellant "when they make a wasteland, they call it peace" ubi sunt "where are they?" Nostalgic theme of poems yearning for days gone by. From the line ubi sunt qui ante nos fuerunt ("Where are they, those who have gone before us?"). una salus victis nullam sperare salutem "the only safety for the conquered is to hope for no safety" Less literally, "the only safe bet for the vanquished is to expect no safety". Preceded by moriamur et in media arma ruamus ("let us die even as we rush into the midst of battle") in Virgil 's Aeneid , book 2, lines 353–354. Used in Tom Clancy 's novel Without Remorse , where character Clark translates it as "the one hope of the doomed is not to hope for safety". ultimo mense Urbi et Orbi "To the City and the Circle [of the lands]" Meaning "To Rome and the World". A standard opening of Roman proclamations. Also a traditional blessing by the pope . Urbs in Horto Motto of the City of Chicago . Usus magister est optimus ut biberent quoniam esse nollent "so that they might drink, since they refused to eat" Also rendered with quando ("when") in place of quoniam. From a story by Suetonius (Vit. Tib., 2.2) and Cicero (De Natura Deorum, 2.3). The phrase was said by Roman admiral Publius Claudius Pulcher right before the battle of Drepana , as he threw overboard the sacred chickens which had refused to eat the grain offered them—an unwelcome omen of bad luck. Thus, the sense is, "if they do not perform as expected, they must suffer the consequences". ut incepit fidelis sic permanet "as she began loyal, so she persists" Thus, the state remains as loyal as ever. Motto of Ontario . ut desint vires tamen est laudanda voluntas "though the power be lacking, the will is to be praised all the same" From Ovid , Epistulae ex Ponto (III, 4, 79). ut infra A vade-mecum or vademecum is an item one carries around, especially a handbook. vade retro Satana "Go back, Satan !" An exhortation for Satan to begone, often used in response to temptation . From a popular Medieval Catholic exorcism formula, based on a rebuke by Jesus to Peter in the Vulgate , Mark 8:33: vade retro me Satana ("step back from me, Satan!"). The older phrase vade retro ("go back!") can be found in Terence 's Formio I, 4, 203. vae victis "Woe to the conquered!" Attributed by Livy to Brennus , the chief of the Gauls , while he demanded more gold from the citizens of the recently-sacked Rome in 390 BC. vanitas vanitatum omnia vanitas "vanity of vanities; everything [is] vanity" More simply, "vanity, vanity, everything vanity". From the Vulgate , Ecclesiastes , 1:2. vaticinium ex eventu "prophecy from the event" A prophecy made to look as though it was written before the events it describes, while in fact being written afterwards. vel non "or not" Summary of alternatives, ie. "this action turns upon whether the claimant was the deceased's grandson vel non." velocius quam asparagi coquantur "more rapidly than asparagus will be cooked" Or simply "faster than cooking asparagus". Ascribed to Augustus by Suetonius (The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Book 2 (Augustus), para. 87). Can refer to anything done very quickly. A very common variant is celerius quam asparagi cocuntur ("more swiftly than asparagus is cooked"). veni, vidi, vici "I came, I saw, I conquered" The text message sent by Julius Caesar to the Roman Senate to describe his battle against King Pharnaces II near Zela in 47 BC. Sometimes used by magicians as a catch phrase similar to abracadabra in completing a performance. "I came, I saw, I went" vera causa "true cause" verba ita sunt intelligenda ut res magis valeat quam pereat "words are to be understood such that the subject matter may be more effective than wasted" A legal maxim. "words fly away, writings remain" verbatim et litteratim "word by word and letter by letter" Verbi divini minister "servant of the divine Word" A priest (cf. Verbum Dei). Verbum Dei vi veri universum vivus vici "by the power of truth, I, a living man, have conquered the universe" From Christopher Marlowe 's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus . Note that v was originally the consonantal u , and was written the same before the two forms became distinct, and also after in many cases, when u and v were both capitalized as V: thus, Vniversum. Also, universum is sometimes quoted with the form ueniversum (or Veniversum), which is presumably a combination of universum and oeniversum, two classically-attested spellings). Recently quoted in the film, V for Vendetta, by the main character, V. via Thus, "by way of" or "by means of". I'll contact you via e-mail. via media "middle road" The Anglican Communion has claimed to be a via media between the errors of the Roman Catholic Church and the extremes of Protestantism . Can also refer to the radical middle political stance. via, veritas, vitae The motto of the University of Glasgow . vice versa "with position turned" Thus, "the other way around", "conversely", etc. Historically, vice is more properly pronounced as two syllables, but the one-syllable pronunciation is extremely common. victoria aut mors See aut vincere aut mori. victoria concordia crescit The official club motto of Arsenal FC. victrix causa diis placuit sed victa Catoni "the victorious cause pleased the gods, but the conquered cause pleased Cato " Lucanus , Pharsalia 1, 128. Dedication on the south side of the Confederate Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery . vide infra Vive ut vivas "live so that you may live" The phrase essentially means that one should live life to the fullest and without fear of a possible future consequence. vocatus atque non vocatus Deus aderit "called and not called, God will be present", or "called and even not called, God approaches" Attributed to the Oracle at Delphi . Used by Carl Jung as a personal motto adorning his home and grave. volenti non fit injuria "to one willing, no harm is done" or "to he who consents, no harm is done used in tort law to delineate the principle that one cannot be held liable for injuries inflicted on an individual who has given his consent to the action that gave rise to the injury. votum separatum An independent, minority voice. vox clamantis in deserto "the voice of one shouting in the desert" (or, traditionally, "the voice of one crying in the wilderness") From Isaiah 40, and quoted by John the Baptist in the Gospels . Usually the "voice" is assumed to be shouting in vain, unheeded by the surrounding wilderness. However, in this phrase's use as the motto of Dartmouth College , it is taken to denote an isolated beacon of education and culture in the "wilderness" of New Hampshire . vox nihili vox populi "voice of the people" Sometimes extended to vox populi vox Dei ("the voice of the people [is] the voice of God"). In its original context, the extended version means the opposite of what it's frequently taken to mean: the source is usually given as the monk Alcuin , who advised Charlemagne that nec audiendi qui solent dicere vox populi vox Dei quum tumultuositas vulgi semper insaniae proxima sit, meaning "And those people should not be listened to who keep saying, 'The voice of the people [is] the voice of God,' since the riotousness of the crowd is always very close to madness." (Works, Letter 164)	Habeas corpus
The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral pitted the Earps against the Clantons. In what territorial city did the gunfight take place?	Colorado Judicial Branch - Glossary of terms Home Glossary of Terms Glossary of Terms A suit which has been quashed and ended. Accord A method of discharging a claim upon agreement by the parties to give and accept something in settlement of the claim. Acquittal The verdict of not guilty for a defendant in a criminal case. Actual malice To win a defamation suit, public officials or prominent people, such as political candidates or movie stars, must prove that the offender made a false statement with actual malice. This means the statement was made with knowledge that it was false or with serious doubts about whether it was true. Addendum An add-on to something. For example, on a court document, if changes need to be made or information added, a new document can be written up, signed, and filed as an addendum to the original document. Adjudication In juvenile delinquency cases, the term "adjudication" is equivalent to the term "conviction" for adults. Administrator An individual appointed by the court to manage the estate of a person who died without leaving a valid will. Adoptee A person who is taken-in and reared by a parent that is not a birth parent. Adversary system The system of trial practice in which each of the opposing parties has full opportunity to present and establish his/her contention before the court. Advisement The consultation of the court. Affidavit A written or printed statement of facts, made voluntarily, and confirmed by the oath or affirmation of the party making it, taken before a person having authority to administer such oath or affirmation by law. Agent A person who has received the power to act on behalf of another, bind that other person as if he or she were themselves making the decisions. In Probate: An attorney in fact under a durable or non-durable power of attorney, an individual authorized to make decisions for another under the "Colorado Patient Autonotomy Act". Aggravated damages Special and highly exceptional damages awarded by a court where the circumstances of the conduct have been particularly humiliating or malicious towards the Plaintiff/victim. Agistor A person who feeds and provides care for livestock. Alimony Also called maintenance or spousal support in a divorce or separation. Money paid by one spouse to the other in order to provide financial support after a divorce or legal separation. Allegation The assertion, claim, declaration, or statement of a party to an action, made in a pleading, setting out what he/she expects to prove. Allocation of parental responsibilities Commonly known as “custody". In divorce, legal separation, or custody actions regarding children, the Court will allocate parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the children. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Methods for resolving problems without going to court Annulment To make void or null; abolish; cancel; invalidate a marriage. The legal term is "Declaration of Invalidity of Marriage". Answer The pleading in a civil suit by which the defendant admits, denies or otherwise controverts the sufficiency of the allegations of facts set forth in the plaintiff’s petition. It also contains defenses the defendant may have to the plaintiff’s allegations. Apostille Any international document that requires additional authentication. It can be anything from a school record to an adoption paper. Appeal A request by a person or organization in a lawsuit for a higher court to review a lower court decision. The request is usually made by the person or organization who lost the lawsuit. Appearance When you physically appear or show up in Court. Appellant The person or organization who appeals a court decision usually that he/she/it has lost. Appellee Often the person or organization who won the lawsuit. The person or organization who must respond or reply to the appeal. Sometimes the respondent. Applicant A person who files an Application for Informal Appointment of a Personal Representative. Application A written request to the registrar for an order of informal probate or appointment under informal probate and appointment proceedings. Appurtenance Something that, although detached, stands as part of another thing. An attachment or appendage to something else. Used often in real estate context where an "appurtenance" may be, for example, a right of way over water – although physically detached, is part of the legal rights of the owner of another property Arbitration The referral of a dispute to an impartial third person chosen by the parties to the dispute. The parties agree in advance to abide by the arbitrator’s decision following a hearing at which both parties have an opportunity to be heard. Sometimes three persons sit as an arbitration panel. Arrears A debt that is not paid on the due date adds up and accumulates as "arrears." Assignment The transfer of legal rights, such as the time left on a lease, from one person to another. Assumption of risk A defense raised in personal injury lawsuits. Asserts that the plaintiff knew that a particular activity was dangerous and thus bears all responsibility for any injury that resulted. Attachment An additional or supplementary remedy that allows the plaintiff to place a lien on property belonging to the defendant to make sure there will be means of satisfying (paying) a judgment that may be entered in a civil case. Authenticated Copy Means certified, when used in reference to copies of official documents, and only certification by the official having custody is required. Bad faith Intent to deceive. Dishonesty or fraud in a transaction, such as entering into an agreement with no intention of ever living up to its terms or knowingly misrepresenting the quality of something that is being bought or sold. Bailiff Court employee whose duty is to keep order in the courtroom. Bankruptcy A process governed by federal law to help when people cannot or will not pay their debts. Bench warrant An order issued by a judge for the arrest of a person. Bigamy A person who enters into a marriage with one person while still legally married to another Bill of particulars A written statement specifying the details of the demand set forth in the petition in a civil action Binder An outline of the basic terms of a proposed sales contract between a buyer and a seller. Biological Related through birth. Used to distinguish the parents who gave birth to a child from the parents who later adopt the child. Bond Money or property given to the court to hold a hearing date or to get someone out of jail. Breach of contract The failure to do what one promised to do under a contract. Proving a breach of contract is a prerequisite of any suit for damages based on the contract. Breach of trust Any act or omission on the part of the trustee, which is inconsistent with the terms of the trust agreement; or the law of trusts. A prime example is the redirecting of trust property from the trust to the trustee, personally. Brief In an appeal, a written summary of issues and/or errors in the original case and any arguments or law that support the identified issues and/or errors. Burden of proof In civil cases, the plaintiff must prove her/his case with a "preponderance of evidence." Buy-Sell agreement An agreement among business partners that specifies how shares in the business are to be transferred in the case of a co-owner's death. C.A.R. Abbreviation for "Colorado Appellate Rules". C.R.S. Abbreviation for "Colorado Revised Statutes". Capacity A legal qualification, such as legal age, that determines one’s ability to sue or be sued, to enter into a binding contract, etc.; or the mental ability to understand the nature and effect of one’s acts. Caption The heading or title on legal paperwork usually including the name of the court and the court's address, the names of the people involved in the case, the case number, and the attorney for whomever is filing the paperwork. Case law Law based on previous verdicts and written judicial decisions. Case management order An order by the court that outlines the steps the parties must follow for their case to continue. Cash bond The defendant or another person can pay in cash the full amount of the bond to release the defendant from custody. Cease and desist order An order of an administrative agency or court prohibiting a person or business from continuing a particular course of conduct. Certificate of Service An area on a court form, usually at the end of the form, where you tell the court how and when you provided a copy of the court form to the other person in the case, before or directly after you gave the form to the court. Certified Copy A copy from the court that is guaranteed with a stamp on the paper(s) by the clerk to be a true copy of the court record. Change of venue When a court case is moved from one location to another, usually because of a question of fairness. Chapter 13 bankruptcy A type of bankruptcy in which a person keeps his assets and pays creditors according to an approved plan. Chapter 7 bankruptcy A type of bankruptcy in which a person's assets are liquidated (collected and sold) and the proceeds are distributed to the creditors. Character evidence Proof or testimony given about another person’s moral standing, general character, and reputation. Charging lien Entitles a lawyer who has sued someone on a client's behalf the right to be paid from the proceeds of the lawsuit, if there are any, before the client receives those proceeds. Charter A city’s organic law, which means the law concerning a city issue will trump a state law governing the same issue. Chattel Moveable or transferable property; especially personal property. Child and Family Investigator (CFI) A court-appointed expert that investigates and writes a report to the Judge as to the children’s best interests in a controversial divorce or custody case. Child support Money paid by a parent to the person with custody of the child(ren) to help meet the financial needs of their child(ren). Child Support Enforcement (CSE) A government agency that assists in collecting current and past-due child support. CSE also helps in establishing new support orders and paternity. Circumstantial evidence Evidence that implies something occurred but does not directly prove it. Citation An order to appear in court at a certain place and time. Issuance of a citation is not an arrest. Civil action A non-criminal proceeding designed to resolve disputes between individuals and/or businesses. Civil Union Civil union" means a relationship established by two eligible persons that entitles them to receive the benefits and protections and be subject to the responsibilities of spouses. C.R.S. 14-15-103 Claim To demand or assert as a right. Facts that combine to give rise to a legally enforceable right or judicial action. Demand for relief. A claim is something that one party owes another. Someone may make a legal claim for money, or property. Claimant A person or entity to whom the decedent of the estate has a financial or other obligation also known as a creditor. Class action suit A lawsuit in which one or more parties file a complaint on behalf of themselves and all other people who are "similarly situated" (suffering from the same problem). Often used when a large number of people have comparable claims. Clear and convincing evidence Evidence indicating that the thing to be proved is highly probably or reasonably certain. This requires more than a “preponderance of the evidence” but less than “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Clerk and Recorder The Clerk and Recorder issues and records marriage licenses, records all real estate transactions, issues liquor licenses, registers voters, manages all primary, general and county elections, and sometimes city and school district elections. The Clerk and Recorder also operates the Motor Vehicle Divisions in the State of Colorado for titling vehicles and issuing license plates. There is a Clerk and Recorder in each county in Colorado. Closing arguments The final statements in a trial arguing for the evidence you presented or against the evidence the other side presented. This is your final chance to persuade the Judge or jury. Co-petitioner A person who jointly completes, signs, and files a written Petition, or a written application to the Court with the Petitioner, asking for specific action to be taken. Coercion Compulsion by physical force or threat of physical force; an act, such as signing a will under coercion, is not legally valid. Cohabitation A living arrangement in which an unwed couple live together in an intimate relationship that resembles a marriage. Collateral An asset that a borrower agrees to give up if he or she fails to repay a loan. Collateral estoppel In civil litigation, an affirmative defense to a claim that bars a party from relitigating an issue determined in an earlier action, even if the two actions significantly differ from one another. Collusion A secret agreement between two or more persons, who seem to have conflicting interests, to abuse the law or the legal system, deceive a court or to defraud a third party. Colorado Rules of Professional Conduct The rules of conduct that govern the legal profession. The rules contain general ethical guidelines and specific rules written by the American Bar Association and adopted by the Colorado Supreme Court. Comity A code of etiquette that governs the interactions of courts in different states, localities and foreign countries. Courts generally agree to defer scheduling a trial if the same issues are being tried in a court in another jurisdiction. In addition, courts in this country agree to recognize and enforce the valid legal contracts and court orders of other countries. Common law marriage A marriage that takes legal effect, without license or ceremony, when a couple live together as husband and wife, intend to be married and hold themselves out to others as a married couple. Community property Property purchased or received by a couple during their marriage. Comparative negligence Also called comparative fault. The doctrine by which acts of opposing parties are compared in fault on a percentage basis. A party who is 50 percent or more at fault cannot recover. A party who is less than 50 percent at fault may recover, but at the reduced percentage. Compensatory damages Money awarded to reimburse actual costs, such as medical bills and lost wages. Also awarded for things that are harder to measure, such as pain and suffering. Complainant In civil cases, the person who initiates a lawsuit. In criminal cases, the chief or only witness for the prosecution may sometimes be referred to as the complainant. Complaint In a civil action, the document that initiates a lawsuit. The complaint outlines the alleged facts and reason for the case. In a criminal action, a complaint is the preliminary charges filed against a defendant, usually filed by the police or court. Concurrent jurisdiction A situation where more than one court has jurisdiction over the same subject matter. Usually the first court that takes the case obtains jurisdiction. Confidential Intermediary Person allowed to inspect confidential relinquishment and adoption records. Confidentiality The state of having the release of certain information restricted. It is the relationship between a lawyer and a client, guardian and ward, or between spouses, with regard to the trust that is placed in the one by the other. Conflict of interest A conflict of interest occurs when a person or organization has a responsibility to two or more people or organizations at the same time, but doing the best thing for one may harm the other. Conservator A person at least 21, resident or non-resident, who has been appointed to manage the financial affairs of another person. Contempt of court A process brought before the Court to enforce non-compliance the existing order by one or more of the parties. Continuance The postponement of a court case for another time or day. Contract An agreement between two or more parties creating obligations enforceable or otherwise recognizable at law. Contributory negligence In any action based upon the negligence of the defendant, the plaintiff's own contributory negligence may either defeat or reduce the amount of recovery. Conviction A finding that the defendant is guilty in a criminal case. Copyright A person's property right to prevent others from copying works that they have written, authored or otherwise created. Corroborating evidence Additional evidence which strengthens or confirms already existing evidence. Counterclaim After a lawsuit is filed, a claim for relief brought by a defendant against the plaintiff, particularly a claim in opposition to or as a setoff against the plaintiff’s claim. Court of record Any court that makes a record of the proceedings. Creditor A person or entity to whom the decedent of the estate has a financial or other obligation also known as a claimant. Cross-claim A claim by one defendant against another defendant. Cross-examination Questioning of the other party’s witness. Custodial Describes a person that provides a home, food, clothing, and other care for a child. Custodian The person appointed to manage and dispense funds for a child without constricting court supervision and accounting requirements. Custody In family law cases, it is also known as allocation of parental responsibilities, and refers to decision-making and parenting time. In criminal cases, this means the restraint of a person's freedom in any significant way. Someone in jail is considered to be “in custody”. Cyberstalking The act of threatening, harassing or annoying someone throughout cyberspace, with the intent of placing the recipient in fear that the person threatening will injure that person or the person’s family or household. Damages The monetary compensation which may be recovered by a party for personal injury, or loss or damage to one's property or rights as a result of another party's unlawful act or negligence. Debtor A person who owes money, goods or services to another. Decedent A person who has passed away. Decree The final order of the Court that disposes of or ends the marriage or legal separation proceedings. Deed A written legal document that describes a piece of property and outlines its boundaries. The seller of a property transfers ownership by delivering the deed to the buyer in exchange for an agreed upon sum of money. Default If the defendant does NOT appear at the time of the hearing or file an answer, the Court may enter “default” or “failure to appear/answer” which entitles the plaintiff to all relief asked for in the complaint (i.e. money, possession of property, etc.). Default judgment When a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, she/he is in default and a judgment by default may be entered by the clerk of court. Defendant The person that is being sued or the person charged with a crime in a criminal case. Dependency and neglect A type of court case involving children where the children either aren't being cared for properly or crimes are being committed against the children by the parents or persons caring for the chilren. For example, the children are living in extremely dirty conditions, aren't being fed, or the parent(s) may be abusing the children by severely beating them. Depose To make a deposition, to give evidence in the shape of a deposition, to make statements which are written down and sworn to; to give testimony which is reduced to writing by a duly qualified officer and sworn to by the deponent. Deposition The testimony of a witness, taken in writing, under oath or affirmation, in answer to questions. This is held out of court with no Judge present, but the answers often can be used as evidence in the trial. Descendent A relative or person related by blood born after an adoptee. Devisee A person or entity designated in a Will to receive real or personal property. Diligent efforts Steady, persistent efforts to locate an individual to complete personal service, including contacting friends, family, business associates; completing an internet search; and attempting personal service by a Process Server, Police Department or Sheriff’s Office. Dismissal with prejudice A dismissal "with prejudice" bars refiling of the lawsuit or charge. Dismissal without prejudice The dismissal of a case while allowing the party to sue again on the same cause of action at some future time. Disposition The final arrangement or settlement of a case. Dissolution Often used in divorce cases. Ending a marriage or civil union. District Court District Courts hear civil cases in any amount, as well as domestic relations, criminal, juvenile, probate, and mental health cases. District court decisions may be appealed to the Colorado Court of Appeals (in some cases directly to the Colorado Supreme Court). Docket The schedule of court proceedings. Domicile The permanent residence of a person, a place to which, even if he/she were temporary absence, they intend to return. In law, it is said that a person may have many residences but only one domicile. Duces tecum Latin meaning "bring with you". Used most frequently for a subpoena (as in "subpoena duces tecum") which seeks not the appearance of a person before a court but the surrender of a thing (document or some other evidence) by its holder, to the court, to serve as evidence in a trial. Due process A fundamental, constitutional guarantee that all legal proceedings will be fair and that one will be given notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard before the government acts to take away one's life, liberty, or property. Duress Where a person is prevented from acting (or not acting) according to their free will, by threats or force or force of another, it is said to be “Under Duress”. Early neutral evaluation An early intervention in a lawsuit by a court appointed evaluator, to narrow, eliminate, and simplify issues and to assist in case planning and management. Settlement of the case may occur. Easement Gives one party the right to go onto another party's property. Utilities often get easements. Emancipation The freeing of a minor child from the control or custody of his or her parent(s) and allowing the minor to live on his or her own or under the control of others. It usually applies to adolescents who leave their parents' household by agreement or demand. Emancipation may also end the responsibility of a parent for the acts of a child, including debts, negligence, or criminal acts. Emergency Guardian If there is likely to be substantial harm to the Respondent's health, safety or welfare if a guardian is not appointed immediately, the court may appoint a guardian without having to give notice or go through the normal procedures. A temporary guardianship only lasts for 60 days, at which point the court will need to decide whether to make the guardianship permanent after everyone is given notice. En banc A session in which the entire membership of the court participates in a decision. Encumbrance Any claim or restriction on a property's title. Enjoin To order a person to perform, or to abstain and desist from performing a specified act or course of conduct. Escrow Money or documents, such as a deed or title, held by a third party until the conditions of an agreement are met. For instance, pending the completion of a real estate transaction, the deed to the property will be held "in escrow." Estate : All property owned by a person on the date of death that is subject to probate. Eviction Legally removing someone from a property, like an apartment or house, because they aren't paying rent or aren't following the rules in a lease. Evidence The testimony, writings, material objects, or other things presented to prove the existence or nonexistence of a fact. Ex parte Latin that means "by or for one party." A proceeding in which only one party takes part. Exemplified Copy of a court document with court seals from the out-of-state Court verifying the authenticity of the document. Exemplified copy A copy of a court document that has a court seal or certification from the out-of-state court verifying the authenticity of the document(s). Exhibit A paper document or other physical object or photograph introduced into evidence to prove or deny a claim during a trial, hearing, or deposition. Exigent circumstances Emergency conditions. Expert witness A witness with a specialized knowledge of a subject who is allowed to discuss an event in court even though he or she was not present. Expunge To physically erase, to white or strike out. To "expunge" something from a court record means to remove every reference to it. In juvenile delinquency records, "such records are deemed never to have existed". Extortion Forcing a person to give up property through the use of violence, fear or under pretense of authority. Extradition The surrender by one state or country to another of an individual accused or convicted of an offense outside its own territory and within the territorial jurisdiction of the other jurisdiction which demands the surrender. Fact-finder The person or persons who make(s) determinations regarding the facts that are disputed by the parties in a case. When a trial involves a jury, the jurors are the fact-finders. If there is no jury, then the judge or magistrate is the fact-finder. Fact-finding An investigation of a dispute by a neutral third party who examines the issues and facts in a case, and who may or may not recommend settlement procedures. Family Court Facilitator An individual who assists with domestic relations cases and conducts Initial Status Conferences. The Family Court Facilitator can help you understand what you need to do during your case, answer questions, and give you instructions about the next steps in your case. The Family Court Facilitator cannot give legal advice. Family Support Registry The central payment processing center for the State of Colorado for child support and maintenance (spousal/partner support) Felony A crime punishable by imprisonment or by death in a state penal institution. Fiduciary A person having a legal relationship of trust and confidence to another and having a duty to act primarily for the other's benefit, e.g., a guardian or trustee. File To deposit with the clerk of the court a written complaint or petition which is the opening step in a lawsuit and subsequent documents, including an answer, motions, petitions, orders etc. A record of the court. A paper is said to be filed when it is delivered to the court to be kept on file as a matter of record and reference. Foreclosure When a borrower cannot repay a loan on a piece of property, like a house or condominium, and the lender asks the court for an order to force the sale of the property. Foreign judgment Any judgment, decree, or order of a court of the United States or of any other courts outside of Colorado that should be honored and given effect by Colorado courts. (Civil protection orders issued by other states are not considered foreign judgments and have their own process and rules for enforcement, found in C.R.S. § 13-14-104.) Forgery A false document, signature, or other imitation of an object of value used with the intention to deceive another into believing it is the real thing. Formal Opening an estate after prior notice to Interested Persons. Fraud Intentionally deceiving someone and causing that person to suffer a loss. Freeholder One who holds title to real property. Fugitive One who runs away to avoid arrest, prosecution or imprisonment. Gag order A judge's order prohibiting the attorneys and parties in a pending lawsuit or criminal prosecution from talking about the case to the media or the public. Garnishee The person or entity (often a bank or employer) that receives a court order garnishing wages or funds it owes to a debtor. Garnishment A court-ordered procedure for taking money or property from someone to satisfy a debt. For example, a debtor's wages might be garnished to pay child support, back taxes, or a lawsuit judgment. Good faith Honestly and without deception. Grand jury A panel of members of the public chosen from regular jury pool lists. This panel determines whether there is enough evidence to charge someone for a serious crime. Any charges issued by a grand jury are called indictments. Green card Also known as a permanent resident card. A Green Card holder is an immigrant who has become a lawful permanent resident of the U.S., and who can work legally, travel abroad and return, apply for permission for his/her spouse and children to immigrate to the U.S., and become eligible for citizenship. Gross negligence Refers to actions or inactions where there was a failure to use even the slightest amount of care in a way that shows recklessness or willful disregard for the safety of others. Guardian A person who is trusted by law with the care of another person or property of another, or both, as a minor or someone legally incapable of managing his or her own affairs. Guardian ad litem A court-appointed representative who is to defend or protect the interest of a person under legal disability, such as a child or incompetent individual involved in a legal court proceeding. Guardianship The office, duty, or authority of a guardian. Habeas corpus Latin phrase meaning "you have the body". A Writ of Habeas Corpus is an order to bring a person before the court. Habitual offender Also known as a "recidivist.” A person who is convicted and sentenced for multiple crimes over a period of time and even after serving sentences of incarceration, demonstrating a tendency toward criminal conduct. Harassment Used in variety of legal contexts to describe words, gestures, and actions which tend to annoy, alarm and abuse (verbally) another person. Hearing Any proceeding before a judge or other magistrate without a jury in which evidence and/or argument is presented to determine some issue of fact or both issues of fact and law. While technically a trial with a judge sitting without a jury fits the definition, a hearing usually refers to brief sessions involving a specific question at some time prior to the trial itself. Hearsay A written or spoken statement that was made outside of the court by someone other than the person testifying about that statement. Heir Person entitled to the property of the Decedent under statutes of Intestate Succession. Heirs Persons who are entitled by law to inherit the property of the deceased if there is no will specifying how the property should be divided. Holographic will An un-witnessed handwritten will. A few states, including Colorado, allow such documents to be admitted to probate, but most courts are very reluctant to accept them. Homicide The killing of one human being by the act, procurement, or omission of another. A person is guilty of criminal homicide if he purposely, knowingly, recklessly or negligently causes the death of another human being. Criminal homicide is murder, manslaughter or negligent homicide. Hostile witness A witness who testifies against the party who has called the person to testify. The hostile witness may be asked leading questions, as in cross-examination. Hung jury A divided jury that cannot agree on a unanimous verdict. Illicit Not permitted or allowed; unlawful. Immaterial Not essential or necessary, not important or pertinent; without weight; of no significance. Immunity Freedom from duty or penalty; exemption, as from serving in an office or performing duties that the law generally requires other citizens to perform. Impanel All the steps of determining and forming the jury in the trial of a particular case. Impared mental condition A condition of the mind, caused by mental disease or defect, which does not rise to the level of insanity but prevents the person from forming the mental state required to find him or her guilty of the crime. If he or she is found not guilty because of impaired mental condition, they may be committed to the Department of Institutions. Impeach To accuse or deny or contradict. To call into question the truthfulness of a witness through other evidence that shows that the witness should not be believed. Implied consent laws Laws adopted by all states that apply to testing for alcohol in the blood, breath or urine. The principle underlying these laws is that any licensed driver who operates a vehicle has consented to submit to approved tests to show intoxication. In camera In chambers; in private. A cause is said to be heard in camera either when the hearing is had before the judge in his/her private room or when all spectators are excluded from the courtroom. Inadmissible Information which, under the established rules of evidence, cannot be admitted or received by the court. Incapacitated When someone due to an accident, illness, etc. becomes unable to care for or make decisions for themselves. Incapacitated person A person who is unable to effectively receive and/or evaluate information or make or communicate decisions to such a degree that the individual lacks the ability to take care of his/her basic needs of physical health, safety or self-care. Incarceration Imprisonment or confinement in a jail or prison. Incest Any person who knowingly marries, inflicts sexual penetration, or sexual intrusion on an ancestor or descendant, including a natural child, child by adoption, or stepchild twenty-one years of age or older, a brother or sister of the whole or half blood, or an uncle, aunt, nephew or niece of whole blood. Incompetent When someone is unable or unqualified to do something. The term also refers to someone who lacks the legal ability to stand trial or to testify, i.e., unqualified to testify. Indictment The formal written accusation of a crime made by a grand jury and presented to a court for prosecution against the accused person; the act or process of preparing or bringing the formal written accusation. Indigent A person meeting certain standards of poverty and, thereby, qualifying for waiver of fees or court-appointed counsel. Informal Opening an estate without prior notice of Interested Persons. Informed consent A person’s agreement to allow something to happen or made with full knowledge of the risks involved and the alternatives. Infraction A violation, usually of a rule or local ordinance and usually not punishable by jail time. Infringement An act that interferes with one of the exclusive rights of a patent, copyright or trademark owner. Initial Status Conference A date for you to come to court to meet with a Family Court Facilitator who will help you understand what you need to do during your case, answer your questions, and give you instructions about the next steps in your case. However, you will not be given any legal advice. Injunction A court order directing a person to keep oneself from doing something or ordering the person to do something. Intent The state of mind accompanying an act, especially a forbidden act. While motive is the reason for doing some act, intent is the mental resolution or determination to do it. Interested persons Person identified by Colorado Law who must be given notice of a court proceeding. The term may include heirs, children, spouse, devisees, beneficiaries, creditors, claimants and persons having priority to serve as personal representative, depending on the circumstances. Interlocutory Refers to an order, judgment or appeal, that is temporary and issued or taken while the case is still pending and is not final. Interrogatories A written set of questions, submitted to an opposing party in a lawsuit as part of discovery, or served on a judgment debtor by a judgment creditor trying to collect a debt. Interrogatories must be answered in writing and under oath. Intervenor A person who voluntarily enters into an action or other proceedings with the approval of the court. Intestate An estate in which the person (decedent) did not live a will. Intestate succession By Colorado law, a list of who will inherit the property when someone dies without a will. Irrevocable trust A trust that cannot be terminated by the settlor (the person who created the trust) once it’s created. Jeopardy The risk of conviction and punishment that a criminal defendant faces at trial. Joinder The combining of parties or claims in a single lawsuit. Joinder can be either necessary or permissive. Joint tenancy Ownership by two or more people of the same property. This property may be real estate, cash or other items. Judgment A court’s final determination of the rights and obligations of the parties in a case. The term includes a decree and any order that can be appealed. Judgment creditor The person(s), company or group who should receive a specific amount of money according to the Court’s order. Judgment debtor The person(s), company or group who owes a specific amount of money according to the Court’s order. Jurisdiction A court’s power to decide a case or issue a decree. Jury A group of persons selected according to law and given the power to decide questions of fact and return a verdict in a court case. Justice The fair and proper administration of laws. It can also refer to a judge, especially of an appellate court. Juvenile A person who has not reached the age of majority, usually 18. Juvenile delinquent An underage person that has committed a crime in states where by law a minor lacks responsibility and may not be sentenced as an adult. Legal Separation A court order granting the right to live apart, with the rights and obligations of divorced persons, but without divorce. The order can include issues relating to child custody, alimony, child support, division of property and debts. Letters A document issued by the Court, identifying the authority of the Personal Representative, Guardian or Conservator. Levy A legal process to obtain property or cash from the judgment debtor to satisfy a judgment. Liability Any legal responsibility, duty or obligation. Lien A claim that a person has upon the property of another as security for a debt owed. Litigant A party to a lawsuit, one who is engaged in litigation, usually referred to active parties in a case. Litigation A law suit, legal action, including all proceedings therein. Magistrate A person other than a judge authorized by Colorado law or by Colorado court rules to make orders or judgments in court proceedings, like trials or hearings. Maintenance Maintenance is the new term for "alimony" or "spousal/partner support". Maintenance is financial support paid to a former spouse or partner. Mandate A command, order or direction, written or spoken which the court is authorized to give and a person is must obey. May In legal terms, "may" is defined as "optional" or "can". Mediation A trained neutral person helps people involved in a court case reach their own solution. Minor A person who does not have the legal rights of an adult. Someone who has not yet reached the age of majority which in most states is the age of 18. Mistrial A trial ended before a verdict is reached because of a basic error that is harmful to the defendant. Modification Any change to a current court order or decree. Money judgment Part of a judgment that requires the payment of money by one party (the judgment debtor) to another (the judgment creditor). Moot An issue which no longer is important. Motion A written or oral request a party makes to the Court for a specified ruling or order. Motion in limine A written motion which is usually made before or after the beginning of a jury trial for a protective order against extremely harmful evidence. Motion to suppress A motion asking that allegedly secured illegal evidence be left out of the trial. Nominee The person seeking appointment as Personal Representative. Non-Appearance Hearing This is not an actual hearing date and no one needs to show up to court. This is a date that the court puts on their calendar as a reminder to take further action. Notary Public A person authorized by the state in which the person resides to certify documents . The signature and seal or stamp of a notary public is necessary to attest to the oath of truth of a person making an affidavit and to attest that a person has acknowledged that he/she executed a deed, power of attorney or other document, and is required for recording in public records Oath A serious affirmation or promise to tell the truth or to take a certain action. Objection A protest by the other party about the legal propriety of a question which has been asked of a witness by the opposing attorney/party, with the purpose of making the trial judge decide if the question can be asked. Order A formal written direction given by a judge or magistrate. Parental responsibility This term includes both parenting time and decision-making responsibilities regarding the children. (The term “Custody” is no longer used.) Parental Rights In the State of Colorado the freedom to decide who cares for children and how. Also includes the freedom to decide how to spend time with a son or daughter, including activities and time, in order to raise a child. Decisions about school, religion, and medical treatment are included. Parenting plan A written document that identifies decision-making responsibilities, parenting time, relocation, child support, and child tax exemption relating to the children in a divorce or custody case. Parenting time Also known as "Visitation". The right of a parent to spend time with their children by order of the Court. Party One of the participants in a lawsuit or other legal proceeding who has an interest in the outcome. Paternity A specific man being the natural or biological father of a child. Payable on Death (POD) A bank account that names a specific person as beneficiary of all funds once the account holder dies. Probate is not necessary. Permanent Protection Order (PPO) An order granting continuous protection to prevent assaults and threatened bodily harm, domestic abuse, emotional abuse and stalking. Permanent Resident Any person not a citizen of the United States who is residing the in the U.S. under legally recognized and lawfully recorded permanent residence as an immigrant. Also known as "Permanent Resident Alien," "Resident Alien Permit Holder," and "Green Card Holder." Person in Interest Property owner or other individual or group named as the landlord on a lease or person who has some sort of involvement or investment in the rental or home. Personal Recognizance bond (PR bond) A PR bond is a signature bond that involves no money or property as long as the defendant appears at all future court dates. The defendant’s signature acts as the promise to appear in court.A judge may require additional persons to sign the bond as well, to ensure the appearance of the defendant in court. Personal representative A person at least 21, resident or non-resident of Colorado, who has been appointed to administer the estate of the Decedent and may also be referred to as an Executor/Executrix. Personal Service Delivering a summons, complaint, or other legal document which must be served by handing it directly to the person named in the document. Petition A written application to the Court asking for specific action to be taken. Petitioner A person who is completing and filing a written Petition (application) with the Court. In Probate: A person who files a Petition for Formal Appointment of Personal Representative and/or Determination of Heirs. Plaintiff The person who starts a lawsuit. This person may also be known as "claimant", "petitioner", or "applicant". Pleading The formal presentation of claims and defenses by parties to a lawsuit. The specific papers by which the allegations of parties to a lawsuit are presented in proper form; specifically the complaint of a plaintiff and the answer of a defendant plus any additional responses to those papers that are authorized by law. Post Trial Motion A written request to the court for something after a trial in a criminal case is finished and a judge has made a written decision. Power of Attorney A written document in which one person appoints another person to act as an agent on his or her behalf, giving authority to perform certain acts or functions. Prenuptial agreement A written agreement setting out terms of the relationship for the division of property and financial issues for a couple who are about to live together or marry should the relationship or marriage later be dissolved. Pro bono For the good; used to describe work or services done or performed free of charge. Pro se (pronounced pro say) Latin phrase that means "for himself." A person who represents himself in court alone without the help of a lawyer is said to appear pro se. Probate A type of court case or area of law that focuses on guardianships, conservatorships, or division of a persons property after death. Process Server A person who serves or delivers legal paperwork. Professional Surety Bond A bond posted through the service of a state licensed bondsman of your choice. The bondsman may require a co-signer and/or collateral to secure the bond. Promissory note A written document in which a borrower agrees (promises) to pay back money to a lender according to specified terms Property bond A bond posted using the equity from real estate located in this state.The unencumbered equity must be 1.5 times the amount of the bond. Prosecuting Attorney The attorney who represents the State of Colorado or a particular city against a Defendant in criminal cases. A prosecuting attorney is most commonly a District Attorney or a City Attorney (in Municipal Cases). Protected Person Term used to describe someone who is subject to a conservatorship and has a conservator appointed to help them. Public Notice Document which is submitted to the local newspaper (that must meet the qualifications of a legal publication) to publish notice of a requested name change. Public Trustee In Colorado, an individual appointed by the Governor that keeps deeds of trusts related to real estate, handles the sale of foreclosed real estate, and collects taxes related to real estate. A public trustee is appointed in each county or the treasurer in the county acts as public trustee. Publication A method of providing legal notice, conveying or making information generally known to the public, usually by means of an approved newspaper in the appropriate county or district. Quit Claim Deed A real property deed which transfers (conveys) only that interest in the property in which the grantor has title. Commonly used in transfers of title or interests in title, quit claims are often made to family members, divorcing spouses, or in other transactions between people well-known to each other. Real property Land and all the things that are attached to it, like a garage or barn. Anything that is not real property is personal property. Personal property is anything that isn't nailed down, dug into, or built onto the land. A house is real property, but a dining room set is not. Registered Agent A person authorized to accept Service of Process for a corporation. Relinquishment Forsaking, abandoning, renouncing, or giving over a right. Renunciation Giving up a right, such as a right of inheritance, a gift under a will or abandoning the right to collect a debt on a note. Replevin Legal way to get property back from a person who has wrongfully taken or kept property. You must have had or have the right to keep to the property. Respondent A person who has been named in a court case, and was served legal documents that were started and given to the Court by another person, known as the “Petitioner.” If the Respondent wishes to have a say in the case he or she must file or give a response to the Court. Restitution Restitution is an order of the court by which offenders are held accountable for the financial losses they caused to the victims of their crimes. Return of Service Written proof under oath by a process server saying that they delivered legal documents (such as a summons and complaint). "Return of Service" is also refered to as "Proof of Service". Right of Survivorship When property is owned by two or more people and one of the owners dies, his or her share goes to the remaining owners without needing to open a probate case. Satisfaction of Judgment The document stating the Judgment Debtor has satisfied (paid) the judgment. If the judgment has been paid, this document must be filed by the Judgment Creditor with the Clerk of Court in order to remove the judgment from credit reports as being unpaid. The satisfaction can be “Full” or “Partial”. Security Agreement A contract between a lender and borrower that states that the lender can repossess the property a person has offered as collateral if the loan is not paid as agreed. Self-represented Litigant Also known as a Pro Se Party. A person who represents himself or herself in court without the help of a lawyer. Separation Agreement Written arrangements concerning custody or parental obligation, child support, spousal maintenance (alimony), and property division made by a married couple who are usually about to obtain a divorce or legal separation Serve To give court paperwork that starts a court case or is part of a court case to the person that is being sued or the other person in the case. This is done by a person who isn't involved in the case or a sheriff or private process server. The person starting the case cannot deliver the paperwork. Service of Process The official act by which a party is notified that a court action has been filed against them. They are personally served with a copy of the document(s) filed and information as to the steps they should take in order to respond to the court action. Settle The resolution or compromise by the parties in a civil lawsuit. Settlement Conference An informal assessment and negotiation session conducted by a legal professional who hears both sides of the case, may advise the parties on the law and precedent relating to the dispute, and suggest a settlement.An informal assessment and negotiation session conducted by a legal professional who hears both sides of the case, may advise the parties on the law and precedent relating to the dispute, and suggest a settlement. Shall In legal terms, “shall” is defined as “required”. Statute of Limitations Laws setting deadlines for being charged with a crime or filing lawsuits within a certain time after the crime or events occur that are the source of a claim. Stay An order stopping a judicial proceeding or execution of a judgment. Stipulation An agreement by opposing lawyers on any matter. Most stipulations must be in writing. Strict Liability A concept applied by courts in product liability cases in which a seller is liable for any and all defective or hazardous products that unduly threaten a consumer's personal safety. Subpoena An order to a witness to appear and testify at a specified time and place. Subpoena Duces Tecum Latin meaning "bring with you". Subpoena duces tecum seeks not the appearance of a person before a court but the surrender of a thing (document or some other evidence) by its holder, to the court, to serve as evidence in a trial. Summation The closing argument in a trial. Summons (1)An order to a sheriff or other officer to notify a named person that a civil action has been commenced against him or her and that he or she is required to appear within a specified period and answer the complaint.(2) A written order or notice directing that a person appear before a designated court at a stated time and place and answer to a charge against him or her. (3) The document initiates all civil law suits and is referred to as process. Supersedeas Bond A bond required of a party who asks to set aside a judgment or execution and from which the other party may be paid if the action is unsuccessful. Sworn Financial Statement A written document that contains financial information to include monthly income, expenses, debts, and value of assets. Temporary Injunction An automatic Court order in place until the Decree is entered or until further order of the Court. The order prevents the transfer of property, ending of insurance coverage, etc. without the permission of the other person in the case. Temporary Order Written paperwork from the Court, short-term, to deal with issues such as spousal maintenance (alimony), child support, or financial responsibilities until the final decree of divorce is made. Temporary Protection Order (TPO) Short-term written paperwork from the court granted without notice or hearing. A Temporary Protection Order (TPO) keeps one party from the other until the court can hear more evidence and decide whether to issue a permanent protection order. Temporary Substitute Guardian If a guardian is not doing what they are supposed to be doing, and it would be in the best interest of the Ward to take immediate action, the court can appoint a temporary substitute guardian for a maximum of 6 months. Tenants in Common Property that is owned by two or more people. When one person dies his or her part of the property goes to his or her estate rather than to the remaining co-owners. A probate case may be necessary. Testamentary A document issued by the court clerk which states the authority of the executor of an estate of a person who has died. It is issued during probate of the estate as soon as the court approves the appointment of the executor named in the will Testate Estate in which the person who died left a will. Testator The person who makes a will. Testimony Statements made by a witness, under oath, either spoken in court or in a sworn statement or affidavit. Tort An injury or wrong committed, with or without force, against someone or their property. Transcript A typed record of what was said and happened in a court hearing. Transcript of Judgment A one-page document from the Court that gives the name of the Judgment Debtor (person or company who owes money), Judgment Creditor (the person or company who is owed money) and the date and amount of the judgment. Transferable on Death (TOD) Naming beneficiaries to receive your money and property when you die without filing a probate case. Traverse A denial; where a Defendant denies any important claim of fact in the Plaintiff’s statement. Trust Property given to a trustee to manage for the benefit of another person. Generally the beneficiary gets interest and dividends on the trust assets for a set number of years. Trustee Person or group that supervises and manages a trust. Valid Claim A grievance that can be resolved by legal action. Verdict The opinion rendered by a jury, or a judge where there is no jury, on a question of fact. A verdict differs from a judgment in that a verdict is not a judicial determination, but is a finding of fact. Vicarious Liability When one person is liable for the negligent actions of another person, even though the first person was not directly responsible for the injury. For instance, a parent sometimes can be vicariously liable for the harmful acts of a child and an employer sometimes can be vicariously liable for the acts of a worker. Victim : Any person aggrieved by the conduct of an offender. For a complete listing of who may be considered a victim, please see Section 18-1.3-602(4) of the Colorado Revised Statutes. Wage execution The act of taking a person's wages to satisfy a judgment. Also known as garnishment. Waiver The intentional and voluntary relinquishment of a legal right. Waiver of Service A voluntary acceptance of service by the Respondent giving up his or her right to proof of service or service of future court documents or notices of hearings from the Petitioner. Ward Term used to describe someone who is subject to a guardianship and has a guardian appointed to help them. Warrant An order issued by the court ordering any peace officer to arrest the person named or described in the order. Warrantless Arrest An arrest of a person without a warrant. It is generally permissible if the arresting officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed a felony or if the person has committed a misdemeanor amounting to a breach of the peace. Witness One who testifies under oath as to what she/he has seen, heard or otherwise observed. Writ An order issued from a court requiring the performance of a specified act, or giving authority to have it done. Writ of Attachment A writ used to enforce obedience to an order or judgment of the court by taking property. Writ of Certiorari An order by the appellate court that is used when the court has discretion on whether or not to hear an appeal. If the writ is denied, the court refused to hear the appeal and, in effect, the judgment below stands unchanged. If the writ is granted, then it has the effect of ordering the lower court to certify the record and send it up to the higher court that will use its discretion to hear the case. Writ of Execution An order from the court to put in force the judgment or decree of a court by taking property of the person who owes money to pay a debt.	i don't know
Immortalized in an 1854 poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the Charge of the Light Brigade, a military disaster for the English, occurred during what 1854 war?	The Charge Of The Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson Alfred, Lord Tennyson 1809-1892 This poem was written to memorialize a suicidal charge by light cavalry over open terrain by British forces in the Battle of Balaclava (Ukraine) in the Crimean War (1854-56). 247 men of the 637 in the charge were killed or wounded. Britain entered the war, which was fought by Russia against Turkey, Britain and France, because Russia sought to control the Dardanelles. Russian control of the Dardanelles threatened British sea routes. Many in the west best know of this war today because of Florence Nightingale, who trained and led nurses aiding the wounded during the war in a manner innovative for those times. The War was also noteworthy as an early example of the work of modern war correspondents. The Charge Of The Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson Memorializing Events in the Battle of Balaclava, October 25, 1854 Written 1854 Half a league half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred: Charge for the guns' he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Was there a man dismay'd ? Not tho' the soldier knew Some one had blunder'd: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do & die, Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley'd & thunder'd; Storm'd at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell Rode the six hundred. Flash'd all their sabres bare, Flash'd as they turn'd in air Sabring the gunners there, Then they rode back, but not Not the six hundred. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon behind them Storm'd at with shot and shell, While horse & hero fell, They that had fought so well Came thro' the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of Hell, All that was left of them, Left of six hundred. When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wonder'd. Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred! Note: This poem, including punctuation, is reproduced from a scan of the poem written out by Tennyson in his own hand later, in 1864. The scan was made available online by the University of Virginia.	Crimean War
A mere 2,134 feet shorter than Mt. Rainier, what is the second tallest peak in Washington?	The War Movie Buff: #26 - The Charge of the Light Brigade #26 - The Charge of the Light Brigade RESULTS OF THE MOVIE PICTURE QUIZ: 1. Full Metal Jacket 5. The Bridge Over the River Kwai 6. Guns of Navarone 8. The Man Who Would Be King 9. The Thin Red Line 10. Pork Chop Hill BACK-STORY: “The Charge of the Light Brigade” was released in 1936 and is one of the “British Empire movies” like “Lives of the Bengal Lancers”. It falls into the historical adventures subgenre. The movie was directed by Michael Curtiz (“Casablanca”) and stars Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland. The film was one of twelve made by Curtiz and Flynn (with de Havilland appearing in eight). It was filmed in California with the Sierra Nevadas standing in for the mountains of India. The movie had a large budget of $1.23 million. It was a box office success and was nominated for Academy Awards for Sound and Original Score (Max Steiner). The production was difficult with Flynn and Curtiz at odds and Flynn tormenting de Havilland with schoolboy pranks including the use of a whoopee cushion. OPENING: The film begins with a dedication to the members of the Light Brigade that died in the Battle of Balaclava in 1856 and thanks Alfred, Lord Tennyson for his poem. This is followed by a remarkably frank disclaimer that apparently was a one-time attempt by Hollywood to ease its conscience. Note: this frankness did not catch on. “This production has its basis in history. The historical basis, however, has been fictionalized for the purposes of this picture and the names of many characters, many characters themselves, the story, incidents, and institutions, are fictitious.” If this had run at the end of the film, it would have evinced a hearty “no shit, Sherlock!” The year is 1854. A unit of lancers led by Capt. Geoffrey Vickers (Flynn) escorts a British diplomat to the northwestern Indian frontier province of Suristan. The diplomat has to break the bad news to the rajah Surat Khan (C. Henry Gordon) that the East India Company will not be renewing the subsidy it had been paying his recently deceased father. Surat snidely insists he will maintain the peace in spite of this insult. He treats the Brits to a leopard hunt using elephants. During the hunt, Vickers saves the Khan’s life so now Surat owes him one. Cliché alert! By the way, those shot guns sound just like rifles (Best Sound?) and did they actually shoot two leopards (ask the charging horses: see below). SUMMARY: At army headquarters, a ball (and the sappy music) indicates romance is in the air (and a war on the way). Vickers returns to his fiance Elsa (de Havilland) who happens to be his COs daughter, and by the way, cheating (in a 30s movie way) on him with his brother Percy (Patric Knowles). That’s right, she has betrayed Errol Flynn for Patric Knowles! Ah, the heart. Two brothers in love with the same woman – groundbreaking scriptwriting. Before the newsome twosome can break it to the poor sap (played by Errol Flynn), Elsa’s father catchs them at first base and justifiably accuses the REMF brother-of-a-dashing-war-hero (played by Flynn) to takes his paws off his future son-in-law’s wife. Percy is undeterred and tells Geoffrey in the usual “I didn’t plan this and never wanted to hurt you” style. Geoffrey believes Percy is fantasizing because what woman would choose Patric Knowles over Errol Flynn. They part company dysfunctionally. Elsa looks in Geoffrey’s (Errol’s) eyes and revows her love, but her heart is not in it. To wash the taste of this scene out of our mouths, Geoffrey goes off on an adventure which involves an ambush by Indians, oops – I mean Indian rebels. Geoffrey gets his unit out of this tight scrape by disguising himself as a rebel leader (after killing him) and ordering them to flee. Did I mention he’s played by Errol Flynn? He is then tragically shot by his own men when he returns still in disguise. End of movie. Actually, they missed so the movie continues. Vickers gets assigned to a border post with penis-shaped towers and an upside down Union Jack (they must have been looking at the towers when they raised the flag) named Chukoti. It is appropriate to ask at this point – how the hell is the movie going to end up at Balaclava?! Word has it the Khan is planning an attack so Vickers suggests the politically and strategically unsound option of launching a pre-emptive attack. Not only is he turned down, but most of the garrison is sent off on manuevers. They do get a dubious reinforcement with the arrival of Elsa. She is about to tell Geoffrey of her preference for Percy when… was that a gunshot? The Kahn’s army (with his new Russian buddy) are assaulting the fort. That villain is attacking those nice British who occupy his country and have refused to pay him the usual subsidy. What an ingrate! The superior British soldiers immediately abandon the walls of the fort and take refuge with the women and children in the less defensible barracks. (It looks braver and more sensible in the movie than on paper.) The enemy stops firing so we can have some exposition and planning for a messenger to escape the Alamo, I mean Chukoti. The dead meat or savior is Geoffrey’s friend Randall (David Niven). Turns out he’s the dead meat variety of this stock character. The next day the Khan humanely allows the doomed British to evacuate with all their arms in safety. Could this be treachery? He seems like a trustworthy fellow. (This movie was probably a big favorite of Neville Chamberlain.) Would you believe the Indians open fire on the escaping British? Wait, can they do that? Apparently, yes. Meanwhile, Elsa and Geoffrey are allowed to get away because of the leopard hunting incident. A relief force finds Chukoti deserted, but with all the civilian hostages dead (including cute little Prema) and the British hostages (including Elsa’s father) executed. This means war! In the Crimea! Wait, where? Oh, it’s time to end this ninety minute prologue and move on to the subject of the movie. What a shame that the Twentie-seventh Lancers are being sent to the Crimean War before they can get revenge against the Khan. Unless… guess who is in the Crimea with his new Russian buddies? Kill two birds with one lance, anyone? But first, let’s solve this pesky love triangle. Elsa finally tells Geoffrey who naturally takes it like the stiff upper lipped bloke that he is. Percy feels real bad about the whole thing. You can tell from his face, but not his pants. No gloating allowed. CLOSING: When Geoffrey finds out the Khan is with a Russian battery that holds a commanding position on the heights defending the besieged Sebastopol, he flashes back to the massacre and forges orders for a cavalry charge by the Light Brigade. It will be a frontal attack by cavalry into cannon-fire from three sides, but Flynn knows that there is nothing more powerful than revenge in a movie. Before the attack, he orders Percy to the rear, thus proving what an understanding chap he is or that he has hooked up with Florence Nightingale and has already forgotten what’s her name. It’s time for one of the great cinematic charges. Horses might want to stop watching at this point. The Lancers gallop through a hail of steel and explosions. Numerous horses go down (from trip wires; over twenty horses were killed in the filming; Flynn ratted out the film to the ASPCA and this resulted in the strict regulations we have today for animal safety in film making; oh, and a stuntman was killed when he was thrown onto a broken sword). Khan watches from the Russian lines. He’s pretty cocky at first. What are the chances Vickers will survive a suicidal attack to duel with him? But Custer, I mean Vickers, keeps coming on and breaches the Russian position with a valiant (and extremely lucky) few. The Khan shoots him, but Geoffrey spears the villain and other lancers pin cushion him. Vickers dies with the sweet taste of revenge in his mouth. Back at headquarters, the commanding general burns Vickers’ note explaining his forged order and decides to accept responsibility for the charge, especially since it was successful in cracking open Sebastopol. RATINGS: Plot = C Overall = C WOULD CHICKS DIG IT? Probably. I did mention it is an Errol Flynn movie. The romance is trite and lacks chemistry, but it is a romance. The violence is not graphic and the action is not particularly macho. The leads are attractive. Even the villain is suave. HISTORICAL ACCURACY: I have already mentioned the disclaimer, so you know the movie is aware that it is mostly bull shit. Kudos in that respect. With that said, the movie is actually more accurate than many of the other “horse and sand epics”. The two main set pieces are based on actual events and do bear some resemblance to them. However, for a movie purporting to be about the Charge of the Light Brigade to start in India (where the Light Brigade was not stationed) and then end up in the Crimea, that takes some major balls. Some of the chronology is also perplexing. The dedication mentions 1856 when the Battle of Balaclava was in 1854, the same year as the publishing of the poem. Sloppy! (But not as sloppy as the numerous upside down Union Jacks.) The movie is clearly based on the Seventeenth Lancers. There was no Twentieseventh Lancers involved in the Charge. They were not in India, but the massacre is based on the Siege of Cawnpore. There was no Suristan or Surat Khan, but one of the causes of the Sepoy Rebellion was mistreatment of local emirs like him. The East India Company did routinely cut off subsidies to sons of deceased rulers, creating much ill-will. In the movie, there is no reference to a rebellion by Indian soldiers serving the East India Company (sepoys). Instead, the movie invents a local rebellion by an aggrieved ruler. The attack on the fictional Chukoti is similar to what happened at Cawnpore. A British unit and its civilian component were besieged in this fort by rebels led by Nana Sahib. The Sahib was the adopted son of a ruler and when he succeeded, the East India Company cut the subsidy. His personal grudge coincided with the anger of the sepoys. The siege lasted three weeks and featured bombardment, sniping, and failed assaults. Inside, the British suffered from heat and lack of food and water. The Sahib offered safe passage which the British commander accepted. Similar to the movie, the ambush occurred as the British boarded boats. Unlike the movie, historians are unsure whether to blame the Sahib for treachery or chalk it up to itchy trigger fingers. The elimination of the survivors was aftermathed accurately by the movie. The actual murders were much worse than implied in the film. Nana Sahib disappeared from history after the recapture of Cawnpore by the British. No revenge here. The Crimean War is not backgrounded in the movie. It occurred from 1853-1856. Russia was hoping to carve off part of the decaying Ottoman Empire, but when Turkey declared war, England and France joined it in a classic European balance the power scenario. The Anglo-French forces invaded the Crimea and laid siege to Sebastopol. The Battle of Balaclava was the historical highlight and Tennyson’s poem immortalized the Charge of the Light Brigade. The movie Hollywoodizes the Charge by making it into an act of revenge and totally avoiding the controversial aspect of the order. Lord Raglan ordered the Light Brigade (with the Seventeenth Lancers in the center) in response to the withdrawal of a Russian battery on one part of the heights. When Capt. Louis Nolan delivered the already vague order to Lord Cardigan, Nolan broadly gestured toward a different part of the heights where the Russian artillery was firmly positioned. Since Nolan was killed in the charge (possibly trying to rectify his error), the mystery will not be solved. The charge is realistically depicted in the film. The “valley of death” was indeed a killing ground with fire coming from three sides. Like the movie, some horses were killed in the action. This resulted in strict restrictions against shooting at horses in future wars. Just kidding. French Field Marshal Bosquat famously remarked: “C’est magnifique, mais ce n’est pas la guerre”. Some of the Lancers did make it into the redoubt, but soon after had to pull back due to lack of support and heavy losses. They rode back with grapeshot and cannister chasing them. Unlike the movie, Cardigan survived (and rushed home to a champagne dinner). Of the plus 600 cavalrymen, 118 were killed, 127 wounded, and 60 were captured. Typical of a movie like this, it forces a happy ending where there was none. It is strongly implied that the charge was successful in causing the fall of Sebastopol. In reality, the Charge was a failure and the men died valiantly but in vain. Sebastopol did not fall until the next year. CRITIQUE: “The Charge of the Light Brigade” is classic old school. It is black and white, but that’s not a problem because most of the scenery in India is lacking in color. The cinematography is crisp, but not special until we get to the Charge. The score is what you would expect from a 1930s historical adventure. It is hammy and sappy and designed to manipulate your emotions. The acting is not a strength. Flynn is satisfactory playing a 1930s hero who is too good to be true. The characters are all stereotypes. The torn-between-two-gentlemen female. The dashing, but sensitive hero. The likeable romantic rival. The bonhomme best buddy. We even get the busy-body, husband-nagger for comic relief. Surat Khan starts out interesting, but ends up stock. His motivation for the massacre is out of character and unclear. The movie is very predictable and cliché-ridden. Nothing happens that is unusual. Of course, American audiences could have been shocked if the result of the Charge had been shown historically accurate. The last twenty minutes piles on the cliches. A duel between the hero and the villain at the climax – check. The love triangle solved by the noble death of one of the two men – check. A postscript which assures that the hero did not die in vain (or commit a court-martial offense) – check. The biggest problem with the movie is the lack of realism. For instance, with all the dusty marching the British uniforms remain pristine. Geoffrey’s calm reaction to his brother’s betrayal is possible, but improbable. The Khan’s appearance in the Crimea is laughable. These types of things are pretty standard for movies of this kind, however. They are what they are. CONCLUSION: Once again, a head-scratcher. You could possibly make a case for it making it into the Greatest 100, but #26 is astounding. Some of the overrated Greatest 100 could possibly have gotten their higher than deserved rankings because the panel deemed them “important”, but that could not have been the case here. “Lives of a Bengal Lancer” would fit better if you are looking for a similar movie that is important in cinematic history. It did not even make the list. And, on a similar note, this movie is inferior to the other Flynn vehicle that made the list at #48 - "The Sea Hawk". THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE (1968) Perhaps you would like to see a movie that just covers the Charge of the Light Brigade and has no scenes in India, of all places. Well, you might want to check out the 1968 version. It is vastly different than the original. It sacrifices entertainment for realism. It juxtaposes the cushy lives of the upper class officers and the grungy lives of the enlisted men. All of the main characters are officers and all are pompous. Many are assholes. Throw in a heavy dose of incompetence. The enlisted are depicted as pathetic drones. The main character is an idealistic Captain Nolan (David Hemmings) who becomes the object of Lord Cardigan’s (Trevor Howard) insane ire over ordering the wrong liquor at a dinner (the “black bottle incident” which was actually a different officer). Nolan is the closest we get to Vickers. There is even a tepid love triangle involving Nolan and his best friend and his best friend’s wife. Yawn. Nolan is depicted inaccurately as a sympathetic character who rails against the inhumanity of war. Cardigan is an incredible boor. His mirror image brother-in-law Lucan (Harry Andrews) and he have an intense hatred for each other. Stuck in the middle is the senile fool Raglan (John Geilgud). It would have been a miracle if there had not been a military disaster. The battle scenes are well staged and look like they used re-enactors for authenticity, but this is no “Gettysburg”. The Charge is the highlight and is pretty good historically. It handles the confusion of the order well. Nolan pushes for the counterattack, but when he delivers the order he seemingly becomes unhinged in the presence of Cardigan and makes his tragic gesture up the valley. The movie takes the approach that Nolan was attempting to rectify his mistake when he was killed by shrapnel. The Charge has lots of action and some blood. Surprisingly it does not improve on the earlier version. It is certainly more accurate with the Russian cavalry counterattacking at the cannons. The movie then suddenly jumps to the survivors returning and closes with Cardigan, Lucan, and Raglan arguing over responsibility. I hate to say this but in this case fiction is better than the truth. The movie is boring with no likeable characters. Although possibly true to life, the movie is very harsh on the officer class. There is even a gold-digging officer’s wife who is cuckolding him with Cardigan. Watching this ugly actress bed Trevor Howard hurts the eyes. Nolan is treated sympathetically which is better than the real person deserved. The enlisted life sections cover from recruitment through training to camp and are well meant and realistic but the movie unwisely does not feature any of the common soldiers (or scum as Wellington would have called them). The best thing about the movie is some bizarre animation influenced by Punch Magazine’s political cartoons. These appear periodically to fill in background on European events. For this reason, the big picture is much clearer than in the 1936 version. You definitely learn more about the Crimean War and the Battle of Balaclava from this version, but at the cost of entertainment. I am tempted to say that if you watch both movies, you would have one complete movie on the Charge of the Light Brigade. However, this would mean spending more than four hours of your life watching two less than outstanding movies. Save the time and just read the poem. 1936 version = C-	i don't know
A group of producers acting together to fix prices are known as what?	Cartel Definition \| Investopedia Loading the player... What is a 'Cartel' A cartel is an organization created from a formal agreement between a group of producers of a good or service to regulate supply in an effort to regulate or manipulate prices. In other words, a cartel is a collection of otherwise independent businesses or countries that act together as if they were a single producer and thus are able to fix prices for the goods they produce and the services they render without competition. BREAKING DOWN 'Cartel' A cartel has less command over an industry than a monopoly — a situation where a single group or company owns all or nearly all of a given product or service's market. Some cartels are formed to influence the price of legally traded goods and services, while others exist in illegal industries, such as drugs. In the United States, virtually all cartels, regardless of their line of business, are illegal by virtue of American anti-trust laws. Cartels have a negative effect for consumers because their existence results in higher prices and restricted supply. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has made the detection and prosecution of cartels one of its priority policy objectives. In so doing, it has identified four major categories that define how cartels conduct themselves: price fixing, output restrictions, market allocation and bid rigging (the submission of collusive tenders). The World's Biggest Cartel The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is the world's largest cartel. It is a grouping of 14 oil-producing countries whose mission is to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets. OPEC's activities are legal because it is protected by U.S. foreign trade laws. Amid controversy in the mid-2000s, concerns over retaliation and potential negative effects on U.S. businesses led to the blocking of the U.S. Congress attempt to penalize OPEC as an illegal cartel. Despite the fact that OPEC is considered by most to be a cartel, members of OPEC have maintained it is not a cartel at all but rather an international organization with a legal, permanent and necessary mission. Illegal Activities Drug trafficking organizations, especially in South America, are often referred to as "drug cartels." These organizations do meet the technical definition of being cartels. They are loosely affiliated groups who set rules among themselves to control the price and supply of a good, namely illegal drugs. The best-known example of this is the Medellin Cartel, which was headed by Pablo Escobar in the 1980s until his death in 1993. The cartel famously trafficked large amounts of cocaine into the United States and was known for its violent methods. Trading Center	Cartel
From the Latin for Kalium, what element, with an atomic number of 19, uses the symbol K?	��ࡱ�>�� mo��jkl��7 ��<�bjbjUU /�7\|7\|��lBBBBBBBV0008h\|DV�f��:.4H jllllll$Q q f�BTTT��BB��T.BBj�Tj��.BB.� ��^�@Y�V� 0��..<�0�.� Z4� .�VVBBBB�Chapter 16 Oligopoly MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Markets with only a few sellers, each offering a product similar or identical to the others, are typically referred to as a. competitive markets. b. monopoly markets. c. monopolistically competitive markets. d. oligopoly markets. ANSWER: d. oligopoly markets. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 2. An oligopoly is a market in which a. there are only a few sellers, each offering a product similar or identical to the others. b. firms are price takers. c. the actions of one seller in the market have no impact on the other sellers� profits. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. there are only a few sellers, each offering a product similar or identical to the others. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 3. The general term for market structures that fall somewhere in-between monopoly and perfect competition is a. incomplete markets. b. imperfectly competitive markets. c. oligopoly markets. d. monopolistically competitive markets. ANSWER: b. imperfectly competitive markets. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 4. In a market that is characterized by imperfect competition, a. firms are price takers. b. there is always a large number of firms. c. there are at least a few firms that compete with one another. d. the actions of one firm in the market never have any impact on the other firms� profits. ANSWER: c. there are at least a few firms that compete with one another. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 5. There are two types of imperfectly competitive markets: a. monopoly and monopolistic competition. b. monopoly and oligopoly. c. monopolistic competition and oligopoly. d. monopolistic competition and cartels. ANSWER: c. monopolistic competition and oligopoly. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 6. Monopolistically competitive firms are typically characterized by a. many firms selling products that are similar, but not identical. b. many firms selling identical products. c. a few firms selling products that are similar, but not identical. d. a few firms selling highly different products. ANSWER: a. many firms selling products that are similar, but not identical. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 7. A special kind of imperfectly competitive market that has only two firms is called a. a two-tier competitive structure. b. an incidental monopoly. c. a doublet. d. a duopoly. ANSWER: d. a duopoly. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 8. In markets characterized by oligopoly, a. the oligopolists are best off cooperating and behaving like a monopolist. b. collusive agreements will always prevail. c. collective profits are always lower with cartel arrangements than they are without cartel arrangements. d. pursuit of self-interest by profit-maximizing firms always maximizes collective profits in the market. ANSWER: a. the oligopolists are best off cooperating and behaving like a monopolist. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 9. Firms in industries that have competitors but, at the same time, do not face so much competition that they are price takers, are operating in either a(n) a. oligopoly or perfectly competitive market. b. oligopoly or monopoly market. c. oligopoly or monopolistically competitive market. d. monopoly or monopolistically competitive market. ANSWER: c. oligopoly or monopolistically competitive market. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 10. One characteristic of an oligopoly market structure is: a. firms in the industry are typically characterized by very diverse product lines. b. firms in the industry have some degree of market power. c. products typically sell at a price that reflects their marginal cost of production. d. the actions of one seller have no impact on the profitability of other sellers. ANSWER: b. Firms in the industry have some degree of market power. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 11. One key difference between an oligopoly market and a competitive market is that oligopolistic firms a. are price takers while competitive firms are not. b. are interdependent while competitive firms are not. c. sell completely unrelated products while competitive firms do not. d. sell their product at a price equal to marginal cost while competitive firms do not. ANSWER: b. are interdependent while competitive firms are not. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 12. Typical firms in our economy are classified as a. perfectly competitive. b. imperfectly competitive. c. duopolists. d. oligopolists. ANSWER: b. imperfectly competitive. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 13. Given that there are approximately 12 companies currently selling cars in the United States, the car market is classified as a. perfectly competitive. b. monopolistically competitive. c. oligopolistic. d. the classification is open to debate. ANSWER: d. the classification is open to debate. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 14. When an industry has many firms, the industry is a. an oligopoly if the firms sell differentiated products; it is monopolistically competitive if the firms sell identical products. b. an oligopoly if the firms sell differentiated products; it is perfectly competitive if the firms sell identical products. c. monopolistically competitive if the firms sell differentiated products; it is perfectly competitive if the firms sell identical products. d. perfectly competitive if the firms sell differentiated products; it is monopolistically competitive if the firms sell identical products. ANSWER: c. monopolistically competitive if the firms sell differentiated products; it is perfectly competitive if the firms sell identical products. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 15. Crude oil is supplied to the world market primarily by a few Middle Eastern countries. Such a market is an example of a(n) (i) imperfectly competitive market. (ii) monopoly market. (iii) oligopoly market. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. (iii) only ANSWER: c. (i) and (iii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 16. If, in a particular market, firms sell identical products, then the market is (i) perfectly competitive. (ii) monopolistically competitive. (iii) an oligopoly. a. (i) or (ii) b. (ii) or (iii) c. (i) or (iii) d. (i) only ANSWER: c. (i) or (iii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 17. In which of the following markets is economic profit driven to zero in the long run? a. oligopoly b. monopoly c. perfect competition d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: c. perfect competition TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 18. The typical firm in the economy a. has some degree of market power. b. sells its product for a price that is equal to the marginal cost of producing the last unit. c. is perfectly competitive. d. is a monopoly. ANSWER: a. has some degree of market power. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 19. If there are many firms participating in a market, the market is either a. an oligopoly or monopolistically competitive. b. perfectly competitive or monopolistically competitive. c. an oligopoly or perfectly competitive. d. All of the above are possible. ANSWER: b. perfectly competitive or monopolistically competitive. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.1 20. As a group, oligopolists would always be better off if they would act collectively a. as if they were each seeking to maximize their own individual profits. b. in a manner that would prohibit collusive agreements. c. as a single monopolist. d. as a single perfectly competitive firm. ANSWER: c. as a single monopolist. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 21. As a group, oligopolists would always be best off if they would a. produce the perfectly competitive quantity of output. b. produce more than the perfectly competitive quantity of output. c. charge the same price that a monopolist would charge if the market were a monopoly. d. operate according to their own individual self-interests. ANSWER: c. charge the same price that a monopolist would charge if the market were a monopoly. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 22. Because each oligopolist cares about its own profit rather than the collective profit of all the oligopolists together, a. they are unable to maintain the same degree of monopoly power enjoyed by a monopolist. b. each firm�s profit always ends up being zero. c. society is worse off as a result. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. they are unable to maintain the same degree of monopoly power enjoyed by a monopolist. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 Use the information below to answer question 23 through 28 The information in the table below depicts the total demand for premium channel digital cable TV subscriptions in a small urban market. Assume that each digital cable TV operator pays a fixed cost of $100,000 (per year) to provide premium digital channels in the market area and that the marginal cost of providing the premium channel service to a household is zero. Quantity Price (per year) 0 $120 3,000 $100 6,000 $80 9,000 $60 12,000 $40 15,000 $20 18,000 $0 23. If there is only one digital cable TV company in this market, what price would it charge for a premium digital channel subscription to maximize its profit? a. $40 b. $60 c. $80 d. $100 ANSWER: b. $60 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 24. Assume that there are two digital cable TV companies operating in this market. If they are able to "collude" on price and quantity of subscriptions to sell, what price (P) will they charge, and how many subscriptions (Q) will they collectively sell? a. P = $40, Q = 12,000 b. P = $60, Q = 9,000 a. P = $80, Q = 6,000 b. P = $100, Q = 3,000 ANSWER: b. P = $60, Q = 9,000 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 25. Assume that there are two profit-maximizing digital cable TV companies operating in this market. Further assume that they are able to "collude" on price and quantity of premium digital channel subscriptions to sell. As part of their collusive agreement they decide to take an equal share of the market. How much profit will each company make? a. $170,000 b. $40,000 c. $480,000 d. $540,000 ANSWER: a. $170,000 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 26. Assume that there are two profit-maximizing digital cable TV companies operating in this market. Further assume that they are not able to "collude" on price and quantity of premium digital channel subscriptions to sell. How many premium digital channel cable TV subscriptions will be collectively sold (by both firms) when this market reaches a Nash equilibrium? a. 3,000 b. 6,000 c. 9,000 d. 12,000 ANSWER: d. 12,000 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 27. Assume that there are two profit-maximizing digital cable TV companies operating in this market. Further assume that they are not able to "collude" on price and quantity of premium digital channel subscriptions to sell. What price will premium digital channel cable TV subscriptions be sold at when this market reaches a Nash equilibrium? a. $40 b. $60 c. $80 d. $100 ANSWER: a. $40 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.12 28. Assume that there are two profit-maximizing digital cable TV companies operating in this market. Further assume that they are not able to "collude" on price and quantity of premium digital channel subscriptions to sell. How much profit will each firm earn when this market reaches a Nash equilibrium? a. $0 b. $140,000 c. $170,000 d. $220,000 ANSWER: b. $140,000 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 Use the following information to answer question 29 through 33. Imagine a small town in which only two residents, Tony and Jill, own wells that produce water for safe drinking. Each Saturday, Tony and Jill work together to decide how many gallons of water to pump, bring the water to town, and sell it at whatever price the market will bear. To keep things simple, suppose that Tony and Jill can pump as much water as they want without cost; therefore, the marginal cost of water equals zero. The weekly town demand schedule and total revenue schedule for water is reflected in the table below. Weekly Weekly Quantity Total Revenue (in gallons) Price (and Total Profit) 0 $12 $0 10 11 110 20 10 200 30 9 270 40 8 320 50 7 350 60 6 360 70 5 350 80 4 320 90 3 270 100 2 200 110 1 110 120 0 0 29. Since Tony and Jill operate as a profit-maximizing monopoly in the market for water, what price will they charge to sell 80 gallons of water? a. $2 b. $4 c. $6 d. $7 ANSWER: b. $4 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 30. If the market for water was perfectly competitive instead of a monopolistic, how many gallons of water would be produced and sold? a. 70 b. 90 c. 110 d. 120 ANSWER: d. 120 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 31. As long as Tony and Jill operate as a profit-maximizing monopoly, what will their weekly revenue equal? a. $200 b. $270 c. $350 d. $360 ANSWER: d. $360 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 32. The socially efficient level of water supplied to the market would be a. 60 gallons. b. 80 gallons. c. 100 gallons. d. 120 gallons. ANSWER: d. 120 gallons. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 33. Suppose the town enacts new antitrust laws that prohibit Tony and Jill from operating as a monopolist. What will the new price of water end up being once the Nash equilibrium is reached? a. $3 b. $4 c. $5 d. $6 ANSWER: b. $4 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.2 34. Assuming that oligopolists do not have the opportunity to collude, once they have reached the Nash equilibrium, it a. is always in their best interest to supply more to the market. b. is always in their best interest to supply less to the market. c. is always in their best interest to leave their quantities supplied unchanged. d. may be in their best interest to do any of the above, depending on market conditions. ANSWER: c. is always in their best interest to leave their quantities supplied unchanged. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 35. When an oligopoly market is in Nash equilibrium, a. market price will be different for each firm. b. firms will not behave as profit maximizers. c. a firm will choose its best pricing strategy, given the strategies that it observes other firms taking. d. a firm will not take into account the strategies of competing firms. ANSWER: c. a firm will choose its best pricing strategy, given the strategies that it observes other firms taking. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 36. In a duopoly situation, the logic of self-interest results in a total output level that a. equals the output level that would prevail in a competitive market. b. equals the output level that would prevail in a monopoly. c. exceeds the monopoly level, but falls short of the competitive level. d. falls short of the monopoly level. ANSWER: c. exceeds the monopoly level, but falls short of the competitive level. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 37. Oligopolists are always best off, in terms of their profits, a. operating in a Nash equilibrium. b. producing a total quantity of output that falls short of the Nash-equilibrium total quantity. c. producing a total quantity of output that exceeds the Nash-equilibrium total quantity. d. charging a price that falls short of the Nash-equilibrium price. ANSWER: b. producing a total quantity of output that falls short of the Nash-equilibrium total quantity. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 38. In order to be successful, a cartel must a. find a way to encourage its members to produce more than they would otherwise produce. b. agree on the total level of production for the cartel, but they need not agree on the amount produced by each member. c. agree on the total level of production and on the amount produced by each member. d. agree on the prices charged by each member, but they need not agree on amounts produced. ANSWER: c. agree on the total level of production and on the amount produced by each member. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 39. In a particular town, Metrovision and Cableview are the only two providers of cable TV service. Metrovision and Cableview constitute a a. duopoly, whether they collude or not. b. cartel, whether they collude or not. c. Nash industry, whether they collude or not. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. duopoly, whether they collude or not. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 40. The concept of a Nash equilibrium, when applied to an oligopoly situation, a. illustrates the tension between self-interest and cooperation. b. relies on the logic of firms pursuing their own self-interests. c. relies on the notion that each firm chooses its best strategy, given the strategies that other firms have chosen. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 41. The concept of a Nash equilibrium, when applied to an oligopoly situation, relies on the notion that Firm A in an oligopoly chooses its own best strategy a. given the strategies that other firms have chosen. b. with the knowledge that other firms are likely to choose their strategies in response to Firm A�s choice of a strategy. c. based on the objective of maximizing the collective profits of all firms in the industry. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. given the strategies that other firms have chosen. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.2 42. Which of these situations produces the largest profits for oligpolists? a. They reach a Nash equilibrium. b. They reach the monopoly outcome. c. They reach the competitive outcome. d. They produce a quantity of output that lies between the competitive outcome and the monopoly outcome. ANSWER: b. They reach the monopoly outcome. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.2 43. When firms have agreements among themselves on the quantity to produce and the price at which to sell output, we refer to their form of organization as a a. Nash arrangement. b. cartel. c. monopolistically competitive oligopoly. d. perfectly competitive oligopoly. ANSWER: b. cartel. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 44. Equilibrium quantity in markets characterized by oligopoly are a. higher than in monopoly markets and higher than in perfectly competitive markets. b. higher than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets. c. lower than in monopoly markets and higher than in perfectly competitive markets. c. lower than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets. ANSWER: b. higher than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 45. Equilibrium prices in markets characterized by oligopoly are a. higher than in monopoly markets and higher than in perfectly competitive markets. b. higher than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets. c. lower than in monopoly markets and higher than in perfectly competitive markets. d. lower than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets. ANSWER: c. lower than in monopoly markets and higher than in perfectly competitive markets. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 46. Oligopolists are aware that increases in the quantity of output they produce a. reduce the price of their product, and in this respect they are like monopolists. b. reduce the price of their product, and in this respect they are like competitive firms. c. increase the price of their product, and in this respect they are like monopolists. d. increase the price of their product, and in this respect they are like competitive firms. ANSWER: a. reduce the price of their product, and in this respect they are like monopolists. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 47. When oligopolistic firms interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies chosen by other firms in the market, we have a. a cartel. b. a group of olipolists behaving as a monopoly. c. a Nash equilibrium. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: c. a Nash equilibrium. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 48. Equilibrium quantities of output in markets characterized by oligopoly are a. higher than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets. b. higher than in monopoly markets and higher than in perfectly competitive markets. c. lower than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets. d. lower than in monopoly markets and higher than in perfectly competitive markets. ANSWER: a. higher than in monopoly markets and lower than in perfectly competitive markets. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 49. As the number of firms in an oligopoly market a. decreases, the market approaches a cartel equilibrium. b. decreases, the market approaches a competitive market equilibrium. c. increases, the market approaches a competitive market equilibrium. d. increases, the market approaches a monopoly market equilibrium. ANSWER: c. increases, the market approaches a competitive market equilibrium. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 50. Assume oligopoly firms are profit maximizers, they do not form a cartel, and they take other firms� production levels as given. Then the output effect a. must dominate the price effect. b. must be smaller than the price effect. c. must balance with the price effect. d. can be larger or smaller than the price effect. ANSWER: c. must balance with the price effect. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 51. For cartels, once the number of firms (members of the cartel) increases, a. the monopoly outcome becomes less likely. b. the magnitude of the price effect decreases. c. the less concerned each seller is about its own impact on the market price. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 52. If, to begin, a market is perfectly competitive, and then it is taken over by three or four firms, we would expect, as a result, a. an increase in market output and an increase in the price of the product. b. an increase in market output and an decrease in the price of the product. c. a decrease in market output and an increase in the price of the product. d. a decrease in market output and a decrease in the price of the product. ANSWER: c. a decrease in market output and an increase in the price of the product. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 53. A large oligopoly�that is, an oligopoly with a large number of firms�is essentially a a. large monopolist. b. large monopolistically competitive market. c. group of competitive firms. d. violator of antitrust laws. ANSWER: c. group of competitive firms. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 54. Cartels are difficult to maintain because a. antitrust laws are difficult to enforce. b. cartel agreements are conducive to monopoly outcomes. c. there is always tension between cooperation and self-interest in a cartel. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: c. there is always tension between cooperation and self-interest in a cartel. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 55. There are two types of markets in which firms face some competition yet are still able to have some control over the prices of their products. The names given to these market structures are a. monopolistic competition and oligopoly. b. duopoly and triopoly. c. perfect competition and monopolistic competition. d. duopoly and imperfect competition. ANSWER: a. monopolistic competition and oligopoly. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 56. In what type of market do the actions of any one seller have a significant impact on the profits of all other sellers? a. a monopoly b. perfect competition c. monopolistic competition d. an oligopoly ANSWER: d. an oligopoly TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 57. A group of firms that are acting in unison to maximize collective profits is called a a. market structure. b. coalition. c. cartel. d. Nash market. ANSWER: c. cartel. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 58. An agreement among firms over production and price is called a. an antitrust market. b. a trade arrangement. c. collusion. d. a Nash conspiracy. ANSWER: c. collusion. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 59. If duopolists individually pursue their own self-interest when deciding how much to produce, the amount they will produce collectively will a. be less than the monopoly quantity. b. be equal to the monopoly quantity. c. be greater than the monopoly quantity. d. any of the above are possible. ANSWER: c. be greater than the monopoly quantity. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 60. If duopolists individually pursue their own self-interest when deciding how much to produce, the price they are able to charge for their product will be a. less than the monopoly price. b. equal to the perfectly competitive market price. c. greater than the monopoly price. d. possibly less than or greater than the monopoly price. ANSWER: a. less than the monopoly price. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 61. To increase their individual profits, members of a cartel have an incentive to a. decrease price. b. increase production. c. cheat. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 62. Once a cartel is formed, the market is in effect served by a. a monopoly. b. an oligopoly. c. imperfect competition. d. monopolistic competition. ANSWER: a. a monopoly. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 63. A situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies the others have chosen is called a. a competitive equilibrium. b. an open market solution. c. a socially optimal solution. d. a Nash equilibrium. ANSWER: d. a Nash equilibrium. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 64. If an oligopolist is part of a cartel that is collectively producing at the monopoly level of output, then that oligopolist has the incentive to lower production with the aim of a. lowering prices. b. increasing profits for the group of firms as a whole. c. increasing profits for itself, regardless of the impact on profits for the group of firms as a whole. d. None of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. None of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 65. For the oligopolist that does not collude with its competitors , there are two factors that affect the decision to raise production. These factors are the a. production effect and the output effect. b. output effect and the cost effect. c. output effect and the price effect. d. cost effect and the price effect. ANSWER: c. output effect and the price effect. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 66. When price is above marginal cost, selling one more unit of output at the going price will increase profit. This concept is known as the a. income effect. b. price effect. c. output effect. d. cartel effect. ANSWER: c. output effect. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 67. Increasing production will increase quantity sold, which will decrease the price of all units sold. This concept is known as the a. income effect. b. cost effect. c. output effect. d. price effect. ANSWER: d. price effect. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 68. In a typical cartel agreement, the cartel maximizes profit when it a. behaves as a monopolist. b. behaves as a duopolist. c. is flexible in enforcing production targets. d. behaves as a perfectly competitive firm. ANSWER: a. behaves as a monopolist. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 69. An oligopolist will increase production if the output effect is a. less than the price effect. b. equal to the price effect. c. greater than the price effect. d. greater than or equal to the price effect. ANSWER: c. greater than the price effect. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 70. As the number of firms in an oligopoly increases, a. each seller becomes more concerned about its impact on the market price. b. the output effect decreases. c. the quantity of output becomes closer to the socially efficient quantity. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: c. the quantity of output becomes closer to the socially efficient quantity. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.2 71. When an oligopoly grows very large, the a. output effect disappears. b. price effect disappears. c. output effect offsets the price effect. d. price of the product greatly exceeds marginal cost. ANSWER: b. price effect disappears. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 72. As the number of firms in an oligopoly grows larger, an oligopolistic market looks more and more like a. a competitive market. b. a monopoly. c. a duopoly. d. None of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. a competitive market. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 73. As the number of firms in an oligopolistic market grows larger, the price approaches a. zero. b. marginal cost. c. infinity. d. the monopoly price. ANSWER: b. marginal cost. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 74. As the number of firms in an oligopoly grows very large, the quantity of output produced (i) decreases. (ii) increases. (iii) approaches the socially optimal level. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. (ii) only ANSWER: b. (ii) and (iii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 75. Profit-maximizing production decisions will drive price to equal marginal cost when a. many sellers sell products that are slightly differentiated. b. many sellers sell products that are identical. c. there is only one seller. d. there are only a few sellers. ANSWER: b. many sellers sell products that are identical. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 76. The profit-maximizing price for monopoly firms is a price that a. exceeds marginal cost. b. exceeds fixed costs. c. exceeds average revenue. d. equals marginal revenue. ANSWER: a. exceeds marginal cost. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 77. If a few of New York�s prominent drug smugglers were to form a cartel, the arrangement would most likely (i) increase the total quantity of drugs sold in New York. (ii) increase the prices of drugs in New York. (iii) limit competition among the drug smugglers. a. (i) and (ii). b. (ii) and (iii). c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: b. (ii) and (iii). TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 78. A former government official was quoted as saying, �This is one of the last legalized price-setting arrangements in existence.� To which industry was the official referring? a. the U.S. Postal Service b. the ocean shipping industry c. the automobile industry d. the long-distance telephone industry ANSWER: b. the ocean shipping industry TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 79. Binding agreements concerning production levels between oligopolists can lead the involved firms to a. monopoly profit. b. lower prices and more profit. c. bankruptcy. d. higher prices and less profit. ANSWER: a. monopoly profit. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 80. The logic of self-interest causes a duopoly�s (i) total level of output to exceed the monopoly level. (ii) total level of output to exceed the competitive level. (iii) price to fall short of the monopoly price. a. (i) and (ii) b. (i) and (iii) c. (ii) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: b. (i) and (iii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 81. Like monopolists, oligopolists are aware that an increase in the quantity of output always a. reduces the price of their product. b. reduces their profit. c. reduces their revenue. d. reduces productivity. ANSWER: a. reduces the price of their product. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 82. As the number of firms in an oligopoly market grows larger, the price will approach a. marginal cost. b. average fixed cost. c. zero. d. the monopoly price. ANSWER: a. marginal cost. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 83. Oligopolies would like to act like a a. duopoly, but self-interest often drives them closer to competition. b. competitive firm, but self-interest often drives them closer to duopoly. c. monopoly, but self-interest often drives them closer to duopoly. d. monopoly, but self-interest often drives them closer to competition. ANSWER: d. monopoly, but self-interest often drives them closer to competition. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 84. Oligopolies can end up looking like competitive markets if the number of firms is a. large and they all cooperate. b. large and they do not cooperate. c. small and they all cooperate. d. small and they do not cooperate. ANSWER: b. large and they do not cooperate. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 85. The theory of oligopoly provides another reason that free trade can benefit all countries because (i) as the number of firms within a given market increases, the price of the good falls. (ii) increased competition leads to smaller deadweight losses. (iii) profit increases directly with competition for oligopoly firms. a. (i) only b. (ii) only c. (i) and (ii) d (i) and (iii) ANSWER: c. (i) and (ii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 86. Which of the following statements is true of the U.S. ocean shipping industry? (i) The industry has an antitrust exemption from Congress. (ii) The industry practices price fixing. (iii) The industry is perfectly competitive. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. (i) and (ii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 87. Which of these events would likely weaken the extent of collusion among firms in the ocean shipping industry? (i) Member firms increase the quantity of output (cargo shipped). (ii) New entrants to the market create more competition. (iii) Member firms undercut agreed-upon rates. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 88. Ocean shipping cartels have been protected by Congress by which of the following laws? a. the Shipping Act of 1916 b. the Shipping Act of 1980 c. the Sherman Act of 1890 d. the Clayton Act of 1914 ANSWER: a. the Shipping Act of 1916 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 89. Which two oil-producing countries recently joined OPEC? a. Iran and Cuba b. Mexico and Norway c. Canada and the United States d. Ireland and France ANSWER: b. Mexico and Norway TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 90. OPEC can be classified as a (i) group whose concern is to control production levels of oil. (ii) cartel. (iii) resale price maintenance group. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii)and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. (i) and (ii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 91. Firms do not need to be concerned about striking a balance between the price effect and the output effect when making production decisions in which of the following types of markets? a. oligopoly b. duopoly c. monopoly d. competitive markets ANSWER: d. competitive markets TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 92. If nations such as Germany, Japan, and the United States prohibited international trade in automobiles, a likely effect would be that a. the price effect would become a more significant consideration for each firm that makes automobiles. b. the excess of price over marginal cost would become less pronounced in the automobile market. c. all countries would become better off. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. the price effect would become a more significant consideration for each firm that makes automobiles. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.2 93. The theory of oligopoly provides a reason as to why a. perfect competition is not a useful object of study. b. price is less than marginal cost for many firms. c. all countries can benefit from free trade among nations. d. firms do not want to capture larger shares of their markets. ANSWER: c. all countries can benefit from free trade among nations. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.2 94. Which of the following will weaken OPEC�s effect on the world price of oil? (i) Member countries abide by the regulatory policy set forth under the original collusive agreement. (ii) Member countries increase their own production. (iii) Member countries set their level of production in order to capture a larger share of the total profit available. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. (i) only ANSWER: b. (ii) and (iii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 95. During the 1990s, the members of OPEC operated independently from one another, causing the world market for crude oil to become close to a. a monopoly market. b. an oligopoly market. c. a duopoly market. d. a competitive market. ANSWER: d. a competitive market. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 96. When firms are faced with making strategic choices in order to maximize profit, economists typically use a. the theory of monopoly to model their behavior. b. the theory of aggressive competition to model their behavior. c. game theory to model their behavior. d. cartel theory to model their behavior. ANSWER: c. game theory to model their behavior. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 97. When strategic interactions are important to pricing and production decisions, a typical firm will a. set the price of its product equal to marginal cost. b. consider how competing firms might respond to its actions. c. generally operate as if it is a monopolist. d. consider exiting the market. ANSWER: b. consider how competing firms might respond to its actions. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 98. Game theory is important for the understanding of a. competitive markets. b. monopolies. c. oligopolies. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: c. oligopolies. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 99. The prisoners� dilemma provides insights into the a. difficulty of maintaining cooperation. b. benefits of avoiding cooperation. c. benefits of government ownership of monopoly. d. ease with which oligopoly firms maintain high prices. ANSWER: a. difficulty of maintaining cooperation. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 100. In the prisoners� dilemma game, the logic of self-interest leads a. each prisoner to confess. b. to a breakdown of any agreement that the prisoners might have made before being questioned. c. to an outcome that is not particularly good for either prisoner. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 101. The likely outcome of the prisoners� dilemma is that a. neither prisoner confesses. b. exactly one prisoner confesses. c. both prisoners confess. d. not enough information is given to determine the answer. ANSWER: c. both prisoners confess. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 102. The prisoners' dilemma is an important game to study because a. most games present zero-sum alternatives. b. it identifies the fundamental difficulty in maintaining cooperative agreements. c. strategic decisions faced by prisoners are identical to those faced by firms engaged in competitive agreements. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: b. it identifies the fundamental difficulty in maintaining cooperative agreements. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 103. A prisoners' dilemma game demonstrates how cooperative action is often not rational even though a. prisoners are not capable of individual choice. b. cooperation would make everyone worse off. c. cooperation would make everyone better off. d. All of the above can be demonstrated with a prisoners� dilemma game. ANSWER: c. cooperation would make everyone better off. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 104. In a game, a dominant strategy is, by definition, a. the best strategy for a player to follow only if other players are cooperative. b. the best strategy for a player to follow, regardless of the strategies followed by other players. c. a strategy that always leads to a Nash equilibrium. d. a strategy that leads to one player�s interests dominating the interests of the other players. ANSWER: b. the best strategy for a player to follow, regardless of the strategies followed by other players. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 105. Dominant strategies in a two-person game often lead to a. a less preferred outcome for both players. b. the best possible outcome for both players. c. one person gaining advantage at the expense of the other person. d. profit minimization. ANSWER: a. a less preferred outcome for both players. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 106. Self-interest usually results in what kind of outcome for the players in a prisoners� dilemma game? a. optimal b. sub-optimal c. dominant d. cooperative ANSWER: b. sub-optimal TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 Use the following information to answer questions 108 through 113. Two cigarette manufacturers (Firm A and Firm B) are faced with lawsuits from states to recover the health care related expenses associated with cigarette smoking. Both cigarette firms have evidence that indicates that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer (and other related illness). State prosecutors do not have access to the same data used by cigarette manufacturers and thus will have difficulty recovering full costs without the help of at least one cigarette firm study. Each firm has been presented with an opportunity to lower their liability in the suit if they cooperate with attorneys representing the states. Firm A Concede that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer Argue that there is no evidence that smoke causes cancer Firm B Concede that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer Firm A profit = $�20 b Firm B profit = $�15 b Firm A profit = $�50 b Firm B profit = $�5 b Argue that there is no evidence that smoke causes cancer Firm A profit = $�5 b Firm B profit = $�50 b Firm A profit = $�10 b Firm B profit = $�10 b 107. Pursuing its own best interests, Firm A will concede that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer a. only if Firm B concedes that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. b. only if Firm B does not concede that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. c. regardless of whether Firm B concedes that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. d. none of the above; in pursuing its own best interests, Firm A will in no case concede that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. ANSWER: c. regardless of whether Firm B concedes that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 108. Pursuing its own best interests, Firm B will concede that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer a. only if Firm A concedes that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. b. only if Firm A does not concede that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. c. regardless of whether Firm A concedes that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. d. none of the above; in pursuing its own best interests, Firm B will in no case concede that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. ANSWER: c. regardless of whether Firm A concedes that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 109. This particular game a. features a dominant strategy for Firm A. b. features a dominant strategy for Firm B. c. is a version of the prisoners� dilemma game. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 110. If both firms follow a dominant strategy, Firm A's profits (losses) will be a. $�50b. b. $�20 b. c. $�10 b. d. $�5 b. ANSWER: b. $�20 b. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 111. If both firms follow a dominant strategy, Firm B's profits (losses) will be a. $�50 b. b. $�15 b. c. $�10 b. d. $�5 b. ANSWER: b. $�15 b. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 112. When this game reaches a Nash equilibrium, profits for firm A and firm B will be a. $�5 b and $�50 b, respectively. b. $�10 band $�10 b, respectively. c. $�20 b and $�15 b, respectively. d. $�50 b and $�5 b, respectively. ANSWER: c. $�20 b and $�15 b, respectively. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 Use the following information to answer questions 114 through 122. Each year the United States considers renewal of Most Favored Nation (MFN) trading status with China. Historically, legislators have made threats of not renewing MFN status because of human rights abuses in China. The non renewal of MFN trading status is likely to involve some retaliatory measures by China. The Game below reflects the potential economic gains associated with a two-outcome game in which China may impose trade sanctions against U.S. firms and the United States may not renew MFN status with China. The following table contains the dollar value of all trade flow benefits to the United States and China under two trade-relationship scenarios. China Impose trade sanctions against U.S. firms Do not impose trade sanctions against U.S. firms United States Don't renew MFN status with China U.S. trade value = $65 b China trade value = $75 b U.S. trade value = $140 b China trade value = $5 b Renew MFN status with China U.S. trade value = $35 b China trade value = $285 b U.S. trade value = $130 b China trade value = $275 b 113. Pursuing its own best interests, China will impose trade sanctions against U.S. firms a. only if the U.S. does not renew MFN status with China. b. only if the U.S. renews MFN status with China. c. regardless of whether the U.S. renews MFN status with China. d. None of the above are correct; in pursuing its own best interests, Chine will in no case impose trade sanctions against U.S. firms. ANSWER: c. regardless of whether the U.S. renews MFN status with China. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 114. Pursuing its own best interests, the U.S. will renew MFN status with China a. only if China does not impose trade sanctions against U.S. firms. b. only if China imposes trade sanctions against U.S. firms. c. regardless of whether China imposes trade sanctions against U.S. firms. d. None of the above are correct; in pursuing its own best interests, the United States will in no case renew MFN status with China. ANSWER: d. none of the above; in pursuing its own best interests, the United States will in no case renew MFN status with China. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 115. This particular game a. features a dominant strategy for Firm A. b. features a dominant strategy for Firm B. c. is a version of the prisoners� dilemma game. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 116. If both countries follow a dominant strategy, the value of trade flow benefits for China will be a. $5 b. b. $75 b. c. $275 b. d. $285 b. ANSWER: b. $75 b. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 117. If both countries follow a dominant strategy, the value of trade flow benefits for the United States will be a. $35 b. b. $65 b. c. $130 b. d. $140 b. ANSWER: b. $65 b. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 118. When this game reaches a Nash equilibrium, the value of trade flow benefits will be a. United States $35 b and China $285 b. b. United States $65 b and China $75 b. c. United States $140 b and China $5 b. d. United States $130 b and China $275 b. ANSWER: b. United States $65 b and China $75 b. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 119. If trade negotiators are able to communicate effectively about the consequences of various trade policies (i.e., enter into an agreement about the policy they should adopt), then we would expect the game outcome to be a. United States $35 b and China $285 b. b. United States $65 b and China $75 b. c. United States $140 b and China $5 b. d. United States $130 b and China $275 b. ANSWER: d. United States $130 b and China $275 b. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 120. Assume that trade negotiators meet to discuss trade policy between the United States and China. If neither party to the negotiation is able to trust the other party, then a. each should assume that the other will choose a strategy that optimizes total value of the trade relationship. b. the Nash equilibrium will provide the largest possible gains to each party. c. Chinese negotiators should assume that United States negotiators will implement a policy that is in the mutual best interest of both countries. d. each should follow their dominant strategy. ANSWER: d. each should follow their dominant strategy. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 121. Trade negotiations are repeated each year. In a repeated game scenario it is likely that a. Chinese negotiators will assume that United States negotiators will never retaliate for a noncooperative trade policy. b. both parties will assume that the other will choose a strategy that optimizes the total value of the trade relationship. c. the Nash equilibrium will provide the largest possible gains to each party. d. each will follow a dominant strategy based entirely on self-interest. ANSWER: b. both parties will assume that the other will choose a strategy that optimizes the total value of the trade relationship. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 Use the information below to answer questions 123 through 127. Two discount superstores (Ultimate Saver and SuperDuper Saver) in a growing urban area are interested in expanding their market share. Both are interested in expanding the size of their store and parking lot to accommodate potential growth in their customer base. The following game depicts the strategic outcomes that result from the game. Growth-related profits of the two discount superstores under two scenarios are reflected in the table below. SuperDuper Saver Increase the size of store and parking lot Do not increase the size of store and parking lot Ultimate Saver Increase the size of store and parking lot SuperDuper Saver = $50 Ultimate Saver = $65 SuperDuper Saver = $25 Ultimate Saver = $275 Do not increase the size of store and parking lot SuperDuper Saver = $250 Ultimate Saver = $35 SuperDuper Saver = $85 Ultimate Saver = $135 122. The dominant strategy is to increase the size of its store and parking lot for a. SuperDuper Saver, but not for Ultimate Saver. b. Ultimate Saver, but not for SuperDuper Saver. c. both stores. d. neither store. ANSWER: c. both stores. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 123. If both stores follow a dominant strategy, Ultimate Saver's growth-related profits will be a. $35. b. $65. c. $135. d. $275. ANSWER: b. $65. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 124. If both stores follow a dominant strategy, SuperDuper Saver's growth-related profits will be a. $250. b. $85. c. $50. d. $25. ANSWER: c. $50. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 125. When this game reaches a Nash equilibrium, the dollar value of growth-related profits will be a. Ultimate Saver $35 and SuperDuper Saver $250. b. Ultimate Saver $65 and SuperDuper Saver $50. c. Ultimate Saver $275 and SuperDuper Saver $25. d. Ultimate Saver $135 and SuperDuper Saver $85. ANSWER: b. Ultimate Saver $65 and SuperDuper Saver $50. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 126. The owners of SuperDuper Saver and Ultimate Saver meet for a friendly game of golf one afternoon and happen to discuss a strategy to optimize growth related profit. They should both agree to a. increase their store and parking lot sizes. b. refrain from increasing their store and parking lot sizes. c. be more competitive in capturing market share. d. share the context of their conversation with the Federal Trade Commission. ANSWER: b. refrain from increasing their store and parking lot sizes. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 127. When two firms advertise to attract the same customers, a. their individual profits will always be higher than if neither firm advertised. b. advertising is never a dominant strategy for either firm. c. they face a problem similar to the prisoners� dilemma. d. the profit of each firm is independent of the extent to which the other firm advertises. ANSWER: c. they face a problem similar to the prisoners� dilemma. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 128. Noncooperative outcomes typically imply an outcome a. that is better for both parties to the "game." b. that is worse for both parties to the "game." c. in which society is always worse off. d. in which society is always better off. ANSWER: b. that is worse for both parties to the "game." TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 129. In a world with only two countries, the noncooperative outcome to an "arms race" game clearly a. is the best possible outcome for society. b. is optimal for one country at the expense of the other. c. could not be considered a waste of economic resources. d. is bad for society. ANSWER: d. is bad for society. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 130. Which of the following explains why oligopolies often fail to maintain cooperation? (i) the story of the prisoners� dilemma (ii) game theory (iii) the fact that self-interest is not always consistent with collective group interest a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 131. Games that are played more than once generally a. lead to outcomes dominated purely by self-interest. b. lead to outcomes that do not reflect joint rationality. c. encourage cheating on cartel production quotas. d. make collusive arrangements easier to enforce. ANSWER: d. make collusive arrangements easier to enforce. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 132. Very often, the reason that players can solve the prisoners� dilemma game and reach the most profitable outcome is that a. each player tries to capture a large portion of the market share. b. the players play the game not once but many times. c. the game becomes more competitive. d. All of the above can solve the prisoners dilemma. ANSWER: b. the players play the game not once but many times. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 133. Complex gaming strategies in repeated prisoners� dilemma games a. were found to be socially optimal by Robert Axelrod. b. always lead to outcomes which reduce the well-being of society in general. c. are often dominated by a simple tit-for-tat strategy. d. are never dominated by a simple tit-for-tat strategy. ANSWER: c. are often dominated by a simple tit-for-tat strategy. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 134. In a two-person repeated game, a tit-for-tat strategy starts with a. cooperation and then each player mimics the other player's last move. b. cooperation and then each player is unresponsive to the strategic moves of the other player. c. noncooperation and then each player pursues his or her own self-interest. d. noncooperation and then each player cooperates when the other player demonstrates a desire for the cooperative solution. ANSWER: a. cooperation and then each player mimics the other player's last move. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 135. A tit-for-tat strategy starts out a. conciliatory and then encourages an optimal social outcome among the other players. b. unfriendly and then encourages friendly strategies among players. c. friendly, then penalizes unfriendly players, and forgives them if warranted. d. aggressive, then compensates losing players, and eventually forgives unfriendly players. ANSWER: c. friendly, then penalizes unfriendly players, and forgives them if warranted. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 136. Game theory is not necessary for understanding competitive markets but is quite useful in understanding the behavior of a. oligarchies. b. monopolies. c. oligopolies. d. None of the above are correct. ANSWER: c. oligopolies. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 137. Individual profit earned by Dave, the oligopolist, depends on which of the following? (i) the quantity of output that Dave produces (ii) the quantities of output that the other firms in the market produce (iii) the extent of collusion between Dave and the other firms in the market a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (iii) only d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 138. Which of the following statements are true of the prisoners� dilemma? (i) Rational self-interest leads neither party to confess. (ii) Cooperation between the prisoners is difficult to maintain. (iii) Cooperation between the prisoners is individually rational. a. (ii) only b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. (ii) only TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 Use the following information to answer questions 140 through 144. Assume that the countries of Irun and Urun are the only two producers of crude oil. Further assume that both countries have entered into an agreement to maintain certain production levels in order to maximize profits. In the world market for oil, the demand curve is downward sloping. 139. The fact that both countries have colluded to earn higher profit shows their desire to keep production levels a. higher than the competitive market level of output. b. lower than the Nash equilibrium level of output. c. equal to the Nash equilibrium level of output d. higher than the Nash equilibrium level of output. ANSWER: b. lower than the Nash equilibrium level of output. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 140. As long as production levels are less than the Nash equilibrium levels, both Irun and Urun have the individual incentive to a. hold production levels constant. b. decrease production. c. increase production. d. increase price. ANSWER: c. increase production. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 141. The agreed-upon production level between the two countries will invariably be a. lower than the Nash equilibrium level. b. equal to the Nash equilibrium level. c. equal to the duopoly market equilibrium level. d. higher than the duopoly market equilibrium level. ANSWER: a. lower than the Nash equilibrium level. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 142. If Irun fails to live up to the production agreement and overproduces, which of the following statements will be true of Urun�s condition? a. Urun will invariably be worse off than before the agreement was broken. b. Urun will counter by decreasing its production in order to maintain price stability. c. Urun�s profit will be maximized by holding its production constant. d. Urun will be hurt worse if it follows suit and increases production. ANSWER: a. Urun will invariably be worse off than before the agreement was broken. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 143. In a nonrepetitive game, which of the following is the dominant strategy of Irun when production levels are in accordance with the collusive agreement? a. increase production only after Urun increases production b. decrease production only after Urun increases production c. unilaterally decrease production d. unilaterally increase production ANSWER: d. unilaterally increase production TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 144. The paradoxical nature of the oligopoly game can be described by the fact that even though the monopoly outcome is best for all the oligopolists, a. they collude to set output level equivalent to the Nash equilibrium. b. they cheat themselves out of monopoly profits by increasing production. c. they do not behave as profit maximizers. d. self-interest juxtaposes the profits earned at the Nash equilibrium. ANSWER: b. they cheat themselves out of monopoly profits by increasing production. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 Use the following information to answer questions 146 through 148. Imagine that two oil companies, Big Petro Inc. and Gargantuan Gas, own adjacent oil fields. Under the fields is a common pool of oil worth $12 million. Drilling a well to recover oil costs $1 million per well. If each company drills one well, each will get half of the oil and earn a $5 million profit ($6 million in revenue � $1 million in costs). Assume that having X percent of the total wells means that a company will collect X percent of the total revenue. 145. If Big Petro Inc. were to drill a second well, what would its profit be if Gargantuan Gas did not drill a second well? a. $4 million b. $5 million c. $6 million d. $7 million ANSWER: c. $6 million TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 146. If Big Petro Inc. were to drill a second well and Gargantuan Gas also drilled a second well, what would Big Petro Inc's profit be? a. $4 million b. $5 million c. $6 million d. $7 million ANSWER: a. $4 million TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 147. Gargantuan Gas�s dominant strategy would lead to what sort of well drilling behavior? a. Gargantuan Gas will never drill a second well. b. Gargantuan Gas will always drill a second well. c. Gargantuan Gas will drill a second well only if Big Petro Inc. drills a well. d. Gargantuan Gas will drill a second well only if Big Petro Inc. does not drill a well. ANSWER: b. Gargantuan Gas will always drill a second well. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 148. In which of the following prisoners� dilemma games is the noncooperative outcome actually bad for society as well as for the players? (i) Two countries are involved in an arms race. (ii) Oligopolists try to maintain monopoly profits. (iii) Two oil producers act on their own self-interest when deciding how many wells to dig. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: c. (i) and (iii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 149. In the case of oligopolists successfully maintaining monopoly profits, the profit-maximizing level of production is a. bad for consumers and bad for the oligopolists. b. bad for consumers and good for the oligopolists. c. good for consumers and bad for the oligopolists. d. good for consumers and good for the oligopolists. ANSWER: b. bad for consumers and good for the oligopolists. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 150. Hot-dog vendors on the beach fail to cooperate with one another on the quantity of hot-dogs they should sell to earn monopoly profits. A consequence of their failure is that, relative to the outcome the vendors would like, (i) the quantity of hot dogs supplied is closer to the socially optimal level. (ii) the price of hot dogs is closer to marginal cost. (iii) the hot-dog market at the beach is less competitive a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. (iii) only ANSWER: a. (i) and (ii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 151. Why would lack of cooperation between criminal suspects be desirable for society as a whole? a. The suspects are able to chose optimal outcomes for themselves by acting on self-interest. b. The prisoners� dilemma safeguards the criminals� constitutional rights. c. The police will be able to convict more criminals. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: c. The police will be able to convict more criminals. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 152. What happens when the prisoners� dilemma game is repeated numerous times in an oligopoly market? (i) The firms may well reach the monopoly outcome. (ii) The firms may well reach the competitive outcome. (iii) Buyers of the oligopolists� product will likely be worse off as a result. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: c. (i) and (iii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 153. The �arms race� is similar to which of the following economic scenarios? a. the welfare choice b. cost allocation theory c. the competitive game d. the prisoners� dilemma ANSWER: d. the prisoners� dilemma TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 Use the following information to answer questions 155 through 159. Consider two countries, Eudora and the Inhabii, that are engaged in an arms race. The question each country must face is whether to build new weapons or to disarm existing weapons. Each country prefers to have more arms than the other because a large arsenal gives it more influence in world affairs. But each country also prefers to live in a world safe from the other country's weapons. The following figure shows the possible outcomes for each decision combination. 154. If Inhabii chooses to arm, the country of Eudora will a. disarm in order to prevent the loss of influence in world affairs. b. disarm in order to promote world peace. c. arm in order to promote world peace. d. arm in order to prevent the loss of influence in world affairs. ANSWER: d. arm in order to prevent the loss of influence in world affairs. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 155. Which of these statements is correct? (i) Eudora is better off arming if Inhabii arms. (ii) Eudora is better off arming if Inhabii disarms. (iii) Arming is Eudora�s dominant strategy. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 156. Arming is a dominant strategy for a. Eudora, but not for Inhabii. b. Inhabii, but not for Eudora. c. both Eudora and Inhabii. d. neither Eudor nor Inhabii. ANSWER: c. both Eudora and Inhabii. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 157. If both countries get together and agree on a certain level of arms, what will happen to social welfare assuming that both countries keep their end of the bargain? a. Social welfare will remain unchanged due to the lack of dominant strategies. b. Social welfare will remain unchanged due to the presence of dominant strategies. c. Social welfare will decrease. d. Social welfare will increase. ANSWER: d. Social welfare will increase. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 158. In reality these two countries may have a hard time keeping arms levels at the socially optimal level due to which of the following reasons? (i) Even though Eudora has no incentive to cheat on the agreement, Inhabii has an incentive to cheat on the agreement. (ii) They both want to be safe. (iii) They both want to increase their world power. a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii) c. (i) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: b. (ii) and (iii) TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 Use the following information to answer questions 160 through 162. Consider two cigarette companies, PM Inc. and Brown Inc. If neither company advertises, the two companies split the market. If they both advertise, they again split the market, but profits are lower, since each company must bear the cost of advertising. Yet if one company advertises while the other does not, the one that advertises attracts customers from the other. 159. What will these two companies do if they behave as individual profit maximizers? a. Neither company will advertise. b. Both companies will advertise. c. One company will advertise, the other will not. d. None of the above are correct; there is no way of knowing without more information. ANSWER: b. Both companies will advertise. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 160. What is PM Inc.�s dominant strategy? a. to refrain from advertising, regardless of whether Brown Inc. advertises b. to advertise only if Brown Inc. advertises c. to advertise only if Brown Inc. does not advertise d. to advertise, regardless of whether Brown Inc. advertises ANSWER: d. to advertise, regardless of whether Brown Inc. advertises TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 161. In 1971, Congress passed a law that banned cigarette advertising on television. If cigarette companies are profit maximizers, it is likely that a. neither company opposed the ban on advertising. b. Brown Inc. sued the federal government on grounds that the ban constitutes a civil rights violation. c. both companies sued the federal government on grounds that the ban constitutes a civil rights violation. d. both companies retaliated with black-market operations. ANSWER: a. neither company opposed the ban on advertising. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 162. Two suspected drug dealers are stopped by the highway patrol for speeding. The officer searches the car and finds a small bag of marijuana, and arrests the two. During the interrogation, each is separately offered the following: "If you confess to dealing drugs and testify against your partner, you will be given immunity and released while your partner will get 10 years in prison. If you both confess, you will each get 5 years." If neither confesses, there is no evidence of drug dealing, and the most they could get is one year each for possession of marijuana. If each suspected drug dealer follows a dominant strategy, what should he/she do? a. confess regardless of the partner's decision b. confess only if the partner confesses c. refrain from confessing regardless of the partner's decision d. refrain from confessing only if the partner refrains from confessing ANSWER: a. confess regardless of the partner's decision TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 163. While on vacation in Berserkistan you are arrested and accused of spying for the United States. You are, of course, innocent. Your captors inform you that if you confess, you will receive a sentence of two years while your co-conspirator (whom you have never heard of) will receive a sentence of twenty years. If you both confess you will each receive a sentence of three years. You are also told that your co-conspirator is being offered the same option. You suspect that there is not enough evidence to convict you unless your alleged co-conspirator confesses. If you are risk averse, what should you choose to do? a. not confess because you are innocent even though you may spend 20 years in a Berserkistan prison b. not confess in hopes that your alleged co-conspirator also remains silent c. confess because it is always the best solution to this type of "game" d. confess, even though you are innocent, to avoid a twenty-year sentence ANSWER: d. confess, even though you are innocent, to avoid a twenty-year sentence TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 164. A lack of cooperation by oligopolists trying to maintain monopoly profits a. is desirable for society as a whole. b. is not desirable for society as a whole. c. may or may not be desirable for society as a whole. d. is not a concern due to antitrust laws. ANSWER: a. is desirable for society as a whole. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 165. Oligopolists may well be able to reach their preferred, cooperative outcome if a. the number of oligopolists is large. b. they learn that a Nash equilibrium is in their best long-term interests. c. a sufficient number of firms can be persuaded to lower their prices. d. the game they play is repeated a sufficient number of times. ANSWER: d. the game they play is repeated a sufficient number of times. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 166. Anna, Bill and Charles are competitors in a local market, and each is trying to decide if it is worthwhile to advertise. If all of them advertise, each will earn a profit of $5,000. If none of them advertise, each will earn a profit of $8,000. If only one of them advertises, the one who advertises will earn a profit of $10,000 and the other two will each earn $2,000. If two of them advertise, those two will each earn a profit of $6,000 and the other one will earn $1,000. If all three follow their dominant strategy, Anna will a. advertise and earn $5000. b. advertise and earn $6,000. c. advertise and earn $10,000. d. not advertise and earn $8,000. ANSWER: a. advertise and earn $5000. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 167. Alma, Bob and Carlos are competitors in a local market, and each is trying to decide if it is worthwhile to advertise. If all of them advertise, each will earn a profit of $2,000. If none of them advertise, each will earn a profit of $8,000. If only one of them advertises, the one who advertises will earn a profit of $6,000 and the other two will each earn $5,000. If two of them advertise, those two will each earn a profit of $4,000 and the other one will earn $3,000. If all three follow their dominant strategy, Alma will a. advertise and earn $2000. b. advertise and earn $4,000. c. not advertise and earn $5,000. d. not advertise and earn $8,000. ANSWER: d. not advertise and earn $8,000. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 168. Martha and Oleg are competitors in a local market and each is trying to decide if it is worthwhile to advertise. If both of them advertise, each will earn a profit of $5,000. If neither of them advertise, each will earn a profit of $10,000. If one advertises and the other doesn�t, then the one who advertises will earn a profit of $15,000 and the other will earn $7,000. To make the most money, Martha a. should advertise, and she will earn $5,000. b. should advertise, and she will earn $15,000. c. should not advertise, and she will earn $10,000. d. has no dominant strategy. ANSWER: d. has no dominant strategy. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 169. Barb and Sue are competitors in a local market. Each is trying to decide if it is better to advertise on TV, on radio, or not at all. If they both advertise on TV, each will earn a profit of $5,000. If they both advertise on radio, each will earn a profit of $7,000. If neither advertises at all, each will earn a profit of $10,000. If one advertises on TV and other advertises on radio, then the one advertising on TV will earn $8,000 and the other will earn $3,000. If one advertises on TV and the other does not advertise, then the one advertising on TV will earn $15,000 and the other will earn $2,000. If one advertises on radio and the other does not advertise, then the one advertising on radio will earn $12,000 and the other will earn $4,000. If both follow their dominant strategy, then Barb will a. advertise on TV and earn $5,000. b. advertise on radio and earn $7,000. c. advertise on TV and earn $15,000. d. not advertise and earn $10,000. ANSWER: a. advertise on TV and earn $5,000. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 170. Dave and Andy are competitors in a local market. Each is trying to decide if it is better to advertise on TV, on radio, or not at all. If they both advertise on TV, each will earn a profit of $4,000. If they both advertise on radio, each will earn a profit of $7,000. If neither advertises at all, each will earn a profit of $10,000. If one advertises on TV and other advertises on radio, then the one advertising on TV will earn $6,000 and the other will earn $5,000. If one advertises on TV and the other does not advertise, then the one advertising on TV will earn $11,000 and the other will earn $2,000. If one advertises on radio and the other does not advertise, then the one advertising on radio will earn $12,000 and the other will earn $4,000. If both follow their dominant strategy, then Dave will a. advertise on TV and earn $4,000. b. advertise on radio and earn $7,000. c. advertise on TV and earn $11,000. d. not advertise and earn $10,000. ANSWER: b. advertise on radio and earn $7,000. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 171. George and Jerry are competitors in a local market. Each is trying to decide if it is better to advertise on TV, on radio, or not at all. If they both advertise on TV, each will earn a profit of $3,000. If they both advertise on radio, each will earn a profit of $5,000. If neither advertises at all, each will earn a profit of $10,000. If one advertises on TV and the other advertises on radio, then the one advertising on TV will earn $4,000 and the other will earn $2,000. If one advertises on TV and the other does not advertise, then the one advertising on TV will earn $8,000 and the other will earn $5,000. If one advertises on radio and the other does not advertise, then the one advertising on radio will earn $9,000 and the other will earn $6,000. If both follow their dominant strategy, then George will a. advertise on TV and earn $3,000. b. advertise on radio and earn $5,000. c. advertise on TV and earn $8,000. d. not advertise and earn $10,000. ANSWER: d. not advertise and earn $10,000. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 172. Laurel and Janet are competitors in a local market and each is trying to decide if it is worthwhile to advertise. If both of them advertise, each will earn a profit of $5,000. If neither of them advertise, each will earn a profit of $10,000. If one advertises and the other doesn�t, then the one who advertises will earn a profit of $12,000 and the other will earn $2,000. In this version of the prisoner�s dilemma, if the game is played only once, Laurel should A. advertise, but if the game is to be repeated many times she should probably not advertise. b. advertise, and if the game is to be repeated many times she should still probably advertise. c. not advertise, but if the game is to be repeated many times she should probably advertise. d. not advertise, and if the game is to be repeated many times she should still not advertise. ANSWER: A. advertise, but if the game is to be repeated many times she should probably not advertise. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 173. The three countries of Ophir, Shem and Turan produce the entire world supply of carbomite. They have signed an agreement to limit their production of carbomite in order to act as a monopolist. Each country is deciding if it should honor the agreement or if it should cheat. If all three countries honor the agreement, each will earn $100 million. If all three countries cheat on the agreement, each will earn $30 million. If two of the countries honor the agreement and one cheats, then the two honoring the agreement will each earn $60 million and the cheater will earn $140 million. If only one country honors the agreement and the other two cheat, then the one honoring the agreement will earn $20 million and the two cheaters will each earn $70 million. To make the most money, Ophir a. should honor the agreement, and will earn $100 million. b. should cheat, and will earn $140 million. c. should cheat, and will earn $30 million. d. has no dominant strategy. ANSWER: c. should cheat, and will earn $30 million. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 174. The three countries of Ophir, Shem and Turan produce the entire world supply of carbomite. They have signed an agreement to limit their production of carbomite in order to act as a monopolist. Each country is deciding if it should honor the agreement or if it should cheat. If all three countries honor the agreement, each will earn $100 million. If all three countries cheat on the agreement, each will earn $30 million. If two of the countries honor the agreement and one cheats, then the two honoring the agreement will each earn $80 million and the cheater will earn $120 million. If only one country honors the agreement and the other two cheat, then the one honoring the agreement will earn $20 million and the two cheaters will each earn $70 million. To make the most money, Ophir a. should honor the agreement, and will earn $100 million. b. should honor the agreement, and will earn $80 million. c. should cheat, and will earn $30 million. d. has no dominant strategy. ANSWER: d. has no dominant strategy. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 175. The Sherman Antitrust Act a. was passed to encourage judicial leniency in the review of cooperative agreements. b. was concerned with self-interest dominated Nash equilibriums in prisoners' dilemma games. c. enhanced the ability to enforce cartel agreements. d. restricted the ability of competitors to engage in cooperative agreements. ANSWER: d. restricted the ability of competitors to engage in cooperative agreements. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 176. The Sherman Act made cooperative agreements a. unenforceable outside of established judicial review processes. b. enforceable with proper judicial review. c. a criminal conspiracy. d. a crime, but did not give direction on possible penalties. ANSWER: c. a criminal conspiracy. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 177. The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in a. 1836. b. 1890. c. 1914. d. 1946. ANSWER: b. 1890. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 178. The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits price-fixing in the sense that a. competing executives cannot even talk about fixing prices. b. competing executives can talk about fixing prices, but they cannot take action to fix prices. c. a price-fixing agreement can lead to prosecution provided the government can show that the public was not well-served by the agreement. d. None of the above are correct; the Sherman Act did not address the matter of price-fixing. ANSWER: a. competing executives cannot even talk about fixing prices. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 179. The Sherman Antitrust Act a. overturned centuries-old views of English and American judges on agreements among competitors. b. had the effect of discouraging private lawsuits against conspiring oligopolists. c. strengthened the Clayton Act. d. elevated agreements among conspiring oligopolists from an unenforceable contract to a criminal conspiracy. ANSWER: d. elevated agreements among conspiring oligopolists from an unenforceable contract to a criminal conspiracy. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 180. The Clayton Act a. replaced the Sherman Act. b. strengthened the Sherman Act. c. was specifically designed to reduce the ability of cartels to organize. d. was enforced by the executive, rather than judicial, branch of government. ANSWER: b. strengthened the Sherman Act. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 181. According to the Clayton Act a. lawyers are given an incentive to reduce the number of cases involving cooperative arrangements. b. individuals can sue to recover damages from illegal cooperative agreements. c. the government was able to incarcerate the CEO of a firm for illegal pricing arrangements. d. private lawsuits are discouraged. ANSWER: b. individuals can sue to recover damages from illegal cooperative agreements. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 182. If a person can prove that she was damaged by an illegal arrangement to restrain trade, that person can sue and recover a. the damages she sustained, as provided for in the Sherman Act. b. the damages she sustained, as provided for in the Clayton Act. c. three times the damages she sustained, as provided for in the Sherman Act. d. three times the damages she sustained, as provided for in the Clayton Act. ANSWER: d. three times the damages she sustained, as provided for in the Clayton Act. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 183. Antitrust laws in general are used to a. prevent oligopolists from acting in ways that make markets less competitive. b. encourage oligopolists to pursue cooperative-interest at the expense of self-interest. c. encourage frivolous lawsuits among competitive firms. d. encourage all firms to cut production levels and cut prices. ANSWER: a. prevent oligopolists from acting in ways that make markets less competitive. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 184. Economists claim that a resale price maintenance agreement is not anti-competitive because a. suppliers are never able to exercise noncompetitive market power. b. if a supplier has market power, it will be likely to exert that power through wholesale price rather than retail price. c. retail markets are inherently noncompetitive. d. retail cartel agreements cannot increase retail profits. ANSWER: b. if a supplier has market power, it will be likely to exert that power through wholesale price rather than retail price. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 185. The information obtained from a retail outlet can be considered a a. private good. b. cooperative good. c. collective good. d. public good. ANSWER: d. public good. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 186. When discount retailers free ride on information about products provided by nondiscount retailers, the information that is provided about the products is considered to be a. less than optimal in quantity. b. more than optimal in quantity. c. optimal in quantity. d. of poor quality and not useful to consumers. ANSWER: a. less than optimal in quantity. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 187. Assume that Peach Computers has entered into a resale price maintenance agreement with Computer Super Stores Inc. (CSS Inc.) but not with CompuMart. In this case, a. The wholesale price of Peach computers will be different for CSS Inc. than it is for CompuMart. b. Peach computers will never increase profits by having a resale price maintenance agreement with all retail outlets that sell its products. c. CompuMart will benefit from customers who go to CSS Inc. for information about different computers. d. CSS Inc. will sell Peach computers at a lower price than CompuMart. ANSWER: c. CompuMart will benefit from customers who go to CSS Inc. for information about different computers. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 188. Assume that Apple Computer has entered into an enforceable resale price maintenance agreement with Computer Super Stores Inc. (CSS Inc.) and Wal-Mart. Which of the following will always be true? a. The wholesale price of Apple computers will be different for CSS Inc. than it is for Wal-Mart. b. Wal-Mart will benefit from customers who go to CSS Inc. for information about different computers. c. CSS Inc. will sell Apple computers at a lower price than Wal-Mart. d. Wal-Mart and CSS Inc. will always sell Apple Computers for exactly the same price. ANSWER: d. Wal-Mart and CSS Inc. will always sell Apple Computers for exactly the same price. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 189. The practice of tying is illegal on the grounds that a. it allows firms to expand their market power. b. it allows firms to form collusive arrangements. c. it prevents firms from forming collusive agreements. d. the Sherman Act explicitly prohibited such agreements. ANSWER: a. it allows firms to expand their market power. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 190. The practice of tying is used to a. enhance the enforcement of antitrust laws. b. encourage the enforcement of collusive agreements. c. control the retail price of a collection of related products. d. package products to sell at a combined price closer to a buyer's total willingness to pay. ANSWER: d. package products to sell at a combined price closer to a buyer's total willingness to pay. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 191. Tying is becoming increasingly important in the market for a. crude oil. b. long-distance phone calls. c. computer software. d. wheat. ANSWER: c. computer software. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 Use the following to answer questions 193 through 196. Assume that a local bank sells two services, checking accounts and ATM card services. Mr. Donethat is willing to pay $8 a month for the bank to service his checking account and $2 a month for unlimited use of his ATM card. Ms. Beenthere is willing to pay only $5 for a checking account, but is willing to pay $9 for unlimited use of her ATM card. To keep this example simple, assume that the bank can provide each of these services at zero marginal cost. 192. If the bank is unable to use tying, what is the profit-maximizing price to charge for a checking account? a. $13 b. $9 c. $8 d. $5 ANSWER: d. $5 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 193. If the bank is unable to use tying, what is the profit-maximizing price to charge for unlimited use of an ATM card? a. $14 b. $11 c. $9 d. $2 ANSWER: c. $9 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 194. If the bank is able to use tying to price checking account and ATM services, what is the profit-maximizing price to charge for the "tied" good? a. $14 b. $10 c. $9 d. $8 ANSWER: b. $10 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 195. How much additional profit does the bank make when it switches to use of a tying strategy to price checking account and ATM service? a. $14 b. $11 c. $7 d. $1 ANSWER: d. $1 TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 196. When individuals are damaged by an illegal arrangement to restrain trade, which law allows them to pursue civil action and recover up to three times the damages sustained? a. Trade Damage Act b. Clayton Act c. Sherman Act d. No law allows individuals to pursue civil action and recover up to three times the damages sustained. ANSWER: b. Clayton Act TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 197. Which of the following groups or entities has the authority to initiate legal suits to enforce antitrust laws? a. the U.S. Justice Department b. private citizens c. corporations d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 198. Who wrote, �People of the same trade seldom meet together, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some diversion to raise prices.�? a. Thomas Jefferson b. Adam Smith c. Bill Gates d. Robert Axelrod ANSWER: b. Adam Smith TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 199. The practice of selling a product to retailers and requiring the retailers to charge a specific price for the product is called a. fixed retail pricing. b. resale price maintenance. c. cost plus pricing. d. unfair trade. ANSWER: b. resale price maintenance. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 200. The practice of requiring someone to buy two or more items together, rather than separately, is called a. resale maintenance. b. product fixing. c. tying. d. free-riding. ANSWER: c. tying. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 201. If Levi Strauss & Co. were to require every store that carried their clothing to charge customers 20 percent more than the store's cost for each item of clothing, Levi Strauss & Co. would be practicing a. resale price maintenance. b. fixed retail pricing. c. tying. d. cost plus pricing. ANSWER: a. resale price maintenance. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 202. Which of the following prohibits executives of competing firms from even talking about fixing prices? a. Sherman Act b. Clayton Act c. Federal Trade Commission d. U.S. Justice Department ANSWER: a. Sherman Act TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 203. Which government entity is charged with investigating and enforcing antitrust laws? a. the U.S. Justice Department b. the U.S. Commerce Department c. the U.S. Treasury Department d. the A.T.F. ANSWER: a. the U.S. Justice Department TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 204. The argument that consumers will not be willing to pay any more for two items sold as one than they would for the two items sold separately is used to justify the legality of which of the following? a. resale price maintenance b. tying c. predatory pricing d. free-riding ANSWER: b. tying TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 205. As a legitimate means of discouraging the problem of free-riders, economists suggest the use of a. tying. b. resale price maintenance. c. marginal cost pricing. d. cost plus pricing. ANSWER: b. resale price maintenance. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 206. OPEC is able to raise the price of its product by a. tying. b. setting production levels for each of its members. c. increasing the supply of oil above the competitive level. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: b. setting production levels for each of its members. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 207. All cartels are inherently reliant on a. a horizontal demand curve. b. an inelastic demand for their product. c. the cooperation of their members. d. enforcement of antitrust laws. ANSWER: c. the cooperation of their members. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY:1 SECTION: 16.4 208. In 1971, Congress passed a law that banned cigarette advertising on television. After the ban it is most likely that (i) profits of cigarette companies increased. (ii) prices of cigarettes increased. (iii) total costs incurred by cigarette companies increased. a. (i) only b. (i) and (ii) c. (ii) and (iii) d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. (i) only TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 209. To move the allocation of resources closer to the social optimum, policymakers should typically try to induce firms in an oligopoly to a. collude with each other. b. form various degrees of cartels. c. compete rather than cooperate with each other. d. cooperate rather than compete with each other. ANSWER: c. compete rather than cooperate with each other. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 210. Which of the following is necessarily a problem with the antitrust laws? a. They may target a business whose practices appear to be anti-competitive but in fact have legitimate purposes. b. They promote competition. c. They limit monopoly power. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: a. They may target a business whose practices appear to be anti-competitive but in fact have legitimate purposes. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 211. Predatory pricing is best exemplified when a firm a. exercises its oligopoly power by raising its price through the formation of a cartel. b. exercises its monopoly power by raising its price. c. cuts its prices in order make itself more competitive. d. cuts its prices temporarily in order to drive out any competition. ANSWER: d. cuts its prices temporarily in order to drive out any competition. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 212. The most important and controversial antitrust case in recent years has been the U.S. government�s case against a. Exxon-Mobil. b. Microsoft. c. a large number of electric utility companies. d. a small number of cigarette companies. ANSWER: b. Microsoft. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 213. Although the practice of predatory pricing is a common claim in antitrust suits, some economists are skeptical of this argument because they believe a. the evidence of its practice is nearly impossible to collect. b. predatory pricing is not a profitable business strategy. c. even though predatory pricing is a profitable business strategy, it is on balance beneficial to society. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: b. predatory pricing is not a profitable business strategy. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 214. Which of the following statements is true? a. The proper scope of antitrust laws is well defined and definite. b. Antitrust laws focus on granting certain firms the option to form a cartel. c. Policymakers have the difficult task of determining whether some firms� decisions have legitimate purposes even though they appear anti-competitive. d. There is always a need for policymakers to try to limit a firm�s pricing power, regardless of whether the firm�s market is competitive, a monopoly, or an oligopoly. ANSWER: c. Policymakers have the difficult task of determining whether some firms� decisions have legitimate purposes even though they appear anti-competitive. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 215. A central issue in the Microsoft antitrust lawsuit involved Microsoft�s integration of its Internet browser into its Windows operating system, to be sold as one unit. This practice is known as a. tying. b. predation. c. wholesale maintenance. d. retail maintenance. ANSWER: a. tying. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 216. In the Microsoft antitrust lawsuit, Microsoft�s lawyers argued that selling an Internet browser and operating system together is no different than a. selling a car with a radio. b. selling a camera with a flash. c. selling a car with an air conditioner. d. All of the above are correct. ANSWER: d. All of the above are correct. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 217. Which of the following statements is false? a. The Clayton Act allows triple damages in civil lawsuits in order to encourage lawsuits against conspiring oligopolists. b. Many economists defend the practice of resale price maintenance on the grounds that it may help solve a free-rider problem. c. Most economists agree that predatory pricing is a profitable business strategy that usually preserves market power. d. The U.S. Supreme Court�s view that the practice of tying usually allows a firm to extend its market power is not generally supported by economic theory. ANSWER: c. Most economists agree that predatory pricing is a profitable business strategy that usually preserves market power. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 TRUE/FALSE 1. Perfect competition occurs when there are many firms in a market offering essentially identical products. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 2. When prices exceed marginal cost the result is a deadweight loss for society. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 3. When deciding whether the market is an oligopoly or not, there is no magical number of firms that defines an oligopoly. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 4. An oligopoly is a market with only a few sellers, each offering a similar or identical product. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.1 5. Duopolists and oligopolists face different pricing dilemmas. ANSWER: F TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 6. Larger cartels have a greater probability of reaching the monopoly outcome than do smaller cartels. ANSWER: F TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 7. Total profit for an oligopolist is less than that of a perfectly competitive firm. ANSWER: F TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 8. Total profit for all firms in an oligopolistic market is greater than that of a monopolist, assuming no price-fixing occurs in the market. ANSWER: F TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 9. If all the oligopolists in a market collude to form a cartel, total profit for the cartel is less than that of a monopolist. ANSWER: F TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 10. When an oligopolist decreases production it is likely that the output effect is less than the price effect. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.2 11. In a competitive market, strategic interactions among the firms are not important. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 12. The story of the prisoners� dilemma contains a general lesson that applies to any group trying to maintain cooperation among its members. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 13. In the story of the prisoners� dilemma, Clyde is always better off confessing, no matter what Bonnie does. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 14. The game that monopolists play in trying to reach the monopoly outcome is similar to the game that the two prisoners play in the prisoners� dilemma. ANSWER: F TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 15. In the case of oligopoly markets, self-interest prevents cooperation and leads to an inferior outcome for the firms that are involved. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 16. When prisoners� dilemma games are repeated over and over, sometimes the threat of penalty causes both parties to cooperate. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.3 17. One way that public policy encourages cooperation among oligopolists is through common law. ANSWER: F TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 18. The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits competing firms from even talking about fixing prices. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 19. Resale price maintenance prevents retailers from competing on price. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 20. There are some logical economical arguments in favor of resale price maintenance. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 21. Tying can be thought of as a form of price discrimination. ANSWER: T TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 16.4 SHORT ANSWER 1. Briefly contrast the difference between equilibrium market outcomes in a monopoly, oligopoly, and perfect competition. ANSWER: Let: PC = Perfect Competition O = Oligopoly M = Monopoly QPC > QO > QM PM > PO > PPC TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 2. Even when allowed to collude, firms in an oligopoly will choose to cheat on their agreements with the rest of the cartel. Why? ANSWER: Individual profits can be increased at the expense of group profits if individuals cheat on the cartel's cooperative agreement. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 3. What effect does the number of firms in an oligopoly have on the characteristics of the market? ANSWER: As the number of firms increases, the equilibrium quantity of goods provided increases and price falls. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 4. Assume that demand for a product that is produced at zero marginal cost is reflected in the table below. Quantity Price 0 $36 200 $33 400 $30 600 $27 800 $24 1000 $21 1200 $18 1400 $15 1600 $12 1800 $9 2000 $6 2200 $3 2400 $0 a. What is the profit-maximizing level of production for a group of oligopolistic firms that operate as a cartel? b. Assume that this market is characterized by a duopoly in which collusive agreements are illegal. What market price and quantity will be associated with a profit-maximizing Nash equilibrium? c. Assume that this market is served by three identical firms who operate as independent oligopolists (no collusive agreements). What market price and quantity will be associated with a profit-maximizing Nash equilibrium? How does your answer differ from (b) above? ANSWER: 2400; $0 a. Q = 1200 b. Q = 1600, P = 12 c. Q = 1800, P = 9; As more firms enter the market it gets closer to the competitive equilibrium. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.2 5. Describe the source of tension between cooperation and self-interest in a market characterized by oligopoly. Use an example of an actual cartel arrangement to demonstrate why this tension creates instability in cartels. ANSWER: The source of the tension exists because total profits are maximized when oligopolists cooperate on price and quantity by operating as a monopolist. However, individual profits can be gained by individuals cheating on their cooperative agreement. This is why cooperative agreements among members of a cartel are inherently unstable. This is evident in the problem OPEC experiences in enforcing the cooperative agreement on production and price of crude oil. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 6. Describe the output and price effects that influence the profit-maximizing decision faced by a firm in an oligopoly market. How does this differ from output and price effects in a monopoly market? ANSWER: Output effect: Price > Marginal cost => increased output will add to profit Price effect: increased quantity is sold at a lower price => lower revenue (profit?) An oligopolist must take into account how the output and price effects will be influenced by competitors' production decisions, or it must assume competitors' production will not change in response to its own actions. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.2 7. Explain how the output effect and the price effect influence the production decision of the individual oligopolist. ANSWER: Since the individual oligopolist faces a downward-sloping demand curve, she realizes that if she increases output, all output must be sold at a lower market price. As such the revenue from selling the last unit at the market price must exceed the loss in revenue from selling all previous units at the new lower price. Otherwise, profits will fall as output (production) is increased. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.2 8. Ford and General Motors are considering expanding into the Vietnamese automobile market. Devise a simple prisoners' dilemma game to demonstrate the strategic considerations that are relevant to this decision. ANSWER: The answer should show that if both car companies expand into the Vietnamese market they will both be worse off than if they did not. It should also show that each company has the individual incentive to expand. The dominant strategy of both car companies will be to expand, regardless of whether or not the other is expanding. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 9. Nike and Reebok (athletic shoe companies) are considering whether or not to advertise during the Super Bowl. Devise a simple prisoners' dilemma game to demonstrate the strategic considerations that are relevant to this decision. Does the repeated game scenario differ from a single period game? Is it possible that a repeated game (without collusive agreements) could lead to an outcome that is better than a single-period game? Explain the circumstances in which this may be true. ANSWER: The answer should show that if both shoe companies decide to advertise they will both be worse off than if they did not. It should also show that each company has the individual incentive to advertise. The dominant strategy of both companies will be to advertise, regardless of what the other is doing. If the game is repeated more than once it is possible that the shoe companies will decide not to advertise in the hopes that the other company adequately understands the mutually beneficial gains that come from not advertising. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.3 10. Two discount superstores (Ultimate Saver and SuperDuper Saver) in a growing urban area are interested in expanding their market share. Both are interested in expanding the size of their store and parking lot to accommodate potential growth in their customer base. The following game depicts the strategic outcomes that result from the game. Growth related profits of the two discount superstores under two scenarios are reflected in the table below. a. What are growth-related profits for Ultimate Saver if both stores follow a dominant strategy? b. What are growth-related profits for SuperDuper Saver if both stores follow a dominant strategy? c. If the owner of Ultimate Saver and SuperDuper Saver meet for a friendly game of golf one afternoon and happen to discuss a strategy to optimize growth-related profit, what strategy should they agree to? How would they enforce this agreement? If the collusive agreement was enforceable, how would the well-being of society be impacted by the agreement? ANSWER: a. $85 b. $70 c. It is likely that they would agree to not increase the size of their stores and parking lots. Enforcement is probably best ensured by suggesting a tit-for-tat strategy would be followed if someone cheats on the agreement. The collusive agreement to do nothing leads to higher profits for both firms; as such, it may mean that profits are gained at the expense of consumers. However, this is not necessarily true; profits may result from lower average total cost of production. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 11. While on vacation in Berserkistan, you are arrested and accused of spying for your country. You are, of course, innocent. Your captors inform you that if you confess, you will receive a sentence of six months while your co-conspirator (whom you have never heard of) will receive a sentence of thirty years. If you both confess you will each receive a sentence of three years. You are also told that your co-conspirator is being offered the same option. You suspect that there is not enough evidence to convict you (and you will be allowed to leave Berserkistan immediately) unless your alleged co-conspirator confesses. What should you choose to do and why? ANSWER: If the co-conspirator "confesses" your options are three years if you confess or thirty years if you don't confess. If the co-conspirator does not "confess" your options are six months if you confess or freedom if you don't confess. In this case there is not a dominant strategy. Your choice will depend on your assessment about the subjective probabilities you place on the choice of your "co-conspirator." TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.3 12. Outline the purpose of antitrust laws. What do they accomplish? ANSWER: The purpose of antitrust laws is to move markets toward a competitive equilibrium outcome. These laws are used to prevent mergers that would lead to excessive market power by any single firm. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 13. Explain the practice of resale price maintenance and discuss why it is controversial. ANSWER: Resale price maintenance is a requirement by producers that retailers sell their product for a price specified by the manufacturer. It is controversial because on the surface it appears to limit the ability of retailers to compete on the basis of price. However, if the manufacturer does not exercise retail-price maintenance a free-rider problem may become evident among the retailers and ultimately lead to lower profits for the manufacturer. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 14. Explain the practice of tying and discuss why it is controversial. ANSWER: Tying is the practice of bundling goods for sale. It is controversial because it is perceived as a tool for expanding the market power of firms by forcing consumers to purchase additional products. However, economists are skeptical that a buyer�s willingness to pay increases just because to products are bundled together. In other words, simply bundling two products together doesn�t necessarily add any value. It is more accurately believed to be a form of price discrimination. TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 16.4 15. Assume that a local bank sells two services, checking accounts and ATM card services. Mr. Donethat is willing to pay $8 a month for the bank to service his checking account and $5 a month for unlimited use of his ATM card. Ms. Beenthere is willing to pay only $3 for a checking account, but is willing to pay $10 for unlimited use of her ATM card. To keep this example simple, assume that the bank can provide each of these services at zero marginal cost. a. If the bank is unable to use tying, what is the profit-maximizing price to charge for a checking account? b. If the bank is unable to use tying, what is the profit-maximizing price to charge for unlimited use of an ATM card? c. If the bank is able to use tying to price checking account and ATM service, what is the profit-maximizing price to charge for the "tied" good? d. How much additional profit does the bank make when it switches to the use of a tying strategy to price checking account and ATM service? ANSWER: a. $8; b. $5 or $10, doesn�t matter; c. $13; d. $8 TYPE: S DIFFICULTY: 3 SECTION: 16.4 16. In Berserkistan, two political parties vie for control of the country. Each political party, when it is not in power, has a tendency to call general strikes to influence the policy of the ruling party. Evaluate this strategy in the context of a multiple-period game. Is it possible, in this situation, that a multiple-period game reduces, rather than enhances, social well-being? What would have to happen in this game to improve social welfare, if a tit-for-tat strategy is used? ANSWER: The multi-period game is likely to follow a tit-for-tat strategy; as such, each political party tries to punish the other party when they are in power. In this case, the game is sub-optimal as long as the "punish" motive dominates behavior. In order for tit-for-tat to improve social welfare, one of the parties would have to take a position of nonpunishment in order to demonstrate goodwill in changing the dynamics of the game, and the other party would have to follow suit. 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What classic American family featured a disembodied hand, named Thing, a manservant named Lurch, and a large ball of hair known as Cousin Itt?	The Addams Family \| Addams Family Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia The Addams Family is a group of fictional characters created by American cartoonist Charles Addams . Addams Family characters include Gomez , Morticia , Uncle Fester , Lurch , Grandmama , Wednesday and Pugsley . The Addamses are a satirical inversion of the ideal American family; an eccentric, wealthy clan who delight in the macabre and are unaware that people find them bizarre or frightening. They originally appeared as a series of single panel cartoons, published in The New Yorker between 1938 and Addams's 1988 death. They have since been adapted to other media, including television series (both live action and animated), films, video games, and a musical . Contents Addams's original cartoons were one-panel gags. The characters were undeveloped and unnamed until later versions. “ Gomez and Pugsley are enthusiastic. Morticia is even in disposition, muted, witty, sometimes deadly. Grandma Frump is foolishly good-natured. Wednesday is her mother's daughter. A closely knit family, the real head being Morticia—although each of the others is a definite character — except for Grandma, who is easily led. Many of the troubles they have as a family are due to Grandma’s fumbling, weak character. The house is a wreck, of course, but this is a house-proud family just the same and every trap door is in good repair. Money is no problem. [1] ” — Charles Addams The family appears to be a single surviving branch of the Addams clan. Many other "Addams families" exist all over the world. According to the film version, the family credo is, Sic gorgiamus allos subjectatos nunc (pseudo-Latin: "We gladly feast on those who would subdue us"). Charles Addams was first inspired by his home town of Westfield, New Jersey, an area full of ornate Victorian mansions and archaic graveyards. [2] They live in a gloomy mansion adjacent to a cemetery and a swamp at 0001 Cemetery Lane. In The New Addams Family, the address was changed to 1313 Cemetery Lane. [3] In the Addams Family musical , first shown in Chicago in 2009, the house is located in Central Park. [4] Although they share macabre interests, the Addamses are not evil. They are a close-knit extended family. Morticia is an exemplary mother, and she and Gomez remain passionate towards each other. She calls him "Bubele", [5] to which he responds by kissing her arms, behavior Morticia can also provoke by speaking a few words in French (the meaning is not important — any French will do). The parents are supportive of their children. The family is friendly and hospitable to visitors, in some cases willing to donate large sums of money to causes, despite the visitors' horror at the Addams's peculiar lifestyle. Addams Family characters Main article: Gomez Addams Gomez Addams was the master of the Addams household and the Addams patriarch, married to Morticia and the father of Wednesday and Pugsley . In the 60's sitcom, he was Grandmama's son, but this was retconned in the 1991 film, and he became Grandmama's son-in-law instead, staying true to the comics. Also retconned in the films, he became the younger brother of Fester instead of his nephew-in-law. In the original cartoons in the New Yorker, he appeared tubby, snub-nosed and with a receding chin. In the 1960s television series, Gomez was portrayed as a naive, handsome, and successful man, although with a childlike, eccentric enthusiasm for everything he did. For instance, his personal portrait depicted him as standing gleefully on his head. Though a peaceful man, he was known to be well-versed in many types of combat; he and Morticia fenced with foils sometimes. Gomez professed endless love for his wife, Morticia. He had studied to be a lawyer, but rarely practiced, one of the running jokes being that he took great pride in losing his cases. He was also pleased with the fact that his law class had voted him the man "Least Likely to Pass the Bar". Gomez was depicted as extremely wealthy, through inheritance and extensive investments, but he seemed to have little regard for money. Although he invested in the stock market, to the point where there was a ticker tape machine in the livingroom, he played the market primarily to lose, or else invested in odd schemes that inadvertently paid off big (swamp land found to have oil under it, etc.). One novel claimed Gomez became wealthy through his ghoulish sense of humour, when he discovered it was possible to make a killing in the stock market. Despite his macabre sense of humour, he was extremely generous, and would go out of his way to help those whom he considered friends. Gomez is of Castilian origin, loved to smoke cigars, and would play destructively with his model trains. Of the names which Charles Addams suggested for the family, "Gomez" was the only one that was not "ghoulish" (in the manner of Morticia or Fester). When asked why he suggested the name Gomez for the character, Addams replied that he "thought he [the character] had a bit of Spanish blood in him." However, Addams had trouble deciding whether the character should be Spanish or Italian. He decided that if he were Spanish he should be called "Gomez", but if Italian he would be "Repelli" (even though Gomez and Repelli are actually surnames). The final choice of first name was left up to actor John Astin . [6] Gomez was typically seen wearing conservative businesswear long out of fashion, such as pinstripe suits and spats. Morticia Main article: Morticia Addams Morticia Addams (née Frump) was the matriarch of the Addams Family, a slim woman with pale skin, clad in a skin-tight black hobble gown with octopuslike tendrils at the hem. Certain sources suggested she may be some kind of vampire. She adored her husband, Gomez, as deeply as he did her. Pugsley and Wednesday Main article: Pugsley Addams Gomez and Morticia had two children, a son called Pugsley and a daughter called Wednesday . Wednesday was said to have been named after the phrase, "Wednesday's child is full of woe," from the poem Monday's Child. Her middle name, Friday, corresponds to the 1887 version of the poem. In the television show she was a sweet-natured, innocent, happy child, largely concerned with her fearsome pet spiders. A favorite toy was her Marie Antoinette doll, which Pugsley had guillotined. The movies gave Wednesday a much more serious and mature personality with a deadpan wit and a morbid fascination with trying to physically harm, or possibly murder, her brother (she was seen strapping him into an electric chair, for example, and preparing to pull the switch); she was apparently often successful, but Pugsley never died. Like most members of the family, he seemed to be inhumanly resilient. For his part, Pugsley was largely oblivious of the harm his sister tried to inflict on him, or an enthusiastic supporter of it, viewing all attempts as fun and games. In his first incarnation in the New Yorker cartoons, Pugsley was depicted as a diabolical, malevolent boy-next-door. In the television series, he was a devoted older brother and an inventive and mechanical genius. In the movies he lost his intelligence and independence, and became Wednesday's sidekick and younger brother, cheerfully helping her in her evil deeds. In the animated series, Wednesday became a happy and somewhat optimistic child, while retaining her sophisticated manner from the movies, and Pugsley became a genius at chemistry — especially explosives — and machines, though his intelligence seemed undeveloped at times. The children appeared to be home-taught, receiving all the education they required from Grandmama or Uncle Fester. An attempt to enroll them in the local elementary school did not work out initially, but in later episodes of the television series, they are depicted as attending it. In the first movie, the children attended an elementary school and Wednesday was praised for her performance. Both children performed in school plays with their uncle's help. In the second movie, they are on summer vacation from school. In the stage musical, Wednesday was aged to about 18 years old, while Pugsley was kept as a young child. Uncle Fester Main article: Uncle Fester Fester is a bald, barrel-shaped man with dark, sunken eyes and a devilish grin. He seemed to carry an electrical charge, as he could illuminate a light bulb by sticking it in his mouth. In the original television series, Fester was Morticia's uncle. In the 1991 film and all subsequent animated and film media, Fester was Gomez's older brother. The character played a central role in both of the first two feature films. In The Addams Family, Fester was reunited with the other Addamses after 25 years apart, while The Addams Family Values focused on his relationship with Deborah "Debbie" Jellinsky. Grandmama Main article: Grandmama Not to be confused with Granny Frump Grandmama is Gomez's mother, and is also a witch who deals in potions, spells, hexes, and even fortune-telling. Her trademarks were her shawl and grey, frizzy hair. The 2010 Broadway musical version of The Addams Family poked fun at the inconsistencies of Grandmama's origins. In one scene, Morticia and Gomez both revealed that each believed she is the other's mother. People didn't know about her ghost son, named Eduardo. Thing T. Thing Main article: Thing Another member of the family is the disembodied hand named " Thing ". Thing was Gomez's friend since childhood. He appeared out of ubiquitous boxes or other convenient containers throughout the house. He communicated with the Addamses with a Morse-like alphabet, sign language, writing, and knocking on wood. In the movies and The New Addams Family, Thing was a fully mobile hand, cleanly severed just below the wrist (although no muscle or bone was exposed). He lived in an upstairs closet made up as a house-within-a-house, though he was also shown to reside in a cigar box. In the original television series, Thing was generally played by Ted Cassidy (the actor who also played Lurch). He was usually a right hand, but Cassidy occasionally used his left, "just to see if anyone noticed". [7] Lurch Main article: Lurch In addition to Thing, the Addams family also had a tall, ghoulish manservant named Lurch . Lurch served as a shambling, gravelly-voiced butler, vaguely resembling Frankenstein's Monster although he is a considerable "jack of all trades". He tried to help around the house, although occasionally he botched tasks due to his great size and strength, but is otherwise considered quite a catch by the Addamses for his skill at more personal tasks, such as waxing Uncle Fester's head and amusing the children (to whom he was deeply devoted). Surprisingly, he was often seen playing the harpsichord and organ with a great degree of skill and somewhat uncharacteristic enthusiasm. In Addams Family Reunion , Gomez stated that Lurch is not really an Addams, and Morticia replies that Lurch has parts of many families, and that he has the heart of an Addams. In one episode of the 1960s television series, Lurch's mother, played by actress Ellen Corby , came to visit; she was a short, overbearing little old lady. Lurch, too, had a level of invulnerability; in Addams Family Values, a 20-pound cannonball is dropped from the top of the Addams mansion, landing directly on his head, seemingly with no ill effect. In the original comics, Lurch did not speak. In the sitcom, he was capable of speech; beckoned by the pull of a noose-shaped rope which sounded a thunderous gong, he would answer with a signature monotone, brusque and basso profundo, "You rang?" This was due to actor Ted Cassidy ad-libbing the line while rehearsing a scene early in production of the original TV show. The producers liked it so much that Lurch then became a speaking role. In the theatrical movies, Lurch never spoke, using only grunts, sighs, or simple gesticulations. The New Addams Family returned to the original sitcom style, right down to the noose that rang a gong. In it, Lurch also seemed a little more polite than his earlier counterparts. Cousin Itt Main article: Cousin Itt Cousin Itt (spelled as "Cousin It" in the movies and the pinball game), who frequently visited the family, was short-statured and had long hair that covered his entire body from scalp to floor. He was known to speak in a high-pitched nonsensical gibberish that only the family seemed to understand. In the second animated series, Itt was a super-spy for the U.S. government. He fell in love with Margaret Alford and married her after her husband, Tully , was disposed of by the Addams children. [8] He and Margaret have a child named "What" (from the obstetrician's reaction). [9] Pets In the sitcom, references were made to an innumerable collection of bizarre and unconventional creatures such as hawks, bats, and alligators, although there were a handful with some consistency throughout the various media which the characters have subsequently appeared in. Kitty Kat is the family lion, and can be seen in several 1960s television episodes roaming around the house. (Though not seen in the 1991 film, Gomez can be heard shouting 'Down, Kitty!' while going to the vault to pay Tully, while a lion's roar can be heard.) The entire family regarded Kitty Kat as they would an average housecat, and seemed flummoxed at the notion that Kitty Kat is in any way dangerous. Pugsley had an octopus called Aristotle , and Wednesday a large collection of spiders, with only one she mentions in particular by name, called Homer. The family also had a pair of piranha named Tristan and Isolde, who lived in a fish tank, and a vulture named Zelda (changed to Muerto for the first film). Cleopatra is an African Strangler, a carnivorous plant, belonging to Morticia. The plant eats meatballs made of yak and other tasty meats specially prepared, and (more often than not) spoon-fed to her. In a season 1 episode, "The Addams Family Meets the V.I.P.'s", Gomez stated that Cleopatra is only 3 years old. At another point in the series, however, it's said that Morticia had Cleopatra before she and Gomez married, having grown her from a seedling. In the musical , the family had a pet giant squid named Bernice, that, one night, crawled up from the toilet. She lived in the sewers beneath the house, and appeared in the grotto. Only her tentacles were shown. Adaptations Main article: The Addams Family (TV Series) In 1964, the ABC-TV network created The Addams Family television series based on Addams's cartoon characters. The series was shot in black-and-white and aired for two seasons in 64 half-hour episodes (September 18, 1964 – September 2, 1966). During the original television run of the series, The New Yorker editor William Shawn refused to publish any Addams Family cartoons, though he continued to publish other Charles Addams cartoons. Shawn regarded his magazine as targeting a more refined readership, and did not want it associated with characters who could be seen on television by just anybody. After Shawn's 1987 retirement, the characters were welcomed back to The New Yorker. Main article: Wednesday Is Missing The Addams Family's first animated appearance was on the third episode of Hanna-Barbera's The New Scooby-Doo Movies, " Wednesday Is Missing " (a.k.a. "Scooby-Doo Meets the Addams Family"), which first aired on CBS Saturday morning September 23, 1972. Four of the original cast ( John Astin , Carolyn Jones , Jackie Coogan , and Ted Cassidy ) returned for the special which involved the Addamses in a mystery with the Scooby-Doo gang. The Addams Family characters were drawn to the specifications of the original Charles Addams cartoons. After the episode aired, fans wanted more animated adventures featuring the Addamses, and Hanna-Barbera obliged. Main article: The Addams Family (animated 1992) The remake series ran on Saturday mornings from 1992–1993 on ABC after producers realized the success of the 1991 Addams Family movie. This series returned to the familiar format of the original series, with the Addams Family facing their sitcom situations at home. John Astin returned to the role of Gomez, and celebrities Rip Taylor and Carol Channing took over the roles of Fester and Granny, respectively, while veteran voice actors Jim Cummings , Debi Derryberry , Jeannie Elias and Pat Fraley did the voices of Lurch, Wednesday, Pugsley and Cousin Itt. New artistic models of the characters were used for this series, though still having a passing resemblance to the original cartoons. Two seasons were produced, with the third year containing reruns. Oddly in this series, Wednesday maintained her macabre, brooding attitude from the Addams Family movies, but her facial expressions and body language conveyed the happy-go-lucky, fun attitude of her portrayal in the original television show. An altered version of the original Vic Mizzy theme song was used for the opening. Main article: The New Addams Family The New Addams Family was filmed in Vancouver, Canada, and ran for 65 episodes during the 1998–1999 season on the then newly-launched Fox Family Channel. Many storylines from the original series were reworked for this new series, incorporating more modern elements and jokes. John Astin returned to the franchise in some episodes of this series, albeit as "Grandpapa" Addams (Gomez's grandfather, a character introduced in Addams Family Reunion). Pubert's absence in the new series (and possibly Addams Family Reunion) was explained in an early episode when Wednesday mentioned that "There were three of us, but Pugsley ate the little one." The cast included Glenn Taranto as Gomez Addams, Ellie Harvie as Morticia, Michael Roberds as Fester, Brody Smith as Pugsley, Nicole Fugere (the only cast member from Addams Family Reunion to return) as Wednesday, John DeSantis as Lurch, Betty Phillips as Grandmama and Steven Fox as Thing. Films Main article: The Addams Family (1991) In the 1990s, Orion Pictures (which by then had inherited the rights to the series) developed a film version, The Addams Family (recorded on October 30-31, 1989 and released on November 22, 1991). Due to the studio's financial troubles at the time, Orion sold the US rights to the film to Paramount Pictures. Main article: Addams Family Values Upon the last film's success, a sequel followed: Addams Family Values (released on November 19, 1993, with worldwide distribution by Paramount). Loosened content restrictions allowed the films to use far more grotesque humor that strove to keep the original spirit of the Addams cartoons (in fact, several gags were lifted straight from the single panel cartoons). Main article: Addams Family Reunion Another film, Addams Family Reunion , was released direct-to-video on September 22, 1998, this time by Warner Bros. through its video division. It has no relation to the Paramount movies, being in fact a full-length pilot for a second live-action television version, The New Addams Family, produced and shot in Canada. The third movie's Gomez, played by Tim Curry , follows the style of Raúl Juliá, while the new sitcom's Gomez, played by Glenn Taranto , is played in the style of John Astin, who had played the character in the 1960s. Spin-offs Two animated television spin-offs have been produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist , a family of fictional characters inspired by The Addams Family appeared on the Snagglepuss and Snooper and Blabber animated television series beginning in 1959 and starred in their own comic book. During the first season of the 1960s The Addams Family television show, a Stone Age version of the Addams Family called The Gruesomes moved next door to The Flintstones . Video games Main article: The Addams Family (video game series) Five video games released from 1989 to 1994 were based on The Addams Family. Fester's Quest (1989) was a top-down shooter that featured Uncle Fester saving the world from an alien invasion. In 1992, two versions of The Addams Family were released by Ocean Software based on the 1991 Movie; an 8-Bit version for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, Sega Master System, Sega Game Gear, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64, as well as a 16-Bit version released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Amiga, Atari ST and Sega Mega Drive. ICOM Simulations published The Addams Family video game for the TurboGrafx-CD in 1991. The games' sequel, The Addams Family: Pugsley's Scavenger Hunt (1993), also by Ocean Software, was based on the ABC animated series and was released for NES, SNES and Game Boy (although the later two were just 8-bit remakes of the first SNES game, swapping Pugsley and Gomez's roles). Addams Family Values (1994) by Ocean was based on the movie's sequel and returned to the style of gameplay seen in Fester's Quest. A Game Boy Color game was released in the 1990s for promotion of The New Addams Family. The game was simply titled The New Addams Family Series . In this game, the Addams mansion had been bought by a fictional company called "Funnyday" that wanted to tear down the house and surrounding grounds to make room for an amusement park. Pinball A pinball game by Midway (under the Bally Technologies label) was released in 1992 shortly after the movie. It is the best-selling pinball game of all time. [11] Books Main article: Books There are many books associated with The Addams Family. Many of Charles Addams' original cartoons from The New Yorker were collected into books. Novels have been written about the Family. The television and film productions have been featured in many books and magazines, and spoofed in others. Advertising In 1994, the actors cast as the Addamses in the first two films (sans the recently-deceased Raúl Juliá) were in several Japanese television spots for the Honda Odyssey. [12] The Addamses—most prominently Gomez (for whom a voice actor was used to impersonate Juliá while footage from Addams Family Values was seen) and Morticia—are seen speaking Japanese. [13] In 2007 and 2008, the Addams Family appeared as M&Ms in an advertising campaign for M&Ms Dark Chocolate. [14] Musicals Main article: The Addams Family (musical) In May 2007, it was announced that a musical inspired by The Addams Family was being developed for the Broadway stage. Broadway veterans Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice wrote the \|book, and Andrew Lippa wrote the score. Julian Crouch and Phelim McDermott (Improbable Theater founders) directed and designed the production, with choreography by Sergio Trujillo. [15] A workshop and private industry presentation was held August 4–8, 2008. Featured in the cast were Bebe Neuwirth as Morticia, Annaleigh Ashford as Wednesday, and Nathan Lane as Gomez. In addition, Kevin Chamberlin played Fester and Zachary James played Lurch. The musical opened in previews at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway on March 8, 2010, with an official opening on April 8, [16] after an out-of-town tryout in Chicago at the Ford Center for the Performing Arts from November 13, 2009 to January 10, 2010. [17] [18] The cast includes Lane as Gomez, Neuwirth as Morticia, Terrence Mann as Mal Beineke, Carolee Carmello as Alice Beineke, Chamberlin as Uncle Fester, Jackie Hoffman as Grandmama, Zachary James as Lurch, Krysta Rodriguez as Wednesday, and Wesley Taylor as Wednesday's love interest, Lucas Beineke. [19] Cast	The Addams Family
Which legendary royal figure, the son of Uther Pendragon, was ably assisted by the wizard Merlin and rode a horse named Llamrei?	Oath of the DwD Posse.Part 5. sharing POSITIVE - Page 6 \| SparkPeople Oath of the DwD Posse.Part 5. sharing POSITIVE (IN - Eastern Time Zone) FITBIT ONE Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your words become your actions. Your actions become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your values become your destiny. Mahatma Gandhi Reply Oh, goodness, SusanLynn. You are nicer than me. If I won the lottery, I would just move to Barbados..... But, yes, I wish we COULD all meet in person. Actually a bud and I were talking about that the other night. It so stinks we can't be together in "real life," but the irony is, if it weren't for the 'net, we never would have met in the first place. And, it's okay, SusanLynn. A lot of times, the things that get me down aren't one great big giant thing, but bunches of "little' things brought on all at once. Lord, grant me patience, because you grant me strength, I'll end up killing people. current weight: 180.0 Reply Just want to bump in here for a moment. I am so fortunate for all that helped me both yesterday and today. I know I was having an extreme reaction to something that is fixable. A mix of things got me where I didn't want to be. I doubt that I could belong to a better community of people at this time and to know that even when I finally get moved, you will still be here for me means the world. I wish I could win the lottery just to have the means to bring us all together in person. I would hand out actual badges and shirts. Give out awards and special recognitions. Each and every one of you is special and don't forget that. Hugs and love to all Susan Value your friends because they are worth more than just about anything else! "Everyday is a gift, thats why they call it the present." Hey!!! that pulling stuff up on the Internet and copying it is the secret to my success. Quit givin' away my smarts!!!! LOL. You can wash my mouth out with chocolate, Princess. Hope you feel better soon, DustyRose! Edited by: WESLEYSMAMA at: 9/28/2008 (20:58) Lord, grant me patience, because you grant me strength, I'll end up killing people. current weight: 180.0 Reply loves ya.... thanks for the info... I love WIKI... Terri, Princess of the Terri-tory~~Sure is hard to be a princess around here. WELL-BEHAVED WOMEN RARELY MAKE HISTORY to be enlightened is to be without anxiety over imperfection. Allow myself to find happiness in the only place that it can be found: my real messy, imperfect experience Anon + Today you are You, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than Youï¿½ Dr. Seuss+ SorryTHX,Forgive,Love+ SPARKLINGHOPE Posts: 14,695 Reply I wish I was that smart Princess...I copied and pasted and went back to copy link but didn't work was Wikipedia. I didn't even read the whole thing about IT and Thing just enough to know Thing was a handy hand for Gomez. Becki (IN - Eastern Time Zone) FITBIT ONE Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your words become your actions. Your actions become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your values become your destiny. Mahatma Gandhi DUSTY ROSE get well soon!!! Linda - Florida Flylady:Peace is Mine Team Leader PTSD Team Leader Spark People's Official Healthy Heart Challenge Team - Leader BLC23 Ivory Falcons BLC28, BLC29, BLC30 & BLC 32 CAMO ok.MANXMINX...what cha say??? the MUNSTERS were silly??? them may be fighting words in dis here saloon... is you ready to defend yourself??? whipping out bowl of chocolate kisses and throwing them at MANXMINX* I will wash your mouth out with chocolate... Terri, Princess of the Terri-tory~~Sure is hard to be a princess around here. WELL-BEHAVED WOMEN RARELY MAKE HISTORY to be enlightened is to be without anxiety over imperfection. Allow myself to find happiness in the only place that it can be found: my real messy, imperfect experience Anon + Today you are You, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than Youï¿½ Dr. Seuss+ SorryTHX,Forgive,Love+ Reply and well.. so there SPARKLINGHOPE... we are totally impressed with all of your trivial trvia... OOOPs. I mean thanks for enlightening us ... and it really helps me to know that you even added the 'spanish phrases of tio thingo' info... I mean after all we are an international group... blessings ya'll.... I just love how we go from limes/coconuts/cousin it/thing/and lurch...... Terri, Princess of the Terri-tory~~Sure is hard to be a princess around here. WELL-BEHAVED WOMEN RARELY MAKE HISTORY to be enlightened is to be without anxiety over imperfection. Allow myself to find happiness in the only place that it can be found: my real messy, imperfect experience Anon + Today you are You, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than Youï¿½ Dr. Seuss+ SorryTHX,Forgive,Love+ Reply please get better DUSTY ROSE... thinking of you... Terri, Princess of the Terri-tory~~Sure is hard to be a princess around here. WELL-BEHAVED WOMEN RARELY MAKE HISTORY to be enlightened is to be without anxiety over imperfection. Allow myself to find happiness in the only place that it can be found: my real messy, imperfect experience Anon + Today you are You, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than Youï¿½ Dr. Seuss+ SorryTHX,Forgive,Love+ MANXMINX Posts: 511 Hope you feel better in the morning DUSTYROSE Lesley "To be without some of the things you want is an indispensable part of happiness" Bertrand Russell Change is the only constant "Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you are right." Henry Ford Pounds lost: 0.0 Ride outs done, Shazaam is back in the stable. Note to self, must groom him before Posse rides to lessen the dan.. stardust fallout. Loved the original tv Addams Family used to join in the theme tune with the finger clicking. Loved the Munsters as well, but they were just a bit silly. Lesley "To be without some of the things you want is an indispensable part of happiness" Bertrand Russell Change is the only constant "Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you are right." Henry Ford Pounds lost: 0.0 Reply DustyRose.... I hope you get to feeling better.. "There is tremendous happiness in making others happy, despite our own situations. "Shared grief is half the sorrow, but happiness when shared, is doubled." Author Unknown I am bowing out tonight from the posse ride because I have a flu or a cold and I don't feel good. Please don't send the posse I am just not up to riding tonight.Thanks Edited by: DUSTYROSE1968 at: 9/28/2008 (19:04) Life is Short, ♥~-:ï¿½:-♥~.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ) ♥ .♥ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½) ♥ ♥ .ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ )♥♥ *Diane's ♥♥ï¿½) Retired and Loving It .ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½♥-:ï¿½:- ♥-:ï¿½:- )♥ ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½) ♥ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½)♥ -:ï¿½:- Love is not finding someone to live with; it's finding someone you can't live without ♥~-:ï¿½:-♥~.ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ) ♥-:ï¿½:- )♥ ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½) ♥ï¿½.ï¿½ï¿½)♥ Make time to read, you current weight: 253.0 We were disagreeing at home about IT and THING so here you go Becki (IN - Eastern Time Zone) FITBIT ONE Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your words become your actions. Your actions become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your values become your destiny. Mahatma Gandhi Reply Thing, Lurch, and Cousin Itt Another member of the family is seen in the form of a disembodied hand named "Thing". Thing has been Gomez's friend since childhood. He (it is implied that he is male) often performs common, everyday tasks such as retrieving the mail, writing a letter or just giving a friendly pat on shoulder, appearing out of ubiquitous boxes or other convenient containers throughout the house. He communicates with Addamses with a Morse-like alphabet, sign language, writing, and knocking on wood. In the movies and in The New Addams Family and the previous series, Thing is an entirely mobile lower arm and hand, severed just below the elbow (In the TV series, the lower arm was often seen). He lives in an upstairs closet made up as a house-within-a-house, though he is also shown to reside in a cigar box. In addition to Thing, the Addams family also have a tall, ghoulish manservant named Lurch. Lurch serves as a shambling, gravelly-voiced, Frankenstein's Monster-esque butler though he is a considerable 'Jack of all trades'. He tries to help around the house, although occasionally he botches tasks due to his great size and strength, but is otherwise considered quite a catch by the Addamses for his skill at more personal tasks (e.g. waxing Fester's head, amusing the children, etc). Surprisingly, he is often seen playing the harpsichord and organ with a great degree of skill and somewhat uncharacteristic enthusiasm. In Addams Family Reunion, Gomez states that Lurch is not really an Addams, and Morticia replies that Lurch has parts of many families, and that he has the heart of an Addams. Lurch also seems to have a certain level of imperviousness; in Addams Family Values, a 20-pound cannonball is dropped from the top of the Addams' mansion, landing directly on his head, seemingly with no ill effect. In the sitcom, he was capable of speech; beckoned by the pull of a noose-shaped rope which rang a loud thunderous gong he would answer with a signature monotone, brusque and bass-voiced, "You rang?". In the theatrical movies Lurch never spoke, using only grunts, sighs or simple gesticulations. The New Addams Family returned to the original style, right down to the noose bellrope that rang a gong. Lurch also seemed a little bit more polite than his earlier counterparts. Gomez also has a brother, known as Cousin Itt (spelled as "Cousin It" in the movies and the pinball game), who often visits the family. He is short-statured and has long hair which covers his entire body from scalp to floor. Cousin Itt drives a 3-wheeled car: a Messerschmitt KR175.[3] Although in the series he is shown wearing opera gloves, it is unclear what, if anything, is beneath the hair. He is known to speak in a high-pitched nonsensical gibberish that only the family seems to understand. In the second animated series, Itt is a super-spy for the U.S. Government. In the movies he falls in love with a human woman, Margaret, and marries her after her first husband, Tully the lawyer, is disposed of by the Addams children. He and Margaret go on to have a child in Addams Family Values named "What" (from the obstetrician's reaction). In Addams Family Values, Cousin Itt performs the wedding of Fester, demonstrating he has some sort of title and legal power that is not explained in the movie. In Latin America, Cousin It is called "Tio Cosa" (Uncle Thing) and he is Morticia's brother. Thing is called "Dedos" (Fingers) or "maozinha" (little hand) in Brazil. In the original TV series, Thing was generally played by Ted Cassidy (the actor who played Lurch). He was usually a right hand, but Cassidy occasionally used his left, "just to see if anyone noticed".[4] Becki ok, so like who was THING.... SMKYMTNGIRL, thanks for riding while I am swimming... JACK, JACK JACK... somebody has been splashing water all over the place... my sparkpage is soaking wet...I can't figure it out??? Terri, Princess of the Terri-tory~~Sure is hard to be a princess around here. WELL-BEHAVED WOMEN RARELY MAKE HISTORY to be enlightened is to be without anxiety over imperfection. Allow myself to find happiness in the only place that it can be found: my real messy, imperfect experience Anon + Today you are You, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than Youï¿½ Dr. Seuss+ SorryTHX,Forgive,Love+ SPARKLINGHOPE Posts: 14,695 Reply well, ya know for romance Mortecia and Gomez... they had romance!!! ANd it would not be appropriate for me to suggest that there is any resembalance between the Addams family and the Posse... Uncle Festus, cousin Thing (ain't that the hairy dude?) Terri, Princess of the Terri-tory~~Sure is hard to be a princess around here. WELL-BEHAVED WOMEN RARELY MAKE HISTORY to be enlightened is to be without anxiety over imperfection. Allow myself to find happiness in the only place that it can be found: my real messy, imperfect experience Anon + Today you are You, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than Youï¿½ Dr. Seuss+ SorryTHX,Forgive,Love+ WESLEYSMAMA Posts: 4,670 Reply OK.. ya'll know that I know enough just to be dangerous.. but I finally read the fine print that comes via our 'yahoo/aol/etc' emails to tell us that a post and/or subcribtion has happened... and it says... "Clicking this link will also keep you subscribed to the discussion. There may also be other replies, but you will not get any more of these notifications until you click on this link." So like before I read this I would Delete some of my notices because I thought I knew what had been said... etc.... and then my 'subscribition' would cancelled... so now, I open every notice even if I know that I have read it before... I have no idea if this helps anyone... BUT it did help me.... and yep... that fine print stuff seems to matter... OUCH Terri, Princess of the Terri-tory~~Sure is hard to be a princess around here. WELL-BEHAVED WOMEN RARELY MAKE HISTORY to be enlightened is to be without anxiety over imperfection. Allow myself to find happiness in the only place that it can be found: my real messy, imperfect experience Anon + Today you are You, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than Youï¿½ Dr. Seuss+ SorryTHX,Forgive,Love+ DAUMPL Posts: 498 Reply Oh, and by the way, I swearz to abide by the oath and its amendments @)#$&#&)_!@&#)$&)_#@!_(&&&!)#@(_)(#$@ (_(&$)_@&!_)(@&)()$(@)(!__ (I really swearzzzzzzzzzzzz!) I've told PRYZM, but my steed is my faithful bunny Binks. A Blue Holland Lop -- you may see his pic on my spark page. And, I bring along my fairy puddy tats -- mittie kitty, the pookster and squeaky. Still working on the weeme... have it created... just have to work on capturing it in a picture! Now... off to download the badge and T-shirt?????? "And the day came when the risk to remain tight in the bud was more painful than the risk it took to blossom." --Anais Nin ~Patty~ Ohio	i don't know
October 26, 1919 saw the birth of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the last man to hold what title, as ruler of Iran?	Historic Personalities of Iran: Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi Arya Mehr and Shahanshah (King of the Kings) Mohammad Reza Shah & Empress Farah Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1919-80), king of Iran (1941-1979), was born in Tehran on October 26, 1919, the eldest son of Reza Shah. He completed his primary school in Switzerland. He returned to Iran in 1935, and enrolled in a Tehran military school, from which he graduated in 1938. In 1939 he married a sister of Faroq I, king of Egypt. The couple divorced in 1949. Mohammad Reza married two more times, in 1950 with Soraya Esfandiari and 1959 with Farah Diba . He replaced his father, Reza Shah , on the throne on September 16, 1941, shortly before his 22nd birthday. He continued the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between the shah and an older professional politician, the nationalistic Mohammad Mosaddeq . During World War II, Britain and the USSR were concerned by Reza Shah's friendly relations with Germany. In 1941 the two countries invaded and occupied large areas of Iran. They forced Reza Shah to abdicate, and in the absence of a viable alternative, permitted Mohammad Reza to assume the throne. The new shah's reign began against a backdrop of social and political disarray, economic problems, and food shortages. Despite his vow to act as a constitutional monarch who would defer to the power of the parliamentary government, Mohammad Reza increasingly involved himself in governmental affairs and opposed or thwarted strong prime ministers. Prone to indecision, however, Mohammad Reza relied more on manipulation than on leadership. He concentrated on reviving the army and ensuring that it would remain under royal control as the monarchy's main power base. In 1949 an assassination attempt on the Shah, attributed to the pro-Soviet Tudeh Party , resulted in the banning of that party and the expansion of the Shah's constitutional powers. In the context of regional turmoil and the Cold War, the Shah established himself as an indispensable ally of the West. Domestically, he advocated reform policies, culminating in the 1963 program known as the White Revolution , which included land reform, the extension of voting rights to women, and the elimination of illiteracy. In 1967 he crowned himself as King of the Kings (Emperor of Iran) and his wife, Farah Diba, as Shahbanoo (Empress), which caused discontentment amongst diffrent levels of society. Coronation of Mohammad Reza Shah These measures and the increasing arbitrariness of the Shah's rule provoked both religious leaders who feared losing their traditional authority and students and intellectuals seeking democratic reforms. These opponents criticized the Shah for violation of the constitution, which placed limits on royal power and provided for a representative government, and for subservience to the United States. The Shah saw himself as heir to the kings of ancient Iran, and in 1971 he held an extravagant celebration of 2,500 years of Persian monarchy. In 1976 he replaced the Islamic calendar with an "imperial" calendar, which began with the foundation of the Persian empire more than 25 centuries earlier. These actions were viewed as anti-Islamic and resulted in religious opposition. The shah's regime suppressed and marginalized its opponents with the help of Iran's security and intelligence organization, the SAVAK. Relying on oil revenues, which sharply increased in late 1973, the Shah pursued his goal of developing Iran as a mighty regional power dedicated to social reform and economic development. Yet he continually sidestepped democratic arrangements and refused to allow meaningful civic and political liberties, remaining unresponsive to public opinion. By the mid-1970s the Shah reigned amidst widespread discontent caused by the continuing repressiveness of his regime, socioeconomic changes that benefited some classes at the expense of others, and the increasing gap between the ruling elite and the disaffected populace. Islamic leaders, particularly the exiled cleric Ayatollah Khomeini , were able to focus this discontent with a populist ideology tied to Islamic principles and calls for the overthrow of the shah. The Shah's government collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 -1979 and consequently an Islamic Republic succeeded his regime. Beset by advanced cancer, the shah left Iran in January 1979 to begin a life in exile. He lived in Egypt, Morocco, the Bahamas, and Mexico before going to the United States for treatment of lymphatic cancer. His arrival in New York City led to the Iranian takeover of the American Embassy in Tehran by "Students of Imam's Line" and the taking hostage of more than 50 Americans for 444 days. The Shah died in Cairo, Egypt, on July 27, 1980. See also	Shah
Dale Carnegie's best-selling 1936 book is titled How to Win Friends and what People?	Evidence Jimmy Carter abandoned the Shah The Hostage Rescue Attempt In Iran, April 24-25, 1980 Evidence Jimmy Carter abandoned the Shah CLICK HERE TO SEND CARE PACKAGES TO OUR TROOPS A recent article has provided some provocative information regarding former President Jimmy Carter and the Shah. While I had heard or read short articles regarding what is revealed here, the new piece by Alan Peters was an eye opener, and explained so much that I had suspected. I must admit, I used to be a Jimmy Carter supporter. I voted for him to be re-elected. I cringe when people always refer to the Hostage Rescue Attempt as "Ill Fated", "Catastrophic", "Jimmy Carter's Diaster", when Carter is to be commended for at least actually going through with the attempt, while someone like Bill Clinton allowed the US to be attacked numerous times, only to respond when Monica appeared on television. I disagree with his timing, I wish heauthorized the rescue earlier, but some accounts tell us that an individual escaped Iran with information as to the exact whereabouts of the Hostages only a week or two before the official date of the Rescue. Jimmy Carter did what he had to do, and so did the men. The mission did not fail due to the actions of the men or Jimmy Carter, it failed because God did not want us to win that day. 8 Good men died trying to rescue our people in a bold, daring move that our country had no previous reason to prepare for, nor did they anticipate the incidents beforehand. But, since I have grown up a little, and learned a few things regarding politics, I have learned that Jimmy Carter was one of the worst Presidents the United States ever had. Maybe THE worst. Carter's failure to order us into actual combat with Iran in 1979-1980 over the Hostage incident allowed the rise of radical Islam to begin. The snowball effect of that radical Islam was shown on September 11, 2001. While I have personal feelings regarding whether we should have gone to war against Iran for the taking of our embassy back in 1979, I at least regarded the man as a decent man, a well meaning man. Events in the last 10 years, however, and knowlege of events of the 1980's have shown Jimmy Carter to be a dishonorable man. In fact, if the accounts are corect, Jimmy Carter is a traitor. It is reported that Jimmy Carer contacted the Soviet KGB in asking for help in defeating Ronald Reagan. Jimmy Carter is the man Bill Clinton sent to North Korea to supposedly cause North Korea to give up their desire for nuclear weapons, only to have them re-start their program immediately after he left. Jimmy Carter has also made disparaging comments about our present President, George Bush for Bush's efforts to stop terrorism. Jimmy Carter must make such statements, because if the truth be told, the origin of terrorism worldwide was the fall of Iran, and that fall was hastened due to Jimmy Carter's direct actions and lack of action. *************************************************************************** Americans have been hearing for several years about potential war with Iran. For instance, on September 17, 2006, Time magazine reported, “The U.S. would have to consider military action long before Iran had an actual bomb.” On October 10, under the heading “A Chilling Preview of War,” Time warned: “As Iran continues to enrich uranium, the U.S. military has issued a ‘Prepare to Deploy’ order.” In September 2007, US News & World Report stated: “Amid deepening frustration with Iran, calls for shifting Bush administration policy toward military strikes or other stronger actions are intensifying.” And in June 2008, President-to-be Barack Obama declared: “The danger from Iran is grave, it is real, and my goal will be to eliminate this threat.” However, suppose a progressive, pro-Western regime ruled Iran, representing no threat? War discussions would be unnecessary. Yet many forget that, until 30 years ago, exactly such a regime led Iran, until it was toppled with the help of the same U.S. foreign policy establishment recently beating war drums. Meet the Shah From 1941 until 1979, Iran was ruled by a constitutional monarchy under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran’s Shah (king). Although Iran, also called Persia, was the world’s oldest empire, dating back 2,500 years, by 1900 it was floundering. Bandits dominated the land; literacy was one percent; and women, under archaic Islamic dictates, had no rights. The Shah changed all this. Primarily by using oil-generated wealth, he modernized the nation. He built rural roads, postal services, libraries, and electrical installations. He constructed dams to irrigate Iran’s arid land, making the country 90-percent self-sufficient in food production. He established colleges and universities, and at his own expense, set up an educational foundation to train students for Iran’s future. To encourage independent cultivation, the Shah donated 500,000 Crown acres to 25,000 farmers. In 1978, his last full year in power, the average Iranian earned $2,540, compared to $160 25 years earlier. Iran had full employment, requiring foreign workers. The national currency was stable for 15 years, inspiring French economist Andrï¿½ Piettre to call Iran a country of “growth without inflation.” Although Iran was the world’s second largest oil exporter, the Shah planned construction of 18 nuclear power plants. He built an Olympic sports complex and applied to host the 1988 Olympics (an honor eventually assigned Seoul), an achievement unthinkable for other Middle East nations. Long regarded as a U.S. ally, the Shah was pro-Western and anti-communist, and he was aware that he posed the main barrier to Soviet ambitions in the Middle East. As distinguished foreign-affairs analyst Hilaire du Berrier noted: “He determined to make Iran … capable of blocking a Russian advance until the West should realize to what extent her own interests were threatened and come to his aid.... It necessitated an army of 250,000 men.” The Shah’s air force ranked among the world’s five best. A voice for stability within the Middle East itself, he favored peace with Israel and supplied the beleaguered state with oil. On the home front, the Shah protected minorities and permitted non-Muslims to practice their faiths. “All faith,” he wrote, “imposes respect upon the beholder.” The Shah also brought Iran into the 20th century by granting women equal rights. This was not to accommodate feminism, but to end archaic brutalization. Yet, at the height of Iran’s prosperity, the Shah suddenly became the target of an ignoble campaign led by U.S. and British foreign policy makers. Bolstered by slander in the Western press, these forces, along with Soviet-inspired communist insurgents, and mullahs opposing the Shah’s progressiveness, combined to face him with overwhelming opposition. In three years he went from vibrant monarch to exile (on January 16, 1979), and ultimately death, while Iran fell to Ayatollah Khomeini’s terror. Houchang Nahavandi, one of the Shah’s ministers and closest advisers, reveals in his book The Last Shah of Iran: “We now know that the idea of deposing the Shah was broached continually, from the mid-seventies on, in the National Security Council in Washington, by Henry Kissinger, whom the Shah thought of as a firm friend.” Kissinger virtually epitomized the American establishment: before acting as Secretary of State under Republicans Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, he had been chief foreign-affairs adviser to Nelson Rockefeller, whom he called “the single most influential person in my life.” Jimmy Carter defeated Ford in the 1976 presidential election, but the switch to a Democratic administration did not change the new foreign policy tilt against the Shah. Every presidential administration since Franklin D. Roosevelt’s has been dominated by members of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), the most visible manifestation of the establishment that dictates U.S. foreign policy along internationalist lines. The Carter administration was no exception. Nahavandi writes: The alternation of parties does not change the diplomatic orientation of the United States that much. The process of toppling the Shah had been envisaged and initiated in 1974, under a certain Republican administration.... Numerous, published documents and studies bear witness to the fact, even if it was not until the beginning of the Carter administration that the decision was made to take concerted action by evoking problems related to human rights. The Shah’s destruction required assembling a team of diplomatic “hit men.” Du Berrier commented: When the situation was deemed ripe, U.S. Ambassador William Sullivan — the man reputed to have toppled the pro-American government of General Phoumi Nosavan in Laos — was sent to urge the Shah to get out. In December Mr. George Ball, an instant “authority on Iran,” was sent as a follow-up with the same message. Sullivan (CFR), a career diplomat with no Middle East experience, became our ambassador to Iran in 1977. The Shah recalled: Whenever I met Sullivan and asked him to confirm these official statements [of American support], he promised he would. But a day or two later he would return, gravely shake his head, and say that he had received “no instructions” and therefore could not comment.... His answer was always the same: I have received no instructions.... This rote answer had been given me since early September [1978] and I would continue to hear it until the day I left the country. The other key player du Berrier named, George Ball, was a quintessential establishment man: CFR member, Bilderberger, and banker with Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb. The Shah commented: “What was I to make, for example, of the Administration’s sudden decision to call former Under Secretary of State George Ball to the White House as an advisor on Iran? I knew that Ball was no friend.” Writes Nahavandi: George Ball — that guru of American diplomacy and prominento of certain think-tanks and pressure groups — once paid a long visit to Teheran, where, interestingly, the National Broadcasting Authority placed an office at his disposal. Once installed there, he played host to all the best-known dissidents and gave them encouragement. After he returned to Washington, he made public statements, hostile and insulting to the Sovereign. Joining the smear was U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy, whose role Nahavandi recalled in a 1981 interview: But we must not forget the venom with which Teddy Kennedy ranted against the Shah, nor that on December 7, 1977, the Kennedy family financed a so-called committee for the defense of liberties and rights of man in Teheran, which was nothing but a headquarters for revolution. Suddenly, the Shah noted, the U.S. media found him “a despot, an oppressor, a tyrant.” Kennedy denounced him for running “one of the most violent regimes in the history of mankind.” At the center of the “human rights” complaints was the Shah’s security force, SAVAK. Comparable in its mission to America’s FBI, SAVAK was engaged in a deadly struggle against terrorism, most of which was fueled by the bordering USSR, which linked to Iran’s internal communist party, the Tudeh. SAVAK, which had only 4,000 employees in 1978, saved many lives by averting several bombing attempts. Its prisons were open for Red Cross inspections, and though unsuccessful attempts were made on the Shah’s life, he always pardoned the would-be assassins. Nevertheless, a massive campaign was deployed against him. Within Iran, Islamic fundamentalists, who resented the Shah’s progressive pro-Western views, combined with Soviet-sponsored communists to overthrow the Shah. This tandem was “odd” because communism is committed to destroying all religion, which Marx called “the opiate of the masses.” The Shah understood that “Islamic Marxism” was an oxymoron, commenting: “Of course the two concepts are irreconcilable — unless those who profess Islam do not understand their own religion or pervert it for their own political ends.” For Western TV cameras, protestors in Teheran carried empty coffins, or coffins seized from genuine funerals, proclaiming these were “victims of SAVAK.” This deception — later admitted by the revolutionaries — was necessary because they had no actual martyrs to parade. Another tactic: demonstrators splashed themselves with mercurochrome, claiming SAVAK had bloodied them. The Western media cooperated. When Carter visited Iran at the end of 1977, the press reported that his departure to Teheran International Airport had been through empty streets, because the city was “all locked up and emptied of people, by order of the SAVAK.” What the media didn’t mention: Carter chose to depart at 6 a.m., when the streets were naturally empty. An equally vicious campaign occurred when the Shah and his wife, Empress Farah, came for a state visit to America in November 1977. While touring Williamsburg, Virginia, about 500 Iranian students showed up, enthusiastically applauding. However, about 50 protestors waved hammer-and-sickle red flags. These unlikely Iranians were masked, unable to speak Persian, and some were blonde. The U.S. media focused exclusively on the protesters. Wrote the Shah: “Imagine my amazement the next day when I saw the press had reversed the numbers and wrote that the fifty Shah supporters were lost in a hostile crowd.” On November 16, the Shah and Empress were due to visit Carter. Several thousand Iranian patriots surrounded the White House bearing a huge banner saying “Welcome Shah.” However, as Nahavandi reports: The police kept them as far away as possible, but allowed a small number of opponents [again, masked] to approach the railings … close to where the Sovereign’s helicopter was going to land for the official welcome. At the exact moment, when courtesies were being exchanged on the White House lawn, these people produced sticks and bicycle chains and set upon the others.... Thus, the whole world was allowed to see riotous scenes, on television, as an accompaniment to the arrival of the Imperial Couple. Terror at Home Two major events propelled the revolution in Iran. On the afternoon of August 19, 1978, a deliberate fire gutted the Rex Cinema in Abadan, killing 477 people, including many children with their mothers. Blocked exits prevented escape. The police learned that the fire was caused by Ruhollah Khomeini supporters, who fled to Iraq, where the ayatollah was in exile. But the international press blamed the fire on the Shah and his “dreaded SAVAK.” Furthermore, the mass murder had been timed to coincide with the Shah’s planned celebration of his mother’s birthday; it could thus be reported that the royal family danced while Iran wept. Communist-inspired rioting swept Iran. Foreigners, including Palestinians, appeared in the crowds. Although the media depicted demonstrations as “spontaneous uprisings,” professional revolutionaries organized them. Some Iranian students were caught up in it. Here the Shah’s generosity backfired. As du Berrier pointed out: In his desperate need of men capable of handling the sophisticated equipment he was bringing in, the Shah had sent over a hundred thousand students abroad.... Those educated in France and America return indoctrinated by leftist professors and eager to serve as links between comrades abroad and the Communist Party at home. When the demonstrations turned violent, the government reluctantly invoked martial law. The second dark day was September 8. Thousands of demonstrators gathered in Teheran were ordered to disperse by an army unit. Gunmen — many on rooftops — fired on the soldiers. The Shah’s army fired back. The rooftop snipers then sprayed the crowd. When the tragedy was over, 121 demonstrators and 70 soldiers and police lay dead. Autopsies revealed that most in the crowd had been killed by ammo non-regulation for the army. Nevertheless, the Western press claimed the Shah had massacred his own people. The Shah, extremely grieved by this incident, and wanting no further bloodshed, gave orders tightly restricting the military. This proved a mistake. Until now, the sight of his elite troops had quieted mobs. The new restraints emboldened revolutionaries, who brazenly insulted soldiers, knowing they could fire only as a last resort. Khomeini and the Media Cabal Meanwhile, internationalist forces rallied around a new figure they had chosen to lead Iran: Ruhollah Khomeini. A minor cleric of Indian extraction, Khomeini had denounced the Shah’s reforms during the 1960s — especially women’s rights and land reform for Muslim clerics, many of whom were large landholders. Because his incendiary remarks had contributed to violence and rioting then, he was exiled, living mostly in Iraq, where Iranians largely forgot him until 1978. A shadowy past followed Khomeini. The 1960s rioting linked to him was financed, in part, by Eastern Bloc intelligence services. He was in the circle of the cleric Kachani Sayed Abolghassem, who had ties to East German intelligence. Furthermore, in 1960, Colonel Michael Goliniewski, second-in-command of Soviet counter-intelligence in Poland, defected to the West. His debriefings exposed so many communist agents that he was honored by a resolution of the U.S. House of Representatives. One report, declassified in 2000, revealed, “Ayatollah Khomeini was one of Moscow’s five sources of intelligence at the heart of the Shiite hierarchy.” Nevertheless, as French journalist Dominique Lorenz reported, the Americans, “having picked Khomeini to overthrow the Shah, had to get him out of Iraq, clothe him with respectability and set him up in Paris, a succession of events, which could not have occurred, if the leadership in France had been against it.” In 1978, Khomeini, in Iraq since 1965, was permitted to reside at Neauphle-le-Chï¿½teau in France. Two French police squads, along with Algerians and Palestinians, protected him. Nahavandi notes: Around the small villa occupied by Khomeini, the agents of many of the world’s secret services were gathered as thickly as the autumn leaves. The CIA, the MI6, the KGB and the SDECE were all there. The CIA had even rented the house next door. According to most of the published witness-statements, the East Germans were in charge of most of the radio-transmissions; and, on at least one occasion, eight thousand cassettes of the Ayatollah’s speeches were sent, directly to Teheran, by diplomatic bag. Foreign-affairs analyst du Berrier reported: French services quickly verified that Libya, Iraq and Russia were providing money. Young Iranians, members of the Tudeh (communist) Party, made up Khomeini’s secretariat in France. Working in cooperation with the French Communist Party they provided couriers to pass his orders and tapes into Iran. Their sympathizers in Britain turned the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) into a propaganda organ. Journalists descended in droves on Neauphle-le-Chï¿½teau; Khomeini gave 132 interviews in 112 days, receiving easy questions as their media organs became his sounding board. Nahavandi affirms that, within Iran “the Voice of America, the Voice of Israel and, especially, the BBC virtually became the voice of the revolution, moving from criticism, to overt incitement of revolt, and from biased reporting, to outright disinformation.” Khomeini’s inflammatory speeches were broadcast; revolutionary songs aired on Iranian radio. One journalist, however, stunned Khomeini by bucking the trend: intelligence expert Pierre de Villemarest, hero of the French Resistance in World War II, anti-communist, and critic of the CFR. Interviewing Khomeini, de Villemarest asked: How are you going to solve the economic crisis into which you have plunged the country through your agitation of these past few weeks?... And aren’t you afraid that when the present regime is destroyed you will be outpaced by a party as tightly-knit and well organized as the [communist] Tudeh? Khomeini didn’t reply. The interpreter stood, saying, “The Ayatollah is tired.” De Villemarest registered his concern with the French Ministry of the Interior, but reported, “They told me to occupy myself with something else.” Ending the Shah’s Rule Iran’s situation deteriorated. As Western media spurred revolutionaries, riots and strikes paralyzed Iran. The Shah wrote: At about this time, a new CIA chief was stationed in Teheran. He had been transferred to Iran from a post in Tokyo with no previous experience in Iranian affairs. Why did the U.S. install a man totally ignorant of my country in the midst of such a crisis? I was astonished by the insignificance of the reports he gave me. At one point we spoke of liberalization and I saw a smile spread across his face. The Carter administration’s continuous demand upon the Shah: liberalize. On October 26, 1978, he freed 1,500 prisoners, but increased rioting followed. The Shah commented that “the more I liberalized, the worse the situation in Iran became. Every initiative I took was seen as proof of my own weakness and that of my government.” Revolutionaries equated liberalization with appeasement. “My greatest mistake,” the Shah recalled, “was in listening to the Americans on matters concerning the internal affairs of my kingdom.” Iran’s last hope: its well-trained military could still restore order. The Carter administration realized this. Du Berrier noted: “Air Force General Robert Huyser, deputy commander of U.S. forces in Europe, was sent to pressure Iran’s generals into giving in without a fight.” “Huyser directly threatened the military with a break in diplomatic relations and a cutoff of arms if they moved to support their monarch.” “It was therefore necessary,” the Shah wrote, “to neutralize the Iranian army. It was clearly for this reason that General Huyser had come to Teheran.” Huyser only paid the Shah a cursory visit, but had three meetings with Iran’s revolutionary leaders — one lasting 10 hours. Huyser, of course, had no authority to interfere with a foreign nation’s sovereign affairs. Prior to execution later by Khomeini, General Amir Hossein Rabbi, commander-in-chief of the Iranian Air Force, stated: “General Huyser threw the Shah out of the country like a dead mouse.” U.S. officials pressed the Shah to leave Iran. He reflected: You cannot imagine the pressure the Americans were putting on me, and in the end it became an order.... How could I stay when the Americans had sent a general, Huyser, to force me out? How could I stand alone against Henry Precht [the State Department Director for Iran] and the entire State Department? He finally accepted exile, clinging to the belief that America was still Iran’s ally, and that leaving would avert greater bloodshed. These hopes proved illusions. A factor in the Shah’s decision to depart was that — unknown to most people — he had cancer. U.S. Ambassador William Sullivan (CFR) assured the Shah that, if he exited Iran, America would welcome him. Despite the pleadings of myriad Iranians to stay, he reluctantly left. However, shortly after reaching Cairo, the U.S. ambassador to Egypt effectively informed him that “the government of the United States regrets that it cannot welcome the Shah to American territory.” The betrayed ruler now became “a man without a country.” Iran’s Chaotic Descent On February 1, 1979, with U.S. officials joining the welcoming committee, Ayatollah Khomeini arrived in Iran amid media fanfare. Although counter-demonstrations, some numbering up to 300,000 people, erupted in Iran, the Western press barely mentioned them. Khomeini had taken power, not by a constitutional process, but violent revolution that ultimately claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. Numerous of his opponents were executed, usually without due process, and often after brutal torture. Teheran’s police officers — loyal to the Shah — were slaughtered. At least 1,200 Imperial Army officers, who had been instructed by General Huyser not to resist the revolution, were put to death. Before dying, many exclaimed, “God save the King!” “On February 17,” reported du Berrier, “General Huyser faced the first photos of the murdered leaders whose hands he had tied and read the descriptions of their mutilations.” At the year’s end, the military emasculated and no longer a threat, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. More Iranians were killed during Khomeini’s first month in power than in the Shah’s 37-year reign. Yet Carter, Ted Kennedy, and the Western media, who had brayed so long about the Shah’s alleged “human rights” violations, said nothing. Mass executions and torture elicited no protests. Seeing his country thus destroyed, the exiled Shah raged to an adviser: “Where are the defenders of human rights and democracy now?” Later, the Shah wrote that there was not a word of protest from American human rights advocates who had been so vocal in denouncing my “tyrannical” regime! It was a sad commentary, I reflected, that the United States, and indeed most Western countries, had adopted a double standard for international morality: anything Marxist, no matter how bloody and base, is acceptable. Exile The Shah’s personal tragedy wasn’t over. He stayed briefly in Egypt and Morocco, but did not wish to impose risks on his hosts from Muslim extremists. Eventually he welcomed Mexican President Lopes Portillo’s hospitality. However, in Mexico the Shah received an invitation from CFR Chairman David Rockefeller, who used influence to secure permission for the Shah to come to America for medical treatment. Rockefeller sent a trendy Park Avenue MD to examine the Shah, who agreed — against his better judgment — to abandon his personal physicians and fly to New York for treatment. In October 1979, he was received at the Rockefeller-founded Sloan-Kettering Memorial Hospital for cancer treatment. Here the Shah experienced a fateful delay in spleen surgery that some believe accelerated his death. The Shah’s admission to the United States had another outcome. Partly in retribution, on November 4, 1979, Iranians took 52 hostages from the U.S. embassy in Teheran. (According to Nahavandi, Soviet special services assisted them.) This embarrassed Jimmy Carter, who had done so much to destroy the Shah and support Khomeini. The seizure made the Shah a pawn. While in New York, Mexico inexplicably reversed its welcome, informing the Shah that his return would contravene Mexico’s “vital interests.” One can only guess at the hidden hands possibly influencing this decision. Carter faced a dilemma. Iran wanted the Shah’s return — for a degrading execution — in exchange for the American hostages. However, a direct trade might humiliate the United States. Therefore, Panama was selected as intermediary. Following treatment in New York, the Shah was informed he could no longer remain in America, but Panama would welcome him. In Panama, however, the Shah and Empress were under virtual house arrest; it was apparent that it would only be a matter of time before the Shah would be sent to Iran in exchange for the hostages. A special cage was erected in Teheran. Khomeini’s followers envisioned parading him in the streets before final torture and bloody execution. However, Anwar Sadat, the Egyptian president and the Shah’s friend, discerned the scheme, and sent a jet to Panama, which escorted the Shah and Empress safely to Egypt. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi died on July 27, 1980. His last words: “I wait upon Fate, never ceasing to pray for Iran, and for my people. I think only of their suffering.” In Cairo, a grand funeral honored him. Three million Egyptians followed the procession. Anwar Sadat who, like the Shah, advocated a peaceful Middle East, and defied the American establishment by saving the Shah from infamous death, did not survive much longer himself. The following year, Muslim extremists assassinated him under circumstances remaining controversial. The Issues Why did the American establishment, defying logic and morality, betray our ally the Shah? Only the perpetrators can answer the question, but a few possibilities should be considered. Iran ranks second in the world in oil and natural-gas reserves. Energy is critical to world domination, and major oil companies, such as Exxon and British Petroleum, have long exerted behind-the-scenes influence on national policies. The major oil companies had for years dictated Iranian oil commerce, but the Shah explained: In 1973 we succeeded in putting a stop, irrevocably, to sixty years of foreign exploitation of Iranian oil-resources.... In 1974, Iran at last took over the management of the entire oil-industry, including the refineries at Abadan and so on.... I am quite convinced that it was from this moment that some very powerful, international interests identified, within Iran, the collusive elements, which they could use to encompass my downfall. Does this explain the sudden attitude change toward Iran expressed by Henry Kissinger, beginning in the mid-seventies? Kissinger’s links to the Rockefellers, whose fortune derived primarily from oil, bolsters the Shah’s view on the situation. However, other factors should be considered. Although the Shah maintained a neutral stance toward Israel, during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, he allowed critical supplies to reach Egypt, enabling it to achieve a balance of success, and earning Sadat’s undying gratitude, but wrath from influential Zionists. Did this impact the West’s attitude change in the mid-seventies? We should not overlook that the Shah opposed the powerful opium trade, now flourishing in the Middle East. Finally, the Shah was a nationalist who brought his country to the brink of greatness and encouraged Middle East peace. These qualities are anathema to those seeking global governance, for strong nations resist membership in world bodies, and war has long been a destabilizing catalyst essential to what globalists call “the new world order.” What is the solution to modern Iran? Before listening to war drums, let us remember: It was the CFR clique — the same establishment entrenched in the Bush and Obama administrations — that ousted the Shah, resulting in today’s Iran. That establishment also chanted for the six-year-old Iraq War over alleged weapons of mass destruction never found. Therefore, instead of contemplating war with Iran, a nation four times Iraq’s size, let us demand that America shed its CFR hierarchy and their interventionist policy that has wrought decades of misery, and adopt a policy of avoiding foreign entanglements, and of minding our own business in international affairs. at the highest levels during the rule of the Shah, until early 1979. 2. See Defense & Foreign Affairs Daily, March 2, 2004 : Credibility and Legitimacy of Ruling Iranian Clerics Unraveling as Pressures Mount Against Them; The Source of Clerical Ruling Authority Now Being Questioned. This report, also by Alan Peters, details the background of Ayatollah Khomeini, the fact that his qualifications for his religious title were not in place, and the fact that he was not of Iranian origin. Some articles have appeared on the Internet concerning Jimmy Carter that the public should be aware of. Here are the opening paragraphs with the links to the original articles: Jimmy Carter and the 40 Ayatollahs Diane Alden Wednesday, Oct. 30, 2002 By Middle East standards the Shah of Iran was a progressive democrat. In the eyes of President Jimmy Carter and certain foreign policy factions in the State Department and various think tanks, the Shah represented the heart of darkness. In an article in May 2002, NewsMax's Chris Ruddy pointed out: "Remember Carter's human rights program, where he demanded the Shah of Iran step down and turn over power to the Ayatollah Khomeini? "No matter that Khomeini was a madman. Carter had the U.S. Pentagon tell the Shah's top military commanders about 150 of them to acquiesce to the Ayatollah and not fight him. "The Shah's military listened to Carter. All of them were murdered in one of the Ayatollah's first acts. "By allowing the Shah to fall, Carter created one of the most militant anti-American dictatorships ever." http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/10/29/170201.shtml Carter Sold out Iran 1977-1978 As if a light were switched off, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlevi, portrayed for 20 years as a progressive modern ruler by Islamic standards, was suddenly, in 1977-1978, turned into this foaming at the mouth monster by the international left media. Soon after becoming President in 1977, Jimmy Carter launched a deliberate campaign to undermine the Shah. The Soviets and their left-wing apparatchiks would coordinate with Carter by smearing the Shah in a campaign of lies meant to topple his throne. The result would be the establishment of a Marxist/Islamic state in Iran headed by the tyrannical Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The Iranian revolution, besides enthroning one of the worlds most oppressive regimes, would greatly contribute to the creation of the Marxist/Islamic terror network challenging the free world today. At the time, a senior Iranian diplomat in Washington observed, President Carter betrayed the Shah and helped create the vacuum that will soon be filled by Soviet-trained agents and religious fanatics who hate America. Under the guise of promoting human rights, Carter made demands on the Shah while blackmailing him with the threat that if the demands werent fulfilled, vital military aid and training would be withheld. This strange policy, carried out against a staunch, 20 year Middle East ally, was a repeat of similar policies applied in the past by US governments to other allies such as pre Mao China and pre Castro Cuba. Carter started by pressuring the Shah to release political prisoners including known terrorists and to put an end to military tribunals. The newly released terrorists would be tried under civil jurisdiction with the Marxist/Islamists using these trials as a platform for agitation and propaganda. This is a standard tactic of the left then and now. The free world operates at a distinct dis-advantage to Marxist and Islamic nations in this regard as in those countries, trials are staged to show the political faith of the ruling elite. Fair trials, an independent judiciary, and a search for justice is considered to be a western bourgeois prejudice. Carter pressured Iran to allow for free assembly which meant that groups would be able to meet and agitate for the overthrow of the government. It goes without saying that such rights didnt exist in any Marxist or Islamic nation. The planned and predictable result of these policies was an escalation of opposition to the Shah, which would be viewed by his enemies as a weakness. A well-situated internal apparatus in Iran receiving its marching orders from the Kremlin egged on this growing opposition. By the fall of 1977, university students, working in tandem with a Shiite clergy that had long opposed the Shahs modernizing policies, began a well coordinated and financed series of street demonstrations supported by a media campaign reminiscent of the 1947-1948 campaign against Chinas Chiang Ki Shek in favor of the agrarian reformer Mao tse Tung. At this point the Shah was unable to check the demonstrators, who were instigating violence as a means of inflaming the situation and providing their media stooges with atrocity propaganda. Rumors were circulating amongst Iranians that the CIA under the orders of President Carter organized these demonstrations. In November 1977, the Shah and his Empress, Farah Diba, visited the White House where they were met with hostility. They were greeted by nearly 4,000 Marxist-led Iranian students, many wearing masks, waving clubs, and carrying banners festooned with the names of Iranian terrorist organizations. The rioters were allowed within 100 feet of the White House where they attacked other Iranians and Americans gathered to welcome the Shah. Only 15 were arrested and quickly released. Inside the White House, Carter pressured the Shah to implement even more radical changes. Meanwhile, the Soviets were mobilizing a campaign of propaganda, espionage, sabotage, and terror in Iran. The Shah was being squeezed on two sides. In April 1978, Moscow would instigate a bloody coup in Afghanistan and install the communist puppet Nur Mohammad Taraki. Taraki would proceed to call for a jihad against the Ikhwanu Shayateen which translates into brothers of devils, a label applied to opponents of the new red regime in Kabul and to the Iranian government. Subversives and Soviet-trained agents swarmed across the long Afghanistan/Iran border to infiltrate Shiite mosques and other Iranian institutions. By November 1978, there was an estimated 500,000 Soviet backed Afghanis in Iran where, among other activities, they set up training camps for terrorists. Khomeini, a 78-year-old Shiite cleric whose brother had been imprisoned as a result of activities relating to his Iranian Communist party affiliations, and who had spent 15 years in exile in Bath Socialist Iraq, was poised to return. In exile, Khomeini spoke of the creation of a revolutionary Islamic republic, which would be anti-Western, socialist, and with total power in the hands of an ayatollah. In his efforts to violently overthrow the government of Iran, Khomeini received the full support of the Soviets. Nureddin Klanuri, head of the Iranian Communist Tudeh Party, in exile in East Berlin, stated, The Tudeh Party approves Ayatollah Khomeinis initiative in creating the Islamic Revolutionary Council. The ayatollahs program coincides with that of the Tudeh Party. Khomeinis closest advisor, Sadegh Ghothzadeh, was well known as a revolutionary with close links to communist intelligence. In January 1998, Pravda, the official Soviet organ, officially endorsed the Khomeini revolution. American leaders were also supporting Khomeini. After the Pravda endorsement, Ramsey Clark, who served as Attorney General under President Lyndon B. Johnson, held a press conference where he reported on a trip to Iran and a Paris visit with Khomeini. He urged the US government to take no action to help the Shah so that Iran could determine its own fate. Clark played a behind the scenes role influencing members of Congress to not get involved in the crisis. Perhaps UN Ambassador Andrew Young best expressed the thinking of the left at the time when he stated that, if successful, Khomeini would eventually be hailed as a saint. Khomeini was allowed to seize power in Iran and, as a result, we are now reaping the harvest of anti-American fanaticism and extremism. Khomeini unleashed the hybrid of Islam and Marxism that has spawned suicide bombers and hijackers. President Jimmy Carter, and the extremists in his administration are to blame and should be held accountable. Chuck Morse	i don't know
What can be a powered drink, a fish, and a highly decorated WWII US submarine?	Covert Naval Blog: Developments in Technology of Submarine Warfare During the 20th Century Friday, June 10, 2011 Developments in Technology of Submarine Warfare During the 20th Century While the idea of a submersible ship had been around since the Renaissance, the advances in technology required were not seen until the end of the Victorian age. It has been a weapon with conflicting ideas as to its mission and role. The 20th Century saw the submarine brought from a curiosity into a highly effective weapon of war, espionage, and deterrence. The two primary problems of early submarine development were weapons and propulsion. Early attempts at submarine weapons included limpet mines and spar torpedoes that proved just as dangerous to the attacker as the target; Robert Whitehead developed the first self-propelled torpedo in 1866 (Parish 21-22). This weapon, while adopted for use on both surface ships and from shore, proved particularly well suited for use from a subsurface craft as it made its attack underwater, away from the launching platform, and was fully self-contained. In the field of propulsion many different systems were attempted. Initially, trials using compressed air and all-battery drives were conducted but this linked submarines to a shore base or a tender ship at sea. The Austrians designed a submarine that could operate its gasoline engine while submerged by it feeding air with a pair of breathing tubes (Freivogel 5); but it quickly became apparent to the early developers that two propulsion systems would be required: one for sailing on the surface and one for submerged operations. Almost universally the submerged drive adopted was the battery and electric motor system, as its operation, unlike compressed air, was fully self-contained and in addition provided electricity for the submarine's equipment. For surface propulsion a myriad of drives were tried. France tried a steam engine but the air intakes proved cumbersome to close when diving and the heat of the steam engine overwhelmed the crew (Preston 15). The British would ignore these difficulties and went on to develop their own steam-powered submarine class (McCartney, Tony Bryan 16). Gasoline engines were tried by designers in America such as John Holland and Simon Lake (Preston 16-17). Unfortunately, while the gasoline engines provided ample power for both surface travel and charging of batteries, the vapors of the fuel were noxious to the crew and posed a danger of fire or explosion in the cramped confines of a submarine (Century). Safer fuels were quickly developed. Kerosene was tried in Germany; while it proved a safer fuel, allowing for quicker dive times and offered longer range, the large amounts of white smoke it produced as exhaust were not advantageous for a warship that was to rely on stealth (Williamson 4). A German invention provided the answer: the diesel engine. Diesel fuel was safe, compact, relatively clean-burning, and produced sufficient drive power. Ironically, it was others who launched the first submarine powered by a diesel engine as Germany itself lacked the engines in sufficient quantities at the time (Preston 19). Irony notwithstanding, the submarine had now become an effective weapon, it was now a matter of learning how to use it and what for. Early in the 20th century the preeminent naval power, the United Kingdom looked upon submarines with disdain as a defensive weapon, suitable only for defending one's own harbors. Admiral Arthur Wilson stated they were “Underhand, unfair, and damned un-English” (Preston 17). The idea of a weapon that would attack without warning was considered “unsailorlike” (Century), while submarine crews were considered only one step removed from pirates (Preston 17). Despite the reluctance of the Admiralty, under Admiral Sir John Fisher the Royal Navy became a leader in submarine development. The British “D-class” submarines became the first to be equipped with a wireless telegraph, and the first submarine class to have both a deck gun and diesel propulsion (Cocker 27). The British “D-class” were the prototypical submarine of the era; they were 163 meters long and displaced just under 600 tons. They were armed with one or two 12 lb quick-firing guns and three 18” torpedo tubes. Its twin screws could propel the sub at speeds of up to 14 knots, and carried a crew of 25 (Hutchinson 38). Admiral John Jellico commander of the British Grand Fleet and later First Sea Lord envisioned a class of submarines that would sail alongside the Royal Navy's battle fleet, much like the destroyers of the time. He assumed that his main potential adversary the German Navy, had the same idea. Inconveniently, they had other ideas (Preston 36). As World War One began the initial targets of Submarines were enemy warships. German submarines called U-boats (a shortened version of the German term Unterseeboot) scored several early victories. On 3 September 1914 U-21 sunk HMS Pathfinder, a British cruiser, she would be the first warship sunk in battle by a submarine in modern times. 19 days later U-9 would sink HMS Aboukir, Hogue, and Cressy, cruisers all, within an hour (Williamson 33, Century). The next month U-9 would sink another cruiser HMS Hawke. With no apparent countermeasures to speak of, the Royal Navy evacuated its anchorage at Scapa Flow for a time (Williamson 34). In January of 1915 U-24 sank HMS Formidable a British battleship, the British response to these U-boat attacks was mostly a passive one; they placed nets, laid mines and dispatched patrols (Williamson 35). Initially the only defense a ship had from submarine attack would be to charge at it while it was still surfaced in hopes of sinking her with gunfire or by ramming her as she dived; if the submarine dived in time a warship had nothing to attack with. Underwater weapons were needed. At first, militarized fishing boats are used to lay nets that would entangle a U-boat and force it to surface where it could be sunk by gunfire. Then, a line of mines were towed behind a patrol ship in hopes of one of the bombs striking a submerged U-boat. Neither proved very effective in practice. Ships outfitted to look like an unarmed cargo vessels were used to try to lure a U-boat to surface to make a deck-gun attack, which was standard practice at the time since torpedoes were both expensive and somewhat unreliable, as well as being difficult to aim. Known as Q-Ships, these ships were actually heavily armed and/or would tow a British submarine behind them to ambush a U-boat (Owen 22-23). By January of 1916 an effective depth charge was finally deployed to the Royal Navy. Imaginatively designated the “Type D”, it was the first to feature a hydrostatic detonator that would set off the weapon at a preset depth. However, the problem of finding a submerged U-boat to use such weapons on remained (Britain np). Simple hydrophones had been deployed as early as 1915 but these devices were omnidirectional and could only be used if stationary; their used was limited providing warning of a submarine's approach. By 1917 a directional hydrophone was developed that could be used by a ship moving, and by war's end versions that could be used aboard seaplanes were developed (Owen 28, 41). Naval thinking at the start of WWI focused on the belief that the Navy's role was to engage and destroy its enemy's fleet in a decisive battle, and in May-June 1914 it happened off the coast of Jutland, Denmark in the North Sea. After two days of inconclusive battle the Royal Navy was able to maintain its blockade of the German coast. Following the Battle of Jutland the German High Seas Fleet remained in port rather than risk its expensive battleships and cruisers in another inconclusive battle. Because of German naval inferiority, targets for U-boat attacks quickly changed, Germany, recognizing that Britain being an island separated from its empire, relied on its merchant fleets to survive. Thus merchant ships quickly became a target for submarines. Submarine attacks on merchant shipping were so effective that the admiralty was forced to take drastic countermeasures. One solution suggested was to have merchant ships operate in a convoys protected by warships, Admiral Jellico and others dismissed this as a defensive tactic unsuited to the offensive mindset Royal Navy (Owen 30). The admiralty proposed using a new type of submarine to hunt U-boats: the R-class. These submarines were designed to be fast and maneuverable underwater, and were equipped with directional hydrophones to find their targets and six torpedo tubes to engage them. These R class submarines would arrive too late for the war and would quickly be forgotten (Owen 27-28, Gardiner et al 93). As the war went on, the methods in which the Central Powers employed submarines would change, eventually culminating in unrestricted submarine warfare against all merchant shipping in the waters around Europe. Germany, rightly assuming that the US would eventually enter the war in support of the allies no matter what it did, allowed its submarines to attack US merchant ships. This escalation of force, and the efficacy of submarine warfare directed at supply lines, did not go unnoticed. With merchant shipping losses mounting, the British adopted a convoy system thanks to the advocacy of British Admiral David Beatty and American Admiral W. S. Sims. Sinkings by U-boats dropped dramatically after the adoption of the convoy system (Owen 30-31). Merchant ships in a convoy were protected by escorting warships and it reduced the number of targets the U-boats had from many to one. (Owen 43). Convoys represented the final blow to the German U-boat in WWI, but by war's end U-boats had sunk 12.5 million tons of allied and neutral shipping (Hutchinson 69). As the war drew to a close, one more weapon would appear. Called ASDIC for Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee by the British (today this is referred to as Active Sonar), this detection device would transmit an acoustic pulse into the water called a 'ping' that would bounce off a submarine and be detected by the hydrophones giving an attacking ship both a bearing and range on its target. The British assumed that this sensor along with depth charges would render the submarine ineffective in future wars. (Owen 42). As the world's nations rebuilt following WWI their navies analyzed the results of submarine operations and designs of the war. In the United States, whose submarines had played almost no role in the war, a schism formed between two factions of the naval service with regards to submarine design; one side wanted a submarine similar to the best submarines of the last war, albeit larger, and the other faction wanted a long-range submarine that could operate in the Pacific and be fast enough to operate alongside the fleet. The debate continued for ten years before a consensus was reached. US submarines would be the long-range "Fleet Boats". Two officers who played critical roles in advocating this position would later be known for their service in WWII, they are Charlies A. Lockwood and Chester W. Nimitz (Parrish 187, Century, Crozier np). The development of Fleet Boats in the interwar years reached a pinnacle in 1940 with the Balao class submarine. The Balaos were 311 feet long and displaced 2,424 tons. Armed with an assortment of guns and ten torpedo tubes these submarines could operate 12,000 nm from base and reach speeds of over 20 knots (Hutchinson 101). The Balaos and its derivatives the Gatos and Tenches would be the US Navy's workhorses in the Pacific war. On the other side of the Atlantic, a re-arming Germany established front companies in other nations that produced designs for new weapons including submarines to circumvent the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. Countries contracted German front firms like IvS to conduct design studies for their own submarines; information from these studies were used to develop new classes of German U-boat that were laid down after Germany and Britain had renegotiated Germany's naval restrictions (Westwood, David 8). Tactics of submarine employment changed following WWI. In Germany the practice of commerce raiding and submarine warfare became an accepted naval doctrine, an understandable stance when considering that one's primary opponents wield the world's most formidable surface fleets. However, the success of the U-boats and their "course-de-guerre" did not teach a universal lesson. The United States integrated submarine operations with surface fleet operations, employing them as scouts and skirmishers. Japanese submarine doctrine was to use them to snipe at an advancing enemy force and ignored the potential of an anti-shipping campaign (Carpenter, Dorr, and Polmar 1). When the second world war broke out submarines were once again in action on both sides with the German submarine U-30 sinking the passenger ship SS Athena within hours of the start of hostilities. On 17 September 1939 U-29 sank the aircraft carrier HMS Courageous and on 14 October 1939 U-47 penetrated the defenses around the British naval base at Scapa Flow and sank HMS Royal Oak, a battleship while she sat at anchor. Before war's end the British carriers HMS Ark Royal, Eagle, Audacity, Avenger, the battleship HMS Barham and the American carrier USS Block Island would join them (Most np). The losses among merchant shipping were even more devastating with nearly 3,000 ships sunk. For the allies in the European theatre submarines became a weapon to isolate the Axis. For example, HMS Upholder sank the Italian troopship SS Conte Rosso on 24 May 1941 costing the Italians 1,300 troops headed for North Africa. Also, allied submarines would exact a toll on the German U-boats sinking 22 of them (U-boats np). Early in the Battle of the Atlantic German U-boat were able to exploit a weakness in the Allied ASW (Anti-submarine warfare) tactics. The Allies, the British in particular focused on using ASDIC to detect hostile submarines, the Germans chose to instead attack surfaced at night so ASDIC would be unable to detect them and lookouts on ships would be unable to see them except at close range. The Allies began to counter this tactic by fitting escort ships with radar sets that could detect a surfaced U-boat. Aircraft were also fitted with radar sets allowing for the Allies to search large areas for submarines. As the war spread to the Pacific the submarine would be in combat from beginning to end. When the Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor it dispatched a force of five midget submarines transported to the target area on the deck of a larger sub. One of these midgets became the first Japanese warship to be sunk. In the hours before the attack the destroyer USS Ward spotted one attempting to enter Pearl Harbor and sank her. Two of these midgets successfully entered Pearl Harbor and one may have attacked the battleship USS Oklahoma (Reich np). With the virtual destruction of the US battleship force in the Pacific the only intact forces left were the USN's carriers and submarines. Given the almost total Japanese naval superiority over most of the Pacific, US submarines became the only ships that could strike deep in Japanese waters. However, a score of technical problems plagued early US submarine operations from the outset. Principal among these were the inadequately tested torpedoes issued to the fleet. The lack of prewar tests of the Mk 14 caused several faults in the weapon to not be known until the war broke out (Newpower, Anthony 30). The major faults in the weapon were its inability to change depth, a faulty contact detonator, and an unreliable magnetic detonator (Newpower, Anthony 15, 103, 106-108). The wartime Mk 18 introduced circular running problems to US torpedoes, when the rudder tended to jam occasionally, which caused the weapon to simply circle back to the launching submarine. (Newpower, Anthony 219). When combined these faults made for largely ineffective weapons, even hazardous ones for the sub given the tendency for failed detonation (failed detonators do not fail to alert the target ship) and faulty guidance that caused two subs to be struck by their own torpedo (Hutchinson 111). The faults in weaponry were clearly demonstrated; at the start of the war in the Philippines the US Navy had stationed its largest force of submarines; consisting of 29 boats of the S, P, and Salmon classes, in the area (Blair, Clay 82). However, these submarines only sank three ships out of 45 attacks made (Spector, Ronald H. 130). By the time the Philippines was fully conquered by the Japanese the Asiatic Fleet submarines had sunk just 10 ships and lost four of their own in return. The redesign of the Mk 14 and improvements to the electric-powered Mk 18 slowly solved these problems and by the end of the war the US Submarine Service had sunk approximately 4,000 Japanese ships displacing some 10 million tons (Parrish 423). In regards to the opposing forces, the Japanese were highly innovative in submarine design. They built many large submarines capable of long-range patrols, submarines capable of carrying seaplanes for reconnaissance or strike missions and several classes of high-speed submarines. However, their submarine force accomplished very little due to its rigid doctrine of using submarines as scouts to locate and trail Allied naval task forces and not to hunt slower supply convoys. This warship only approach was critically flawed in that surface warships were faster and more maneuverable in comparison to the submarines of the time. By the end of the war the suicidal nature of Japanese resistance spread underwater; the Japanese Navy developed a torpedo-shaped submarine that could be piloted by a person. These human torpedoes, called "Kaiten", could, in theory, approach a target and guide itself into the target. Unfortunately for the Japanese, the crude nature of the weapon's design combined with its late introduction resulted in very little accomplished. Returning to the European Theater; the battle of the Atlantic was turning against the Axis. The Allies had developed several effective countermeasures to the U-boats. Strategically High Frequency Direction Finding stations were established on land and warships were equipped with smaller versions. This system allowed the Allies to intercept and triangulate radio signals from U-boats to their bases ashore. By locating the areas where U-boats were operating convoys could be routed around them and warships directed to them. On the tactical level the Allies had developed a series of weapons and sensors to combat U-boats. Aircraft were now equipped with on board radars capable of detecting a surfaced submarine and expendable Sonar Buoys that could locate a submarine after it had submerged and their payload's now included acoustic homing torpedoes. The U-boats were slowly forced to remain dived or risk bombing by Allied patrol planes, the current generation of U-boats were slow while dived and could only travel a short distance. A new type of submarine would be needed if the Germans were to continue the war in the Atlantic. In 1936 German engineer Helmuth Walter presented a plan to the German navy for a new type of submarine that would remain submerged for its entire patrol and be capable of unheard underwater speeds. In 1940 his experimental V-80 was launched, powered by a High-Test Peroxide (HTP) burning turbine the submarine could reach speeds of 26 knots and just as importantly could operate the turbine while submerged. It was hoped that such a submarine would be able to avoid the Allied countermeasures to the current generation of U-boats (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 2-3). Plans were drawn up in 1942 for the Type XVII class U-boat, a combat capable derivative of the V-80 (Miller, David 75). These submarines could operate at speeds of 20 knots for up to 5 hours; twice as fast and five times longer ranged than the best Allied submarine class (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 33-35). The cutting edge technology of the Walter Turbine proved unfeasible because of the dangers associated with the handling of the fuel in the confined spaces of a submarine and the cost of manufacturing the fuel. However, the hull design of the Type XVII was highly improved over the current generation of U-boats (Miller, David 76). A submarine that used the Type XVII's streamlined hull design but was driven by a conventional albeit highly capable electric motor system was designed, called the Type XXI these submarines showed the way forward in submarine development. (Miller, David 61) The Type XXI U-boat was designed to spend its entire patrol (over 17,000 miles) submerged. Such operational capability was achieved by use of a snorkel that allowed the running of the submarine's diesel engines while submerged. On battery power the submarine could achieve speeds of 16 knots for short periods or travel up to 325 miles at 6 knots before needing to charge her batteries. The Type XXI's offensive capability was provided by six torpedo tubes and 23 acoustically guided torpedoes capable of being fired from depth below periscope depth, for defense the sub had four 20 or 30mm anti-aircraft guns (Jackson 81). Following the end of WWII the Allies split the captured German Kriegsmarine, Italian Regia Marina and Imperial Japanese Navy submarines among the various victorious nations. German Type XXI U-boats were transferred to The US, Britain, The Soviet Union, and France. Several small but advanced German Type XXIII U-boat are transferred to Britain, the Soviet Union and Norway. Two surviving Type XVII Walter U-boat were split between the US and Britain, while data on Walter's work was captured by the Soviets. In the Pacific the US captured several large aircraft carrying submarines of the Japanese I-400 class were quickly studied and then scuttled to avoid having to allow the Soviets to gain access to the technology (Sakaida et al. 66-68, 85-86). German U-boat technology became the basis of post-war submarine development. All the major powers took note of German designs for their own submarines. The United States, with its impressive submarine fleet, though now obsolete (Friedman, Norman. 3), began construction of new Type XXI style submarines (The Tang class). To fill the gap in new submarine construction WWII vintage submarines were heavily modified as part of the GUPPY program. Hulls and superstructures were now streamlined, deck guns removed. Better propulsion systems were installed as well as larger sonar arrays. The GUPPY upgrades kept these old subs in service with the USN and other navies for an impressive time period. Other nations such as Britain followed suit and modified their WWII vintage submarines to such standards (Lambert, and David Hill 18-21). New technologies produced a radical shift in submarine operations, during WWII radar was the primary electronic detection system of the submarine. Its use was, of course, limited to when the submarine was surfaced or at periscope depth. Sonar use at the time was focused on tracking of a contact already detected, mainly to avoid attack by an enemy ASW vessel. In the 1950s sonars became advanced enough to extract the low-frequency acoustic signals (signals in the 50-150 HZ range) from the broadband noise generated by a ship, this is known as LOFAR. With LOFAR, submarines could detect contacts at further ranges (low-frequency sound waves travel farther), and with analysis determine the type or even class of a contact based on the different low-frequency signal spikes (called tonals) created by a contact's machinery (Friedman, Norman 66). With the shift in sensors focused now on sonars tracking of a target became a more complex affair, with radar detections a contact's bearing and range were known, passive sonar provides only bearing to a target and the Doppler shift of the target. By analyzing these two factors though a series of maneuvers a target's range, course and speed became known (Clancy, John Gresham 70). Submarine maneuvers now would be centered around localization and not just detection of targets. The Soviets incorporated German design features into a submarine class already on the drawing board. The Project 613 or WHISKEY class boats were constructed in prolific numbers; 236 vessels of seven subclasses were built before production was halted (Polmar 118). The perceived rapid development of Soviet snorkel boats caused a major shift in design and tactics by the western powers. The current generation of sensors and weapons were not designed to fight snorkel submarines, a new approach was needed. The submarine itself became the answer; submarines by nature are capable of spending long times on station undetected whereas a surface ship is easily detected and aircraft must return to base every few hours. The USN took several GUPPY submarines and installed a LOFAR sonar designed partly on captured German technology and capable of detection of snorkeling subs at ranges of up to 30 NM (Friedman, Norman. 13, Cote, Jr., Owen R. np). These submarines became the first Hunter-Killer boats or SSKs. Combat capability was provided by a new series of torpedoes the Mk 35 (for offense) and Mk 37 (for self-defense), the Mk 35 and Mk 37 torpedoes were able to engage all known or planned submarine classes; although the smaller Mk 37 became the preferred torpedo due to its wire-guidance capability, which was greatly improved on the Mk 37 Mod 1 weapons. These added the ability for the operator to steer the torpedo towards the target's predicted location (Friedman, Norman. 19-20). The Walter turbine technology was developed further in the UK and USSR. Two submarines were constructed for the RN: HMS Explorer and HMS Excalibur. Both were conceived as testbeds for the new engine (Cocker 106). Following the loss of 13 crew members of HMS Sidon to a HTP torpedo fuel explosion further development of the Walter turbine was mostly abandoned in the west until the 1990s (Roll of Honour np). In the east the Soviets produced a single vessel that was driven by a Walter turbine type engine. Given the NATO reporting name WHALE, she was capable of very high speeds for its time. Following an on-board power-plant explosion, the submarine was decommissioned and further development abandoned (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 42). HTP would remain in use as torpedo fuel by Russia until the early 2000s when due to the lost of the Submarine Kursk in 2000 the Russian navy would remove it from service (Weir, Walter J. Boyne 244). Non conventional submarine propulsion would take a different route. Modified WWII era submarines and copies of Germany technology showed a marked improvement over the war era submarines but new technologies would soon supplant them. In 1954 the USS Nautilus SSN 571 was commissioned. Nautilus combined the Tang class hull, weapons and sensors with a nuclear propulsion system (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 57). Nuclear power not only increased the speeds a submarine was capable of but removed the need to surface or snorkel to recharge batteries. With her high-speed and advanced weapons Nautilus dominated naval war games (Century). But another technological development would join nuclear power to create an even deadlier warship. A year before Nautilus was commissioned an experimental submarine named Albacore AGSS-569 was put into service; she featured a teardrop-shaped hull and a single propeller. This hull shape allowed for even higher speeds in excess of 40 knots. It became apparent that a nuclear powered submarine with a teardrop hull would be desirable, so the Skipjacks and Thresher/Permits became these warships (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 132-133). Following suit, the Soviets would soon built their own SSNs, a nuclear undersea arms race had begun and the submarine would soon take on new forms and roles such as that of missile carrier. The Permit-class submarines (use of the name Thresher-class was abandoned after the loss of the lied ship of the class in 1963) became the baseline configuration for all US submarines to follow until the 1980s. The Permit class was highly capable, she could dive to depths of 1,300 feet (The Tangs could submerge to 700 feet), she was fast at 28 knots, her machinery incorporated the latest quieting features, also her weapons and sensors were cutting edge (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 147-148). The Permits became the first submarines armed with SUBROC (SUBmarine ROCket), based on the large detection ranges capable with modern sonar the ability to strike a target ship at ranges measured in the 10s of miles led to the development of a guided rocket fired from a submarine's existing torpedo tubes. The UUM-44 SUBROC flew on a ballistic trajectory and delivered a tactical nuclear warhead to a preset depth (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 149). Starting in the late 1950s, US SSNs now had a new target: Soviet submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 109-111). The threat of nuclear attack against the United States made tracking Soviet missile submarines a priority. The early model Soviet submarines were easy to track by NATO forces as was demonstrated during the Cuban Missile Crisis where US forces were able to track four Soviet nuclear armed FOXTROT class submarines using SOSUS and Boresight direction finding stations (Reed np). By 1967 the Soviets finally developed a submarine class closer to the US Polaris missile submarines designated YANKEE by NATO, however US submarines still had a qualitative edge over their Soviet counterparts well into the late 1970's (DiMercurio 8). Production of Permit-class subs ended and Sturgeon-class submarines began. The Sturgeons maintained the basic design of the Permits although slightly larger and fitted with more up to date equipment. With 37 boats of this class built, the first commissioned in 1967 the Sturgeons were the backbone of the US submarine force until the introduction of the 62 boat strong Los Angeles class. Echoing their cold war role as spy subs the Sturgeons were fitted with extensive electronic and acoustic eavesdropping gear (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 154,-155). One sub of the class; USS Parche SSN-683 was lengthened 100 feet to make room for additional gear. This submarine took part in the secret cable-tapping missions conducted against the Soviets in a Pacific operation code-named "Operation Ivy Bells" (Sontag et al 297). Information gathered on these missions gave new insight into Soviet naval operations that could not be gathered otherwise, and in 2004 the Parche ended her career as the most highly decorated warship in the history of the United States Navy (Reed np). The Soviets, at this time, took a different track in submarine design and employment. Soviet naval doctrine saw US Aircraft Carriers as their primary threat to the Soviet motherland (Platonov 2). Development of a high-speed submarine capable of intercepting US carriers before they were in range of Soviet targets was a priority. In a radical departure in Soviet submarine design the Project 704 ALFA class submarine is put into production. It was designed to incorporate new technologies such as a titanium hull (previously tested on the one-off PAPA class), a liquid sodium cooled reactor, and extensive automation (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 140-141). Capable of speeds of 41 knots and with a test depth of 1,300 feet they were for a time the fastest and deepest diving production submarines in service making them basically untouchable to the current generation of NATO ASW weapons. The high performance of these submarines led NATO to develop new weapons and countermeasures including high-performance torpedoes like the US Mk 48 and British Spearfish (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 142-143, Thamm np). In 1967 a former US Navy warrant officer named John Anthony Walker approached the Soviets at their Embassy in Washington and sold them a navy cypher card for several thousand dollars. Until his arrest for espionage in 1985, Walker fed the Soviets with information on USN communications (Reed np). The Soviets learned that NATO forces were able to track and trail their submarines with ease. This knowledge would change Soviet submarine design as the their next generation of nuclear submarines were put into production. Between 1980 and 1984 the Soviet Union launched subs of seven separate classes of submarine: OSCAR, KILO, TYPHOON, MIKE, SERRIA, AKULA and DELTA (Polmar, and Kenneth J. Moore 278). These new classes represented a shift in Soviet submarine design, these subs were not only faster and could dive deeper than their American counterparts they had quieting levels approaching that of US submarines. They were the first Soviet submarines fitted with digital sonars and were armed with more advanced weapons such as a Russian version of the SUBROC (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 285, 297-298, Wertheim 596). The varied construction of Soviets submarines can be sharply contrasted with the singular focus of US Submarine construction. US sub construction in the 1980s focused on one class of attack sub (Los Angeles) and one class of missile sub (Ohio) at a time. One reason for this focus was the lack of a weapon that needed its own class of submarine to deliver it. All US submarine weapons (aside from ballistic missiles) could be launched from a submarine's torpedo tubes, while the Soviets developed larger tactical missiles that required their own separate launcher. Additionally the dual production of Soviet submarine types can be attributed to a shift in naval design. Beginning with the ALFA class of the 1970's the Soviets experimented with titanium for submarine hulls. Titanium has greater stregth per pound than steel allowing a lighter submarine to perform at the same level as a heaver submarine (Polmar, and Kenneth J. Moore 281-282). The SERRIA class and the one-off MIKE utilized hulls made of Titanium, these submarines had depth and speed performances well ahead of their US counterparts. However, the difficulty of building titanium submarines of that size resulted in only four SERRIA class subs being commissioned. A steel-hulled derivative of the SERRIA was desirable, this vessel became the Project 971, NATO code name AKULA. The AKULA maintained SERRIA level performance by an increase in displacement while allowing for construction of a larger number of subs (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 284). Advances in submarine design remained mostly untested in battle after World War II. There was a submarine attack in the Indian Pakistani war of 1971, the Pakistani submarine PNS Hangor attacked and sank an Indian navy frigate (Bharat np). In 1982 the Falklands war between Argentina and the United Kingdom involved large-scale naval forces of both including submarines. On the British side five nuclear and one conventional submarines were deployed. Argentina deployed two conventional submarines. The British SSN HMS Conqueror trailed an Argentine task force formed around the ARA General Belgrano; a WWII era cruiser. Conqueror sent the cruiser to the bottom with a spread of three torpedoes (Hastings, Simon Jenkins 149). The Argentine response to the sinking proved decisive for the British; The Argentine fleet, including its aircraft carrier, was recalled to port: they simply had no defense against a nuclear submarine (Hastings, Simon Jenkins 157). Argentine operations met with far less success. ARA Santa Fé a GUPPY type submarine was forced to the surface by several RN helicopters and subjected to repeated attacks before the crew abandoned ship, the ARA San Luis made repeated attacks against British forces including several warships and a submarine according to one source; but due to a malfunctioning control system and defective torpedoes they failed to hit any targets (Sciaroni, J. Matthew Gillis. 27). As the 20th century came to an end and the 21st began strikes against targets ashore became one of the more visible missions of the submarine. In 1991, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2011 USN and RN submarines launched Tomahawk cruise missiles against targets in Iraq, Serbia, Sudan, Afghanistan and Libya (Dwyer, Devin, and Luis Martinez np, BGM-109 np). Covert operations also continued, one that has come to light is the trailing of the Chinese freighter An Yue Jiang by a British nuclear submarine. The Chinese freighter was bound with a cargo of weapons for Zimbabwe in 2008. This trail proved crucial to the British government's diplomatic success in blocking the freighter from reaching its destination (Mangena np). In March of 2010 the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan was sunk with the loss of 47 sailors apparently a victim of a North Korean submarine's torpedo (Yoon et al. 89). In the past century the submarine had gone from a cantankerous craft with an unclear mission to a centerpiece of national defense. The glorified sewer pipes of WWI slowly transformed into the lean gray wolfs of WWII and finally into the high-tech warships of today. Continued leadership in submarine development is critical for any nation that intends to exercise its power at sea as can be seen in the recent surge of submarine construction in the developing world, with countries such as China, India and Iran producing large numbers of submarines for their respective navies (Eaglen, Mackenzie np, Iran np, NTI np). Successful use of these underwater weapons will be critical in any naval war in the 21st century. Works Cited: Polmar, Norman, and Kenneth J. Moore. Cold War Submarines: the Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Dulles, Va.: Potomac Books, 2005. Print. Jackson, Robert. The Encyclopedia of Warships: from World War II to the Present Day. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay, 2006. Print. Friedman, Norman. U.S. Submarines since 1945: an Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1994. Print. Cote, Jr., Owen R. "The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy's Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines." 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The U-boat Wars 1939-1945 (Kriegsmarine) and 1914-1918 (Kaiserliche Marine) and Allied Warships of WWII - Uboat.net. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. Hutchinson, Robert. Jane's Submarines: War beneath the Waves from 1776 to the Present Day. London: HarperCollins, 2001. Print. Reich, Steven. "Killer Subs in Pearl Harbor." NOVA. Dir. Kirk Wolfinger. PBS. WXXI, Rochester, NY. Pbs.org. WGBH, Jan. 2010. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. Reed, W Craig. Red November: Inside the Secret U.S. - Soviet Submarine War. Blackstone Audio, Inc., 2010. CD. Miller, David. U-Boats: History, Development and Equipment 1914-1945. London: Conway Maritime, 2001. Print. Sakaida, Henry, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki. I-400: Japan's Secret Aircraft-carrying Strike Submarine : Objective Panama Canal. Crowborough: Hikoki, 2006. Print. Newpower, Anthony. Iron Men and Tin Fish: the Race to Build a Better Torpedo during World War II. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006. Print. Blair, Clay. 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On Oct 28, 1886, the rotund one himself, Grover Cleveland, officially dedicated what US Landmark?	Covert Naval Blog: Developments in Technology of Submarine Warfare During the 20th Century Friday, June 10, 2011 Developments in Technology of Submarine Warfare During the 20th Century While the idea of a submersible ship had been around since the Renaissance, the advances in technology required were not seen until the end of the Victorian age. It has been a weapon with conflicting ideas as to its mission and role. The 20th Century saw the submarine brought from a curiosity into a highly effective weapon of war, espionage, and deterrence. The two primary problems of early submarine development were weapons and propulsion. Early attempts at submarine weapons included limpet mines and spar torpedoes that proved just as dangerous to the attacker as the target; Robert Whitehead developed the first self-propelled torpedo in 1866 (Parish 21-22). This weapon, while adopted for use on both surface ships and from shore, proved particularly well suited for use from a subsurface craft as it made its attack underwater, away from the launching platform, and was fully self-contained. In the field of propulsion many different systems were attempted. Initially, trials using compressed air and all-battery drives were conducted but this linked submarines to a shore base or a tender ship at sea. The Austrians designed a submarine that could operate its gasoline engine while submerged by it feeding air with a pair of breathing tubes (Freivogel 5); but it quickly became apparent to the early developers that two propulsion systems would be required: one for sailing on the surface and one for submerged operations. Almost universally the submerged drive adopted was the battery and electric motor system, as its operation, unlike compressed air, was fully self-contained and in addition provided electricity for the submarine's equipment. For surface propulsion a myriad of drives were tried. France tried a steam engine but the air intakes proved cumbersome to close when diving and the heat of the steam engine overwhelmed the crew (Preston 15). The British would ignore these difficulties and went on to develop their own steam-powered submarine class (McCartney, Tony Bryan 16). Gasoline engines were tried by designers in America such as John Holland and Simon Lake (Preston 16-17). Unfortunately, while the gasoline engines provided ample power for both surface travel and charging of batteries, the vapors of the fuel were noxious to the crew and posed a danger of fire or explosion in the cramped confines of a submarine (Century). Safer fuels were quickly developed. Kerosene was tried in Germany; while it proved a safer fuel, allowing for quicker dive times and offered longer range, the large amounts of white smoke it produced as exhaust were not advantageous for a warship that was to rely on stealth (Williamson 4). A German invention provided the answer: the diesel engine. Diesel fuel was safe, compact, relatively clean-burning, and produced sufficient drive power. Ironically, it was others who launched the first submarine powered by a diesel engine as Germany itself lacked the engines in sufficient quantities at the time (Preston 19). Irony notwithstanding, the submarine had now become an effective weapon, it was now a matter of learning how to use it and what for. Early in the 20th century the preeminent naval power, the United Kingdom looked upon submarines with disdain as a defensive weapon, suitable only for defending one's own harbors. Admiral Arthur Wilson stated they were “Underhand, unfair, and damned un-English” (Preston 17). The idea of a weapon that would attack without warning was considered “unsailorlike” (Century), while submarine crews were considered only one step removed from pirates (Preston 17). Despite the reluctance of the Admiralty, under Admiral Sir John Fisher the Royal Navy became a leader in submarine development. The British “D-class” submarines became the first to be equipped with a wireless telegraph, and the first submarine class to have both a deck gun and diesel propulsion (Cocker 27). The British “D-class” were the prototypical submarine of the era; they were 163 meters long and displaced just under 600 tons. They were armed with one or two 12 lb quick-firing guns and three 18” torpedo tubes. Its twin screws could propel the sub at speeds of up to 14 knots, and carried a crew of 25 (Hutchinson 38). Admiral John Jellico commander of the British Grand Fleet and later First Sea Lord envisioned a class of submarines that would sail alongside the Royal Navy's battle fleet, much like the destroyers of the time. He assumed that his main potential adversary the German Navy, had the same idea. Inconveniently, they had other ideas (Preston 36). As World War One began the initial targets of Submarines were enemy warships. German submarines called U-boats (a shortened version of the German term Unterseeboot) scored several early victories. On 3 September 1914 U-21 sunk HMS Pathfinder, a British cruiser, she would be the first warship sunk in battle by a submarine in modern times. 19 days later U-9 would sink HMS Aboukir, Hogue, and Cressy, cruisers all, within an hour (Williamson 33, Century). The next month U-9 would sink another cruiser HMS Hawke. With no apparent countermeasures to speak of, the Royal Navy evacuated its anchorage at Scapa Flow for a time (Williamson 34). In January of 1915 U-24 sank HMS Formidable a British battleship, the British response to these U-boat attacks was mostly a passive one; they placed nets, laid mines and dispatched patrols (Williamson 35). Initially the only defense a ship had from submarine attack would be to charge at it while it was still surfaced in hopes of sinking her with gunfire or by ramming her as she dived; if the submarine dived in time a warship had nothing to attack with. Underwater weapons were needed. At first, militarized fishing boats are used to lay nets that would entangle a U-boat and force it to surface where it could be sunk by gunfire. Then, a line of mines were towed behind a patrol ship in hopes of one of the bombs striking a submerged U-boat. Neither proved very effective in practice. Ships outfitted to look like an unarmed cargo vessels were used to try to lure a U-boat to surface to make a deck-gun attack, which was standard practice at the time since torpedoes were both expensive and somewhat unreliable, as well as being difficult to aim. Known as Q-Ships, these ships were actually heavily armed and/or would tow a British submarine behind them to ambush a U-boat (Owen 22-23). By January of 1916 an effective depth charge was finally deployed to the Royal Navy. Imaginatively designated the “Type D”, it was the first to feature a hydrostatic detonator that would set off the weapon at a preset depth. However, the problem of finding a submerged U-boat to use such weapons on remained (Britain np). Simple hydrophones had been deployed as early as 1915 but these devices were omnidirectional and could only be used if stationary; their used was limited providing warning of a submarine's approach. By 1917 a directional hydrophone was developed that could be used by a ship moving, and by war's end versions that could be used aboard seaplanes were developed (Owen 28, 41). Naval thinking at the start of WWI focused on the belief that the Navy's role was to engage and destroy its enemy's fleet in a decisive battle, and in May-June 1914 it happened off the coast of Jutland, Denmark in the North Sea. After two days of inconclusive battle the Royal Navy was able to maintain its blockade of the German coast. Following the Battle of Jutland the German High Seas Fleet remained in port rather than risk its expensive battleships and cruisers in another inconclusive battle. Because of German naval inferiority, targets for U-boat attacks quickly changed, Germany, recognizing that Britain being an island separated from its empire, relied on its merchant fleets to survive. Thus merchant ships quickly became a target for submarines. Submarine attacks on merchant shipping were so effective that the admiralty was forced to take drastic countermeasures. One solution suggested was to have merchant ships operate in a convoys protected by warships, Admiral Jellico and others dismissed this as a defensive tactic unsuited to the offensive mindset Royal Navy (Owen 30). The admiralty proposed using a new type of submarine to hunt U-boats: the R-class. These submarines were designed to be fast and maneuverable underwater, and were equipped with directional hydrophones to find their targets and six torpedo tubes to engage them. These R class submarines would arrive too late for the war and would quickly be forgotten (Owen 27-28, Gardiner et al 93). As the war went on, the methods in which the Central Powers employed submarines would change, eventually culminating in unrestricted submarine warfare against all merchant shipping in the waters around Europe. Germany, rightly assuming that the US would eventually enter the war in support of the allies no matter what it did, allowed its submarines to attack US merchant ships. This escalation of force, and the efficacy of submarine warfare directed at supply lines, did not go unnoticed. With merchant shipping losses mounting, the British adopted a convoy system thanks to the advocacy of British Admiral David Beatty and American Admiral W. S. Sims. Sinkings by U-boats dropped dramatically after the adoption of the convoy system (Owen 30-31). Merchant ships in a convoy were protected by escorting warships and it reduced the number of targets the U-boats had from many to one. (Owen 43). Convoys represented the final blow to the German U-boat in WWI, but by war's end U-boats had sunk 12.5 million tons of allied and neutral shipping (Hutchinson 69). As the war drew to a close, one more weapon would appear. Called ASDIC for Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee by the British (today this is referred to as Active Sonar), this detection device would transmit an acoustic pulse into the water called a 'ping' that would bounce off a submarine and be detected by the hydrophones giving an attacking ship both a bearing and range on its target. The British assumed that this sensor along with depth charges would render the submarine ineffective in future wars. (Owen 42). As the world's nations rebuilt following WWI their navies analyzed the results of submarine operations and designs of the war. In the United States, whose submarines had played almost no role in the war, a schism formed between two factions of the naval service with regards to submarine design; one side wanted a submarine similar to the best submarines of the last war, albeit larger, and the other faction wanted a long-range submarine that could operate in the Pacific and be fast enough to operate alongside the fleet. The debate continued for ten years before a consensus was reached. US submarines would be the long-range "Fleet Boats". Two officers who played critical roles in advocating this position would later be known for their service in WWII, they are Charlies A. Lockwood and Chester W. Nimitz (Parrish 187, Century, Crozier np). The development of Fleet Boats in the interwar years reached a pinnacle in 1940 with the Balao class submarine. The Balaos were 311 feet long and displaced 2,424 tons. Armed with an assortment of guns and ten torpedo tubes these submarines could operate 12,000 nm from base and reach speeds of over 20 knots (Hutchinson 101). The Balaos and its derivatives the Gatos and Tenches would be the US Navy's workhorses in the Pacific war. On the other side of the Atlantic, a re-arming Germany established front companies in other nations that produced designs for new weapons including submarines to circumvent the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. Countries contracted German front firms like IvS to conduct design studies for their own submarines; information from these studies were used to develop new classes of German U-boat that were laid down after Germany and Britain had renegotiated Germany's naval restrictions (Westwood, David 8). Tactics of submarine employment changed following WWI. In Germany the practice of commerce raiding and submarine warfare became an accepted naval doctrine, an understandable stance when considering that one's primary opponents wield the world's most formidable surface fleets. However, the success of the U-boats and their "course-de-guerre" did not teach a universal lesson. The United States integrated submarine operations with surface fleet operations, employing them as scouts and skirmishers. Japanese submarine doctrine was to use them to snipe at an advancing enemy force and ignored the potential of an anti-shipping campaign (Carpenter, Dorr, and Polmar 1). When the second world war broke out submarines were once again in action on both sides with the German submarine U-30 sinking the passenger ship SS Athena within hours of the start of hostilities. On 17 September 1939 U-29 sank the aircraft carrier HMS Courageous and on 14 October 1939 U-47 penetrated the defenses around the British naval base at Scapa Flow and sank HMS Royal Oak, a battleship while she sat at anchor. Before war's end the British carriers HMS Ark Royal, Eagle, Audacity, Avenger, the battleship HMS Barham and the American carrier USS Block Island would join them (Most np). The losses among merchant shipping were even more devastating with nearly 3,000 ships sunk. For the allies in the European theatre submarines became a weapon to isolate the Axis. For example, HMS Upholder sank the Italian troopship SS Conte Rosso on 24 May 1941 costing the Italians 1,300 troops headed for North Africa. Also, allied submarines would exact a toll on the German U-boats sinking 22 of them (U-boats np). Early in the Battle of the Atlantic German U-boat were able to exploit a weakness in the Allied ASW (Anti-submarine warfare) tactics. The Allies, the British in particular focused on using ASDIC to detect hostile submarines, the Germans chose to instead attack surfaced at night so ASDIC would be unable to detect them and lookouts on ships would be unable to see them except at close range. The Allies began to counter this tactic by fitting escort ships with radar sets that could detect a surfaced U-boat. Aircraft were also fitted with radar sets allowing for the Allies to search large areas for submarines. As the war spread to the Pacific the submarine would be in combat from beginning to end. When the Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor it dispatched a force of five midget submarines transported to the target area on the deck of a larger sub. One of these midgets became the first Japanese warship to be sunk. In the hours before the attack the destroyer USS Ward spotted one attempting to enter Pearl Harbor and sank her. Two of these midgets successfully entered Pearl Harbor and one may have attacked the battleship USS Oklahoma (Reich np). With the virtual destruction of the US battleship force in the Pacific the only intact forces left were the USN's carriers and submarines. Given the almost total Japanese naval superiority over most of the Pacific, US submarines became the only ships that could strike deep in Japanese waters. However, a score of technical problems plagued early US submarine operations from the outset. Principal among these were the inadequately tested torpedoes issued to the fleet. The lack of prewar tests of the Mk 14 caused several faults in the weapon to not be known until the war broke out (Newpower, Anthony 30). The major faults in the weapon were its inability to change depth, a faulty contact detonator, and an unreliable magnetic detonator (Newpower, Anthony 15, 103, 106-108). The wartime Mk 18 introduced circular running problems to US torpedoes, when the rudder tended to jam occasionally, which caused the weapon to simply circle back to the launching submarine. (Newpower, Anthony 219). When combined these faults made for largely ineffective weapons, even hazardous ones for the sub given the tendency for failed detonation (failed detonators do not fail to alert the target ship) and faulty guidance that caused two subs to be struck by their own torpedo (Hutchinson 111). The faults in weaponry were clearly demonstrated; at the start of the war in the Philippines the US Navy had stationed its largest force of submarines; consisting of 29 boats of the S, P, and Salmon classes, in the area (Blair, Clay 82). However, these submarines only sank three ships out of 45 attacks made (Spector, Ronald H. 130). By the time the Philippines was fully conquered by the Japanese the Asiatic Fleet submarines had sunk just 10 ships and lost four of their own in return. The redesign of the Mk 14 and improvements to the electric-powered Mk 18 slowly solved these problems and by the end of the war the US Submarine Service had sunk approximately 4,000 Japanese ships displacing some 10 million tons (Parrish 423). In regards to the opposing forces, the Japanese were highly innovative in submarine design. They built many large submarines capable of long-range patrols, submarines capable of carrying seaplanes for reconnaissance or strike missions and several classes of high-speed submarines. However, their submarine force accomplished very little due to its rigid doctrine of using submarines as scouts to locate and trail Allied naval task forces and not to hunt slower supply convoys. This warship only approach was critically flawed in that surface warships were faster and more maneuverable in comparison to the submarines of the time. By the end of the war the suicidal nature of Japanese resistance spread underwater; the Japanese Navy developed a torpedo-shaped submarine that could be piloted by a person. These human torpedoes, called "Kaiten", could, in theory, approach a target and guide itself into the target. Unfortunately for the Japanese, the crude nature of the weapon's design combined with its late introduction resulted in very little accomplished. Returning to the European Theater; the battle of the Atlantic was turning against the Axis. The Allies had developed several effective countermeasures to the U-boats. Strategically High Frequency Direction Finding stations were established on land and warships were equipped with smaller versions. This system allowed the Allies to intercept and triangulate radio signals from U-boats to their bases ashore. By locating the areas where U-boats were operating convoys could be routed around them and warships directed to them. On the tactical level the Allies had developed a series of weapons and sensors to combat U-boats. Aircraft were now equipped with on board radars capable of detecting a surfaced submarine and expendable Sonar Buoys that could locate a submarine after it had submerged and their payload's now included acoustic homing torpedoes. The U-boats were slowly forced to remain dived or risk bombing by Allied patrol planes, the current generation of U-boats were slow while dived and could only travel a short distance. A new type of submarine would be needed if the Germans were to continue the war in the Atlantic. In 1936 German engineer Helmuth Walter presented a plan to the German navy for a new type of submarine that would remain submerged for its entire patrol and be capable of unheard underwater speeds. In 1940 his experimental V-80 was launched, powered by a High-Test Peroxide (HTP) burning turbine the submarine could reach speeds of 26 knots and just as importantly could operate the turbine while submerged. It was hoped that such a submarine would be able to avoid the Allied countermeasures to the current generation of U-boats (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 2-3). Plans were drawn up in 1942 for the Type XVII class U-boat, a combat capable derivative of the V-80 (Miller, David 75). These submarines could operate at speeds of 20 knots for up to 5 hours; twice as fast and five times longer ranged than the best Allied submarine class (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 33-35). The cutting edge technology of the Walter Turbine proved unfeasible because of the dangers associated with the handling of the fuel in the confined spaces of a submarine and the cost of manufacturing the fuel. However, the hull design of the Type XVII was highly improved over the current generation of U-boats (Miller, David 76). A submarine that used the Type XVII's streamlined hull design but was driven by a conventional albeit highly capable electric motor system was designed, called the Type XXI these submarines showed the way forward in submarine development. (Miller, David 61) The Type XXI U-boat was designed to spend its entire patrol (over 17,000 miles) submerged. Such operational capability was achieved by use of a snorkel that allowed the running of the submarine's diesel engines while submerged. On battery power the submarine could achieve speeds of 16 knots for short periods or travel up to 325 miles at 6 knots before needing to charge her batteries. The Type XXI's offensive capability was provided by six torpedo tubes and 23 acoustically guided torpedoes capable of being fired from depth below periscope depth, for defense the sub had four 20 or 30mm anti-aircraft guns (Jackson 81). Following the end of WWII the Allies split the captured German Kriegsmarine, Italian Regia Marina and Imperial Japanese Navy submarines among the various victorious nations. German Type XXI U-boats were transferred to The US, Britain, The Soviet Union, and France. Several small but advanced German Type XXIII U-boat are transferred to Britain, the Soviet Union and Norway. Two surviving Type XVII Walter U-boat were split between the US and Britain, while data on Walter's work was captured by the Soviets. In the Pacific the US captured several large aircraft carrying submarines of the Japanese I-400 class were quickly studied and then scuttled to avoid having to allow the Soviets to gain access to the technology (Sakaida et al. 66-68, 85-86). German U-boat technology became the basis of post-war submarine development. All the major powers took note of German designs for their own submarines. The United States, with its impressive submarine fleet, though now obsolete (Friedman, Norman. 3), began construction of new Type XXI style submarines (The Tang class). To fill the gap in new submarine construction WWII vintage submarines were heavily modified as part of the GUPPY program. Hulls and superstructures were now streamlined, deck guns removed. Better propulsion systems were installed as well as larger sonar arrays. The GUPPY upgrades kept these old subs in service with the USN and other navies for an impressive time period. Other nations such as Britain followed suit and modified their WWII vintage submarines to such standards (Lambert, and David Hill 18-21). New technologies produced a radical shift in submarine operations, during WWII radar was the primary electronic detection system of the submarine. Its use was, of course, limited to when the submarine was surfaced or at periscope depth. Sonar use at the time was focused on tracking of a contact already detected, mainly to avoid attack by an enemy ASW vessel. In the 1950s sonars became advanced enough to extract the low-frequency acoustic signals (signals in the 50-150 HZ range) from the broadband noise generated by a ship, this is known as LOFAR. With LOFAR, submarines could detect contacts at further ranges (low-frequency sound waves travel farther), and with analysis determine the type or even class of a contact based on the different low-frequency signal spikes (called tonals) created by a contact's machinery (Friedman, Norman 66). With the shift in sensors focused now on sonars tracking of a target became a more complex affair, with radar detections a contact's bearing and range were known, passive sonar provides only bearing to a target and the Doppler shift of the target. By analyzing these two factors though a series of maneuvers a target's range, course and speed became known (Clancy, John Gresham 70). Submarine maneuvers now would be centered around localization and not just detection of targets. The Soviets incorporated German design features into a submarine class already on the drawing board. The Project 613 or WHISKEY class boats were constructed in prolific numbers; 236 vessels of seven subclasses were built before production was halted (Polmar 118). The perceived rapid development of Soviet snorkel boats caused a major shift in design and tactics by the western powers. The current generation of sensors and weapons were not designed to fight snorkel submarines, a new approach was needed. The submarine itself became the answer; submarines by nature are capable of spending long times on station undetected whereas a surface ship is easily detected and aircraft must return to base every few hours. The USN took several GUPPY submarines and installed a LOFAR sonar designed partly on captured German technology and capable of detection of snorkeling subs at ranges of up to 30 NM (Friedman, Norman. 13, Cote, Jr., Owen R. np). These submarines became the first Hunter-Killer boats or SSKs. Combat capability was provided by a new series of torpedoes the Mk 35 (for offense) and Mk 37 (for self-defense), the Mk 35 and Mk 37 torpedoes were able to engage all known or planned submarine classes; although the smaller Mk 37 became the preferred torpedo due to its wire-guidance capability, which was greatly improved on the Mk 37 Mod 1 weapons. These added the ability for the operator to steer the torpedo towards the target's predicted location (Friedman, Norman. 19-20). The Walter turbine technology was developed further in the UK and USSR. Two submarines were constructed for the RN: HMS Explorer and HMS Excalibur. Both were conceived as testbeds for the new engine (Cocker 106). Following the loss of 13 crew members of HMS Sidon to a HTP torpedo fuel explosion further development of the Walter turbine was mostly abandoned in the west until the 1990s (Roll of Honour np). In the east the Soviets produced a single vessel that was driven by a Walter turbine type engine. Given the NATO reporting name WHALE, she was capable of very high speeds for its time. Following an on-board power-plant explosion, the submarine was decommissioned and further development abandoned (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 42). HTP would remain in use as torpedo fuel by Russia until the early 2000s when due to the lost of the Submarine Kursk in 2000 the Russian navy would remove it from service (Weir, Walter J. Boyne 244). Non conventional submarine propulsion would take a different route. Modified WWII era submarines and copies of Germany technology showed a marked improvement over the war era submarines but new technologies would soon supplant them. In 1954 the USS Nautilus SSN 571 was commissioned. Nautilus combined the Tang class hull, weapons and sensors with a nuclear propulsion system (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 57). Nuclear power not only increased the speeds a submarine was capable of but removed the need to surface or snorkel to recharge batteries. With her high-speed and advanced weapons Nautilus dominated naval war games (Century). But another technological development would join nuclear power to create an even deadlier warship. A year before Nautilus was commissioned an experimental submarine named Albacore AGSS-569 was put into service; she featured a teardrop-shaped hull and a single propeller. This hull shape allowed for even higher speeds in excess of 40 knots. It became apparent that a nuclear powered submarine with a teardrop hull would be desirable, so the Skipjacks and Thresher/Permits became these warships (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 132-133). Following suit, the Soviets would soon built their own SSNs, a nuclear undersea arms race had begun and the submarine would soon take on new forms and roles such as that of missile carrier. The Permit-class submarines (use of the name Thresher-class was abandoned after the loss of the lied ship of the class in 1963) became the baseline configuration for all US submarines to follow until the 1980s. The Permit class was highly capable, she could dive to depths of 1,300 feet (The Tangs could submerge to 700 feet), she was fast at 28 knots, her machinery incorporated the latest quieting features, also her weapons and sensors were cutting edge (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 147-148). The Permits became the first submarines armed with SUBROC (SUBmarine ROCket), based on the large detection ranges capable with modern sonar the ability to strike a target ship at ranges measured in the 10s of miles led to the development of a guided rocket fired from a submarine's existing torpedo tubes. The UUM-44 SUBROC flew on a ballistic trajectory and delivered a tactical nuclear warhead to a preset depth (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 149). Starting in the late 1950s, US SSNs now had a new target: Soviet submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 109-111). The threat of nuclear attack against the United States made tracking Soviet missile submarines a priority. The early model Soviet submarines were easy to track by NATO forces as was demonstrated during the Cuban Missile Crisis where US forces were able to track four Soviet nuclear armed FOXTROT class submarines using SOSUS and Boresight direction finding stations (Reed np). By 1967 the Soviets finally developed a submarine class closer to the US Polaris missile submarines designated YANKEE by NATO, however US submarines still had a qualitative edge over their Soviet counterparts well into the late 1970's (DiMercurio 8). Production of Permit-class subs ended and Sturgeon-class submarines began. The Sturgeons maintained the basic design of the Permits although slightly larger and fitted with more up to date equipment. With 37 boats of this class built, the first commissioned in 1967 the Sturgeons were the backbone of the US submarine force until the introduction of the 62 boat strong Los Angeles class. Echoing their cold war role as spy subs the Sturgeons were fitted with extensive electronic and acoustic eavesdropping gear (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 154,-155). One sub of the class; USS Parche SSN-683 was lengthened 100 feet to make room for additional gear. This submarine took part in the secret cable-tapping missions conducted against the Soviets in a Pacific operation code-named "Operation Ivy Bells" (Sontag et al 297). Information gathered on these missions gave new insight into Soviet naval operations that could not be gathered otherwise, and in 2004 the Parche ended her career as the most highly decorated warship in the history of the United States Navy (Reed np). The Soviets, at this time, took a different track in submarine design and employment. Soviet naval doctrine saw US Aircraft Carriers as their primary threat to the Soviet motherland (Platonov 2). Development of a high-speed submarine capable of intercepting US carriers before they were in range of Soviet targets was a priority. In a radical departure in Soviet submarine design the Project 704 ALFA class submarine is put into production. It was designed to incorporate new technologies such as a titanium hull (previously tested on the one-off PAPA class), a liquid sodium cooled reactor, and extensive automation (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 140-141). Capable of speeds of 41 knots and with a test depth of 1,300 feet they were for a time the fastest and deepest diving production submarines in service making them basically untouchable to the current generation of NATO ASW weapons. The high performance of these submarines led NATO to develop new weapons and countermeasures including high-performance torpedoes like the US Mk 48 and British Spearfish (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 142-143, Thamm np). In 1967 a former US Navy warrant officer named John Anthony Walker approached the Soviets at their Embassy in Washington and sold them a navy cypher card for several thousand dollars. Until his arrest for espionage in 1985, Walker fed the Soviets with information on USN communications (Reed np). The Soviets learned that NATO forces were able to track and trail their submarines with ease. This knowledge would change Soviet submarine design as the their next generation of nuclear submarines were put into production. Between 1980 and 1984 the Soviet Union launched subs of seven separate classes of submarine: OSCAR, KILO, TYPHOON, MIKE, SERRIA, AKULA and DELTA (Polmar, and Kenneth J. Moore 278). These new classes represented a shift in Soviet submarine design, these subs were not only faster and could dive deeper than their American counterparts they had quieting levels approaching that of US submarines. They were the first Soviet submarines fitted with digital sonars and were armed with more advanced weapons such as a Russian version of the SUBROC (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 285, 297-298, Wertheim 596). The varied construction of Soviets submarines can be sharply contrasted with the singular focus of US Submarine construction. US sub construction in the 1980s focused on one class of attack sub (Los Angeles) and one class of missile sub (Ohio) at a time. One reason for this focus was the lack of a weapon that needed its own class of submarine to deliver it. All US submarine weapons (aside from ballistic missiles) could be launched from a submarine's torpedo tubes, while the Soviets developed larger tactical missiles that required their own separate launcher. Additionally the dual production of Soviet submarine types can be attributed to a shift in naval design. Beginning with the ALFA class of the 1970's the Soviets experimented with titanium for submarine hulls. Titanium has greater stregth per pound than steel allowing a lighter submarine to perform at the same level as a heaver submarine (Polmar, and Kenneth J. Moore 281-282). The SERRIA class and the one-off MIKE utilized hulls made of Titanium, these submarines had depth and speed performances well ahead of their US counterparts. However, the difficulty of building titanium submarines of that size resulted in only four SERRIA class subs being commissioned. A steel-hulled derivative of the SERRIA was desirable, this vessel became the Project 971, NATO code name AKULA. The AKULA maintained SERRIA level performance by an increase in displacement while allowing for construction of a larger number of subs (Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore 284). Advances in submarine design remained mostly untested in battle after World War II. There was a submarine attack in the Indian Pakistani war of 1971, the Pakistani submarine PNS Hangor attacked and sank an Indian navy frigate (Bharat np). In 1982 the Falklands war between Argentina and the United Kingdom involved large-scale naval forces of both including submarines. On the British side five nuclear and one conventional submarines were deployed. Argentina deployed two conventional submarines. The British SSN HMS Conqueror trailed an Argentine task force formed around the ARA General Belgrano; a WWII era cruiser. Conqueror sent the cruiser to the bottom with a spread of three torpedoes (Hastings, Simon Jenkins 149). The Argentine response to the sinking proved decisive for the British; The Argentine fleet, including its aircraft carrier, was recalled to port: they simply had no defense against a nuclear submarine (Hastings, Simon Jenkins 157). Argentine operations met with far less success. ARA Santa Fé a GUPPY type submarine was forced to the surface by several RN helicopters and subjected to repeated attacks before the crew abandoned ship, the ARA San Luis made repeated attacks against British forces including several warships and a submarine according to one source; but due to a malfunctioning control system and defective torpedoes they failed to hit any targets (Sciaroni, J. Matthew Gillis. 27). As the 20th century came to an end and the 21st began strikes against targets ashore became one of the more visible missions of the submarine. In 1991, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2011 USN and RN submarines launched Tomahawk cruise missiles against targets in Iraq, Serbia, Sudan, Afghanistan and Libya (Dwyer, Devin, and Luis Martinez np, BGM-109 np). Covert operations also continued, one that has come to light is the trailing of the Chinese freighter An Yue Jiang by a British nuclear submarine. The Chinese freighter was bound with a cargo of weapons for Zimbabwe in 2008. This trail proved crucial to the British government's diplomatic success in blocking the freighter from reaching its destination (Mangena np). In March of 2010 the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan was sunk with the loss of 47 sailors apparently a victim of a North Korean submarine's torpedo (Yoon et al. 89). In the past century the submarine had gone from a cantankerous craft with an unclear mission to a centerpiece of national defense. The glorified sewer pipes of WWI slowly transformed into the lean gray wolfs of WWII and finally into the high-tech warships of today. Continued leadership in submarine development is critical for any nation that intends to exercise its power at sea as can be seen in the recent surge of submarine construction in the developing world, with countries such as China, India and Iran producing large numbers of submarines for their respective navies (Eaglen, Mackenzie np, Iran np, NTI np). Successful use of these underwater weapons will be critical in any naval war in the 21st century. Works Cited: Polmar, Norman, and Kenneth J. Moore. Cold War Submarines: the Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Dulles, Va.: Potomac Books, 2005. Print. Jackson, Robert. The Encyclopedia of Warships: from World War II to the Present Day. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay, 2006. Print. Friedman, Norman. U.S. Submarines since 1945: an Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1994. Print. Cote, Jr., Owen R. "The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy's Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines." The U.S. Navy. Mar. 2000. Web. 13 Feb. 2011. Lambert, John, and David Hill. The Submarine Alliance: Anatomy of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Pr., 1986. Print. Cocker, Maurice. Royal Navy Submarines - 1901 to the Present. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Maritime, 2008. Print. Preston, Antony. Submarine Warfare: An Illustrated History. London: Brown, 1998. Print. Thamm, Gerhardt. "Unraveling a Cold War Mystery." The Official Central Intelligence Agency Web Site. 16 Sept. 2008. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. Platonov, Vasiliy I. "The Missions of the Navy and Methods of Carrying Them Out." Voyennaya Mysl (1961). PDF. A Century of Silent Service. Prod. Lawrence Clark and Skip Church. Sonalysts, Inc., 2001. DVD. Freivogel, Zvonimir. Austrougarske Podmornice U I. Svjetskom Ratu = Austro-Hungarian Submarines in World War I. Rijeka: Adamic, 2007. Print. "Roll of Honour- Dorset - HMS Sidon (Submarine) Accident 1955." Roll of Honour. 3 Aug. 2008. Web. 23 Feb. 2011. Weir, Gary E., and Walter J. Boyne. Rising Tide: the Untold Story of the Russian Submarines That Fought the Cold War. New York: Basic, 2003. Print. Sontag, Sherry, Christopher Drew, and Annette Lawrence. Drew. Blind Man's Bluff: the Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage. New York: Public Affairs, 1998. Print. Mangena, Zoli. "Brits Thwarted Zim Arms Ship." Breaking SA and World News, Sports, Business, Entertainment and More - Times LIVE. 11 Jan. 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2011. Sciaroni, Mariano, J. Matthew Gillis. "Almost Successful ARA San Luis War Patrol." 2008 Submarine Almanac. Ed. Neal Stevens. Houston, TX: Deep Domain, 2008. 19-28. Print. DiMercurio, Michael. "Forward." 2008 Submarine Almanac. Ed. Neal Stevens. Houston, TX: Deep Domain, 2008. 5-10. Print. Hastings, Max, and Simon Jenkins. The Battle for the Falklands. New York: Norton, 1983. Print. Williamson, Gordon. U-boats of the Kaiser's Navy. Oxford: Osprey, 2002. Print. Owen, David. Anti-submarine Warfare: an Illustrated History. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2007. Print. "Britain ASW Weapons." NavWeaps - Naval Weapons, Naval Technology and Naval Reunions - Navy Weapons. Web. 26 Feb. 2011. Gardiner, Robert, Randal Gray, and Przemysaw Budzbon. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906-1921. London: Conway Maritime, 1985. Print. Parrish, Thomas. The Submarine: a History. New York, NY: Penguin, 2005. Print. Crozier, Paul. "Charles Lockwood." Jim's Diodon, Christian American Patriot & Veteran, Sub & Submariner Web Site. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. Clancy, Tom, and John Gresham. Submarine: a Guided Tour inside a Nuclear Warship. New York, NY: Berkley, 1993. Print. Carpenter, Dorr, and Norman Polmar. Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1986. Print. Westwood, David. The Type VII U-boat. London: Conway Maritime, 1984. Print. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Most Successful U-boat Commanders - Warships Sunk - The Men of the German Kriegsmarine - Uboat.net." The U-boat Wars 1939-1945 (Kriegsmarine) and 1914-1918 (Kaiserliche Marine) and Allied Warships of WWII - Uboat.net. Web. 09 Apr. 2011. "BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 4(3)." : Bharat-Rakshak.com - The Consortium of Indian Military and Defence Websites :. 2001. Web. 09 Apr. 2011. Yoon, Duk-Yong, Jung-l Park, Thomas J. Eccles, David W. Manley, and Agne Widholm. Joint Investigation Report: On the Attack Against ROK Ship Cheonan. Rep. Myungjin Publication, 2010. PDF. Wertheim, Eric. The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 2007. Print. McCartney, Innes, and Tony Bryan. British Submarines of World War I. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2008. Print. Polmar, Norman. Guide to the Soviet Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1986. Print. Helgason, Guðmundur Helgason. "U-boats Sunk by Allied Submarines - Fates - German U-boats of WWII - Kriegsmarine - Uboat.net." The U-boat Wars 1939-1945 (Kriegsmarine) and 1914-1918 (Kaiserliche Marine) and Allied Warships of WWII - Uboat.net. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. Hutchinson, Robert. Jane's Submarines: War beneath the Waves from 1776 to the Present Day. London: HarperCollins, 2001. Print. Reich, Steven. "Killer Subs in Pearl Harbor." NOVA. Dir. Kirk Wolfinger. PBS. WXXI, Rochester, NY. Pbs.org. WGBH, Jan. 2010. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. Reed, W Craig. Red November: Inside the Secret U.S. - Soviet Submarine War. Blackstone Audio, Inc., 2010. CD. Miller, David. U-Boats: History, Development and Equipment 1914-1945. London: Conway Maritime, 2001. Print. Sakaida, Henry, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki. I-400: Japan's Secret Aircraft-carrying Strike Submarine : Objective Panama Canal. Crowborough: Hikoki, 2006. Print. Newpower, Anthony. Iron Men and Tin Fish: the Race to Build a Better Torpedo during World War II. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006. Print. Blair, Clay. Silent Victory: the U.S. Submarine War against Japan. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975. Print. Spector, Ronald H. Eagle against the Sun: the American War with Japan. New York: Free, 1985. Print. "BGM-109 Tomahawk - Smart Weapons." GlobalSecurity.org - Reliable Security Information. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. Dwyer, Devin, and Luis Martinez. "Libya: U.S. Tomahawk Cruise Missiles Hit Targets in Libya - ABC News." ABCNews.com: Breaking News, Politics, World News, Good Morning America, Exclusive Interviews - ABC News. 19 Mar. 2011. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. Eaglen, Mackenzie. "Submarine Arms Race in the Pacific: The Chinese Challenge to U.S. Undersea Supremacy The Heritage Foundation." The Heritage Foundation. 2 Feb. 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. "Iran Navy Equipped With Four New Submarines - Defense News." Defense News - Breaking International Defense News. 8 Aug. 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. "NTI: Submarine: India Capabilities." Nuclear Threat Initiative: Home Page. Oct. 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. 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October 25, 1957 was the birthday of actress and comedian Nancy Cartwright. What TV character is she best known for?	Nancy Cartwright - Biography - IMDb Nancy Cartwright Biography Showing all 27 items Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (1) \| Trivia (14) \| Personal Quotes (1) \| Salary (6) Overview (3) 5' (1.52 m) Mini Bio (1) Nancy Cartwright was born on October 25, 1957 in Dayton, Ohio, USA as Nancy Jean Cartwright. She is an actress, known for The Simpsons (1989), The Simpsons Movie (2007) and The Replacements (2006). She was previously married to Warren Murphy . Spouse (1) ( 24 December 1988 - 2002) (divorced) (2 children) Trade Mark (1) Best known as the voice of "Bart Simpson", "Nelson Muntz", "Todd Flanders", and "Ralph Wiggum" on the TV show The Simpsons (1989). Trivia (14) Children, with Warren Murphy , Lucy Mae and Jackson. When she auditioned for The Simpsons (1989), she was originally called in for the voice of "Lisa Simpson", not "Bart Simpson". She was then asked to read for "Bart Simpson" and got the role on the spot. Was friends with Daws Butler , the voice of Yogi Bear, Huckleberry Hound and hundreds of others. They regularly exchanged letters, and soon he was addressing her "Dear Pixie." He sent her scripts to record, and then critiqued the tapes she returned. At 12, she joined a children's theatre company and made her first stage debut in "An Old-Fashioned Christmas". The director asked her to join his summer theatre group. She traveled with them for four years. As a senior, she was president of the Forensic League at Fairmont West High school. Like many tourists, Cartwright attempted to disturb the notoriously unflappable guards at Buckingham Palace in London. When she blurted, "What's happening man, I'm Bart Simpson, dude!", she succeeded. Fittingly her character Ethel in Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983) years before her role as Bart Simpson - is "wished" into a television set where she is chased around and then eaten alive by a cartoon monster. The segment of Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983) in which she appears is based on the same episode that was later parodied in a "Simpsons" Halloween special. Her character, Bart Simpson, was rated number 2 in Comedy Central's newest show 'Mouthing Off: 51 Greatest Smartasses'. Attended Ohio University from 1976-1978 as an interpersonal communication major and was awarded the Cutler Scholarship for academic excellence and leadership. Appointed Honorary Mayor of Northridge, California, USA (2005) Was offered the chance to do the female voices for South Park (1997), but turned it down because she felt the show was too offensive. She met the future Supervising Director of The Simpsons (1989), David Silverman , when they were both students in UCLA's Art Department in the late 1970s. They jokingly made an agreement they would one day work on a show together, but didn't find out their deal came through until they saw the credits of the first episode of the series. For her birthday, a 1992 episode of "The Simpsons" featured its opening of Bart writing as punishment on the chalkboard, "I am not a 35-year-old woman.". Originally auditioned for the part of Lisa Simpson on The Simpsons (1989) but asked to read for Bart because she thought Bart was funnier. Became a Scientologist in 1991. Personal Quotes (1) On auditioning for The Simpsons (1989): I went in, saw Lisa, and didn't really see anything I could sink my teeth into. But the audition piece for Bart was right there, and I'm like, 'Whoa, 10 years old, under-achiever and proud of it? Yeah, man - that's the one I want to do!. Salary (6)	Bart Simpson
Bullwinkle J. Moose was the sidekick of which cartoon character?	Nancy Cartwright Nancy Cartwright Birthplace: Dayton, Ohio, United States Biography: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Nancy Campbell Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American film and television actress, comedian and voice artist. She is best known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. Cartwright voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney and Database. Born in Dayton, Ohio, Cartwright moved to Hollywood in 1978 and trained alongside voice actor Daws Butler. Her first professional role was voicing Gloria in the animated series Richie Rich, which she followed with a starring role in the television movie Marian Rose White (1982) and her first feature film, Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983). After continuing to search for acting work, in 1987 Cartwright auditioned for a role in a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear on The Tracey Ullman Show. Cartwright intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson, the middle child; when she arrived at the audition, she found the role of Bartâ€”Lisa's brotherâ€”to be more interesting. Matt Groening, the series' creator, allowed her to audition for Bart and offered her the role on the spot. She voiced Bart for three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show, and in 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show called The Simpsons. For her subsequent work as Bart, Cartwright received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 1992 and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in the Field of Animation in 1995. Cartwright has voiced dozens of animated characters, including Chuckie Finster in Rugrats and All Grown Up!, Rufus in Kim Possible, Mindy in Animaniacs, Margo Sherman in The Critic and Chip in The Kellys. In 2000, she published her autobiography, My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy, and four years later adapted it into a one-woman play. Description above from the Wikipedia article Nancy Cartwright, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia .	i don't know
Al, Peggy, Kelly, and Bud Bundy were the main characters in what long running FOX sitcom?	Bud Bundy \| Married with Children Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit He was born on January 22, 1974 to Al and Peggy Bundy, making him about three years younger than Kelly. In the season seven episode, Christmas, Bud's first words as a baby were "Playboys! Hooters!". After Kelly makes fun of him, Peg reminds her that he only knows those words, but he quickly mutters "Like hell". He also able to say "The dog's been eating your slippers" as Al tempts them with giving only one of them a nice gift for Christmas. Growing up, he has been a straight A student and showed that he has more intelligence than the rest of the Bundys. He ended up attending James K. Polk High School, the same high school as his parents and sister, even talking with her in the hallway when they were attending at the same time. He continued to earn good grades, even being among a select few to have a chance to meet U.S. President George H.W. Bush, but lost out when Al gave the money he needed for the trip to Kelly, so she could buy a new dress in "Weenie Tot Lovers & Other Strangers" . It appeared that he was bullied by some of the students, such as Heather McCoy , who tricked him into going skinny dipping before stealing his clothes and hanging his underwear on a flag pole in 6th grade and then did something similar to him again at the dance in season 4's What Goes Around Came Around. He also mentions getting dunked face first into the toilets at school by other students. Besides the lack of a real girlfriend during most of high school, he also seems to lack friends, though in the early seasons, he brings home his friends Teddy and Boz and refers to the group as "The Amigos", even having their own salute. He also mentions having a friend named Joey from season 1 through season 5, though he is never seen. Even though he had played sports growing up, he was never as talented or athletic as his father and usually played on recreational teams rather than the high school team. Some of the sports he's played: Soccer - Reepers Softball - New Market Mallers Bowling - Al's bowling team After graduating from Polk High in 1992, he informs the family that he has gotten a scholarship and chooses to go to a junior college across town. At the same time, he also brings up his new persona, Grandmaster B . In season 7, he is able to get a $25,000 grant and transfer to Trumaine University and live in the dorms on campus. He also starts a short lived fraternity called Alpha Gonna Get'um. In Luck of the Bundys, he tells the family that he was accepted into another fraternity, Gamma Gamma Sigma Pi, before it's frat house is destroyed by Kelly in a stunt that went wrong. He eventually makes the Dean's List and applies to attend Oxford University. He finally graduates from Trumaine University in 1996, while working at the Illinois DMV, before being fired due to being too efficient at his job and ends as a chimney sweep apprentice in A Shoe Room With A View, before settling on being a talent agent the duration of the series. Besides his job with the DMV, he has done other jobs, most notably as Kelly's agent (in addition to being an agent for actresses Tina Yothers and Delta Burke and the short lived mother-daughter duo, The Juggs) who takes a significant portion of her paycheck. Other jobs include an operator for the Virgin Hotline, running a lemonade stand in the middle of winter, and selling maps of the stars homes. Personality Edit Bud was your typical girl crazy teenage boy. Desperate for any female contact, and we do mean contact. The problem was twofold; being as shallow as he was he didn't care about their personality, and they didn't like his to begin with. This led him to inventing several false identities to cover up his shortcomings. Bud is, however, very intelligent, and was the only one in the family to go to college. He worked hard on his grades, and Peggy once said he got straight A's. So it is possible that Bud would be able to make something of his life. At the same time however he still manages to be just as morally depraved as the rest of his family. Gallery Edit Bud Bundy ( David Faustino ), and was originally to be played by a different actor (and was for the original pilot), but this was changed after audiences did not like the original actor. Bud was originally portrayed to be around ten or eleven years old, but his age was advanced to be roughly a year younger than Kelly. Bud's full name was never made clear, a comment made by him, and agreed upon by Al, was that his first name comes from a beer (Budweiser), however Kelly once made a puppet of him and called him "Budrick" in a clear shot at him. It is uncertain if it means Bud's first full name is Budrick, or if Budrick is simply a name for the puppet and Bud is his actual name. Trivia	Married... with Children
"Remember, remember the fifth of November" is a British nursery rhyme that commemorates what historical figure? A. Sir Francis Drake B. Guy Fawkes C. Henry VIII D. Oliver Cromwell	Peggy Bundy - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Peggy Bundy Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Did you know ... (Redirected to Married... with Children article) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Married with Children 260 (with 2 specials) ( List of episodes ) Production April 5, 1987 – April 20, 1997 Status Official website Married... with Children or Married with Children is an American sitcom about a dysfunctional family living in Chicago that aired for 11 seasons. The show, notable for being the first prime time television series to air on Fox , debuted on April 5, 1987, and aired its final first-run broadcast on June 9, 1997. The series was created by Michael G. Moye and Ron Leavitt . The show was known for handling non-standard topics for the time period, which garnered the then-fledgling Fox network a standing among the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ). The series' 11-season, 262-episode run makes it the longest-lasting live-action sitcom on the Fox network. The show's famous leitmotif is " Love and Marriage " by Frank Sinatra from the 1955 television production Our Town . The first season of the series was videotaped at ABC Television Center in Hollywood. From season three to season eight, the show was taped at Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood and the remaining three seasons were taped at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . The series was produced by Embassy Communications on its first season and the remaining seasons by ELP Communications under the studio Columbia Pictures Television (and eventually Columbia TriStar Television ). Part of Sony Pictures Television 's library, it aired in syndication on FX in the United States from 1999 to 2008 and began airing on Spike and TBS in 2008, and on TV Land in 2009. It also airs on TVtropolis in Canada. On November 15, 2008 it began airing on The CW Plus . In January 2010, it began airing on Comedy Central. Contents 16 External links Synopsis The show follows the lives of Al Bundy , a once-glorious high school football player (who scored four touchdowns in a single game for Polk High School) turned hard luck salesman of women's shoes; his wife, Margaret "Peg" Bundy, a tartish, uneducated housewife with a large red bouffant hairdo, tight clothes, and funny walk caused by wearing high heels; Kelly, Al and Peggy's pretty, promiscuous, dimwitted daughter; and Bud, their unpopular, girl crazy, comparatively smart son (and the only Bundy who ever attended college). Their neighbors are the upwardly mobile Steve Rhoades and his wife Marcy, who later gets remarried to Jefferson D'Arcy. Most storylines involve a scheming Al being foiled by his cartoonish dim wit and bad luck. His rivalry and loathing of Marcy also play a significant role in most episodes. The Bundys live at 9764 Jeopardy Lane [1] [2] , Chicago , Illinois and their phone number is 555 -2878. [3] Cast Main article: List of Married... with Children cast members The creators of the show named the "Bundy" family after their favorite wrestler King Kong Bundy , though some fans mistakenly believed that the name was derived from serial killer Ted Bundy . [4] King Kong Bundy once appeared on the show as Peg's hick inbred uncle Irwin, and again appeared as his wrestling persona, since " NO MA'AM " (National Organization of Men Against Amazonian Masterhood, a fictional club depicted on the show) were big fans of the wrestler. Advertisements Al Bundy The head of the Bundy family, Alphonse "Al" Bundy ( Ed O'Neill ) is doomed to fail in all aspirations because of the "Bundy curse." Once a promising Fullback (American football)] for fictional Polk High School (his proudest moment in life was scoring four touchdowns in a single game), he was on his way to college on a scholarship until he impregnated his girlfriend, married her, broke his leg, and ended up a shoe salesman at "Gary's Shoes" in the "New Market Mall." Al often spends time attempting to recapture his glory days, but is usually undermined in spectacular fashion by bad luck and poor judgment. He considers his family to be the cause of his failures, and his resentment of them (and fear of having sex with his wife) provides much of the show's humor. However, Al is still devoted to them, given that he protectively beats up Kelly's boyfriends, once threatened a male stripper that "if my wife loses anything in your pants, so will you," once gave his entire paycheck to Bud to enjoy his 18th birthday at the "nudie bar," and holds down a lousy job to put food on the table (which, ironically, there is not much of in the Bundy household). Despite his yearning for "the touch of a beautiful woman," he always passes on those rare temptations, once explaining, "I actually kinda like my family." He frequents "nudie bars" and strip joints with his friends. The only thing that seems to consistently put him in the mood for his wife is watching her do manual labor , which virtually never happens. It is mentioned in a Season 5 episode, aired in 1990, that Al is 43. Al has extremely severe foot odor , prefers the escapism of television and bowling over his dysfunctional family, and life of drudgery and starvation (as Peg refuses to cook, she claims that she is allergic to fire, despite the fact that she smokes) and is often seen in his trademark couch potato pose—seated on the sofa with one hand stuck under the waistband of his pants. The foot odor is not his only health problem; once in 1993, he had a bad case of dandruff . He also has terrible teeth, as noted in the episode "Tooth or Consequences," where his extremely poor dental hygiene (green, black, bleeding, and fizzing teeth amongst them) leads to a trip to the dentist with typical bad luck results. Al's favorite television series, the fictional Psycho Dad, was a source of joy and entertainment that Al seemingly, at times, wanted to emulate. He would hum the words to the theme song, and pretend to "shoot" his fictional gun while watching the show. Much like Al, "Psycho Dad" was tormented by his family, and was stated to kill his wife and get revenge on his children in the opening credits and during various fictional "airings" of the episode, though no video was ever shown. His other joys were Westerns, often John Wayne films, most notably " Hondo ," until Peg's family ruined his recording of the movie by taping over it with a song dedicated to her. He has also referenced " Shane " when the clan ruined his enjoyment of that movie. Al also has his "faithful" 1974 Dodge Dart that invariably had failed brakes, constant breakdowns and numerous other problems associated with its age. At the time of the fourth season at least, Al was still paying it off, despite it being well over 20 years old. By the eighth season, the Dart had passed one million miles. Al's Dodge actually appears to be a 1972 Plymouth Duster . After winning a game show, the Bundys added a Ford Mustang to their fleet. The producers originally wanted to cast comedian Sam Kinison as Al Bundy. However, they ultimately chose not to, due to the profaneness of Kinison's comedy routines. Kinison would later play Al's guardian angel in the episode " It's a Bundyful Life ," spoofing Frank Capra 's It's a Wonderful Life . The producers also considered Michael Richards for the role. [5] Peggy Bundy Margaret "Peggy" Bundy ( née Wanker - itself an obscene insult in British slang ) ( Katey Sagal ) is Al's lazy, self-indulgent wife. She refuses to cook or clean the house, and prefers looking for new clothes to washing them. She does not even think of having a job. During the day, she likes to watch all the daytime talk shows , sitting on the beloved family couch, and eating tons of bonbons (without getting fat). Her favorite TV shows are Oprah and Donahue , but she also enjoys watching the Shop at Home Network . Peggy is a red head with a bouffant hairdo, and usually wears 1980s and 1960s-styled fashion with skin tight spandex pants and shirts, and (usually open-toed) Stiletto heels , which make her walk in a unique way. Peg was a cigarette smoker in early seasons, but soon quit. Late in the first season it is revealed she married Al on a dare although this might have been one of her sarcastic comments. In tune with Peggy's character, it was revealed in the fourth season that she did not graduate high school like she thought, failing to meet a half-credit in home economics . She got her diploma, but only by stealing Kelly's final exam, and tricking her into going to summer school. She continually spends what little money Al makes on everything from expensive clothes to useless junk, even stealing from her children to get extra cash. Her maiden name is Wanker , and her family hails from the fictitious rural Wanker County, Wisconsin , where "As Einstein put it, everyone's relative." At Peg and Al's high school reunion, her rival muttered, "Peg... Peggy Wanker... don't bother to thank her." [6] What is never made clear is how she managed to go to high school with Al when her parents apparently never left Wanker County. Despite her inappropriate behavior, she generally appeals to men, including Al whenever she does work. Like Al, she would never cheat on her partner—but unlike Al, enjoys marital sex, despite constantly complaining about Al's endurance. She does not seem to mind her husband ogling other women, reading pornographic magazines, or going to strip joints—most likely because she does the same things herself with other men. Her enthusiasm has caused some of the male strip joints she visits to establish the "Bundy rule"—where women can no longer go into the back rooms to meet the dancers. During Season 6, Sagal became pregnant in real life and her pregnancy was written into the show. However, Sagal suffered a miscarriage , so in true Dallas fashion, the writers made the whole storyline into one of Al's nightmares. Sagal was pregnant again twice during the series' run, but instead of writing her pregnancies into the show, the producers either used camera shots from above the stomach, or wrote episodes without the character of Peggy, explaining her absence by having her set out in search of her missing father (who appeared in a few episodes, played by veteran comic Tim Conway ), and only occasionally calling home. The producers originally wanted Roseanne Barr to play Peggy Bundy,[citation needed] but she declined, and the producers cast Sagal, who came up with Peg's final appearance, wanting to satirize the TV housewives of the 1960s. [7] Entertainment Weekly listed Sagal's role as Peggy for the Biggest Emmy Snub. Sagal currently acts in Sons of Anarchy. [8] Kelly Bundy Kelly Bundy ( Christina Applegate ) is the older child in the Bundy family, born on approximately November 27,1973 or sometime before February 19. [9] "Pumpkin," as Al often calls her, is a promiscuous bimbo and embodies the stereotypical " dumb blonde ." She may have inherited her behavior from her mother, known as "The Big Easy" in high school. Kelly is very promiscuous, much to Al's dismay, and he becomes furious when anyone outside of the family makes fun of her for this. During the series' run, Kelly became progressively more stupid. Initially, she was not the stereotypical dumb blonde bimbo she eventually becomes. In one episode, a flashback to Kelly's childhood reveals her to have been a prodigious reader until she banged her head during a road trip, instantly changing her personality to prefer focusing on her "shiny, shiny shoes." In the early seasons Kelly was smarter yet rebellious, and had more self-respect. The show hints at her amazing intrinsic intellectual ability, which only exhibits itself on those rare occasions when she is not preoccupied with her social status or men . For instance, she can predict the next number drawn on a roulette wheel, but only after letting her mind go blank. When properly motivated, she is able to solve complex mathematical equations, such as her calculation of the trajectory to shoot garbage bags into the D'Arcys' yard from a homemade catapult. It has been demonstrated that she can absorb a limited amount of information very well, but will forget something that she learned in the past once her limit is reached. Kelly is also known to display excellent hand-eye coordination when playing pool or performing archery. Kelly's comedic function tends to include blatant displays of naïvete and ignorance, with the typical response by the family of willfully allowing her to remain ignorant. Bud, in particular, likes to sow misconceptions in her mind. For example, she asks Bud to help her with her book report on Robinson Crusoe , but ends up reviewing Gilligan's Island instead. Her family is surprised to learn that she earned her high school diploma in 1990—but when she receives her diploma through the mail after finishing summer school , she asks her mother to read it to her. She then worked as a model and waitress. She had become a bottle-blonde at an early age at her mother's encouragement after a boy at school liked a natural blonde more than Kelly. She is obsessed with boys , hair coloring , and the telephone . Though she often pokes fun at her younger brother, Bud, for being under-developed, pubescent and constantly obsessed with girls , she usually seems to be proud of him whenever he manages to get an attractive date. On at least one occasion, she has also avenged Bud by humiliating a girl that humiliated him. Kelly is very fond of her pets, even when unable to sufficiently care for them. Buck, the family dog, who however, was generally considered to be Bud's, and she was the most upset when he died. Her favorite comic strip is Garfield . Her less-than-stellar reading skills led to many comedic situations in which she would read the Garfield comic aloud, mispronouncing lasagne as "luh-SAG-nee." She also watches cartoons, such as Looney Tunes , under the impression that it is a nature show. Tina Caspary was originally cast as Kelly, but after the original pilot was filmed, the show's producers felt that she did not quite fit the part, and so she was replaced by Applegate. [10] Bud Bundy Bud Franklin Bundy ( David Faustino ) is the second child, born on January 25, 1975. In the original pilot his name was going to be Ben. [11] In the first season, Bud is revealed to be in fifth grade, making him 10 or 11, but in subsequent seasons, he was aged to be within one year of Kelly, graduating high school in 1991. He was named after Al's favorite beer, Budweiser . He believes himself to be attractive, sexy, and smooth, but often is typically caught in sexually humiliating scenarios. It is unclear when Bud lost his virginity (it's depicted that he may have bedded women as far back as age 14), but in the fourth season, it is mentioned that he is still a virgin . Later in the series, he manages to have one-night stands , including one with his cousin's fiancee, played by Joey Lauren Adams . In season 1 he would frequently torture Kelly, even going so far as even blackmailing her for having fake I.D.'s. He tries to get girls with the help of various alter egos, including street rapper "Grandmaster B"—a persona often ridiculed by his family. When Peggy's third pregnancy is revealed to be a part of Al's Dallas -style dream sequence it is implied that the Grandmaster B persona was a part of that dream. Another alter-ego is "Cool Bud", Bud's sexual, suave side with which he eventually "merges", prompting him to become more "cool". Of the Bundys, Bud seems to be the most ashamed of the family; he often pretends not to know them. Out of the four in the family, Bud is arguably the most academically able as he maintains a high grade point average throughout high school, then attends college later in the series. He ridicules Kelly as a promiscuous dimwit; although he quite frequently uses her ignorance to his benefit, he seems obliged to defend her when others exploit her foolishness. Bud is, however, known to scheme against his family members on occasion. In season eleven it is revealed that Bud suffers from tuberculosis . He supports himself through a difficult science degree by being a DMV tester, once even retesting a certain man named "Al Boondy" ( Al Bundy ). He makes honor roll throughout high school . He earns a scholarship which the family accidentally spends; Al thinks the bank in which Bud deposited his check made a clerical error. Bud is portrayed as the leader of his " social circle " (most of whom are stereotypical "losers"); however, they move on as they are successful in finding dates. Bud remains a loner until college. Hunter Carson was originally cast as Bud, but after the original pilot was filmed, the show's producers felt that he did not quite fit the part, and so he was replaced by Faustino. [10] Buck Buck (played by Michael, trained by Steven Ritt [12] ) was the first family dog, a Briard ; voice-over by writer/producer Kevin Curran ; on special episodes Buck is voiced by Richard "Cheech" Marin . From season eight on, Buck's voice was provided by staff member Kim Weiskopf . He is often "heard" by the audience through voice-overs that tell what is on his mind . Like the human Bundys, he is just as lazy, insulting and sarcastic to the rest of the family, making snide remarks about Kelly's intelligence and Bud's inability to find a date. In spite of this, Peggy dotes on him, sometimes even cooking for him. Though extremely lazy, Buck has a huge, insatiable sexual appetite, having at one point impregnated all the female dogs in the neighborhood. Buck died at one point in the series to allow Michael, the dog that portrayed him, to retire . [13] Buck went to animal heaven, and was reincarnated as Lucky, a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel . In later seasons, Buck/Lucky would occasionally serve as the narrator in the second half of a two-part episode, recapping the events of the first part. Buck's last episode, No. 1003 "Requiem for a Dead Briard" ends with the following message on the screen: "Dedicated to Buck the Dog who with this episode begins a well earned retirement and hopefully a nice gig at stud. We'll miss you, Buddy, lift a leg. - The Producers." [14] Retired at the age of twelve-and-a-half, Michael died about nine months later on May 28, 1996. Lucky A character whose voice-overs were performed by staff member Kim Weiskopf, Lucky is the spaniel that the family gets after Buck dies. He is the reincarnation of Buck, but no one in the family ever realizes this. Peggy's mother Heard only in voice-overs by Kathleen Freeman and ground-shaking gags (making her an unseen character ), she lives with the Bundys in Season 10, when she separates from Peg's father. There are vague and comical references to her gigantic weight, which is alleged to be more than 1,000 pounds. This woman is mostly the victim of Al's abrasive, behind-the-back insults. Peggy's father (Ephraim Wanker) Ephraim Wanker, Peggy's father, was played by Tim Conway , appearing occasionally in the last three seasons. It is implied that he was a drunk and held a shotgun to Al's head at Al and Peggy's wedding. He calls Peggy by her full name, "Margaret". Unlike many other sitcoms with the father-in-law usually disapproving of the husband who married his daughter, Peg's father approves of Al so much that he held a gun to Al's head to force him to follow through on the marriage. Al had drunkenly proposed to Peg, although Ephraim implied in "The Joke's on Al" that the gun was not loaded at the time. Ephraim, like his wife, was set to be played by Divine , who died before production. [15] Marcy D'Arcy Marcy D'Arcy (played by Amanda Bearse ), Marcy Rhoades from episodes 0101–0512, is Peggy's best friend, Al's nemesis, and the family's next door neighbor. Though she considers herself to be better than the Bundy family, Marcy often sinks to their level. She originally worked as a loan officer at the city bank (in a higher position than her husband, Steve) and then as the manager of the Kyoto National Bank since the second season. But for a brief time, she was demoted to drive-up window teller as punishment for approving a loan Al could not repay (in fact the purpose was to make Al able to repay a previous loan approved by Steve, but Al instead turned this loan into his "shoe hotline" project as well, and lost it too). She wins back her old job after " frugging " on her boss's desk for 20 minutes, clad only in a slip, while the other drive-up window tellers tossed quarters at her. Marcy has stated that she holds a Bachelor's degree double majoring in business and economics. Initially, Marcy was a sweet, wholesome newlywed, but years of living next to the Bundys apparently warped her into a character almost as outrageous as them. She contemptuously bickered with Al, and reveled in his misery. One of the reasons for her hatred of Al is his chauvinistic and misogynistic view of women. Marcy seemed to have a disturbing dark side, and enjoys sharing her past memories with Peg, but often tends to get lost in them. At various points in the series, she is identified as a Republican who looks down on the lower-class Bundy clan, but is also a feminist and environmentalist. Al's most frequent targets are Marcy's tiny chest and her chicken-like stance when she gets annoyed. In season 6 Marcy claimed she was pregnant though this was later written out of the show. Marcy had a loud, piercing laugh, which she usually displayed whenever Al suffered some misfortune. Though she would often make disparaging remarks about Kelly and Bud she did not seem to hold the contempt for them that she did for Al, possibly because she realized that the Bundy children could not help their behavior due to their upbringing. One of the running gags in the series has Marcy often mistaken for a young boy, on one occasion even being mistaken for Bruce Jenner , and on another occasion for "The kid from Home Improvement ," probably Jonathan Taylor Thomas ; when she reminisces about her first training bra, Al asks "How old were you then—twenty five?!" Despite wanting to appear prudish, Marcy is shown to be a very sexual person, and is revealed to have a rather sordid sexual history, such as the "Little Bo Peep and the Cop" game. Marcy often relives past moments in her life as well as routine experiences (such as going to the dentist) by telling stories and describing them in a sexual manner. Although Marcy and Al are usually adversaries, they often unite in common causes, such as later when Jefferson comes into the series. Their teamwork is attributable to the fact that they are both "bread-winners," giving them occasional moments of mutual understanding. Steve Rhoades Steven "Steve" Bartholomew Rhoades ( David Garrison ) is Marcy's first husband. Much like the name "Bundy" the creators chose the surname "Rhoades" after professional wrestler Dusty Rhodes , a good-guy character who worked opposite bad guys like King Kong Bundy . He is a banker who seems unfazed by his lower position than Marcy at the city bank. (When Marcy moves up to a high position at another bank, he gets her former job.) Steve initially condescends to the Bundys, but eventually becomes more like them, and generally turns to Al for male-bonding . Marcy was initially attracted to him because of his self-centered materialism . Steve seemed to be a fairly demure and buttoned-down character, compared to his wife and the Bundys, although he did show a dark side. As a banker, Steve took sadistic pleasure in humiliating people who bullied him in high school by making his former tormentors (many of whom were stuck in poor, dead end jobs similar to Al's) grovel for bank loans, which he flatly refused. Steve eventually gets a job as Dean of Bud's college by blackmailing the man who employed him as a chauffeur . Steve was written out of the show in the middle of the fourth season; Garrison had decided he no longer wanted to be tied down to a weekly television series, preferring to avoid being typecast in one role, and devote more time to his first love: stage acting. He reached an agreement with Fox to buy out the remainder of his contract. In the final episode shot (though, confusingly, not the final episode aired) in which he was a regular character, Steve is disenchanted with his and Marcy's yuppie lifestyle, and is increasingly interested in becoming an outdoorsman (a real-life interest of Garrison's). He then disappears, with the explanation that he left Marcy to become a forest ranger at Yosemite National Park . Prior to disappearing he loses his job at the bank, after, in desire to win a free trip to Hawaii, he approves a loan for Al's "shoe hotline" project which fails. His last job was as a "pooper scooper" at an exotic pet shop. In later seasons, Garrison would reprise the Steve Rhoades character on four occasions, returning to guest star in individual episodes (with Steve having pursued other careers in the meantime), as he eventually returns to professional life to become the dean of Bud's college. This episode was to be the pilot of a spin-off series that never happened. Jefferson D'Arcy Jefferson Milhouse D'Arcy ( Ted McGinley ) is Marcy's second husband (original age unknown, but younger than Marcy; one episode mentioned that he celebrated his 40th birthday), a "pretty boy" who marries her for her money. Self-centered and lazy, he is a male equivalent of Peggy. Marcy met Jefferson after a bankers' convention when she got drunk, and found herself married to him the next morning; she was horrified to find out that her name was now Marcy D'Arcy (Episode 92, "Married...With Who?"). He is Al's closest friend, and often angers Marcy when he is bonding with him; unlike Steve who was more of a foil, or straight man, to Al, Jefferson tends to be very encouraging and attuned to Al's behavior. Marcy constantly bosses Jefferson around to keep him in check. However, behind her back, Jefferson often insults Marcy, ignores her orders (and has implied numerous times that he cheats on her). When Marcy's favorite squirrel Zippy dies, Jefferson tells her that he will give it a proper burial, only to punt it out of his sight when Marcy turns around. Jefferson is a member of " NO MA'AM " along with Al, wearing the trademark t-shirt, but he always keeps a clean "YES MA'AM" t-shirt on underneath, which he quickly reveals if Marcy is about to bust one of "NO MA'AM"'s activities. He seems very afraid of provoking his wife's anger, and his fear is justified—in one episode, after he angered Marcy, she kicked him in the behind so hard he had to go to the hospital to get her boot removed from his rectum. But in spite of his fear of her wrath, he constantly engages in activities that he surely knows she would not approve of. Marcy constantly hounds Jefferson to get a job. However, on the rare occasions when he actually gets one (working at the shoe store, being cast as an actor in a commercial, working as a bartender, working as an aerobics instructor, working at an auto repair shop in some menial position, etc.), he usually ends up working with beautiful women, which prompts a jealous Marcy to make him quit and return to his de facto job as her gigolo . This tendency runs in the D'Arcy family, as Jefferson's father also worked as a gigolo, and his mother worked as an exotic dancer before she was eaten by her snake at an airport. He is easily the most financially-scheming character of the show—even more than the Bundys. Often, when Al stumbles into a unique lucrative opportunity, Jefferson typically persuades Al to take advantage of it. When Al was robbed in his shoe store, Jefferson convinced him to sue the mall while feigning psychological trauma. When Al discovered hidden shoes that he stocked away in the 1970s, Jefferson convinced him to use the shoes as a new gimmick for the store by taking advantage of the old shoes' popularity. When discovering Al's boss, Gary, was using illegal sweatshops to manufacture the shoes, Jefferson assists Al in a search for incriminating evidence. When Bud was involved in a romantic relationship with the (surprising to the characters) female Gary (played by Janet Carroll), Jefferson convinced Al to permit the relationship, so Al can milk Gary out of her money through his son. After discovering that they were in possession of private pictures of Shannon Tweed in sexually provocative manners, Jefferson convinced Al to sell it to the media. During a rare time in which Al is struck with good luck, Jefferson persuades him into a high stakes poker game with a group of ex-criminals. Jefferson also convinced Al to go home to have sex with his wife, so Al could win a radio contest. During the course of the series, it is revealed that Jefferson spent time in prison for selling contaminated land as a vacation spot to several people, including Al. He also used to be in the CIA and still has connections there. For example, he was able to go to Cuba and meet Fidel Castro to get a part for Al's Dodge and got NO MA'AM a meeting in front of Congress about the cancellation of "Psycho Dad". Occasionally, people claim to have seen him on The Love Boat and Happy Days (a reference to McGinley having starred in both shows towards their end of their original broadcast runs), but Jefferson always denies this. Ted McGinley had appeared previously as Peggy's husband, Mr. Norman Jablonski, in the second part of It's a Bundyful Life, where Al's guardian angel ( Sam Kinison ) shows Al what his family would have become if he was never born. The episode lightly parodies Capra's It's a Wonderful Life . Recurring characters Griff ( Harold Sylvester ) – First appears early in Season 9, and is a friend and coworker of Al at the shoe store. He is also a member of Al's " NO MA'AM " organization. A divorcee, he shares many of Al's characteristics as far as work ethic and views on women go. However, Griff isn't quite as impolite and outspoken to their customers, or to their boss, Gary. He is also less callous; occasionally he feels uneasy when going along with one of Al or Jefferson's many schemes. Griff drives a GEO Metro with vanity plates reading 'PO BOY', and is often mocked for this. However, Griff is happy because it is still more reliable than Al's 1970s Dodge , though Griff did mention a fond memory of being a passenger in the Dodge, while he and Al tried run over Griff's ex wife (she was able to out run the Dodge). Al says Griff's car is easier to push. When Bud and Griff first met, Bud said Al never mentioned having a coworker, and Griff said Al never mentioned having a son, a daughter, or a living wife, but had already annoyed him with all the times he mentioned scoring four touchdowns in one single game. Bob Rooney ( E. E. Bell ) – One of Al 's friends from the neighborhood, and treasurer of " NO MA'AM ." He works as a butcher, has a wife named Louise (who is a friend of Peggy), and played on the same football team as Al at Polk High. He is always called by both his first and last name, even by his wife, and it is spelled as one word on his bowling shirt. Bell was the only member of the extended cast to spend a lot of time on the Usenet newsgroups fielding questions from viewers. Officer Dan ( Dan Tullis, Jr. ) – A friend of Al's who is also in " NO MA'AM ." Surprisingly, though he is part of " NO MA'AM ," he often arrests them for their illegal antics. However, he does admit to his friends that he is a corrupt officer, which indicates he does help out the group now and then. In one of the times he was about to arrest them, he changes his mind and joins them when he learns they're trying to bring back "Psycho Dad". Though he was usually a cop, in season 6 Officer Dan arrives at the Bundy front door as an FBI agent looking for Steve Rhoades. Ike ( Tom McCleister ) – Another member of " NO MA'AM " and another friend of Al's. He is the Sergeant at Arms of the organization. He works as an auto mechanic and has a wife named Frannie. Somewhat insecure, he believes Elvis is still alive. The character was named after producer Kim Weiskopf's best friends's son. [5] Miranda Veracruz de la Hoya Cardinal ( Teresa Parente ) – Latina local news reporter originally from " a country named after the equator " who is typically assigned to cover the pathetic news stories in which the Bundys inevitably involve themselves. She often laments the sad state of her career on air. While she only appears in a handful of episodes throughout the series, the character seems to be quite popular with fans.[citation needed] The Wankers – Peggy's family, living in Wanker County ("The home of the big gassy possum"), a fictional Wisconsin county. They are more often mentioned than seen on camera. Peggy's mother is never shown (though she is heard in several episodes in Season 10, voiced by Kathleen Freeman ), but her father Ephraim ( Tim Conway ) appears in a few episodes also in Season 10. Mrs. Wanker's unbelievable obesity is the subject of many jokes, including one in which Al goes blind after accidentally walking in on her bathing. Other extended family members who have appeared on the show include Uncle Otto (James "Gypsy" Haake), Uncle Irwin ( Chris Pallies (King Kong Bundy) ), the Wanker Triplets ( Milly de Rubio, Elena de Rubio, Eadie de Rubio ), Cousin Possum Boy ( John Gerard ), Cousin Effie ( Joey Lauren Adams ), Cousin Eb ( William Sanderson ), Cousin Zemus ( Bobcat Goldthwait ) and his wife Cousin Ida Mae ( Linda Blair ), along with their six-and-a-half-year-old son, Seven ( Shane Sweet ). When Peggy hears Al encouraging Kelly to get a job, she mentions a tradition of the female Wankers of having men being buried earlier for having to keep them. Gary (Janet Carroll) – The owner of Gary's Shoes and employer of Al. Gary's first appearance in the series came in Season 9 after Al turned her women's shoe store into a men's, assuming Gary was male and therefore wouldn't notice. (Al never saw Gary in the first twenty years he worked in the store, leading him once to doubt that Gary really existed) Gary is incredibly wealthy (she would have been in the Forbes 400 , but only reached #401 because of the shoe store—her only failing business venture). In the first appearance she said she owns, among other things, men, prompting Al to offer himself; she then points out that she said "men." Over the course of the series she makes several more appearances, always to the chagrin of Al, and in one episode even becomes the Sugar Momma of Bud, much to the chagrin of those who still thought she was a man; however, she became too possessive, leading Bud to break up with her, as he puts his dignity over her money. Luke Ventura ( Ritch Shydner ) – A coworker at the shoe store early in the series in Season 1. He was a sly womanizer who was always seducing beautiful women and stealing Al's sales. Peg hated him while Al tolerated him. He disappears from the show after the first season, but is mentioned again in the ninth season episode "Pump Fiction," when Al learns from the shoe industry publication "Shoe News" that Luke is being given an award. Though he was portrayed to be a friend of Al's in the beginning of the series, after his disappearance, he had been spoken of as if he had since become Al's rival. Aaron Mitchell ( Hill Harper ) – The second coworker of Al's at the shoe store. A young football star at Polk High, he is on the verge of marrying a wonderful woman and going to college, achieving everything that Al ever wanted. Al chooses to live his life vicariously through Aaron, until his misguided advice accidentally drives the boy to a shrewish woman named "Meg" (a young copy of Peg) and the same dismal fate which had befallen Al. Aaron appeared only in the eighth season (5 episodes). Dexter ( Chi McBride ) – He was the third coworker with Al in Gary's Shoes who appeared in one episode. He was injured and almost killed when a fat woman fell on him during a shoe fitting. Ariel ( Jennifer Lyons ) – One of Bud's love interests who appeared in Seasons 9 and 10. She is the quintessential dumb blonde , sporting blonde hair, large breasts, skimpy outfits and a high-pitched voice. She is not very smart and Bud is constantly thinking of new ways to con her into having sex with him. Psycho Dad ( Andrew Prine ) – A fictitious character and television show on Fox , that Al and the members of " NO MA'AM " (except for Griff) idolize. The show was abruptly cancelled after complaints from women's group due to its high content of violence. "NO MA'AM" went to Washington D.C. to have Psycho Dad put back on the air but were unsuccessful. Shoe Woman: A recurring character who has a masculine appearance. Though only in a handful of episodes, this character is well known for her phrase, "I need shoes!". In season nine we find out that she works at the bowling alley Al and his friends go to on a Thursday, making a humorous variation of her catchphrase, "You need shoes!", to a barefoot Al. The catchphase is said in a fast-paced, masculine voice. The same actress appears in the episode "Kelly Knows Something" as "Max", another game show contestant. Amber ( Juliet Tablak ) is Marcy's niece who appeared in Season 8. Amber's mother sent her to live with Marcy to get her out of her bad L.A. neighborhood. Bud managed to bed her on their first encounter (and presumably more so in the following week) and tries relentlessly to bed her again, but to no avail. After Season 9, Amber disappears without explanation. However, she does appear to demonstrate an attraction to Bud (remarking to Kelly in private that she thinks he is cute). Bud may have simply lost his attraction towards her when she destroyed his cyber sex simulators of her in the episode, User Friendly . Only appears in 4 episodes. Seven ( Shane Sweet ) Peggy's cousins (played by Bobcat Goldthwait and Linda Blair) drop off their six-year-old son and leave him behind for the Bundys to take care of. He appeared on the seventh season of Married in a handful of episodes, then disappeared without any explanation other than a quick mention by the D'Arcys that he showed in their house and won't leave. They claim they want to rename him, and possibly begin taking care of him, but that's the last time he is referred to. He was an extremely unpopular character with the fans. [16] [17] [18] [19] However, in season eight, in the episode "Kelly Knows Something," Kelly is studying for a trivia show. As she learns new information, you visually see her forgetting other things. One thing that "pops out of her head" is an image of Seven. There is a scene where a carton of milk is held up at the Bundys' breakfast table and a picture of Seven is shown on the carton under the heading "Missing" but the Bundys don't seem to notice, or care. Father Guido Sarraduchi (Don Novello) Fox broadcast history see also List of Married... with Children episodes Syndication Married...With Children was originally debuted in off-network syndication distributed by Columbia Pictures Television (now Sony Pictures Television ) starting in the fall of 1992. The series later aired on FX from September 1998 until 2007. In June 2002, FX became the first television network to air the controversial, previously-banned episode "I'll See You in Court", albeit in an edited format. The fully-uncensored version of "I'll See You in Court" can only be seen on the DVD release Married With Children: The Most Outrageous Episodes Volume 1. The version found on the Third Season DVD set is edited. In 2008, the Spike network reportedly paid US$12 million for broadcast rights to every episode including the unedited version of the infamous episode, " I'll See You in Court ". [20] However, the version that Spike aired is still not as complete as the version found on Married With Children: The Most Outrageous Episodes Volume 1. The series started airing on Spike TV on September 29, 2008 with a weeklong marathon. TBS also began airing the show shortly after, acquiring the show in fall 2008 to run in the early morning hours, it currently runs for three hours on TBS during the early morning hours. TV Land picked up the rights to broadcast the show from its MTV Networks sister Spike in August 2009. A few of the episodes are available on YouTube between season 1 and 11. Comedy Central began airing the show on February 8, 2010; Comedy Central acquired rights to air the series from TV Land, who in turn, had earlier acquried the rights to the series from Spike. All three cable channels are owned by Viacom. [21] Nielsen ratings 2009: TV Land Awards – Innovator Award (entire cast) Controversy and edited content One episode of Married... with Children was "lost" due to the efforts of a Michigan housewife (see below); it did, however, air outside the United States since the show went into syndication. Another edited episode involved Al trying to sell his Dodge before he is contacted by a Dodge representative wanting to record the moment when the odometer on the Dodge reaches all zeros (1 million miles) was also the source of controversy after the September 11th attacks. After meeting various people, Al is approached by two men dressed in all white tunics, holding a bundle of dynamite attached to an alarm clock. The men declare "Look, we have no time to haggle; we need car and directions to Sears Tower ". Another episode, the unaired pilot, was never shown on TV. However, it leaked online in 2008. Rakolta boycott In 1989, Terry Rakolta , a homemaker from Bloomfield Hills, Michigan , led a boycott [22] against Married... with Children after viewing the episode Her Cups Runneth Over – 0306. [23] Offended by the images of an old man wearing a garter and stockings, the scene where Steve touches the panties of a mannequin dressed in S&M gear, a homosexual man wearing a tiara on his head (and Al's line "...and they wonder why we call them "queens"), and a woman who takes off her bra in front of Al (and is shown with her arms covering her chest in the next shot), Rakolta began a letter-writing campaign to advertisers, demanding they boycott the show. After advertisers began dropping their support for the show and while Rakolta made several appearances on television talk shows, Fox executives refused to air the episode titled I'll See You In Court – 0310 . [24] This episode would become known as the " Lost Episode " and was aired on Fox on June 18, 2002, with some parts cut. The episode was packaged with the rest of the third season in the January 2005 DVD release (and in the first volume of the Married...With Children Most Outrageous episode DVD set) with the parts cut from syndication restored. During the first boycott, ratings for Married... with Children ironically rose due to interest in the show caused by Rakolta's crusade to have the show cancelled (a non-Internet example of the Streisand effect ). The increased number of viewers kept the show on the air until 1997. Rakolta has been referenced twice on the show: Rock and Roll Girl – 0414, [25] when a newscaster mentioned the city Bloomfield Hills, and No Pot To Pease In – 0909, [26] when a television show was made about the Bundy family and then was canceled because (according to Marcy) "some woman in Michigan didn't like it". Change in tone During the earlier seasons, the show was more of a realistic view of a working-class family, in contrast to the other family sitcoms of the era, where everyone's problems are solved in a half-hour and the kids all go to college, etc. Later on, Married... became, as O'Neill said, "more cartoonish and broad", and was no longer a commentary on the nuclear family.[citation needed] DVD releases Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all eleven seasons of Married... with Children on DVD in Regions 1, 2, & 4. [27] DVD Name March 11, 2009 Married with Children – The Complete First Season DVD cover. For the most part the episodes on the North American DVD box sets are the unedited versions as seen on the Fox network, however there are some instances where scenes have been cut or the syndicated version of an episode was placed on the DVD instead. This is most noticeable in Season 4, where 7 of the 22 episodes have some type of edit. The German region 2 Season 4 set uses non-syndicated versions of these episodes, although the Dutch and French sets have the syndicated versions. The region 4 sets were delayed by three years from the release of the complete Season 1, until the release of Season 2. Sony released the region 4 editions from seasons 2–9. The DVDs are varied from the American counterparts, with some episodes intact, while others are syndicated versions. This is apparent on the Season 4 DVD, where Disc 1 contains non-syndicated episodes (differing from the Region 1 set), however Discs 2 & 3 contain the syndicated versions of some episodes. The DVD box sets from Season 3 onward do not feature the original "Love and Marriage" theme song in the opening sequence. This was done because Sony was unable to obtain the rights to the theme song. It is highly unlikely that the theme song will return in any yet to be released DVD box set. [28] The replaced theme song was the cause of the syndicated versions of seven episodes in Season 4, as Sony falsely claimed did not have access to the original masters of these episodes, and had to use syndicated prints. This is proved wrong since they used the originals from Season 4 in "Most Outrageous" DVDs that contained some episodes. As the end credits had to be altered to credit the new theme song, certain scenes that originally ran during the end credits had to be replaced with a freeze frame. In most episodes affected, the original audio plays in the background while you see a freeze frame, however in a few cases a freeze frame is used, but the original audio is replaced with the theme song. The final season is expected to be released in the near future. [29] In the German speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) all seasons have already been released (region 2). In December 2007 the Big Bundy Box—a special collection box with all seasons plus new interviews with Sagal and David Faustino—was released. [30] This boxset was released in Australia (Region 4) on December 3, 2008. The Australian release contained seasons 1–9 with two extra spots for seasons 10–11. [31] Remakes Argentina In Argentina a remake has been done under the name of Casados con Hijos . The show aired in 2005 and although it wasn't successful at first (mainly because of an inconvenient broadcast time), it was aired again during summer and it got one of the highest ratings of the year and because of that, a second season has been done for 2006. The characters are Pepe ( Guillermo Francella ), Moni (Florencia Peña), Coqui ( Darío Lopilato ) and Paola ( Luisana Lopilato ), all under the "Argento" surname. It should be noted that the show's reruns had higher ratings than when the episodes were first aired. Armenia In Armenia a remake made in 2009, with the name Բնակարան N2 (Bnakaran N2) (Apartment #2) [32] . It was aired on H2. Parents in Armenian family, Gayané "Gayan" and Tigran "Tiko" live in apartment #2 with their children. After first season, the plot changed dramatically, and second season already has very little to do with the original. Brazil A Guerra dos Pintos (War of the Pintos) was the title of the Brazilian remake. It ran for a short time on BAND before it got cancelled in 1999 due to poor ratings. Many episodes were left unaired. The Brazilian Bundys were called "Pintos" (hence the name of the series). Pinto translates to dick in Portuguese, and is also a common Brazilian surname. The Pintos lived in Rio de Janeiro. Al's equivalent, "Zé Pinto," was a shoe salesman just like Al, and he was a former soccer player as Al was a former football player. Peggy equivalent was named "Neide Pinto," Kelly named "Kelly Pinto" and Bud was "Joca Pinto" in the series. They also had a dog named Cachorro (which means dog in Portuguese). Their neighbours, the "Fialho's," were based on the Rhoades, not the D'Arcys. The storyline was exactly the same as in the early original version. Chile In Chile, a remake was made in 2006 and 2007, with the name Casado con Hijos, and it has been getting higher ratings, beating soap operas broadcasting in the same hour. The show was broadcasted daily. The characters were Alberto "Tito" Larraín (Al), María Eugenia "Quena" Gómez de Larraín (Peggy), Ignacio "Nacho" Larraín (Bud), and Titi (Kelly). Their neighbors are Marcia Durán (Marcy) and Pablo Pinto (both Steve Rhoades and Jefferson D'Arcy). Colombia In Colombia Caracol TV produced a remake named Casados con Hijos in 2004–2006. The characters are "Paco" Rocha (Al) played by Santiago Rodriguez, "Lola" (Peggy) played by Lorna Paz, Willy (Bud), and Kelly (Kelly). This version airs weekdays in the United States on MTV Tr3́s , an American MTV network aimed at Latinos, with English subtitles. Croatia The Croatian version of the show is called Bračne vode (Marriage waters). It premiered on Nova TV in September 2008. The family is called Bandić. The characters are Zvonimir "Zvonko" Bandić (Damir Lončar), Sunčica "Sunči" Bandić (Mila Elegović), Kristina "Tina" Bandić (Sonja Kovač) and Boris "Bobo" Bandić (Vid Mekinić). Their neighbours are Marica (Jadranka Đokić) and Ivan "Ivica" Kumarica (Igor Mešin). Sunči and Zvonko are 17 years in marriage. They have got two children, older Tina and younger Bobo. They are always fighting. Sunči is lazy. She likes to make jokes, mostly about Zvonko and their sex. After the bad ratings of the 1st season, the network Nova TV decided to give the show one more chance, which included some changes, mostly in the cast. The core role of Zvonimir "Zvonko" Bandić was re-cast with the much suiting actor Hrvoje Zalar and the role of Kristina "Tina" Bandić was recast with a newcomer Mirela Videk. Germany After the original series' success in Germany, the German TV channel RTL produced 26 episodes of Hilfe, meine Familie spinnt (English: Help, my family is bonkers). The scripts and every single joke were translated. The show wasn't picked up for a second season due to bad ratings (1993). The dubbed version of the original show was called "Eine schrecklich nette Familie" (English: a terribly nice family). Hungary In 2006, Hungarian TV network TV2 brought the license rights including scripts and hired the original producers from Sony Pictures for a remake show placed in Hungarian environment. It was entitled Egy rém rendes család Budapesten [33] (in English: Married with children in Budapest , loan translation: A gruesomely decent family in Budapest). The main story began with the new family called the Bándis inherit an outskirt house from their American relatives the Bundys. They filmed a whole season of 26 episodes, all of them being remade versions of the plots of the original first seasons. It was the highest budget sitcom ever made in Hungary. First it was aired on Tuesday nights, but was beaten by a new season of ER , then placed to Wednesday nights. The remake lost its viewers, but stayed on the air due to the contract between Sony and TV2. ( [34] [35] [36] ) Poland There is a sitcom called Świat według Kiepskich (The World According to the Kiepscy), which is sometimes compared to Married... With Children. Basis for this comparison was set by the creators of Polish sitcom by entitling it similarly to the title under which Married... With Children was aired in Poland - Świat według Bundych (The World According to the Bundys). There are so many differences between the American original and Świat według Kiepskich that it can't be regarded as a direct remake, but only loosely inspired by the original. Russia The Original Married... With Children ran on DTV for almost three years, on a daily basis, broadcasting the episodes from seasons 1–10. The show later aired on Domashniy TV. However, for unknown reasons, most episodes from season 11 were not shown. A Russian adaptation, titled Счастливы вместе (Sсhastlivy Vmeste) (Happy Together), is now airing on TNT channel across the country. [37] [38] This adaptation is very faithful to the original series and only a few episodes were not adapted, mostly for technical reasons (e.g. Wabbit Season wasn't adapted because in the remake the Bukins live in an apartment and therefore don't own a yard) or differences in mentality (e.g. The Legend of Ironhead Haynes). The England Show trilogy and two of the three backdoor pilots (Top of the Heap and Radio Free Trumaine) were not adapted neither. The episode TRASH was rewritten from scratch. The character names are: Gena Bukin (based on Al, played by Viktor Loginov ), Dasha Bukina (based on Peggy, played by Natalya Bochkareva ), Sveta Bukina (based on Kelly, played by Darya Sagalova ), Roma Bukin (based on Bud, played by Aleksandr Yakin ), Elena and Anatoliy Poleno (based on Marcy and Jefferson D'Arcy, played by Yulia Zaharova and Pavel Savinkov ), Evgeniy Stepanov (based on Steve Rhoades, played by Aleksey Sekirin ), Sema Bukin (based on Seven, played by Ilya Butkovskiy ), Baron Bukin (based on Buck and Lucky, played by Bayra). Instead of living in a house, the Bukins live in an apartment on the top floor of a small building, and the Stepanovs/Polenos live in the apartment in front of theirs. Prior to the series' beginning, the Bukins could buy off a part of the building's attic for extra rooms, so apart from the lack of a cellar, the lack of a backdoor, a garage in a separate building instead of being adjacent to the house, and a balcony used instead of the yard, the layout of Bukins' flat looks like the Bundys' house. The apartment is in a mess from some fixes in the house which were never finished, and in the show's early episodes an unfortunately placed construction site outside allowed people (and Baron, the family dog) to go in and out the Bukins' apartment by the balcony. As a major change, instead of disappearing like Seven after a few episodes, Sema stays with the Bukins until the end of the series, and the often bizarre explanations for his absence from events the whole family should attend became a running gag. Also, the family dog Baron doesn't die and reincarnate, he remains the same until the end of the series. The episode Requiem For The Dead Briard was however adapted, with Baron being sold to a rich person by Sema instead of dying. The last name of the main characters, Bukins, is derived from the Russian word "buka", which refers to a socially inept person. The first neighbor couple, Elena and Evgeniy Stepanov, are named after married Russian comedians Evgeniy Petrosyan and Elena Stepanenko. The last name of the second neighbor couple, Poleno, means "log", which spawned some wood-based nicknames for both Elena and Anatoliy, to which Anatoliy often responds "Not this. It's Poleno, as in 'Anatoliy Poleno'". In April 2008, the producers announced all episodes of Married... With Children have been adapted as Schastlivy Vmeste (including all the episodes from the seldom seen 11th season) and an online contest was started where fans could submit new ideas for episodes. [39] . Starting from the 31 December 2009, the show resumed its run with an initial order of 60 new episodes, the order might be doubled based on the viewers' response [40] . According to the episodes' opening credits, some of the new episodes are co-written by original Married... With Children writers, mostly Katherine Green. Spain Originally it was aired at public channel " La 2 ." The Spanish TV network Cuatro created a Spanish version called Matrimonio con Hijos (Marriage with Children). It was cancelled after only one season due to the lack of quality and poor scripts. United Kingdom A remake titled Married... For Life was shown on the ITV network but made no great impact, perhaps because of the questionable use of wholesome family comedian Russ Abbott in the lead role of Ted Butler or because the original had already been shown in the UK (albeit in a late evening slot). Oddly considering the UK's long history of raunchy comedy on TV, the UK version was considerably toned down in terms of sexual content in relation to the original. Spin-offs Married... with Children was adapted into a comic book series by NOW Comics in 1990. The episodes Top of the Heap, Radio Free Trumaine, and Enemies were meant to be spin-offs. Top of the Heap [41] was the only episode of the three to get its own show. It was notable as an early sitcom starring Matt LeBlanc . The show was about Vinnie Verducci (played by LeBlanc) and his father Charlie (played by Joseph Bologna ) always trying get rich quick schemes. The Verduccis were introduced in an earlier episode where Vinnie dated Kelly Bundy, and Charlie was introduced as an old friend of Al Bundy's. The end of the pilot episode shows Al breaking into their apartment and stealing their TV to replace the one he lost betting on Vinnie in a boxing match. However, the show didn't last long and was ultimately cancelled. It had its own spin-off called "Vinnie and Bobby" a year later which was also canceled. Radio Free Trumaine was to be about Bud Bundy's time in college with the campus radio station, with Steve Rhoades as the antagonistic Dean. The episode co-starred Keri Russell . Enemies was a Friends clone, featuring Alan Thicke , based around Kelly Bundy's social circle. In addition to those three spin-offs, a spin-off about Kelly Bundy was planned but never made for two reasons: Christina Applegate turned it down, and Fox's contract stated that the two Bundy children couldn't get spin-offs. Also, series co-creator Michael G. Moye proposed a NO MA'AM spin-off, but got turned down mainly due to Fox's fears of alienating much of the female demographic. Worldwide United States: It ran on Fox for its eleven year run but it has also appeared in syndication reruns on other channels. Sony Pictures Television currently owns the rights to the series. Since September 2008 rights to air the series on cable have been split between MTV Networks ( Spike TV , TV Land and Comedy Central have all aired the series) and TBS . Previously, FX had exclusive rights dating back several years. All episodes from seasons six and seven along with some episodes from season five and eight are available to view for free on Sony owned Crackle , along with several Minisodes . Married...with Children has also been a ratings success in other countries around the world. Country	i don't know
Combining corned beef, sauerkraut, Swiss cheese and Thousand Island dressing and sticking it rye produces what kind of sandwich?	The Food Timeline: history notes--sandwiches Who invented the sandwich? When? Where? And Why? Acknowledging the fact that combinations of bread/pastry filled with meat or cheese and dressed with condiments have been enjoyed since ancient times, Food historians generally attribute the creation of the sandwich, as we know it today, to John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich . This Englishman was said to have been fond of gambling. As the story goes, in 1762, during a 24 hour gambling streak he instructed a cook to prepare his food in such a way that it would not interfere with his game. The cook presented him with sliced meat between two pieces of toast. Perfect! This meal required no utensils and could be eaten with one hand, leaving the other free to continue the game. Sadly, the name of real inventor of the sandwich (be it inventive cook or the creative consumer) was not recorded for posterity. Recipes for sandwiches were not immediately forthcoming in cookbooks. Why? In England they were (at first) considered restaurant fare. In America? Many colonial cooks in the last half of the 18th century were not especially fond of imitating British culinary trends. Did colonial American cooks make sandwiches? Probably...most likely, though you will be hard pressed to find solid evidence. When viewed in historical context, it is understandable why Americans didn't begin calling their bread and meat combinations "sandwiches" until [long after the Revolution & War of 1812] the late 1830s. The primary difference between early English and American sandwiches? In England beef was the meat of choice; in America it was ham. A simple matter of local protein supply. Or??! A tasty opportunity to promote government split. You decide. This is what the food historians have to say: "The bread-enclosed convenience food known as the "sandwich" is attributed to John Montagu, fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), a British statesman and notorious profligate and gambler, who is said to be the inventor of this type of food so that he would not have to leave his gaming table to take supper. In fact, Montague was not the inventor of the sandwich; rather, during his excursions in the Eastern Mediterranean, he saw grilled pita breads and small canapes and sandwiches served by the Greeks and Turks during their mezes, and copied the concept for its obvious convenience. There is no doubt, however, that the Earl of Sandwich made this type of light repast popular among England's gentry, and in this way, his title has been associated with the sandwich ever since. The concept is supremely simple: delicate finger food is served between two slices of bread in a culinary practice of ancient origins among the Greeks and other Mediterranean peoples. Literary references to sandwiches begin to appear in English during the 1760s, but also under the assumption that they are a food consumed primarily by the masculine sex during late night drinking parties. The connotation does not change until the sandwich moves into general society as a supper food for late night balls and similar events toward the end of the eighteenth century...Charlotte Mason was one of the first English cookbook authors to provide a recipe for sandwiches...During the nineteenth century, as midday dinner moved later and later into the day, the need for hot supper declined, only to be replaced with light dishes made of cold leftovers, ingredients for which the sandwich proved preeminently suitable. Thus the sandwich became a fixture of intimate evening suppers, teas, and picnics, and popular fare for taverns and inns. This latter genre of sandwich has given rise to multitudes of working class creations...During the early years of the railroad, sandwiches proved an ideal form of fast food, especially since they could be sold at train stations when everyone got off to buy snacks...During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the sandwich came into its own, especially as a response to the Temperance Movement. Taverns and saloons offered free sandwiches with drinks in order to attract customers." ---Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, Solomon H. Katz, editor, William Woys Weaver, assoicate editor [Charles Scribner's Sons:New York] 2003, Volume 3 (p. 235-6) [NOTE: This book has far more information than can be paraphrased here. Ask your librarian to help you find a copy.] "The invention of the sandwich and its acceptance as an institution is a typical example of the power of the ways of life to prevail over all so-called rules of gastronomy and even established facts of physiology and psychology. Bread, when cut into slices, has always proved a handy foundation for other food. From the buttered bread and thick slice which was used in the Tudor period as the foundation of meat dishes there is a direct line of descent to the sandwich. But according to all the rules of sciences governing nutrition the sandwich should never have been born. If a slice of bread is spread with some other appetizing food it is obvious to both eyes and nose what it is, and there is a definate psychological reaction. When, however, the appealing surface is covered by another slice of bread, it is a matter of guesswork to find out what the filling is. This is not so easy and often the eater does not try to guess at all but is satisfied with something esay to chew and swallow which satisfies his hunger. The sandwich is thus a poor substitute for a single slice of bread, spread with something won can both see and anticipate in advance. That it has all the same become a staple article of diet is in the first place due to its handiness for carrying, as compared with a slice of bread spread only with butter Sandwiches can replace a meal and avoid the necessity of carrying cooking utensils about. Their popularity owes much to the fact that the distances between home and work have increased enormously in recent times, and they can so easily be wrapped up and stowed away in a man's pocket, In the face of these advantages, the physiological and psychological attractions of a single slice with its surface openly displayed could not prevail. Eating a sandwich requires neither crockery nor cutlery, and as the hand comes in contact only with the dry side of the bread the fingers are not smeared; this even creates the fallacy that dirt from the fingers will not adhere to the bread. The ease of handling has led to further uses of the sandwich. In many countries we find sandwiches set down on plates in the home for lunch or tea, and also at snack-bars...one sandwich tastes much the same as another, unless the filling has a very pronounced flavour...It is only high up in the culinary scale that one finds delicacies spread on bread without the coffin-lid which spells death to the flavour." ---The Origin of Food Habits, H.D. Renner [Faber and Faber:London] 1944 (p. 223-4) "Sandwich. [Said to be named after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), who once spent twenty-four hours at the gaming-table without other refreshment than some slices of cold beef placed between slices of toast. This account of the origin of the word is given by Grosley [in a publication titled] Londres (1770). Grosley's residence in London was in 1765 and he speaks of the word as having then lately come into use.]." ---Oxford English Dictionary [NOTE: according to this source, the first printed mention of the word sandwich appeared in a journal entry of Edward Gibbon, 24 November 1762 I dined at the Cocoa Tree...That respectable body...affording every evening a sight truly English. Twenty or thirty...of the first men of the kingdom...supping at little tables...upon a bit of cold meat, or a Sandwich'.] "...[The sandwich] was not known in America until some time later. Eliza Leslie's Directions for Cookery (1837) listed ham sandwiches as a supper dish, but it was not until much later in the century, when soft white bread loaves became a staple of the American diet, that the sandwich became extremely popular and serviceable. By the 1920s white loaf bread was referred to as "sandwich bread" or "sandwich loaf." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 283) [1824] To Make Oyster Loaves [some say this the precursor to the New Orleans Po'Boy ] "Take little round loaves, cut off the top, scrape out all the crumbs, then out the oysters into a stew pan with the crumbs that came out of the loaves, a little water, and a good lump of butter; stew them together ten or fifteen minutes, then put in a spoonful of good cream, fill your loaves, lay the bit of crust carefully on again, set them in the oven to crisp. Three are enough for a side dish." ---The Virginia House-Wife, Mary Randolph, with Historical Notes and Commentaries by Karen Hess [University of South Carolina Press:Columbia] 1985 (p. 78) [1832] Sandwiches for Travelers (includs bread notes), The Cook's Own Book, Mrs. N.K.M. Lee [Boston] "National" food observances (months, weeks, days) are popular in the USA. They are hosted by different organizations for specific purposes. National Sandwich Day In the library world, the standard reference tool used for identifying & researching national observances is a book titled Chases' Calendar of Annual Events. The earliest print reference we find for National Sandwich Day comes from Chase's Calendar of Annual Events, 1981 (p. 110). This source does not credit the origination of this day to another source. The entry is presented as fact. November 3rd, generally regarded by moderns as the birthdate of the Fourth Earl of Sandwich , credited for inventing this food. Coincidentally??! The entry for National Sandwich Month disappeared in 1981. Never to return. "Sandwich Day. Nov. 3. A day to recognize the inventor of the sandwich, John Montague, Fourth Earl of Sandwich, who was born Nov 3, 1718. England's First Lord of the Admirality, Secretary of State of the northern Department, Postmaster General, the man after whom Capt. Cook named the Sandwich Islands in 1778. A rake and a gambler, he is said to have invented the sandwich as a time-saving nourishment while he was engaged in a 24-hour-long gambling session in 1762. He died in London, April 30, 1792." We thought this was the 'end of the story' until we found this (unofficial?) sandwich proclamation circa 1924. Note: the date of publication is November 2nd. The next day was Lord Montague's birthday. Coincidence? We think not. "The day of the sandwiches has arrived. It is so proclaimed by placards and posters plastered over the business districts. A new type of lunchroom substantiates the announcement--the 'sandwich house.' It may offer side lines of hot dishes and pastries, but to sandwiches it owes its existence. For them it is known and patronized. In its turn it has served to change the status of the commodity. 'A sandwich used to represent a picnic or a pink tea,' commented one business man addicted to the habit. 'At best it was just a mouthful of something to eat to tide you over until mealtime. Now it is lunch. You may order something to keep it company, but the sandwich is the main thing. It is the corn beef and cabbage, the steak and onions, the liver and bacon of other years.' Restaurant keepers agree.One of them in the financial district, who presides over a chain of sandwich buffets, believes he has hit upon the secret of the business man's desire for his midday meal. Once he was manager of a large hotel where men came in leisurely, ordered lavishly and ate copiously. That day is gone, he is convinced, as he watches throngs file past his counters and stacks of sliced bread, meat and cheese disappear. At one of his lunchrooms he feeds 700 at every lunch hour. When the day is over 1,000 sandwiches have usually been consumed. Only 25 per cent of his patrons, he estimated, call for hot dishes--the rest are sandwich eaters. This development has brought with it all the machinery of sandwich--making, now becoming as common a feature of restaurant windows as the hot cake steam plate New Yorkers know so well. There is a machine that slices the loaves and another that slices the meat. This last, at the press of a button, cuts and stacks ham, tongue, beef and so one without touch of human hands. Sandwich-making is thus facilitated and sandwiches themselves have changed not only in status but also in stature and girth. These sandwiches have little in common with the link tea or picnic offering or even with those pressed slabs in waxed paper piled up at soda fountains, for the business man's lunch is a high stack of bread, meat and salad, combined, and they make it as you order. The vogue of the sandwich is attributed to a considerable extent to the rush of modern business life. Men have no time to sit around leisurely waiting for large orders. They must grab a bite, preferably wholesome and satisfying, but essentially without delay. The sandwich has been found to fill the need. Education, too, it is said, has something to do with the matter. 'Ever since the war people have seemed to understand eating better than they did before,' said one restaurant keeper. 'Before the war you could not get away with the idea that a sandwich was enough lunch for a business man. But somehow they have cone to the conviction that a light lunch is the best thing if they expect to go back to the office and do their best during the afternoon. They have heard, too, that salads are good for you and so they have tried them out and felt much better for the experiment. Salads and sandwiches--they are the style for a business man's lunch today. That is what they want and that is what they get." ---"Sandwiches Flourishing," New York Times, November 2, 1924 (p. XX2) Our research suggests Chicago-based Wheat Flour Institute's sandwich contest was part of the promotional activities during National Sandwich Month , originating in 1952. The sandwich contest may have launched in 1955. The first winners were announced in 1956. Subsequent contests/promotions bore variant names and co-industry sponsorships likewise varied. General notes, gleaned from the New York Times, here: "Donut Week," "Honey for Breakfast Week," "National Kraut and Frankfurter Week" are all funny, but even funnier is the fact they apparently succeed as promotional schemes. At least they keep coming, which we judge is a mark of success. Latest "push" of the kind is "National Sandwich Month," which starts Aug. 1, under the auspices of the Wheat Flour Institute, American Bakers Association and the National Restaurant Association. Bearing down on the sandwich in summer makes, we must admit, sound sense. Cooks find the food easy to fix during weather when any culinary effort is taxing. Eaters take kindly to it, too; it temps even on the hot days, which have been all too numerous recently. We speak here, of course, of the main-dish sandwich for lunch or supper, the kinds pictured today...The Wheat Flour Institute estimates that Americans eat about 27,000,000 sandwiches a day, and it turns out that 40 per cent of all restaurant orders call for sandwiches...Since it came into being, at least so the story goes, in the eighteenth century when it was served as a snack to the reluctant-to-leave-the-gambling-table Earl of Sandwich, it has developed to the point where a whole book has been written on it...Newest contribution to its preparation is "Fillings Make the Sandwich," a leaflet of twenty-six spread recipes in quantity portions (twenty-four) and family-size servings. This is available from the Wheat Flour Institute, 309 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago 6. A stamped self-addressed envelope must accompany a request." ---"Food News: Some Main-Dish Sandwiches, Jane Nickerson, New York Times, July 25, 1952 (p. 20) "Credit John Montagu, fourth Earl of Sandwich, with an assist for Madison Avenue. When National Sandwich Month is celebrated in August, his memory will be honored by the advertising men who have elaborated on his idea of two centuries ago. A contest is being conducted among the restaurant and hotel personnel by the National Restaurant Association and the Wheat Flour Institute with a view to turning up the best new sandwich ideas suitable for restaurant and hotel service." ---"News of Advertising and Marketing Fields," New York Times, June 13, 1956 (p. 74) "The sandwich luncheon seems firmly entrenched as a part of the American way of life....This week marked the sixth annual sandwich contest sponsored by the Wheat Flour Institute, and the "twenty best" selected for 1961 appear to bear ou the diversity theme. These twenty (from which a grand winner will be chosen later) bore such all-American titles as Crew Cut, Clam Dig and Peanut Butter Sandwich and foreign accents as Peking Pig and The Viking. The Viking is the creation of Robert Graves of New Orleans, who has submitted three previous winners. It is an interesting concoction featuring cream cheese softened with French dressing, sardines and onion slices placed between slices of French bread spread with garlic butter and garnished with stuffed olives and dill pickles. An even more unusual creation is called The Gypsy, and consists of slices of orange and onion between slices of toast spread with mayonnaise." ---"Sandwich Gets New Look", New York Times, June 3, 1961 (p. 14) "It was almost enough to make us wish we had brought our own B.L.T. down, hold the mayo, as the "Top Four" contenders chosen from 400 original contestants gathered for the final judging of the 24th annual National Sandwich Idea Contest at the Excelsior Club yesterday. The winner was 30-year-old Jim Weisman, proprietor of Out to Lunch, a "fast-food gourmet sandwich operation" in Little Rock, Ark., for "The Garden," a grilled cheese and vegetable creation on pumpernickel bread...The contest was sponsored by the Wheat Flour Institute, representing the country's leading milllers. This year it was not cosponsored and so no other food was requried for entry. Nor were there the usual assortment of bizarre combination that were so typical in former years...Just a few creations tried the imagination, as they well might try the palate. Among them were the Will Yum Tell, a grilled sandwich of roast pork, sauerkraut, apple sauce, raisins and cheese; the bagelwich, which was similar to a corned beef, swiss cheese and sauerkraut Rubens; the sandwich Wellington, derived from beef Wellington, with a pastry crust topping turkey, ham, relish, mayonnaise and cheese on a bottom slice of rye bread, and the bacon banana bun, built up of those two ingredients on an enriched white bread hot dog roll. "We think a sandwich is as only as good as the bread it is made on," said C. Joan Reynolds, the director of the Wheat Flour Institute. The contest entries were divided into four categories of bread--ethnic (challah, bagels, croissants and pupmpernickle), variety (while wheat, rye, cracked wheat and English muffins), enriched white (hot dog rolls, hamburger rolls and white bread) and hearth (crusty free-formed rolls such as French, Italian, hard rolls and sour dough). No homeamde bread was allowed." ---"A Contest That Lives Not By Bread Alone," Mimi Sheraton, New York Times, August 8, 1979 (p. C3) [NOTE: This article contains a recipe for "The Garden" sandwich. We can forward if you wish.' "Bob Grinstaff of New York did not enter this year's National Sandwich Contest. Just as well. His elegant open-face sandwiches shimmering with aspic and ornamented with herbs would never had progressed beyond the first round.The 25-year-old-contest sponsored by the Wheat Flour Institute has traditionally acclaimed concoctions such as the "Hawaiian Farmer" with chicken, ham, pineapple, pecans, kumquat and mozzarella, or multiplex cheeseburgers with smiling faces on them...The first of the National Sandwich Contest winner was the now-classic Reuben made with Swiss cheese, sauerkraut, corned beef and Thousand Islands dressing grilled on rye bread. A still unsuccessful search for the equal of that inspiration has justified the contest ever since. This year's grand prize was awarded last week at the Waldorf-Astoria to the St. Helen's Sunnyside Special, consisting of an English muffin with Canadian bacon, pineapple, marmalade and meringue baked with an egg yolk on top. Lois Dowling of Tacoma, Wash., said it took her 20 minutes to prepare." ---"Elegant Creation: A Four-Hour Sandwich, Florence Fabricant," New York Times, August 27, 1980 (p. C3) Looking for some of the prize-winning recipes? We own a copy of Menu Makers From the National Sandwich Idea Contest, Kathleen M. Thomas, director of Home Economics, Wheat Flour Institute editor [Cahners Books International:Boston] 1976. Original 1956 prize winning Reuben Sandwich recipe here . FoodTimeline library owns copy of this book. Happy to scan/send pages upon request . Our research indicates that Ziploc (resealable plastic bags) sponsored a National Sandwich Day contest for children, commencing 1987. This contest was held on November 3rd. Comedian Dom Deluise was the celebrity judge. Winners received savings bonds. "Alison McCleskey's Berry Bananawich - marshmallow creme, peanut butter, bananas and strawberries on a croissant - won Tuesday's Ziploc National Sandwich Day contest. The fifth-grader won $700 in U.S. Savings bonds and $700 for her school, St. John's Episcopal School in Abilene, Texas. Dom Deluise and a panel judged the finals in Los Angeles. Second place tie: second-grader Dan Crawford of Hoffman Estates, Ill., and sixth-grader Kate Warwick of Rome, N.Y." ---"Grand Sandwich," Tracey Wong Briggs, USA Today, November 4, 1987 "Start spreading the news -- the "United Nations Sandwich" has been crowned "America's Favorite Sandwich" by a panel of sandwich experts at the fifth annual Ziploc(R) National Sandwich Day Contest. "United Nations Sandwich," one of six national contest finalists, was created by Aislynn Poquette, a fifth-grader at Tangier Smith Elementary School in Mastic Beach, N.Y. Other top contenders included "Peanut Butter Pumpkin," "Triple Dipple," "The Nose Opener," "Everything Deluxe" and the "Pita Power Snack." ---"United Nations Sandwich captures America's Favorite Sandwich Title," PR Newswire, November 12, 1991 The last reference we find to Ziploc's contest was a poor review from Consumer's Union, circa 1995: "The magazine bestows four contests with the "dubious honor of being the `most commercial' " for promoting their sponsors' corporate image or excessively using logos and brand names. They are the Oxy 10 $10,000 Scholarship, Playskool's Definitely Dinosaurs Contest for first-graders, Sears Optical's The Eyes Have It! poster contest and Ziploc's National Sandwich Day Contest." ---"Corporate contests often fail students," Tamara Henry, USA Today, April 19, 1995 Recipes are not invented, they evolve. In the case of the Bacon, Lettuce and Tomato sandwich (BLT), culinary evidence confirms this recipe descended from late Victorian-era tea sandwiches. The earliest recipes for BLTs were listed under different names in cookbooks. Most of the ingredients of the BLT (bread, bacon, lettuce) were known to the Ancient Romans. Methods for toasting bread were also practiced during this time. Tomatoes were introduced to Europe in the 16th century. Mayonnaise? An 18th century French invention. According to the food historians, modern sandwiches were also invented in the 18th century. We searched serveral 19th-20th century European and American cookbooks to pin down the introduction of the BLT. It can be argued that the progenitors of BLTs are Club Sandwiches as they are similar in composition and ingredents. About club sandwiches . [1920] "Tomato and Bacon Sandwiches. Cut white bread in 1/4 in. slices, lightly toast slices on one side. Spread untoasted side with mayonnaise dressing; cover half the slices with peeled and thinly sliced firm tomatoes, spread tomatoes with mayonnaise and cover with thin slice of broiled bacon. Cover bacon with lettuce leaves and remaining slices of bread. Cut in triangles and serve with sweet gherkins." ---Calendar of Sandwiches & Beverages, Elizabeth O. Hiller [P.F. Voland Co.:New York] 1920 (unpaginated; recipe is calendared for September Thirtieth.) [1929] "Bacon sandwiches. Bacon is an ingredient of many of the sandwiches in this book, but in those under this heading it is the principal one. Sandwiches containing bacon are particularly good for on hikes or picnics. The recipe below is specially suited for such an occasion, when the bacon may be broiled over and open fire in the woods." ---Seven Hundred Sandwiches/Florence A. Cowles [Little, Brown:Boston] 1929 (p. 31) [NOTE: Cowles also includes recipes for "Summer Sandwich," "Bacon Salad Sandwich," Baconion Sandwich." and more. These sandwiches feature bacon, lettuce, mayonnaise, and other ingredients (pickles, onions etc.). They do not yet include tomato. Recipes for tomato sandwiches (p. 127) and lettuce sandwiches (p. 128-9) do not include bacon.] Who coined the acronym "BLT," when & why? We don't know. John Mariani hypothesizes this term evolved from diner/lunchroom slang: "Lunch counters have provided etymologists and linguists with one of the richest sources of American slang, cant, and jargon, usually based on a form of verbal shorthand bandied back and forth between waiters and cooks. Some terms have entered familiar language of most Americans--"BLT" (a bacon, lettuce, and tomato sandwich)...and others--but most remain part of a bewildering and colorful language specific to the workers in such establishments." ---The Encyclopedia of American Food & Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar Freidman:New York] 1999 (p. 190) Barry Popik , etymologist expert offers this: "The BLT sandwich (bacon, lettuce, tomato) possibly comes from Chicago and was named after its famed Chicago Tribune writer BLT, or Bert L. Taylor. The "BLT" is first cited in print in 1941." Our gut says the initials/acronym is a coincidence. Colorful columnist Bert Leston Taylor (AKA "BLT") passed away in 1921. We think: if Mr. Taylor did not write sometimes write about food in his columns no one would hypothesize a connection. Still? The idea is intriguing. Why not call this sandwich lettuce, bacon, tomato (LBT), tomato lettuce bacon (TLB) or any other variation on this acromymic theme? Our survey of historic newspapers/magazines [Proquest Historic Newspapers, NewspaperArchive. com, Readers Guide Retrospective] returned references for "BLT" sandwiches in 1950. Mainstream print evidence confirms the "BLT" raged in the early 1960s but the sandwich acronym was not universally recognized. How else to explain editors feeling compelled to offer readers explanations? First surfacing during the Great Depression, early descriptions do not indicate this was a "make do" affair for people who could not afford bread. Rather, it was presented as a creative upscale interpretation on a well established theme. In recent years "breadless" sandwiches have been rediscovered as practical solutions for people on bread-free diets. In fact, people have been stripping bread from sandwiches forever. Think: hamburgers without buns. Today's bread alternatives feature thinly sliced meat, "meaty" vegetables (eggplant, portobello mushrooms) and lettuce. These "breadless sandwiches" are often rolled, not sliced. [1935] "Three guesses won't reveal the shape and form of the latest innovation in sandwiches. Believe it or not, the newest adaptation of the sandwich is minus the two ever-present slices of bread. Sandwiches, heretofore, have been known as a snack of some particuarly satisfying morsel thrust between slices of bread. At first, the number of slices was limited to two, and then some one devised a way of piling chicken, tomatoes, bacon, lettuce and dressing together in a mountainous form, and the number of slices was accomodatingly rushed up to three. The club sandwich, as it was named, became famous and other combinations just as satisfying to hungry appetites were brought to light, all including the three slices of toasted bread. These were immediately called double-deckers. Then came the discussion--how should we eat a three-tiered sandwich? There was a general controversy over which it should be, and still the battle is waged, fork vs. fingers for sandwiches. To make matters more complicated; and giving the fork a chance for active play, the sandwich loaf made its appearance. This loaf, as you all must know by now, is a delicate triple-layerd affair generously frosted wtih creamy cheese. Now the latest in sandwiches, this breadless affair, simply demands the use of a fork, as you will readily note upon reading the recipe. Here it is--the eggplant-tomato sandwich: "Eggplant-tomato sandwich: Cut slices of eggplant about one-quarter inch thick and dip them in beaten egg which has been seasoned with salt and pepper. Then crumb with fine bread crumbs and saute in butter or part butter and fat. When the eggplant is tender, put between each two layers of eggplant a slices of fresh tomato and two strips of bacon about 3 inches in length. The bacon should be previously broiled until crisp and kept warm on the stove. Place soft, melted yellow cheese, on the top layer of each eggplant sandwich and place in the oven until the cheese has melted. Serve immediately after being removed from the oven. Plan to serve two sandwiches for each person, as they are bound to make an immediate hit. Garnish the platter with parsley and stuffed olives or radishes. Try eggplant-tomato sandwiches for buffet supper." ---"'Breadless Sandwich' is Latest Innovation," Dorothea Duncan, Washington Post, January 27, 1935 (p. S6) [1970] "Breadless sandwiches are great for snacks, and what a good way to use up small amounts of leftover potato or egg salad and single slices of cold meat. Just put about two tablespoons on a slice of meat and fold the meat slice in half." ---"Kitchen Tip," Chicago Daily Defender, June 4, 1970 (p. 28) Food historians tell us the practice of serving savory foods before meals was established in ancient cultures. Why? Long before the advent of modern nutrition science, people who studied the relationship between food and the human body recognized the ability of some items to what the appetite and encourage proper digestion. Apicius [Ancient Rome]contains many such recipes. About appetizers . The serving of savory protein/bread or pastry combinations [croutons, crustades] continued through the Middle ages, migrating toward refined spicy vinegar-based specialties of the Renaissance table. "Canapes," as we known them today, originated in France. They were a creation of classic French cuisine and, as such, were quickly adopted by countries (ex. England, United States) in the habit of following French culinary trends. In other cuisines this concept evolved differently. What is a canape? "Canapes--The primary meaning of this word is a slice of crustless bread, cut in rectangular shapes, the size and thickness of which varies depending on the nature of ingredients to be put on them. Canapes which are also called croutons are made of toasted or fried bread and can either be spread with various mixtures or left plain, depending on the nature of the dishes for which they are to serve as an accompaniment. Canapes are mostly used as an accompaniment to winged game, and, in this case, they are spread with a gratin forcemat or some other forcemeat and when actually at table the trail intestines of birds, which are not drawn for cooking, are also spread on the canapes. Recipes for preparing these will be found under the entries entitled Roties...Canapes (hors-d'oeuvre)--These canapes, which are made from crustless bread, home-made bread, common brioche or pastry, are garnished with various compositions. Recipes for this type of canape, some of which are referred to as Canapes a la russe, will be found in the section entitled Hors-D'Oeuvre. See Cold hors-d'oeuvre. Canapes for various dishes--These canapes are cut and browned in the same ways as those described above. They are mostly described as croutons and are used as foundations fro fried or grilled escalopes, noisettes, tournedos, kidneys, etc." ---Larousse Gastronomique, Prosper Montagne [Crown Publishers:New York] 1961 (p. 208) What is the derivation of the term and when did it begin to appear in English? This is what the food historians say about canapes: "Canape. A French word which basically means sofa or couch, has become a culinary term in France since the late 18th century, when it was applied by analogy to the thin pieces of fried or toasted bread which served as supports for various savoury toppings. A century later, in the 1890s, it became in English word referring to a titbit of this kind. Now that yet another hundred years have passed, the usage continues, although it sounds old-fashioned and is most likely to be found in contexts such as catered receptions or 'cocktail parties'...Canapes may be hot or cold. If hot, they come close to what are called savouries in British English.In either case they are capable of being classified as hors d'oeuvres in some culinary contexts. Large canapes trespass on the territory of the open sandwich. In Italy, the term crostini continues to have much the same meaning as the old French usage. Thin slices of toast, cut into e.g. square or diamond shapes are used as a base for a savour topping. " ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 128) "Canapes are small thin pieces of bread or toast topped with some sort of savoury garnish or spread, and served as snacks with drinks. The word canape means literally 'sofa' in French (it comes ultimately from medieval Latin canopeum, source of English canopy), and the idea behind its gastronomic application is that the toppings--anchovies, caviar, smoked salmon, ham, etc.--sit on the pieces of the bread as if on a sofa. It is a relatively recent introduction into English, first mentioned in Mrs. Beeton's Cookery Book (1890)." ---An A-Z of Food and Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 53-4) A survey of canape recipes through time: [1869:Paris] "Anchovy canapes. Cut some slices of crumb of bread, 1/4 inch thick; cut these in pieces 2 1/2 inches long, 1 1/2 inch wide; and fry them in clarified butter, till a nice golden colour; When cold, spread the pieces with Anchovy Butter; Steep some anchovies in cold water; drain, open, and trim them; Place 4 fillets of anchovies, lengthwise, on each piece of bread, leaving three small spaces between the fillets; fill the first space with chopped hard-boiled white of egg; fill the middle space with chopped parsley, and the third with chopped hard-boiled yolk of egg; Dress the canapes in a flat china boat, or small dish, generally used for all these cold Hors d'oeuvre." ---The Royal Cookery Book, Jules Gouffe, translated and adapted for English use by Alphonse Gouffe [Sampson Low, Son & Marston:London] 1869 (p. 409) [NOTE: This source also contains recipes for shrimp canapes, caviar canapes, crayfish tails canapes, lobster canapes, and smoked salmon canapes.] [1873:Paris] What exactly is a chicken burger? Great question! With no exact answer. Ground protein mixtures bound with egg, bulked with breading, & blasted with spices have been enjoyed from ancient times forwards. Think: fish cakes, croquettes, timbales, & kofta. This is a short course on meatloaf . Recipes and proteins vary according to culture and cuisine. Until recently, most of these dishes required pre-cooked meats. It was a great way to serve leftovers. Today's supermarket meat counters offer an interesting variety of raw ground protein products. All of which can be assembled, formed, combined for cooking on whatever heat source to satisfy whichever course. American food companies offer similar products promoted for convenience. The term "chicken burger" first surfaces in USA print after WWII. Recipes are all over the culinary map. The unifiying "burger" factor means nestled in a personal-sized bread begging for condiments. [1946: Barnyard burgers made with ground chicken] "Chicken Burgers. Barnyard-burgers are made from ground cold chicken, if this delicacy is ever left lying around at your home, or turkey or roast. Onion and bread stuffing may be added, moistened with one or two eggs and and seasoned to taste. Saute until brown in chicken fat and serve on whopping big biscuits."---"Hamburger Recipes are Items for Collectors, With a Range to Suit Cannibal and Gourmet," Corsicana Daily Sun [TX], July 18, 1948 (p. 2) [NOTE: most likely this ground chicken was pre-cooked, see 1957.] [1955: commercial product] "It's New. Chicken Burgers, 7 oz, 49 cents."---display ad, News Palladium [Benton Harbor MI], December 15, 1955 (p. 25) [NOTE: no description or illustration.] [1956: barbecued Barnyard burgers ] "Chicken burgers. One cup cooked chicken, chopped, 1 egg slightly beaten, 1 cup soft bread crumbs, 2 tablespoons minced parsley, 1 tablespoon minced onion, 1/4 teaspoon salt; dash of pepper. Combine all ingredients and form into 4 patties. Broil until brown on both sides. Serve hot in toasted enriched buns. Garnish with stuffed olive."---"Tuna and Chicken Burgers Add Variety to Barbecue," The Bee [Danville VA], June 7, 1956 (p. 8) [1957: pre-cooked chicken patties] "...the newest taste treats of them all...Chicken Burgers, Pre-cooked chicken, ground and seasoned and made into patties. Can be fried or broiled. each 19 cents"---display ad, Berkshire Eagle [MA], January 24, 1957 (p. 28) [1961: fast food chicken sandwich] Chicken sandwiches are served on hamburger-type buns with similar condiment/vegetable choices. [1966: canned chicken burgers] "Chicken burgers, 2 cans 27 cents."---display ad, Journal-Daily News [Hamilton OH] July 6, 1966 (p. 16) [1989: chicken burgers promoted as low-cholesterol alternatives] "If you're worried that you'll have to skip spring and summer barbecues to stay on a heart-health diet, here's some good news for the chef. The test kitchens have developed two new flavorful recipes, low in fat and without added salt that you can serve at yopur next barbecue while you deep your cholesterol in check. Mouth-watering Barbecue Chicken Burgers are a tasty alternative to traditional, high fat foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers. Filled with oats for a hearty texture and flavor, these burgers are a healthy source of cholesterol-lowering soluble fiber....To booste their nutritional benefit, why not serve Barbecue Chicken Burgers on whole wheat buns with lettuce and tomato? For an added burst of flavor, top them with a tangy, yogurt-based sauce, instead of condiments high in sodium... Barbecue Chicken Burgers 2 1/2 cups finely chopped cooked chicken 1 cup oats (quick or old-fashioned, uncooked) One 8-ounce carton low fat plain yogurt 1/4 cup chopped onion 1 tablespoon prepared mustard 6 whole wheat hamburger buns, split, toasted. Lightly coat rack of broiler pan with vegetable oil cooking spray. Combine chicken, oats, 1/2 cup yogurt, onion, egg whites, parsley and 1/2 teaspoon chili powder; mix well. Shape to form 6 burgers. Place on rack of prepared broiler pan or over medium-hot coals on outdoor grill so burgers are 4-5 inches from heat. Broil 5 minutes; turn. Continue broiling 5-7 minutes or until golden brown. For sauce, combine remaining 1/2 cup yogurt, mustard and remaining 1/2 teaspoon chili powder; mix well. Top each burger with 1 tablespoon sauce. Serve on whole wheat bun. Garnish with lettuce and tomato, if desired."---"Enjoy barbecues and still keep cholesterol in check," The Telegraph [Alton IL]. May 31, 1989 (p. B5) Chicken sandwiches (fast food) While recipes for breaded, fried, boneless chicken descend from Old World recipes (think: wiener schnitzel , S. Truett Cathy's Atlanta-based Chick-Fil-A is generally credited for introducing chicken sandwiches to the fast food world. They may (or may not) have been the first food restaurant to make a chicken sandwich. They were, however, the first to capitalize on it. In the American land of hamburgers & hot dogs, this was a pretty daring and brilliant move. "1961 Truett invents the boneless breast of chicken sandwich, calling it a "Chick-fil-A." He perfected the recipe over a four-year period using cooking techniques from his mother�s humble boarding house kitchen." 1/4 cup olives 1/4 cup mayonnaise Cut three thin slices of white bread. Spread one with shad-roe caviar. Spread another with mayonnaise and sprinkle thickly with minced ham and olives. Butter the remaining slice of bread, then place the slice spread with mayonnaise over the slice spread with the caviar. Put a crisp lettuce leaf on top of each and cover with the plain buttered slice of bread. This makes a sandwich of three layers." ---The New Butterick Cook Book, Flora Rose [1924] (p. 149) Over the decades there have many variations on this sandwich. Some are for presentation (cutting off the crust, cutting into triangle shapes, garnishes, serving instructions--some cookbooks even have guests making these right at the table!) others tinker with the ingredients: "Russian Club Sandwiches Prepare as many slices hot, fresh toast as required. Place a large slice ripe tomato on half the pieces of toast, lay two anchovies on top of tomato, sprinkle a teaspoon finely-chopped celery over, top with mayonnaise dressing, then cover with balance of toast." ---Every Woman's Cook Book, Mrs. Chas. F. Oritz [1926] (p. 592) Florence A. Cowles' 1929 notes on club sandwiches: "Who invented and christened the club sandwich? And how, why, when and where? No authoritative answers to these questions are available. One legend has it that a man came home late and hungry from his club one night, raided the ice box and made himself a super-sandwich which he dubbed "club." Another says that the chef of some club made himself a reputation by devising this special type of comestible. Anyway, who cares, and what difference does it make? The club sandwich is here to stay. It is a meal in itself, and a meal which may have highly diversified component parts, as long as the principal specifications of toast, meat and salad ingredients are adhered to. Originally it was constructed on the toppling tower plan, but in any other shape it tastes as good and convenience now dictates a more open formation which may be readily attacked. The club sandwich may consist of anywhere from one to five stories. The foundation is always toast, but the superstructure depends on the maker's fancy--and the materials at hand. The sandwich should be eaten with knife and fork." ---Seven Hundred Sandwiches, Florenece A. Cowles [1929] (p. 184-5) [NOTE: this book contains 17 different recipes for club sandwiches, including an Open Club Sandwich which is served on three triangular pieces of toast radiating from the center of the plate. Other interesting recipes include the Five Course Sandwich (each layer represents a different course from dessert to appetizer), Picture Club Sandwich (French bread) and Bean Club Sandwich (baked beans, bacon & pickles]. "Russian Club Sandwich This is a miniature course dinner, beginning with fruit cocktail and ending with a sweet. Cut six thin, round slices of bread, the smallest an inch and a half in diameter and the largest four inches. Lay the largest slice on a plate and spread with jam. On it lay the next largest slice of bread and spread with cream cheese. Then the next slice, buttered, and on this lay bacon or chicken with lettuce and mayonnaise. On the fourth piece of bread lay a slice of tomato and on the fifth a slice of cucumber, each slice of bread being buttered and each vegetable having a bit of mayonnaise and lettuce. On the top piece of bread, unbuttered, lay a slice of banana or other fruit and crown with a stuffed olive. If the layers prove topply they may be secured with toothpicks, but avoid this if possible." ---ibid (p. 188) The general consensus of several American cookbooks published between 1920-1980 suggest the ingredients of the "classic" triple decker club sandwich are: Toast (white is most often cited, with crust) Butter/margarine Food historians generally agree that cooked bread and cheese combinations [in many different forms, textures and tastes] were ancient foods known across most continents and cultures. The earliest recipes for food like these are found in Ancient Roman cookbooks. Modern grilled cheese sandwiches descended from these ancient recipes. Who invented the grilled cheese Americans know today? We will never know, but we can (given the ingredients) place it in time. Culinary evidence suggests our modern grilled cheese (consisting of processed cheese and sliced white bread) began in the 1920s. That's when affordable sliced bread and inexpensive American cheese hit the market. Goverment issue cookbooks tell us World War II Navy cooks broiled hundreds of "American cheese filling sandwiches" in ship's kitchens. This makes sense. The sandwich was economical, easy to make, met government nutrition standards. Why is Grilled Cheese paired with Tomato Soup? Post WWII institutional foodservice (including school cafeterias) paired grilled cheese with tomato soup to provide the required Vitamin C component. It was also economical and easy: "Soups. The use of canned soups for all types of school food serve can add variety as well as good nutirtion to the menu. They contribute particularly to the small school with minimum equipment and to the school where the teacher must prepare the hot lunch in addition to classroom teaching...Serve a hearty soup and a sandwich to meet the total 2-ounce protein requirement of the Type A lunch." ---School Lunch Recipes Using Canned Foods, Home Economics Divison [National Canners Association:Washington D.C.] 1949 (p. 4) [NOTE: This booklet mentions tomato soup but not grilled cheese.] Grilled vs toasted? Some people wonder about the difference between toasted cheese and grilled cheese. Are they the same thing? On the surface, recipes for both produce somewhat similar results (melted cheese nestled between two slices of crisp, warm, buttered bread). Actually? Food historians tell us this a linguistic puzzle. Notes here: "Toast...is made by placing a slice of bread in front of dry heat-a fire, a grill, or an electric toaster...Certainly, toast has a long history in Britain. Tost was much used in the Middle Ages, being made in the ordinary way at an open fire...Often toast was spread with toppings...Meat toppings for toast became fashionable in during the 16th century...Towards the end of the 16th century all knds of things began to appear on toast....[including] melted cheese." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 1999 (p. 796-7) "Grill...to cook by direct exposure to radiant heat, as in when a piece of meat is placed on a grill...The North American word for the verb grill is broil." ---ibid (p. 354) A survey of American cookbooks reveals that recipes titled for "toasted cheese" sandwiches predate those titled "grilled cheese." Other names for this dish exist too. A careful examination of ingredients and method confirm the connection. The term "grilled cheese" surfaces in American print during the 1930s. This coincides with the introduction of portable electic cooking tools, courtesy of Thomas Alva Edison. The Edicraft brand Sandwich Grill (also Deep Grill Plate, Waffle Baker) were weclomed by modern American housewives. Table cookery was not new: chafing dishes were popular from the 1890s forward. Late 19th/early 20th century American cookbooks regularly offer recipes for cheese toast (melted cheese served on toast points, no top). Cheese is typically grated or creamed into a "butter." Cayenne and mustard, traditional Rarebit ingredients, are not strangers to early grilled cheese. "Grilled cheese" sandwich recipes through time [1902] "Cheese Boxes Cut stale bread in one-third inch slices, remove crusts, and cut slices in pieces three by one and one-half inches. Remove centres, leaving bread in box-shaped pieces. Fit in each box a slice of mild cheese, sprinkle with salt and paprika, and cover with a thin piece of bread which was removed with the centre. Saute in a hot blazer, using enough butter to prevent burning." ---Chafing Dish Possibilities, Fannie Merritt Farmer [Little, Brown, and Company:Boston] 1902 (p. 134) [1915] "Toasted Cheese Cut white bread in 1/4 in. slices, spread lightly with mustard butter and sprinkle thickly with grated cheese. Cover with buttered slices, press together and arrange in a wire broiler. Toast a delicate brwon on one side, turn and lightly toast on the other side. Serve hot with tea or coffee." ---"July Twenty-Sixth," Calendar of Sandwiches & Beverages, Elizabeth O. Hiller [P.F. Volland Company:Joliet IL] 1915? [1916] Tomato or mushroom catchup Butter Cut eight thin slices of white bread, remove the crusts and spread with butter. Place thick slices of cheese between the bread and fry in plenty of hot butter in the chafing dish. Serve hot with tomato or mushroom catchup." ---Salads, Sandwiches and Chafing Dish Recipes, Marion H. Neil (p. 23) [1929] "Toasted Cheese Sandwich Allow four tablespoons grated cheese for each sandwich. Mix with a little salad dresing or white sauce to bind. Add a little chopped pimento and spread between slices of buttered bread. Toast ad serve at once." ---Seven Hundred Sandwiches, Florence A. Cowles [Little, Brown, and Company:Boston] 1929 (p. 181) [1932] Luncheon: Grilled Cheese Sandwiches, Salad of Mixed Greens, Baked Bananas, Orange Cake, Tea." ---"Today's Menu," Marian Manners, Los Angeles Times, January 20, 1932 (p. A7)[No recipe offered] [1934] "Grilled Cheese Sunday night is a grilling time. Avoiding a pun is difficult, but modern cooking being what it is and modern tastes being what they are, the statement stands and may be accepted quite literally. Grilled cheese sandwiches are no new thing. We get them in drug stores for lunch and at tea rooms for supper. But when the housewife begins to grill there is no limit to the combinations she may use and the delicious Sunday night suppers she may serve. Open-face sandwiches of chreeese and tomato grilled, offer a combination of flavors sure to please the palate." ---"Capital Kitchen: Sunday Night Supper the Time to Bring out the Grill," Susan Mills Washington Post, May 2, 1934 (p. 14) [NOTE: Edicraft Sandwich Grill , 1934. This photo was publihsed in "Table Cookery," Edicraft. This pocket-sized cooking booklet does not include a recipe for grilled cheese.] [1936]--Grilled Cheese ("Place cheese between two thin slices of bread. Butter outside of sandwiches lightly, brown in oven.") & Hot Cheese Sandwich ("Sread two slices of bread lightly with creamed butter. On unbuttered side place slice of American cheese. Place second slice of bread over cheese with buttered side out. Watkins Paprika. Place sandwich in broiler, brown on both sides. Do not melt cheese too much." ---Watkins Cook Book [J.R. Watkins Company:Winona MN] 1936 (p. 126) "Cheese Spread for Toasted Sandwiches. "Cheese Dreams." The following delicious sandwich spread will keep for a week or more. Scald in a double boiler: 1/2 cup milk 1/2 teaspoon salt 3/4 pound American cheese, diced Cook thse ingredients ofver hot water for 15 minutes. Stir them constantly. Cool the mixture and keep it in a closed jar in the refrigerator. When ready to use it spread it between: Rounds of bread Place on each side of the canapes or sandwiches a generous dab of: butter Toast them in a moderate oven 350 degrees F. until they are crisp, or toast them on a broiler." ---Joy of Cooking, Irma Rombauer [Bobbs-Merrill:Indianapolis IN] 1936 (p. 7) [NOTE: This recipe does not appear in the 1931 1st edition of Joy.] [1939] "Toasted Sandwiches Spread sandwiches with filling but no butter. Brush outside with melted butter and toast in a broiling oven or saute in butter in heavy frying pan or table grill." ---The Boston Cooking School Cook Book, Fannie M. Farmer (p. 719) [1949] "Toasted Cheese Sandwiches (sauteed in a skillet) 1/2 pound sharp Parmican or cheddar cheese shredded 2 tablespoons chives, chopped The Dagwood Sandwich was introduced to the American public April 16, 1936. It was invented by Chic Young and featured in his syndicated comic strip Blondie. Dagwood was Blondie's affable but somewhat bumbling husband. What were the original ingredients? Tongue, onion, mustard, sardine, beans and horseradish. A loaf of bread appears on the table but we are not told what kind of bread he used. It appears unsliced. Dagwood's two year old son, Baby Dumpling, watches his father composes the sandwich. Frame 2: Dagwood asks "Here, want to try a bite?" Baby Dumpling runs in the opposite direction shouting "NOOOoo." Frame 3: Baby Dumpling hides, watching dad eat his sandwich. Frame 4: Baby Dumpling pronounces the sandwich "Poison." Dagwood, still eating while reading his newspaper, replies "Stop saying that." [NOTE: we are transcibing from the New Castle News [PA], April 16, 1936 (p. 17). Some newspapers ran different Blondie comics that day.] Original 1936 comic strip here . Over the years, the Dagwood sandwich grew bigger and typically included everything "but the kitchen sink!" Here is a Dagwood sandwich circa 1944 . [1947] Slice of buttered bread Layer of crisp lettuce (or watercress or endive) Cold, sliced chicken (or ham or veal or pork or potroast or turkey or cold cuts or bacon or sausage or almost anything) Thin slices of hard boiled egg (or a fried egg) Layer of American cheese (or cottage or Swiss or cream cheese) Sardines (or anchovies or smoked salmon) Slice of onion 1) In a small bowl, mash the banana with the back of a spoon. 2) Toast the bread lightly. 3) Spread the peanut butter on one piece of toast and the mashed banana on the other. 4) Fry the sandwich in melted butter until each side is golden brown. Cut diagonally and serve hot. ---Are You Hungry Tonight? Elvis' Favorite Recipes, compiled by Brenda Arlene Butler [Gramercy Books:New York] 1992 (p. 20-21) [NOTE: This book contains dozens of the King's favorite recipes, including Elvis' & Pricilla's Wedding Cake, served May 1, 1967 in Las Vegas (p. 54-63).] What else did Elvis like to eat? "If Elvis were to come into our own dining room tonight, he'd say, 'Yes, ma'am,' and 'Thank you, ma'am,' and probably ask for the same kind of good home cooking that his mother, Gladys, put on the table in Tupelo, Mississippi in the late 1930s. Gladys cooked all the traditional Southern favorites. Grits and black-eyed peas were served, ham and bacon were an occasional treat, and there was always fried chicken, cornbread, mashed potatoes, and plenty of homemade country gravy. Elvis Presley was Southern-born and Southern-bred. his culinary tastes never varied far from Southern-style home cooking, altough he was exposed to, and did enjoy, certain Oriental foods that contained such ingredients as pork...Elvis played hard, worked hard, and ate hard, and he preferred rib-sticking kinds of foods. Elvis did not develop much of a taste for exotic or foreign foods. Nor did he consider trying ay dish that contained unusual ingredients or had an odd texture or flavor...At home, the King always specified exactly what foods should be kept on hand, whether at his Graceland masion in Memphis or at his house in Beverly Hills. His list always included fresh, lean, ground round, hamburger buns, rolls, at least six cans of ready-to-bake biscuits, pickles, potatoes, onions, shredded coconut, fudge cookies, assorted fresh fruit, canned sauerkraut, mustard, and peanut butter. His refrigerator also contained at least three bottles of mlk or half-and-half, thin-sliced, lean bacon, vanilla and chocolate ice cream, and freshly squeezed orange juice. His favorite soft drinks are said to have been Pepsi Cola, Nesbitt's Orange, and Shasta Black Cherry. He liked to chew Wrigley's Spearmint, Doublemint, and Juice Fruit gum." ---ibid (p. 6) Hungry for more? Try The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley, David Adler. Your local public librarian can help you get both books. Why buy when you can borrow! The history of gyros poses some unexpected questions. Certainly, the ingredients (lamb, pita bread, grilled vegetables, & seasonings) were known to Ancient peoples of the Middle East. Kebabs (roasted skewered meat) and other spiced meat minces have been sold by Middle Eastern and Greek street vendors for hundreds of years. Doner kebabs have been popular in Europe (especially Germany) in the second half of the 20th century. The Arabs, Turks, and Greeks all make a variation on the same theme of vertical rotissing seasoned meat. The Turks call it doner kebabi, the Greeks gyro...and the Arabs shawurma. It is said that the doner kebabi was born in the Anatolian town of Bursa." --A Mediterranean Feast, Clifford A. Wright [William Morrow:New York] 1999 (p. 115) "...[one of the] the most highly regarded dishes of Baghdad [9th century AD]: judhaba (also called judhab)...Judhaba was basically roast meat; one thinks of shish kebabs....In the case of judhaba, the first thing to note is that the meat in question is not a skewer or kebab grilled over coals but something sliced off a large cut of meat roasted in a clay oven--an tannur (tandoor)--and then, as we have seen, minced fine. The sweet that accompanies it was actually the essence of the dish, the judhaba proper. It was a sort of sweetened Yorkshire pudding, stuck under the meat as it roasted to catch running fat and meat juices...The only surviving tenth-century cookbook, Kitab al-Tabikh, the contents of which date mostly from the ninth century, gives no fewer than nineteen recipes." ---"What to Order in Ninth-Century Baghdad," Charles Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery, Essays and tranlations by Mxime Rodinson, A.J. Arberry & Charles Perry [Prospect Books:Devon] 2001 (p. 220-1) Gyros, as we know them today, presumably evolved from this tradition. Food historians generally agree the name "gyro" and the current product are both recent inventions, originating in the New York. According to the New York Times, modern gyros were very popular in the city during the early 1970s. They were marketed as fast food and embraced by diners looking for something different. "Gyro. A Greek-American sandwich made from rotisserie-roasted, seasoned lamb that is sliced and served with onions in a pocket of pita bread. The word (which first appears in print in 1970) is from the Greek gyros, meaning a "turn" and is pronounced "JEER-o." The dish is better known in America than in Greece and possibly created in New York, where gyros are sold at Greek lunch counters and by street vendors, although some say it originated in the Plaka neighborhood of Athens. It is not a dish found in classic Greek cookery or listed in Greek cookbooks. It also seems possible that the name "gyro" may have some association with the Italian-American sandwich called Hero." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 147) "A sandwich that is said to have originated 2,000 years ago is capturing the attention of Manhattan's quick eaters. The sandwich, a Greek gyro, pronounce "year-oh" is a lamb, tomato and onion concoction nestled in a fold of a soft bread called pita. More than 30 Greek snack stores selling the gyro have opened in Manhattan in the last year, according to the proprieter's estimates. In a heavily trafficked areas such as Times Square, three stores have opened in the last two months. Why has the Greek Gryo gained a prominent place in the fast food race? Store owners, patrons and native Greeks agree that the two major reasons are that the gyro is "different" and "delicious...The increase in the snack's popularity may be related to the large number of Americans who visit Greece and sample the local cuisine...The term gyro denotes a ring or circle and refers to the rotation of the meat as it is cooked. Greek historians attribute the origin of the dish to soldiers from the army of Alexander the great, who skewered their meat on long knives and cooked it by repeated turning over an open firet. Modern gyros are cooked on an electric rotisserie and are sold for prices ranging from 85 cents to $1...A Young Greek couple enjoying a gyro or "doner kebab" at the new Plaza de Athena on Broadway at 45th Street said they thought the food was "close to what it's like in Athens." ---"The Gyro, a Greek Sandwich, Selling Like Hot Dogs," New York Times, September 4, 1971 (p. 23) "There will be lots of broiled meats, including gyro, that agglomeration of meat sold in booths all over New York, although its Greek provenance is questionable. "We found that people are associating it with Greeks, so we included it," said Harry Raptakis, chairman of the bazaar. "Besides, it might even have some Greek background to it." Of things definitely Greek, there will be souvlaki and shish kebab, which will be broiled atop a 2-by-10 food cinderblock cooking pit. "We only use lamb," said Mr. Raptakis." ---"Joys of Greece at L.I. Fair," Irvin Molotsky, New York Times, June 9, 1978 (p. C21) "A keen nose for street food once led my husband and me to discover something called doner kebab in the market stalls in Herakleion the capital of Crete, long before it reached New York under the name gyro." ---"Dining a la Cart: Street Food Mirrors the Tastes of a City," Florence Fabricant, New York Times, April 17, 1991 (p.C1, C8) "Gyro. [Spitted spiced lamb]. Gyro, gyro oli is a favorite children's game, comparable to farmer in the dell, which describes the round-and-round motion of gyro. Since spreading to Greece from the Middle East, industrious Hellenes have brought it to the United States (New York is spinning with gyro restaurants), and one more snack has been added. On a vertical spit, which turns electrically, or is run manually by the mikro (apprentice), the meat is roasted t flavorful crispness." ---The Food of Greece: Food, Folkways and Travel in the Mainland and Islands of Greece, Vilma Lia couras Chantiles [Anteneum:New York] 1975 (p. 155) [NOTE: This book contains a recipe for gyro on p. 156. Your librarian can help you find it.] About doner kebab "A doner kebab is a Turkish specialty consisting of slices of marinated lamb or mutton which are packed in a cylindrical mass on a vertical spit and then grilled as they revolve. Slices are cut from the surface as it reaches the required degree of 'oneness', and are typically eaten with pitta bread or rice. Turkish immigrants have brought it to many parts of Europe, and sicee the early 1970s the doner kebab house has become a familiar part of the British inner-city scene. The term means literally 'turing roast meat', incidentally (doner derives from the verb donmek, 'turn, rotate'); and the Turkish letter o is pronounced similarly to German o (the closest English sound is er). The Arabic word for the dish is shawarma." ---An A to Z of Food & Drink, John Ayto [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2002 (p. 111) "Doner kebab...has become a familiar sight in western countries wherever Turkish immigrants have become established...When Turks began to work in large numbers in Germany during the 1960s, their food followed but, although much liked by the immigrants, it did no find favour with Germans until the ofering was dressed up as a pitta bread sandwich filled with the doner meat, a salad of shredded lettuce, and a sauce (usually chilli, barbeque, or garlic). The meat itself may be lamb, beef, or chicken and will be both thinly sliced 'leaves' and minced or minced and ground...Doner kebab is very significant in Austria, Denmark, and Britain... It is also important in Australia, alhtoug it may go under different names (depending upon which immigrant group is more important) such as souvlaki or gyros. In Canada their is a variation called Donair, named after a Halifax restaurant which invented it in 1973. The gyro of Greece (also named for its turning action) is the same but different. Clifford Wright suggests it was not introduced into Greece itself until after the exchange of populations between Turkey and Greece in the 1920s. It too has travelled, particularly to America and Australia...The shawarma of the Middle East...is broadly similar, although the meat may be more highly spiced, and other sauces such as tahini may be offered." ---Oxford Companion to Food, Alan Davidson [Oxford University Press:Oxford] 2nd edition, 2006 (p. 254-5) "In Turkey, doner kebab consists of thin cuts of lamb laid over warm "fladenbrot," a round flat loaf similar to pita, and steeped in tsatsiki sauce, with tomatoes, onions, and lettuce on the side. It is usually served in sit-down restaurants. In Germany, "doner," has taken on a sandwich form, and is sold from small booths catering to takeout customers. The meat is slowly roasted on a vertical spit, sliced almost paper-thin, and then stuffed into a triangular piece of fladenbrot, topped by the vegetables. For about 60 cents more, a few slabs of feta cheese are included. The sauces - garlic or tomato-based and ranging from tangy to sharp - often vary. "The different doner booths make their own sauces according to their own recipes," says Tuncay Zulkaflu, owner of Knig Doner in Dresden. What makes "Istanbul Doner," another doner booth in Dresden and two-time winner of a magazine-sponsored survey for the city's best doner, so popular? "The sauces," answers a worker there. "It is a very special recipe, but it is a secret, so I can't say [what it is]...There are an estimated 9,300 doner vendors in Germany...As far as the doner's place on the German snack circuit, "It is equal to the bratwurst or bockwurst," says Uwe Stuhrberg, editor at Sax Magazine, which conducted the doner surveys. According to a 1998 study on doner by the Turkish Studies Center at Essen University, the average German eats eight doners per year. Not bad for a sandwich developed less than thirty years ago, when Turkish "guest workers" in Germany, who found themselves unemployed in the midst of the '70s economic crisis, starting selling doners to support their families. Back then, vendors prepared the meat themselves and sold it from street corners. It remained mainly a mom-and-pop industry until German reunification, when vendors tapped into the East German market." ---"More Germans nix kraut for kebabs," Omar Sacirbey, Christian Science Monitor, August 25, 1999, FOOD; Pg. 17 Doner University: Germany kebab qualification for students Our research indicates Turkish-style kebabs were enjoyed in Germany in the early 19th century. These were coated with bread crumbs. Perhaps this was a forerunner? "Small chunks of lamb, mutton and pork can be treated in the same way [placed on a spit over a moderate coal fire. As soon as the pieces, which should should not be too close together, begin to exude their fat, they should be sprinkled with a mixture of fine salt and fine breadrumbs and this should be continued until no more fat appears. If this is done carefully and not heedlessly, as happens in most kitchens, each individual piece becomes evenly coated with a crust which can be made more crunchy by an increase in heat just before serving...], rather like the delicious kebabs of Turkey, especially if slices of Spanish or Levantine onions are interspersed with the meat. Tiny branches of bay, sage, rosemary or other bitter, aromatic herbs can also be placed between the pieces of meat as long as they do not create too strong a flavour. The pieces should not be too close together. A little more salt should be applied under the breadcrumbs than is necessary for the eel and, if desired, a little of the favourite household seasoning can also be used." ---The Essence of Cookery, Karl Friedrich Von Rumohr, Translated by Barbara Yeomans, originally published in Germany in 1822 [Prospect Books:London] 1993 (p. 78) The Horseshoe sandwich belongs to Springfield, Illinios. Local folks confirm the moniker was bestowed for the horse shoe shape of the meat. The french fries represent the nails in the shoe and the oversized platter is the anvil. The "Ponyshoe" sandwich is a smaller version. "Ask anybody about the inventor of this cardiac-arrest concoction and you're likely to get two or three different names. Some say Joe Schweska created the first Horseshoe at the Old Leland Hotel in 1928. Others point to Steve Tomko at Wayne's Red Coach Inn as the originator. No matter, from the first bite you'll roll your eyes skyward and thank the heavens for such a creation. The Horseshoe is made by laying two pieces of toasted bread on a warm platter, then layering meat (the original recipe called for ham) over the toast. Next smother the entire plate with a rich cheese sauce and circle the platter with crispy french fries. Since its creation more than 70 years ago, many have duplicated the Horseshoe. While there are endless variations of meat and/or vegetable combinations, ranging from ham to corned beef, from bacon and egg to sauted vegetables, most agree that the key to a great Horseshoe is the cheese sauce. Some swear by beer, others use wine, still others are loyal to the Welsh rarebit sauce said to have been used in the original 1928 recipe. For a truly original dish, try the Horseshoe at many local restaurants and pubs, including Norb Andy's, Maldaner's, and D'Arcy's Pint. It's Springfield's original comfort food." --- Springfield Illinois Convention & Visitors Bureau "The Horseshoe has been a staple of politicans, public officals, bureaucrats, secretaries, salesmen, and Springfield residents for 50 years. It was created in 1928 at the now-defunct Leland Hotel, once the creme de la creme of late night watering holes for politicians gathered at the state capitol a few blocks away. It is simply an open face sandwich filled with any variety and combination of ingredients and topped with a sharp cheese sauce embedded with french fried potatoes. The combination is not unusual but the appearance is different and unless the diner is particularly fastidious, he can cram his mouth with a combination of meat, egg, potatoes, bread, and sauce with one sweep of a fork. "It's a real meal-in-one sandwich," says Wayne Coumbes, owner of Wayne's Red Coach Inn, which boasts it has the original Horseshoe recipe and serve 300 Horseshoes daily. A chef named Steven Tomko created the Horseshoe for the Leland and Coumbes wound up with the recipe after a series of partnerships in other restaurants, including one that Tomko once operated. "It was named after the horseshoe cut of ham. The hot, sizzler platter it's served on is supposed to represent the blacksmith's anvil and the french fries represent the nails for the horseshoe...Peggy Haynes, a cook at Norb Andy's restaurant, which has been preparing Horseshoes since the late 1950s, recalls that "when the sandwich first was made, the french fries were real thick and they only put a few of them around the edges so they looked like nails stuck in the horseshoe."..."The sauce makes the difference," says Coumbes. The original recipe calls for a white sauce made of butter and cream and a sharp cheddar cheese...At Norb Andy's, the recipe has been doctored to include a dash of white wine, "which cuts the sharpness of the cheese." And other Springfield establishments use a spash of beer to concoct their own versions. Almost every restaurant offers a choice of ham, chicken, turkey, hamburger, egg, and shrimp as a basic filling, and allows two choices without extra charge. Perhaps the most amazing thing about Horseshoes is their price. At the Red Coach Inn, the sandwich sells for $2.25...To the uninitiated palate, the most common taste among the Horseshoe variations is the ham choice, which mingles with the cheese sauce to create a food sensation similar to the Monte Cristo sandwich." ---"Du Jour: The eat horseshoes don't they? Yes, but only in Springfield, F. Richard Cioccone, Chicago Tribune, June 4, 1979 (p. B1) Open, hot roast beef [or turkey] sandwiches slathered with gravy and served with mashed potatoes are popular in many parts of the country. They are known by different names according to region: "Roast Beef Commercials" in the upper mid-west (Minnesota), "Hot Beef," (South Dakota), "Roast Beef Manhattans" in central mid-west (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois), "Hot Roast Beef Sandwich" on both coasts. These economical belly-filling simple dishes are generally served (no matter what they're called) in working-class eateries and community dinners. Every once in a while you find hot roast beef/turkey type entrees in trendy restaurants experimenting with retro comfort fare. Where did the idea come from? Cookbooks confirm people have been serving sliced/diced meats mixed with sauce over starches (bread, noodles, rice) for hundreds of years. This type of meal was generally served to family, as it generally used leftovers. Protein sources vary according to place and period: chipped (dried, frizzled) beef on toast was well-known by American pioneers. Many popular variations did not include meat (Welsh Rarebit, Biscuits & Gravy) or included scant pieces of meat in the gravy (ham gravy). This 1877 recipe for "Beefsteak Toast" is not so very different from the modern version. [1900] "Just at present there is a big run on the hot roast beef sandwich, with the bread soaked in gravy, with gravy in the plate and gravy poured over it all. The general appearance is that of a tired ark in a gravy flood. Though unattractive to look at it eats all right, which is the main point. Certain restaurants have been charging 30 cents for it without accessories, but a new pace has been opened in a basement of Nassau Street [New York City] were the price is 20 cents, with mashed or baked potatoes and bread and butter. The saving of 10 cents and the additional provender have drawn to the cellar so large a number of the hungry that hundreds have to wait fifteen or thirty minutes for tables or counters at which to eat." ---"Popular Luncheons," Washington Post, May 16, 1900 (p. 6) [1935] "Hot Sandwiches. A very noticeable feature of present day catering is the sandwich--especially the hot sandwich. They are a prominent feature of popular priced and quick luch laces and may of the best hotels run one or more hot sandwiches each day. As generally made in the European plan hotel, two slices of bread are laid on a platter, side by sied; then the sliced meat is placed on the bread, over which is poured the gravy (real gravy, not the messy kind), and alongside it a garnish of mashed potatoes. When well put up, they make a nice luncheon. Suggestions for hot sandwiches: Hot turkey sandwich, browned sweet potato. Hot minced chicken sandwich on toast. Hot capon sandwich, oyster sauce. Hot fresh ham sandwich, country gravy. Hot minced chicken sandwich, a la King. Hot roast turkey sandwich, chicken gravy. Hot chopped beefsteak sandwich, chili sauce. Hot sliced chicken sandwich, egg sauce. Hot roast beef sandwich, au jus." ---Hotel Butcher, Garde Manger and Carver, Frak Rivers [Hotel Monthly Press:Chicago] 1935 (p. 90) What does "Commericial" mean in this context? It's one of several grades of beef defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: "Commercial...(in U.S. Government grading of beef) graded between standard and utility." ---Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Stuart Berg Flexner, Editor in Chief [Random House:New York] second edition (p. 411) "Ted and Dorothy Husted established Wall Drug in 1931...Diners feast on the house specialty--billed as the Hot Beef--a hot roast beef sandwich on white bread with the halves separated by a scoop of mashed potatoes and covered with right brown gravy. It's a true taste of South Dakota." ---American Sandwich: Great Eats From All 50 States, Becky Mercuri [Gibbs Smith:Salt Lake City] 2004 (p. 112) Recipe-wise, food experts generally consider the Monte Cristo sandwich to be a simple variation of an early 20th century French dish called Croque Monsieur . According to several articles published in newspapers and magazines, Monte Cristo sandwiches were first served in southern California and were very popular in the 1950s-1970s. Therin ends the agreement. The who/what/why/where/when behind the Monte Cristo sandwich is still very much a subject of debate. "Monte Cristo...Prepare Croque Monsieur...substituting very thinly sliced chicken for the ham and Swiss cheese for the Gruyere." ---Joy of Cooking/Irma S. Rombauer et al, [1997 edition] (p. 191) [NOTE: the 1976 edition of this book makes no mention of Monte Cristo] "Monte Cristo sandwich...A sandwich composed of ham, chicken, and Swiss cheese enclosed in bread that is dipped in beaten egg and fried until golden brown. The origin on the name is not known." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 209) "A classic story deserves a classic sandwich, even though nobody knows how the sandwich got its name. It may have been invented in San Francisco in the 1950s." ---"I'm going to see a remake of "The Count of Monte Cristo...," Hartford Courant, January 24, 2002 (p. 10) "Monte Cristo sandwich invented in the Coronado Hotel in San Diego..." [no date provided] ---"LA really is a bread basket," Los Angeles Times, December 19, 1996 (p. H13) "...the [Blue Bayou in New Orlean's Square, Disneyland/Anaheim California] restaurant's Monte Cristo sandwich probably has been the most recognizable -- and demanded -- item on the menu since it first appeared in 1966. It hasn't changed since then," said Boll, "and it's become a standard. It's a very, very popular item. We serve about 160 to 200 of them every day. When the first one of the day comes out, everybody who sees it wants to order one. It comes close to the croque monsieur that originated in France." ---"Chef du Jour: Disney's counter of Monte Cristo," Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1993 (p. 36) The earliest reference we find to a Monte Cristo sandwich is printed in a 1941 menu from Gordon's on Wilshire Blvd., Los Angles. We do not know how these were made. The oldest recipe we have (so far) for the Monte Cristo sandwich was printed in The Brown Derby Cook Book, 1949. The Brown Derby restaurant is located in Los Angeles, California and is famous for serving Hollywood's elite. "Monte Cristo Sandwich. Take three slices of white bread. Butter the first and cover with lean baked ham and chicken. Butter the middle slice on both sides, place on meat, and cover with thinly sliced Swiss cheese. Butter the third slice and place, butter down, over cheese. Trim crusts; cut sandwich in two; secure with toothpicks; dip in light egg batter; fry in butter on all sides until golden brown. Remove toothpicks and serve with currant jelly, strawberry jam, or cranberry sauce." ---The Brown Derby Cookbook [Doubleday & Company:Garden City NY] 1949 (p. 183) [NOTE: This sandwich appears to be a cross between a club sandwich and a toasted French-style sandwich, two very popular menu items of this period. [1964] "Monte Cristo Spread slice of buttered bread with a slice of cooked hamand a sliced of cooked chicken. Cover with second slice of buttered bread. Butter top of bread and cover with thin slices Swiss cheese. Cover with third slice buttered bread. Trim, cut in half, and fasten with wooden picks. Dip into egg-milk mixture and saute in butter until golden brown on both sides." ---The Sandwich Book, Ann Seranne and Eileen Gaden [Doubleday & Company:Garden City NY] 1964 (p. 71) An old menu from Disneyland's Tahitian Terrace restaurant features the Monte Cristo. [NOTE: Disney didn't invent the Monte Cristo, but it is certainly responsible for introducing it to thousands of theme park visitors.] Several popular American cookbooks published in the 1920s-60s published recipes for sandwiches which are essentially Monte Cristos [ham--sliced & deviled/turkey/chicken sandwiches dipped in egg & then fried to a tasty golden brown], under different names: Seven Hundred Sandwiches/Florence A. Cowles [1929] ---Hot Ham Sandwich II (p. 174), Fried Cheese Sandwich (p. 180) Prudence Penny's Cookbook/Prudence Penny--Los Angeles Examiner newspaper [1939] ---French Sandwich (p. 267); John Hall's French Fried Chicken Sandwich (p. 339) The American Woman's Cook Book/Ruth Berlozheimer [1940] ---Suggestions for Breakfast Sandwiches (p. 155) Toll House Tried and True Recipes/Ruth Wakefield [1947] ---Toasted Ham Sandwich (p. 245) The Fireside Cook Book/James Beard [1949] ---French Toasted Cheese Sandwiches (p. 151) Good Housekeeping Cook Book [1955] ---Baked Ham-And-Egg Sandwiches (p. 358) ---A Concise Encyclopedia of Gastronomy, Andre L. Simon [Harcourt, Brace and Company:New York] 1952 (p. 424) [1961] "Croque-Monsieur--A rather fantastic name for a kind of hot sandwich which is served as an hors d'oeurvre or as a small entree. It can also feature in a list of small dishes for lunch, tea, etc. Cut some slices 3 1/2 inches long and 2 1/4 inches wide and 1/8 inch thick, from a fresh loaf, or failing that use some stale bread. Spread with butter on one side only and lay a thin slice of Gruyere cheese on top. Put a slice of lean ham on top of the cheese, and close the sandwich. Fry till golden in a frying pan in clarified butter." ---Larousse Gastronomique, Prosper Montagne [Crown Publishers:New York] 1961(P. 324) [1964] "Croque Monsieur Cut crusts form thinly sliced bread and spread each slice with a paste made by mashing shredded Swiss cheese with cream. Put two slices together with a thin lice of ham between. Dip sandwiches in egg-milk mixture and saute in hot butter until golden brown on both sides." ---The Sandwich Book, Ann Seranne and Eileen Gaden [Doubleday & Company:Garden City NY] 1964 (p. 70) [1976] "Croque Monsieur--Cheese Dream 'A rather fantastic name,'says Larousse Gastronomique, 'for a kind of hot sandwich which is served as an hors d'ouevre or as a small entree. It can also feature in the list of small dishes for lunch, tea, etc.' The name of fantasy is a French conceint, but the putting together of ham (or bacon) and cheese, between slices of bread which are then fried to a crusty gold, has some universality about it. New Zealanders, among others, grate the cheese and mix it with beaten egg, as does the chef at Scotland's Fortingall Hotel. It is a 'Cheese Dream' in many English-speaking regions, and there are variastions known as Croque Mademoiselle and Croque Madame--Donn Pearce's recipe, from San Francisco, includes sliced mushrooms; in Paris Simone Beck's puffy feminine version is flavored with cognac, kirsh, or rum, and both are run under the broiler at the last moment. When prepared as appetizing tidbits, the sandwiches are cut up into small mouthfuls. Here is the basic recipe we use, made with whatever cheese needs using up: 8 slices bread (Cheese Bread, page 174, is particularly good) soft butter about 1/3 lb. cheese clarified butter (or equal amounts butter and cooking oil Remove crusts from the bread slices and butter one side. Trim ham slcies to cover half the bread, place on top, then cover with cheese. (If cheese is a melting type like Mozzarella or a soft-ripened variety, simply break in pieces; a firm cheese should be sliced; a hard one should be grated and mashed with a little butter to make more meltable. Any combinations can be used.) Close the sandwiches with the other pieces of bread, butter side down, and press firmly. Heat a large skillet or pancake griddle, melt several tablespoonfuls of clarified butter (or oil and butter--straight unclarified butter will burn), and when sizzling add the Croques Monsieur. Cook on each side about 3 minutes, pressing down with the spatula and adding a little more butter before turning. Serve the golden Croques hot, cutting in quarters if they are to be used as appetizers." ---The World of Cheese, Evan Jones [Alfred A. Knopf:New York] 1976 (p. 159) [NOTE: Happy to send the Cheese Bread referenced above.] These exquisite works of edible art descend from practical traditions: "Smorrebrod can be anything between heaven and earth. Primarily it consists of a piece of bread of some kind. The Danes make most use of rye bread because it is more suitable than other varieties for many of their sandwiches...Upon the bread something, generally butter, is in most cases spread. As one would expect, when the Danes spread the fine butter for which they are famous, they spread it generously. Not only because it gives them vitamin A or because they like the taste but also because fatstuffs help to keep out the cold. And keeping out the cold is important for most of the Danish year. Though butter ranks first as "the something to spread", spiced lard or pork dripping, maybe even goose or duck dripping, are often used. Not only, in the case of the pork fat, as an economy measure but because the Danes prefer fat to butter when liverpaste, salt meats and most kinds of sausage, are to be the crowning glory of the smorrebrod. When it comes to the question of what to put on the "buttered bread" (The Danish works for "butter" and "to butter" are the same as for "grease" and "to grease" so the expression "buttered bread" include bread spread with dripping of one kind or another) the only answer can be: "There is absolutely nothing edible which cannot be used for smorrebrod". The Danish town housewife patronizes the charcuterie of cooked meat shop around the corner; her country sister may bu certain kinds of pale (literally "something laid on", i.e. any fish, meat, vegetable etc. used on the buttered bread) from the butcher who brings his mobile shop to her door...Above all both town and country housewife will make use of leftovers from paleg. "Leftovers embraces anything from slices of cold pork sausage garnished with a remnant of red cabbage to slices taken from a still substantial joint of meat. It is this use of lefovers which makes smorrebrod such a useful thing to know about in order to be able to cope in an interesting yet substantial manner with those unexpected guests...The average dane has only one hot meal daily. For lunch and/or supper he eats smorrebrod." ---Oskar Davidsen book of Open Sandwiches, compiled by James R. White from traditional Danish recipes and specialties of the House of Oskar Davidsen [Host & Sons Forlag:Copenhagen], 3rd revised edition, 1962 (p. 9-10) "The Sandwich Story Somewhere in the centre of Copenhagen there ought to be a monument to the man or woman who discovered smorrebrod, the open sandwich which is Denmark's national dish. An appropriate site would be the Town Hall end of the new Hans Andersen Boulevard, for the inventor of smorrebrod obviously had something of a fantasy of the great Danish storyteller. Alas, historians are silent as to the identity of the man wo first placed fish, fowl, meat and vegetables on a piece of buttered bread. Some Danish encyclopedias do not even list one of the most important words in the Danish language. The inventor of the smorrebrodsseddel or sandwich list is, however, known. And nobody has ever disputed that it was not untul old Oskar Davidsen acceeded to the request of young Axel Svensson to be allowed to make something amusing out of the restaurant's sandwich list that open sandwiches in all their infinite variety began to develop into what they are today...The origin of the sandwich is a subject on which even historians can but speculate. Some suggest that recognisable sandwiches were known in ancient Babylon, wothers that a rabbi contrived them for the Passover by placing bitter herbs between two slices of unleavened bread to symbolise Jewish privations in Egypt. When smorrebrod first saw the light of day is equally a matter for speculation. Certainly it appeared centuries before an Earl of Sandwich first placed pieces of meat between two slices of bread to enable his guests to eat without leaving the card table. The Danish workd simply means "buttered bread". But the origins of open sandwiches can be traced back to the days when, in Denmark as elsewhere, a round of bread served as a plate for both hot food and cold. Naturally the rich refrained from eating their plates but these, soaked in nourishing gravy from the main course, invariably found their way to the mouths of the serfs or deserving poor of the parish. And between rich and poor there was doubtless a class which ate both bread-plate and the delicacies which reposed upon it. As yet...this open sandwich could not have been known as smorrebrod for butter was still unknown in Denmark...The earliest mention of the word smorrebrod is found in the works of the playwright Ludvig Holberg (168401754) who describes the diet of the gentry as consisting of soup, salt meat or smorrebrod. No mystery, however, surrounds the invention of the smorrebrodsseddel or printed list of open sandwiches. It was Emil Bjorn, head waiter at the Copenhagen officers' club, who, when harried by shouted orders from the card tables, conceived, in 1883, the idea of lists on which the guests could mark off their requirements. Bjorn's idea was soon adopted by restaurants throughout the country, but many years were to pass before these scant lists were developed into what they are in Denmark today." ---ibid (p. 11-12) Panini Our survey of historic cookbooks and food articles confirm grilled sandwiches, including those cooked with special apparatus designed for the purpose, have been popular from the beginning of the 20th century forwards. Electric sandwich makers were just as intriguing to folks in the 1930s as they are they are today. Think: Grilled Cheese . Food historians generally agree panini (plural, the singular is panino), as we Americans know them today, originated in the panintecas (sandwich shops) of Italy, perhaps as early as the 1960s. Our survey of newspaper articles confirms panini origin captured American attention in the mid-1970s. As time progressed, panini evolved from upscale fare to trendy sandwiches for the masses. Industry experts credit novel combinations (ingredients/textures) and the product's staying power (they can be made ahead of time) for paninis modern success. In the 1990s, panini nudged their way into family restaurants and institutional menus (colleges, hospitals, airports). Sales of panini grills soared, both commercial and home versions. Frozen panini products happened. "For centuries bread was the complete meal par excellence, until it became the support or container for a condiment or filling, without losing the identity associated with its linguistic diminutive [panino, diminutive of pane, denotes a sandwich in Itlian--Trans.]" ---Italian Cuisine: A Cultural History, Alberto Capatti & Massimo Montanari [Columbia University Press:New York] 1999 (p. 153) "Panino..."small bread." Small sandwich. The name was apparently coined at Milan's Paninoteca Bar Quadronno. Panini cresciuti (grown rolls) are fried Sicilian potato rolls containing ham and cheese. From the Latin panis." ---The Dictionary of Italian Food and Drink, John Mariani [Broadway Books:New York] 1998 (p 177-8) "'Panini' is the Americanized version of the Italian word panino, which means little sandwich and refers to a class of sandwiches that became popular in the United States in the late 1990s. Flavor is the key to panini, which are based on high-quality Italian artisan breads like focaccia or ciabatta. The sandwiches are layered, but not overstuffed, with flavorful combinations of cheeses, meats, or roasted vegetables. Various dressings or condiments are added, and the sandwich is pressed and lightly grilled. Panini-style sandwiches are popular in trendy restaurants throughout the United States." ---Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Andrew F. Smith editor [Oxford University Press:New York] 2004, Volume 2 (p. 235) "[Panini] are said to have originated in Lombardy, Italy, in response to the demand among Milanese office workers for a quick lunch without sacrifice in flavor and quality. In both Italy and the United States, panini are eaten for lunch and as snacks and appetizers. In Italy, sandwich shops traditionally wrap the bottom of the panino in a crisp white paper napkin, providing a practical solution to drips while enchancing aesthetics. Quality Italian bread is an absolute must for a killer panini, and most sandwich chefs will opt for a relatively thin artisan bread like grooved focaccia or ciabatta, slicing it in half horizontally. Panini are always grilled, so most restaurants and cafes have invested in professional grooved sandwich presses that flatten and heat the sandwich while creating a crunch, buttery outer crust." ---American Sandwich: Great Eats from all 50 States, Becky Mercuri [Gibbs Smith:Salt Lake City UT] 2004 (p. 81) The earliest print reference we find for panini (as a food) in an American newspapers is 1956. We cannot tell from the article if the panini served at this fair is the same as the one commonly found in contemporary menus. [1954] "The visitors ate Italian sausage, also pizze fritta, zeppole, calzone, torrone, panini, pepperoni, taralli." ---"Old World Festival in East Harlem," New York Times, July 25, 1954 (p. SM 22) [1976] "Another attraction, even for northern Italian visitors to Rome, is the nice price of a meal, now even nicer...Most cafe-bars serve sandwiches--which may be called tramezzini, panini, or medaglioni, depending on their composition..." --"Revel in Rome's Unholy Year '76," Los Angeles Times, March 7, 1976 (p. G7) [1976] "By noon today it is probable that lines will already be forming at the brand new Caffe Orsini, opening at 11:30 this morning at Bonwit Teller's second floor, overlooking 57th Street. Luxuriously decorated with rough white plaster walls, tomato-pink upholstered banquettes, tile inlaid tables and polychromed wooden wall sconces and frames, this Continental style coffee house is an offspring of Orsini's restaurant on 56th Street. The menu will offer stylish Italianate salads and panini sandwiches..." ---"Food and Style: Shoppers Find Both in Store Restaurants," Mimi Sheraton, New York Times, October 7, 1976 (p. 77) [1982] "Speaking of Italian foods, many readers wrote in about an earlier reference to "panini." I stated that the only recipe for panini that I could uncover in my research was for panini di pasqua, or Easter Breads. Panini, I was told is simply the plural of the Italian panino, an overall word for rolls. One reader wrote that "the sandwiches you get on small rolls in cafes in Italy are 'panini imbotiti' - stuffed rolls."" ---"Q & A," New York Times, April 14, 1982, (p. C8) [1985] "The restaurant also makes a pungently flavorful lasagna, the thin sheets of pasta layered with cheese and so barely sauced that it is reminiscent of the spare food that Kleiman popularized at Verdi. This is not the southern Italy that comes out of No. 10 cans of tomatoes, but the southern Italy of light-handed cooks. There are calzone, both fried and baked (I found the fried version rather bland), and a whole range of wonderful panini, Italian sandwiches stuffed into crusty home-made rolls." ---"Ethinic Places Serve Foods That They Love Best," Ruth Reichl, Los Angeles Times, Jan 13,1985 (p. 86) [1995] "I'll bet a hundred bucks that panino, the Italian word for sandwich, will soon slip off your tongue like honey. Pretty soon, you'll start noticing restaurant menus and sandwich shops featuring panini (plural) exclusively. You'll find them at such places as the MOCA (Museum of Contemporary Art) cafe, Il Panino, in the new downtown museum complex, and at a spot in Beverly Hills called Giannino's. You'll see them on the menu at Il Piccolino and at Angeli Caffe, both in Los Angeles, and you'll see them at picnics and party buffets.An Italian might shrug if you ask the origin of panino. Said Celestino Drago, who operates Il Panino, "No one ever asks where or how they came about. They are just there." In Italy, panini are everywhere. They are fast food eaten on the run, to and from work, on the job, in train stations, in cars on the street. Sky-high piles of panini are packed in glass cases at almost every bakery and coffee shop for the hordes who want to grab a bite before or after work or a movie. Mothers pack them in schoolchildren's lunch bags. The ever-growing numbers of young, fast food lovers in Italy, called paninari, prefer the social scene at sandwich shops and McDonald's golden arches to the family dinner table, where every family member should be, but no longer is, to the chagrin of traditionalists bemoaning the disintegration of the Italian family fiber. In Milan, upscale paninotecas have emerged only in the last five years as havens for gourmet sandwich-eaters, who stand at tables to nibble on such fillings as duck or wild boar prosciutto while sipping fine wine. In Los Angeles, the panino has just begun to find a place among those who enjoy Italian flavors and great bread. For it's the bread that distinguishes every panino. The word derives from the word pane, meaning bread. There are dozens of different types of bread used for panini. Every region in Italy boasts a specialty. In Tuscany, you'll find michetta, a roll with a hole in middle, a strong favorite, whereas in Milan the specialty is rosetta, a rosette-shaped roll, and in Genoa it is focaccia, a flatbread with baked-on flavorings such as pesto, garlic butter and onions. The rolls may be elongated, round, square or flat. They may be seasoned or not. We give a few recipes for dough typically used in panini, but you can also use store-bought rolls and loaves found in fancy food shops as well as the neighborhood supermarket. Some Italian bakeries such as Il Fornaio in Beverly Hills and Santa Monica carry several popular panino varieties used by Il Panino, including michetta and ciabatta. Kaiser rolls, onion rolls and the like are ideally suited for panini. Square loaves such as pane in cassetta, ideal for grilling, can easily be substituted with firm-textured white or wheat bread. In Italy, with the exception perhaps of those found at paninotecas in Milan, panino fillings tend to be traditional types-sausage, roast peppers, cheeses, tomatoes, vegetables, mortadella, salamis and other sausages. In Sicily, veal and chicken cutlets are slapped between two pieces of bread. Roast peppers are also a popular panino filling. The panini appearing in Los Angeles, however, are something else. "They are not as fancy as those you'd find at the paninotecas in Milan, because we want to educate slowly, but they are interesting," Drago said. Actually, anything goes. At the MOCA cafe, Il Panino, Drago has introduced eight sandwich fillings that are California variations on the traditional Italian theme. In a sandwich called Milano, sliced turkey is served with California goat cheese, avocado, sun-dried tomatoes, and arugula. A smoked salmon and mascarpone cheese filling is garnished with salmon roe, capers and chives. Evan Kleiman, chef and co-owner of Angeli, a California-style Italian restaurant, fell in love with the sandwiches on her first visit to Italy at the age of 16 and does take-offs on traditional themes. "You open your mind to what is put in between two pieces of bread," she said. A sandwich Kleiman has called panino rustico contains chicken salad, dressed with Dijon mustard and arugula. This and other fillings such as roast pork are found in her book, "Cucina Fresca," co-authored with Viana La Place (Harper & Row: 1985). The roast pork is seasoned with Dijon mustard and topped with pickled onions. Dino Baglioni of Il Piccolino restaurant in Los Angeles serves several types of panini, including some using long, tapered rolls and round ones. They may be filled with red and green peppers and sausages; veal scaloppine with mozzarella cheese or ricotta cheese with prosciutto. There is also a sandwich made with smoked salmon, horseradish and capers. At Giannino's, the paninoteca in Beverly Hills, the sandwiches are simple and basic. Nothing fancy here. The sandwich called Godfather contains ham, mortadella, provolone and mixed peppers; the Capone has capocollo (sausage) and mixed peppers, and the tachinello contains smoked turkey and Swiss cheese." Panino Translated as "little loaf," panino is known throughout Italy as a sandwich you pick up on the go. Now panini are here in Los Angeles to delight the palate and expand the ---"Sandwich Repertoire," Rose Dosti, Los Angeles Times, Jul 23, 1987 (p. 1) [1995] "Just watch. In coffee bars, cafes and delis everywhere, soon you'll hear: "Give me a grilled veggie panino." The distinctive little sandwich familiar at way stations on Italian autostradas, the pressed panino (panini in the plural) is gaining a foothold in Washington. Picture a good old grilled cheese, but without the grease, layered with sauteed vegetables or deli meats or a combination. Light, flavorful and, yes, oh-so-trendy, panini (like coffee bars) have leap-frogged across the country. From Seattle to Chicago to Dallas, hot pressed sandwiches, made with focaccia or rustic bread, striped with grill marks, are a have-to-have with that latte. "People want a little something other than sweets at a coffee bar," says Joel Edwards, president of Issaquah, Washington State-based Caffe Andiamo, which manufactures a panini press called Pane Bella Grill. "And for cafe owners panini are a way to attract that 11-to-2 customer base." Edwards credits Nordstrom stores with spreading the craze eastward. All Nordstrom espresso bars feature pressed panini. "What's unique is the press itself," says restaurant consultant Mark Caraluzzi, co-owner of Bistro Bistro and D'Angelo. "It's a gentle heat that crisps the bread but steams the inside so it doesn't dry out." Grill stripes, Caraluzzi contends, let the customer know his sandwich was not browned in a puddle of oil. "We are the grilling country," he says." ---"Let Them Eat Panini," Walter Nicholls, The Washington Post, July 5, 1995, (p. E11) [2002] "Panini grills have been around for more than 100 years, but were generally ignored in the United States until the Italian grilled sandwiches made with them began to show up in carryout shops and on restaurant menus. Now these grills are set to become the Belgian-waffle irons of the 21st century. Two years ago, I couldn't find anything called a panini grill. Suddenly, there are all kinds of possibilities. Eat your heart out, Dagwood. Panini are nothing more than grown-up cheese-and-meat sandwiches toasted on a ridged grill that has a weighted top to press down the sandwich to the thickness of a waffle. It is that weighted top that seems to draw men to panini grills. They are the functional equivalent of something you might cook with in the yard. ''Men have taken to the panini grill like they took to barbecue,'' said Michael Chiarello, the host of a cooking show on public television that is based in the Napa Valley. ''Guys just want a general concept of a recipe -- bread and stuff,' he said. ''They don't want to measure anything.'" ---"Presses New and Old Prove That Panini Aren't Picky," Marian Burros, New York Times, July 17, 2002, (p.F6). Bread of choice for panini? Ciabatta . Compare with Who invented this popular sandwich, why & when? The when is easy to document, the why is a relatively simple matter of technology, economics & commerce. The who? Is still a mystery. Let's start with a quick study of the ingredients. Food historians tell us that finely chopped nuts (especially almonds) were regularly used by ancient cooks in a variety of dishes. BUT! It wasn't until the late 19th century that peanut butter...as we know it...came on the market. Did you know that peanut butter was first marketed as a health food? Ancient cooks also knew how to preserve fruit. BUT! It wasn't until the 15th century that modern jellies/jams/preserves were made. Ancient cooks also made bread. BUT! Sliced pre-packaged bread...the stuff we Americans use today to make our peanut butter & jelly sandwiches...didn't happen until the late 1920s. Interesting, yes? More notes on the history of PB&J ingredients: sliced white bread . "The first located reference to the now immortal peanut butter and jelly sandwich was published by Julia Davis Chandler in 1901. This immediately became a hit with America's youth, who loved the double-sweet combination, and it has remained a favorite ever since...During the early 1900s peanut butter was considered a delicacy and as such it was served at upscale affairs and in New York's finest tearooms. Ye Olde English Coffee House made a "Peanut Butter and Pimento Sandwich." The Vanity Fair Tea-Room served its peanut butter with watercress...The Colonia Tea-Room served peanut butter on toast triangles and soda crackers. That peanut butter could be combined with so many divers products demonstrated that it was a relatively neutral platform providing a nutty taste and a sticky texture that bound together various ingredients. Peanut butter sandwiches moved down the class structure as the price of peanut butter declined due to the commercialization of the industry. Peanut butter's use also moved down the age structure of the nation as manufacturers added sugar to the peanut butter, which appealed to children. The relationship between children and peanut butter was cemented in the late 1920s, when Gustav Papendick invented a process for slicing and wrapping bread. Sliced bread meant that children could make sandwiches themselves without slicing the bread with a potentially dangerous knife. As a consequence of low cost, high nutrition, and ease of assembling, peanut butter sandwiches became one of the top children's meals during the Depression. " ---Peanuts: The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea, Andrew F. Smith [University of Illinois Press:Urbana] 2002 (p. 35) [NOTE: this book is the BEST source for information on the history of peanuts & peanut butter. It is well researched and copiously documented. Ask your librarian to help you find a copy]. "Peanut butter sandwiches moved down the class structure as the price of peanut butter declined. After the invention of sliced bread in the 1920s, children could make their own sandwiches without using a sharp knife. The combination of these two factors helped make peanut butter sandwiches one of the top children's meals in America. Beginning in the 1920s, manufacturers lobbied school cafeterias to buy inexpensive peanut butter. Its flavor was liked by children, and minimum time and equipment were required to prepare it." ---"Peanut Butter," Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, Solomon H. Katz, editor in chief [Thomson Gale:Detroit] 2003, Volume 3 (p. 56) (p. 12) In the 1920s peanut butter sandwiches were quite adventuresome. [1923] "Suggestions for Various Beech-Nut Peanut Butter Sandwiches. 1. One half cupful of Beech-Nut Peanut Butter and aof finely chopped seeded rasiins moistened with two tablespoonfuls of lemon juice. 2. One half cupful each of Beech-Nut Peanut Butter and stoned chopped prunes moistened with two tablespoonfuls of orange juice. 3. Spread slics of bread generously with Beech-Nut Peanut Butter then fill with thick slices of tomato which have been allowed to stand in French dressing for fifteen minutes. 4. Spread slices of bread with Beech-Nut Peanut Butter and fill with chopped celery mixed with one tablespoonful of minced pimientos to each cupful of celery and a little salad dresing. Season with salt and paprika. 5. Blend together equal quantities of Beech-Nut Peanut Butter and cream cheese, spread on slices of bread, lay lettuce leaves moistened wtih French dressing on half the slices, sprinkle generously with stuffed olives and cover with the remaining slices of bread. 6. Spread slices of thinly buttered bread with Beech-Nut Peanut Butter, then with Beech-Nut Orange Marmalade and ccut into finger lengths. These sandwiches are also very delicious toasted before being cut." ---The Beech-Nut Book: A Book of Menus And Recipes, Ida Bailey Allen [Beech-Nut Packing Co.:Canajoharie N.Y.] 1923 (p. 22) [1928] Peanut Butter and Apricot Sandwich Peanut and Pimento Sandwich Peanut Butter and Raisin Sandwich Peanut Butter and Apple Sandwich Peanut Butter and Salted Peanut Sandwich Peanut Butter and Jam Sandwich Peanut Salad Sandwich Peanut Butter and Cabbage Sandwich Peanut Butter and Orange Sandwich (orange juice & peel) Peanut Butter amd Marshmallow Sandwich Peanutpine Sandwich (peanut butter, honey, walnuts, lettuce, pineapple) Peanut Butter and Prune Sandwich Peanut Butter and Ham Sandwich Peanut Butter and Tomato Sandwich Peanut Butter and Pickle Sandwich Pimcel Sandwich (celery, pimento, salad dressing, salt & paprika) Peanut Butter and Ginger Sandwich Peanut Butter and Currant Sandwich Peanut Butter and Maple Sandwich Peanut Butter and Honey Sandwich Peanut Butter and Strawberry Sandwich (strawberry jam) Egg and Peanut Butter Sandwich Peanut Butter & Cherry Sandwich Dixieland Sandwich (roasted peanuts, fried bacon, pimentos & salad dressing) Peanut Butter and Banana Sandwich Peanut and Lettuce Sandwich Southern Sandwich (tomatoes, mayonnaise & salted peanuts on whole wheat) Peanut Butter and Chili Sandwich (on wheat) Peanut Butter, Cheese, and Olive Sandwich Peanut Butter and Olive Sandwich (with mayo on white or rye) Peanutraise Sandwich (raisins, peanut butter, brown sugar, salt, lemon juice & orange juice) ---Seven Hundred Sandwiches, Florence A. Cowles [Little,Brown:New York] Peanuts (aka ground-nuts, ground-peas, goober peas) are a new world food. Archaeological evidence suggests the first peanut butters (ground peanuts, really) were made by Ancient South American Indians. Peanuts were introduced to the the Old World by European explorers. These nuts thrived in Africa. Historians tell us that peanuts were introduced to North America by Europeans via Africa. Peanut butter, as we know it today, was introduced in the second half of the 19th century. It was originally promoted as a health food. Nut butters were valued for their high protein content and easy digestion. Peanut butter was a perfect alternative to meat in a time when the industry was rife with public health concerns. At first, peanut butter was a food known mostly to wealthy people who frequented health spas. Before long, the product was available to the public at large, though companies targeted their promotions to the upper classes. Recipes for early 20th century fancy tea sandwiches sometimes included "nut butter." When that market was saturated, companies began adding sugar to make the product more appealing to children. Bingo! The popularity of the product soared and to this day is a staple in most American pantries. Peanut butter & jelly sandwiches & Peanut butter cookies have become standard American fare. Food historians currently entertain several theories regarding the origin (invention, if you will) of peanut butter. While ground peanuts were used by native Amercans and Africans early on, John Harvey Kellogg (of Battle Creek Michigan cereal fame) was the first person to obtain an American patent for the process [1895]. In the late 19th century many American households owned grinders for coffee and meat. Special grinders were also made purposely for grinding nuts. "Early peanut butters had several problems. The first was that peanut oil has a melting point below room temperature. Gravity separated the oil, which then oxidized and turned rancid. Likewise, salt added to the peanut butter separated and crystallized. Grocers received peanut butter in tubs or pails and were advised to use a wooden paddle to stir it frequently...During the early years of the twentieth century, William Norman, an English chemist, invented a method of saturating unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, thus preventing them from turning rancid. In 1922, Joseph L. Rosefield...applied these principles to peanut butter. He developed a process to prevent oil separation and spoilage in peanut butter. He removed 18 percent of the liquid oil and replaced it with an equal amount of hydrogenated oil, which was solid at room temperature. The result was a semisolid peanut butter; no oil rose to the surface. The peanut butter was thick and creamy and did not stick to the roof of the mouth as much as previous products. Hydrogenated oil permitted a finer grinding of peanuts, which prevented the salt from separating from the peanut butter...Rosefield selected the name 'Skippy' for his new peanut butter. Most likely, the name was derived from a children's comic strip also called 'Skippy...Rosefield introduced creamy and chunky-style peanut butter in 1932. Three years later, the company inaugurated its first wide-mouth peanut-butter jar, which became the industry standard...Peanut butter was born at the end of the nineteenth century as a health and vegetarian food, but by the 1920s it was a major national product...In less than twenty-five years, peanut butter evolved from a hand ground delicacy to a mass-produced commercial commodity sold in almost every grocery store in America. it was employed in virtually every type of food from soups, salads, sauces, and main courses to desserts and snacks of every description. Peanut butter was versatile, inexpensive, available, and ready to use. Its makers appealed to children, who could make their own sandwiches and other peanut butter treats." ---Peanuts: The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea, Andrew F. Smith [University of Illinois Press:Urbana] 2002 (p. 42-44) Ella Eaton Kellogg's recipe: Peanut Butter.--A nut butter mill is desirable for the preparation of nut butter at home. If one designed for the purpose is not obtainable, a coffee or hand wheat mill may be used. Blanch the nuts, but do not roast and grind. The meal thus prepared may be cooked by putting it (dry) in the inner cup of a double boiler and cooking as directed for grains, for eight or ten hours. As it is required for use, add water to make of the desired consistency, and cook again for a few minutes, just long enough to bring out the essential oil of the nuts. Water may be added as soon as the nuts are ground, and the mixture placed in a covered bean pot and baked from eight to ten hours in a moderate oven, if preferred." ---Science in the Kitchen, Mrs. Ella Eaton Kellogg [Modern Medicine Publishing Co.:Battle Creek, MI] 1895 (p. 395) Early promotional literature "What is the element generally most lacking in the diet of children? Protein or muscle making foods, and vitamine or protective foods. But children are largely goverened by intelligence, and if the right foods are put within their reach they will usually choose the. So keep a jar of Beech-Nut Peanut Butter on your table at all three meals. You will find that the youngsters will love and freely eat it. ou can then feel sure that they will be properly feeding their muscles and stocking their bodies with protective vitamines. Spread slices of bread with Beech-Nut Peanut Butter ready for the children before they are called to the table, and you won't have to coak them to eat." ---The Beech-Nut Book: A Book of Menus And Recipes, Ida Bailey Allen [Beech-Nut Packing Co.:Canajoharie N.Y.] 1923 (p. 12) Popeye Brand, May 1965, for a variety of sensible reasons. [1965] "It starts out as a sturdy jar of peanut butter; it ends up as a lightweight storage unit or bouncing toy. These are some of the qualities attributed to the new unbreakable jar used to package this classic American nut spread...Other virtues possessed by the polyethylene jar include kitchen safety and lower consumer prices resulting from reduced shipping costs. It also adds outdoor convenience when picnicking, traveling and camping. First national distribution of 'bouncing' peanut butter is in a 28-ounce jar size. The container itself weighs one ounce, compared to eight ounces for a glass container of comparable size, and saves six pounds per case in total shipping weight. Transportation saving plus elimination of breakage and handling costs enable the plastic jar of peanut butter to be priced from five to ten cents lower to the consumer, according to the manufacturer. This high-density, blow-molded poly container is tinted in a peanut butter shade, closed with a continuous thread metal top and labeled with foil. The trade name for 'bouncing' peanut butter is Popeye, a product of the Sussex Foods, Inc. Everett Mass." ---"World of New Foods-Plastic Peanut Butter Jar," Daily Gleaner [Kingston Jamaica], dateline New York, August 26, 1965 (p. 18) "All this time the [Leavitt Corporation of Everett. Mass.] had 'harbored the hope of getting into the peanut butter business in its own right. Mr. [Jean Paul] Weinstein said; So they bought Sussex Foods, Inc., which held the rights to the Popeye name for its product. Again, some sort of fund approach was sought, and in May the company came out with Popeye peanut butter that bounced. Actually, you can't bounce the peanut butter, but you can bounce the container--because it's made of pliable plastic. The Sussex division is on a three-shift basis, now Mr. Weinstein reports, because Popeye peanut butter is bouncing right off the store shelves as fast as they can be put there." ---"Advertising: Another Day in the Nut World," Walter Carlson, New York Times, August 22, 1965 (p. F12) [1966] "Bemis ingenuity licks three more problems for industry!...a peanut butter jar that weighs one ounce and won't break...Blow Molded Plastic Containers. One large company got the jump on the competition by being the first to package peanut butter in this lightweight, shatterproof plastic jar, designed, colored and manufactured by Bemis. As a bonus benefit, the manufacturer also reduced his shipping costs substantially. (The new jar is eight times lighter than convention ones.) And it bounces when dropped! No mess from Mom, no cut fingers for Junior. A good peanut butter jar! And we can design and manufacture plastic jars that are just as good for mayonnaise, mustard and other foods." ---display ad, Bemis Company, Inc., [Minneapolis] Wall Street Journal, January 28, 1966 (p. 9) [What did these early jars look like? "Pik Nik" brand.] Recommended reading:Creamy & Crunchy: an informal history of peanut butter, the all-American food/Jon Krampner (2013) [NOTE: This book suggests George Bayle's snack food product may have predated Battle Creek Sanitarium health food. Food for thought.] [NOTE: This book contains both Fern Snider's (1956) as well as Jane Palmer's (1976) Reuben recipes.] The �birth� of the Reuben Sandwich. As we know it today. The first National Sandwich Contest , sponsored by the Midwest-based Wheat Flour Institute, selects the �Reuben� for first place winner. Note the thinness of the finished product. NYC deli owners prided themselves on �skyscraper high� sandwiches. This one is strikingly level, like the vast plains of Nebraska: Reuben Enriched Russian Rye Bread, 144 slices Thousand Island dressing, 5 lb, 2 � qt. Cheese, Swiss, 1-oz slices, 6 lb., 96 slices Sauerkraut, 1 qt. Corned beef, �-oz slices, 6 lb. 192 spices. Method of Preparation Spread bread with Thousand Island dressing. On each of 96 slices arrange 1 cheese slice, a scant No. 60 scoop of kraut, and 2 slices of corned beef. Stack these slices to form 48 sandwiches. Close the remaining bread slices and fasten with wooden picks. Grill to order on both slices until browned. Cut diagonally in thirds. Garnish with French fried potatoes. ---Winning Sandwiches for Menu Makers From the National Sandwich Idea Contest, Kathleen M. Thomas, director of Home Economics, Wheat Flour Institute editor [Cahners Books International:Boston] 1976 (p. 30) [NOTE: the preface of this book states: �The Contest That Gave us the Reuben. For over twenty years the skill of sandwich makers throughout America�s hotel, restaurant, and institutional industry has been encouraged and recognized by the granddaddy of all recipe contests, the National Sandwich Idea Contest� The recipes in this book represent the best of twenty years of sandwich competition, starting with the champion of the first contest in 1956, the now ubiquitous �Reuben.�� (p.2)] Sloppy joes During the second half of the nineteenth century ground beef gained popularity in America because it was both economical and nourishing. Recipes for Hamburg Steaks (aka hamburgers) were included in many popular American cookbooks. Cooks often added inexpensive fillers (bread crumbs, ketchup, tomato paste, eggs, sweet peppers, minced onions, Worcestershire sauce, bottled horseradish, pickle relish, mustard, salt & pepper were the most popular) to stretch the meat. This ground beef mixture was then fashioned into meatballs, meat loaves, hamburger stew, and loose meat sandwiches. Early 20th century American cookbooks offer plenty of sloppy-joe type recipes, though they go by different titles: Toasted Deviled Hamburgers, Good Housekeeping Cook Book, Katharine Fisher [1944] (p. 534); Chopped Meat Sandwiches, Young America's Cook Book, Home Institute of the New York Herald Tribune [1940] (p. 36); Hamburg a la Creole, Prudence Penny's Cookbook, [1939] (p.67); Beef Mironton, The New Butterick Cook Book, Flora Rose [1924] (p. 266); Minced Beef Spanish Syle, Mrs. Rorer's New Cook Book, Sarah Tyson Rorer [1902] (p.157). Where do sloppy joes fit in? "The origins of this dish are unknown, but recipes for the dish date back at least to the 1940s. It dates in print to 1935. There is probably no Joe after whom it is named--but its rather messy appearance and tendency to drip off plate or roll makes "sloppy" an adequate description, and "Joe" is an American name of proletarian character and unassailable genuineness. There are many individual and regional variations on the dish. In Sioux City, Iowa, a dish of this type is called a "loosemeat sandwich," created in 1934 at Ye Olde Tavern Inn by Abraham and Bertha Kaled." --- Encyclopedia of American Food & Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p.297). "Sloppy Joes...I remember eating these in the 1940s and suspect they may have been a way of stretching precious ground beef during World War II. Apparently not. My friend and colleague Jim Fobel tells me that in his own quest to trace the origin of the Sloppy Joe, he talked to Marilyn Brown, Director of the Consumer Test Kitchen at H.K. Heinz in Pittsburgh (the Heinz "Joe," not surprisingly, is reddened with ketchup). Brown says their research at the Carnegie Library suggests that the Sloppy Joe began in a Sioux City, Iowa, cafe as a "loose meat sandwich" in 1930, the creation of a cook named Joe..." ---The American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Recipes of the 20th Century, Jean Anderson [Clarkson Potter:New York] 1997 (p. 349) The state of Iowa does seem to have a history of loose meat sandwiches: "Sloppy Joe's...any cheap restaurant or lunch counter serving cheap food quickly, since 1940." ---Dictionary of American Slang, Wentworth & Flexner, 2nd supp. edition (p. 488) "Sloppy...[definition 6] Sloppy Joe, sloppy joe (a) used...to designate a loose-fitting sweater; (b) U.S. a kind of hamburger in which the minced-beef filling is made into a kind of meat sauce;...." [this source traces the phrase sloppy joe as it relates to food only as far back as 1961]. ---Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition The U.S. Patent & Trademark Office's TESS trademark database yields 100+ matches on the phrase "sloppy joe," none of which are conclusive. The earliest recipe we find so far for sloppy joes was printed in 1963: 1/2 lb ground beef 1 can (1 lb) beans and ground beef in barbecue sauce 1/4 cup catsup 3 hamburger buns, split and toasted 1. In medium skillet, saute meat, stirring, until it loses its red color. 2. Add beans and catsup, mixing well. Simmer, uncovered, 5 minutes. Spoon mixture over buns. ---McCall's Cook Book, (p. 625) Recipe from the McCormick Company, manufacturers of prepackaged Sloppy Joes seasoned mixes Want to make your own sloppy joes? You will find several recipes listed in RecipeSource . Just run a search on "sloppy joe." You will also find a recipe for sloppy joes in recent editions of The Joy of Cooking, Irma S. Rombauer Submarine sandwich Food historians generally agree the modern American sub , hero , wedge , hoagie , grinder, Po'Boy, Rich Girl, gondola, torpedo, zepplin..and their heated cousins Philly cheese steak & Chicago Italian beef are regional variations on the same culinary theme. Vietnamese Banh Mi are current trend. These overstuffed meat, cheese and vegetable oblong-shaped foods nestled between thick Italian or chewy French bread were recipes built on local culinary traditions and ethnic preference. Six-foot sandwiches surface in New York City, circa 1950s. Old-world filled breads ( calzones, empanadas, pasties, &c. ) were introduced to America in the 19th century by immigrant laborers. The classic "Sub" (salami, cheese, peppers, olives, oil) was introduced to America by immigrants from Southern Italy in the early part of the 20th century. The progenitor of the sub was probably the muffolette . After World War II Italian food gained popularity with mainstream America. Over time, the sub assimilated. This accounts for the use of other meats (turkey, roast beef), cheese (American, Swiss), vegetables (lettuce, tomato) and spreads (mayonnaise, mustard). ---"The Noblest Sandwich of the All," Richard Gehman, Saturday Evening Post, January 1, 1955 (p. 16+) "Pizzerias may have been among the first Italian-American eateries, but even at the turn of the century distinctions were clear-cut as to what constituted a true ristorante. To be merely a pizzamaker was to be at the bottom of the culinary and social scale; so many pizzeria owners began offering other dishes, including the 'hero' sandwich (also, depending on the region of the United States, called a 'wedge,' a 'hoagie,' a 'sub,' or a 'grinder') made on a Italian loaf of bread with lots of salami, cheese, and peppers." ---America Eats Out, John Mariani [Morrow:New York] 1991 (p. 66) "I happened to glance through a column that appeared in the New York Times [1957]...in which Manganaro's, the famed food establishment at 492 Ninth Avenue in Manhattan, staked a claim to the original hero. That may be open to debate, but I was interested in that store's beginnings, which I had never read before. "In 1905...James Manganaro, who had been making whale-sized sandwiches of prosciutto and French bread to nourish himself on all-day fishing trips, came from Italy to New York to join his cousin in the grocery business. ..It was James Manganaro who branched into the sandwich business, making them the same way he liked a sandwich--big." ---Craig Claiborne's The New York Times Food Encyclopedia, Craig Claiborne [Times Books:New York] 1985 (p. 212) Each sub-type sandwich has it's own naming story. Some can be substantiated, others are fine examples of culinary lore. "During World War II, the commissary of the United States Navy's submarine base in Groton, Connecticut, ordered five hundred hero sandwiches a day from Benedetto Capaldo's Italian deli in New London, where the name 'sub' was soon applied to the item." ---America Eats Out, John Mariani [Morrow:New York] 1991 (p. 114-5) According the the Oxford English Dictionary, the first print reference for the word "submarine," as it applies to this sandwich, was published in 1955 . That article makes no reference to Capaldo's. The earliest print reference we find stating the word "sub" dates to World War II is this: "The good folks fo Groton have posted a sign, "You are Entering the Submarine capital of the World," to eliminate confusion, because some people believe that New London, across the Thames River, is the sub capital. And it is, sort of. It's the capital of submarine sandwiches, being the birthplace of that wonderfullly portable meal, introduced to the world by New London's own Benedetto Capaldo. What had originally been a "grinder" because of the way you had to chew to get through the Italian bread became a "sub" during World War II. By then the submarine base commissary was ordering almost 500 sandwiches a day, and Benny had to hire four helpers to stuff the submarine-shaped loaves with salami, tomatoes, cheese, and lettuce. When the sailors eventually left town, they took their discover with them. The Naval Sub Base, usually referred to as the "New London Sub Base," really is in Groton, which long ago was part of New London." ---"The Submarine Capitals of the World," Jamie Kageleiry, Yankee, March 1990 (p. 86) [NB: Local words are sometimes used many years before they hit national print.] Notes from the Reference Librarians @New London (CT) Public Library confirm Capaldo's: ...searched our old city directories during the World War II time period and found that Benedetto Capaldo was a grocer and his store was located at 357 Bank Street from 1939 - 1943 and then later at 370 Bank Street (1944 - 1954). Presently, 357 Bank Street is a restaurant called Hot Rod Cafe. There is no current lisitng for 370 Bank Street. It appears that 1948 was the last year Benedetto Capaldo was listed in the city directory. Unfortunately, we don't have an index for the newspaper, so I won't be able to search the papers. ...looked through one of the books we have on the history of New London and found a little bit of information. This is from Reinventing New London by John Ruddy, " Legend has it that the New York Fruit Store on Shaw Street was the birthplace of the Italian grinder in the 1920s. Benedetto Capalbo (different spelling), the owner, was reputed to be the first in America to make the famous sandwich, known varioulsy as the hero, hoagie, and sub. Fifty years later, a suggestion that the building belonged on the National Register of Historic Places was met with snickers, and it was torn down." "Wedge (for the shape of the sandwich, usually cut at an angle) is another common alternative for hero..." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 154) "To the Editor: Your article ''In Hoagieland, They Accept No Substitutes'' (May 28) and the many names for a sandwich on hero bread brought to mind an experience I had in Brooklyn. I have lived in Yonkers all of my life, and we refer to the hero/hoagie/grinder/submarine as a wedge. When I went to a coffee shop in Brooklyn, they had a sign listing meatballs as a sandwich special of the day, and I ordered a meatball wedge and they hand't a clue as to what I was talking about!" ---New York Times, Jun 4, 2003. pg. F.8 "Westchester: Wedge Sandwich A regional sandwich name in Westchester (Yonkers) for the hero/sub/hoagie is "wedge." Again, I checked the telephone directories. Yonkers, Mt. Vernon, Bronxville, Tuckahoe YELLOW PAGES ---"ABOUT PHILIDELPHIA," William Robbins, New York Times, Aprril 17, 1984, (p. A14) "Settlers from Naples, Sicily, Calabria and Abruzzo poured into South Philadelphia in the 1880's and 1890's, and in the 1950's singers like Mario Lanza, Frankie Avalon, Fabian and Bobby Rydell sprang from these hard streets...According to those who have explored the murky recesses of local food history, hoagies owe their name to the Hog Island shipyard on the Delaware River. During the Depression, or so the story goes, construction workers there used to buy Italian sandwiches from a luncheonette operated by one Al DePalma, who called them ''hoggies.'' Time changed the name to hoagies. Hoagies are not fundamentally different from New York's heroes or Boston's grinders or Everytown's submarines. Call them what you like, but Philadelphia must eat more per capita than anyplace else, and in a city where almost everybody, including Wawa convenience stores, fills eight-inch-long bread rolls with cold cuts, South Philadelphia fills them better than anyone. The bread is the key to quality. So who better to make a great hoagie than a great bakery? That would be Sarcone's, a fixture on Ninth Street, which a few years ago opened a tiny deli a few doors away. Its Old Fashioned Italian (Gourmet) hoagie is a minor masterpiece. A roll with a crunchy seeded crust and a soft, yet densely chewy, interior provides a solid base with plenty of absorptive power. Both are sorely needed after they pile on the prosciutto, coppa, spicy sopressata, provolone, oregano, tomatoes, onions, hot peppers, oil and vinegar." ---"In Hoagieland, They Accept No Substitutes," R. W. APPLE Jr.., New York Times, May 28, 2003, (p. F1) "Phillufia, or Philly, which is what we kids called the city, was where the epicurean delight made with cold cuts, cheese, tomatoes, pickles, and onions stuffed into a long, hard-crusted Italian bread loaf was invented. The creation of that sandwich took place in tile Italian pushcart section of the city, known as Hog Island. Some linguists contend that it was but a short leap from Hog Island to hoagie. while others claim that the label hoagie arose because only a hog had the appetite or technique to eat one properly." ---"What Did You Say?," Richard Lederer, USA Today, July 2009, (p. 52) This oversized party food is attributed to the Manangaro family, whose Italian food shops were located at on Ninth Avenue, New York City. References to the sandwich first surface in the mid-1950s. The original sandwich cost $28.50, weighed between 22 & 25 pounds, served between 40-50 people, and was presented on a board crafted for the purpose. Who was responsible for the invention? Therein lies the rub which caused a family feud of epic proportions. Two brothers, Sal and Jimmy Dell'O'rto (direct descendants of the original Manganaro proprietor) claim the honor. Another story credits an unnamed publicist hired to promote the family business. [1959] "A Ninth Avenue sandwich shop is offering something different: a 25-pound 'Hero' sandwich six-feet long. Salvatore Dell'Orto said he made one for a customer who wanted something unusual. Since then four others have placed orders. The king-size, multiingredient sandwiches cost $28, are one-foot wide- and are delivered on a board." ---"Six-Foot Sandwich Built in New York," Christian Science Monitor, December 31, 1959 (p. 3) [1963] "Perhaps the best-known purveyor of hero sandwiches and her fillings in New York...is Manganaro's, that vast and fantastic Italian emporium at 488 Ninth Avenue (near 38th Street). Manganaro's has, in fact, a six-foot hero that costs $28.50 and must be ordered a day in advance. The sandwich allegedly serves 30 to 40 adults." ---"Food: Hero Sandwich Traced Abroad," Craig Claiborne, New York Times, August 27, 1963 (p. 34) Manganaro's on Ninth "At least the Capulets and Montagues didn't have to share a name. Not so the descendants of a 19th-century Neapolitan who opened an Italian deli on Ninth Avenue 107 years ago. In high fairy-tale tradition, the business eventually passed to descendants: four brothers named Dell'Orto who, citing difference in management style, divided it up between the oldest and youngest pairs. That was in 1961, and the family relations were never the same. Salvatore and Vincent, the older brothers, took over the original store, Manganaro's Grosseria Italiano, a prosperous business that sold groceries and had a small sandwich counter in the back. James and Mario, the younger brothers, got the business next door, a budding sandwich shop called Manganaro's Hero Boy. Both businesses were given the right to use the Manganaro name, but relations between them quickly soured. By the early 1960s the two sides had stopped speaking, and since then a trail of litigation has kept the feud alive...The stores locked horns in court in the 1980s, when Hero Boy sued the Grosseria for establishing a telephone line called 'Manangaro's Hero Party Hotline' that sold six food and party hero sandwiches. 'By doing that, he bummed into my business,' said James, asserting that in the 1960's and 1970's he spent considerable sums to promote his six-foot heroes, a sandwich he says Salvatore had hardly dabbled with until the 1980s. But Salvatore strongly disagrees. In fact, he said, 'We originated the six-foot sandwich.'" ---"Family Feud: Manganaro's Against Manganaro's," Tara Bahrampour, New York Times, May 14, 2000 (p. 34) "The business itself originated in 1893 as Petrucci's Wines and Brandies, where groceries were sold as well. In the 1920's, James Manganaro, an immigrant from Naples, took it over and gave it his name. He did so well that in 1927 he bought the building at 488 Ninth Avenue...In 1955, the six-foot hero was brainstormed when the family and a publicity agent figured that a large hero sandwich would be a good marketing ploy. Dubbed Hero-Boy, the 22-pound extravaganza cost $28.50 in the 1960s (it costs $106 now). Back then, it won such renown that Sal and the sandwich wound up on the quiz show 'I've Got a Secret.' (They stumped the panel). In 1956, the family bought the vacant store next door, and sandwiches, including the six-foot hero, were made there as well...It didn't take long for customers to become confused, placing an order with one Manganaro store, confirming the order with another...How did the feud begin? 'Some checks for use were mistakenly sent next door, and he banked them and never told me about it, Sal said of his brother Jimmy...Jimmy's recollection is quite different." ---"A Family, A Feud and a Six-Foot Sandwich, Glenn Collins, New York Times, December 8, 2001 (p. A1) Jimmy's side of the story: "History of Manganaro's Hero Boy. It began on Ninth Avenue in New York City in the late 1800's. From there, a family tradition has evolved into one of the City's most talked about places. There are not many restaurants that can boast on having a 'fifty' year plus background of serving some of the best food in the area and continuing on with the legacy that their family was so proud of. In 1956, with his mother Nina, James Dell'Orto operated the Italian Groceria known as Manganaro's. James decided to take this one step further and got the brilliant idea of doing a hero sandwich that would be the first of its kind and called it the Six Foot Hero Boy. It was an instant success and was the beginning of an Italian-style hero that could feed a party of thirty or forty people. The orders began coming in and Manganaro's Hero Boy began its exciting journey of becoming one of New York's finest eateries." ---SOURCE: HeroBoy.com [NOTE: In December 2013, the Six-foot hero costs $345.00. It comes with a complete party pack including chips, salad & pasta.] ? Manganaro's dissolved in 2011. Hero Boy survives in 2013. "Death of a Hero: Iconic Restaurant to Close" , Josh Barbanel, Wall Street Journal, Feburary 28. 2011. The place? New Orleans. The people? Most commonly attributed to Benny and Clovis Martin. The year? Varies, though most agree the name was made popular during the 1929 streetcar strike. Culinary evidence suggests the sandwich predates the name. "Po'boy. Also "poorboy." A sandwich made from French bread loaves split in half and filled with a variety of ingredients like ham, beef, cheese, oysters, tomatoes, and gravy. Similar to a hero, they are a specialty of New Orleans, where they were originally called push sandwiches because the meat was pushed along the length of the bread to save the best parts for last. The Po'boy was created in the 1920s by Benny and Clovis Martin, owners of Martin Brothers Grocery, who served the sandwich to striking streetcar workers free of charge (other sources say for fifteen cents) until the strike ended. They used up more than a thousand loaves of bread in one day. Another story says the term is related to the French for a gratuity, pourboire. Nonetheless, the term "poor boy" for a sandwich goes back to 1875. An oyster loaf is a form of po'boy made with oysters." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 246) [NOTE: According to Mr. Mariani, the 1875 reference is from the 2nd edition of the Random House Dictionary of the English Language.] The Oxford English Dictionary traces the earliest print origin to 1932: poor boy sandwich. A kind of large sandwich; = PO' BOY n1932 New Orleans Classified Telephone Directory 108/2 Po Boi Sandwich Shoppe Inc. 1951 N.Y. Herald Tribune 4 July 7/8 The beginning of the Po' Boy sandwich we credited to a sandwich shop in New Orleans. 1978 C. TRILLIN Alice, let's Eat 166 Three hours after we had arrived..I was settled under a tree, almost too full to finish my second hot-sausage po' boy. 1984 P. PRUDHOMME Prudhomme's Louisiana Kitchen x. 268, I think they're superb on sandwiches; we use them on our po boy sandwiches made with French bread and various fillings. 2003 Time Out N.Y. 3 Apr. 35/4 New Orleans raised chef Richard Pierce is serving po'boys and jambalaya at this new restaurant. Excellent summary with supporting primary documents here . What goes in a Po'Boy ? [1730] "Oyster Loaves, the plain Way. Take the Crumb out, and save the Bit you cut out, then beard your Oysters, and toss them up in some of the Liquor, and some clear Broth, and some Crumbs of Bread, season with a little Nutmeg and Sallt, and squeeze a little Lemon, then put in your Loaves, and egg over the HOle, and cover it with the Piece, and fry them in clarify'd Butter, so serve hot." ---The Complete Practical Cook, or, a New System of the Whole Art and Mystery of Cookery, Charles Carter, facsimile 1730 edition [Ecco Print on demand] (p. 46-47) [1901] Philly cheesesteaks, Chicago Italian beef sandwiches, & New Orleans Muffulettas While the origins of these tasty Italian sandwiches (and their relatives: Greek gyros & souvlakis) are of ancient southern European heritage, food historians generally agree the modern versions were introduced to America by food vendors in the 20th century. Each one is popularly attributed to a specific person, and the true recipe is honored. Regional culinary pride at its very finest. Philly cheese steak: Philadelphia, PA "Philadelphia Cheese-steak. A sandwich made with thin slices of beef topped with cheese and other condiments and served on a crisp Italian-style roll. It is a specialty of Philadelphia. Its origins have never been satsifactorily explained, although Pat and Harry Olivieri of Pat's Restaurant claim to have created the item in 1930 (although Pat Olivieri claimed to have added the cheese only in 1948)." ---Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 238) Philly folks order cheese steaks "wit." This means with Cheez Whiz & sauteed onions. The fact Cheez Whiz was introduced in 1953 makes us wonder whether this was a later permuation and/or what was the original cheese. Hmmmmmm.... --- http://www.muffoletta.com/history/ "Certain dishes are so ingrained in this region's stew-pot cuisine that to eliminate them would be unthinkable. One is muffuletta, an Italian submarine-type sandwich with a distinctive olive salad. It was created at Central Grocery Store in the early 1900s and still is sold there. Marie Lupo Tusa, daughter of the grocery's founder, tells the story of the sandwich's origin in her cookbook, Marie's Melting Pot (1980). Sicilian farmers selling produce at the nearby Farmers' Market stopped at the grocery every day for lunch. "They would order some salami, some ham, a piece of cheese, a little olive salad and either long braided Italian bread or round muffuletta bread," Tusa wrote. "In typical Sicilian fashion they ate everything separately." Her father decided it would be easier for the farmers if he cut the bread and put everything on it like a sandwich. After experimenting, he determined that the softer muffuletta bread worked better than the crusty Italian loaves, Tusa says. Shortly, the farmers began asking simply for the "muffuletta." --- http://www.dispatch.com/news/trips/taste/trad0707.html USA-centric media concentrates on where to obtain this trendy menu item. They provide scant references to its origin, history and evolution. Our research confirms "banh" is indeed a traditioal food of Vietnam. The origins are ancient and the "true" ingredients are indigenous. The Banh mi celebrated to day is a far cry from Vietnam's street foods. Presumably, this hybrid product was either created from, or inspired by, French culinary influence. Many popular ethnic-based Americanized foods were launched similar fashion. Think: spaghetti & meatballs and California rolls. None of the articles we read provided a date/decade for the genesis of banh mi. The most daring authors alluded vaguely to the beginning of 18th century French imperial rule. If we had to make an educated guess? We would place this food in the mid-20th century, most likely after WWII. American hero-type sandwiches (Philly Cheese Steaks, New Orleans Po'Boys, etc.) wedged their way onto the American culinary map during 1930s. What is traditional Vietnamese banh? "Banh is a word for which there is no satisfactory English equivalent. Spring rolls can be called banh, as can crepes. Sandwiches, and any baked goods are called banh. Sweets and savouries wrapped in leaves to be steamed or grilled are called banh. The only constant is that banh are small culinary bundles or other constructions, often eaten with the hands. Vietnamese who speak English generally refer to them as 'cake'...banh are quintessential street food. The oldest form of banh...what is arguably the world's oldest form of cooking other than simply exposing meat to fire, are those wrapped in leaves. In every market, and on street corners of every city and town, you will see them. Tightly wrapped in green leaves and tied with complex knots that would make a sailor proud, they fill baskets with their abundance...Each region in Vietnam has its own banh, just as each region of France has its own wine. The various ethnig groups prepare different types of banh with their local ingredients. People from the Tay ethnic minority wrap yams in banana leaves and call it banh khoai so. Hmong people use banana leaves to wrap banh ngo non, or young corn banh. Sweet potatoes and cassava are other common ingredients in the highlands. Leaf-wrapped banh are popular and enduring because they are so well suited to local materials and conditions. Leaves provide a container in which foods are cooked, and alos help to preserve the food, and keep it from getting dirty or mouldy. It is so compact and portable that if you have banh, you've alsways got a moveable feast, with no worries about disposing of a plastic wrapper. The most common ingredient in banh is rice both sticky and fluffy. A popular type is 'square cake', kwown in the north a banh chung, a savoury sticky rice preparation filled with mung bean paste and minced pork, wrapped in banana leaves, or the leaves of rushes, and steamed. While these can be found any day of the year, they are also important festival fare...In the central and southern parts of the country this cake is called banh u. The filling is the same, but hte package is intricately folded into a little pyramid...Banh tet, sometimes called Banh day, is said to have been first prepared by votaries on the Hung temple, near Hanoi. Thos is called the birthplace of the Vietnamese people, and its banh is meant to symbolise the continuity of the race, its determination to 'go forth and multiply'. Banh tet is always filled with rice, the gastronomic symbol of fertility." ---World Food: Vietnam, Richard Sterling, Lonely Planet (p. 181-182) French connection & American introduction "The French left their Vietnamese colonies with a legion of trained baguette bakers, pate makers and charcutiers who added their own flavorings to sausages and deli meats. This culinary legacy inspired Banh-mi, crunchy rolls piled with Vietnamese-style cold cuts. They are sold on practically every corner in Saigon, and now scores of California shops specialize in them. One of my favorite versions is at My Vi, a fascinating place to while away a lunch hour. At one end of the restaurant, people line up at a portable Chinese-style barbecue for take-out cha-shu and barbecued duck. At the other end, they eat "French submarines." My choice was Banh mi dia-a marvelous sandwich plate of assorted Vietnamese-style cold cuts and pate with two sunny-side-up eggs in the center. A little salad of marinated carrots and fresh chile slices also comes on the plate alongside a huge fluffy mound of wonderful homemade mayonnaise. (The owner gave a discourse on his homemade mayonnaise, which began with, "You take a fresh chicken egg.")" ---"Exotica on Rye," Linda Burum, Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1987 (p. 95) "Banh mi, Vietnamese sandwiches served on hot, crisp French bread, are everywhere in and around Asian Garden, and the competition keeps the prices down and the quality high-banh mi that, the basic, fresh-chile-spiked barbecued pork sandwich-is usually 99 cents, and it's hard to find a bad one. If you throw in an extra half-buck for the deluxe sandwich, you'll get bits of every pig part you can imagine." ---"'Garden of Eatin'," Jonathan Gold, Los Angeles Times, February 6, 1992 (p. 25) "The Vietnamese are master sandwich makers, a legacy of their time under the French, when they were introduced to, among other things, French bread and fine coffee. You ordinarily won't find Vietnamese sandwiches, or banh mi, in restaurants, though. They are considered street food, great for a quick snack or lunch." ---"From Memphis to Vietnam," Eric Asimov, New York Times, March 10, 1999 (p. F2) Trendy fare "Operators across the country are exploring ways to upgrade the traditional American sandwich. But some are predicting that the next sandwich craze is waiting in the wings in Vietnamese neighborhoods across the country. Banh mi sandwiches - a classic Vietnamese combination of p�t�, ham, sausages or head-cheese, topped with pickled carrots, cucumbers, daikon, fresh cilantro and jalape�os on a French baguette - have been common in cities with large Asian populations for the past two decades. But as more non-Asian diners discover the inexpensive and tasty treat, operators are seeing crossover potential to appeal to a broader audience. Banh mi specifically was mentioned by a study released in April by Packaged Facts, a New York-based market research firm specializing in consumer goods, as one of several Asian dishes with "potential for mainstream appeal." According to Packaged Facts, the total U.S. retail sales of Asian foods increased by 27.3 percent from 2000 to 2004, driven in part by a growing Asian-American population. The sandwich is a classic example of cultural fusion, a vestige of the French colonial era in Vietnam. The bread is French, of course, as is the smear of p�t�, ham and mayonnaise. The rest is Vietnamese, offering a refreshing spice and crunch. A banh mi is essentially a submarine sandwich with an exotic twist. Some use Asian-style barbecued pork, lemongrass chicken and other hot options as well, and most banh mi shops allow guests to customize their orders." ---"Banh mi on a roll," Lisa Jennings, Nation's Restaurant News, May 16, 2005 (p. 41) "A baguette, still warm from the oven, its golden crust trellised with cracks. Sandwiched inside, a bright green thatch of cilantro and jalapenos, a tangle of pickled carrots and daikon, a smear of pate. Loaded between that, maybe a layer of rich barbecued pork or zesty meatballs, even spicy sardines. This is banh mi, an addictive Vietnamese street food and the culinary pay dirt of French colonialism." ---"COOKING; A slice of Little Saigon; The banh mi sandwich, a fresh baguette with savory fillings, is the quintessential Vietnamese comfort food," Amy Scattergood, Los Angeles Times, November 5, 2008 (p. F1) "No one knows precisely when the first b�nh m� hit New York, although historians of that ingenious Vietnamese delicacy estimate that it was sometime during the Koch administration [1978-1989], back when there wasn't such a huge market for crackly demi-baguettes, warmed in the oven, slicked with mayo and p�t�, then layered meticulously with a variety of cold cuts and a thatch of pickled and fresh vegetables. One thing is certain: Since that fateful day, the b�nh m� (pronounced bun me) has come into its own, transcending its humble Chinatown origins to infiltrate not only hipster enclaves like Williamsburg, which, in the two years since Silent H opened, has become a b�nh m� hub, but also the menus of cocktail lounges (Pegu Club, which serves a fried-oyster b�nh m�), coffee shops (Roots & Vines, where you can have a b�nh m� with your Counter Culture latte), and even wine bars (Terroir offers a mortadella-stuffed b�nh m�Italiano). It's fair to say, in fact, that the b�nh m� is the new panino, and the toaster oven (found wherever b�nh m� are made, including a new financial-district street cart) the new panini press." ---"Another B�nh M� in the Oven; Is the humble Vietnamese hoagie poised to become New York's No. 1 sandwich?," Robin Raisfeld, Rob Patronite, New York Magazine, April 13, 2009 "In Vietnamese, the word banh mi means "bread," and the sandwich itself is a culinary testament to the influence of French colonialism, which began in the mid- 1800s. During this time, baguettes, along with cream, butter, pte, custards and coffee were introduced to the country, and over the years, consequently morphed into the many French-influenced Vietnamese dishes we know today. Classic French-style crepes became Ban xeo, a rice flour/coconut crepe filled with pork, shrimp and bean sprouts, while a classic French asparagus veloute (a stock-enriched cream-based soup) gets a Vietnamese makeover with the addition of crabmeat, dried shrimp and fish sauce. There are many banh mi variations and options, whether you're taking on the challenge of re-creating one of these sandwiches at home or ordering from a local Vietnamese bakery. In addition to the more common filling of pork or sliced pate, sandwiches can be stuffed with grilled chicken, sardines, even head cheese. When ordering one of these baguettes at a Vietnamese bakery, never fear. Most establishments make life easy by listing each sandwich variation in English and Vietnamese along with a larger- than-life-photo to help you through the process. And the price cannot be beat. For a 12-inch sandwich, you'll get set back $3, and many bakeries have a promotion of buy five, get one free to sweeten the deal that much more." ---"A Vietnam tradition: the banh mi sandwich," Kendra Bailey Morris, The Richmond Times-Dispatch, November 22, 2009 (p. G3) Pinwheel sandwiches Pinwheel (aka rolled) sandwiches descend from canapes : fancy 19th century finger sandwiches served with tea or cocktails. Checkerboard sandwiches, ribbon sandwiches, refrigerator cookies and other artfully crafted bit-sized presentations are closely related. The earliest print reference we find for Pinwheel Sandwich in American cookbooks is dated 1929. It is interesting to note this item is not quite the menu item we know today. In the food world, this is not an unusual occurance. Careful examination of ingredients and method often reveal similar recipes with different names. This method is generally a more accruate way to trace the evolution of a specific dish. Modern-style Pinwheel Sandwiches (made with several layers of bread and fillings) surface in the early 1930s. Tortilla Pinwheel sandwiches surfaced in 1987. Vintage sandwich sampler [1913] "Rolled Bread and Butter. Rolled bread and butter is much preferable to flat slices for afternoon teas, as ladies may hold it without spoiling dainty gloves. Butter the loaf--not a fresh one--having first decrusted it with a very sharp knife; cut a slice as thin as possible and roll each slice with flat of hand--practice soon perfects. Pile the rolls log-fashion, or in a pyramid, on a doyley- covered bread plate; garnish daintily with parsley or cress." ---The American Home Cook Book, Grace E. Denison [Barse & Hopkins Publishers:New York] 1913 (p. 351) [1916] Tortilla Pinwheel Sandwiches Pinwheel (aka rolled) sandwiches descend from canapes: fancy 19th century finger sandwiches served with tea or cocktails. Our survey of historic American newspapers suggest Tortilla Pinwheel sandwiches surfaced in 1987. The fact that tortilla pinwheels were introduced about the same time as New Southwestern Cuisine appears to be a parallel gastronomic coincidence. The earliest recipes in Amerian print call for cream cheese, ham, Dijon mustard, and dill. A far cry from TexMex. Even more intriguing? The first recipe we found actually called for lahvosh (lavash), a traditional Armenian flatbread. About lavosh . Were these sandwiches Armenian fare? It appears so! The pinwheel presentation, like the use of tortillas, appears to be an Armenian-American adapation. "Eating food folded in lavash is an Armenian obsession. A wrap made by spreading a filling on lavash and rolling it tightly is called brdooch in the vernacular of an Armenian village. The most common filling for brdooch is salty cheese and herbs. Brdooch was a popular fast food and a basic meal for many generations of Armenian peasants and townsfolk...And the time came when the grandchildren of brdooch-loving Armenians landed in the United States. It's no big surprise that they turned brdooch into an American fast food. Armenian-American food entrepreneurs modified those original small lunches...giving them names like 'Hye Roll' (hye means Armenian), 'Hye Wraps,' and 'Aram Sandwich.' Just as the basis of Mexican food is the tortilla, the foundation of the Armenian brdoock and its modern variations is lavash. The authentic new way of eating a real brdooch is to make a long, pipe-like wrap, hold it with two hands and bite, starting from the top." ---Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore, Irina Petrosian and David Underwood [Yerkir Publishing:Bloomington IN] 2006 (p. 30-31) The first print evidence we find for making pinwheel sandwiches with tortillas is a recipe for "Ham and Cheese Lahvosh Rolls" makes no references to origin, ethnic tradition, "inventor" or company promotion. "For a light lunch or substantial snack, ham and cheese lahvosh rolls are sure to satisfy any appetite. Crisp lettuce, cream herbed cheese, thinly sliced ham and crunch almonds are all wrapped up in tender, chewy lahvosh bread. Quickly assembled, these rolls stay fresh wrapped in foil in the refrigerator. They may be sliced thick or thin as your appetite commands. These pinwheel sandwiches have a nutritious side too. Ham and cheese both offer protien, and the almonds provide vitamin E, riboflavin , niacin, calcium, iron and dietary fiber... "Ham 'n' Cheese Lahvosh Rolls 1 chop chopped almonds 2 (8-oz.) packages cream cheese, softened 2 tablespoons Dijon mustard Thinly sliced, seeded, and drained tomato Thinly sliced cucumber (use the tiny, almost seedless variety of available Salt to taste Fresh mint leaves Sprinkle the bread (lavash) with water to soften...When pliable, arrange the cheese slices in a straight line 4 inches from the bottom, leaving a 2- to 3-inch border on each side. Place the tomato slices and then the cucumber slices over the cheese. Sprinkle with salt on top and with mint leaves. Fold over the sides of the bread, then fold the bottom edge over the filling and roll up tightly like a jelly roll. Serve at once. Makes 1." ---The Cuisine of Armenia, Sonia Uvezian [Hippocrene Books:New York] 1974, 1998 (p. 100-101) [NOTE: If sliced, this recipe would make a perfect Pinwheel Sandwich.] The second article we found confirms the Armenian connection. Why were Americans using tortillas? The author suggests it was a matter of product availability: "Get a rise out of the dinner crowd by serving some delicious, chewy flat bread with ethnic origins. Flat breads are among the most ancient form of baked bread, evoking images of our ancestors heating grainy gobs of dough on a hot rock. But with the invention of modern ovens, we can enjoy the same interesting textures without the trouble of striking flint or grinding our own flour. Pizza and tortillas are the most familiar flat breads to modern Americans...I tried my hand at making from scratch the Armenian or Lebanese-style of flat bread similar to a flour tortilla, only with a huge diameter. But to obtain the size required flipping the bread hand to hand, stretching it gradually much as skilled pizza-makers or strudel makers do, I didn't. Instead. I'd recommend staring with a large flour tortilla for the clever pinwheel sandwiches. Top a large, flexible tortilla with ham sliced paper-thin and leaf lettuce. Roll up tightly into a cylinder and then cut crosswise slices; serve with mustard and mayonnaise mixed together." ---"Chewy flatbreads have ethnic ties," Joyce Rosencrons [Scripps Howard News Service], Daily Intelligencer/Montgomery County Record [PA], August 26, 1987 9p. 19) The following month, tortilla pinwheels were promoted as nutritious gourmet-on-the-go fare, without a culinary nod to Armenian cuisine. "The recipes suggested here are terrific late-night study snacks, which are usually prepared with a minimum of fuss at the last minute or can be made ahead, frozen and popped into the microwave for enjoyment later...Quickly assembled pinwheel sandwiches, made with tortillas, almonds and Neufchatel cheese, make a great late-night study snack... "Late-night Ham and Cheese Rolls 1 chop chopped onions 2 (8-ounce) packages Neufchatel cheese, softened 2 tablespoons Dijon mustard 1 teaspoon fresh dill weed 1 teaspoon dried basil leaves 1/2 cup sliced green onions 6 large flour tortillas 1 pound thinly sliced ham 8 red leaf lettuce leaves Spread almonds in shallow pan or on baking sheet. Toast at 350 degrees 10 minutes, stirring once or twice until lightly browned. Cool. Blend cheese with mustard, garlic, dill, basil, almonds and green onions. Heat tortillas according to package directions. Spread cheese mixture on 1 side of tortillas, then top with ham and lettuce. Roll tightly, sealing edges. Roll in foil and chill until ready to use. Cut in long diagonal slices, placing cut-side down on serving plate. Makes 6 servings." ---"Nutri-Data," Toni Tipton, Los Angeles Times, September 17, 1987 (p. H34) Although hot sandwich-type combinations of bread, cheese, meat, and condiments were known to ancient cooks, tuna fish sandwiches are generally considered a 20th century recipe. The canned tuna industry was launched in 1903 and food companies played an active role in promoting their products to the American public. Many companies authored cookbooks and recipe brochures to show housewives how to use their product. Tuna fit neatly into the sandwich market, where diced lobster, crab and salmon mixed with dressings were already in vogue. Recipes for tuna sandwiches (mostly cold tuna salad) begin to show up regularly in American cookbooks published in the 1920s. These books also contain several recipes for toasted/broiled cheese and meat combinations, though none with tuna. The only hot fish sandwich recipes we find in the 1920s and 1930s are for sardines, without cheese. It is not until after World War II we begin to find recipes for toasted tuna and cheese combinations (either open or closed, broiled or sauteed). They were not called cheese melts but they would have produced a similar product. Consider: 1946: "Tuna Fish Sandwiches with Cheese," Joy of Cooking, Irma Rombauer (p. 30) ---broiled, open with tomatoes & grated cheese (no type specified) 1954: "Tuna buns," Start to Finish, Ann Batchelder (p. 70) [food editor of the Ladies Home Journal] ---baked, open on hamburger buns, cheddar cheese, gherkins 1972: "Tuna Cheesewiches & Broiled Tuna Burgers" Del Monte Kitchens Cook Book (p. M-3) ---baked, closed in foil-wrapped hamburger buns, swiss cheese & ketchup ---broiled, hamburger buns, cheddar cheese So, when did the name "tuna melt" begin? Jean Anderson, food historian and cook book author, offers this explanation: "Who came up with this broiled, cheese-topped open-face tuna salad sandwich? And when? The first recipe I could find for anything simliar appears in Ida Baily Allen's Best Loved Recipes of the American People (1973). "Tuna-Cheese Grilled Open Sandwich," she calls it. The catch here is that Ida Baily Allen died in 1973. Best Loved Recipes is clearly a compilation of recipes gathered throughout her long career, which began early in the twentieth century. There are no dates on any of the recipes, or for that matter, any historical notes. My good friend cook book author Sandy Gluck thinks Tuna Melt is a 60s or 70s creation and that the creator may have been a dormitory coed with a toaster-oven. Sandy says the first time she was asked to make a Tuna Melt was in the early 1980s when she was the chef at a restaurant in New York's Chelsea district. Tuna Melt recipes differ from cook to cook because tuna salad recipes, themselves, vary." ---The American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Recipes of the 20th Century, Jean Anderson [Clarkson Potter:New York] 1997 (p. 344) The earliest print references we find for "Tuna Melt" are ads publsihed by popular family restaurant chains circa 1975: "Tuna Melt Banquet. Tuna Salad and American Cheese grilled in butter, served with french fries anda salad with your choice of dressing."---ad, International House of Pancakes (IHOP), Des Moines Register, Alrip 13, 1975 (p. 26) "Tuna Melt. Tuna and Melted Cheese on Dark Rye Bread Served with French Fried Potatoes and Cole Slaw."---ad, Howard Johnson's restaurant, Los Angeles Times, September 18, 1975 (p. O24). Western sandwiches The classic Western Sandwich (aka Denver Sandwich ) is composed of scrambled eggs or egg omelet cooked with ham, onions, green peppers, salt and pepper. It is served hot on toast or rolls. Americans did not invent the Western Sandwich. Combinations of eggs, meat and spices were enjoyed by ancient people, and evolved in many different cultures and cuisines. Our notes on the history of omelets & scrambled eggs . These recipes arrived on our shores with colonial settlers and immigrant cooks. 17th-19th century English and American cookbooks have plenty of ham and egg recipes which confirm the popularity of this particular combination. Eggs on Toast , Frizzled Ham and Eggs, and other popular recipes from Estelle Woods Wilcox's Buckeye Cookery, [Minneapolis] 1877. Who came up with the idea? There are three primary theories regarding the origin of this sandwich in the USA. All are plausible. One camp credits 19th century Chinese cooks working on the western railroads. Like chop suey , some traditional Chinese recipes adapted well to American ingredients. Another other camp attributes this sandwich to Anglo-American food culture. And then? There's Basque piperade . While Chinese cookbooks offer several recipes centering on eggs (omelets, etc.), Egg Fu Yung appears to be a Chinese-American hybrid based on the non-Chinese ingredients. Modernized recipes (20th century forward) are plentiful; some include standard Chinese vegetables & meat/fish products. "Other Chinese were cooks for the work gangs, and one of these, I am willing to believe, invented the sandwich that is called a "western" in the states east of the Mississippi and a "Denver" in most of the rest of the country. When a hungry cowboy asked for a sandwich between meals, the story goes, the Chinese cook prepared eggs foo yung by making the traditional Oriental omelet from meats and vegetables at had--in this case the green pepper that was grown by early Spanish in the West, along with onions and some chopped ham. Put between slices of bread, this hasty Chinese creation became the prototype of one of the most American of all sandwiches." ---American Food: The Gastronomic Story, Evan Jones, 2nd edition [Vintage:New York] 1981 (p. 166) "Foo Yung Eggs, Foo Yung Daan. The Egg Foo Yung that is so popular in Chinese-American (as distinct from Chinese) restaurants deserves an honored place in your repertoire. This type of omelet, together with Chop Suey and Chow Mein, which were invented in America, serves to bridge the gulf between Western and Chinese tastes. In recent years, Egg Foo Yung has fallen in the esteem of those who have become knowledgeable about Chinese food, perhaps because of its past associations. However, any dish is only as good as the ingredients used and the skill of the cook. When properly made, I think this dish is delectable. Egg Foo Yung is not strictly a dish invented for the American taste by Chinese cooks. There was a great tradition from which it drew." ---Jim Lee's Chinese Cook Book, [Harper & Row:New York] 1968 (p. 98-9) As is common with many popular foods, the recipe precedes the name. And! The recipe has more than one name. "Western sandwich. The American Heritage Cookbook and Illustrated History of American Eating and Drinking (1964) fixed the origin of this sandwich in Westward Ho days when pioneer women masked the flavor of over-the-hill eggs by mixing them in plenty of onions. Of course those frontier women lacked some of the principal ingredients of the classic Western Sandwich--green and/or red bell peppers. Other food historians believe the sandwich may have originated with chuckwagon cooks, then been refined and embellished over the years. Whatever its origins, the Western Sandwich seems not to have made it into the pages of cookbooks--or onto the menus of restaurants--until well into the twentieth century. In the West, it's often called a "Denver." ---The American Century Cookbook: The Most Popular Recipes of the 20th Century, Jean Anderson [Clarkson Potter:New York] 1997 (p. 349) "The Western Sandwich was invented by pioneers. It was common for eggs to get "high" after a long haul over hot trails. In order to salvage the eggs, and kill the bad flavor of them, pioneers women mixed eggs with onions and any other seasonings on hand. 1/4 pound ham or 4 slices bacon, diced 1 green pepper, chopped	Reuben
In what trick taking card game does a player score 1500 (vulnerable) or 1000 (Non-vulnerable) extra points for taking all of the tricks, an act known as a grand slam?	Road Tips: Omaha, NE Road Tips A Sales Guy's Guide to Travel, Food and Music in the Midwest and Beyond - and Much More! Recent Posts Swine Dining, Bellevue, NE I've driven by a barbecue place a handful of times in the south Omaha suburb of Bellevue - Swine Dining . And reading about the place in local travel magazines in the Omaha area, it turns out that Swine Dining has won a number of barbecue competition and people's choice awards over the past few years. Leaving Omaha late one morning and heading toward Kansas City, I stopped off at Swine Dining for lunch before I left the area. Eric Ging got his start - like many barbecue chefs - working the competition barbecue circuit. Working out of his mobile barbecue truck - the Pig Rig - Ging was a regular barbecue competitor and also offered up his barbecue at special events and fairs, and was usually seen in parking lots around Bellevue and near Offutt Air Force Base . When a chance to open a restaurant came up, Ging opened Swine Dining just east of the Olde Towne area of downtown Bellevue. (It appears that there may have been a change in ownership in April of 2015, but from what I could find on-line it still lists Eric Ging as the owner.) It was just before noon when I pulled up in front of Swine Dining on Mission Road just west of the Missouri River bridge that takes you across to Iowa. ( see map ) I was able to park on the street across from the restaurant and went inside. It's counter service at Swine Dining and the order window has the menu just above it. It's a pretty short menu for a barbecue place and they don't sell beer to go along with the smoked meats. There are two dining areas at Swine Dining - a smaller one in the same room as the counter and this room off to the side that featured some worn booths and tables with ice cream parlor chairs. A number of awards were on the walls along with some signage from other barbecue places. As I said, the menu at Swine Dining isn't deep featuring pork ribs and 1/2 chicken for main entrees and a handful of sandwiches including brisket, pulled pork, barbecued chicken, and smoked sausage. They didn't have combo plates available for individual diners, but they had combos that would feed 3 to 6 people available. But that was going to be way too much food and it was too pricey to try three meats and a couple of sides. On given days, Swine Dining also has specials such as a traditional southern Brunswick Stew made with smoked meats, barbecued pork tacos, and feather bones - small pork riblets taken from the back of the tenderloin of a pig. I decided to get the brisket sandwich and two sides lunch special they had that day. The brisket was served dry and open-faced on a small hoagie bun. I got the baked beans and fries to go along with the brisket sandwich. They had two different types of barbecue sauce at Swine Dining - a Kansas City-style sweet sauce and a spicy sauce that I didn't think was all that spicy. The brisket was thin, lean and had some pretty good flavor. The spicier of the two sauces went very well with the taste of the meat. The beans were pretty good, as well. They were heavy in molasses and had a very sweet taste. I mixed in some of their spicy sauce with the beans to zip them up a bit. And finally, the fries were also pretty good. They were a thicker, steak-fry style with a crispy outer shell and a nice flaky inside to them. The overall taste of the barbecue was above average. I'm the kind of guy who likes to try different types of smoked meats when I go to a barbecue place. I was somewhat disappointed in that the cheapest combo plate was around $40 bucks at Swine Dining, so I just ended up getting the brisket - which was available only as a sandwich option. And I'm also the kind of guy who likes a cold beer with my barbecue, something that Swine Dining also doesn't offer. Other than that, I thought the brisket sandwich, baked beans and the fries were all above average compared to other barbecue places I've been to. Swine Dining was a good place to try, but I don't think I'd drive out of my way to have a meal there again. Benson Brewery - Omaha, NE Out in Omaha earlier this year, I invited one of my dealers and his wife out for dinner. He asked me where I would like to go and I said that I wanted something fun and local. He suggested we go to the Benson Brewery for dinner that evening. "They've got good food and I know you like good beer," he explained to me. It sounded like a winning combination. Ryan Miller is a self-described beer nerd. His geekdom for beer began after growing up in South Omaha and sampling a number of micro-brewed beers as a young adult. Along with partners Andy Willey and Christian Young, the group came up with a concept of a brew pub that featured cutting-edge brews without using exotic ingredients, and serving locally raised foods. The group found an old movie house in the Benson neighborhood of Omaha. The Benson neighborhood has gone through a revival with a number of restaurants and shops coming into the area over the past few years. The Benson Brewery opened its doors in June of 2013. The original brewmaster, Andy Elliott, was an apprentice brewer at the Odell Brewing Company in Fort Collins, CO. Elliott eventually left Benson Brewery and was replaced by Jimmy Vollmer, an Omaha native who went to nearby Benson High School . (Home of the "Mighty Bunnies"!) The original chef at Benson Brewery was Matt Taylor who came to the brew pub from a stint as the executive chef of the Timber Room , the dining establishment located in the Lied Lodge and Conference Center in Nebraska City, NE. About a year after the Benson Brewery opened, Taylor left and was replaced by David Meegan, a Nebraska native who studied at the prestigious Institute of Culinary Education in New York City. After graduation, Meegan worked at the trendy Five Leaves in Brooklyn, NY before moving back to Nebraska to work at Plank Seafood Provisions in the Old Market of Omaha. Meegan continues to use the "farm-to-fork" concept when sourcing locally grown foods. It was about 7 p.m. when we got into Benson Brewery. The outside of the building features barn board on the facade and the rustic look carries over to the main bar area just inside. Elegant Edison lighting hangs from the ceiling from exposed wooden beams. We sat in the dining room off to the side, part of an expansion that happened a couple years ago at Benson Brewery. The room featured a wooden floor and a nice planked wall along the east side. It was open and it got loud in there. There's also a little beer garden out back that was part of the expansion. Open during the warmer months, it featured a number of picnic-style tables and could accommodate 25 to 30 people. There's also a couple of table out in front of the restaurant for people who want to enjoy a beer or two and take in the street-side scenery of the revitalized Benson neighborhood. We were greeted by Alex, our server for the evening, and given food menus . Looking through the beer menu , I found the Debut IPA they had on tap. It was a hoppy beer, but smooth on the finish. My dealer ordered up the Karha-T, a spiced English ale that he said he liked. The menu at Benson Brewery is not all the extensive. They featured a handful of entrees including a locally grown Wagyu beef strip steak, a three cheese mac & cheese dish, sausage links and beer-braised cabbage, and a cast iron grilled salmon. For sandwiches, they had a pork tenderloin sandwich, a grilled three-cheese sandwich, a chicken pesto sandwich, and a black bean burger for vegetarians. They had a couple burgers on the menu - a daily special burger and a blue cheese burger. They had some interesting appetizers to choose from on the menu including a smoked salmon spread; Prince Edward Island mussels in a coconut milk, fennel and an saffron sauce served with warm baguette bread; a poutine appetizer with cheese curds and house fries topped with a gravy sauce; and this appetizer that my dealer's wife wanted to get - the fried oysters. The beer battered fried oysters were served with pickled onions and sprouts along with lightly grilled lemon wedges. The oysters were big and meaty and had a nice taste to them. We made quick work of the oysters as we figured out what we were going to get to eat. I was torn between a couple of things - the baked mac & cheese sounded good and you can add items such as chicken, chorizo, broccoli or bacon to the mix of three cheese and pasta; and the pork tenderloin sandwich made with pork from Truebridge Foods , a purveyor of fine pork products started by a group of Nebraska veterinarians. But for some reason I ended up ordering the Cuban sandwich - braised pork, ham and Swiss cheese topped with dill pickles and an IPA mustard and served on a baguette. Now, I usually know that getting a Cuban sandwich in the Midwest doesn't come anywhere near the taste quality of the true Cuban sandwiches I've had in Miami years ago. The sweet Cuban bread - almost like King's Hawaiian bread - is what makes the true taste of a Cuban sandwich. The baguette bread they used for the Cuban sandwich at was pretty basic and they pressed it to give the bread a crunchy outer shell. It was all right - nothing special. At least Alex didn't try to sell it to me as a true Cuban sandwich. A side of house fries came with the sandwich and they, too, were just all right. My dealer also went the sandwich route and got the shaved prime rib sandwich. It featured thinly sliced pieces of coffee-rubbed slow-roasted prime rib topped with provolone cheese and pickled jalapeños. It was served open-faced on a hoagie bun with a side of au jus and fries. The beef was piled high on the sandwich and it looked very good. His wife got the fish and chips - beer-battered mahi mahi served with a malt vinegar aioli sauce. Fries and grilled lemons also came with the fish. She thought the beer-battered mahi mahi was delicious - the batter was light and the fish was tender and flaky. She was more than happy with what she got. While I can't call the food offerings - or the Cuban sandwich that I had - exceptional at Benson Brewery, it was still a fun place to go and hang out. The Debut IPA I had was good with a nice hoppy flavor to it. My guests were happy with the food they got and it was nice to catch up in conversation before, during and after dinner. The service we received from Alex was efficient and friendly. Benson Brewery is a good place to go get a beer and enjoy some appetizers or a sandwich in a very casual setting. A Final Visit to the Bohemian Cafe - Omaha, NE One of my most favorite restaurants in my travels over the years has been the Bohemian Cafe in Omaha. My brother-in-law turned me on to the place nearly 30 years ago as it was a favorite Sunday lunch place for his family to go to years ago. Earlier this year, the owners announced that they would be closing the Bohemian Cafe due to a couple factors - the head chef and much of the staff were approaching retirement age, and there has been a declining number of diners over the past few years due to stiff competition in the Omaha restaurant marketplace. It doesn't appear anyone is stepping up to buy the venerable restaurant, so it will be closing later this evening for good. (Photo courtesy Omaha World-Herald ) I've written about the Bohemian Cafe twice on my blog (click here and here , but they were both during the early stages of Road Tips where I was still developing a format and a voice for the blog). As I said, my brother-in-law was the one who told me I needed to go to the Bohemian Cafe when I first started to travel to Omaha for work just over 30 years ago. He grew up 30 miles east of Omaha and it was a Sunday ritual for he and his mom and dad to make the trek down U.S. Highway 6 to Council Bluffs, then crossing over the Missouri River to Omaha on the old Ak-Sar-Ben Bridge. They would then drive to 13th St., take a left and head south about a mile to the Bohemian Cafe on the right hand side. ( see map ) When he was making the trip in the 50's, the Bohemian Cafe was already over 30 years old. There were a large number of Czechoslovakian immigrants that settled in Omaha in the late 1800's. Many of the immigrants were from the Bohemia or Moravia regions and by the late 1880's it was the largest ethnic population in Omaha. Many of the immigrants were found south of the downtown Omaha district in an area known as "Little Bohemia". It was an area for commerce, entertainment and faith for the growing Czech population in the area. In 1924, Louie Macala started selling sandwiches and dinners in a Czech hotel along S. 13th Street. Along with his wife, Rose, they moved to another location in the early 30's a little over a block north of the present day restaurant location and renamed their place Louie Macala Cafe. In 1935, he changed the name to the Bohemian Cafe. In 1947, Macala sold the Bohemian Cafe to Josef Libor and Ann Kapoun Libor. Macala stayed on for a number of years as the restaurant's chef. In 1959, the Libor's moved the restaurant to its present day space in what was originally a bank, but was a grocery store up to 1959. Ann Libor was responsible for the old world decor inside and the trademark exterior work including the brightly colored tile. Josef and Ann continued to run the restaurant up to July of 1966 handing over the reins to Mert and Robert Kapoun, Ann's son. The Kapoun family consisted of the parents and four children - Ron, Terry, Bob and Marsha. While the parents worked in the kitchen, the children bussed tables and worked as servers. In 1979, Ron Kapoun became the head chef in the kitchen. Robert and Mert retired a number of years ago with Robert passing away in 2007. The four Kapoun children became co-owners of the Bohemian Cafe and Mert is said to visit the restaurant every day, even into her late 80's. A number of longtime restaurants in the immediate area - Piccolo Pete's, Caniglia's Venice Inn, and Mr. C's - began to close in recent years, victims of many of the same problems that are causing the Bohemian Cafe to close. Terry Kapoun was the one who broke the news to the staff on May 10 of this year that the restaurant would close toward the end of the September. Some of the staff had been working in the restaurants since the 60's and 70's. Initially, it was business as usual for the restaurant. But with staff leaving to find other jobs, the Kapoun's were forced to close on Monday's and Tuesday's earlier this summer and they no longer have lunch service through the week, opening at 3:30 Wednesday through Friday. The family was hoping they would be able to sell the restaurant intact and as is to someone, but it appears that didn't happen. The Bohemian Cafe - in business for 92 years - will close later today. I was in Omaha earlier this summer and I had heard back in May that it was going to be closing. I knew I had to have one last meal in the place. I figured that I'd be able to get right in after getting into Omaha around 6:30 one evening. After all, I never had to wait for a table in all the years I'd been coming to the Bohemian Cafe. That wasn't the case this evening. The parking lot on the side of the building and directly behind the building were full. The larger overflow parking across S. 13th St. from the restaurant was also full. I ended up finding street parking on William St. just around the corner from the Bohemian Cafe. When I went inside, there was a line that stretched nearly out the door of people waiting to get a table. The lady who took my name told me that it's been like this since they announced they were closing in May. She said it would be about a 25 to 30 minute wait. I decided to wait in the bar - the Bohemian Girl - while I waited for my table. I took a seat at the bar and got a mug of Pilsner Urquell . As I sat there for a moment, I thought about the times I came here with my late friend Dave Arnold. We would sit in one of the side dining rooms and eat great, stick-to-your-ribs food, and down many large mugs of Pilsner Urquell. I hoisted one in Dave's honor and memory as I sat at the bar. I checked with the hostess after about 30 minutes to make sure that I was still on the list. The line was just as long as it was when I first came in. When I checked with her, she said that I could have a small booth near the front of the main dining room. The place was packed, I didn't know if it would be able to get a seat until later on. I decided to take the small booth. I'm not a small guy and it was all I could do to fit comfortably in the booth. And it wasn't that comfortable. Actually, I would have rather been in the smaller of the two dining rooms. (There's also a dining room for overflow and private events toward the back of the restaurants.) This was the room I ate in many times over the years. The booths were always comfortable and the room was cozy. The menu at the Bohemian Cafe hasn't changed much - if any - in all the years I've been going there. They have roast turkey, roast duck, chicken fried steak, Polish sausage, breaded chicken cutlets, Czech goulash, roasted or breaded pork loin, and one of my favorites - Svickova, a Czech-style sauerbraten. That evening, I was torn between two of my other favorites - the burgundy roast beef (in a burgundy gravy sauce), and the always unique boiled beef in dill gravy. It is much better in taste than what it sounds like on the menu. Since I can usually find other places that serve beef in a burgundy sauce, I decided to go with the boiled beef in dill gravy. Traditionally before the main entree is served at the Bohemian Cafe, you get a basket of bread - it always seems like the bread is a day or two too old - and a choice of salad or liver dumpling soup. I don't like liver, but there's something about the Bohemian Cafe's liver dumpling soup. The broth is light and slightly salty. Dipping the somewhat hard rye bread into the broth is a taste treat beyond compare. The liver dumpling in the broth also has this great beef taste to it. The liver dumpling soup was always a great treat for me. Along with the boiled beef with the dill gravy I got dumplings and the sweet and sour cabbage. They ladled a healthy amount of the dill gravy on the dumplings. The beef was tender and pulled apart with the cut of a fork. The dill gravy just helped add to overall the taste sensation. The sweet and sour cabbage was excellent, as were the dumplings in the dill gravy. This was a lot of food on the plate. I couldn't finish it all. I felt bad leaving the food that I had left on the plate. Interestingly, there was an equally long line of people who were in line to pay their bill at the register. I was talking with a gentleman who was there with his family who said they had been dining at the Bohemian Cafe weekly since the Kapoun family announced they were closing. I told him that I hoped that this wouldn't be a repeat of the Berghoff in Chicago when they closed a number of years ago causing large crowds - and long lines - to come to their restaurant one last time, only to reopen less than three months later. That sort of pissed me off, considering we stood in line for over two hours one day to have one last meal at the Berghoff. It's sort of funny - while my brother-in-law have loved the Bohemian Cafe over the years, our spouse's didn't care for it. My brother-in-law and sister went there a few years ago after her husband had raved about the Bohemian Cafe for years. She didn't see what was so special about the food or the place. I took my wife to the Bohemian Cafe during a trip to Omaha a number of years ago and she, too, couldn't figure out why I loved the place so much. I relayed that story to the gentleman I was standing in line with to pay and he said, "I guess this place is usually a love or hate kind of place with most people." Well, put me and my brother-in-law on the side of those who loved the Bohemian Cafe. That would also put us in the vast majority of those who visited the restaurant over the years. I know the closing is much more sentimental for my brother-in-law who experienced countless Sunday dinners with his parents as he was growing up. But I'll certainly miss the great food, the large mugs of Pilsner Urquell, and the wonderful liver dumpling soup with the somewhat stale rye bread that I dipped into the broth. It's a shame that no one in the Kapoun family was willing to step forward to continue the family tradition, nor anyone was willing to buy the restaurant as is. The Bohemian Cafe will continue to be one of my all-time favorite restaurants long after it closes its door later today. Crescent Moon - Omaha When I was in Omaha over a year ago, I was talking with a friend of mine and his wife about reuben sandwiches as I had had one earlier in the day at lunch with a dealer of mine. I thought it was pretty good and my friend's wife said, "Oh, I think the best reubens are at the Crescent Moon . And they've got a great beer selection, too." Well, the Crescent Moon immediately went on my "restaurants to try" list and on a warm spring evening on a recent trip to Omaha I had a chance to go there. Bill Baburek grew up on the south side of Omaha. A precocious kid, he collected lots of things - stamps, coins, Matchbox cars, golf balls that he picked up that were lost by golfers at a nearby golf course. He started to collect beer cans, primarily cans that came from the old Omaha breweries like Falstaff and Storz . He soon found out that finding cans from Omaha breweries were tough to come by, so he dove into the history of Omaha breweries that were in full production before Prohibition such as Krug and Metz . Baburek went to libraries to peruse old newspaper clippings and other articles about the old breweries that eventually went out of business as they couldn't keep up with the advertising and marketing clout of bigger breweries in Milwaukee and St. Louis. Not only was Baburek a collector of vintage beer cans, he was also collecting historical information on the breweries who put beer in the cans. By the early 80's, Baburek had a collection of over 2000 Falstaff cans and was president of the local chapter of the Beer Can Collectors of America, now known as the Brewery Collectibles Club of America . The Storz brewery had closed up and all that was left was the Falstaff Brewery on the city's near north side. On the south side of the city was the Falstaff Inn, a corporate-owned bar and hospitality room. Baburek and others donated their vintage Falstaff cans to put on display at the Falstaff. When Falstaff closed their operations in Omaha in 1987, there were no more large brewers in the Omaha area. The Falstaff Inn also closed and it was soon torn down to make way for a new police precinct on the south side of Omaha. Baburek went into the corporate world working as a trainer for First Data traveling the United States. During his downtime at night, he would explore the city he was staying in to seek out the growing culture of craft breweries and bars that sold craft brews. After 12 years of travel, he decided to go back to Omaha and buy a bar. He found an old tavern that was for sale at the corner of 36th and Farnum just west of the downtown area. ( see map ) In 1996, he opened the Crescent Moon Alehouse , a place that he made the first place in Omaha to serve craft brews that were available in Nebraska. There was a large party room in the downstairs area of the Crescent Moon and in 2005 Baburek turned that into Huber-Haus , a Bavarian-style tap room with over a dozen German beers on tap. A little over a year later, Baburek transformed a space next to the Crescent Moon in to Max & Joe's , a Belgian beer haven which also sold top-shelf liquor. He named the place after his late parents Maxine and Joe Baburek who fostered his involvement in collecting beers cans as a youth by building shelves for his collection in their basement. Max & Joe's features over a dozen Belgian beers on tap and over three dozen available in bottles. Knowing that people sometimes like to experience fine beer at home, Baburek opened Beertopia , called the ultimate beer store in Omaha. The place features over 650 different beers in nearly two dozen styles. With Beertopia as part of the other Baburek businesses at the corner of 36th and Farnum in Omaha, the corner is known to the locals as Beer Corner USA . In 2012, Baburek opened a microbrewery - Infusion Brewing Co . - along Maple Ave. in the Benson area of Omaha. Housed in a nearly century old building that was once a meat market, Baburek realized his dream of brewing his own beers and distributing them to restaurants around the Omaha and Lincoln areas. Last year, he was able to lease a larger building on Omaha's southwest side to increase production of his beers. Infusion Brewing Company maintains a small brewing facility along with the original taproom in Benson, and they have a taproom with brewery tours at the southwest Omaha facility. I was able to find a parking space in the lot behind the building that houses Beer Corner USA just north of 36th and Farnum. I went into Crescent Moon Ale house and waited to be seated. The place was busy, colorful, loud, and vibrant. The entrance to Max & Joe's was upfront toward the bar as you come into the Crescent Moon, and the entrance to the stairs that take you down to Huber-Haus is toward the back of the place. Vintage beer signs from old Omaha breweries were on display around the place. I was seated at a small table along the wall and given a food menu . Not long after I was seated, my server for the evening - Beth - came over to greet me. She was a very pleasant young lady with a great smile. She told me that it was Empyrean pint night at the Crescent Ale - Empyrean Brewing Co. out of Lincoln was there with a tap takeover event. Empyrean came from the first brewpub in Nebraska - Lazlo's Brewing and Grill - one of my favorite places to go to when I'm in Lincoln. (Click here to see my entry on Lazlo's Brewery.) But I opted for an Odell Brewing IPA out of Colorado from Crescent Moon's extensive beer list that evening. (The beer list for both tap and bottled beers changes regularly at Crescent Moon.) The food menu at Crescent Moon is you basic pub fare - appetizers, soups and salads, burgers, a number of chicken sandwiches, melted sandwiches, and, of course, their famous reuben sandwich which was named by the Omaha World-Herald as the best reuben in Omaha. I had to order one of those from Beth when she came back to take my food order. Now, many people who live in Omaha believe the reuben sandwich was invented in Omaha at The Blackstone Hotel, which was once located just across the street from Crescent Moon. ( The Kiewit Corporation - one of the largest construction companies in the world - is housed in the old Blackstone Hotel.) During a poker night between friends in the Fern Room at the hotel, a guy by the name of Reuben Kulakofsky slapped together a sandwich consisting of corned beef, sauerkraut mixed with Thousand Island dressing, Swiss cheese, and put it on dark rye bread. Kulakofsky was a poker buddy of Blackstone Hotel owner Charles Schimmel who liked the sandwich concoction so much he named it the Reuben sandwich and put it on the hotel's menu. (Many in New York City, however, believe the sandwich originated from Reuben's Deli over 100 years ago.) There are dozens of restaurants in Omaha who serve a variation of the original Blackstone Reuben sandwich. And Crescent Moon is one of them. In fact, they claim the recipe for their reuben sandwich is the exact same thing as the original one served at the Blackstone Hotel. And it was somewhat different from the ones I've had in the past. It was a little spicy and I could taste fennel seasoning in it - part of the secret ingredients Crescent Moon uses in the sandwich, no doubt. There was a lot of the Thousand Island dressing with the sauerkraut on the sandwich. The corned beef was lean and tender, but the dressing really masked the taste of the meat. The dark rye bread was tasted lightly on the outside and the Swiss cheese was melting along the sides. Even though it was different, I liked it - I liked it a lot. About the only thing that I had a quibble with was the slathered Thousand Island dressing. They could have backed off on the sauce somewhat and it would still be a fine sandwich. Crescent Moon Ale House - vibrant place, great beer selection, exemplary service with a great smile, and - named by many - as having the best reuben in town. It was an interesting sandwich, maybe too much Thousand Island dressing on it, but it had a unique taste - one that I liked. Crescent Moon is the kind of places that I like to find on the road. It's not too fancy, it's far from a dump, and the atmosphere is energetic without getting out of hand. Jams - Omaha One of my favorite places to dine in Omaha is a place on West Dodge by the name of Jams . When I started Road Tips over 10 years ago, I did a short piece on Jams, but never really gave the place its due on the blog. It's undergone some changes in ownership over the past year and when we were out in Omaha for a wedding earlier this summer we stopped in for lunch at Jams. Mark Hoch was a longtime chef when he decided to strike out on his own nearly 25 years ago and open a restaurant that featured a higher caliber of food, consistency in the kitchen and an honest drink poured at the bar. Jams opened in 1991 and was owned and managed by Hoch for 23 years before he sold it to a group that had purchased Pitch , an eclectic pizza place started by Godfather's Pizza founder Willy Thiesen, in 2013. (Click here to see my entry on Pitch Coal-fire Pizza.) The group - headed by Aaron McKeever - kept long-time Jams chef Jeff Newman and made him a partial owner of the restaurant. The restaurant underwent an extensive renovation earlier this year to spruce up its contemporary decor. Newman kept much of the American grill classics he had on the menu before the new ownership group took over and the group also gave Newman lee-way on coming up with new items on the menu. I had a dealer event earlier in the day that I had to attend while Cindy went shopping. When she picked me up around 1:30 she said she was hungry and I knew exactly where I wanted to take her. It was about a 10 minute drive to Jams located on West Dodge in the Indian Hills neighborhood of Omaha. ( see map ) The sprucing up was subtle to me, but it had been a couple three years since I was last in Jams. The decor is elegant, but not overly fancy. The padded banquette seating along the wall looked like it had been upgraded and there were two long community-style tables in the middle of the main dining area, similar to the community-style tables they have at Pitch. We took a seat at a table on the banquette side of the restaurant. Our server Tamara came over to greet us and to drop off a couple of menus . Cindy got an iced tea while I went with an Odell IPA out of Fort Collins, CO that they had on tap. The one thing about the menu at Jams is that it's always interesting. From fish tacos to interesting sandwiches to steaks and seafood to eclectic appetizers such as the ginger pork pot stickers with a Hoisin barbecue sauce, the menu at Jams will change seasonally to offer the most fresh locally raised foods available. However, the only caveat to Jams is that their prices have a tendency to be on the higher end of the scale. Burgers and sandwiches are in the $11 to $15 range, entrees can run from $18 to $32 dollars, while salads - and they're big - run from $12 to $20. They have a small number of Mexican food items on the Jams menu and they run $14 to $17 bucks. But more often than not, the prices are worthy of the food being served. As it always seems to happen when I visit Jams, I couldn't make up my mind as what to get to eat. The Jams burger is excellent - it's a "ground-in-house" blend of brisket, chuck and short rib beef. You throw some sautéed mushrooms, cheese and some bacon on top and it's a killer burger. The tuna melt sandwich with cheddar cheese on a grilled whole grain bread blows your regular tuna melt out of the water. The meatloaf with mashed potatoes and a red pepper gravy rewrites most of the rules when it comes to comfort foods. And their Mexican entrees have always been outstanding. It's no wonder I have problems figuring out what to get when I go to Jams. Cindy didn't want to eat anything heavy so she went with the crab cake salad. I forgot to tell her that portions were generally pretty big at Jams and when Tamara set the salad down in front of her, Cindy said, "Oh, my!" It featured a bed of fresh greens with croutons, roasted walnuts, and two large crab cakes topped with a red pepper Cajun sauce. The crab cakes on their own would have been more than enough for her. But she liked the freshness of the salad along with the somewhat spicy crab cakes. After contemplating getting either a burger or the meatloaf, I ended up getting the carnitas enchiladas with a chile verde queso sauce on the top of it. It had a roasted hot pepper on top of the two enchiladas and came with a side of rice and chipotle black beans. A roasted corn salsa topped the enchiladas that had been drizzled with a spicy sour cream. The braised pork they had in the enchiladas was moist and tender and very flavorful. With the spicy sour cream and the green chile verde queso sauce, there was a lot of wonderful taste sensations going on with each bite. This was another great meal at Jams. The only quibble I had with Jams is that Tamara was a little slow on the switch. The restaurant wasn't busy and we waited quite awhile before she came back to take our orders. We also needed refills on our drinks and it took her quite sometime to get back to us with the iced tea and another beer. But we weren't in a terrible hurry - the wedding was at 4 p.m. and even though we did need to get back to the hotel to change clothes, we didn't have to rush. Once again, Jams did an excellent job of making me have to make a tough decision as to what I was going to order. But with each visit, the food that I did order was top notch, very interesting, and extremely delicious. I've taken a number of people over the years to Jams and each time they came away with a very positive feeling about their meal. I've eaten at Jams over a dozen times over the years and each visit has been a great meal. The food has always been consistently good and there's always three or four things on the menu that catch my eye that makes it difficult as to what to choose. And even under new ownership, that continues to be the case. Voodoo Taco - Omaha One of my favorite places to go beer hunting when I'm in Omaha is Spirit World . It was located on Pacific Street next to one of my dealers for years before moving over to the Aksarben Village shopping and entertainment area in Central Omaha earlier this year. I had just come from calling on my dealer who told me where they had moved to. As I pulled up to the new Spirit World location, I saw a restaurant that sort of intrigued me - Voodoo Taco . ( see map ) It was around 1:30 p.m., I was hungry and I had some time to go get a couple tacos from Voodoo Taco. Owner/founder/managing partner Eric Newton opened the original Voodoo Taco location in Northwest Omaha in the summer of 2013. He soon opened a second location in the Nebraska Crossing outlet mall in Gretna southwest of Omaha in early 2014 and opened the Aksarben Village location in October of 2014. Voodoo Taco also has a food truck that roams the streets of Omaha and they've also garnered national attention for their "taco cannon" that will shoot foil wrapped tacos at University of Nebraska-Omaha sporting events starting this fall. (Click here to see a report on the taco cannon from Voodoo Taco.) The Aksarben Village (by the way - if you don't know this, and many people outside of Nebraska usually don't - Aksarben is Nebraska spelled backwards) location for Voodoo Taco is not that large, but it has a trippy contemporary look. It's a cross between nuevo-industrial, art deco/South Beach, and modern wood paneling. Common tables were in the middle and along the windowed west wall, one of which is open wide on nice days. Like the day I was there. The order counter is upfront and the menu is located on the wall behind the counter. It's tacos, tacos, and more tacos at Voodoo Taco, but they also feature salads, bowls and nachos if you don't want to get just tacos. They feature over a dozen different types of tacos featuring beef, pork, and chicken primarily. There's also an alligator taco, a fried avocado taco, and fried fish or shrimp tacos. Beer is available, but I had a big meeting later on where I wanted to be sharper than normal. So I ended up getting a glass of water out of the fountain machine. I ended up getting a pork carnitas taco and a grilled mahi mahi taco. (I almost went with the green ghost chile pulled pork taco where the pork is braised with ghost chile peppers, but thought that might be a bit spicy especially with a meeting coming up later in the afternoon.) The pork carnitas came with asadero cheese, cabbage, chopped fresh onions and cilantro on corn tortillas. A lime wedge came with that taco. The pork was tender and had good flavor. It was a fine taco. The grilled mahi mahi taco also came with cabbage and cilantro, but came with Cotija cheese. A lime wedge also came with the taco. It, too, was a fine taco, nothing earth-shaking, but not bad at all. Actually, the one thing that got my attention was the sauce that came with the tacos. They have 7 different sauces to choose from at Voodoo Taco - everything from a peppery tomato sauce (which I had), to a tomatillo sauce I wished I'd gotten with garlic and ancho chile peppers (once again, I had a meeting coming up and didn't want to be full of garlic), to something they called Habanero Lightning that featured habaneros, ghost chile peppers, and Trinidad Scorpion peppers. I like spicy, but not that spicy. The peppery tomato salsa featured fire roasted tomatoes and peppers and it was very good. Voodoo Taco was, well, it was fine. It wasn't eye-popping, there wasn't anything that really jumped out at me in regards to interesting tacos, and the two tacos I had were good - above average good. The atmosphere was nice and funky, the service (they bring your food out to your table after you order at the counter) was acceptable, and it was a fine experience overall. If you're just in the mood for some tacos where you can have a number of choices, Voodoo Taco should be able to fit the bill. Omaha Tap House - Omaha I was out in Omaha earlier this spring and decided to stay downtown at the new-ish Hampton Inn and Suites just across from TD Ameritrade Park , home to the NCAA College World Series . Not far from the hotel was a place that I'd been wanting to try for a couple years now - the Omaha Tap House . It was a short drive from the hotel to the Omaha Tap House located at the corner of Farnam and S. 14th St. on the edge of Omaha's Old Market area. ( see map ) It turns out that I'm somewhat familiar with the restaurant group that owns the Omaha Tap House. The Letnes brothers - Matt and Kent - also own the Boulder Tap House restaurants in Minnesota. (Click here to see my entry on the Boulder Tap House in St. Cloud, MN.) The brothers also run the Milwaukee Burger Co. locations in Wisconsin. After the Crane Coffee Cafe had closed their downtown Omaha location in early 2012, the Letnes Restaurant Group came in to take over the location and opened the Omaha Tap House in August of 2012. I found a parking spot on Farnum just down the street from the Omaha Tap House and went in to check the place out. It was a lively place with a number of flat screen televisions with baseball games playing on them. The bar area - although pretty small - featured a number of local and regional craft brews on tap. I found a seat in a booth in the L-shaped dining area and it wasn't long before my server, Cody, came over with a menu. They had the Lagunitas IPA on tap and I ordered up a pint of that. Omaha Tap House calls itself a gastropub, but it's just a fancy term for what is really a sports bar menu with a few twists. Burgers rule the menu - they have 16 Tap House burgers on the menu that include the Popper burger that is topped with sautéed jalapeños, cream cheese and jalapeño jam, finished off with brown sugar bacon slices. There's also the Fiesta burger topped with pepper-jack cheese, guacamole, tortilla strips and a chipotle ranch dressing, and for the strong of heart the Defibrillator features two burger patties topped with a choice of cheese, bacon, fried onions, garlic sautéed mushrooms, a house-made sauce and finished off with cheese curds. Wow! There were also sandwiches on the menu including the Southwest Spicy Chicken sandwich that featured a chicken breast topped with pepper-jack cheese with green peppers and onions, a chipotle ranch dressing, tortilla strips and tomatoes. (For $1 more you can get a slice of avocado on the sandwich.) There was also the Steak-Cheese-Mushroom sandwich which featured grilled chunks of sirloin steak and topped with both mozzarella and cheddar cheese and finished with sautéed mushrooms and served on a soft hoagy bun. The tacos on the menu got my attention - especially the blackened tilapia tacos topped with mozzarella cheese, lettuce, cabbage, pico de gallo and finished with a jalapeño tartar sauce. They also had the Shrimp IPA tacos - two flour tortillas filled with grilled shrimp that had been marinated in an India Pale Ale beer, topped with lettuce, cabbage, and a house-made lime cilantro sauce. But I figured on getting a burger. In addition to the select burgers on the menu, you can also build your own burger. They start out with an always fresh, never frozen Black Angus beef patty and from there you get your choice of seven different types of cheese (they also had a smoked cheddar cheese - yum!), then a choice of toppings that included a fried egg, green olives, the aforementioned garlic sautéed mushrooms, and either thick-cut or brown sugar coated bacon. I ended up ordering a Swiss cheese, sautéed mushroom and thick-cut bacon burger from Cody. Fries came with the burger, but Cody said that I could substitute sides such as jalapeño fries, hot bleu cheese potato salad, onion rings or sweet potato fries on the side. I went with the Cajun fries sprinkled with a Cajun seasoning. There's free wi-fi at the Omaha Tap House, but I was having trouble getting on with my cellphone. When Cody came back with my second beer, I told him that I was having trouble getting on their network. He said, "Oh, yeah. Our network sucks. But we've got permission from Cox Cable to be able to use their system. I just have to go get the password." Moments later he came back with a password and just like that I was on checking messages and my Twitter feed. Cody was a good guy. And moments after that, Cody came back with my burger. It was served on a small baking sheet with wax paper in the bottom. The side of fries came in a small metal basket on the side. At first glance, the burger looked very promising. The crown of the bun rose high over the patty, but it was soft and spongy. The burger patty was topped wit the Swiss cheese with the thick-cut bacon criss-crossed across the top of the burger patty. The garlic sautéed mushrooms looked to be fresh sliced and there were a lot of them on top of the burger. But the first bite told me that the burger was overcooked. It was cooked to the well side of medium well with no pink in the middle. It was dry and not very flavorful. The Swiss cheese and bacon helped the overall taste, but I didn't get much of a garlic taste in the sautéed mushrooms. Quite frankly, the only thing that saved the burger was the bun. It was a very good bun, one that stayed together very well with all the other stuff that was on the burger. Light and flavorful, the bun was the best thing about an otherwise disappointing burger. The Cajun fries were fine. They were thin-cut and had ample amounts of Cajun seasonings on them. They certainly didn't scrimp on the amount of fries they gave me and I was only able to eat about a quarter of what I was served. OK, so I was a little disappointed with the burger at the Omaha Tap House. Overcooked and somewhat lifeless, I thought the saving grace was the wonderful bun it was served on. I was impressed with the beer selections they had at the Omaha Tap House and Cody's service was very friendly and efficient. The only other quibble I had was that I noticed a 35 cent "service charge" on my bill with no explanation as to what that could be. Upcharge for the Cajun fries? A nominal fee for using Cox Cable's internet? I never asked. But other than that - and an overcooked burger - the Omaha Tap House was a nice place to visit. I only wish I had gotten the blackened tilapia tacos instead. Twisted Cork Bistro - Omaha Out in Omaha calling on dealers during a recent trip, I decided to grab some lunch at a place that was recommended to me a year or so ago - Twisted Cork Bistro just off Pacific near I-680 on the city's west side. ( see map ) I learned that it was a restaurant that used locally grown preservative-free foods, offered no high-fructose corn syrup in any of their products, and procured fresh salmon from the highly regarded Trident Seafoods in the Seattle area. I was on board with this place long before I went there. Darrell Auld and his wife Laura worked in a number of Seattle restaurants before they moved to Omaha in 2007 to be closer to her family. Darrell was a chef and Laura did pastries and desserts. Looking around Omaha, they decided that they needed to do something different than the regular steak-type fare that Omaha was famous for. They came up with a concept of bringing the Pacific Northwest - complete with wines, beers, and fresh seafood - to Omaha, combining that idea with locally grown, farm fresh foods from growers in Eastern Nebraska and Western Iowa. Pictured right - Laura and Darrell Auld The Auld's opened Twisted Cork in March of 2008. Darrell Auld sources his natural-raised grass-fed beef from Hollenbeck Farms in Elmwood, NE; their range-free chickens come from Plum Creek Farms in Burchard, NE; the natural cheese that Twisted Cork uses comes from Branched Oak Farm in Raymond, NE; and their fresh-baked buns and breads come from Le Quartier , an artisan bakery in Omaha. Many of the wines they feature on their wine list come from Pacific Northwest vineyards and wineries in Washington and Oregon. You'll also find a number of eclectic beers from not only local breweries from Nebraska and Iowa, but they also feature beers from breweries located in Colorado and Oregon. It was around 1:30 when I made it into Twisted Cork. On the right as you come in is the bistro area of the restaurant. It featured a handful of small tables and a selection of wines on display. The bistro side was fairly full, but there were a couple tables open on the tavern side of the restaurant. I was greeted by Laura Auld who directed me to a table to along the south wall of the tavern area. She left off a lunch menu and asked if I wanted anything to drink. They had a number of beers on tap and I saw the distinctive Kona Longboard Lager tap handle. "Ah! You have Kona Longboard on tap," I said to her. She said, "Oh, yeah. We just got it in a couple months ago. We're big on anything to do with Hawaii." I explained to her that while I did like the Kona Big Wave better, I'd take the Longboard lager. The tavern side of Twisted Cork featured a small bar with a number of tables and chairs in the area. A small cove featured a large picture of Seattle's Space Needle paying tribute to the Auld's former home city. The menu was interesting, to say the least. They had a number of small plates that could be shared tapas-style including smoked salmon, seared shrimp, salmon poke and lahvosh - an Armenian-style flat bread that Twisted Cork topped with sun-dried tomatoes, pesto, artichokes, basil and three different types of cheese. The J.D.F. tacos were appealing to me - they were two blue corn tortillas filled with a miso-glazed salmon and topped with a bacon mayo, avocado aioli, pico de gallo and rice. The Oregon tuna melt sounded good, as well. It featured albacore tuna topped with a Whidbey Island sauce and white cheddar cheese and served on herbed ciabatta bread. To make matters worse, when Laura came over to see if I'd made up my mind she told me that they had just pulled the brisket out of the oven if I wanted either the brisket hash mixed with chopped gold potatoes, a horseradish quark cheese and topped with a fried egg; or the Bistro Reuben. I had to take some more time to figure out what I wanted. I ended up getting what was initially recommended for me to try - the TC Burger. Food Network called this the Number 1 burger in Nebraska and it featured beef from Hollenbeck Farm mixed with pork and special spices. The burger patty was topped with melted white cheddar cheese, pickled red onions and sat on a slaw mixture. The burger patty was served on a Le Quartier artisan bun. Kettle chips and a blue-cheese slaw came with the burger. The first bite told me that this was an exquisite burger. There were a lot of taste sensations going on - the beef/pork mixture gave the burger an interesting texture, but it was very flavorful. The pickled red onions gave the burger a sort of a sweet taste. The bun was spongy, but firm. It was an excellent burger - one that it was worthy of the accolades that it has received. Laura Auld came over to check on me and asked me how the burger was. I had a mouth full of a big bite when she asked and all I could do was give her a double "thumbs up". It was a wonderful burger - as was the overall experience at the Twisted Cork Bistro. The menu was impressively interesting with many items that I wouldn't mind coming back and trying in the future. The beer list was equally impressive featuring a number of great beers from small local and regional breweries. The decor and ambiance of the place was fresh and comfortable. I've been looking for a more upscale bistro-style restaurant toward the west side of Omaha for awhile. I think I may have found a new "go-to" place in the Twisted Cork. California Tacos and More - Omaha I like deep fried tacos a lot, the kind with the puffy flour shells filled with meat and which are somewhat synonymous with Des Moines area Mexican restaurants such as Tasty Tacos or Raul's . A Road Tips reader, Dave S., e-mailed me a couple years ago about a place in Omaha that was famous for their deep fried taco shells - California Tacos and More . I tried to go there one time last year, but it was during the noon hour and the place was packed with the order line stretching nearly to the front door. I knew that I had to try back again at some point and on a recent trip to Omaha I had that chance. California Tacos and More is located in the Midtown/Gifford Park area of Omaha at the corner of California and N. 33rd St. ( see map ) One of the reasons it was so packed the first time I tried to eat there is that it's close to the Creighton University Medical Center and Creighton University . Staff and students flock to California Tacos and More during the lunch rush through the week. I decided that I'd go in the evening, hoping that the crowds wouldn't be as big as they are in the middle of the day. The building in which the restaurant is housed was built in 1914 by a Belgian immigrant who became a pharmacist. Jules "Frank" Bogard started California Pharmacy that same year and it became a cornerstone for a neighborhood of immigrants who were living just to the west of downtown Omaha. Frank and his wife Emily - whom he married just before immigrating to Omaha in 1910 - raised five boys and four girls in a house not far from the pharmacy. In addition to being a pharmacy, California Pharmacy was also a soda fountain/ice cream parlor. The nine Bogard children all worked in the pharmacy doing everything from weighing out pharmaceuticals to being soda jerks behind the marble-topped counter. In fact, all five of the Bogard boys went on to graduate from the Creighton School of Pharmacy. Frank Bogard, Sr. died unexpectedly in 1933 and the family all pitched in to keep the business going. When a grocery store that was housed next to California Pharmacy moved to a new location, the Bogard family took over that space and expanded the ice cream parlor. Frank Bogard, Jr. took over running the pharmacy for the family while his mother and siblings continued to help with various functions of the business. After World War II, the soda fountain part of the business fell out of favor with the locals in the neighborhood who could now store ice cream in their own homes in lower cost refrigeration/freezer units. Frank Bogard, Jr. tore out the soda fountain in the east side and put in a gift/card shop in its place. Into the 60's and 70's, the neighborhood around California Pharmacy changed into a hard scrabble area with lots of crime. In 1976, Frank Bogard, Jr. was shot in an attempted robbery and was left as a paraplegic. Tom Bogard came in to take over the pharmacy from his brother, but countless break-in attempts and a rapidly deteriorating neighborhood forced him to close California Pharmacy in 1987. The building sat empty for 8 years before a gentrification effort in the Midtown/Gifford Park neighborhood began to take place. Tom Bogard's son Brad took over ownership of the building from his father, renovating the space into a restaurant that would serve their signature puffy tacos, chimichangas, burritos and enchilada. Brad Bogard opened California Taco and More in 1996. The neighborhood is still a bit "iffy" around California Taco. I parked across the street near a corner convenience store and was promptly pan-handled by a young lady who said she needed $3.25 for bus fare to get back home. This is now a popular tactic used by modern day beggars in urban areas - a set amount to get bus fare or an amount that is needed to help pay a bill to get their car out of the shop. I've been pan-handled like this in Chicago, St. Louis, Milwaukee and now Omaha. (Although, I will say that a guy on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis had a sign that simply said, "I Need Five Bucks for a Beer." I thought it was so unique - and honest - that I gave him five bucks.) Entering California Tacos and More, the place was about a quarter full of diners. A number of booths lined the windowed walls and there were a number of tables and chairs in the middle. A small bar area was off to the side. It wasn't a fancy place, but it was comfortable and welcoming. The old soda fountain is now a party room that is also used for overflow. This room looked a little more updated with nicer tables and chairs with a more modern decor in the room. Orders are placed at the front counter and you're given a number to place on your table so they can bring your food to you. The menu is on the wall behind the counter. Domestic and imported beers are available by the bottle, while Bud Light , Dos Equis and a Boulevard Wheat beer were all available on tap. Margaritas - including banana and mango flavored margaritas - as well as daiquiris and pina coladas were also available. Being a California Tacos and More rookie, I noticed that one California taco ranged in price from $5.75 for a chicken taco to $6.30 for either steak or fish taco. I asked the guy behind the counter how big the tacos were and he showed me a small red basket. "They fill one of these baskets," he said. Just one, I inquired? "Just one," he said. "If you're really hungry, you could probably eat two of them." I decided to get just one taco - a steak taco. I also got a Sol beer to go along with the taco. At California Tacos and More they also have a salsa bar that included a couple daiquiri-type dispensers that had a red salsa and a green salsa. I got a couple cups of the green salsa to take back to my table. The taco was certainly good sized, but didn't quite take up all the space in the basket. The taco shell was thick and puffy with chunks of grilled steak laying under a bed of shredded lettuce and cheese. In fact, there was probably a little too much cheese, but it wasn't a deal breaker. The first bite told me that even though it was good, it was different from the deep fried tacos I like to well over in Des Moines. The shell was much more doughy and chewy than its Des Moines counterparts. It wasn't as crispy as the ones at Tasty Tacos or Raul's, it had more of a consistency of bread. Not that it was bad - far from it. It was similar, yet different from the ones I've enjoyed in the past. The steak had a nice little seasoning and the chile verde salsa had a great kick that certainly got my attention without being overpowering in taste. I'm glad I only got one - it was very filling. But the taco at California Tacos and More was very unique compared to other Mexican restaurants in the area - and there have been some very good Mexican restaurants in Omaha that I've enjoyed over the years. But none of them are anything like California Tacos and More. The taco - although a bit doughy for my taste - was good, good enough that I'd go back for a quick bite at some point. If you're looking for something a little different - and funky, in a fun sort of way - you'll need to try California Tacos and More. Doc & Eddie's BBQ - Omaha I was in Omaha on a recent fall evening and I had a hankering for some barbecue. I was staying on the southwest side of the city and I was looking for places that were in the immediate area. I found a place called Doc & Eddie's BBQ that wasn't far from the hotel. I made it over there to find out a pretty interesting back story on how the place came to be. Dr. Jeff DeMare is a renowned critical pediatric care doctor at Children's Hosptial and Medical Center in Omaha. When Dr. DeMare began to work at Children's Hospital in 2002 he befriended a security guard by the name of Eddie Vacek. It turns out that DeMare and Vacek had a number of things in common - they liked to talk about sports and about girls. But they also found out that they both had a deep appreciation for good barbecue. This unlikely friendship turned into a partnership where DeMare ended up buying a portable professional smoker and Vacek and he would spend their summer weekends in 2006 along side a road in the Omaha suburb of Gretna drinking beers, smoking meats and selling it to the people who would stop by. The two decided that they needed to have a full time barbecue joint. They found a spot in a strip mall on the southwest side of the city, but just before the place opened up Eddie Vacek suddenly passed away. DeMare was determined to soldier on in remembrance of his friend and he opened Doc & Eddie's BBQ in July of 2007. (There is a former chain of sports bars that was called Doc & Eddy's, but they're not affiliated with DeMare's barbecue joint.) DeMare ended up hiring Lynette Hughes to be the manager and part-owner of Doc & Eddie's. Doc & Eddie's is located in a strip mall just northwest of the corner of 168th and Harrison. ( see map ) It's set back from the street a bit, so there was a bit of driving around the parking lot before I found the small storefront of the restaurant. If I'd had my window down in my car I would have been able to find the place a lot quicker. The smell of the smoke of there restaurant was wafting in the cool fall air. I got there at the right time - it was around 7:30 and they were only open until 8 p.m. that evening. A couple other people were in there eating when I got there and, interestingly, a number of cops came in to pick up orders to go from the time I got in there up to the time I left. The place isn't all that big - it probably seats three dozen or so people. There are a number of tables and booths between the brick walls. The kitchen area is open behind the front counter. The menu is located on the wall above the counter. Doc & Eddy's specializes in meaty St. Louis style ribs as well as beef brisket, pulled pork, smoked sausage and turkey. They also have grilled chicken sandwiches and burgers on the menu. As I'm wont to do with most barbecue places that I visit, I want to try a couple three things. I was looking at getting the ribs, brisket and pulled pork platter, but I was told by the young girl at the front counter that it was a lot of food. The guy manning the kitchen in the back said, "Yeah, if you're really hungry, go for it." I decided to just go with the pulled pork and brisket combo. I got two sides with it - I chose baked beans, but was having trouble figuring out if I wanted fries, cole slaw, potato salad, corn fritters, or a handful of other sides. I asked the girl for a suggestion and she said, "We sell a lot of the mac and cheese." OK, I'll do the mac and cheese as a second side. And the one great thing about Doc & Eddy's - they had beer. I like a cold beer with barbecue so I was happy they could accommodate me that evening. The barbecue platter was brought out to me about five minutes after I ordered at the front counter. The first thing I noticed was that they had chopped brisket rather than sliced brisket. I normally don't go for the chopped brisket, but that's what I got. But the first bite pretty much allayed any trepidation I had toward chopped brisket. The brisket had a great smoky taste, it was moist and tender, and it literally melted in my mouth. It was some of the finest brisket I've ever tasted. The pulled pork was also moist and tasty, but it wasn't as good as the brisket. The pulled pork and chopped brisket were served on pieces of white bread, a nod to Southern-style barbecue places. Doc & Eddie's BBQ had three different types of sauces - their original sauce had a sweet taste with a bit of spiciness on the backside; the chipotle sauce had a faint chipotle taste with more of a spicy kick, but nothing that was overbearing; and a sweet pineapple sauce that was sweet and fruity. I didn't care for the sweet pineapple sauce, but found myself going more toward the chipotle sauce than the original Doc & Eddie's sauce. For the sides, the girl steered me wrong on the mac and cheese - it was pretty pedestrian and bland, but the baked beans were good. And they were made even better when I added in a mixture of the chipotle and original barbecue sauces. I'll have to say that my meal at Doc & Eddie's surpassed my expectations. The brisket was outstanding, the pulled pork wasn't that far behind the brisket, the sauces were above average - not outstanding - but still good, and the beans totally saved the sides over the limp tasting mac and cheese. I'll say Jeff DeMare has done a wonderful job keeping the memory of Eddie Vacek alive with the fine barbecue at Doc & Eddie's BBQ. Blatt Beer and Table - Omaha, NE I'd heard about a new place in Omaha that featured an impressive and ever-changing beer list and a menu that featured gastropub cuisine - including a pretty good burger - Blatt Beer and Table . On a recent trip to Omaha, I found Blatt Beer and Table in the shadows of TD Ameritrade Park on the north end of downtown Omaha. ( see map ) TD Ameritrade Park is where the city of Omaha hosts the annual College Baseball World Series for two weeks each June. The stadium was built to keep the College World Series in Omaha as the NCAA was making noises of moving the championship series to another city because of the antiquated nature of the former stadium, Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium . The stadium opened in time for the 2011 CWS and also is home to the Creighton Bluejays baseball team. In the area near the stadium, a handful of businesses opened up to cater to people going to the College World Series (the Centurylink Center arena and convention center is also within walking distance of the area). Owners Nick Hogan and Anthony Hitchcock of the Flagship Restaurant Group , which includes Blue Sushi (click here to see my entry on Blue Sushi), Roja Mexican Grill , and Plank Seafood and Provisions , wanted to build a restaurant in the neighborhood around the stadium that was going to be open for the other 50 weeks of the year, as well. With Rosenblatt Stadium being torn down after TD Ameritrade Park was built, the owners wanted to recognize how much the stadium meant to the people of Omaha by naming their new pub Blatt Beer and Table. (It's said that a grandfather of one of the owners threw out the first pitch at Rosenblatt Stadium after it opened in the late 1940's.) They wanted the pub to be a place where friends and strangers could congregate at large tables to sit and visit over beer and continental pub food. The executive chef for the Flagship Restaurant Group - Tony Gentile - came up with the menu for Blatt Beer and Table. The group hired Dustin Bushon - one of the owners of Krug Park , a neighborhood beer bar in Omaha that has been called one of the top 100 beer bars in America by Draft Magazine - as an advisor as to which beers they should serve at Blatt. And after the Daily Grub closed in Omaha, the group hired its former owner, Ellie Lynch, to come up with an eclectic cocktail menu. When all that was in place, Blatt Beer and Table opened in June of 2012 with a limited menu just in time for the College World Series. They got up to running full bore later in the summer. Parking is available in metered parking spots in front of Blatt Beer and Table. It was a nice day when I pulled up to the place - it's industrial facade included a garage door that was open to allow the warm spring air come into the bar. I sat at a large table near the bar and was soon greeted by my server, Samantha. I looked through the beer menu as they have 24 beers on tap and a number more in bottles and cans. I decided on getting an Anchor Steam in a bottle. I found out later that they were featuring Wasatch beers, as well. I hadn't had a Wasatch in a long while, but I had already ordered the Anchor Steam. To me, the place seemed more like a sports bar than a gastropub. Flat screen televisions were hung around the place all turned to sports channels. I was told the back patio area had been enclosed over the winter and it added double the dining space to the restaurant. Many of the tables were high with metal stools with wooden seats. They weren't the most comfortable. They also have an upstairs patio that happened to be closed that day. I'm sure there weren't enough people to warrant the rooftop patio to be open. The main bar is a rectangular, three-sided bar that features uncomfortable looking metal stools. When they were moved, they made a loud screeching noise on the concrete floor. But it was the type of bar where I could see myself sitting down with a friend and having a few beers. I liked the sort of contemporary industrial mixed with old world urban architecture in Blatt Beer and Table. They had interesting snacks and appetizers on the menu including honey roasted peanuts sprinkled with a combination of ground chipotle chili powder, coriander, cumin and cinnamon; frites (French fries) served with a parmesan/peppercorn aioli and smoked housemade ketchup; and the Blatt Mac which features cavatappi pasta in a white cheddar sauce with smoked paprika and chopped green onions, then topped with a Panko breadcrumb and Havarti cheese crust. The main menu isn't big, but it's certainly creative. They feature just one burger, the Blatt Burger, on the menu. They have sandwiches such as a Dixie-fried chicken sandwich, an Indian-spiced grilled chicken sandwich, and something called the Salmon Gravlox BLT - they take coriander and orange-cured Scottish salmon, top it with a lemon caper and dill whipped cream cheese, add applewood-smoked bacon with lettuce, tomato and cucumber, and serve it on mini pretzel rolls. That actually sounded good. The main entrees list is also light, but interesting enough. They have a bock beer-battered white cod fish with fries, down-home Southern-style fried chicken and waffles, and a Steak and Frites entree that features a Black Angus flat iron cut steak - a cut that got its push from the agriculture department at the University of Nebraska . The Blatt Burger featured a Black Angus beef ground patty, topped with the aforementioned parmesan/peppercorn aioli, Guinness stout-braised onions, lettuce, tomato and garlic dill pickles and served on a butter-grilled brioche bun. For an extra dollar each, you could get white cheddar cheese and applewood-smoked bacon on top of the burger. That's exactly how I ordered it from Samantha. She asked me if I wanted a side with it. I had a choice of frites, creamy cole slaw, dill potato salad, house-cut potato chips with either salt and vinegar or chive and sour cream flavoring, as well as a couple other sides that didn't thrill me too much. I thought I'd try the fries, even knowing in advance that I probably wouldn't eat many of them. I thought it took exceptionally long for my burger to get out to me. It was well over 20 minutes from the time I ordered to the time someone other than Samantha brought my burger out from the kitchen. I suppose good things take time. It was served in a round metal pan with wax paper. The burger looked kind of impressive with the garlic pickles, lettuce and tomato speared to the top of the brioche bun. Opening up the burger to add Blatt's housemade ketchup and mustard (served in glass bottles just like Heinz began to in 1869 to show how fresh the condiments were), it looked like a delightful mess with the criss-crossed bacon strips and the melted white cheddar cheese covering the burger. The parmesan/peppercorn aioli was spread on the crown. The burger was... good. Not exceptional, like I've had at other burger places in Omaha. But it was good enough that I liked it. The burger patty was thick and juicy, the white cheddar cheese and bacon went well with it, and I especially liked the spongy brioche bun. If I were grading the burger, I'd give it a solid "B". The fries, however, were pretty much a throwaway. They were way too salty for my taste. They were crunchy on the outside with a nice potato flavor inside, but the salt was overpowering. You know, I did like Blatt Beer and Table. I thought the burger was fine. Samantha's service was prompt and friendly, but the burger seemed to take a long time to get out to me. Still, I would recommend give Blatt Beer and Table a try. I liked the concept and the atmosphere. It's a welcome addition to that area north of the downtown area of Omaha. Sinful Burger - Bellevue, NE A shout-out to Road Tips reader "R.A.B." who commented after my entry on Dinker's Bar in Omaha (click here to see my entry) that I really needed to try a newer place in town, Sinful Burger out in the suburb of Bellevue. I had it on my list to try for awhile and I finally got a chance to go there for lunch on a recent trip out to Omaha. Sinful Burger is a family owned and operated business, started by the husband and wife team of Jim and Debbie Nearing. Much like people who start up barbecue joints, the Nearings would make homemade burgers in their backyard for their neighbors. It got to the point where the neighbors would pay for the burgers, they were so good. So good, their neighbors would say, that they were sinful. At the urging of their son, C.J., the Nearings took seven years experience of backyard burger barbecues and decided to start up their own restaurant. They opened Sinful Burger in May of 2011 using closely guarded family recipes to make their burgers. It was around 12:30 when I got to Sinful Burger. Actually, it was pretty tough to find. It's located on Twin Creek Drive (which didn't register on my GPS) just east of S. 42nd St. and north of Nebraska Highway 370, about a mile west of the Kennedy Freeway. ( see map ) It's in the northeast corner of a strip mall in a space that looked like it possibly was a restaurant that had a drive up window. The place was about half full when I got there, taking a seat in a booth along the large glass windows facing west. My server, Alex (a 20-something young lady), came over, greeted me and asked me if I'd like something to drink. They have a handful of local craft beers and the usual domestics on tap and in bottles. I just ordered a water for the time being. Actually, Sinful Burger is a sports bar/burger joint. It sort of looks like a 50's-era diner with heavy padded booth seats, padded chairs and diner-style tables. A number of flat screen televisions were on the normal sports channels and there were some pictures and other memorabilia from local teams on the walls. I'm guessing the red color that engulfed the decor at Sinful Burger had to do with the Nearing's love for University of Nebraska football . There is a nice three-sided bar at Sinful Burger that I contemplated sitting at when I first came in and, I'll have to say, that the booths were a little tight. I'm not a small guy, but the booths at Sinful Burger were almost too small between the seats and table. If four people that had a little bit of girth on them had to sit in the booth, they'd be pretty uncomfortable. I noticed two large guys sitting at a table near me enjoying their burgers. They had the right idea. And like at nearby Stella's (click here to see my entry on Stella's), Sinful Burger pulls in a wide array of people for their noon time crowd. There were airmen from nearby Offutt Air Force Base sitting in a booth next to me. The two guys I talked about earlier sitting at the table near me were construction workers. Two guys in dress shirts and ties were enjoying lunch in booth on the wall across from me, napkins as bibs guarding the front of their white shirts. And a family of three with a little girl were seated at a table near the door. The menu at Sinful Burger has, of course, burgers, but they also have appetizers such as housemade reuben rolls, onion rings, chicken wings, fried pickle spears and mozzarella sticks. For people not looking for a burger, Sinful Burger also has something called Debbie's Infamous Indian Taco which pays homage to Debbie Nearing's Sioux Indian heritage. It consists of an Indian flat bread topped with chili, cheddar cheese, lettuce, onion and tomatoes. They also have a fried or grilled chicken finger sandwich that features a housemade chipotle sauce. And they also have a garden salad or a black bean veggie burger for the health conscious. The main burgers at Sinful Burger are all named after the seven deadly sins. Most of the burgers start out with 1/2 lb. pressed patties and then they go from there. The "Lust" burger features a burger patty topped with basil pesto, bleu cheese crumbles, and housemade garlic mayo. The "Wrath" is topped with pepper jack cheese, jalapenos, and chipotle mayonnaise. The "Greed" is topped by two mozzarella sticks and smothered in Sinful Burgers homemade chili. Outside of the seven deadly sin burgers, their signature burger is the Sinful Burger - the burger that got all the Nearing's neighbors hot and bothered. It's a "Juicy Lucy"-style burger with American cheese folded inside two 1/4 lb. burger patties and grilled to a medium. And if you want to jack up the heat for any of their burgers on the menu, Sinful Burger features a housemade "evil" sauce that is described as "sweet, tangy, and very warm". And even though they have a "Gluttony Burger" - two 1/2 lbs burger patties - cooked "Juicy-Lucy" style - and topped with bacon and cheese, with two grilled cheese sandwiches as buns (that's over a pound of food!), Sinful Burger also has a "challenge" burger - the "Goliath" that features 5 lbs. of burger meat and fries. A local Bellevue lady - Molly Schuyler - actually holds the record for the devouring the Goliath in 17 minutes and 3 seconds. I've seen pictures of her and she's not a big gal at all. But she's been slamming back food challenges around the Omaha area including the "Stellanator" at Stellas - six 6.5 oz burger patties, 6 fried eggs, 12 pieces of bacon, 6 pieces of cheese, grilled onions, lettuce, tomatoes, jalapenos, & Peanut Butter all on a bun served with a basket of fries. She did that one in 15 minutes. Whoa! I was far from being THAT hungry when Alex came over to take my order. I thought about getting the Sinful Burger, but I'm so spoiled from the places in the Twin Cities that I feel make the best "Juicy Lucy" burgers that I knew that I'd be disappointed if I got one. I ended up getting the "Pride" - a burger patty topped with sauteed mushrooms, bacon and Swiss cheese. It also said that it was slathered in their housemade hot mustard. I asked Alex if I could get the mustard on the side. About 20 minutes after I ordered, Alex brought my Pride burger out to me. It was served in a small plastic basket with thin cut fries. It featured a split-top bun crown and a small wooden "spear" to hold it all in place. Ring onion slices were on the burger. The burger was thick and somewhat juicy. It was almost tough to hold with one hand to get the picture above to the right. The first bite was somewhat overpowered by the very fresh onions. But the burger was juicy and flavorful. The sauteed mushrooms were thick and tasty, and the bacon was crisp. The menu said that the burger would be covered with Swiss cheese, but it may have been just one little slab of cheese on the burger. I dipped part of the burger into the spicy mustard that Alex brought out as a side. Let's just say I was glad that I didn't get it on the burger. It would have severely overpowered the overall taste of the burger. I even dipped a couple fries into the mustard to get the full effect. The spicy mustard was hot, definitely getting my attention. But it wouldn't have been good on the burger, in my opinion. Quite actually, looking back, I wish I would have gotten a side of the "evil" sauce instead of the spicy mustard. Maybe next time. The fries were literally a throw-away for me. They were all right, but I was going to concentrate on the burger. But there was just something missing with the taste of the burger. I couldn't quite put my finger on it. It's not that the burger was bad - far from that. It's just that is wasn't this "great" burger that I thought it could or should be. Maybe my expectations were a little high going into Sinful Burger. While the burger was good, it didn't particularly jump out at me, slap me in face and get my attention. I don't know if it was the "secret ingredients" that they use to season the burgers or what. It was a fine burger, but I thought it could have been much better for what it was. Still, I may be a tad critical for a burger that would beat 90% of the other burger joints in Omaha, but falls short - in my estimation - to three or four others in the area. Guaca Maya - Omaha, NE During an extended weekend trip to Omaha a few weeks ago, we were able to get together with a good friend of mine, Denny, and his lady friend, Ruth, for dinner. Cindy's daughter had alerted me of a Mexican restaurant near the stockyard area of Omaha - Guaca Maya - after she had visited Omaha a week or so before we were out there. I was telling Denny about it and he hadn't heard of the place, either. After meeting Denny and Ruth at their house for a drink, we drove over to Guaca Maya on S. 33rd on the south side of Omaha. ( see map ) Claudio Cano-Robles and her husband, Juan, own the combination restaurant and night club. The large, window-less building looks like it could have been a union hall or a veterans club at some point in time. It features a large parking lot on the north side of the building and there is an auxiliary parking lot even further up the street for overflow. We didn't know what to expect when we walked into the building around 7:00 p.m. on a Friday night. But we were pleasantly surprised to see a spacious and well-lit dining area with festive ornaments, banners and flags hanging from the ceiling. The main dining room turns into a night club after 9 p.m. on the weekends. There was a party in one of the rooms toward the back where the Tejano group that was scheduled to play that evening at Guaca Maya were celebrating a CD release. We were greeted by a hostess and she grabbed some menus and led us toward the back part of the restaurant. While we were headed toward the back, we passed an open kitchen area with a lady manning a flat grill. She was making homemade tortillas. I thought, "All right, I like this place already." After being seated in a booth, we were greeted by our waiter for the evening, Ruben. He had handsome Hispanic good looks with a big smile and Cindy and Ruth were smitten. We immediately ordered a pitcher of Jose Cuervo margaritas. The menu at Guaca Maya features a lot of Yucatan-style foods - seafood, chicken, pork and beef dishes are all featured. We were surprised to see fresh oysters on the half-shell on the menu. They were listed in a section of the menu called "La Viagra del Mar" (Viagra from the Sea) that featured shrimp, oysters and ceviche dishes. Oysters are something you don't see on a regular basis at a Mexican restaurant. In addition to the chips and homemade salsa (that had a nice peppery bite to it) that was brought to our table, we ordered up a dozen oysters and some homemade fresh guacamole. The oysters came out and they were big and meaty. With a little bit of fresh lime juice and a bit of Cholula sauce, we dug in. The oysters were tasty, didn't have any grit in them and were very fresh. They were so fresh that Denny and I joked that they must have gotten them out of the nearby Missouri River. I've had oysters at seafood restaurants much closer to an ocean that weren't as good as the ones we had at Guaca Maya. And the guacamole was just outstanding. Served in a medium-sized stone bowl, the guacamole featured avacado mixed with garlic, lemon juice, cilantro, chopped onions and tomatoes. I literally wanted to lick the bowl clean when it got down to the end of it. I almost ordered another round, but at $9.75 per serving, it was already pretty expensive. Getting down to order dinner, there were many things that jumped out at me on Guaca Maya's menu. They had a grilled tilapia that was cooked with garlic that I was looking at. Grilled shrimp in a tequila sauce also looked interesting. And there were a number of beef, pork and chicken combinations on the menu including beef and chicken in an adobo marinade, and skewers of beef, chicken, shrimp and scallops. I honestly didn't know what I wanted to get until Cindy pointed out the pork chile verde - roasted pork served in a green chile sauce. When Ruben came back to take our order, Ruth was still having problems as to what she wanted. She made all of us go ahead of her. While I did take the pork chile verde, Cindy and Denny both took the mixed fajitas grill - skirt steak, chicken and shrimp with sliced tomatoes, peppers and onions. Finally, it was Ruth's turn and she said, "Oh my gosh, it all looks so good. I really don't know what to get." She ended up getting the steak and shrimp plate. We ordered up another pitcher of margaritas and I got a bottle of Sol beer just because I like the taste of Sol with Mexican food. Ruben and another server brought out food out to the table about 15 minutes after we ordered it up. My pork was chopped and smothered in a peppery green sauce. There was some bark on the outer side of roasted pork - sort of like what you get with barbecued pork butt - and it was a little tough to chew. While it was good, it didn't knock it out of the park for me. Ruth's meal featured a healthy cut of ribeye steak and a number of grilled shrimp. It was a lot of food for her, she said. But she really enjoyed what she could eat. The shrimp looked great and I was sort of jealous that I didn't go for a shrimp entree rather than the pork. Cindy and Denny's fajitas were identical. Cindy got homemade corn tortillas with her fajitas while Denny got the homemade flour tortillas. I took one of Cindy's corn tortillas and made a makeshift taco out of my pork chile verde and added some of the refried beans and rice that I had with my dinner. The corn taco was excellent. There's nothing better than fresh corn tacos hot off the grill. There used to be a great Mexican place in Omaha by the name of Señor Matias. They had, hands down, the best fajitas of any place I'd been to in the Midwest. When Denny moved to Omaha over 20 years ago, I told him that he needed to try Señor Matias. He, too, thought they were excellent fajitas. Sadly, Señor Matias closed down about 10 years ago and Denny said that he hasn't been able to find any place in the area that came close to the fajitas from there. But he said, "These are about as close to the fajitas that Señor Matias used to have." Cindy also thought they were great. After we finished and settling up with Ruben (it was about $60 bucks per couple with tip), the girls decided they needed to go to the powder room. We walked through the colorful bar area on the way to the restrooms. It was still before 9 p.m. and the bar area was pretty dead. The staff was beginning to move tables out of the dance area near where the band was going to play later that evening. For as large as the place was - and the fact that they had a large parking lot WITH an auxiliary lot up the street - we figured the place must get pretty packed on the weekends after 9. The gaming area near the restrooms toward the front of the place featured pool tables and some video machines. It also had a mural along the wall of a scene from a Mexican cantina. Denny and I got a major kick out of one of the people depicted in the mural - it was of an old lady sitting at a table smoking a cigar. The only problem was that it looked like an old guy in drag. Denny said, "Hey, maybe this is a gay bar for older Mexican men!" Cindy's daughter knows her Mexican food - as a Spanish major at the University of Iowa , she worked in a couple of pretty darned good Mexican restaurants in Iowa City. She said the food at Guaca Maya was some of the most authentic Mexican food she's had in the Midwest. While Ruth's steak and shrimp wasn't necessarily authentic, and fajitas are sort of a staple item at most Mexican restaurants these days, I'll have to say that while my pork chile verde was good, it wasn't great. And that's not to say that I wouldn't go back to Guaca Maya. I'd just get something other than pork chile verde. And with the abundance of items on the menu, I'm sure I'll be able to find something. WheatFields - Omaha, NE As a Hilton Honors Diamond member, I usually get free breakfasts during my stays at Hilton properties . When Cindy and I were in Omaha for an extended weekend, we passed up the opportunities for free hotel breakfasts and went out on our own. On a soggy Sunday morning, we checked out of the Embassy Suites in the Old Market and ventured up the streets to a bakery/restaurant called WheatFields for breakfast. The Old Market WheatFields is one of three locations in and around the greater Omaha area. Ron Popp grew up on a farm near Dow City, IA and wanted to have a restaurant that replicated the hearty breakfasts he had as a youth. Ruth Popp had been a military brat following her father all over the world as he worked for the United States Air Force . After ending up in Omaha and getting together with Ron Popp, she brought a wealth of bakery recipes that she picked up from the different places she lived as she was growing up. The Popps were first involved with The Garden Cafe in Omaha, beginning in 1985 when they opened the restaurant until they were ousted by investors during a messy bankruptcy in the mid-90's. The Popps are involved in the FarmHouse Cafe bakery and restaurant in Omaha, opening that place in 1997. The Popps opened their first WheatFields in 2000 in the One Pacific Place boutique mall on the west side of Omaha. They eventually opened WheatFields Express at the corner of 12th and Howard in the Old Market ( see map ) in June of 2009 in a space that was also a small European-style cafe and bakery. Later in the year, they converted the space to a full service WheatFields cafe in addition to the bakery. We had contemplated walking up the street to Wheatfields as it was only two blocks from the hotel. But a steady rain had developed and we decided we'd better drive. Finding that it was a popular place, even on a Sunday morning, we were lucky to find on street parking just across 12th on Howard St. There was a small line to eat in the dining room as the outdoor sidewalk seating was closed because of the rain. We were lucky we got there when we did (just after 9:00 a.m.) because the line was out the door by the time we left later on. While waiting for our table, it gave me time to take a look at all the fresh baked breads and pastries WheatFields had to offer. They had a special on Czech-style kolaches that day - $1.00 each. About the only other place I've seen kolaches on a regular basis is in Cedar Rapids, IA. Both Omaha and Cedar Rapids share a deep Czech heritage. They also had turnovers, sticky buns and large cinnamon rolls. They had just taken this large pan of a dozen big cinnamon rolls out of the the oven and into the case when I was standing there. It was less than a 10 minute wait in the bakery area of WheatFields when our name was finally called. We were led to a large booth in the corner of the restaurant. The hostess left off breakfast menus for us and not long after that our server, Sonja, came over to greet us. Perky and outgoing, she was immediately likable. The dining area at the WheatFields in the Old Market is not large, but we didn't feel cramped. The place had a multi-national feeling to it. In addition to Czech pastries, WheatFields had the French name of bakery - boulangerie - on it's front window. And there was a German phrase on one of the walls of the dining room that roughly translates into "food and drink keeps the body and soul together." With the Czech, French and German influences, it was an interesting nod to European-style food. Looking through the menu, I knew we were going to have problems with what we wanted to eat. They had waffles, pancakes, biscuits and gravy, souflees, quiches, egg scramble plates, French toast made with ciabatta bread - the list went on and on. I was torn between a couple things - the waffle with blackberry butter sounded good. But I was also looking at Bjorn's Croissant - one of their large croissants that I was drooling over in the bakery case before we were seated, grilled with two scrambled eggs and cheese with bacon. The Dungeness eggs Benedict featured two crabcakes on top of English muffin halves and topped with green onions, asparagus, tomatoes and the hollandaise sauce. They had "create your own" omelettes that featured over a dozen different types of vegetables you could add to the omelette, as well as a dozen and a half different types of cheese, and then nearly ten different types of meat or seafood you could add to the omelette. Everything sounded just great. Sonja came to check on us and Cindy wasn't ready to order. So I ordered up a blueberry kolache and an orange caramel sticky bun in the meantime. Sonja brought them back to me and while the kolache was very good - filled in the middle with a fresh and tasty blueberry filling - the orange caramel sticky bun was to die for. It wasn't very large and it was done in a couple bites for me. Now, I'm a sucker for the orange danish rolls that you get in the can, but the orange caramel rolls at WheatFields have officially spoiled me. It was unbelievable in taste. When Sonja came back to check on us to see if we were ready to order breakfast, I told her weren't quite ready. But in the meantime, bring out two more of the orange caramel sticky bun. I had pretty much narrowed down my choices to a couple - the waffle or an omelette - but Cindy was still having trouble. After Sonja had dropped of the two sticky buns, she came back once more wondering if we were ready to order. Cindy apologetically said to her, "I'm sorry I'm having so much trouble. There is just so much to digest in this menu!" Sonja said it wasn't a problem in the least and as she walked away, Cindy said to me, "I'm sorry. I don't know why I'm having so much trouble. I just need to figure out what I want and order it." She was looking at getting the strawberry and banana crepe, the quiche special that they had that day, or the veggie cheese omelette. When Sonja came back, she asked, "Ready?" Cindy was determined that she would be ready. She ordered the quiche special that day that was filled with peppers, asparagus and tomatoes. A side of the creme brulee hash brown potatoes came with it as well as a side of baked apples. She hadn't been eating potatoes as part of a diet she's been on, but she was intrigued by the creme brulee hash browns. I asked Sonja if it were possible to get some fresh blueberries on top of the waffle. She said it would be no problem. I got a side of bacon with the waffle. As we waited for our breakfast to show up, we noticed the bakery area filling up with more and more people, fully realizing that we came at a good time to beat the 10 a.m. breakfast rush. When our food came out, I was ready to eat. True to her word, Sonja had the cooks put fresh blueberries on my warm and golden brown waffle and more blueberries came in a side container. The waffle also came with WheatFields in-house-made black raspberry butter. Cindy's quiche was a large and fluffy wedge with the veggies mixed in. The creme brulee hash browns were in a dish next to the quiche and I couldn't wait to get a few bites of that. There wasn't much they could do with a basic waffle - and I knew that. That's why I had them put the blueberries on it. The blueberries were plump and fresh and gave the waffle a nice fruit kick in taste. The black raspberry butter was also a nice addition to the waffle. It had a sweet and sour taste to the butter and I made sure I slathered the concoction on top of the waffle. Overall, it was a pretty good waffle. Cindy was very happy with her quiche. It appeared to have good sized chunks of veggies mixed in the baked eggs. She said not only was it good, it was very rich. But the thing I was looking for was a bite of the creme brulee hash browns. While I didn't get the taste sensation of a creme brulee with potatoes, the rich creaminess of the sauce with the potatoes was actually very good. There was almost like a little crust on top of the hash browns and each bite yielded this wonderful taste of freshly grated potatoes and a cream sauce. The creme brulee hash browns were the highlight of the meal. WheatFields wasn't cheap - our breakfast was a bit over $40 bucks with a nice tip from Sonja who kept making sure we were taken care of. Cindy suggested I get a to-go pan of the orange caramel sticky buns, but I was afraid they wouldn't make it back home. Other than it being a little pricey for breakfast, I couldn't really complain much about the meal. The waffle was a waffle, but the blueberries were fresh and tasty, as was the black raspberry butter. Cindy liked her quiche and the creme brulee hash browns were top notch. I can see why WheatFields would be a popular place for breakfast on the weekends in the Old Market. While it wasn't a great breakfast, I don't have much - if any - to complain about the place. Tommy Colina's Kitchen - Omaha, NE About three years ago the Nebraska Beef Council started their own " Best Burger in Nebraska " contest that is very similar to the Iowa Beef Industry Council's " Best Burger in Iowa " contest. After a long day, I checked into my hotel in West Omaha after 9 p.m. and looked around for a place to grab a quick bite to eat. I stumbled into a place called Tommy Colina's Kitchen . It turned out that they are a two time finalist for the Best Burger crown in Nebraska. Always up for a good burger, I was happy I found the place. There is no Tommy Colina - it's actually a hybrid name from the children of the owners, Jon Dye and Grant Lundin. Jon Dye is a Le Cordon Bleu (London) trained chef. His specialty was opening restaurants in the Omaha area. He was the opening chef at such diverse places such as Dave & Buster's , Ted's Montana Grill , Wheatfields , and the Farmhouse Cafe . Dye struck out on his own with the OmNe Seafood Grill about 10 years ago, but it was a short-lived venture. Dye and Lundin got to know each when they were both working for Greg Lindberg's Absolutely Fresh Seafood restaurants - Shucks Fish House and Oyster Bar , and Bailey's , a breakfast and lunch-centric restaurant. Dye was the executive chef and Lundin was the manager for Shucks. Today, there are three Shucks locations around the Omaha area. Dye and Lundin looked to do their own thing and they bought a building that housed the former Don Carmelo's pizza restaurant near downtown Omaha. It took them less than two months to transform the former pizza place into Tommy Colina's. They brought a little bit of culinary philosophy with them from Shucks and Bailey's, but with an emphasis on burgers, eclectic sandwiches and interesting appetizers. In the fall of 2012, they opened the second Tommy Colina's location in West Omaha in the Spring Ridge Plaza just off Pacific and 180th St. ( see map ) As it was after 9 p.m., Tommy Colina's Kitchen was understandably quiet. Only a couple tables were taken and no one was seated at the bar. I walked over to the bartender and asked if it was too late for food. He said, "Nope! We're serving until 10 o'clock!" I took a seat at the bar, grabbed a menu from him and ordered up a Boulevard Pale Ale . Tommy Colina's "Triple B" burger was the one that garnered a third place finish in the most recent Best Burger in Nebraska contest. They take their ground steak burgers and top it with thick slices of maple bacon, imported brie cheese, and finish it off with crumbled blue cheese. That sounded good, but I figured it would probably overpower the taste of the burger. They had the "Smoke-n-Spice" burger on the menu that came with smoked jalapenos, aged cheddar cheese and maple bacon slices. The maple bacon intrigued me. I've had it before and it's all right - much more sweet than regular hickory or applewood smoked bacon. If I had the choice, I'd take the hickory or applewood smoked bacon over maple bacon. In fact, a lot of the burgers had the maple bacon on it. One other burger that caught my eye was "Da Mojo" - it came with the maple bacon, roasted sweet peppers and Havarti cheese. I almost got that. As my eyes wandered down through the list of burgers, just below the burgers was a box on the menu that featured "Street Tacos". It was four different types of taco-style that blended flavors from around the world and was served on pita bread. The "Calcutta" was interesting featuring thin sliced beef tenderloin, lettuce, tomatoes, sweet red peppers, a mild curry sauce, pickled red onions with Havarti cheese. If I wasn't so set on getting a burger, I would have possibly tried that. The bartender had come back a couple of times to check to see if I was ready to order. I thought to myself, "This is ridiculous! Pick a burger and go with it!" When he came back the third time I ordered up the "Tijuana Taxi", mainly because I was interested in the smoked jalapeno bacon relish ("Oh, man," the bartender exclaimed. "It's good!") It was topped with pepperjack cheese. And for a buck more, I added a fried egg to the burger. I also had my choice of sides - fries, seasoned homemade chips or pasta salad. I heard myself order the fries fully knowing that I wouldn't probably have more than a couple. Good burgers take a little time to make and it was over 15 minutes before my burger showed up in front of me. It was served open faced with the smoked jalapeno bacon relish on top of the hard fried egg which sat on the burger covered in the pepperjack cheese. Pickled raw onion rings came with it as well as what appeared to be homemade dill pickles. After dressing up the burger and putting on the spongy bun crown, I was ready to chomp. The taste of the burger was good. Not fantastic, not great, but - well, good. The beef was cooked the way I like it - medium with a little pink in the middle. I couldn't really get a taste of the bacon in the relish, but the jalapeno slices had a smokey little zip to them. The bun was chewy and held together well with everything that was going on with the burger and toppings. If I had to give the burger at Tommy Colina's a grade I'd have to say it was a B. No, probably more a B+. It was good, but it just didn't trip my trigger like other burger joints have. I had a couple of the fries, as I thought I would, and they were "blah". They were basically a throwaway for me. And that's all right. I was much more interested in the burger. A place clear out in Valentine, NE won this year's "Best Burger in Nebraska" contest and I'm sure I won't be going out that way anytime soon - if ever. But this year's runner up was a place that I think has a pretty damned good burger - Dinker's Bar in Omaha. (Click here to see my entry on Dinker's Bar.) I didn't think the burger at Tommy Colina's Kitchen was as good as the one at Dinker's, but it was definitely in the ball park. But there are other things on the menu at Tommy Colina's other than burgers that intrigued me enough to keep the place on my "Restaurants to Visit" list. I would have no problem coming back to the West Omaha location or trying the one closer to downtown. (Update - I write my reviews of these places sometimes weeks in advance. From the time that I went to Tommy Colina's Kitchen, wrote the review, and having it published - the place closed. A shout out to Bill MacKenzie who pointed out to me the day the review was published that both Tommy Colina's Kitchen locations closed earlier this month. The Omaha World Herald had a short article that stated the businesses shut their doors on July 20th - about a month after I was in there. I don't know if there's ever been a place that I've reviewed and then was closed that quickly.) Dixie Quick's (and RNG Gallery) - Council Bluffs, IA Much has been written about a little restaurant in the Omaha area by the name of Dixie Quick's . For a long time, it has kind of been a small secret the locals who liked to keep to themselves. However, both national print and television media has blown the cover off the Dixie Quick's secret and it has become a destination for people who enjoy eclectic and interesting foods. I've had Dixie Quick's on my "Restaurants to Visit" list for quite sometime. When Cindy and I were out in Omaha for an extended weekend recently, we decided to go have breakfast at Dixie Quick's. René Orduña started off working in the kitchen of his parents Mexican restaurant when he was growing up in Omaha. Orduña left Omaha and ended up cooking in a number of different places - New Orleans, New York, Atlanta, San Francisco and Kansas City - before ending up back in Omaha with his life partner, Rob Gilmer. In 1995, the two opened the original Dixie Quick's in downtown Omaha. After being open for seven years, the two were forced to move to a new location due to the pending construction of Union Pacific Center , the headquarters of the Union Pacific railroad that was moving just across the street. It was at their new location at 20th and Leavenworth just south of downtown Omaha that Dixie Quick's became known for their eclectic comfort food. Dixie Quick's Magnolia Room featured a number of different items on their menu from Cajun to seafood to steaks with a Mexican twist to scrumptious breakfasts served on Saturday and Sunday mornings. And the menu was located on a chalk board on the wall of Dixie Quick's Magnolia Room. Patrons had to go to the chalk board and see what chef René was cooking up that evening. The menu changed from day to day due to Orduña's quest to source local and fresh food for the restaurant. In 2011, Orduña and Gilmer had the chance to move Dixie Quick's into the renovated Hughes-Irons building in Council Bluffs just across the Missouri River from Omaha. On one side of the space they occupied would be Dixie Quick's, the other side would be RNG Gallery , an urban and contemparary art gallery that was designed to show cutting edge artwork from local, regional and national artists. The "RNG" in the gallery's name stands for Rob Gilmer's initials. Dixie Quick's moved to their new location in October of 2011 and had their grand opening on November 1, 2011. We pulled up in front of Dixie Quick's on West Broadway in Council Bluffs around 9:15 on a Saturday morning. ( see map ) We were sort of stunned to see a large group of people milling about in front of the place and we wondered if there was already a wait to get in for breakfast. On Dixie Quick's web site they have general rules and brunch rules and it appears that someone by the name of Lydia has pissed off either Gilmer or Orduña so much that there are taglines after each rule that are directed at someone named Lydia. I was afraid that if we didn't have a reservation we may be waiting quite a long time to be seated. If that was the case, I told Cindy we'd go to Plan B, which would be somewhere else other than Dixie Quick's. After parking the car in a lot on the east side of the Hughes-Irons building, we saw that the crowd out front had dispersed by the time we got in front of the restaurant. It turned out it was a large group that was just arriving at Dixie Quick's and they were just being seated when we walked in. We were greeted by a young lady at the hostess stand just as you get into Dixie Quick's and she sat us at table near the bar area. The dining area at Dixie Quick's is an "L"-shaped room with the signature menu board on the long wall. The contemporary urban space features artwork on the walls and the restaurant is lighted by studio-style light fixtures. On the wall behind the bar were a collection of trays with states on them (above right). I'd never seen anything like them before and they were sort of neat to look at. The first order of business is to go over and take a look at the chalk board menu. Because of René Orduña's multi-faceted culinary background, the breakfast menu reflected his diverse tastes. There were breakfast dishes with a Mexican flair such as the Cactus Scramble - real bits of cactus scrambled with eggs and black beans and served with tortillas. Dixie Quick's also featured a red beans and rice omelet as well as down-home Southern-style breakfast plates as biscuits and gravy, and chicken-fried steak. I almost got the chicken fried steak, I could imagine how good it would be. Cindy and I stared at the board for about five minutes before we finally decided on what we wanted to order. We went back to the table and we were greeted by a tall man who appeared to be a manager. He said, "Douglas is going to be your server, folks. But he's busy with other customers right now. Can I get you something to drink or are you ready to order?" Cindy said, "Well, yeah, sure! We can order!" She got the eggs benedict with grilled salmon. As I said, I almost ordered the chicken fried steak, but I ended up getting the French toast with mixed fruit toppings and a side of bacon. Douglas finally made it over to greet us with some coffee for Cindy. "Sorry folks," he explained. "I guess you got your order in already. It's like I got three tables all at once. Thanks for your patience." We were fine and dandy with the service between the manager and Douglas up to that point. It was no problem whatsoever. A third server brought out our breakfasts. And I was amazed what to find on my plate. The French toast was made out of thick homemade French bread slices piled in a pyramid topped with raspberries, strawberries and blueberries with a large dollop of whipped cream at the apex. I thought, "There's gonna be no WAY I can eat all this!" Cindy's eggs Benedict with the grilled salmon featured two rather large poached eggs sitting on a homemade fluffy English muffin. She said the salmon was a little overcooked for her, but it wasn't fishy tasty at all. I could smell the salmon and it did smell good. I started to dig into my French toast and found that the bread was light and fluffy. It was almost like angel food cake, there was so much airy-ness to it. I let Cindy have my strawberries (I have an aversion to strawberries thanks to a childhood allergy to them), but I enjoyed the fresh blueberries and raspberries with the French Toast. After finishing two of the slices, it became apparent that I would have no trouble finishing the rest. The combination of lightness and great taste made sure for that. When we finished, Douglas brought over our check and even though our service was good I was hesitant to leave a significant tip for him because it was much more of a team effort by the staff at Dixie Quick's who took care of us that morning. He had two tables - one of six people, the other with four - that he was running hard for. Even with that, we didn't feel we'd been neglected in the least. As we were leaving Dixie Quick's, I wanted to wash some of the stickiness off my hands. I asked the hostess where the restroom was and she said it was through the gallery to the left of Dixie Quick's and then take a right and go all the way back. The bathroom was in the RNG Gallery and it featured a communal wash facility. In the wash area were also a number of interesting photographs on display. It was sort of interesting that the men's and women's restrooms were off to their respective sides of the sink area and women and men would be side by side washing up afterward. The RNG Gallery was featuring artwork by a number of artists depicting the Museum of Alternative History. Actually, some of the stuff was quite believable including wall charts and interesting photographs that had been altered toward the bizarre. Cindy was especially transfixed on the series of what appeared to be misshapen human skulls that supposedly were from bizarre people. I loved a series of little vignettes by Jamie Burmeister of figurines that involved small sculptures intermixed with real objects. Below left is called "Trap" and it depicts a man caught in a mouse trap with a women grieving nearby. It was pretty twisted. I finally got the joke of the exhibit when I found a poster just inside the entry way of the RNG Gallery that explained the basis for the Museum of Alternative History. Curator Tim Guthrie , an Omaha visual artist, had asked a number of artists to come up with their ideas of what they believed history would be in an alternative plane. It had this long preamble and was actually a pretty cogent interpretation of what the displays are about. Then at the bottom, it basically said the whole idea of the exhibit was for the artists to "just make shit up." We lingered in the RNG Gallery to fully take in the Museum of Alternative History probably longer than we wanted, but it was so interesting and so trippy that we didn't mind missing a glorious Saturday morning outside. My descriptions don't do the exhibit justice. And, unfortunately, the exhibit closed in early June. But I'm sure the RNG Gallery will have other interesting exhibits that you can take in before or after you dine at Dixie Quick's. It turns out that I have a new pro music dealer just across the street from Dixie Quick's and I'm looking forward to going back to try one of the eclectic dinner entrees that they're known for. Dixie Quick's would be what I would call a "must eat" when you're in the Omaha area. Just don't piss them off like Lydia did. Blue Sushi - Omaha, NE During our long weekend trip to Omaha a few weeks ago, we decided to have a late lunch after doing some traveling around in the area. Cindy had seen a sushi place - Blue Sushi - on one of our walks around the Old Market and wanted to go there. Quite actually, I've had Blue Sushi on my "Restaurants to Visit" list on my computer for a long time. I had no problem with her suggestion for lunch. The Blue Sushi location in the Old Market is one of three locations around the Omaha area. There is also a Blue Sushi in Fort Worth, TX and another location in the LoDo section of downtown Denver. All are under the corporate umbrella of Flagship Restaurant Group headed by CEO Nick Hogan. In addition to the Blue Sushi restaurants, Flagship Restaurant Group also oversees the operations of Roja Mexican Grill with two locations in Omaha, Blatt Beer and Table , a craft brew/restaurant in downtown Omaha, and the new Plank Seafood Restaurant that opened in the Old Market earlier this year. The first Blue Sushi opened in Omaha in 2002 and I want to say that I had eaten at a location out in the western part of Omaha a number of years ago. But I'm not overly certain if that was the case or if I had actually eaten at another sushi place thinking it may have been a Blue Sushi location. The Old Market location also has an upstairs watering hole - Sake Bombers Lounge - that appears to be a pretty happening place during the nighttime hours. We walked into the Blue Sushi in the Old Market a little after 2 p.m. ( see map ) We'd had a big breakfast and we were just looking for something light to tide us over until dinner. We were greeted by a hostess and I said we were just going to get a quick snack and if it was all right if we sat at the sushi bar. She had no problem with that. Now, I'm not the most metro-sexual guy out there, and my wife is a pretty laid back lady when it comes to casual fashion. I was dressed in a polo shirt and a pair of khaki shorts. Cindy had a pair of chino jeans on with a cotton top. After we sat down, a young lady who was going to be our server came over to greet us. We may have looked like hayseeds to her because she asked us in what I deemed a very condescending fashion, "Have you guys ever had sushi before?" Cindy and I sort of looked at one another and Cindy finally said, "Well, yeah!" The girl gave a little surprised "Oh!" for her reply and dropped off a couple of menus. I told her that we were going to just get some sushi for a light lunch. She left and came back with the sushi order menu and a couple pencils, silently dropping them off next to me. Cindy said, "She seems to have a little bit of an attitude." I said to Cindy, "We might not be trendy or 'beautiful' enough for her tastes, dear." The sushi menu at Blue Sushi features either 3 pieces of sashimi (without the rice) or 2 pieces of the nigiri (with the rice). It also had a number of specialty rolls on the menu. In addition to sushi, Blue Sushi also has a ahi tuna tacos, ceviche, steamed mussels, shrimp tempura and entrees such as a peppercorn ahi tuna steak and a Shishito pepper filet consisting of a pan-seared beef tenderloin filet with Shishito peppers (a sweet Japanese pepper). Our server came back and asked us if we wanted any edamane, the snap beans that some sushi restaurants serve as a free appetizer, but Blue Sushi charges $5 bucks for. We declined, but I did ask her if they had Asahi beer. She said they did in both the 12 ounce and 21 ounce bottles. I took one of the big bottles of Asahi. Cindy asked for some green tea. The girl went back into the back for a moment, then came back out to inform Cindy that they were out of the green tea. A Japanese restaurant out of green tea? OK... She then gave Cindy a verbal list of a number of teas that they had to offer that day. When she got to "Moroccan Mint", Cindy stopped her. "Oh, yeah. I've had the Moroccan Mint tea. I'll do that one." The menu that we used to jot down our sushi choices had pretty small print. Even though it was sunny out and there was some light coming in the large east-facing windows, I was having trouble reading the menu. I didn't have my glasses with me and I thought I had ordered up a couple pieces of tuna nigiri, four pieces of smoked salmon nigiri and a spicy tuna roll. When our server came back to pick up the order, she looked it over and she said, "Do you really want the spicy octopus?" I sort of looked at her funny and she pointed out that I had ordered the spicy tako - spicy octopus - instead of the spicy tekka - spicy tuna. I said, "I couldn't make out the 'tako' vs. 'tekka'." She took the menu and gave me a glance that told me she was silently thinking, "You rube..." After she walked away, Cindy exclaimed, "What kind of look did she give YOU? I don't think I like this place. Too much attitude." The place didn't seem to be all that busy and they had three sushi chefs working behind the counter. Cindy and were talking back and forth, and she finally stopped and said, "Do you notice anything different about the sushi chefs?" I looked at them and sort of sized them up. Nothing really jumped out at me, but that's not surprising as my wife says I'm not very observant. She said, "None of the chefs are Japanese. They're all Hispanic." Sure enough they were all speaking Spanish back and forth amongst themselves. I guess sushi chefs are sushi chefs, and not that there's anything bad about it, but I will say it is the first time I'd had Hispanic sushi chefs at a Japanese sushi restaurant. As I said, it didn't appear to be all that busy in the restaurant, but our sushi - six pieces and a spicy tuna roll - was taking an extraordinary amount of time, especially for having three sushi chefs behind the bar. They were having "happy hour" at the Sake Bomb Lounge upstairs and we wondered if they were serving food up there because there was less than a dozen people in the dining area of Blue Sushi and the sushi chefs were all working feverishly. Over 20 minutes after we had given our order to our server, one of the sushi chefs handed over the platter across the cooling case to us with a quick apology for it taking so long. The nigiri sushi featured thick pieces of fresh smoked salmon and tuna. The spicy tuna roll, however, seemed to be somewhat small in both circumference and in quantity of the tuna. Wrapped in seaweed, the individual pieces of the spicy tuna roll were not much larger than a U.S. quarter coin. I will say that the smoked salmon was very good. It had a good smoked flavor to it and the fish had a wonderful body texture consistency when you bit into it. The tuna was good, but not as good as the smoked salmon. It, too, had a good texture to the bite in the fish. The only problem was that when we dipped the nigiri into the soy sauce, the rice would fall apart. I learned awhile back from a sushi chef at a place I was eating at that if the rice falls apart when you dip it in the soy sauce, the rice didn't have enough white vinegar in it to help keep it moist. It was a minor hassle for us and certainly not a deal breaker. With the long wait for our sushi, the small nature of the spicy tuna roll, and the somewhat condescending nature of our server, the taste of the very good sushi couldn't overpower our unhappiness with our experience at Blue Sushi. Maybe we caught them on a bad day and I just don't care for servers with attitudes. But it doesn't mean that I won't give Blue Sushi a try at some other point during a visit to Omaha - that is, if I'm in the mood for sushi instead of a great steak. Omaha Prime - Omaha, NE Last month, Cindy and I were getting ready to celebrate our wedding anniversary (18 years!) and we decided to take a long weekend to go somewhere to get away for awhile. We contemplated going to Chicago (Cindy had just been in Chicago and I go there a lot for business), Minneapolis and Kansas City (too far of a drive - at least too far of a drive that I wanted to make), St. Louis or Indianapolis (I had been to both those cities just days before). We ended up deciding on going out to Omaha. Now, I like Omaha and it's a little over a 4-hour drive across the state of Iowa. I used some of my Hilton points to get us a room at the Embassy Suites in the Old Market arts and entertainment area in downtown Omaha. And for our celebratory dinner for our anniversary that weekend, we went to one of the more famous steakhouses in town, Omaha Prime . Restauranteur Mahood "Mo" Tajvar opened Omaha Prime in the Old Market 17 years ago this year. It has been one of the "go-to" destinations in Omaha for power dinners for titans of industry and special occasions for locals and out-of-towners alike. And in a city that has some pretty damn good steakhouses, Omaha Prime is generally regarded as the gold standard for their meat, service and decor. We had arrived on a Friday afternoon and were walking around the Old Market after we had checked into the hotel. I pretty much knew that I wanted to eat at Omaha Prime the next evening and we were walking near the restaurant. I told Cindy that I wanted to go and make a reservation for Saturday night, just to make sure that we would be able to get in to eat at a respectable hour. ( Creighton University was also holding their commencement ceremonies the next day and I figured that restaurants would probably be packed.) We made our reservation for 7 p.m. After a day of driving and hiking through the Loess Hills region in Western Iowa, we got cleaned up and made the short walk from our hotel to Omaha Prime. ( see map ) The same young lady that took our reservation the previous day greeted us at the hostess stand. The first floor room at Omaha Prime is pretty small and there is a small sidewalk seating area out front that we agreed that we would never want to sit in. The main dining room is upstairs. And there's no elevator to the second level, so if you have trouble getting up stairs or are handicapped, you're pretty much sentenced to eat in the small dining area on the first floor. (Restrooms at Omaha Prime are also on the first floor, so if you have to go during dinner it's quite a hike to and from the restrooms.) We were led to a table in the main dining room (there was a dining room with a bar in the other area) on the second floor. The dining room featured subdued lighting with artwork on the earth- tone walls. Frankly, I was sort of surprised that the place was less than half-full at 7 p.m. considering all that was going on in Omaha that day. As we were looking through the menu , our server for the evening, Terry, came over to great us. Terry was an interesting guy. With his white waiter jacket, somewhat wild hair, big glasses and sort of scattered manner, he looked more like an absent-minded professor than a waiter. He reminded Cindy and I both of someone who we couldn't quite place. He was a likable enough fella, but he did seem a bit out of place for Omaha Prime. (It turned out that Terry had been a veteran of fine dining serving for over 15 years. He previously had been at Passport, an upscale Old Market restaurant that was also owned by Mo Tajvar. Passport closed last year and Terry came over from there to Omaha Prime.) Terry asked us if we wanted anything to drink and Cindy ordered an amaretto sour. I told him that I was going to look through the wine list to see if there was anything that tripped my trigger to go with our dinner. After he left, Cindy was amazed I didn't order a beer before dinner. She cringes sometimes when I order a beer in a fancy place. Looking through the wine list, I thought the prices were actually pretty good. They had a Franciscan cabernet for under $50 a bottle. But what caught my eye was the Catena malbec from Argentina - also priced under $50 a bottle. I also saw that they had it by the glass. When Terry came back with Cindy's drink, I apologized and told him that I wanted to get a glass of the Catena malbec. He said it was no problem. I wanted to give it try to see if it would be good to go with our dinner. Omaha Prime is a lot like other upscale steakhouses in that they bring a meat tray to the table to show diners what they have available that evening. Terry brought over the tray and showed the usual cuts - tenderloin filet, porterhouse, ribeye, strip - but he said he also had a t-bone available that evening along with a bone-in filet. Cindy was sort of interested in the lamb chops that were on the menu. But once Terry mentioned the bone-in filet, he had her. I was sort of torn between the strip or the regular filet. The porterhouse was a 24 ounce cut with both the strip and the filet. I thought, "What the hell!" That's what I ended up ordering - rare plus. For sides, they have a number of things to choose from including sauteed mushrooms, creamed spinach, Brussels sprouts with bacon, a huge baked potato, sweet potato fries, and sort of their signature side - blue cheese potatoes. And they're all served family style at Omaha Prime. I definitely wanted to try a taste of the potatoes, but I knew they'd be so rich that we couldn't finish them all. But the mushrooms were calling my name, too. And Cindy was sort of set on getting the creamed spinach. So we ordered all three. For starters, they had a number of salads and soups (as well as appetizers). Cindy was sort of looking at getting the lobster bisque that they serve in a puffed pastry. But she ended up getting the Caesar salad. They had something called the Thunderbird salad at Omaha Prime. I asked Terry what that was all about and he said, "It's a bed of greens mixed with chopped tomatoes and some other stuff." In other words, he didn't really know. Still, I told him I'd give it a try. And I did like the Catena malbec. Terry had poured me a glass out of a new bottle. Once it opened up, it had a great taste with a full body. I ordered a bottle for us when we ordered our dinners. The salads came out first and they were pretty nondescript. Cindy's Caesar salad was pretty basic, but came with a handful of homemade croutons. Curiously, a lemon wedge came with the salad. She said, "I've never had a lemon wedge with a Caesar salad before. This is kind of interesting." My Thunderbird salad was pretty much what Terry said it would be - a bunch of mixed greens, chopped tomatoes, some shredded cheese and a special "Thunderbird" dressing that was oil-based. It was all right, but nothing spectacular for $8.95. Actually, I was sort of perplexed about the Thunderbird salad. It turns out that the Thunderbird is sort of a well-known salad in the Omaha area. Now, I've been eating at steakhouses in Omaha since the mid-80's and I had NEVER heard of or even seen a Thunderbird salad on a menu before this visit to Omaha Prime. Back in the early 60's, Peruvian-born chef Luis Villamonte came up with the salad and a homemade dressing at the Happy Hollow Country Club in Omaha. Moving around to other restaurants in the area, he took the Thunderbird salad with him. Today, the Thunderbird Salad is a trademarked name owned by Villamonte's son, Steve, who owns Villamonte's Cuisine - a local catering company. In fact, in order to have a Thunderbird salad on the menu, the restaurants have to buy the " Thunderbird Dressing " from Villamonte. I guess Thunderbird Dressing is available at a lot of places in Omaha from other restaurants to grocery stores to gourmet food shops. But I'd never known about it before. To me, it isn't anything to specifically seek out. It was time for the steaks and the sides. Our steaks looked pretty good, but I was sort of intrigued by Cindy's bone-in filet. There wasn't much of a bone on the steak. Usually, I'll see bone-in filet's with a large bone around the meat. This one had a little bone toward the back of the filet. My porterhouse was big, but it wasn't as thick as I remembered seeing it on the meat tray. It nearly covered the whole plate. The first cut into the filet side showed that it was cooked a perfect - for me - rare plus. It was tender and flavorful without any hint of a seasoning. There were grill marks on the one side and when I turned it over to get at the strip side of the porterhouse, there was none. They cooked it very quickly on the underside of the steak to make it rare plus. But they did it right. However, I can't say that there was really anything outstanding about the steak. It was a good USDA Prime Beef steak, but one that you can get from a dozen other places in Omaha. Since the sides came family-style, we had a shitload of food on our table. The mushrooms were sauteed in a soy sauce giving them sort of a salty flavor. I don't know if I cared for the soy sauce saute on the mushrooms, but they were good enough to go along with my steak. Cindy even tried some, which I thought was remarkable for a person who doesn't care for mushrooms. We finished about half the dish by the end of the meal. The blue cheese potatoes were nothing more than taking a baked potato, cutting it into cubes, adding blue cheese that would melt during the warming process, and then adding some herbs before mixing it all together. As I predicted, it was very rich, but it didn't taste too bad. I had them all to myself as Cindy has been eschewing potatoes as part of the diet she is on. Quite honestly, I think I only took three or four bites before I ended my dinner. And Cindy's creamed spinach was the smallest serving of the three sides we got. She offered me a bite and they were all right, but nothing to write home about. I was stuffed and about ready to pop after I finished the last bite of my steak. When Terry came back to start clearing dishes away, I told him to get rid of the blue cheese potatoes and the mushrooms before I ate anymore. We were sitting there letting our meal settle when Terry came back with the check. Cindy looked at him funny and said, "Wait a minute. Don't you have dessert and coffee?" Terry sort of verbally fumbled and said, "Well, yeah, but you said you were stuffed and I figured you were done." Cindy admonished him. "Maybe HE'S full," she said pointing at me. "But I'm interested in the dessert." Terry began to become a little flummoxed at that point and he then told us about three or four desserts - I think he told us the same one twice, actually. He mentioned that he had a frozen key lime pie that was made by a retired dentist whose hobby was to bake desserts. "A dentist baking sugary desserts," Terry chuckled. "There's something wrong about that." Cindy ordered a piece of the key lime pie and two forks. The small piece of key lime pie was surrounded with a raspberry drizzle with a tuft of whipped cream topped by a raspberry. The pie tasted funny - Cindy thought it was freezer burned. It did sort of taste like that. We weren't impressed with the key lime pie. "You've made better key lime pies at home," Cindy said. And she was right. It wasn't very good. We had talked about getting an espresso, but decided to go grab one from one of the coffee houses that dotted the Old Market area. It was a lot of food and we were done. My impressions of Omaha Prime - it was expensive, way over $200 bucks with a tip. The steaks were good, not outstanding. The sides were all right, but, once again, not outstanding. The salads were "meh!". The key lime pie was a throw away. And Terry's service was a little choppy, but he did all right. He was a little mentally scattered working with other tables in addition to ours. I can think of two or three other steakhouses in the Omaha area that I probably like more than I did with Omaha Prime. I can't really complain about anything specifically, but none of what we experienced was truly outstanding like we thought Omaha Prime would be. Burger Star - Omaha I'm always a little leery when I pick up a local restaurant guide and see a restaurant that is named "Best of" in a poll of local diners. To me, it usually means the restaurant has some sort of support organization that has the human resources to "stuff the ballot box". (Like Pizza Hut for "best pizza", or "best seafood" to Red Lobster .) So, I was a little intrigued by the "Best burger in Omaha" award that went to a one outlet burger joint - Burger Star - considering there area some excellent burger places in the Omaha area. On a trip to Omaha recently, I stopped in for lunch. In doing research on the background of Burger Star, I found that even though it's a one location restaurant, it is under the vast restaurant management umbrella headed by Omahan Greg Cutchall - Cutchall Management Company . The company owns Sonic , Domino's Pizza , Rock Bottom Brewery and Famous Dave franchises in three states, as well as overseeing the franchise operations of Paradise Bakery Cafe locations in Texas, Utah and Nebraska, as well as Tin Star taco bar locations in the greater Dallas area. The company also has entered the "breast-taurant" business with Twin Peaks locations in Omaha and Des Moines complete with girls in "Daisy Duke" shorts and tight tops tied under the breasts. Like similar places such as Show Me's , Hooters , or Tilted Kilt , I'm guessing that you don't go to Twin Peaks because the food is outstanding. (As an aside, my entry on the Tilted Kilt location in Peoria, IL is one of the most read entries on this blog. Go figure...) Cutchall Management Company took over an old Joey's Seafood location just off 72nd St., and just south of Pacific ( see map ) and opened Burger Star in 2008. The initial year was a little rough for Burger Star as they initially used a machine to stamp out 1/4 pound burgers that were then grilled. The public didn't go for the taste of the burgers initially, so Greg Cutchall replaced that burger making process with a 6 ounce, hand-pattied Angus beef 80-20 mix to make the burgers more juicy. Also, they were getting their buns daily from their sister restaurant, Paradise Cafe. But it was taxing the staff and infrastructure at Paradise Cafe, so they began to get their buns from Rotella Italian Bakery in Omaha. Things turned around for the restaurant after those little tweaks. I walked into Burger Star around 1:30 on a weekday, just after the lunch hour rush. The place was about a quarter full of customers finishing up their lunches. A young lady greeted me as I was looking around at the rock and roll-themed decor and she said, "Is this your first visit to Burger Star?" I told her that it was and she gave me the skinny on ordering. She pointed to the menu board on the wall above and behind the counter and you had your choice of either a 6 oz "Burger Star" burger or a 12 oz "Rock Star" burger. (They also have grilled chicken at Burger Star, and, interestingly enough, they have tacos including grilled fish tacos.) After you choose the type of burger that you want, you get your choice of nearly 20 free toppings including all the regular stuff you'd get on a burger (ketchup, mustard, onions - grilled, fried or raw - pickles, lettuce, tomato, etc.) They also have mushrooms and jalapenos available for free. Some burger places will charge for mushrooms or jalapenos. For .75 cents each, you can add smoked bacon, a fried egg and cheese to the burger. I was just going to get a basic 6 ounce burger and I added Swiss cheese, bacon, mushrooms, ketchup, mustard, raw onions and pickles. After the young lady took my order, she put the order on a clip suspended on a line above her and slid the ticket over to the kitchen. She asked me if I wanted any of their hand-cut French fries and I declined. Burger Star doesn't serve beer, so I just got a bottle of water to go along with my burger. She gave me a number and said, "Find yourself a seat, anywhere you like and we'll bring it out to you when it's done!" She took the order she had written, put it on a clip that was attached to a metal zip line above her head, then literally threw it over to the kitchen. A cook grabbed the order and began the process of making my burger. I took a seat in a booth near the fireplace that had a framed guitar above it which was autographed by the Rolling Stones . They had a number of rock and roll memorabilia on the walls throughout the place including a number of old concert posters (probably reproductions) and pictures of classic rock bands and musicians. Playing on a television in the corner and piped through the sound system of the place was a Michael Jackson concert from probably back in the 90's. To me, Burger Star reminded me of a stripped down Hard Rock Cafe . After about 15 minutes or so, someone from the kitchen brought my burger out to me. It was served in a basket on a checkered sheet of wax paper. The burger was piled high with the toppings and condiments that I ordered with it and a toothpick held the top bun in place. The burger patty was sort of a misshapen chunk of meat that was flat grilled and stuck out from the sides of the bun. I have to say that the burger certainly looked promising. But the first bite told me something else. The burger was severely overcooked. It was dry and almost tough to chew and subsequently swallow. I'm guessing whoever was running the grill that day literally pressed all the juice out of the burger during the cooking process. This was not the taste or juiciness that you'd find in an 80-20 mix of ground beef to fat. The bun was very good, however, and had the burger not had the life cooked out of it, it would have been a very good compliment to the beef. But even the soft and chewy Rotella bun couldn't save this burger. And that's too bad. I suspect that the management group that owns Burger Star had a little bit to do with the place getting "Best Burger in Omaha" awards. I've had some excellent burgers in Omaha over the years - Stella's , Louie M's Burger Lust , Dinker's Bar (click on the links to see my entries on those places) - and the burger I had at Burger Star wasn't close to any of those places. I know I should give restaurants a second chance, and maybe I will with Burger Star. But their burgers should be consistently good that whether it's your first visit or your 100th, they're the same. I just have to say that I was disappointed in my burger at Burger Star. (Update - about six weeks after this post was published, the company that runs Burger Star closed this location down. There must have had enough people like me who were disappointed in the burgers there.) Christy Creme - Council Bluffs, IA Midwest Living magazine listed their favorite burger places across the region earlier this year (click here to see the article). One of the places was in Council Bluffs, IA, just across the river from Omaha - a little ice cream parlor called Christy Creme . After a morning meeting with one of my dealers in Omaha, I was heading back east and decided to find Christy Creme to try one of their burgers. Christy Creme is an institution in the Council Bluffs area - it's been in business since 1954. Generations of families have come here for years for ice cream, burgers and other snacks. And do not mistake Christy Creme as the same as the Krispy Kreme donut shops - they don't serve donuts. The "Christy" behind the name belongs to founder Art Christiansen and his wife, Jeanne. They decided to build a little ice cream place in the front yard of their home on N. Broadway, what was then the Lincoln Highway , one of the main routes in and out of Council Bluffs at the time. The original Christy Creme was nothing more than a small building with walk-up service. The Christiansen's would open sometime in February each year and would stay open until sometime in mid-November, closing only for the Independence Day holiday. The original Christy Creme location (right). The picture looks like it was taken in the 60's. The Christiansen's were helped out by their four children in the summertime. The shop was so small that they had to store the supplies for the business in their house. In 1972, Art and Jeanne Christiansen decided to retire and they sold the business. The business went through a handful of owners over the next four years with no one being able to duplicate the magic the Christiansen's started with the business 20 years before. The Christiansen's son, Dave, and his wife, Sue, moved back to Council Bluffs from Texas to buy the business and make it a family-owned business again. Today, Dave Christiansen's son-in-law and daughter manage the day-to-day operation. And now Dave Christiansen's grandkids now work in the business. Since his grandmother helped out his parents in the 50's, there are now five generations of the Christiansen family who have worked at Christy Creme since it opened nearly 60 years ago. In 1995, the Christiansen's tore down the original roadside stand and replaced it with a new modern facility that allowed for sit down dining inside. Due to flood restrictions, they had to build it up higher and back from a road a little bit. The Christiansen's are also promoters withing the community. For two days during August, they have a "Dog Days" promotion that allows customers with their dogs to get a free ice cream cone for their pooches when they buy an ice cream cone for themselves. Also, Christy Creme sponsors an annual bike ride - One Lap of the Bluffs - that takes participants on a 20 mile-plus ride on the bike paths around the Council Bluffs area in early October. Money that is raised for the event is earmarked for the American Cancer Society in memory of Sue Christiansen, who tragically died of cancer a few years ago. I punched in the address for Christy Creme on my GPS and it took me along Broadway until it veered north. I found it on the right side of the road with a nice parking lot just off of Broadway ( see map ). It was before the noon hour so there was only one other customer in the building when I went in. However, before I left there was a tour bus that pulled up in the parking lot that was full of people. I'm glad I got in there when I did. The inside of the Christy Creme is bright and well lit with a handful of booths along the wall. Green and white tiled floors keep the color scheme the same as the outside of the building. Articles on Christy Creme are framed along the wall above the booths. Along the upper part of the wall in the kitchen/serving area are a number of knick-knacks including a number of coffee cups with advertising on them. I never really figured out what the coffee cups were all about. The menu board is located on a wall in the front part of the kitchen area. It's angled above three soft-serve ice cream machines - triple the number of machines the Christiansen's used in the original Christy Creme building. In addition to ice cream and burgers, Christy Creme also a pork tenderloin sandwich, a chicken sandwich, a chicken club sandwich, and they have a patty melt on the menu, as well. Christy Creme's quarter pound burgers are all processed and ground by Omaha Steaks , the famous mail order meat processor. I ended up getting a cheeseburger (double cheeseburgers are available). They make the burgers as ordered, so it was about a 10 minute wait as they flat grilled the burger and made it up for me. With everything on it, the bill came to $3.75 plus tax. I took the burger out to my car since I had a bottle of water out there. It was wrapped in green and white checked wax paper. It was piping hot directly off the grill. The first bite yielded not much of a taste buzz for me. The burger was a little dry and overcooked. I could tell that it was just a processed burger patty - one that you could get from a number of food distributors across the Midwest. It did have that good flat grill flavor to it and it did have ample amounts of condiments on the burger. I especially liked the chopped onions - they were extremely fresh and flavorful. The bun was not much to talk about. It, too, was a little dry and lifeless. Quite frankly, the cheeseburger at Christy Creme reminded me of the burgers you can get at most Dairy Queen's . And don't get me wrong, Dairy Queen makes a surprisingly good cheeseburger. I'd put Christy Creme's burger on par with Dairy Queen's burger. But if I had my choice, I'd support Dave Christiansen over going to Dairy Queen anyday. Yeah, it was a good burger. Not a great burger and probably not what I would call a Top 25 burger in the Midwest. I could name 25 burgers off the top of my head from around the Midwest that would beat out a Christy Creme burger. But Christy Creme is quaint part of Midwestern Americana and I'm certain the editors at Midwest Living took that into consideration when they came up with their list. Christy Creme would be worth the stop for just the unique nature of the business. But I can tell you of three other places I'd rather get a burger in the Omaha/Council Bluffs area. Jaipur Brew House - Omaha I worked an event at The Sound Environment in Omaha one evening earlier this year. I was standing and talking to one of their longtime employees, Jim, just catching up on things when a woman walked in looking for her husband and his friend. She said, "They're either in here or they're over at the Indian restaurant." I turned to Jim and said, "There's an Indian restaurant nearby?" He said, "Yeah, Jaipur ! It's just right over here." We walked to the front door and he pointed to a building down the way in the Rockbrook Village Shopping Center in which both businesses are located ( see map ). It was literally a 50 yard walk to the front door of the restaurant. Now, I figured that I had been coming to The Sound Environment at this location for over 20 years. Jaipur opened in 1992 and I have driven by the place countless times over the years and never noticed it before. But, then again, that shouldn't be surprising as my wife has told me countless times over the years that I am not good at noticing things. I asked Jim if the food was good and he said, "Oh, it's very good. And they're also a brewpub." "A brewpub," I asked him, somewhat incredulous. "An Indian brew pub?" He said, "Oh, yeah. They have a brewing operation in the back. They make the most outrageous jalapeno beer." The event at The Sound Environment was over at 9 p.m. and Jim said that Jaipur served food up to 9:30. I said, "We ought to try the place out!" Jim said, "Oh, anytime I have the chance to eat at Jaipur, I go!" Jaipur, named for a city in northern India, was co-founded by Steve Gordon who also co-owned The Oven in Lincoln, also a highly acclaimed Indian restaurant; and L'Orient, a former upscale restaurant in Rockbrook Village. I have an industry colleague, Bruce Jacobs from Stillpoints , who happened to be at The Sound Environment's event that evening who calls the Oven one of his all-time favorite restaurants. Bruce told me, "When I drive out to Denver for the Rocky Mountain Audio Festival , I always time it so that I can have a meal at the Oven in Lincoln." Bruce told me that evening in Omaha that when he found out that the Oven and Jaipur had been joined at the hip at one point, he tried the food at Jaipur the previous evening. Is it similar to the Oven, I asked him. He said, "Oh, yeah. It's excellent." Gordon sold his shares in both the Oven and Jaipur around 2004. He sold the Oven to Ngawang Rinchen, a Bhutanese native who was once the chef for the Royal Family of Bhutan (you gotta click on the link - the King of Bhutan has four wives - all sisters!); and the Jaipur Brew House was sold to Nepalese native Gyanendra Bhandari who had been the chef at the restaurant for three years prior. Bhandari continues to be the executive chef of Jaipur, but Sanjay Pandit and Bhojraj Paudel run the day-to-day operations in the kitchen. Steve Gordon still works with Bhandari as the Jaipur's wine consultant and helps with the wine list that totals over 180 bottles. It was just after 9 p.m. when we got into the Jaipur Brew House and sat at a table toward the east wall of the restaurant. The lighting was somewhat subdued, almost too dim to adequately read the menu . But the decor was elegant and classy. Once we were seated, we were given menus by our waitress that evening, Smrita. She was a pleasant young lady who reminded us that they closed the kitchen at 9:30. Jim had been raving about the jalapeno ale at the Jaipur Brew House and he ordered a 10 oz. glass of the brew right off the bat. I asked if I could get a sample of the jalapeno beer and Smrita took off to get the beers. She came back moments later and said, "I'm sorry, we're out of the jalapeno ale this evening." Jim reacted as though someone had run over his puppy. "Oh man," he exclaimed. "You're out of the jalapeno beer? I've been craving one for the past couple of hours!" Smrita said she was sorry, but the jalapeno ale is, by far, their most requested beer at Jaipur. We decided upon each of us getting a glass of their India Pale Ale. Actually, it was a tad flat and didn't have a forward taste like I've found in other IPA's. But it was certainly drinkable. In addition to traditional northern Indian foods, the Jaipur Brew House also features an "Indian Fusion" menu that offered an Indian twist on Midwestern/American foods. Some of the entrees they had to offer on the fusion menu included a beef tenderloin that was cooked in their high temperature tandoor oven, a grilled tenderloin with Indian spices; a Tandoori marinated grilled salmon; a Colorado lamb kabob marinated in garlic and ginger then cooked in the tandoor oven; and a Jaipur chicken cutlet marinated with yogurt and Indian spices, then pan-fried. Jim told me that all their lamb dishes were wonderful. I'm not big on lamb - I don't like the greasy taste of lamb, nor do I like the texture all that much. But he was pretty adamant that the lamb at the Jaipur Brew House was excellent. I decided to further broaden my horizons and I wanted something sort of spicy that evening. The lamb vindaloo filled that bill. I ordered that and, along with Jim's wholehearted recommendation, I went with a bowl of the Mulligatawny soup - a traditional Indian soup featuring pureed lentils with spices, then topped with rice and fresh coriander. Jim was torn between a number of items. "This happens to me every time I come here," he explained to me. "Everything is so good." Knowing he was under pressure because the kitchen would be closing shortly, he decided upon the chicken pad Jaipur entree - large marinated chicken chunks with stir-fried rice noodles along with egg, fresh veggies and Indian spices. A cashew sauce then topped the concoction. The special soup that evening was a pureed bean soup and Jim signed up for that, as well. Then Jim said, "Should we get an appetizer?" I suggested the garlic naan, but he said the Kheema naan - a lightly buttered naan bread stuffed with ground lamb. I've had Kheema naan before and I thought it was pretty damn good. Smrita brought out our soups. I had taken a picture of both our soups, but the one of my Mulligatawny soup didn't turn out. Below right is Jim's pureed bean soup. Jim said his soup was overly flavorful and he offered me to take a spoonful. My Mulligatawny was very good, but I liked the rich spice and herb flavor of his pureed bean soup. The Kheema naan came out next (above right). It was big and fluffy, chocked full of ground lamb. It looked like a small stuffed pizza sitting on the plate. And it was rich and very flavorful. I knew there was no way we'd be able to finish all the food. After about another 10 minutes, our main entrees came out. Jim's chicken pad Jaipur looked overly thick and rich. I'm not big on cashew or peanut sauces, but the large chunks of cashews on top of the pad Jaipur looked very good. Jim offered a portion to me and he put a sample on my bread plate. The taste sensations were overwhelming. I don't know exactly what was in it that made it taste so good, but it certainly appealed to me. From the first bite of my lamb vindaloo, it got my attention. First of all, the lamb chunks weren't greasy in the least. The lamb had a great taste quality to it and wasn't chewy like I've found other lamb dishes to be for me in the past. The second thing was the forward taste of the Indian spices incorporated in the sauce. It was just wonderful. But the big thing - it was HOT! I mean spicy hot! I wanted something spicy and, man, I got it! I was telling Jim how hot it was and I offered to reciprocate on a sample of my lamb vindaloo. He offered his bread plate and I put some on there. He took a bite and said, "Holy shit! That IS hot! But it's so damn good, too!" He was absolutely right. The best part was dipping some of the Kheema naan in the vindaloo sauce. Oh, God! It was just excellent. It was so forward with the spices and had an explosive aftertaste. It was just fabulous. Jim and Bruce couldn't have been more spot on about the food at the Jaipur Brew House. Although the beer was a little flat and they were out of their popular jalapeno ale, the food was outstanding. In fact, the vindaloo was possibly a little more hot in spiciness than I like, but it was still excellent. And I have to say the lamb was nothing like the lamb I'd had before. Smrita was an excellent waitress for us and even though it was well past closing time when we finished up, we didn't feel hurried at all. Now that I know about the Jaipur Brew House, I look forward to going back at some point and having something other than the vindaloo and trying the jalapeno beer. Oh! And it looks like on my next trip over to Lincoln, I'll have to seek out the Oven, as well. Dinker's Bar - Omaha Midwest Living magazine came out with a list of their top 25 (and then some) burger joints around the Midwest earlier this year. Many of the places listed can be found on Road Tips, but I became interested by a number of other ones that I wasn't familiar with. Quite probably the one that intrigued me most was a place in Omaha called Dinker's Bar . On a recent trip out to Omaha, I decided to find Dinker's for a burger. I've been coming to Omaha for business since 1986 (and about 10 years prior to that when my sister and brother-in-law used to live in Omaha) and while I was familiar with places like Stella's and Louie M's Burger Lust , I had never heard of Dinker's Bar before. But the locals certainly love it. It has been voted as Omaha's best burger many times over the years. In fact, they're so confident of the burgers at Dinker's Bar they have a permanent sign on the front of their building that says, "Omaha's Best Burger." While I certainly love the burgers at Louie M's and I've given Stella's high marks over the years, I was somewhat taken aback that I hadn't known about Dinker's burgers until I read about them in Midwest Living magazine. Dinker's Bar has been in existance since the mid-60's when Frank "Dinker" Synowiecki opened the doors to the neighborhood bar south of Omaha's downtown area known as Sheely Town. Sheely Town was named after Joseph Sheely who owned and ran a packing plant on Omaha's south side in the 1800's and who built tenement housing, initially, for mostly Irish workers. But later on, a number of Polish and Czech immigrants came to Omaha to work in the stockyards and slaughter houses of South Omaha. Many of the Polish immigrants settled in Sheely Town while many of the Czech's settled further to the south. Today, the Sheely Town neighborhood is a mix of small bungalow houses and larger two story homes that were built before World War II. Initially, Dinker's Bar was just a "beer and a shot" type of place. However, Synowiecki put in a grill and began to serve burgers and sandwiches. Today, Synowiecki's son, Bob, runs the place. It's located in a long narrow building at the corner of S. 29th St. and Castelar St., just south of Martha Street and right next to I-480 ( see map ). Midwest Living compared to decor to a 1970's bowling alley. I guess I didn't get that when I walked into the place. I found it to be open and airy, but comfortable enough for people to carry on conversations. There are a number of tables throughout the long dining room with the bar in the front and the kitchen in the back. I got in just after 1 p.m. and found the "Order Here" sign toward the dining room. A small line was in front of me as I took a look at the menu on the wall to see what I wanted to get on my first visit to Dinker's. Dinker's Bar not only features their idea of the best burgers in Omaha, but they also have a number of sandwiches, salads and appetizers including homemade buttermilk-battered onion rings. Dinker's also features a lunch steak entree with a 6 oz. Omaha Steaks sirloin served with fries, a salad and their garlic cheese bread. They also feature luncheon specials each day - that day the hot beef sandwich was the feature. Quite honestly, it looked good when one of the waitresses walked by with a heaping plate as I was standing in line to get a burger. The burgers at Dinker's Bar are hand-pattied, then cooked on a flat grill and pressed. Their beef is fresh, delivered three times a week to the bar, and I believe they grind their own burger meat. Their signature burger is the Haystack - a quarter pound patty topped with American cheese, honey smoked ham and then finished with a range free fried egg. That sounded really good. They also have a jalapeno burger that is topped with pepper jack cheese and fried jalapenos. But they also had a mushroom/Swiss cheese burger that I ended up getting. The lady at the counter asked if I wanted any fries or onion rings with my burger. I wasn't certain I wanted anything other than the burger. She said chips came with the burger and that the rings or fries were extra. I ended up ordering some fries with the burger. You pay for the food at the counter as you order (WARNING - Dinker's is a cash only establishment), they give you a number to place on your table and they'll bring the food out to you. There's really no wait staff at Dinker's Bar, so after you order your food and if you want a drink you have to go to the bar. I ended up sitting at the bar placing my number beside me. The bar area, itself, was a throwback to a 70's style bar with brickwork on the wall, along with mirrors hung over the brick. A series of bar glasses, a number of liquor bottles and even a Jagermeister machine cluttered up the back bar area. It was your typical neighborhood bar. After about 15 minutes, a man brought me my burger and set it in front of me. When I ordered at the counter, the lady had asked if I wanted lettuce, tomato and onions (grilled or sliced) on my sandwich and I was rather impressed with the freshness of both the lettuce and tomato slices. The onions were pungent and fresh, as well. A large mound of French fries accompanied the burger in the basket. The burger was thick and juicy, covered with copious amounts of fresh mushrooms. In fact, the mushrooms were so plentiful, they were sliding off of the burger with nearly each bite. Four napkins were dropped off with the burger and I needed them all. The burger, itself, was cooked perfectly with a little bit of pink in the middle. With all the veggies on the burger, it was difficult to get a full taste of the beef. But I pulled off a corner of the burger patty and tasted it on its own. It was very, very good. Last, but certainly not least, the kaiser bun that Dinker's uses for their burgers was light and fluffy, adding a wonderful taste to the burger. It was lightly toasted and helped with the overall taste of the burger. It held together very well with the moist and juicy burger. I was overly impressed with Dinker's burger. I'm sort of kicking myself for not knowing about Dinker's Bar before this. I love little neighborhood places like Dinker's. The burger I had was very, very good and I may have to make a couple more visits to Dinker's before I can decide if it truly is the best burger in Omaha. Stella's and Louis M's Burger Lust are certainly high on my list and I would have to say that Dinker's Bar has a burger that would be as equally worthy - if not more - as the burgers at those places. King Kong - Omaha I had gotten into Omaha early one afternoon and was sort of hungry. I had to do a training meeting that evening and knew I wouldn't be eating dinner until later on. I tried to think of someplace that I hadn't been to in sometime and finally it hit me - King Kong ! King Kong is a burger/gyro place on Dodge St. in Omaha ( see map ). I decided to go there for a gyro for lunch. King Kong's name is interesting enough, but how it came to be is pretty interesting in its own right. It begins with a young Nick Triantafillou growing up on a Greek island, working almost since he was able to walk. Growing up, Nick dreamt about going to the United States to join up with his uncle who had a restaurant in Omaha, NE. Nick left home in his early 20's joining a commercial shipping company where he sailed the seas and worked as the waiter for the ship's captain. On a particularly rough journey in 1973 from the United Kingdom to Texas to pick up a boat load of sugar, the young Triantafillou knew he'd had enough of the sea life. After docking in Galveston, TX, knowing no English and armed only with his uncle's telephone number in Omaha, Nick jumped ship. He made his way to some friendly Greek locals in Texas who put him on a plane to Omaha to join up with his uncle who ran a gyro shop in town. Getting a foothold in the restaurant business, the young Triantafillou opened his first restaurant across the river in Council Bluffs, IA - Nick's Sirloin House. He eventually sold the steakhouse and opened a diner in a small town near Omaha. Triantafillou then opened a fine dining restaurant - Nick and Diana's - in suburban Bellevue, NE. None of the restaurants did particulary well, but Triantafillou kept trying. Now fully immersed in the restaurant culture, Triantafillou eventually opened a chain of gyro/burger joints across Nebraska called Nick's Gyros. He had locations in Kearney, Grand Island, Lincoln and Omaha. He eventually sold off all the locations, but kept the one location at 44th and Dodge in the heart of Omaha's midtown area. One of Nick's signature meals was a 1/2 pound burger that he wanted to name after something big. Getting the inspiration from the original King Kong movie that he saw as a young man in Greece, Triantafillou named his burger the "King Kong". Not only did King Kong signify the size of his burgers, but also the size of his dinner entrees, including gyros, that Nick's served. And all at a good value price. In 1994, Triantafillou decided to change the name of his restaurant to King Kong and had his lawyer look into whether he'd be infringing on any trademarks. It turned out that a federal court in the 1970's had ruled that the original King Kong story had become public domain since there were a handful of books and serial articles that had been published about the time the original movie came out in 1933, but it was unclear who actually wrote the first story on King Kong. And, amazingly, Triantafillou's lawyer also found out that no one owned the trademark on either the King Kong name or the King Kong gorilla image. None of the movie companies or publishing houses had trademarked King Kong since it became public domain 20 years prior. Triantafillou bought the King Kong trademark, the gorilla image trademark, as well as trademarking the "Double Kong" and "Triple Kong" burgers. That's right - a small restaurant owner in Omaha, NE owns King Kong. In 2001, Triantafillou opened a second location in south Omaha , and subsequently opened two other locations including one in Lincoln. There had been talk of King Kong expanding into Missouri with locations in St. Joseph and Independence, but I don't think those locations have ever opened. (Pictured left - The Triple Kong 1 1/2 lb. burger. Photo courtesy justjdm.com ) King Kong is on the south side of Dodge, just after 42nd St. and before Saddle Creek. If you're heading west bound on Dodge St. coming out of the downtown Omaha area, you'll have to take the southbound Saddle Creek exit on the right just before King Kong as there's no left turns into businesses along Dodge St. Get in the far right lane of Saddle Creek and take the eastbound Dodge Street exit. It cloverleafs up and around to eastbound Dodge just before the entrance to King Kong on the right. It was around 1:30 p.m. when I pulled into the parking lot of King Kong, well after the noon time lunch rush. But it was still busy enough where there was a fair sized crowd inside the dining room when I went in. The menu is located on on a lighted marquee board behind the counter. In addition to gyros and burgers , King Kong also features steak and dinner entrees , Philly cheese steak sandwiches , salads , as well as a number of Kid-sized meals for the youngsters. They also have daily specials through the week. I was going to get one of their gyros since it had been a long time since I last had one from King Kong - probably more than 10 years ago. A young lady with an Eastern European accent took my order for a gyro. Within a minute it was up on the counter waiting for me to pick it up. I found a seat in the back corner of the dining area. There are a series of white-topped tables with matching ice cream parlor-styled chairs throughout the place. The dining room decor sort of has a faux jungle/tropical color and kitschy feeling to the room. It also feels a little more cramped than cozy in the dining area as the tables are close together. The gyro, itself, was huge (above right). It was piled with gyro meat, fresh onions and tomatoes all swarming in King Kong's homemade tzatziki sauce. Even with a fork, it's a messy delight. The gyro meat was flavorful and tender. Oh, there were a couple pieces of the gyro meat where it was a little more done than others, but it was still edible. The onions were overly fresh and somewhat powerful. Given that it was early spring, the tomatoes were surprisingly fresh. And the homemade tzatziki sauce was a great complement for the whole gyro. The pita bread was soft, pliable and chewy. The gyro at King Kong was exactly as I remembered it to be from the last time I had one a number of years ago. True to its name, King Kong gives you a lot of food at a great value. My very large gyro cost $5.99 and it was more than a regular lunch meal for me. I was stuffed after I left King Kong. I've never tried one of their burgers so I may have to go back at some point and get one. I doubt if it will be either the Double or Triple Kong burgers (they even have a "Super Kong" 2 lb. burger on the menu), but the 1/2 pound King Kong burger should be able to work for me. But the gyro at King Kong is still worth going there to get one. It's no wonder all four King Kong locations in Omaha and Lincoln are a favorite with the locals. Dundee Dell - Omaha I'm figuring the last time I was in the Dundee Dell in Omaha was probably 35 years ago. It was a dive bar of the highest quality, but had some sort of an endearing atmosphere to the place. I believe it was the first place where I ever had a reuben sandwich and I sort of remember that I immediately liked what I was eating. When I found Pitch Coalfire Pizza , the pizza place that is owned by Godfather's Pizza founder Willy Thiesen, the Dundee Dell was just down the street. I made a point to go there for a sandwich at some point in the future. On a recent visit to Omaha, I had lunch at the Dundee Dell. Dundee Dell is located at 5007 Underwood Ave. in the Dundee/Happy Hollow neighborhood of Omaha ( see map ). It's a bustling area both day and night and I was very lucky to get a parking spot right in front of the restaurant just after 1 p.m. When I walked in, I was immediately confused. This was not the same Dundee Dell that I remembered. And after reading some old articles on the wall, it turned out that it was not. The original Dundee Dell was on Dodge Street, the main east-west drag through Omaha. It officially began in 1934, just after the repeal of prohibition. But Omaha historians say that it was probably open as a speakeasy before that. Three Depression-era brothers - the Cohens - were mobster/bootleggers who ran a speakeasy in the area during the height of Prohibition. They opened the Dundee Dell and ran it for a few years before selling it off. I read somewhere that Dundee Dell had 11 different owners over the years before Pat Gobel bought the place in 1989. Gobel had an affinity for single malt scotch and began to procure bottles of rare and unique scotches to serve at his little place. He had a handful of friends who shared his passion for scotch whisky and he began serve a large number of single malts. In 2000, Gobel bought the current property on Underwood and when he moved, he had a large parade up 50th street from the old Dundee Dell to the new location. I understand it was quite the party. The new Dundee Dell is larger and not quite as dingy as the old location. (The old location is still a bar. It's now called the Old Dundee Bar and Grill.) And his new location gave Gobel the chance to expand his liquor selection. Today, Dundee Dell claims they have over 750 single malt scotches to choose from and served in pegs (1 ounce servings), drams (1.5 ounce servings), or full bottles. Some of the most obscure and rare single malts are available at Dundee Dell, making it a famous landmark amongst scotch aficionados both nationally and internationally. The have scotch boxes all along the walls and rafters of the place (pictured below left), as well as distillery memorabilia on the walls. In addition to all the single malt scotch they have, Dundee Dell also boasts an incredibly large selection of liquors to choose from. If you have a favorite drink and the bartender knows how to make it, they have it. Their "Isle of Spirits" behind the bar (pictured above right) is pretty damn impressive and would make even the most modest drunk salivate. Not only does Dundee Dell have a large single malt and liquor selection, but they also an impressive beer menu . Their beer list has over 200 different types of domestic, imported and micro-brewed craft beers to choose from. Dundee Dell is a tee-totalers worst nightmare. Seated in a booth along the wall in the main dining area of Dundee Dell, I looked over the food menu to figure out what I wanted to eat that particular day. Of course, the reuben sandwiches are awesome at Dundee Dell, but I had been sort of "reubened out" from visits I'd had to other restaurants as of late. There were a number of sandwiches that caught my eye - the tuna melt, a French dip sandwich, and something called the "BBLT" which stood for Big Bacon, Lettuce and Tomato. They use thick slices of bacon on the BBLT and that was sort of tempting. I wasn't really in the mood for a burger, but I got to looking at their fish section of the menu. Dundee Dell sells a lot of fish and chips dinners, it's one of their signature meals. But at the bottom of the fish menu, I noticed fish tacos. Oooo... I'm a sucker for good fish tacos, especially if they aren't breaded. The description said the cod was grilled, but that doesn't necessarily mean that it's unbreaded. When the waitress came to take my order, I asked her if the fish tacos were filled with grilled and unbreaded fish. She said, "Yes! That's exactly right. It's one of my favorite things on the menu!" So I ordered the fish tacos - two flour soft shells filled with grilled North Atlantic cod and topped with black bean salsa. Lettuce, chopped tomatoes, and a tangy chipotle ranch dressing comes on the side. I ordered a Sierra Nevada pale ale to go along with my meal. I had just finished my Sierra Nevada when my fish tacos showed up. The cod filets were resting on the black bean salsa. And while the lettuce was fresh, I prefer cabbage on my fish tacos. Oh well, when in Omaha. I ordered another Sierra Nevada and dug in. And quite actually, the fish tacos at Dundee Dell were very good. The cod was light and flaky and not very fishy tasting at all. With a little lettuce and tomato on top, I put a little bit of the chipotle ranch dressing on the tacos. The dressing was excellent - it had a little bit of a bite to the taste, but the fish, tomatoes and lettuce helped cut into the sharpness of the sauce. Two tacos were more than enough on a hot, dusty afternoon in Omaha. Three would have filled me up way too much, especially with a couple beers under my belt. The Dundee Dell is one of those places that isn't fancy, but they've cut a niche in the market with the vast selection of Scotch, beers and liquors to choose from. And the food is above average, as well. The ambiance of the place is very laid back and inviting. And I was more than impressed with my fish tacos. The waitress asked me how I liked them and I said, "They were very, very good." She said, "See? Didn't I tell you? It's my favorite summertime food here at the Dell." 35 years is too long to stay away from a place like the Dundee Dell. With Pitch just down the street and a handful of other restaurants and bars in the area, the Dundee neighborhood is quickly becoming one of my favorite destinations in Omaha. Upstream Brewing Company - Omaha One of my favorite places to go when I'm in Omaha is the Upstream Brewing Company , a locally-owned brewpub/restaurant that has good food and good beer. It had been quite some time since I was last in the original Upstream Brewing Company location in the Old Market area ( see map ) and it had been awhile since I was last in their location within the Shops of Legacy shopping area in the far west side of Omaha ( see map ) I met a client for dinner at the far west Upstream Brewing Company on a recent trip to Omaha and I thought I'd share the experience with you. The Upstream Brewing Company began in 1996 when Brian Magee opened the doors to his brewpub in downtown Omaha. Three years later, Gary Hoffman joined Magee as the executive chef adding a lot of flair and creative dishes to the menu . The Upstream Brewing Company is definitely an upscale brewpub, but doesn't have the pretentious air that you find in some fine dining restaurants. The menu at Upstream is an eclectic mix of items such as steaks, pastas, gourmet pizza, and sandwiches, along with a good number of bar-type appetizers, soups and salads. Given that Hoffman's background before coming to Upstream Brewing Company was primarily as a chef in seafood restaurants, a number of seafood dishes are available on the menu, as well. But beer is still a big draw for Upstream. Their beer menu is as wide and varied as their food menu. They have seven year-round beers including their O! Gold light lager, the delicious Capital Premium pale ale, and the Firehouse Red lager. All three are damn fine beers. Upstream also features a number of seasonal beers , as well as a handful of specialty bottled beers with higher alcohol content that they release from time to time. Longtime head brewer Zac Triemert left Upstream about two years ago to open his own microbrewery, Lucky Bucket Brewing Company . But he stayed on long enough to show the ropes to his replacement, Mike Hall, formerly of the Oskar Blues craft brewery out in Colorado. Hall has continued the fine beer tradition at Upstream while adding some of his own touches to the beer menu. It was around 6 p.m. when I met up with my client who was already seated at the bar enjoying a cold Capital Premium pale ale. The bar was nearly full with the after work crowd enjoying some beers and appetizers. We decided to get a table in the dining area. While the Upstream Brewing Company has a large outdoor seating area (and it features live music from time to time), it was extremely windy outside and it would have been a little cumbersome to eat in those conditions. When we were seated, our very laid back and almost comatose waiter came over to check to see if we needed drinks. I signed up for a Capital Premium pale ale while my guest got another one. The Capital Premium is a hoppy, yet very smooth drinking beer. It's more of an American pale ale that has a nice finish to the taste, but is more flavorful than many other American pale ales that I've had over the years. My guest and I sat and chatted about business and stuff for about the first 20 minutes. The waiter came back a couple times to give us the specials for the evening and to check to see if we were ready to order. After a bit, I said, "You know, we'd better order so we can let this guy get on with his work." I was torn between a number of delectable items on the menu. My guest, who eats at Upstream quite a bit, told me that their pork schnitzel - breaded pork medallions served in a garlic aioli sauce - were very good. They almost had me with that, but I remembered the beer braised beef pot roast (served with smashed potatoes and gravy) was also very good. Even though it was rather warm outside, comfort food didn't quite sound all that bad. The Upstream Brewing Company also has a great Beef Lover's salad - they take beef tips and sauté them with onions. They then join the beef and onions with lettuce greens, crumbled bleu cheese and chopped tomatoes. Oh, man, is that great! I had it for lunch at the Old Market location a few years ago. But something kept calling my name on the menu - the Jackson Street jambalaya. It featured fresh andouille sausage with chicken, shrimp, peppers and rice in a spicy Creole sauce. That's what I wanted. My guest decided on getting one of Upstream's gourmet flatbread pizzas, the Pizza Italiano that featured everything I like on a pizza and then some - Italian sausage, pepperoni, fresh cut mushrooms, sweet banana pepper slices and marinated red pepper slices, topped with fresh mozzarella. My guest said, "I know you like pizza so I'll give you a slice to try." It wasn't long before our meals made it to the table. The jambalaya was a healthy portion served in a large bowl with a slice of Upstream Brewing Company's famous homemade beer bread. It was spicy to the taste, but I wanted to kick it up a notch so I got some Tabasco to give it a little more zip. The andouille sausage chunks were big and plentiful with a nice smoky taste to them, and they didn't scrimp on the chicken chunks and the shrimp. The creole sauce had a great taste and consistency. It was simply some of the best jambalaya I've ever had - anywhere! The Pizza Italiano looked great, as well. It was exactly how I like my pizzas - thin crust, large chunks of sausage, ample amounts of toppings and a lot of fresh mozzarella mixed in. After my guest had three pieces on his own, he offered one to me. It was absolutely delicious. I knew they had pizza at Upstream, but was always sort of reluctant to give it a try. But one bit, then two bites, then three bites convinced me that their pizza could go up against any number of pizza places I've visited over the years. There was no way I could finish all of my jambalaya, but it was just excellent. I was stuffed. I had completely forgotten how good the food was at Upstream. The last couple times I went there was to meet friends for a beer or two and didn't get any food. But the food is absolutely fabulous at Upstream Brewing Company. Before we left, I noticed a set of steps going upstairs. I asked my guest, "What's upstairs?" He said, "Oh! There's another bar, some pool tables, a little lounge. It's kinda nice up there. C'mon, let's go take a look." We went up the stairs and while I had been to this Upstream location, maybe, three or four times in the past, I had no idea that there was literally a whole secondary bar on the upper level. The billard room featured tournament size tables with leather pockets and light colored felt tops. While the bar wasn't as large as the one downstairs, it was still big and fully functional. There was also a little den area and a party room on the upper level. Upstream Brewing Company is a lot larger than what it looks like. My fingers are still crossed that I'll continue to grow business in Omaha. It's a great city with a lot of great places to go and see. And they have a number of very good to great restaurants in the city featuring all different types of food. But for a good meal - and good beer - in an upscale, but casual atmosphere, it's tough to beat Upstream Brewing Company - at either location. Werner Park - Papillion, NE For years, I've enjoyed going to see AAA minor league games at Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha, the longtime home of the NCAA College World Series . While Rosenblatt was unusually large for a minor league ball park, it was getting pretty old. The concourses were narrow, the seating was antiquated and the fan amenities were few. The NCAA had considered moving the College World Series to another city, so the City of Omaha built a $128 million dollar ball park in downtown Omaha - TD Ameritrade Park - to house the College World Series. It's a 24,000 seat (expandable to 35,000 seats), state of the art medium sized stadium that will be home to the College World Series through the year 2035. And I thought it was also going to be the home of the Omaha AAA baseball team. But I was wrong about that. It turns out that the Omaha Storm Chasers , the AAA team for the Kansas City Royals , balked at the city's high price for leasing the stadium for a season and sought another venue to play. (The land on which Rosenblatt Stadium sits is being absorbed by the Henry Doorly Zoo and the stadium will be soon torn down.) Sarpy County commissioners voted to build a $36 million dollar stadium near the corner of Nebraska Highways 50 and 370 in Papillion, a surburb on the southwest side of Omaha ( see map ). This is the first year for the Storm Chasers (formerly the Omaha Royals and more recently known as the Omaha Golden Spikes) at Werner Park , which is named after Werner Enterprises , a global transportation and freight provider whose world headquarters is located literally down the road from the new ball park. It was a warm, windy evening when I drove out to suburban Papillion to catch a Storm Chasers game versus the New Orleans Zephyrs , the AAA affiliate for the Florida Marlins . The Storm Chasers are regarded as having one of the best baseball squads in AAA ball as the Royals have the best minor league system according to Baseball America . In fact, five of the top 30 minor league players that are ranked by Baseball America play for the Omaha Storm Chasers. As you go to the stadium, you'll find that it is literally in the middle of nowhere. There are no other businesses, no housing, no other development anywhere near Werner Park. I'm sure this will change in time as Omaha continues to amaze me with the amount of growth that goes on in the city. Recently, the online magazine The Daily Beast named Omaha as the second best city in terms of job prospects for college graduates, trailing only Fayetteville, N.C. And five of the top Fortune 500 firms are located in Omaha - which is a large proportion when you consider the metro population of Omaha is about 850,000 people. Parking is plentiful and spacious at Werner Park. In addition to a V.I.P. lot, there is a $2.00 parking lot that is easy walking distance to the front entrance of the stadium. For those who don't want to spend the 2 bucks to park, there is a free parking lot area that is a little further walk. I parked in the 2 buck lot and walked up to the ticket office to get a ticket. Since I like to walk around stadiums, especially new stadiums, I bought a $6.00 berm ticket for the game that evening. The berm tickets allow for general admission and for sitting on a grass berm in right field. They also have a left field bleacher area called the Home Run Porch where tickets are $6.50. Box seats are $10.00, while Field Box seats - the closest to the field - are $12.50. Not to show my age, but I used to buy $5.00 Field Box seats back in the 1980's when I used to go out and watch the Omaha Royals play at Rosenblatt Stadium. But I guess that was about 25 years ago... After walking into the spacious concourse area as you enter Werner Park, you can walk about 30 feet and catch a wide view of the new ball park. The first thing that struck me was how close everyone was to the field. The capacity of Werner Park is only 6500 people (but can handle up to 9000). And that makes a lot of sense considering the team couldn't draw much more than about 3,000 per game at Rosenblatt. However, they were on pace to break attendance records this season as they had 10 straight games (up to this game I attended) where they had at least 5,000 people in attendance. I was told that never happened when the Royals/Golden Spikes would play at the old Rosenblatt Stadium. I'm sure that not only the fact that so many major league prospects are playing for the Storm Chasers this season, a lot of people have been coming out to take a look at the new park. The ball park is clearly set up for families. Out in the left field area, they have what amounts to a small amusement park complete with a merry-go-round and bounce-house. I'm sorry, I have a fundamental problem with a carousel and a bounce-house at a ball park. But I suppose you've got to have things like that if you need to attract the younger families. Also, there is an area beyond the center field wall where kids can play basketball and the ball park even sports its own "wiffle ball" field - the Borsheims Diamond, named after the somewhat famous Borsheims jewelry store owned by Berkshire-Hathaway , the investment firm headed by Omaha native Warren Buffett . Get it? The Borsheims Diamond? Of course, there's the requisite mascots that roam the park. Actually, the Storm Chasers have THREE mascots - Vortex, who is pictured above right; Stormy, who is this sort of furry green, grotesque looking fellow with a weather vane on his head; and Casey, a blue lion who was the original mascot of the Omaha Royals when they first started play in 1969. Given how hot it was that evening, I wondered how uncomfortable it was in those costumes. One thing that also stuck out as I walked around the new Werner Park were the number of different types of food available at the ball park. There were concession stands that featured pizza, Mexican, gourmet reubens, Omaha steak burgers and even mac and cheese for the kiddies. There was a little bit of everything to eat at Werner Park. And as I always do at a baseball game, I have to try a hot dog. I went to the Ovations stand that was manned by a group of older people to get a hot dog and a beer. The concession stands at Werner Park are leased out to non-profit groups or fundraisers wanting to raise some money for whatever cause or organization. The beer was very cold and the hot dog was top-notch for a ball park, one of the better ones I've had at a ball game. It was plump and juicy, had a nice snap and not a very salty taste. I'd give the hot dogs at Werner Park an "A". But I soon found my favorite place at Werner Park. Located under the large scoreboard in left-center field is the Downdraught Bar. (Downdraft - storms have downdrafts while beers are draughts, get it?) It features a rectangular bar that is covered from the elements. Although I didn't have much problem walking around to watch the game from different vantage points, the Downdraught Bar had a pretty good view (other than the people walking along the concourse) and, well, the beer was RIGHT THERE! But what got me was the beer dispenser at the Downdraught Bar. I went up and asked one of the bartenders what they had on tap. She said they had Bud and Bud Light on tap. I didn't see any spigots, but there was this contraption that had four different flat areas with little nipple like things sticking up from the surface. She hit a button, affixed a glass to the metal nipple, and the glass filled up to the rim from the bottom. I went, "Whoa! I've seen something like that on TV before! But I've never seen one in person!" It's called a Bottoms Up beer dispenser. She explained to me that there was a small flat magnet - the kind that you'd put on your refrigerator - that popped up when you put the glass over the receptacle. When the glass is affixed to the receptacle, the beer quickly fills up from the bottom. When it's full, you pop it off and the magnet will close against the bottom, sealing the cup. It fills a 20 oz. glass in less than five seconds without a lot of foam and spillage. She said, "Oh, yeah. I've seen videos on the Internet of this thing." I had to have my own video of it. I quickly drank my first Bottoms Up beer and ordered another, but had her wait until I could get my phone switched from camera to video. And here it is! Click on the link for the 14 second video - Download Video (Be sure to hit your "return" arrow to return to the article. If you click the "off" or "X" on the video, you'll go back to your home page.) The beers at the Downdraught Bar were a little more expensive - $6.00 for a 20 oz, compared to $6.00 for a 24 oz. at the other concession stands. But the entertainment of the pour and the nice little outdoor bar area was worth the slight increase in price. Before I walked away to go roam around again, she warned me, "Don't stick your finger up through the bottom hole on the glass. It will definitely leak." And, of course, I like to place my little finger under a glass when I drink - sophisticated-like - and I absentmindedly and accidentally knocked the magnet on the bottom of the glass. A little bit of the beer poured onto my hand. I thought, "Oooohhh!! That's what she meant!" Like most ball parks, there is an expansive gift shop at Werner Park. I went in to look around and I found a neat looking hooded pullover sweatshirt that had the Storm Chasers logo - an "O" with lightning bolts coming off of opposite sides. I thought Cindy would like something like that, it was soft and lightweight, but night for cool days and nights when she gets a little chilled. I pulled it off the rack to take a look at the price. I about dropped it when I saw the price tag - $69.95! Holy shit! No friggin' way am I buying that for my wife! But I did see another thing that sort of caught my eye - a Storm Chasers home jersey with the name "Buffett" and the number "1/16". Actually, I'd seen a couple people wearing them around the park. I didn't check the price as I knew it would be prohibitively expensive, but I was intrigued as to the significance of the jersey. It turns out that Warren Buffett - the Oracle of Omaha, who if he isn't the richest man in the world, he's in the top three - is a 1/16th owner of the Omaha Storm Chasers. Check out the lightning bolts in the "B" and the "U" in his name and in the "6". It was actually kind of neat. Living up to the Storm Chaser name, it was getting later in the evening and a severe thunderstorm was forming to the south and west of the ball park. The sky was getting dark and angry looking. I figured I'd had enough fun and saw all that I wanted on my first trip to Werner Park. And it was a nice place to see a game. It seemed to be overrun with little kids who had little to no interest in watching even parts of the game. But I suppose you have to have those types of amenities to attract families to places like Werner Park these days. I'm more interested in what happens between the fences on the fields. Oh, and with the Bottoms Up beer dispenser! Pitch Coal-fire Pizzeria - Omaha Willy Theisen is the godfather of pizza. That is, Theisen turned a bar that he was the owner of - Wild Willy's - into the first of what has turned out to be the 4th largest chain of pizza restaurants in the U.S., Godfather's Pizza . Theisen became a multi-millionaire long before he sold Godfather's to Pillsbury in the early 80's. He is famous for building a huge mansion in the Regency area of Omaha , complete with its own helicopter pad - a house that I've been in before, and one that is no longer there. Theisen sold it to Terry Watanabe, then the owner of Oriental Trading Company . Watanabe, in turn, had to sell the mansion to help pay off $127 million in gambling debts and it was subsequently torn down and three or four houses were built on the lot. But that's another story for another time. Theisen has since dabbled in real estate, owned farms that raised English jumping horses and has invested in and helped develop restaurant chains such as Famous Dave's , Fuddrucker's and Green Burrito , which was subsequently sold to and absorbed by the Carl's Jr. chain about 10 years ago. Theisen, who is 65 years of age, never really slowed down and decided to re-invent the pizza business when he opened the upscale pizza restaurant - Pitch Coal-fire Pizza - in the Dundee-Happy Hollow neighborhood of Omaha back in November of 2009. (Update - Theisen sold his interest in Pitch to Aaron McKeever, Marcus Hebert, Jay Musil and Jason Dale in 2013. The group opened a second location in West Omaha in the summer of 2015.) It was a cold, snowy night when I got into Omaha. I asked the girl at the front desk what would be open that late in the area. She suggested steak, and I had steak the night before. She mentioned Italian, but I wasn't in the mood for Italian. But I did mention pizza back to her and another desk clerk at the hotel said, "There's a great pizza place not too far from here called Pitch. It's relatively new and I think it's the best in Omaha." I took that recommendation, got directions and made my way to the corner of 51st and Underwood ( see map ). The Dundee-Happy Hollow neighborhood in the central part of Omaha has gone through a big transformation since the days that my sister and brother-in-law lived just blocks north of the area back in the late 70's. I remember a lot of the shops were these little "mom-and-pop" establishments with a handful of blue-collar bars in the neighborhood. Today, the area has gone through a nice transformation and is home to hip little shops, restaurants and bars. But tradition still rules as the long-established Dundee Dell , a great bar/restaurant that has been in existence since 1934, still anchors the heart of the neighborhood. (I need to go get a meal at Dundee Dell. It was a fun place to go when I was a young guy in my early 20's during some of my visits to Omaha.) Pitch is in a corner building on Underwood that was transformed into a restaurant that features a modern industrial look to the interior. It's a long, narrow restaurant with a number of booths and tables, many of the tables will sit up to a dozen people in a communal-style atmosphere. It reminded me a lot of The Publican in Chicago where total strangers are seated next to one another at a long table. I'm not big on that as I would rather focus on who I'm with and not trying to learn about people that may or may not be interesting to talk to. (Pictures above and to the right courtesy of Eat Chic Lifestyle.com ) The hostess at Pitch tried to get me to sit at one of those long tables and even though it was close to 9 p.m., there was a pretty good crowd in the place. She also offered to seat me at the bar and I took her up on that. Thankfully, there was one seat left at the bar - between a couple of 20-something girls who were waiting on a friend, and a couple in their late-50's/early 60's enjoying a pizza. Yeah, yeah - I know. I won't go sit at a communal table with a bunch of strangers, but I will go sit at a bar next to perfect strangers. I feel more comfortable at the bar as the person across from you is the bartender who is willing to bring me beer. After getting a dinner menu from the hostess and sitting down, a bartender came up to me and wanted to know what I wanted to drink. In addition to the normal staples of American beer, Pitch also has a number of eclectic beers to choose from and a pretty extensive wine list , as well. I told the bartender that I was thirsty and I would just take a Bud Light for now as I figured out what I wanted to eat and what type of beer I wanted to step up to. He said, "We have Stella Artois on tap. $4.50 a pint." I said, "Stella on tap? Well, sure!" As I looked through the menu, I found that in addition to pizza, Pitch has a number of interesting appetizers including calamari, spicy rosemary chicken wings, Calabrese meatballs with a homemade tomato sauce and an olive bowl sampler with three different types of Spanish, French and Greek olives. They also featured three different types of pasta dishes including butternut squash ravioli in a sage butter sauce with candied walnuts; macaroni pasta with Comte cheese from France, served with pancetta, spinach and truffle oil; and a homemade version of their spaghetti and meatballs. But pizza is what brings the people in to Pitch with their hot, coal fired ovens cooking up thin crust pizzas that can be topped with homemade fennel sausage, house-cured pancetta, white anchovies, roasted chicken and arugula. There's only one size to them - about 12" - so two people can enjoy one pizza. They have a number of specialty pizzas on the menu including a margherita with fresh mozzarella and basil, the "Shrooms" pizza with fresh roasted mushrooms, thyme cream, truffle cheese and oven dried tomatoes, and something called the "Leonardo" - slow roasted pork loin joined with toppings such as sporessata salami, peporanata (roasted tomatoes, onions and peppers) and fontana cheese. But the one that caught my eye was the "Mia", also known as "Willy's Favorite" - fennel sausage and pepperoni with fresh mozzarella cheese. Now, at that point, I had no idea who "Willy" was as I didn't know this was Willy Theisen's restaurant, but I had a good idea as that you mention the name Willy anywhere in Omaha, you're probably talking about Mr. Theisen. I asked the bartender if I could get the Mia and then also have some of the fresh roasted mushrooms tossed on with the other toppings. He said that would be no problem. By that time, I was ready for another Stella Artois. As the bartender sat another Stella in front of me, the lady next to me who was finishing up a pizza with her husband leaned over and asked, "Is that good beer?" I said, "Stella Artois? Yeah, it's a pretty good beer. I'm not big on Belgian beers, but this is more of a lager. It's similar to some German lagers I like, but it has more of a bite than most American lagers." She said, "Oh, that's a Belgian beer? I always thought it was French! I may have to try it next time." When my pizza was brought out about 10 minutes after I'd ordered it (the coal-fired ovens cook at about 800 degrees), the waiter placed it on an old coffee can that they use as a stand for their pizzas at Pitch. It was loaded with fresh toppings - big chunks of fennel sausage, large pepperoni slices and the biggest chunks of chopped fresh mushrooms I think I've ever had on a pizza. And from the first bite, I was hooked. It was an OUTSTANDING pizza. My only complaint is that the crust may have been a little too thin as it was pretty limp and the toppings and cheese would fall off the crust. But it was more of a fork-style pizza where you really needed a fork to eat the pieces. Usually, thin crust pizzas don't fill me up that much. But with all the toppings - and it was LOADED with toppings and cheese - it was a very rich and filling pizza. I was able to eat three pieces and asked the bartender to box up the remaining pieces. I had an early morning meeting the next day, but I had a fridge in my room along with a microwave. I did my early morning meeting and after I was done at 10 a.m., I went back to the hotel and heated up the three pieces for a late morning breakfast. And it was pretty good reheated the next day. The pizza at Pitch was exquisite. And it should have been. The price of the pizza alone was $19 bucks. With three Stellas and a nice tip for my bartender who told me that Willy Theisen was, indeed, the guy behind Pitch, my bill came to just under $40 bucks. It's not a cheap place, by any means, but it was one of the best pizzas I've ever had in my life. I've had a few people tell me since I came out with my most recent "Best Burgers" list about four weeks ago that I needed to come up with a "Best Pizza" list. I would have to say that Pitch may not be the best I've ever had, but it would be worthy of a Top Five mention. Other than the crust being a little limp, it was still a top-notch pizza and I look forward to enjoying another one at Pitch on subsequent visits to Omaha. Anthony's Steakhouse - Omaha I had an early morning meeting with a potential new account in Omaha recently and I got into Omaha rather late the evening before. I was hungry when I checked in and I asked the desk clerk if any place in the area would still be serving food. She gave me a couple recommendations, but then she said, "There's Anthony's Steakhouse just down the street a bit. Just past Interstate 80." ( see map ) Anthony's is one of those places where I've driven by on a number of occasions on my numerous trips to Omaha over the years, but never stopped in. One couldn't miss the place on the west side of 72nd Street with the big steer over the entry way. I decided to give it a try that evening. Anthony's Steakhouse has been around for over 40 years serving some of the best steaks in Omaha. Compared to other steakhouses in the city, it's sort of flown under the radar except for the locals who have kept coming back since Tony Fucinaro first opened the doors in October of 1967. Less than two years later Anthony's suffered a devastating fire. But business had been so good up to that point that when Tony rebuilt the place he added seating and a large lounge area to the building. He also added a party/banquet room to the building. The decor of the restaurant also changed from a Western-themed restaurant to an elegant setting that would make Anthony's comparable to most high-end steakhouses across the nation. Tony's son, Tony, Jr., now runs the day-to-day operations of the restaurant. Anthony's Steakhouse features the Ozone Lounge , one of central Omaha's premier night spots. The lounge features live entertainment six days a week and its own menu that features bar favorites as well as some of Anthony's signature dishes. I contemplated getting dinner in the Ozone Lounge when I walked into the place just after 9 p.m. that evening, but the music had just started and I wanted to have more of a quiet meal. I was met by an elderly hostess who seemed a little put out that I decided to show up so late. I asked her if it was too late to get a meal and she said in sort of a dismissive voice, "No, we continue to serve up to 10 p.m. or when the last person leaves." It would be a good bet that if no one else came in for dinner, I would be the last one to leave that evening. She took me to an upper tier of booths and tables overlooking the main dining area at Anthony's. She sat me in a booth, gave me my menu and told me that a server would be with me shortly. There was a couple in the booth next to me, and a couple guys at a table next to me. I thought, "Why didn't she seat me in a booth away from people?" I figured she was trying to help the waiter out by having all of his tables in one area. Now, sensing my surroundings when I'm dining alone has never been a high priority, but it was difficult to not hear the conversations going on at the other two tables. The two businessmen were discussing high-end audio - my chosen path of work. One guy was trying to give advice to the other guy on what to look for in buying an audio system. But the one "expert" was woefully wrong with some of his information. I try not to interject into other people's conversations, but I came oh so close to saying, "Excuse me, but I'm in the industry and what you're telling this poor guy is just dead wrong." But I decided to butt out and read my paper. They left soon after. The couple in the booth facing me appeared to be on a date, quite possibly their first date. A little more about these two in a bit. My waiter came over and I ordered up a beer as I looked through the menu. Actually, Anthony's Steakhouse is not unlike any other old time Omaha steakhouse that I've had over the years. They have the usual cuts of meat from filets, rib eyes, t-bones and strip steaks. They also feature pork chops, chicken entrees and seafood on the menu. And since the Fucinaro family is Italian, they also feature a number of pasta items on the menu. But I was in the mood for steak that evening and I eventually ordered the New York strip, rare. None of the sides they had were overly appealing to me, so I ended up getting the twice-baked potato. A side of pasta - mostaccioli with a red sauce - also came with the meal. I also got the wedge salad upgrade for $2.00 over the house salad that came with the meal. As I was waiting for my wedge salad, the guy in the booth on the date with the lady excused himself to go to the restroom. He was still gone by the time I received - and finished - my wedge salad. By the way, the wedge salad was excellent. A fresh lettuce wedge with topped with slices of red onions, Anthony's homemade Italian dressing and tons of very good bleu cheese crumbles around the wedge. It was actually one of the better wedge salads I'd had in quite some time. By the time the waiter had come back to take my salad plate, the young lady stopped him and asked him to check the restroom for her - her date hadn't come back to the table and he'd been gone for nearly 20 minutes. By this time, my senses picked up that this may not be a happy ending. Another waiter brought out my steak and it wasn't long after it was set in front of me, the original waiter came back and informed her that no one was in the restroom. The lady burst into tears. Her "date" had left her at the restaurant holding the bill and with no ride home. I felt so bad for her that I almost paid for her dinner so she wouldn't have to. A manager came over and told the woman that he'd take care of the bill and that he'd call her a cab. (I got to thinking as I was driving to Kansas City the next day - what a great way to scam a restaurant! The guy skips out on picking up the tab for a good meal and leaves the woman there to pick up the pieces. Although the way this woman reacted, I doubt these two were in cahoots. Unless she was a great actress.) After that drama ended I was able to enjoy my meal. The New York strip was cooked a perfect rare for me, nice and juicy with a load of flavor. And unlike many strip steaks that I got earlier this summer, this one was void of gristle throughout the steak. It was a wonderful steak for my first visit to Anthony's. I tried a couple bites of the twice-baked potato which was also pretty good. The mostaccioli with the homemade marinara sauce was rather pedestrian - nothing to write home about. But that was OK. I was concentrating on trying to finish my steak that appeared to be larger than the advertised 14 ounces. Anthony's Steakhouse had a very good steak - not the best I've had, but certainly not bad either. It's tough to be a steakhouse in Omaha with all the stellar competition in town. But you don't stay in business for 43 years without having good food and good service - anywhere you are. It's a testament to Anthony's staying power with all the great choices of steak restaurants in Omaha that they are definitely one of the best local steakhouses. While I may like Johnny's Cafe or The Drover a little better, I'd put Anthony's ahead of many of the other places in Omaha. Brewburgers - Omaha A few months ago, I was told by a friend who worked at an audio store in Omaha that I had to try out a relatively new place called Brewburgers . I happened to be out in Omaha recently and stayed at a hotel right next to Brewburgers. It was an easy walk across the parking lot to the restaurant. I even met up with an old friend who was working just down the road from the place and he joined me for a sandwich and a few beers. Brewburgers pretty much sums up what the restaurant is all about - burgers and brews. They have a somewhat extensive beer list at the restaurant and feature over a dozen specialty burgers including a "build your own" burger where you can name your own toppings, cheese or sauces. But their most famous sandwich is called the Old Fashioned - Montreal-style Jewish smoked beef brisket, thinly sliced and piled on Rye bread. You can also get either Havarti or Swiss cheese on it if you like. Brewburgers is housed in what was the old Nebraska Beef steak house - a place that I ate in many times in the past, but hadn't been in there for quite a while. The steak house closed in 2005 and the building sat idle for over two years. Montreal native Yves Menard bought the building in 2007 and renovated the restaurant into somewhat of a sports bar/restaurant. Menard is well-known in the Omaha area as he is the chef/owner of Charlie's on the Lake , a nice upscale restaurant that I've been to a couple times before, but, once again, have not been there for a number of years. Growing up in Montreal, Menard remembered the great smoked brisket sandwiches the Jewish deli's would make - places like Schwartz's Deli and the recently closed Ben's De Luxe Delicatessen . He always wanted to bring that style of sandwich to Omaha. Brewburgers opened in October of 2007 and the sandwiches were an immediate hit. They cure the brisket for up to five days in a combination of water and spice brine. They then smoke the brisket for an hour and a half every day in their smoker behind the building, then they put it in the oven at 250 degrees for three hours. After that, they put it back in the refrigerator to cool overnight and then they serve it the next day. Brewburgers is very well lit, but other than a number of sports logos and a few televisions put on the walls, it didn't look much different from the old steak house. The hostess seated me in a booth - a very uncomfortable booth that looked like it had been chewed up by a knife. The bar area was close by and there was a local loud-mouthed idiot doing his very best " Larry the Cable Guy " impression. Only, I don't think it was an impression as much as it was the guy just being an idiot. I had a couple three Boulder Buffalo Gold beers while I was waiting for my buddy to show up as he got off work around 8:30. My waitress asked me if I wanted to get any appetizers while I was waiting, but even though some of the things on the menu looked interesting, I was fine with the beer. My buddy showed up and he said, "This is the first time I've been in here." I told him that another guy I know had told me about this place and I had to try the Old Fashioned sandwich. He looked at the menu for the description and he said, "Oh, that's sort of like a reuben. I think I'm going to get a burger instead." He ordered the Maverick burger - they take chopped onions and mix it in with the beef patty - then they top it with jack cheese. He got cole slaw as his side. I got the Old Fashioned with swiss and got a side salad with peppercorn ranch. It wasn't long before his burger and my sandwich came out. Actually, there wasn't much to my sandwich. It was a basic beef brisket sandwich with swiss cheese on rye. But the taste was very good - I could taste that they cured the beef brisket in all-spice which gave it a sort of sweet taste, similar to a good corned beef. The meat was very lean and juicy and it was very tender. I made rather quick work of the sandwich as it wasn't all that big. My buddy said his burger was "good" and it looked interesting. I decided that I needed to come back sometime to get a burger - something that I could make from the listing of toppings, cheeses and sauces they offer. Stella's - Bellevue, NE One place that I hadn't been to for quite sometime was Stella's in Bellevue, NE, a suburb of Omaha. I first went to Stella's back in the 80's when one of my dealers told me about the place. Since then I've been to Stella's a number of times, but I figured that I've not been back for about five years. I remember trying to find it one time a couple three years ago, but didn't have the right address - or I didn't go to the right place. I thought it may have gone out of business, but I found out that it was going strong during a recent trip to Omaha. Stella's has a long and rich history. In 1930, Estelle "Stella" Sullivan and her husband, Al, moved to Bellevue to open a gas station. They lived in a small, three-room house not far from the station. In 1936, Stella wanted to open Bellevue's first tavern. It was basically one of their rooms in their home - a 12" X 15" foot room that was so small patrons often had to take their beers outside to drink. She called her little tavern "Francois and Sullivan" (Francois was her maiden name). But most of the locals referred to it as "Grandma's", as in "I'm going to Grandma's house tonight." A couple years later, a second tavern opened up in Bellevue and the owners had a tough time making a go of it. It closed down in 1939 and the owner of the land which the tavern was on persuaded Stella to move her operation to the building. She changed the name of the place to simply "Stella's" and began to serve her famous cheeseburgers at that time. Unfortunately, the same year Al Sullivan died and Stella was forced to run both the gas station and the tavern, all the while raising her four children by herself. But she persevered and hung in there. She eventually sold the gas station and with the money she got for the station she tried to buy the land on which the tavern set (she owned the building, but not the land). The landlord would not sell the land, so Stella eventually found a plot of land that was part of an old dairy farm. That plot of land is the site of Stella's today. Back then, it was located next to a race track and a drive-in movie theater. She had her building picked up and moved to the site and business began to boom. Over the years, Stella remarried and she continued to run the business. A stroke in the mid-70's made Stella cut back on her workload at the tavern and the day-to-day operations were taken over by her son, Al, and his wife, Mary. Stella lived until 1985 and her son eventually retired in 2007. Al and Mary sold the business to his cousin - Stephanie Francois - who was also Stella's great, great niece. With Offutt Air Force Base in close proximity to Stella's, hundreds of thousands airmen have eaten Stella's great burgers over the years. Stella's became famous around the world as airmen who transferred out of Offutt would rave to others at air bases in other countries about how great Stella's burgers were. There were a number of Air Force personnel who would make Stella's their first stop when they were transferred to Offutt. I knew a guy back in the 80's - a former Air Force man who ran a small stereo shop in Omaha - who was in the Air Force Reserve. He used to fly as a passenger between Offutt and Nellis Air Force Base just north of Las Vegas from time to time. He had buddies who were out at Nellis who would ask him to stop by Stella's to grab a dozen burgers, put them in a baggie and then into a cooler and bring them out to them. Stella's is one of those places where an Air Force colonel could be seated next to a construction worker at the bar, who is seated next to a banker, who is seated next to a farmer, who is seated next to an itinerant sales guy. I know that for a fact because I was the itinerant sales guy seated at the bar. Stella's brings all types of people to the place for their great burgers. It's one of those great places where all walks of life co-mingle over the common denominator of their burgers. Stella's secret is in the juiciness of the burgers. No, let me rephrase that - the greasiness of the burgers. Stella's is not shy about calling their burgers greasy. They serve them on napkins with the grease fat dripping off the patty when it comes to your table. Stella's serves hundreds of burgers each day. I got to Stella's off of Galvin Road ( see map ) around 1 p.m. one day when I was in Omaha recently. I was able to find a booth in the corner in the nearly packed place. Even though no one was seated at the bar, I wanted to sit in a booth so I could get a picture of the place. A few things have changed since I was last in - a couple flat panel televisions have been placed behind the bar replacing a couple tube televisions. It looks like the facade in front of the bar is different, and they've changed the lighting in the place. Other than that, the grill is located right next to the bar so the great smell of a Stella burger was prevalent as I opened the door to the tavern. Stella's is also famous for their hand-cut French fries, but I just wanted a Stella burger. The waitress came over and I ordered a burger with pepper jack cheese, along with lettuce, tomato, onions and a raw onion slice. Ketchup and mustard were on the table. I also got a beer to go with my lunch. It wasn't long before she brought over my burger, served, as always, on a napkin. Just as I remember, the grease was oozing out of the burger onto the napkin. Now, I've found over the years that there's a signature taste to burgers out of Omaha. It has a very appealing ground pepper taste to the beef. I first noticed it when I used to have King's Food Host burgers years and years ago. I encountered it again when I first had a Runza burger back in the 80's. And I found that taste in a Don and Millie's burger when I first went there in the 90's. Stella's has that type of taste, as well. However, I honestly cannot recall that taste on a Stella's burger. But it definitely had that black pepper taste to the meat and I liked it. However, the bun was rather dry and sort of detracted from the taste of the burger. I should have probably smashed down the burger to make the bun a little more wet with the juice - excuse me - the GREASE from the burger. The toppings were fresh, but the cheese was pretty weak where I couldn't really taste the pepper jack. But that was OK as the overall taste of the burger was just about as good as I remember. I'm not certain that Stella's is as good today as it was when I first visited over 20 years ago. But the burger is still good enough to warrant an honorable mention in my Best Burgers list that I'm going to re-release shortly. Just the history alone of Stella's helps make the burgers taste good. And I'm hoping Stephanie carries on the tradition of great burgers that Stella began over 70 years ago. Brother Sebastian's - Omaha Omaha is a city with some great steak houses. I've told you about Johnny's , Gorat's , and The Drover in earlier posts on Road Tips. None of them are world class steak houses, but each are very, very good. They are old style steak houses where I'd never be embarrassed to take someone to. One venerable steak house in Omaha that I haven't been to in years is Brother Sebastian's . During a recent trip to Omaha, I met a dealer there for a late evening dinner. I first ate at Brother Sebastian's back in the mid-90's after a colleague turned me on to the place. But Brother Sebastian's had been in business for about 20 years prior. Loren Koch had never operated a restaurant, but he envisioned a wonderful steak house that also showcased Koch's love for fine wine. In April of 1977, he opened the doors to Brother Sebastian's. It's decor inside and out had the feel of an old world mission. There are cozy dining rooms throughout, the lights are old-world lantern styled, and there is a wonderful charm to the place. There was a large room in the cellar that was fashioned after an old monastery wine cellar aging room. It wasn't long after my first meal at Brother Sebastian's that they suffered a horrendous fire that gutted the building. Koch immediately announced that he would rebuild the original restaurant. A year later, the restaurant reopened and has been going strong ever since. It was after 8 p.m. when I made it into Omaha and pulled into the parking lot of Brother Sebastian's. Brother Sebastian's is in a residential neighborhood off Pacific St. and just east of 120th St. in West Omaha ( see map ). Well, the way Omaha has moved west over the past few years, Brother Sebastian's location could actually be called West Central Omaha. I waited at the bar for my dealer to show up. The bar is known as Brothers Lounge and features a nice bar, cozy booths and subdued lighting. It wasn't long before my dealer showed up and we were taken to a small room with booths. Being that it was close to 8:30, there appeared to be a small crowd in the restaurant. But because Brother Sebastian's have so many little dining areas throughout the building, it's really tough to know how many people actually are in the restaurant. Our waitress came out to greet us and to give us some time to look through the menu . I took a look at Brother Sebastian's extensive wine list and picked out a bottle of Franciscan Cabernet that was reasonably priced at around $45 bucks. We caught up on a few issues as we waited to order. Steak is the primary focus at Brother Sebastian's. They're very well known for their tender and overly flavorful prime rib. They also feature a number of chicken dishes, as well as a number of seafood entrees. They also have a long list of "surf and turf" options on the menu. One thing that jumped out at me was Brother Sebastian's New York Pepper Strip - a 12 oz. New York Strip that is lightly encrusted in cracked black peppercorns, then served with a spicy peppercorn sauce. OK, that's all I had to see. I was sold. I ordered it rare-plus. Along with the New York Pepper Strip, I got a side of rice and broccoli. My guest got the Rib eye and also got the rice and broccoli. Along with the main entrees, you get a trip to Brother Sebastian's somewhat rather nice salad bar. One thing that I had forgotten about was their great French dressing. It's a homemade sweet and sour dressing that is killer. I wish I could make a dressing like that. Our steaks came out not long after we finished our salads. My steak had a generous serving of the spicy peppercorn sauce on the top of it. But it was light where it didn't detract from the flavor of the meat. The peppercorn crust wasn't heavy, as well. Each bite was just below an orgasmic delight for me. My guest said his steak was very good and that the Franciscan Cabernet was a great pairing with the meat. It's full bodied, but light to the taste. Franciscan is one of my favorite wines to have with steak. Our waitress was wonderful. She was attentive and kept checking on us to see if we had any needs. We talked with her after the meal was over and she said she'd been there for a number of years. "Just after the fire is when I started," she said. "We use the fire as sort of a measuring stick around here. The owner will make references to 'before the fire' or 'after the fire' when he talks about people who have worked for him. I'm an 'after the fire' hire." It had been some time since I had last been to Brother Sebastian's, quite possibly close to 10 years. But in a city that is known for some solid steak houses, Brother Sebastian's does quite well for themselves. Plus they've had to weather the influx of national chains and contemporary steak houses into the Omaha area over the past few years. On top of all that, they survived a disastrous fire and came back as strong as ever. It's very easy to see why Brother Sebastian's has sustained for so long during a time when a number of restaurants are closing up. The Drover - Omaha, NE One of my first posts on Road Tips was on one of my all-time favorite steak houses in the world, The Drover in Omaha. (You can read that post here .) I hadn't been to The Drover for a long time and it happened that I set up a dinner meeting with one of my dealers in Omaha one evening a few weeks back. I said, "You have any place in particular that you'd like to go to?" He said, "Have you ever heard of The Drover?" I said, "The Drover? Good God, yes! I love that place!" He replied, "How does 7 p.m. at The Drover work for you?" I said, "I'm there!" The Drover is one of the many old time steak houses in Omaha. It dates back to the 70's when the old Ak-Sar-Ben race track was one of the premier horse tracks in the Midwest. (Ak-Sar-Ben is Nebraska spelled backwards.) The track was located just across 72nd street and you'd find a number of people who played the ponies earlier in the day congregate at The Drover. The name "Drover" is a term that is used by cattlemen for a cowboy who worked the cattle drives, moving large numbers of cattle over a long distance. An average of 3000 head of cattle would be moved at any given time to outposts where they could be put on rail cars and sent to Kansas City, Omaha or Chicago for slaughter. The "drovers" oversaw the movement of the cattle and would work for up to 24 hours a day at times. The Drover in Omaha is named after these cowboys and the hard work they did to put good meat on the tables of America in the late 1800's and early 1900's. The Drover is sort of tucked back in between some office buildings and parking ramps and is sort of hard to find ( see map ). I happened to get a great rate at the Doubletree Guest Suites just walking distance from The Drover, so I just walked over to meet my dealer around 7:00 p.m. He wasn't there yet, so I ended up sitting in the dimly lit bar having a beer while I waited for him. A man in his late 60's or early 70's came in and sat near me, and we struck up a small conversation. He said he'd been coming to The Drover since he moved to Omaha in the 70's. He said it was his late wife's favorite place to eat. While we were sitting there, a lady - probably in her mid-50's - came into the bar area and sat right down next to the man. She started up a conversation with him that had all the elements of these two being a couple. After about three minutes, the man said, "Now, who the hell are you?" I thought he was kidding, but after a quick introduction by the lady, I figured out he had no idea who this floozy was. But she was coming on strong to this guy, sort of like she was a hooker. She said, "I just felt like coming out and partying tonight and I thought I'd sit next to the most handsome man at the bar." The guy said, "OK, which one of my friends put you up to this?" She said, "Why, I don't know what you're talking about. I'm just here to have a good time!" She was rubbing his back and patting his arm. The guy was clearly uncomfortable in this situation. Now, she wasn't bad looking for her age, but she came on like she was a seventeen-year-old in heat. It was actually kind of funny. My dealer showed up about 20 minutes late and we took a table in the dining area. I don't think the decor of the restaurant has been changed since I first went in there over 20 years ago. We got a menu from the host and took a look to see what they had to offer. Actually, The Drover is famous for their whiskey marinated steaks - they take straight Jack Daniel's and marinate the meat in it for about 15 to 20 minutes before cooking. Marinating the meat in whiskey helps bring out more of the intense flavor in the meat when it's cooked. I took a look at the wine menu and while it wasn't all that extensive, the reserve list had some interesting bottles to choose from. I initially ordered up a bottle of the Silver Oak Cabernet, but our waiter came back to say they were out of that bottle. They had a bottle of Duckhorn Cabernet at the same price and I ordered that. They did have a bottle of that. While we were perusing the menu, my dealer said, "Have you ever had the bacon-wrapped shrimp here? Let's get one of those for an appetizer." And so we did. They were plump shrimp wrapped in bacon and grilled over The Drovers' open flame grill. They were excellent. My dealer got the signature whiskey strip steak with a loaded baked potato. One of the specials they were running that evening was a bone-in rib eye (not marinated). I'm a sucker for good bone-in rib eyes so I ordered one of those, medium-rare. I also threw caution at the wind and ordered a fully-loaded baked potato. One of the highlights of eating at The Drover is their salad bar. While it's not all that big, they have some of the most fresh lettuce and toppings of any salad bar I've been to. And they have a large bowl of cracked black pepper that you can spoon on top of any one of their homemade dressings. I got the Western French dressing for the topping on my salad this one evening. I could just graze at their salad bar. We conducted some business before our steaks showed up, but once the meat came out all business conversation stopped. My rib eye weighed 24 ounces with the bone in. It was a perfect medium rare and very juicy and flavorful. My guest's whiskey strip was also cooked to perfection and he just loved the taste of it. He said, "There are so many great steak places in this town, but this is the best steak of them all." Even without marinating my steak in whiskey, I felt it was just as good of flavor as many of the whiskey marinated steaks I've had there in the past. The rib eye did have a lot of marbling to it and it was just so damn tasty. I ate so much of the steak that I hardly touched the baked potato. We ended up ending the meal with a couple of glasses of Scotch and hammering out a couple of more items in our meeting. It was a productive meeting along with a great dinner - the kind of business meetings I love to have. With tip, our bill came to just over $230 bucks. The dealer offered to pay for half of it and I told him that if he promised to order more products from me, that would be well worth the price of the meal. He laughed and said, "I'll see what I can do." Like I said earlier, there's a ton of great steak places to choose from in Omaha. The Drover has consistently been one of the top steak houses in the area. It's a little tough to find, but it's worth the effort once you get there. Don and Millie's - Omaha In Omaha recently, I stopped in to have a burger at Don and Millie's in Southwest Omaha ( see map ). There are five Don and Millie's locations in Omaha , one in Lincoln and one in Fremont, Nebraska . They're very similar to the old King's Food Host that used to be around the Midwest in the 60's and 70's. Before Don and Millie's there was King's Food Host, and then there was Grandmother's. King's was started in 1955 in Lincoln by Jim King and Larry Price. They were famous for this thing called the Cheese Frenchee - a grilled cheese sandwich dipped in eggs and covered with corn flakes. I never cared for them growing up, but some people still crave those things. I have the recipe for them here that was given to me by my buddy, Dave Haack, whose grandmother involved in a couple of King's Food Hosts. I did like the burgers at King's, though. They had kind of a peppery taste to them. It was very unique to me considering most of the burgers I'd had in my life to that point were pretty bland. Another interesting touch at King's Food Host was that each table had a phone that you'd order from. The wait staff would only bring out the food and drinks. You had a menu on the wall above the phone and you called your orders into the switchboard back in the kitchen. Now, that was really cool back in the mid-60's. In the 60's, Dean Rasmussen started Grandmother's in Omaha, which was sort of an upscale King's Food Host. In 1973, along with his brother-in-law Bob Kerrey (yes, THAT Bob Kerrey), they opened their first Don and Millie's. The menu was similar to King's with typical burgers and shakes. As King's began to fade on the landscape across the Midwest, Don and Millie's eventually added new restaurants in eastern Nebraska. The last King's Food Host was on Cornhusker Highway in Lincoln. I don't know if it's still there or not. I'll have to check one of these days. Kerrey eventually left the day-to-day operation of Don and Millie's to run for governor of Nebraska. He won and eventually became an influential senator from Nebraska for 12 years before retiring in 2001. Kerrey is now the president of The New School , a long time progressive college in New York City. I stopped in for a quick burger and a drink at Millie's before I was heading out of town to go to Lincoln. It was about 1:30 in the afternoon and the lunch crowd was dwindling down. I placed my order at the counter and waited for my burger to come up. About five to seven minutes later, they call my number and I grabbed my order and grabbed a booth. It had been a while since I'd been in a Don and Millie's and I sort of wondered why with the first bite of the burger. Oh, it was fresh, cooked perfectly, and had a great taste to it. It reminded me of the old King's burgers with the peppery aftertaste to it. ( Runza burgers are very similar.) It didn't take me long to devour the burger and head out the door to my next appointment. Don and Millie's are also famous for their tenderloins. But I like the burgers more. I don't get out to Omaha as much as I used to, but Don and Millie's was always a favorite stop to get a quick and good burger. I still won't get a Cheese Frenchee, however. Louie M's Burger Lust - Revisited - Omaha The shortest entry on a restaurant or bar I may have on my blog is the one regarding Louie M's Burger Lust that I wrote over two years ago. Granted, that was written when I first started my blog and I didn't know how I wanted my blog to be. I decided that I just couldn't sit and write about a place that I hadn't been into for a long time because I couldn't quite capture the spirit of the place just on memories. So, I began to only write about places that I had been in recently. And I'd been wanting to do a full entry on Louie M's for quite some time. Well, coming back from Lincoln, NE recently, I stopped into Louie M's for a burger. Louie M's is located along Vinton Street south of the Omaha downtown area ( see map ). There are a number of restaurants and shops in the area, most of them kind of funky and hip in nature. Louie M's is named after the owner Lou Marcuzzo who has been running the place for over 25 years. Lou started out as a caterer, but then opened up his burger place along Vinton St. a couple years later. In my opinion, they are simply the best burgers in the Omaha area. Louie M's offers over 20 specialty burgers on their menu including what is called the "Trish Burger" - a burger named after Lou's wife with roasted peppers, grilled onions and topped with mozzarella and parmesan cheese. It's very similar to a burger I used to get at Bob Gibson's back in the 80's when it was open in Omaha. You can get the guacamole bacon burger topped with cheddar cheese. Or the chili burger that is the messiest burger I've ever had. And if you just want a plain ol' burger, they've got that, too. But my favorite is Louie M's jalapeno cheddar burger - hot jalapeno slices on top of their half-pound burger covered with cheddar cheese. But all of their burgers are the type where you need multiple napkins to help keep yourself clean - the sign of a great burger. (Photo courtesy Urbanspoon ) Being that it was around the noon hour, I sat at the bar as all the booths and many of the smaller tables were taken. Louie M's does a brisk take-out business, as well. There were people coming and going with take-out orders the whole time I was in there. I ordered up my favorite with fries. And I got a beer to wash it all back. I hadn't been into Louie M's for quite some time and I forgot at how funky the place really is - both in decor and the people who work there. They have younger guys working the counter and older women working the tables and booths. A couple people who worked there I recognized from my first visits to Louie M's a number of years ago. I got my jalapeno cheddar burger and took a bite into. Now I know why they call the place "Burger Lust". It was just as good as I remember it from before. The cheddar wasn't overpowering as it can be with some cheddar cheese burgers. The jalapenos were hot and flavorful. God, I love jalapenos on a good burger. But the burger, itself, is the star. I've always said that a good bun is the key to a good burger and Louie M's burger buns are excellent. The meat was cooked perfectly and it was moist and juicy with each bite. Man, my stomach is growling as I write about the burger at Louie M's. With a couple beers and a tip, my tab came to just around 16 bucks. Not bad for a good burger, a basket of above average fries and a couple beers. But just going in to see the hustle and bustle of the place and to observe the characters both working in Louie M's and coming into the place is worth it. Breakfast at Louie M's is available from the time they open at 6 a.m. (7 a.m. on Sundays) until they close at 3 p.m. (Photo courtesy of Omaha Driver.com ) I put Louie M's burger as Number 8 on my all-time favorite list of burgers a few months ago. After this last visit, Louie M's Burger Lust may have risen into the top five. If you ever have the chance to stop in when you're in Omaha, just do it. Bohemian Cafe - Revisited It's interesting to go back to some of my earlier posts when I was just trying to find a direction and voice for my blog. One of the first posts I had during the infancy period of Road Tips a couple years ago was on the Bohemian Cafe in Omaha. Click here to see it. This was really before I decided that I couldn't just go on the recollection of being at a specific place as much as I wanted to share the experience of going there and writing about it soon thereafter. So when I was in Omaha recently, I stopped in for dinner at the Bohemian Cafe. The Bohemian Cafe has been around since 1924 when Louie Marcala began serving up Czech food to the citizens of Omaha. Being that there was a large Czech population in Omaha, the restaurant was an immediate hit - not only with the native Czechoslovakians, but with non-Czechs, as well. Marcala ran the restaurant until 1947 when he sold it to Josef and Ann Libor (right). Marcala stayed on as the head chef for a few years after. Ann Libor was a member of the Kapoun family and her brothers, children and other relatives worked in the restaurant along with her. Today, the third generation of Kapoun family, headed by Bob Kapoun, runs the Bohemian Cafe. It was a Wednesday evening when I got into the Bohemian Cafe. I think I've been going there for nearly 20 years when one of my dealers - who just happens to be of Czech descent - turned me on to the place. I was hooked from the first day I went there. The large dining areas are pretty much about the same as it was when they moved to their present day location in 1959. They also have a nice bar area that is non-smoking if you want to stop in for a beer. I was seated in a booth and got the menu from the waitress. I ordered up a large mug of Pilsner Urquell and looked over the menu. Each evening, the Bohemian Cafe has about four or five dinner specials they feature. Each evening through the week they feature Boiled Beef with a Czech dill gravy. Now, to me, boiled beef has lost a lot of flavor. But with the Bohemian Cafe's boiled beef, they simmer it in a combination of spices that make it tender and delectable. Since there wasn't really anything else that I wanted on the special menu that evening, I went with the boiled beef. You also get your choice of sides, so I took the dumplings and sauerkraut. And for openers, you get choice of salad or liver dumpling soup. I always get the liver dumpling soup. It's a light beef broth soup with a liver dumpling meat ball in the cup. I'm not much on liver, but this is very good. And with the soup, they bring out a basket of their homemade breads. Oh, man! The caraway rye bread is unbelievably great. I used to pig out on the bread and by the time the main entree would show up I'd be so stuffed that I couldn't eat. It wasn't all that busy that evening (it was around 8 p.m.) and about 10 minutes after the waitress brought out the liver dumpling soup and the bread, she brought out my boiled beef. It was just as good as ever. The dill gravy is a light colored sauce and it goes tremendously well with the beef and dumplings. And, as always, the meal was a "spot hitter". It was a little cool outside and it was perfect for a fall evening. The beef was tender and flavorful, the dumplings and sauerkraut (which are homemade) were wonderful. And the Pilsner Urquell beer was a nice complement to the meal. With tip, the bill came to around $21 bucks. It's well worth the trip to the Bohemian Cafe - something hundreds of thousands of people have been doing for over 80 years. I've never had a bad meal in all my trips to the Bohemian Cafe. If you're looking for great comfort "stick to your ribs" food in Omaha, the Bohemian Cafe is the one to go to. Gorat's - Omaha Gorat's Steak House in Omaha is one of the venerable "old-guard" steakhouses that have been around the area for years. Located on Center St. in Omaha ( see map ), Gorat's is one of the best steak houses in Omaha. Started in 1944 by Louis and Nettie Gorat (pronounced go-ROT), Gorat's is fashioned after the old New York City Italian steak houses. It has a large dining area with two main rooms, plus a pretty large bar off to the side. Louis' son, Louis, Jr. - or affectionately known as "Pal" - took over the family business in the 1970's and now "Pal's" son and daughter are running the restaurant. Not only is Gorat's famous for their steaks, but they're also famous as being the favorite steak house of billionaire investor Warren Buffett . Buffett frequently lunches at Gorat's and has dinner there a couple times a week. I was in Omaha recently and I decided to run over to Gorat's and have a steak. I hadn't been to Gorat's for quite some time - the last time was when I was traveling with a sales manager about five years ago and he wanted to have dinner at Gorat's and possibly have a chance sighting of Buffett. Nope, no Buffett sightings that night. And there were none again the night I recently went. I pulled into the parking lot and it was about half full of cars, none of which were Buffett's brown Lincoln Town Car with the vanity license plates that say "Thrifty". The area around Gorat's has deteriorated over the years and they have a full time security guy watching the cars in the parking lot. Nonetheless, it's still a good place to go day or night. I went into the nearly empty bar area and sat down at the bar and asked if it was OK to have dinner there. The bartender, a matronly woman in her late 50's, said, "Yes, it's fine. Actually, we just started to allow people to eat in the bar about two months ago." She went on to tell me that Louis Gorat and "Pal" Gorat never allowed people to eat in the bar - not even appetizers. She said, "I'm the night manager here and I made the decision to let people eat in the bar. I don't think even Mr. Gorat ("Pal's" son) knows we do that and I don't know what he'd say." Gorat's menu is typical of most Midwestern steak houses. It features steaks and chops, along with chicken dishes and Italian specialties. Gorat's makes their Italian sauces from scratch and they aren't too bad. Gorat's is famous for their T-Bone steaks, a large and thick cut of steak. However, that night I went with the filet with a side of mostaccioli with red sauce and hash browns with onions and cheese on top. The bartender said, "Ooo, I just remembered why we didn't serve people in the bar. You make the bartenders hungry when you order food. That would be the exact thing I would order." After a salad that was nothing special, the waitress brought me my steak. It was cooked a perfect medium rare and it was as tender as all get out. The hash browns came with a slice of American cheese on top and not a lot of onions, so they were disappointing. But in the scheme of things, the steak was the winner on the plate. I ate more of the mostaccioli any way. The meal was just as wonderful as I remembered Gorat's from my previous visits. Service continues to be outstanding and the experience continues to be just as outstanding. There may be better places to have a steak in Omaha, but for the money and the history it's tough to beat Gorat's. I mean, come on, if one of the richest guys in the world likes to eat there on a regular basis, it can't be all that bad. Maria's Mexican Restaurant - Ralston, NE One of the things that I love are the little out of the way places to eat. And I was just at one recently called Maria's Mexican Restaurant in the Omaha suburb of Ralston ( see map ). I went out to eat with a buddy of mine one evening while I was in Omaha recently. His wife actually suggested we go to Maria's. Although I was in the mood for a good ol' Omaha Steak, he talked me into going to this little Mexican food place on the south side of Omaha. Maria's isn't much to look at from the outside. It's a pretty non-descript building, but it has a lot of parking around the place. And according to my buddy, the parking lot is pretty packed most of the time. The main dining room is bright and loud. There's a large mirror on one end of the room and a big screen television on the other end. I thought the dining room was too bright and too loud for my tastes. We asked if we could eat in the bar - much quieter and with a lot less light. The hostess kind of looked at us funny and said, "Well, sure, if you want to!" Amanda was our waitress and we immediately started out with a couple of gold margeritas. They were OK - I've had a lot better margeritas. Maria's is famous for their deep fried flour tacos - soft flour tacos loaded with beef, then deep fried for about 30 seconds, pulled out and garnished with cheese and lettuce. It's very similar to the old Raul's or Lil' Nips in Des Moines. I just love that style of tacos. I ordered two beef flour tacos with an enchilada. My buddy ordered up one of the dinner specials - a taco, enchilada and burrito. Less than 10 minutes later and another margerita, we were eating. The tacos were good - I don't think they were as good as what I remember from Raul's or Lil' Nip's. They were definitely much better than the enchilada. The sauce they used was nothing special and it sort of detracted from the taste of the beef in the enchilada. All in all, Maria's tacos were very good, but the enchilada was so-so. The margeritas were average (and expensive - $9 bucks a shot). If it weren't for the tacos, I probably wouldn't go back to Maria's. But the tacos are worth a repeat visit. The Letter Club - Omaha Thanx to Chuck Ellis who informed me the Letter Club has closed their doors. I wrote about the abundance of great sports bars in the Omaha/Lincoln area in a post over a year ago. I don't know if I've been to an area that has such a large selection of very good sports bars. The Letter Club in Omaha ( see map ) may have set the bar a little higher for the other sports bars in the area. The majority owners of The Letter Club are former Nebraska Football players Aaron Taylor and Scott Frost , and former Nebraska Baseball player Aaron Bilyeu. Actually, the official name of the place is The Scarlet and Cream Letter Club - after the colors of the Nebraska Cornhuskers . I met up with my buddy, Chuck Ellis, at The Letter Club one evening during a recent trip to Omaha. Actually, The Letter Club is located within the new Village Point shopping center and is within sight of the new Hilton Garden Inn on the far west side of Omaha, the hotel that I stayed at during my visit. The main room of the bar/restaurant looks a little industrial, but it has two 25 foot diagonal projection screens on either end of the main room. And there are another 40 televisions of all sizes located throughout the place, including 13" televisions at each booth. And all through the place was Nebraska Football memorabilia. We had to take a quick look at some of the stuff before we sat down. And we had to look at more of it before we left. Chuck and I sat at the bar and had a few beers. Since he had already eaten that evening, I grabbed a menu from our bartender, Amanda. The menu consisted of normal sports bar food with appetizers, burgers and sandwiches along with some main entrees consisting of steaks, seafood, pasta and chicken. It wasn't busy at the bar, so Amanda clued me in as to what the best sandwiches were from the grill. She convinced me to try the Oskie Chicken Sandwich - a grilled spicy chicken breast topped with a slice of corned beef and a generous slathering of chipotle mayo sauce. It came with seasoned fries, but for a buck more you could substitute onion rings. I went in that direction. I wish I'd gotten the seasoned fries (even though I might not have eaten the seasoned fries, either). The onion rings absolutely sucked. They were inedible. Chuck, who heads the meat department at an Omaha area Hy-Vee , said that it looked like they were the pre-made frozen variety. Whatever they were, they were horrible. But as bad as the onion rings were, the Oskie Chicken sandwich was outstanding. Amanda certainly didn't steer me wrong on the chicken. It had a great taste sensation to it. I don't eat enough chicken sandwiches on the road, but I will come back to The Letter Club and get that sandwich again. It was very good. The Nebraska football program has a storied past and a lot of great memorabilia is on display at The Letter Club. Along with the abundance of televisions throughout the place, and the good food (though don't go for the onion rings), and a nice selection of beers, The Letter Club is a great addition to the already large number of very good sports bars in the Omaha/Lincoln area. Strategic Air and Space Museum - Ashland, NE I like to go to Omaha on days when the sky is clear and the air is crisp. Mainly because I like to see the various military planes that populate the sky. That's because just south of Omaha is Offutt Air Force base , which was the home of the Strategic Air Command when it was in existence. Halfway between Omaha and Lincoln just off of Interstate 80 at the Ashland/South Bend exit (Exit 426, Nebraska State Highway 66 - see map ) is the Strategic Air and Space Museum , a wonderful place to visit if you're in to planes, aerospace and military history. I've been to the place about 7 or 8 times. As you pull up to this enormous facility, you'll see an Atlas Intercontinental Ballistic Missile rocket out front, along with a Blue Scout rocket NASA uses for small payloads, and a Jupiter rocket, similar to the one used to send Explorer 1 into space to help discover the Van Allen Radiation belts . As you walk in the door, in the main lobby atrium they have an SR-71 Blackbird , a high-speed, high altitude surveillance plane used by the U.S. in the Cold War , suspended from the ceiling. It's quite a stunning visual as you first come in. There are three main areas of the museum. On the main level, you can look into the Dunham Restoration hanger. They happened to be working on a Boeing B-29 "Superfortress" when I was in there last. It was pretty amazing to see. Go down the escalators and hang a left at the bottom and you go into a huge hanger where you could easily have a football field inside. This houses a number of planes including the largest military bomber ever made, the B-36 . It literally dwarfs the B-52 that sits next to it. That's right - the B-36 and the B-52 are sitting side by side. That's how big this place is. There's also a B-47 , the predecessor to the B-52; and a Convair / General Dynamics B-58 bomber in there, as well. That's a pretty funky looking airplane. It was the first supersonic bomber to be built in the U.S. One of the more cool things in this hanger is a Russian MIG-21 from the North Vietnamese Air Force that was flown to the south by a pilot who wanted to defect. It still has the North Vietnam star on the side of the plane. There's also a B-25 , an F-111 , and an F-101 in the hanger along with many other planes. That's right. All in one hanger. I'm tellin' ya - it's a big joint! There's a center area under the main lobby between the two main hangers that has changing exhibits. What they had in there for my last visit was " The Lost Spacecraft " - an exhibit and showing of Liberty Bell 7 , the Mercury program space capsule that was lost in the Atlantic on July 21, 1961 after Virgil (Gus) Grissom's 15 minute flight sub-orbital flight, and was raised 38 years later by a team of salvage workers funded and backed by the Discovery Channel . Virgil I. (Gus) Grissom Being somewhat of a "space geek" growing up, I really wanted to see this exhibit. To get to the capsule I had to go down and through a series of displays. There was a lot of memorabilia throughout the entrance area leading up to the Liberty Bell 7 display. Finally, the entrance opened up into a room that showed the space capsule (which was restored as best as it could be by a team of historians and engineers at the Kansas Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, KS ). There were a number of items salvaged from the capsule including survival gear, knick-knacks and mementos Grissom took on the flight; and, surprisingly, hypodermic needles for medical injections in case something went wrong during the flight. I've seen smaller injectors for putting marinade into beef or pork. I lingered a little longer and looked around the capsule a couple times. Wow. Considering how small the capsule was, it's amazing to think how a man could fit inside that thing. Past the Freedom 7 exhibit and into the second large hanger (although smaller than the first one), they have a B-1A bomber on display - only one of 4 that were produced before they went with the B-1B bomber. Around the B1-A bomber was a display called "Power by Design", which displayed a number of sports cars to show the correlation of power and speed in design. I'm guessing the sports cars belonged to Chip Davis , the creative force behind Mannheim Steamroller . Davis has lent some of his sports cars to the museum in the past, and the 15 or so cars on display were similar to the ones that I'd seen in there in the past. Since the display started at the end of October and would go through to the end of March, I figured that Davis probably found some place to garage his cars for the winter. There's also a British Hawker Vulcan on display in this room, as well as a C-119 "Flying Boxcar". There's also a couple of transports helicopters suspended from the ceiling. Plus they had replicas of a couple of the Apollo command modules on display. Some days there are former pilots from Offutt Air Force Base at the museum who will answer questions about various planes and procedures. I talked to a guy one time about three years ago who used to be a pilot for the " Looking Glass " aircraft - a Boeing C-135 that was used as the flying command post for communications and forward control in the case of a nuclear attack. I remember seeing a C-135 with only an American flag on its tail doing a "touch and go" at the Des Moines airport a number of years ago. I had always wondered if that was the "Looking Glass" and I asked him if it were possible that I did see one do a touch and go. He told me, "Yeah, we used to do 'touch and go's' all the time to break up the boredom." He said there were "Looking Glass" planes at three separate air bases - including Offutt AFB - and when one would finish an 8 hour shift, before it would land another "Looking Glass" plane would be taking off to take its place in the sky. The missions ended in 1990. At the museum, there's also a gift shop that's kind of cool, a snack bar and some other periodic displays on hand. I hardly ever get out of there in less than 90 minutes, and like I say, I've been there 7 or 8 times. It never bores me. Even if you're not into planes, the Strategic Air and Space Museum is quite a place to visit. The size of the place, alone, is worth the price of admission ($12.00 for adults). But the historical value of the place is priceless. It's definitely worth the visit. Brewskys - Omaha/Lincoln, NE Brewsky's is a small chain of pretty nice sports bars in Lincoln, NE . I happened to meet a buddy at the Omaha location (of which I didn't know existed) for a few beers and some appetizers one evening. Brewsky's started in 1990 in Lincoln when two brothers, Jim and Jon Mumgaard, and a buddy, Brian Kitten, opened the first location in the downtown area near the University of Nebraska campus. The concept of Brewsky's as a sports bar with good food caught on right away. In 1992, the owners hired a chef, Ed Janousek, to upgrade their already good food offerings. Janousek, who was named a Nationally Certified Executive chef in 1997, oversees a wide and varied menu that includes both standard sports bar food as well as aged steaks, pork chops, gourment burgers and my favorite, an albacore tuna salad sandwich with melted cheese. In 1994, Brewsky's opened a second location on the north side of Lincoln. They expanded to SE Lincoln in 1999, Omaha in 2001, and opened a fifth location in the Haymarket Square area of Lincoln in 2005. I've now been to three of the Brewsky's locations and each offer pretty much the same thing - a lot of televisions, good food, a great selection of beers and a very nice selection of single malt Scotch whisky. Each Brewsky's has advanced satellite packages and offer nearly every sports channel available. I understand the Brewsky's locations are packed for NFL games on Sunday. On a recent visit to the Brewsky's in Southeast Lincoln ( see map ), I had lunch there. I didn't really know what I wanted that particular day. I was sort of burned out on burgers, a reuben didn't sound all that good to me. I was having a lot of problems trying to figure out what to have when the waitress came over and asked me if I was ready to order. I sort of hemmed and hawed for a moment and I finally asked her, "What do you like?" She said, "You like tuna?" I said I did. "Our tuna melt is pretty tough to beat." I ordered the tuna melt with fries. And she wasn't kidding. The tuna melt was full of very good tuna salad. It had an ample amount of American cheese melted on top. And the slices of the whole wheat bread were thick and had a nice grilled taste. It was simply one of the better tuna melts I've ever had. And it's usually tough to find an outstanding tuna melt sandwich anywhere. There's something about the sports bars in Omaha and Lincoln - they're all very good. There's a lot of competition in the market and they all have to keep up with one another. I think the food at Brewsky's is probably the best compared to the other sports bars in the area. If you're a sports junkie and need some good food to go along with your sports, Brewsky's is the place. Bob Gibson's - Omaha Former major league baseball player and Hall of Famer , Bob Gibson , grew up in Omaha . After he retired, he settled back in the Omaha suburb of Bellevue doing a number of things. But one of the investments that he had was his restaurant, Bob Gibson's. Bob Gibson's was located just west of the downtown Omaha area off of Interstate 480 and right near Creighton University . It had a big window on the east side that showed the Omaha skyline. It was adorned in dark wood paneling throughout - it almost looked like it was old barn wood paneling. Bob Gibson's was more of a sports bar/sandwich place, not a fine dining eatery by any stretch of the imagination. It featured good burgers, good sandwiches, soups and salads. And cold beer and baseball on TV in the summertime. I remember one of the signature burgers that Bob Gibson's had was a pepper burger that featured pepper jack cheese over a 1/3 lb. burger topped with a roasted sweet red pepper. I forget what they called it, but it was damn good. I do remember they also had a great tuna melt, too. It had a spicy bent to it and it was always good. For a baseball nut like me, Bob Gibson's was like heaven. He had a number of his awards on display including a Cy Young Award , and numerous Rawlings Gold Glove awards . There were pictures and other memorabilia on the walls, behind the bar, a few autographed balls. It was pretty neat. One day, I went to Bob Gibson's to have lunch and it was shut up. No sign on the door, nothing. Out of business. A year or so later, I actually met Bob Gibson at his home. (Look for that story in an upcoming " Brushes with Greatness " post.) He lamented that he missed the restaurant and alluded to the fact that he may have been getting ripped off by the guy who managed it for him and that's why it had to close down. It's a pity because it was a neat place with good food. And a lot of neat baseball memorabilia from one of the all-time greatest pitchers in major league history. The Drover - Omaha There are a lot of very good to great steak houses in Omaha. One of the best kept secrets in town is The Drover. Located just west of 72nd street near the old Ak-Sar-Ben race track, ( see map ), The Drover is an old guard steak house that serves excellent steaks in a rustic, yet, homey atmosphere. I first found out about The Drover from the owner of Custom Electronics in Omaha, Larry Covalciuc, back in the mid-80's. Larry also turned me on to the legendary Omaha steak house, Johnny's Cafe , so I figured that The Drover must be pretty good. The Drover's decor is decidely 70's-ish, lots of dark wood paneling throughout the restaurant. There's a bar area that seats about 25 people when you walk in to the right. They'll allow you to eat at the bar, and that's what I normally do when I'm there. First off, you'll have to go through the salad bar. The main feature is ice cold Iceberg lettuce with a series of homemade dressings. They have homemade croutons and cracked black pepper you can put on with spoon. The signature steak at The Drover is their Whiskey Steak. It's primarily a rib-eye that is marinated in Jack Daniels whiskey before it's cooked. The Drover will also marinate filets, strips and t-bones in whiskey if asked in advance, but the rib-eyes are the main feature there. Get yourself a big baked-potato with all the fixins' and you're set. The Drover used to be THE restaurant for gamblers and horsemen who hung at the old Ak-Sar-Ben track until the track's closure in 1995. The big winners would always head to The Drover to celebrate their good fortune for the day. It's not quite the same today with more of a local crowd coming into The Drover. The Drover's decor is a little tired compared to its hey-day. But the old guard - and I suppose I'm included in that group - still regard it as a stellar place to get a great steak. It's easily one of the top three steak houses in Omaha. The Dubliner Pub - Omaha Here's a fun place to grab a cold beer - The Dubliner Pub in downtown Omaha's Old Market area. Just as the name suggests, The Dubliner is a classic Irish-American bar in the basement of a building that was built in the 1890's ( see map ). The basement was the coal storage area for the businesses upstairs. The Dubliner opened in 1980 and was initially known as Horbach's. The name was changed in the mid-80's to The Dubliner and it became somewhat famous back in the "old country" as a home away from home for Irish ex-pats and people of Irish ancestry. The Dubliner Pub is not too big, but it's not too small where you feel cramped. They have bands and musicians in the back of the place from time to time, so it can't be too small. The Dubliner has over 100 different beers from all over the world to choose from. There are around 20 different beers on tap. But I'm kind of disappointed there isn't the kind of eclectic beers either on tap or available in bottles that I've seen in similar beer bars elsewhere. The Dubliner has two clubs that you can join - both involve drinking the beer. "The World Mug Club" is where you gain your own drinking mug that is hung in the bar with your name on it if you drink every beer from around the world. (Not in one sitting, of course.) They give you a little score card and they check off each beer you drink on your visits. They've been doing this for years and I have a sneaking suspicion that Old Chicago and other bars ripped off this idea for their world beer tour promotions. Or, if you would like to garner one of their shirts like the one above and to the right, you can take their "Fear No Beer Tour". By drinking each of the 20 tap beers in the place (once again, not in one sitting), you get yourself the neat Dubliner Pub long sleeve t-shirt. The Dubliner has basic pub fare - wings, nachos, burgers, chicken sandwiches, brought down by the people at The Brass Grille upstairs. They even offer The Brass Grille's oysters on the half shell, but I thought they were too small and marginal, at best, the last time I had 'em. I like The Dubliner - the staff is friendly, the place has a good feel to it, and the beer tastes great after a hard day. When you go to the Old Market, you have to stop in for at least one at The Dubliner. Johnny's Cafe - Omaha Omaha is known for having some of the best steak houses in America. And I have to say that my favorite of all the ones that are out there is Johnny's Cafe on the south side of Omaha. Johnny's was a little saloon bought by Frank Kawa in the early 1920's. It is still in their original location right next to the old Union Stockyards (at one time, the largest stockyards in the United States) just south of downtown Omaha. They've added on over the years, but the basic building is still there. And the Kawa family is still in charge of the place. Union Stockyards, circa 1914. When you first walk into Johnny's, you go into a big circular lobby that has a little bit of the history of the restaurant on their walls. Included are menus from the 20's through the 50's (Prime Rib and baked potato in the 20's - 80 cents), pictures, reviews, commendations and there's a huge picture of Jack Nicholson standing with the present day Kawa family in the lobby of Johnny's. Nicholson's picture, About Schmidt , was filmed in Omaha and the retirement party scene at the start of the movie was filmed in Johnny's banquet room. First of all, I have to say in all the years I've eaten at Johnny's, I've never had a bad meal there. Ever. Their prime rib is some of the best I've ever had. Their steaks are cooked perfectly and have great flavor. They also have some of the best au gratin potatoes I've ever tasted. The food there is absolutely world class. I've always like going to Omaha, but it's certainly a treat when I eat at Johnny's. It's a must if you ever travel to Omaha. Bohemian Cafe - Omaha One of my favorite places to go when I'm out in Omaha for a few days is an old local favorite called the Bohemian Cafe. Located just to the south of the downtown area of Omaha on the far east side, the Bohemian Cafe has been making great Czech food since the early 1920's. My brother-in-law, Vic Geiger, used to drive with his parents about 30 miles into the Bohemian Cafe for Sunday lunch all the time when he was growing up. I can't remember if he was the first one to tell me about the place, or if one of my old dealers out in Omaha turned me on to it in the 80's. But I've been going there for years. The seating area is pretty good sized with two big dining areas, a banquet/party area and a bar. The building used to be a bank and a grocery store before they moved into the present location back in the late 50's. Actually, I couldn't make up my mind if the Bohemian Cafe would be classified as "Comfort Food" or under the "Restaurant" category. I would probably have to call their food the ultimate in comfort food. I'm not big on liver, but they have a liver dumpling soup they serve as an appetizer that is just great. It's a big ball of ground liver served in a chicken broth. It's just outstanding. Their rye breads are fresh and tasty, and I can't go without a Pilsner Urquell beer in a big stein when I'm there. They do a different dinner special every night of the week. I love their Svickova, which is a type of sauer braten. I get that with a side of sauerkraut and their Czech dumplings. Absolutely great. They also have a Jaeger Schnitzel that is outstanding as well. I like their boiled beef with the creamy dill gravy over the top. And I believe it was Tuesday nights when they would have their Burgundy Beef - tender slices of roast beef topped with a gravy made with Burgundy wine. Ow!!! Oh man! I'm getting hunger pangs just thinking about the Bohemain Cafe. They also have a little Bohemian Cafe song that I've linked to that you can enjoy. I took Cindy there one night when we were in Omaha and she thought it was "OK". My sister, Nan, who is married to Vic, thought it was "OK" when he took her there a few years ago. Those women just don't know what good food really is. They don't know what's good - and the Bohemian Cafe is good! Runza One of the biggest guilty pleasures I have is when I go to Nebraska. I have to stop and get a burger from Runza . Actually, Runza is named after an old German recipe for a psuedo sandwich that is stuffed with beef and cabbage, and is then baked with the shell around it. The picture makes it look much better than it really is. It's not a pleasing taste to me, but with over 60 restaurants - primarily in Nebraska, but there are some in Iowa, South Dakota, Kansas and Colorado - more than a few people must like 'em. But the best thing about Runza are their burgers. Big, thick and juicy, Runza burgers are about as close to the old King's Food Host burgers that used to be around the Midwest in the 60's thru 80's. There's kind of a black pepper taste to 'em and they taste great for a fast food burger. In fact, the picture at the left is a good representation of how their burgers look when they take them off the grill, unlike many other fast food places whose hamburgers come no where close in real life as to how they look in their ads. Probably one of the reasons Runza and King's burgers taste so much alike is that both started in Lincoln, NE . Runza started in the late 40's as a little stand in SE Lincoln. As they grew, they branched out all over Nebraska, which has a large German heritage population. When I first moved to the Quad Cities in 1991, they had a Runza in Southpark Mall in Moline . But it didn't last long - I'm sure not a lot of people around here were brought up on the old German recipes and didn't like the Runza. But their burgers were sure good, but they couldn't survive on the burgers alone. The Runza burger is one of the best fast food burgers out there, hands down. I don't get to Omaha as much as I used to, but it always means one stop at Runza when I'm there. I'm sorry, I'm guilty, but it's damn well worth it. Omaha Sports Bars I first walked into a place in Omaha called "The Scorecard" in 1987. I was out there for business and I was staying at a hotel just down the street. I thought I'd go in for burger and a couple beers, but I soon found out that it was more than than a burger bar. Behind the bar were two televisions showing two separate major league baseball games. Above the bar were two more television showing TWO OTHER baseball games. I sat down at a little table and I looked over to my left and on the wall was another television showing ANOTHER baseball game. I was in heaven! I'd been to Griff's in Houston a couple times before, but that place - at that time - was no where near the television and sports haven The Scorecard was. It was more of an Irish bar that just happened to have some TV's hanging around the place. As time went on, The Scorecard quickly became my home away from home. I got to know a lot of the regulars in there, one of the bar managers, Randy, became a good friend. Beer prices were higher than most other places (a whopping $1.75 a bottle back then!), but as Randy told me one time as he swept his hand around the bar, "Where else can you go and get all this?" When the 1988 and 1989 NCAA basketball tournaments were played, I made sure I was in Omaha and planted at one of the choice seats at The Scorecard to be able to catch all the first and second round games. Like I say, I was in heaven. As time went on and I quit traveling to Omaha, I longed for a place like The Scorecard in Davenport. Halftime Sports Bar came about the closest, but they closed down a few years ago. When I started to travel to Omaha again in 1999, one of my first stops was to The Scorecard. Only it wasn't The Scorecard any longer. It was now D.J.'s Dugout . It looked the same, a little more tired, but it was about the same as it was before. Food was still the same sports bar fare, and they had the same set up for televisions. Compared to places I'd been in from the time I first walked into The Scorecard and when I went back in when it was D.J.'s Dugout, there were many others that had passed them by. One of those places was not far from D.J.'s - The Ice House in NW Omaha is a larger place with more TV's - including individual 13" monitors in the booths on the east side of the restaurant. If you want to watch what you want to watch, you can sit in one of the booths. The food at The Ice House is similar to D.J.'s Dugout, but The Ice House has pretty good calzones and pizza. Not great pizza, but edible. The Ice House had two locations in Omaha when I first started going there, but they closed up their Ralston location on the far south side of Omaha a few years ago. These days, The Ice House also has live entertainment some nights in the form of bands or comedians. They also have a great Tuesday night celebration where it's a $5.00 cover charge and $1.00 beers and call drinks. That REALLY brings the girls out. Another place that is good to watch not only the sports, but watch the girls, as well, is The Arena on N. 90th in north Omaha. The waitresses are all "Hooters" type girls who wear tight short t-shirts and shorts or tight pants. The food at The Arena is standard bar food, but I do like their hot beef sandwich there, as well as a sandwich called the Nebraska Club - corned beef and roast beef piled high. One of the other places I like going in Omaha is Pauli's on Leavenworth just east of 42nd St. ( see map ). Pauli's bills itself as the home bar for the College World Series held each June in Omaha. It's a much smaller place than D.J.'s Dugout and The Ice House, but it seems to be more friendly and more intimate. Pauli's definitely does not have the amount of televisions the other two places have, the food is regular bar food, burgers are good, not great. I understand there's a Pauli's now out at Eppley Airfield . That would be a great place to hang while waiting for a plane in Omaha. I'll never forget the feeling I first got walking into The Scorecard and looking at all the baseball games on TV at one time. Since then, I've found some much better sports bars, but I'll never forget The Scorecard.	i don't know
Nov 2, 1947 saw the first flight of the H4 Hercules, the flying boat with the largest wingspan ever produced, better known by what name?	1000+ images about Exceptional aircraft on Pinterest \| Hercules, Bristol and V12 engine Forward The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the "Spruce Goose"; registration NX37602) is a prototype heavy transport aircraft designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft company. The aircraft made its only flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. See More	Hughes H-4 Hercules
An ingredient in tonic water, what was the first drug that was used to successfully treat malaria? A. Nitrogen mustard B. Aspirin C. Licorice root D. Quinine	Peter Harry and Pat H. Broeske — Howard Hughes: The Untold Story — Videos \| Pronk Palisades Writers Peter Harry and Pat H. Broeske — Howard Hughes: The Untold Story — Videos Howard Hughes – The Man And The Madness – Documentary – Biography A documentary on the eccentric billionaire who was a pioneer in both aviation and film production. Unfortunately his obsessive-compulsive behavior and drug abuse made him a mysterious, bizarre recluse in the eyes of the public and the media. Interviews with business associates and newly discovered archival footage shed light on the Hughes enigma. Local Billionaire Marries Socialite – This Forgotten Day in Houston Hell’s Angels 1930 Re-Release Trailer Hell’s Angels – Anjos do Inferno (Completo) Legendado 1930 Hells Angels Premiere The Story of Howard Hughes – Documentary Films The Secret History: Howard Hughes, Bizarre Billionaire (1/5) The Secret History: Howard Hughes, Bizarre Billionaire (2/5) The Secret History: Howard Hughes, Bizarre Billionaire (3/5) The Secret History: Howard Hughes, Bizarre Billionaire (4/5) The Secret History: Howard Hughes, Bizarre Billionaire (5/5) The Affliction of Howard Hughes: OCD – Aviator – Martin Scorsese – Leonardo DiCaprio Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other people named Howard Hughes, see Howard Hughes (disambiguation) . Howard Hughes Howard Hughes in February 1938 Born en route to Houston, Texas , U.S. Resting place Rice University (dropped out in 1924) [1] Occupation Founder and benefactor of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Years active Houston, Texas Net worth $1.5 billion (equivalent to $6.22 billion in today’s dollars). [2] at the time of his death (approximately 1/1190th of U.S. GNP ) [3] Board member of Jean Peters ( m. 1957–71) Aviation career Hughes Aircraft ; Films. Famous flights Hughes H-4 Hercules ( Spruce Goose), Transcontinental airspeed record from Los Angeles to Newark NJ (1937), round the world airspeed record (1938) Awards National Aviation Hall of Fame (1973) Signature Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was an American business tycoon, entrepreneur , investor, aviator , aerospace engineer , inventor, filmmaker and philanthropist. During his lifetime, he was known as one of the wealthiest self-made people in the world. As a maverick film tycoon, Hughes gained prominence in Hollywood from the late 1920s, making big-budget and often controversial films like The Racket (1928), Hell’s Angels (1930), Scarface (1932), and The Outlaw (1943). Subsequently, he formed the Hughes Aircraft Company and hired numerous engineers and designers. He spent the rest of the 1930s setting multiple world air speed records , built the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 “Hercules” (better known to history as the “Spruce Goose” aircraft ), and acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines ( TWA ), which was later acquired by and merged with American Airlines . [4] Hughes also acquired Air West and renamed it Hughes Airwest . This airline was eventually acquired by and merged into Republic Airlines (1979–1986) . Hughes was included in the Flying magazine list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation, ranking at No. 25. [5] He is remembered for his eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle in later life, caused in part by a worsening obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and chronic pain . His legacy is maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute . Early years A young Howard Hughes, April 1912 Hughes’ birthplace is recorded as either Humble or Houston, Texas . The date is also uncertain, though Hughes claimed that his birthday was Christmas Eve. A 1941 affidavit birth certificate of Hughes, signed by his aunt Annette Gano Lummis and Estelle Boughton Sharp, states that he was born on December 24, 1905, in Harris County, Texas . [N 1] However, his baptismal record of October 7, 1906, in the parish register of St. John’s Episcopal Church in Keokuk, Iowa , has his birth listed as September 24, 1905, without reference to the place of birth. [N 2] His parents were Howard R. Hughes, Sr. , a successful inventor and businessman from Missouri of English descent, [6] and Allene Stone Gano. His father had patented the two-cone roller bit , which allowed rotary drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. The senior Hughes made the shrewd and lucrative decision to commercialize the invention by leasing the bits instead of selling them, and founded the Hughes Tool Company in 1909. Hughes’s uncle was the famed novelist, screenwriter, and film director Rupert Hughes . Hughes demonstrated interest in science and technology at a young age. In particular, he had great engineering aptitude, building Houston’s first “wireless” radio transmitter at age 11. [7] He went on to be one of the first licensed ham radio operators in Houston, having the assigned callsign W5CY (originally 5CY). [8] At 12, Hughes was photographed in the local newspaper, identified as being the first boy in Houston to have a “ motorized ” bicycle, which he had built from parts from his father’s steam engine . [9] He was an indifferent student, with a liking for mathematics, flying, and mechanics. He took his first flying lesson at 14, and later attended math and aeronautical engineering courses at Caltech . [7] [9] Allene Hughes died in March 1922 from complications of an ectopic pregnancy . Howard Hughes, Sr., died of a heart attack in 1924. Their deaths apparently inspired Hughes to include the creation of a medical research laboratory in the will that he signed in 1925 at age 19. Howard Sr.’s will had not been updated since Allene’s death, and Hughes inherited 75 percent of the family fortune. [10] On his 19th birthday, Hughes was declared an emancipated minor , enabling him to take full control of his life. [11] Hughes was an excellent and enthusiastic golfer from a young age, often scoring near par figures, and held a handicap of three during his twenties. He played frequently with top players, including Gene Sarazen . Hughes rarely played competitively, and gradually gave up his interest in the sport to pursue other interests. [12] Hughes withdrew from Rice University shortly after his father’s death. On June 1, 1925, he married Ella Botts Rice, daughter of David Rice and Martha Lawson Botts of Houston. They moved to Los Angeles, where he hoped to make a name for himself as a filmmaker. Business career Main article: Summa Corporation Hughes enjoyed a highly successful business career beyond engineering, aviation, and filmmaking, though many of his career endeavors involved varying entrepreneurial roles. The Summa Corporation was the name adopted for the business interests of Howard Hughes after he sold the tool division of Hughes Tool Company in 1972. The company serves as the principal holding company for Hughes’s business ventures and investments. It is primarily involved in aerospace and defense, electronics, mass media, manufacturing, and hospitality industries, but has maintained a strong presence in a wide variety of industries including real estate, petroleum drilling and oilfield services, consulting, entertainment, and mining. Much of his fortune was later used for philanthropic causes, notably towards health care and medical research. Entertainment Hughes entered the entertainment industry after dropping out of Rice University and moving to Los Angeles. His first two films, Everybody’s Acting (1927) and Two Arabian Knights (1928), were financial successes, the latter winning the first Academy Award for Best Director of a comedy picture. The Racket (1928) and The Front Page (1931) were also nominated for Academy Awards . Hughes spent $3.8 million to make the flying film Hell’s Angels (1930). It earned nearly $8 million, about double the production and advertising costs. Hell’s Angels received one Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography . He produced another hit, Scarface (1932), a production delayed by censors’ concern over its violence. The Outlaw (1943) was completed in 1941 and featured Jane Russell . It also received considerable attention from industry censors, this time owing to Russell’s revealing costumes. Hughes designed a special bra for his leading lady, although Russell decided against wearing it. RKO Main article: RKO Pictures For a period of time in the 1940s to late 1950s, Hughes Tool Company ventured into the film and media industry where it then owned the RKO companies, including: RKO Pictures; RKO Studios; RKO Theatres, a chain of movie theatres; the RKO Radio Network, a network of radio stations. In 1948, Hughes gained control of RKO , a struggling major Hollywood studio, by acquiring 25 percent of the outstanding stock from Floyd Odlum ‘s Atlas Corporation . Within weeks of taking control, he dismissed three-quarters of the work force, and production was shut down for six months in 1949 while he undertook the investigation of the politics of all remaining studio employees. Completed pictures would be sent back for re-shooting if he felt that his star (especially female) was not properly presented, or if a film’s anti-communist politics were not sufficiently clear. In 1952, an abortive sale to a Chicago-based group with no experience in the industry disrupted studio operations even further. Hughes sold the RKO theaters in 1953 as settlement of the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. antitrust case. With the sale of the profitable theaters, the shaky status of the film studio became increasingly apparent. A steady stream of lawsuits from RKO’s minority shareholders became an increasing nuisance, charging him with financial misconduct and corporate mismanagement, especially because Hughes wanted to focus on his aircraft-manufacturing and TWA holdings during the Korean War years. Eager to be rid of the distraction, Hughes offered to buy out all other stockholders. He had gained near-total control of RKO by the end of 1954, at a cost of nearly $24 million, becoming the closest thing to a sole owner of a Hollywood studio seen in three decades. Six months later, Hughes sold the studio to the General Tire and Rubber Company for $25 million. Hughes retained the rights to pictures that he had personally produced, including those made at RKO. He also retained Jane Russell’s contract. For Howard Hughes, this was the virtual end of his 25-year involvement in motion pictures; his reputation as a financial wizard emerged unscathed. He reportedly walked away from RKO having made $6.5 million in personal profit. [13] General Tire was interested mainly in exploiting the value of the RKO library for television programming, though it made some attempts to continue producing films. After a year and a half of mixed success, General Tire shut down film production at RKO for good at the end of January 1957. The studio lots in Hollywood and Culver City were sold to Desilu Productions later that year for $6.15 million. Real estate Main article: Howard Hughes Corporation Beyond extending his business prowess in the manufacturing, aviation, entertainment, and hospitality industries, Hughes was a successful real estate investor. Hughes was deeply involved in the American real estate industry where he amassed vast holdings of undeveloped land both in Las Vegas and in the desert surrounding the city that had gone unused during his lifetime. In 1968, the Hughes Tool Company purchased the North Las Vegas Air Terminal. Originally known as Summa Corporation, The Howard Hughes Corporation was formed in 1972 when the oil tools business of Hughes Tool Company, then owned by Howard Hughes, Jr., was floated on the New York Stock Exchange under the Hughes Tool name. This forced the remaining businesses of the “original” Hughes Tool to adopt a new corporate name Summa. The name “Summa”, Latin for “highest”, was adopted without the approval of Hughes himself, who preferred to keep his own name on the business and suggested HRH Properties (for Hughes Resorts and Hotels, and also his own initials). Initially staying in the Desert Inn, Hughes refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel. Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate, hotels and media outlets, spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take-over many of the well known hotels, especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas. He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city. Technology Another portion of Hughes’s business interests lies in aviation, airlines, and the aerospace and defense industries. Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast and pilot. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators, including Moye Stephens . He set many world records and commissioned the construction of custom aircraft for himself while heading Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale . Operating from there, the most technologically important aircraft he commissioned was the Hughes H-1 Racer . On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying the H-1, set the landplane airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h) over his test course near Santa Ana, California ( Giuseppe Motta reached 362 mph in 1929 and George Stainforth reached 407.5 mph in 1931, both in seaplanes). This was the last time in history that the world airspeed record was set in an aircraft built by a private individual. A year and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying the same H-1 Racer fitted with longer wings, Hughes set a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to Newark in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). His average ground speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h). [14] The H-1 Racer featured a number of design innovations: it had retractable landing gear (as Boeing Monomail had five years before) and all rivets and joints set flush into the body of the aircraft to reduce drag. The H-1 Racer is thought to have influenced the design of a number of World War II fighters such as the Mitsubishi Zero , the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and the F8F Bearcat ; [15] although that has never been reliably confirmed. The H-1 Racer was donated to the Smithsonian in 1975 and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum . Round-the-world flight On July 14, 1938, Hughes set another record by completing a flight around the world in just 91 hours (3 days, 19 hours, 17 minutes), beating the previous record set in 1933 by Wiley Post in a single engine Lockheed Vega by almost four days. Hughes returned home ahead of photographs of his flight. Taking off from New York City , Hughes continued to Paris , Moscow , Omsk , Yakutsk , Fairbanks , Minneapolis , then returning to New York City. For this flight he flew a Lockheed 14 Super Electra (NX18973, a twin-engine transport with a four-man crew) fitted with the latest radio and navigational equipment. Hughes wanted the flight to be a triumph of American aviation technology, illustrating that safe, long-distance air travel was possible. While he had previously been relatively obscure despite his wealth, being better known for dating Katharine Hepburn, New York City now gave Hughes a ticker-tape parade in the Canyon of Heroes . [16] In 1938, the William P. Hobby Airport in Houston, Texas —known at the time as Houston Municipal Airport—was renamed after Hughes, but the name was changed back after people objected to naming the airport after a living person. He also had a role in the design and financing of both the Boeing 307 Stratoliner and Lockheed L-049 Constellation . [17] Hughes received many awards as an aviator, including the Harmon Trophy in 1936 and 1938, the Collier Trophy and the Bibesco Cup of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1938, the Octave Chanute Award in 1940, and a special Congressional Gold Medal in 1939 “in recognition of the achievements of Howard Hughes in advancing the science of aviation and thus bringing great credit to his country throughout the world”. According to his obituary in the New York Times , Hughes never bothered to come to Washington to pick up the Congressional Gold Medal , which was eventually mailed to him. Hughes D-2 and XF-11 Main article: Hughes D-2 The Hughes D-2 was conceived in 1939 as a bomber with five crew members, powered by 42-cylinder Wright R-2160 Tornado engines. In the end it appeared as two-seat fighter-reconnaissance aircraft designated the D-2A, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2800 -49 engines. The aircraft was constructed using the Duramold process . The prototype was brought to Harper’s Dry Lake California in great secrecy in 1943 and first flew on June 20 of that year. [18] Acting on a recommendation of the president’s son, Colonel Elliott Roosevelt , who had become friends with Hughes, in September 1943 the USAAF ordered 100 of a reconnaissance development of the D-2, known as the F-11. Hughes then attempted to get the military to pay for the development of the D-2. In November 1944, the hangar containing the D-2A was reportedly hit by lightning and the aircraft was destroyed. The D-2 design was abandoned, but led to the extremely controversial Hughes XF-11 . The XF-11 was a large all-metal, two-seat reconnaissance aircraft, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-4360 -31 engines, each driving a set of contra-rotating propellers . Only the two prototypes were completed; the second one with a single propeller per side. [19] Near-fatal crash of the Sikorsky S-43 In the spring of 1943 Hughes spent nearly a month in Las Vegas , test flying his Sikorsky S-43 amphibian aircraft, practicing touch-and-go landings on Lake Mead in preparation for flying the H-4 Hercules. The weather conditions at the lake during the day were ideal and he enjoyed Las Vegas at night. On May 17, 1943, Hughes flew the Sikorsky from California carrying two CAA aviation inspectors, two of his employees and actress Ava Gardner . Hughes dropped Gardner off in Las Vegas and proceeded to Lake Mead to conduct qualifying tests in the S-43. The test flight did not go well. The Sikorsky crashed, killing CAA inspector Ceco Cline and Hughes employee Richard Felt. Hughes suffered a severe gash on the top of his head when he hit the upper control panel and had to be rescued by one of the others on board. [20] Hughes paid divers $100,000 to raise the aircraft and later spent more than $500,000 restoring the aircraft. [21] Near-fatal crash of the XF-11[ edit ] Main article: Hughes XF-11 1946 newsreel Hughes was involved in a near-fatal aircraft accident on July 7, 1946, while performing the first flight of the prototype U.S. Army Air Forces reconnaissance aircraft , the XF-11 , near Hughes airfield at Culver City, California . An oil leak caused one of the contra-rotating propellers to reverse pitch, causing the aircraft to yaw sharply and lose altitude rapidly. Hughes tried to save the craft by landing it at the Los Angeles Country Club golf course, but just seconds before reaching the course, the XF-11 started to drop dramatically and crashed in the Beverly Hills neighborhood surrounding the country club. [22] [23] When the XF-11 finally came to a halt after destroying three houses, the fuel tanks exploded, setting fire to the aircraft and a nearby home at 808 North Whittier Drive, owned by Lt Col. Charles E. Meyer. [24] Hughes managed to pull himself out of the flaming wreckage but lay beside the aircraft until he was rescued by Marine Master Sgt. William L. Durkin, who happened to be in the area visiting friends. [25] Hughes sustained significant injuries in the crash, including a crushed collar bone , multiple cracked ribs, [26] crushed chest with collapsed left lung, shifting his heart to the right side of the chest cavity, and numerous third-degree burns . An oft-told story said that Hughes sent a check to the Marine weekly for the remainder of his life as a sign of gratitude. However, Durkin’s daughter denied that he took any money for the rescue. [27] Despite his physical injuries, Hughes was proud that his mind was still working. As he lay in his hospital bed, he decided that he did not like the bed’s design. He called in plant engineers to design a customized bed, equipped with hot and cold running water, built in six sections, and operated by 30 electric motors, with push-button adjustments. [28] The hospital bed was designed by Hughes specifically to alleviate the pain caused by moving with severe burn injuries. Despite the fact that he never had the chance to use the bed that he designed, Hughes’s bed served as a prototype for the modern hospital bed. [29] Hughes’s doctors considered his recovery almost miraculous. Hughes, however, believed that neither miracle nor modern medicine contributed to his recovery. Instead he vigorously asserted that the natural life-giving properties of fresh squeezed orange juice were responsible. (He only drank orange juice he had personally witnessed being freshly squeezed.) [29] Many[ who? ] attribute his long-term dependence on opiates to his use of codeine as a painkiller during his convalescence. [30] The trademark mustache he wore afterward was used to hide a scar on his upper lip resulting from the accident. [31] H-4 Hercules Brazoria County Airport Texas: The S-43 Sikorsky prototype Hughes Aircraft Company logo until 1985. The War Production Board (not the military) originally contracted with Henry Kaiser and Hughes to produce the gigantic HK-1 Hercules flying boat for use during World War II to transport troops and equipment across the Atlantic as an alternative to seagoing troop transport ships that were vulnerable to German U-boats . The project was opposed by the military services, thinking it would siphon resources from higher priority programs, but was advocated by Hughes’s powerful allies in Washington, D.C. After disputes, Kaiser withdrew from the project and Hughes elected to continue it as the H-4 Hercules. However, the aircraft was not completed until after the end of World War II. [32] [33] The Hercules was the world’s largest flying boat, the largest aircraft made from wood, [34] and, at 319 feet 11 inches (97.51 m), had the longest wingspan of any aircraft (the next largest wingspan was about 310 ft (94 m)). (The Hercules is no longer the longest or heaviest aircraft ever built; both of those titles are currently held by the Antonov An-225 Mriya .) The Hercules flew only once for one mile (1.6 km), and 70 feet (21 m) above the water, with Hughes at the controls, on November 2, 1947. [35] The Hercules was nicknamed the “Spruce Goose” by critics, but was actually made largely from birch (not spruce ), rather than of aluminum, because the contract required that Hughes build the aircraft of non- strategic materials . It was built in Hughes’s Westchester, California facility. In 1947, Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the Senate War Investigating Committee to explain why the H-4 development had been so troubled, and why the F-11 had resulted in only two prototypes after $22 million spent. General Elliott Roosevelt and numerous other USAAF officers were also called to testify in hearings that transfixed the nation during August and again in November 1947. In a hotly disputed testimony over TWA ‘s route awards and malfeasance in the defense acquisition process, Hughes turned the tables on his main interlocutor, Maine Senator Owen Brewster , and the hearings were widely interpreted as a Hughes victory. After display at the Long Beach, California harbor, the Hercules was moved to McMinnville, Oregon , where it is now part of the Evergreen Aviation Museum . [36] Hughes Aircraft Main article: Hughes Aircraft Hughes Aircraft Company, a division of Hughes Tool Company, was originally founded by Hughes in 1932, in a rented corner of a Lockheed Aircraft Corporation hangar in Burbank, California, to build the H-1 racer. During and after World War II, Hughes fashioned his company into a major defense contractor. The Hughes Helicopters division started in 1947 when helicopter manufacturer Kellett sold their latest design to Hughes for production. The company was a major American aerospace and defense contractor manufacturing numerous technology related products that include spacecraft vehicles, military aircraft, radar systems, electro-optical systems, the first working laser, aircraft computer systems, missile systems, ion-propulsion engines (for space travel), commercial satellites, and other electronics systems. In 1948, Hughes created a new division of the company, the Hughes Aerospace Group. The Hughes Space and Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division were later spun off in 1948 to form their own divisions and ultimately became the Hughes Space and Communications Company in 1961. In 1953, Howard Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a tax-exempt charitable organization. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $5.2 billion. In 1997, General Motors sold Hughes Aircraft to Raytheon and in 2000, sold Hughes Space & Communications to Boeing. A combination of Boeing, GM and Raytheon acquired the Hughes Research Laboratories , where it focused on advanced developments in microelectronics, information & systems sciences, materials, sensors, and photonics; their workspace spans from basic research to product delivery. It has particularly emphasized capabilities in high performance integrated circuits, high power lasers, antennas, networking, and smart materials. Airlines In 1939, at the urging of Jack Frye , president of Trans World Airlines ( TWA ), Hughes quietly purchased a majority share of TWA stock for nearly $7 million and took control of the airline. Upon assuming ownership, Hughes was prohibited by federal law from building his own aircraft. Seeking an aircraft that would perform better than TWA’s fleet of Boeing 307 Stratoliners , Hughes and Frye approached Boeing’s competitor, Lockheed . Hughes had a good relationship with Lockheed since they had built the aircraft he used in his record flight around the world in 1938. Lockheed agreed to Hughes and Frye’s request that the new aircraft be built in secrecy. The result was the revolutionary Constellation and TWA purchased the first 40 of the new airliners off the production line. In 1956, Hughes placed an order for 63 Convair 880s for TWA at a cost of $400 million. Although Hughes was extremely wealthy at this time, outside creditors demanded that Hughes relinquish control of TWA in return for providing the money. In 1960, Hughes was ultimately forced out of TWA, although he owned 78% of the company and battled to regain control. Before Hughes’ removal, the TWA jet financing issue precipitated the end of Hughes’ relationship with Noah Dietrich. Dietrich claimed Hughes developed a plan by which Hughes Tool Company profits would be inflated to sell the company for a windfall that would pay the bills for the 880s. Dietrich agreed to go to Texas to implement the plan on the condition that Hughes agreed to a capital gains arrangement he had long promised Dietrich. When Hughes balked, Dietrich resigned immediately. “Noah”, Dietrich quoted Hughes as replying, “I cannot exist without you!” Dietrich stood firm and eventually had to sue to retrieve personal possessions from his office after Hughes ordered it locked. In 1966, a U.S. federal court forced Hughes to sell his TWA shares because of concerns over conflict of interest between his ownership of both TWA and Hughes Aircraft. The sale of his TWA shares netted him a profit of $547 million. In 1970, Hughes went back into the airline business, buying San Francisco-based Air West and renaming it Hughes Airwest . Air West had been formed in 1968 by the merger of Bonanza Air Lines , Pacific Air Lines and West Coast Airlines , all of which operated in the western U.S. By the late 1970s, Hughes Airwest operated an all-jet fleet comprised of Boeing 727-200 , Douglas DC-9-10 , and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jetliners serving an extensive route network in the western U.S. with flights to Mexico and western Canada as well. [37] By 1980, the airline’s route system reached as far east as Houston Hobby Airport and Milwaukee with a total of forty-two (42) destinations being served. [38] Hughes Airwest was then acquired by and merged into Republic Airlines (1979–1986) in late 1980. Republic was subsequently acquired by and merged into Northwest Airlines which in turn was eventually merged into Delta Air Lines . Personal life In 1929 Hughes’ wife, Ella, returned to Houston and filed for divorce. Hughes dated many famous women, including Billie Dove , Bette Davis , Ava Gardner , Olivia de Havilland , Katharine Hepburn , Ginger Rogers and Gene Tierney . He also proposed to Joan Fontaine several times, according to her autobiography No Bed of Roses. Jean Harlow accompanied him to the premiere of Hell’s Angels, but Noah Dietrich wrote many years later that the relationship was strictly professional, as Hughes apparently personally disliked Harlow. In his 1971 book, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, Dietrich said that Hughes genuinely liked and respected Jane Russell, but never sought romantic involvement with her. According to Russell’s autobiography, however, Hughes once tried to bed her after a party. Russell (who was married at the time) refused him, and Hughes promised it would never happen again. The two maintained a professional and private friendship for many years. Hughes remained good friends with Tierney who, after his failed attempts to seduce her, was quoted as saying “I don’t think Howard could love anything that did not have a motor in it.” Later, when Tierney’s daughter Daria was born deaf and blind and with a severe learning disability , because of Tierney’s being exposed to rubella during her pregnancy, Hughes saw to it that Daria received the best medical care and paid all expenses. [39] In 1933, Hughes purchased unseen the Rover , a luxury steam yacht previously owned by British shipping magnate Lord Inchcape . “I have never seen the Rover but bought it on the blue prints, photographs and the reports of Lloyd’s surveyors. My experience is that the English are the most honest race in the world.” [40] Hughes renamed the yacht Southern Cross and later sold her to Swedish entrepreneur Axel Wenner-Gren . [41] On July 11, 1936, Hughes struck and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel S. Meyer with his car, at the corner of 3rd Street and Lorraine in Los Angeles. [42] Hughes was certified as sober at the hospital he was taken to after the accident, but an attending doctor made a note that Hughes had been drinking. A witness to the accident told police that Hughes was driving erratically and too fast, and that Meyer had been standing in the safety zone of a streetcar stop. Hughes was booked on suspicion of negligent homicide and held overnight in jail until his attorney, Neil McCarthy , obtained a writ of habeas corpus for his release pending a coroner’s inquest. [43] [44] By the time of the coroner’s inquiry, however, the witness had changed his story and claimed that Meyer had moved directly in front of Hughes’s car. Nancy Bayly (Watts), who was in the car with Hughes at the time of the accident, corroborates this version. On July 16, 1936, Hughes was held blameless by a coroner’s jury at the inquest into Meyer’s death. [45] Hughes told reporters outside the inquiry, “I was driving slowly and a man stepped out of the darkness in front of me.” On January 12, 1957, Hughes married actress Jean Peters . The couple met in the 1940s, before Peters became a film actress. [46] They had a highly publicized romance in 1947 and there was talk of marriage, but she said she could not combine it with her career. [47] Some later claimed that Peters was “the only woman [Hughes] ever loved”, [48] and he reportedly had his security officers follow her everywhere even when they were not in a relationship. Such reports were confirmed by actor Max Showalter , who became a close friend of Peters while shooting Niagara (1953). [49] Showalter told in an interview that because he frequently met with Peters, Hughes’ men threatened to ruin his career if he did not leave her alone. [49] Howard Hughes Medical Institute Main article: Howard Hughes Medical Institute In 1953, Hughes launched the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Miami, Florida , and currently located in Chevy Chase, Maryland , formed with the express goal of basic biomedical research , including trying to understand, in Hughes’ words, the “genesis of life itself”, due to his lifelong interest in science and technology. Hughes’ first will , which he signed in 1925 at the age of 19, stipulated that a portion of his estate should be used to create a medical institute bearing his name. [50] When a major battle with the IRS loomed ahead, Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a for-profit entity of a fully tax-exempt charity. Hughes’ internist, Verne Mason , who treated Hughes after his 1946 aircraft crash, was chairman of the institute’s medical advisory committee. [51] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s new board of trustees sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $5.2 billion, allowing the institute to grow dramatically. The deal was the topic of a protracted legal battle between Hughes and the Internal Revenue Service , which Hughes ultimately won. After his death in 1976, many thought that the balance of Hughes’ estate would go to the institute, although it was ultimately divided among his cousins and other heirs, given the lack of a will to the contrary. The HHMI was the 4th largest private organization as of 2007 and the largest devoted to biological and medical research, with an endowment of $16.3 billion as of June 2007. [52] Nixon scandal Shortly before the 1960 Presidential election , Richard Nixon was alarmed when it was revealed that his brother, Donald , received a $205,000 loan from Hughes. It has long been speculated[ by whom? ] that Nixon’s drive to learn what the Democrats were planning in 1972 was based in part on his belief that the Democrats knew about a later bribe that his friend Bebe Rebozo had received from Hughes after Nixon took office.[ citation needed ] In late 1971, Donald Nixon was collecting intelligence for his brother in preparation for the upcoming presidential election. One of Donald’s sources was John H. Meier , a former business adviser of Hughes who had also worked with Democratic National Committee Chair Larry O’Brien . [53] Meier, in collaboration with former Vice President of the United States Hubert Humphrey and others, wanted to feed misinformation to the Nixon campaign. Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election because Larry O’Brien had a great deal of information on Richard Nixon’s illicit dealings with Howard Hughes that had never been released; [54] [55] O’Brien didn’t actually have any such information, but Meier wanted Nixon to think he did. Donald told his brother that O’Brien was in possession of damaging Hughes information that could destroy his campaign. [56] Terry Lenzner, who was the chief investigator for the Senate Watergate Committee, speculates that it was Nixon’s desire to know what O’Brien knew about Nixon’s dealings with Hughes that may have partially motivated the Watergate break-in. [57] Glomar Explorer Main article: USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193) In 1972, Hughes was approached by the CIA to help secretly recover Soviet submarine K-129 , which had sunk near Hawaii four years earlier. Thus, the special-purpose salvage vessel Glomar Explorer was born. Hughes’ involvement provided the CIA with a plausible cover story, having to do with civilian marine research at extreme depths and the mining of undersea manganese nodules . In the summer of 1974, Glomar Explorer attempted to raise the Soviet vessel. [58] However, during the recovery a mechanical failure in the ship’s grapple caused half of the submarine to break off and fall to the ocean floor. This section is believed to have held many of the most sought-after items, including its code book and nuclear missiles. Two nuclear-tipped torpedoes and some cryptographic machines were recovered, along with the bodies of six Soviet submariners who were subsequently given formal burial at sea in a filmed ceremony. The operation, known as Project Azorian (but incorrectly referred to by the press as Project Jennifer), became public in February 1975 when burglars obtained secret documents from Hughes’ headquarters in June 1974. [59] Though he lent his name to the operation, Hughes and his companies had no actual involvement in the project. The Glomar Explorer was eventually acquired by Transocean Inc. , an offshore oil and gas drilling rig company. Obsessive–compulsive disorder and physical decline[ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) As early as the 1930s, Hughes displayed signs of mental illness , primarily obsessive-compulsive disorder . Close friends reported that he was obsessed with the size of peas, one of his favorite foods, and used a special fork to sort them by size. While directing The Outlaw, Hughes became fixated on a small flaw in one of Jane Russell ‘s blouses, claiming that the fabric bunched up along a seam and gave the appearance of two nipples on each breast. He reportedly wrote a detailed memorandum to the crew on how to fix the problem. Richard Fleischer , who directed His Kind of Woman with Hughes as executive producer, wrote at length in his autobiography about the difficulty of dealing with the tycoon. In his book, Just Tell Me When to Cry, Fleischer explained that Hughes was fixated on trivial details and was alternately indecisive and obstinate. He also revealed that Hughes’s unpredictable mood swings made him wonder if the film would ever be completed. In 1947, after the U.S. Government rejected his massive H-4 Hercules, Hughes who had suffered a near-fatal aircraft crash in 1946 told his aides that he wanted to screen some movies at a film studio near his home. He stayed in the studio’s darkened screening room for more than four months, never leaving. He ate only chocolate bars and chicken and drank only milk, later urinating in the empty bottles and containers. He was surrounded by dozens of Kleenex boxes that he continuously stacked and re-arranged. He wrote detailed memos to his aides giving them explicit instructions not to look at him nor speak to him unless spoken to. Throughout this period, Hughes sat fixated in his chair, often naked, continually watching movies. When he finally emerged in the spring of 1948, his hygiene was terrible, he had not bathed nor cut his hair and nails for weeks although this may have been due to allodynia (pain response to stimuli that would normally not cause pain). [30] After the screening room incident, Hughes moved into a bungalow at the Beverly Hills Hotel where he also rented rooms for his aides, his wife, and numerous girlfriends. He would sit naked in his bedroom with a pink hotel napkin placed over his genitals, watching movies. This may have been because Hughes found the touch of clothing painful due to the allodynia. He probably watched movies constantly to distract him from his pain—a common practice among patients with intractable pain, especially those who do not receive adequate treatment. [30] In one year, Hughes spent an estimated $11 million at the hotel. Hughes began purchasing all restaurant chains and four star hotels that had been founded within the state of Texas. This included, if for only a short period, many unknown franchises currently out of business. He placed ownership of the restaurants with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and all licenses were resold shortly after. Another time, he became obsessed with the 1968 film Ice Station Zebra , and had it run on a continuous loop in his home. According to his aides, he watched it 150 times. [60] [61] [62] Hughes insisted on using tissues to pick up objects, to insulate himself from germs. He would also notice dust, stains or other imperfections on people’s clothes and demand that they take care of them. Once one of the most visible men in America, Hughes ultimately vanished from public view—though tabloids continued to follow rumors of his behavior and whereabouts. He was reported to be terminally ill, mentally unstable, or even dead. Injuries from numerous aircraft crashes caused Hughes to spend much of his later life in pain, and he eventually became addicted to codeine , which he injected intramuscularly . [30] Hughes had his hair cut and nails trimmed only once a year, likely due to the pain caused by the RSD/CRPS , which was caused by the plane crashes. [30] Hughes had this 1954 Chrysler New Yorker equipped with an aircraft-grade air filtration system that took up the entire trunk Las Vegas baron and recluse The wealthy and aging Howard Hughes, accompanied by his entourage of personal aides, began moving from one hotel to another, always taking up residence in the top floor penthouse. In the last ten years of his life, 1966 to 1976, Hughes lived in hotels in many cities—including Beverly Hills , Boston , Las Vegas, Nassau , Freeport , Vancouver, [63] London, Managua , and Acapulco . On November 24, 1966 (Thanksgiving Day), [64] Hughes arrived in Las Vegas by railroad car and moved into the Desert Inn . Because he refused to leave the hotel, and to avoid further conflicts with the owners, Hughes bought the Desert Inn in early 1967. The hotel’s eighth floor became the nerve center of Hughes’ empire and the ninth-floor penthouse became his personal residence. Between 1966 and 1968, he bought several other hotel-casinos—including the Castaways , New Frontier , the Landmark Hotel and Casino , and the Sands . [65] He bought the small Silver Slipper casino just so he could have its trademark neon silver slipper moved. Visible from Hughes’ bedroom, it apparently had kept him up at night. After Hughes left the Desert Inn, hotel employees discovered his drapes had not been opened in the nine years he lived there, and had rotted through. [66] An unusual incident marked an earlier Hughes connection to Las Vegas: during his 1954 engagement at the Last Frontier hotel in Las Vegas, flamboyant entertainer Liberace mistook Howard Hughes for his lighting director, instructing him to instantly bring up a blue light should he start to play Clair de lune. Hughes nodded in compliance—but the hotel’s entertainment director arrived and introduced Hughes to Liberace. [67] Hughes wanted to change the image of Las Vegas to something more glamorous. As Hughes wrote in a memo to an aide, “I like to think of Las Vegas in terms of a well-dressed man in a dinner jacket and a beautifully jeweled and furred female getting out of an expensive car.” Hughes bought several local television stations (including KLAS-TV ). Hughes’ considerable business holdings were overseen by a small panel unofficially dubbed “The Mormon Mafia” because of the many Latter-day Saints on the committee, led by Frank William Gay . [68] In addition to supervising day-to-day business operations and Hughes’ health, they also went to great pains to satisfy Hughes’ every whim. Hughes once became fond of Baskin-Robbins ‘ banana nut ice cream, so his aides sought to secure a bulk shipment for him—only to discover that Baskin-Robbins had discontinued the flavor. They put in a request for the smallest amount the company could provide for a special order, 200 gallons (750 L), and had it shipped from Los Angeles. A few days after the order arrived, Hughes announced he was tired of banana nut and wanted only chocolate marshmallow ice cream. The Desert Inn ended up distributing free banana nut ice cream to casino customers for a year. [69] In a 1996 interview, ex–Howard Hughes communicator Robert Maheu said, “There is a rumor that there is still some banana nut ice cream left in the freezer. It is most likely true.” As an owner of several major Las Vegas businesses, Hughes wielded much political and economic influence in Nevada and elsewhere. During the 1960s and early 1970s, he disapproved of underground nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site . Hughes was concerned about the risk from residual nuclear radiation , and attempted to halt the tests. When the tests finally went through despite Hughes’ efforts, the detonations were powerful enough that the entire hotel where he was staying trembled with the shock waves . [70] In two separate, last-ditch maneuvers, Hughes instructed his representatives to offer million-dollar bribes to both presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon. [71] In 1970, Jean Peters filed for divorce. The two had not lived together for many years. Peters requested a lifetime alimony payment of $70,000 a year, adjusted for inflation, and waived all claims to Hughes’ estate. Hughes offered her a settlement of over a million dollars, but she declined it. Hughes did not insist on a confidentiality agreement from Peters as a condition of the divorce. Aides reported that Hughes never spoke ill of her. She refused to discuss her life with Hughes and declined several lucrative offers from publishers and biographers. Peters would state only that she had not seen Hughes for several years before their divorce and had only dealt with him by phone. Hughes was living in the Intercontinental Hotel near Lake Managua in Nicaragua, seeking privacy and security, [72] when a magnitude 6.5 earthquake damaged Managua in December 1972. As a precaution, Hughes moved to the Nicaraguan National Palace and stayed there as a guest of Anastasio Somoza Debayle before leaving for Florida on a private jet the following day. [73] He subsequently moved into the Penthouse at the Xanadu Princess Resort on Grand Bahama Island , which he had recently purchased. He lived almost exclusively in the penthouse of the Xanadu Beach Resort & Marina for the last four years of his life. Hughes had spent a total of $300 million on his many properties in Las Vegas. [64] Memoir hoax In 1972, author Clifford Irving caused a media sensation when he claimed he had co-written an authorized autobiography of Hughes. Hughes was so reclusive that he did not immediately publicly refute Irving’s statement, leading many to believe the Irving book was genuine. However, before the book’s publication Hughes finally denounced Irving in a teleconference and the entire project was eventually exposed as a hoax. [74] Irving was later convicted of fraud and spent 17 months in prison. In 1974, the Orson Welles film F for Fake included a section on the Hughes biography hoax. In 1977, The Hoax by Clifford Irving was published in Great Britain , telling his story of these events. The 2007 film The Hoax , starring Richard Gere , is also based on these events. [75] Death Hughes Family Gravesite at Glenwood Cemetery Hughes was reported to have died on April 5, 1976, at 1:27 p.m. on board an aircraft owned by Robert Graf and piloted by Jeff Abrams. He was en route from his penthouse at the Acapulco Fairmont Princess Hotel in Mexico to the Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas. Other accounts indicate that he died in the flight from Freeport , Grand Bahama , to Houston. [76] After receiving a call, his senior counsel, Frank P. Morse, ordered his staff to get his body on a plane and return him to the United States. It was common that foreign countries would hold corpse as ransom so that an estate could not be settled. Morse ordered the pilots to announce Hughes’ death once they crossed U.S. territory. (Morse, 2015) His reclusive activities (and possibly his drug use) made him practically unrecognizable. His hair, beard, fingernails, and toenails were long—his tall 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) frame now weighed barely 90 pounds (41 kg), and the FBI had to use fingerprints to conclusively identify the body. [77] Howard Hughes’ alias, John T. Conover, was used when his body arrived at a morgue in Houston on the day of his death. There, his body was received by Dr. Jack Titus. [78] A subsequent autopsy recorded kidney failure as the cause of death. [79] Hughes was in extremely poor physical condition at the time of his death. He suffered from malnutrition . While his kidneys were damaged, his other internal organs, including his brain, were deemed perfectly healthy. [30] X-rays revealed five broken-off hypodermic needles in the flesh of his arms. [30] To inject codeine into his muscles, Hughes had used glass syringes with metal needles that easily became detached. [30] Hughes is buried in the Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, Texas, next to his parents. [80] The red brick house where Hughes lived as a teenager at 3921 Yoakum St., Houston today serves as the headquarters of the Theology Department of the University of St. Thomas . Estate Approximately three weeks after Hughes’ death, a handwritten will was found on the desk of an official of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City . The so-called “ Mormon Will ” gave $1.56 billion to various charitable organizations (including $625 million to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute ); nearly $470 million to the upper management in Hughes’ companies and to his aides; $156 million to first cousin William Lummis; and $156 million split equally between his two ex-wives Ella Rice and Jean Peters . Hughes left his entire estate, in his last will, and according to his senior counsel (Frank P. Morse) to the Hughes Medical Institute as he had no connection to family and was seriously ill. This is contrary to the many wills that have surfaced after his death. The original will, that included payments to aides, never surfaced and was apparently in a home surrounding the Desert Inn Golf Course, belonging to the mother of an assistant. He had no desire to leave any money to family, aides, churches, including William Gay and Frank Morse (Morse, 1976). Hughes was not Mormon and had no reason to leave his estate to that church. Frank P. Morse is still the attorney of record for Hughes. Gay has devoted his life to the Mormon Church. (Morse, 2015) A further $156 million was endowed to a gas-station owner named Melvin Dummar , who told reporters that late one evening in December 1967, he found a disheveled and dirty man lying along U.S. Highway 95 , 150 miles (240 km) north of Las Vegas . The man asked for a ride to Las Vegas. Dropping him off at the Sands Hotel , Dummar said the man told him he was Hughes. Dummar then claimed that days after Hughes’ death, a “mysterious man” appeared at his gas station, leaving an envelope containing the will on his desk. Unsure if the will was genuine, and unsure of what to do, Dummar left the will at the LDS Church office. In June 1978, after a seven-month trial, a Nevada court rejected the Mormon Will as a forgery, and declared that Hughes had died intestate . Jonathan Demme ‘s film Melvin and Howard , written by Bo Goldman and starring Jason Robards and Paul Le Mat , was based on Dummar’s story. Hughes’ $2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including William Lummis, who serves as a trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Hughes Aircraft was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute , which sold it to General Motors in 1985 for $5.2 billion. The court rejected suits by the states of California and Texas claiming they were owed inheritance tax . In 1984, Hughes’ estate paid an undisclosed amount to Terry Moore , who claimed she and Hughes had secretly married on a yacht in international waters off Mexico in 1949 and never divorced. Moore never produced proof of a marriage, but her book, The Beauty and the Billionaire, became a bestseller. Awards National Aviation Hall of Fame (inducted 1973) Popular culture Howard Hughes has now emerged as one of the 20th century’s most iconic business and aviation figures spawning a wide range of cultural references. Film (Chronological) Two Tickets to Broadway (1951) Janet Leigh plays a small-town girl who hopes to make it big in the Big Apple. The Carpetbaggers (1964) George Peppard plays a hard-driven industrialist more than a little reminiscent of Howard Hughes. Willard Whyte , a billionaire from the 1971 James Bond film, Diamonds Are Forever , is based on Howard Hughes. Hughes, a friend of producer Albert Broccoli , let his hotel and casino be used in the filming. Portrayed by Dean Stockwell in Tucker (1988). Hughes was portrayed by Terry O’Quinn in Disney ‘s The Rocketeer (1991), substituting for the “mystery inventor” ( Doc Savage ) in the original comic book version. “Howard Hughes Documentary”, broadcast in 1992 as an episode of the Time Machine documentary series, was introduced by Peter Graves , later released by A&E Home Video. [82] Before The Aviator (2004) , there were several attempts to create a biopic based on the life of Hughes. For years, director-actor Warren Beatty wanted to play Hughes and direct a big-screen film of the mogul. It was to be released alongside Beatty’s film Reds , but owing to the lack of the right script, the project was abandoned. However, in 2015, Beatty will play as Hughes with an ensemble cast in Untitled Warren Beatty project in which he also directed. Set during the later part of Hughes’s life, the film is about a love affair between a younger woman and the reclusive billionaire. In the 1990s, producers with Touchstone Pictures wanted to do it with John Malkovich , Edward Norton , or Johnny Depp as Hughes, but because of climbing costs that venture was abandoned. Castle Rock Entertainment also tried to develop a biopic called Mr. Hughes with Jim Carrey starring and with Christopher Nolan directing and re-writing a script originated by David Koepp and Brian De Palma . When The Aviator began production, the idea was scrapped, and Nolan went on to direct Batman Begins . Some of the details of Hughes as an adult were confirmed in A. Scott Berg ‘s memoir of Katharine Hepburn , Kate Remembered . The Aviator (2004), directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Hughes. Nominated for 11 Academy Awards, and winning five, the acclaimed film focuses primarily on Hughes’ achievements in aviation and in the movies and on the increasing handicaps imposed on him by his obsessive–compulsive behavior, and ends shortly after the successful flight of the Hercules in 1947. Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator documentary was broadcast in 2004, and went on to win the Grand Festival Award for Best Documentary at the 2004 Berkeley Video & Film Festival. [83] The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story was broadcast in 2006 on the Biography Channel . It was later released to home media as a DVD with a copy of the full-length film The Outlaw starring Jane Russell . [84] Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), as a plot-related prequel to Iron Man 2 (2010), in which Howard Stark (played by Dominic Cooper ), father of Tony Stark ( Iron Man ), showed his inventions of future technology, clearly picturing Hughes’ persona and enthusiasm. His subsequent appearances in the TV series Marvel’s Agent Carter further this persona, as well as depicting him as sharing the real Hughes’ reputation as a womanizer. Stan Lee has noted that Tony, who shared several of these traits himself, was based on Hughes. [85] Television In The Simpsons episode “ $pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling) “, Mr. Burns refuses to leave his room after the opening of his casino and develops a paranoid obsession with germs and cleanliness; his hair and nails become unkempt, all of which parody Hughes’ later life. He also makes a small model airplane called the Spruce Moose (a reference to Hughes’ Spruce Goose ), which he believes is a real, flyable plane. In the Beverly Hillbillies episode, The Clampett-Hewes Empire, Mr. Drysdale gets enthusiastic when he hears the news that Jed Clampett is going into the airport business with “Howard Hughes” and does everything he can to make “Mr. Hughes” as welcome as possible (even putting together a small girl chorus singing “We Love You Howard Hughes”)…until he discovers to his chagrin the “Howard Hughes” Jed Clampett is partnering with is not the famous billionaire airplane aficionado; he’s nothing but a plain old, impoverished, henpecked husband farmer whose last name is Hewes (H-E-W-E-S). Games Andrew Ryan , partially based on Hughes, is a fictional character in the 2007 video game, BioShock . He was an industrialist business magnate in the Post-WW2 1940s, and seeking to avoid governments, religions and other ‘parasitic’ influences, ordered the secret construction of an underwater city, Rapture . 15+ Years later, when Ryan’s vision for an Objectivist utopia in Rapture falls into dystopia, he hides himself away and uses armies of mutated humans, “Splicers”, to defend himself and fight against those trying to take over his City, including the player-character Jack within the first game. [86] Robert House, largely based on Hughes, is a fictional character in the 2010 video game, Fallout: New Vegas . He was a naturally gifted engineer and aerospace enthusiast, much like the real Hughes. The game takes place in an alternate reality in 2281 after a catastrophic nuclear war in 2077. Mr. House defends Las Vegas against most of the missiles, and preserves his life through robotics, cryogenics and computers—eventually controlling the post-apocalyptic New Vegas, which the player character experiences. Many references are made to the life of Hughes, including a family-owned tool company, a crashed plane in Lake Mead, and an in-game photo similar to the famous photo of Hughes standing before a Boeing P-12 . In L.A. Noire , Hughes makes an appearance presenting his Hercules H-4 aircraft in the game introduction. [87] In Team Fortress 2 a hat referencing him can be obtained, named Barnstormer, the description of which references his film career, his aeronautics past, and some of his obsessions. The class that uses this hat is also a reference, since it is the Engineer. Literature Howard Hughes appears as a character in Death and Honor (Putnam, 2008), W.E.B. Griffin ‘s fictional account of the clandestine espionage activities of agents of the United States Office of Strategic Services (the “OSS”) during World War II. In the novel, Hughes is portrayed as an unofficial intelligence community insider. Howard Hughes also appears as a character in James Ellroy ‘s L.A. Quartet and Underworld USA Trilogy . In the latter saga, Hughes is described as reclusive, eccentric and mentally disturbed. He plans to take over the mafia’s casinos in Las Vegas to establish a “germ-free environment” for his residence. Stan Lee has repeatedly stated he created the Marvel Comics character Iron Man ‘s civilian persona, Tony Stark, drawing inspiration from Howard Hughes’ colorful lifestyle and personality. Additionally, the first name of Stark’s father is Howard. [88] Jonas Cord , primary character in the Harold Robbins novel, The Carpetbaggers , is a literary twin of Howard Hughes. In the novel Jailbird by Kurt Vonnegut , the character Mary Kathleen O’Looney has several traits that were obviously modeled after Howard Hughes (living as a paranoid homeless person while simultaneously being immensely rich and the CEO of a huge corporation, her orders validated by her fingerprints only). Howard Hughes is discussed in an essay by Joan Didion , “7000 Romaine, Los Angeles 38”. The essay is included in the collection Slouching Towards Bethlehem . Music “Howard Hughes’ Blues” is a song about Hughes by John Hartford ; it is a track on Hartford’s album Morning Bugle .	i don't know
What famed magician, born Erik Weisz in Budapest, Hungary, died on Oct 31, 1926 of peritonitis, secondary to a ruptured appendix?	October 31, 1926: Death Proves Inescapable for Even Houdini \| At the Smithsonian \| Smithsonian October 31, 1926: Death Proves Inescapable for Even Houdini Magician Harry Houdini, who could seemingly escape anything, couldn't escape a punch to the gut and appendicitis October 31, 2011 Magician Harry Houdini / National Portrait Gallery, SI Master magician Harry Houdini made a living wowing audiences and escaping from death-defying situations. But this day in 1926 the Great Houdini was unable to cheat death one more time and succumbed to peritonitis resulting from a ruptured appendix at age 52. “Harry Houdini is famous for his incredible feats of magic,” says historian David C. Ward of the National Portrait Gallery, “all of which required meticulous planning and preparation.” Born Erik Weisz to Jewish parents in Budapest, Hungary in 1874, Houdini’s family immigrated to Appleton, Wisconsin, when he was four years old. He adopted the “Harry Houdini” moniker in 1891 when he became a professional magician, in honor of French magician Jean Eugene Robert Houdin and American magician Harry Kellar. Houdini started out with card tricks at small venues and progressed to escape acts on the vaudeville circuit, eventually earning the title of “The Handcuff King.” “For him,” illusionist David Blaine noted to The New York Times in October of last year, “sometimes the difficult thing was keeping the handcuffs on.” As Houdini’s stature as a performer increased, he had to up the ante with new stunts to please spectators. “I knew, as everyone knows,” wrote Houdini, “that the easiest way to attract a crowd is to let it be known that at a given time and a given place someone is going to attempt something that in the event of failure will mean sudden death.” Houdini performing the Chinese Water Torture Cell. Image courtesy Library of Congress Houdini escaped from a wide variety of objects, including items suggested by his audience: straitjackets, boilers, wet sheets, milk jugs and supposedly even the belly of a preserved “ 1,600-pound sea monster ” that had washed ashore in Boston. His 1912 underwater box escape in New York’s East River was proclaimed by Scientific American magazine as “one of the most remarkable tricks ever performed.” And Houdini continued his string of legendary stunts, debuting his legendary Chinese Water Torture Cell later that year. In it he was suspended upside-down in a locked glass and steel cabinet overflowing with water. “Amidst the sensation,” says Ward, “what is not as well known, however, is that Houdini also spent much of his career debunking and exposing charlatans and con-men who used aspects of magic, especially séances with the dead, to dupe a credulous public. Spiritualism had an upsurge after World War I as populations that had suffered horrendous loses sought ways of coping. But Houdini dismissed claims of the supernatural as so much quackery that cruelly played on the hopes of those who had lost loved ones.” But how did he finally die? Houdini apparently had been suffering from appendicitis for weeks before his death on Halloween of 1926, but hadn’t sought out treatment. Things came to a head after an October 20 performance at the Princess Theater in Montreal. According to eyewitnesses, Houdini was laying on a couch having his portrait sketched by a student when Jocelyn Gordon Whitehead, a McGill University student, entered the room. Whitehead asked to test Houdini’s claim to be able to absorb any blow to the body above the waist without injury. Upon Houdini’s supposed approval, Whitehead delivered multiple blows to Houdini’s stomach, reportedly hitting him three times before the magician was able to tighten his stomach muscles to protect himself sufficiently. It’s likely Houdini’s appendix would have burst on its own without striking. Houdini still continued to travel while in severe pain, and arrived in Detroit on October 24, 1926 for what would be his final performance. He took the stage at Garrick Theater even with a fever of 104 and a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. When Houdini had surgery to remove his appendix later that afternoon, doctors discovered it had ruptured and that he was suffering from peritonitis. Houdini died of peritonitis seven days later October 31 at age 52. “Houdini’s death was ironic and tragic in equal measure, ” says Ward. “His escape artistry required him to be in incredible physical condition, able to endure small spaces in a twisted pose and capable of wriggling free from straitjackets, chains and other ingenious restraints. His body was battered and bruised both by the acts themselves and all the training.” More than 80 years later, Houdini still captures imaginations. “I am so amazed that even though Houdini died in 1926…the world is still baffled and mystified by him,” Dorothy Dietrich wrote on the Harry Houdini Museum website. Dietrich, who is a leading female magician and a board member for the museum says, “He instills a feeling of wonder to everyone just by mentioning Houdini’s name. Poof!” Like this article?	Harry Houdini
Known as The Treasure State, what was the 41st state to join the Union, on Nov 8, 1889?	Harry Houdini Harry Houdini "Houdini" redirects here. For other uses, see Houdini (disambiguation) . Harry Houdini Magician, escapologist, stunt performer, actor, historian, film producer, pilot, debunker Years active 1891–1926 Signature Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian -born American magician and escapologist, stunt performer , actor and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena. [1] Contents 18 External links Early life Not yet Houdini, Ehrich Weiss is shown exhibiting his competitive spirit and wearing medals he won as a member of the Pastime Athletic Club track team in New York circa 1890. Harry Houdini was born as Erik Weisz in Budapest , Hungary , on March 24, 1874. [2] His parents were Rabbi Mayer Samuel Weisz (1829–1892) and his wife, Cecelia (née Steiner; 1841–1913). Houdini was one of seven children: Herman M. (1863–1885); Nathan J. (1870–1927); Gottfried William (1872–1925); Theodore "Theo" (1876–1945); [3] Leopold D. (1879–1962); and Carrie Gladys (born 1882 – unknown year of death) [4] . Weisz arrived in the United States on July 3, 1878, sailing on the SS Fresia with his mother (who was pregnant) and his four brothers. [5] The family changed the Hungarian spelling of their German surname into Weiss (the German spelling) and Erik's name was changed to Ehrich. Friends called him "Ehrie" or "Harry". They first lived in Appleton, Wisconsin , where his father served as Rabbi of the Zion Reform Jewish Congregation. From 1907 on, Houdini would claim in interviews to have been born in Appleton which was not true and on April 6, 1874, on the Gregorian calendar or 13 days difference from the Julian calendar (March 24, 1874) in Hungary at that time. According to the 1880 census, the family lived on Appleton Street. [6] On June 6, 1882, Rabbi Weiss became an American citizen. Losing his tenure at Zion in 1887, Rabbi Weiss moved with Ehrich to New York City. They lived in a boarding house on East 79th Street . They were joined by the rest of the family once Rabbi Weiss found permanent housing. As a child, Ehrich Weiss took several jobs, making his public début as a 9-year-old trapeze artist, calling himself "Ehrich, the Prince of the Air". He was also a champion cross country runner in his youth. Weiss became a professional magician and began calling himself "Harry Houdini" because he was heavily influenced by the French magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin , and his friend Jack Hayman told him, erroneously, that in French, adding an "i" to Houdin would mean "like Houdin" the great magician. In later life, Houdini would claim that the first part of his new name, Harry, was a homage to Harry Kellar , whom Houdini admired. In 1918, he registered for selective service as Harry Handcuff Houdini. [7] Magic career "My Two Sweethearts"—Houdini with his mother and wife, c. 1907 Houdini in Handcuffs, 1918 Houdini began his magic career in 1891. [8] At the outset, he had little success. He performed in dime museums and sideshows, and even doubled as "The Wild Man" at a circus. Houdini focused initially on traditional card tricks. At one point, he billed himself as the "King of Cards". But he soon began experimenting with escape acts . In 1893, while performing with his brother " Dash " at Coney Island as "The Houdini Brothers", Harry met fellow performer Wilhelmina Beatrice (Bess) Rahner , whom he married. Bess replaced Dash in the act, which became known as "The Houdinis." For the rest of Houdini's performing career, Bess would work as his stage assistant. Houdini's "big break" came in 1899 when he met manager Martin Beck in rural Woodstock, Illinois . Impressed by Houdini's handcuffs act, Beck advised him to concentrate on escape acts and booked him on the Orpheum vaudeville circuit. Within months, he was performing at the top vaudeville houses in the country. In 1900, Beck arranged for Houdini to tour Europe. After some days of unsuccessful interviews in London, Houdini managed to interest Dundas Slater, then manager of the Alhambra Theatre . He gave a demonstration of escape from handcuffs at Scotland Yard, and succeeded in baffling the police so effectively that he was booked at the Alhambra for six months. Houdini became widely known as "The Handcuff King." He toured England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Russia. In each city, Houdini would challenge local police to restrain him with shackles and lock him in their jails. In many of these challenge escapes, Houdini would first be stripped nude and searched . In Moscow, Houdini escaped from a Siberian prison transport van. Houdini claimed that, had he been unable to free himself, he would have had to travel to Siberia, where the only key was kept. In Cologne , he sued a police officer, Werner Graff, who alleged that he made his escapes via bribery. [9] Houdini won the case when he opened the judge's safe (he would later say the judge had forgotten to lock it). With his new-found wealth and success, Houdini purchased a dress said to have been made for Queen Victoria . He then arranged a grand reception where he presented his mother in the dress to all their relatives. Houdini said it was the happiest day of his life. In 1904, Houdini returned to the U.S. and purchased a house for $25,000, a brownstone at 278 W. 113th Street in Harlem , New York City . [10] From 1907 and throughout the 1910s, Houdini performed with great success in the United States. He would free himself from jails, handcuffs, chains, ropes, and straitjackets , often while hanging from a rope in plain sight of street audiences. Because of imitators, on January 25, 1908, Houdini put his "handcuff act" behind him and began escaping from a locked, water-filled milk can. The possibility of failure and death thrilled his audiences. Houdini also expanded repertoire with his escape challenge act, in which he invited the public to devise contraptions to hold him. These included nailed packing crates (sometimes lowered into water), riveted boilers, wet-sheets, mailbags, and even the belly of a whale that had washed ashore in Boston. Brewers challenged Houdini to escape from a barrel after they filled it with beer in Scranton, PA and other cities. [11] Many of these challenges were pre-arranged with local merchants in what is certainly one of the first uses of mass tie-in marketing. Rather than promote the idea that he was assisted by spirits, as did the Davenport Brothers and others, Houdini's advertisements showed him making his escapes via dematerializing , [12] although Houdini himself never claimed to have supernatural powers. Poster promoting Houdini taking up the challenge of escaping an "extra strong and large traveling basket" In 1912, Houdini introduced perhaps his most famous act, the Chinese Water Torture Cell , in which he was suspended upside-down in a locked glass-and-steel cabinet full to overflowing with water. The act required that Houdini hold his breath for more than three minutes. Houdini performed the escape for the rest of his career. Despite two Hollywood movies depicting Houdini dying in the Torture Cell, the act had nothing to do with his death. Throughout his career, Houdini explained some of his tricks in books written for the magic brotherhood. In Handcuff Secrets (1909), he revealed how many locks and handcuffs could be opened with properly applied force, others with shoestring. Other times, he carried concealed lockpicks or keys, being able to regurgitate small keys at will. When tied down in ropes or straitjackets , he gained wiggle room by enlarging his shoulders and chest, moving his arms slightly away from his body , and then dislocating his shoulders. [13] His straitjacket escape was originally performed behind curtains, with him popping out free at the end. However, Houdini's brother, (who was also an escape artist, billing himself as Theodore Hardeen ), discovered that audiences were more impressed when the curtains were eliminated so they could watch him struggle to get out. On more than one occasion, they both performed straitjacket escapes whilst dangling upside-down from the roof of a building for publicity. [14] For most of his career, Houdini was a headline act in vaudeville . For many years, he was the highest-paid performer in American vaudeville. One of Houdini's most notable non-escape stage illusions was performed at New York's Hippodrome Theater, when he vanished a full-grown elephant (with its trainer) from the stage, beneath which was a swimming pool. In 1923, Houdini became president of Martinka & Co., America's oldest magic company. The business is still in operation today. He also served as President of the Society of American Magicians (aka S.A.M.) from 1917 until his death in 1926. Founded on May 10, 1902 in the back room of Martinka 's magic shop in New York, the Society expanded under the leadership of Harry Houdini during his term as National President from 1917-1926. Houdini was magic's greatest visionary. He sought to create a large, unified national network of professional and amateur magicians. Wherever he traveled, Houdini would give a lengthy formal address to the local magic club, making speeches, and usually threw a banquet for the members at his own expense. He said "The Magicians Clubs as a rule are small: they are weak...but if we were amalgamated into one big body the society would be stronger, and it would mean making the small clubs powerful and worth while. "Members would find a welcome wherever they happened to be and, conversely, the safeguard of a city-to-city hotline to track exposers and other undesirables." For most of 1916, while on his vaudeville tour, Houdini, at his own expense, had been recruiting local magic clubs to join the SAM in an effort to revitalize what he felt was a weak organization. Houdini persuaded groups in Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, ande Kansas City join. As had happened in London, Houdini persuaded magicians to join. The Buffalo club joined as the first branch, (later assembly) of the Society. Chicago Assembly No. 3 was, as the name implies, the third regional club to be established by the S.A.M., whose assemblies now number in the hundreds. In 1917, he signed Assembly Number Three's charter into existence, and that charter and this club continue to provide Chicago magicians with a connection to each other and to their past. Houdini dined with, addressed, and got pledges from similar clubs in Detroit, Rochester, Pittsburgh, Kansas City, Cincinnati and elsewhere. This was the biggest movement ever in the history of magic. In places where no clubs existed, he rounded up individual magicians, introduced them to each other, and urged them into the fold. By the end of 1916, magicians' clubs in San Francisco and other cities that Houdini had not visited were offering to become assemblies. He had created the richest and longest surviving organization of magicians in the world. It now embraces almost 6,000 dues paying members and almost 300 assemblies worldwide. In July, 1926, Houdini was elected for the ninth successive time President of the Society of American Magicians. Every other president has only served for one year. He also was President of the Magicians' Club of London. [15] In the final years of his life (1925/26), Houdini launched his own full-evening show, which he billed as "3 Shows in One: Magic, Escapes, and Fraud Mediums Exposed". [16] Notable escapes Mirror handcuff challenge "Handcuff" Harry Houdini, circa 1905 In 1904, the London Daily Mirror newspaper challenged Houdini to escape from a special handcuff that it claimed had taken Nathaniel Hart, a locksmith from Birmingham , seven years to make. Houdini accepted the challenge for March 17 during a matinée performance at London's Hippodrome theater. It was reported that 4000 people and more than 100 journalists turned out for the much-hyped event. The escape attempt dragged on for over an hour, during which Houdini emerged from his "ghost house" (a small screen used to conceal the method of his escape) several times. On one occasion, he asked if the cuff could be removed so he could take off his coat. The Mirror representative, Frank Parker, refused, saying Houdini could gain an advantage if he saw how the cuff was unlocked. Houdini promptly took out a pen-knife and, holding the knife in his teeth, used it to cut his coat from his body. Some 56 minutes later, Houdini's wife appeared on stage and gave him a kiss. It is believed that in her mouth was the key to unlock the special handcuff. Houdini then went back behind the curtain. After an hour and ten minutes, Houdini emerged free. As he was paraded on the shoulders of the cheering crowd, he broke down and wept. Houdini later said it was the most difficult escape of his career. [17] After Houdini's death, his friend, Martin Beck was quoted in Will Goldstone's book, Sensational Tales of Mystery Men, in which he said that Houdini was bested that day and had appealed to his wife, Bess, for help. Goldstone goes on to claim that Bess begged the key from the Mirror representative, then slipped it to Houdini in a glass of water. However, it was stated in the book "The Secret Life of Houdini" that the key required to open the specially designed Mirror handcuffs was 6" long, and thus could not have been smuggled to Houdini in a glass of water. Goldstone offered no proof of his account, and many modern biographers have found evidence (notably in the custom design of the handcuff itself) that the Mirror challenge was prearranged by Houdini, and that his long struggle to escape was pure showmanship. [18] In support of this, it has been reported that the sterling silver replica of the Mirror cuffs presented to Houdini in honor of his escape was actually made the year before the escape actually took place. [19] This was recently covered in depth on the Travel Channel's "Mysteries At The Museum" in an interview with Houdini expert, magician and escape artist Dorothy Dietrich of Scranton's Houdini Museum. [20] A full-sized replica of the Mirror Handcuffs, as well as a replica of the Bramah style key for it, is on display to the public at the Houdini Museum in Scranton, PA. This is the only public display of this style cuff anywhere. Milk Can Escape In 1901, Houdini introduced his own original act, the Milk Can Escape. [21] In this act, Houdini would be handcuffed and sealed inside an over-sized milk can filled with water and make his escape behind a curtain. As part of the effect, Houdini would invite members of the audience to hold their breath along with him while he was inside the can. Advertised with dramatic posters that proclaimed "Failure Means A Drowning Death", the escape proved to be a sensation. [22] Houdini soon modified the escape to include the milk can being locked inside a wooden chest, being chained or padlocked, and even inside another milk can. Houdini only performed the milk can escape as a regular part of his act for four years, but it remains one of the acts most associated with the escape artist. Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen, continued to perform the milk can (and the wooden chest variation) [23] into the 1940s. The American Museum of Magic has the “Milk Can” and "Overboard Box" used by Harry Houdini. [24] Chinese Water Torture Cell Houdini performing the Chinese Water Torture Cell . In 1912, the vast number of imitators prompted Houdini to replace his Milk Can act with the Chinese Water Torture Cell . In this escape, Houdini's feet would be locked in stocks, and he would be lowered upside down into a tank filled with water. The mahogany and metal cell featured a glass front, through which audiences could clearly see Houdini. The stocks would be locked to the top of the cell, and a curtain would conceal his escape. In the earliest version of the Torture Cell, a metal cage was lowered into the cell, and Houdini was enclosed inside that. While making the escape more difficult (the cage prevented Houdini from turning), the cage bars also offered protection should the front glass break. The original cell was built in England, where Houdini first performed the escape for an audience of one person as part of a one-act play he called "Houdini Upside Down". This was so he could copyright the effect and have grounds to sue imitators (which he did). While the escape was advertised as "The Chinese Water Torture Cell" or "The Water Torture Cell", Houdini always referred to it as "the Upside Down" or "USD". The first public performance of the USD was at the Circus Busch in Berlin, on September 21, 1912. Houdini continued to perform the escape until his death in 1926. [25] Suspended straitjacket escape One of Houdini's most popular publicity stunts was to have himself strapped into a regulation straitjacket and suspended by his ankles from a tall building or crane. Houdini would then make his escape in full view of the assembled crowd. In many cases, Houdini would draw thousands of onlookers who would choke the street and bring city traffic to a halt. Houdini would sometimes ensure press coverage by performing the escape from the office building of a local newspaper. In New York City, Houdini performed the suspended straitjacket escape from a crane being used to build the New York subway. After flinging his body in the air, he escaped from the straitjacket. Starting from when he was hoisted up in the air by the crane, to when the straitjacket was completely off, it took him two minutes and thirty-seven seconds. There is film footage of Houdini performing the escape in The Library of Congress. [26] After being battered against a building in high winds during one escape, Houdini performed the escape with a visible safety wire on his ankle so that he could be pulled away from the building if necessary. The idea for the upside-down escape was given to Houdini by a young boy named Randolph Osborne Douglas (March 31, 1895 – Dec 5, 1956), when the two met at a performance at Sheffield's Empire Theatre. [12] Overboard box escape Houdini prepares to do the Overboard box escape circa 1912 Another one of Houdini's most famous publicity stunts was to escape from a nailed and roped packing crate after it had been lowered into water. Houdini first performed the escape in New York's East River on July 7, 1912. Police forbade him from using one of the piers, so Houdini hired a tugboat and invited press on board. Houdini was locked in handcuffs and leg-irons, then nailed into the crate which was roped and weighed down with two hundred pounds of lead. The crate was then lowered into the water. Houdini escaped in fifty-seven seconds. The crate was pulled to the surface and found to still be intact with the manacles inside. Houdini would perform this escape many times, and even performed a version on stage, first at Hamerstein's Roof Garden (where a 5,500-gallon tank was specially built), and later at the New York Hippodrome. [27] Buried Alive stunt Houdini performed at least three variations on a " Buried Alive " stunt/escape during his career. The first was near Santa Ana, California in 1915, and it almost cost Houdini his life. Houdini was buried, without a casket, in a pit of earth six feet deep. He became exhausted and panicky trying to dig his way to the surface and called for help. When his hand finally broke the surface, he fell unconscious and had to be pulled from the grave by his assistants. Houdini wrote in his diary that the escape was "very dangerous" and that "the weight of the earth is killing." [28] [29] Houdini's second variation on Buried Alive was an endurance test designed to expose mystical Egyptian performer Rahman Bey, who claimed to use supernatural powers to remain in a sealed casket for an hour. Houdini bettered Bey on August 5, 1926, by remaining in a sealed casket submerged in the swimming pool of New York's Hotel Shelton for one hour and a half. Houdini claimed he did not use any trickery or supernatural powers to accomplish this feat, just controlled breathing. [30] He repeated the feat at the YMCA in Worcester Massachusetts on September 28, 1926, this time remaining sealed for one hour and eleven minutes. [31] Houdini's final Buried Alive was an elaborate stage escape that was to feature in his full evening show. The stunt would see Houdini escape after being strapped in a strait-jacket, sealed in a casket, and then buried in a large tank filled with sand. While there are posters advertising the escape (playing off the Bey challenge they boasted "Egyptian Fakirs Outdone!"), it is unclear whether Houdini ever performed Buried Alive on stage. The stunt was to be the feature escape of his 1927 season, but Houdini died on October 31, 1926. The bronze casket Houdini created for Buried Alive was used to transport Houdini's body from Detroit back to New York following his death on Halloween . [32] Movie career In 1906 Houdini started showing films of his outside escapes as part of his vaudeville act. In Boston he presented a short film called Houdini Defeats Hackenschmidt. Georg Hackenschmidt was a famous wrestler of the day, but the nature of their contest is unknown as the film is lost. [33] In 1909 Houdini made a film in Paris for Cinema Lux titled Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris (Marvellous Exploits of the Famous Houdini in Paris). [34] It featured a loose narrative designed to showcase several of Houdini's famous escapes, including his straitjacket and underwater handcuff escapes. That same year Houdini got an offer to star as Captain Nemo in a silent version of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, but the project never made it into production. [35] The Houdini Serial, 1919 Movie poster The Grim Game, 1919 Movie poster Houdini Movie Posters It is often erroneously reported that Houdini served as special-effects consultant on the Wharton/International cliffhanger serial, The Mysteries of Myra, shot in Ithaca, New York, because Harry Grossman, director of The Master Mystery also filmed a serial in Ithaca at about the same time. Houdini had nothing to do with "Myra", which treated spiritualism as real, something he never would have approved of. The actual consultants on the serial were pioneering psychic investigator Hereward Carrington and magician Aleister Crowley . [36] In 1918 Houdini signed a contract with film producer B.A. Rolfe to star in a 15-part serial , The Master Mystery (released in January 1919). As was common at the time, the film serial was released simultaneously with a novel. Financial difficulties resulted in B.A. Rolfe Productions going out of business, but The Master Mystery led to Houdini being signed by Famous Players-Lasky Corporation/ Paramount Pictures , for whom he made two pictures, The Grim Game (1919) and Terror Island (1920). [37] Houdini swims above Niagara Falls in a scene from The Man from Beyond, 1922 While filming an aerial stunt for The Grim Game, two biplanes collided in mid-air with a stuntman doubling Houdini dangling by a rope from one of the planes. Publicity was geared heavily toward promoting this dramatic "caught on film" moment, claiming it was Houdini himself dangling from the plane. While filming these movies in Los Angeles, Houdini rented a home in Laurel Canyon . Following his two-picture stint in Hollywood, Houdini returned to New York and started his own film production company called the "Houdini Picture Corporation". He produced and starred in two films, The Man From Beyond (1921) and Haldane of the Secret Service (1923). He also founded his own film laboratory business called The Film Development Corporation (FDC), gambling on a new process for developing motion picture film. Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen , left his own career as a magician and escape artist to run the company. Magician Harry Kellar was a major investor. [38] Neither Houdini's acting career nor FDC found success, and he gave up on the movie business in 1923, complaining that "the profits are too meager". But his celebrity was such that, years later, he would be given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (at 7001 Hollywood Blvd). In April 2008 Kino International released a DVD box set of Houdini's surviving silent films, including The Master Mystery, Terror Island, The Man From Beyond, Haldane of the Secret Service, and five minutes from The Grim Game. The set also includes newsreel footage of Houdini's escapes from 1907 to 1923, and a section from Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris (although it is not identified as such). [39] Pioneer aviator In 1909, Houdini became fascinated with aviation. He purchased a French Voisin biplane for $5000 and hired a full-time mechanic, Antonio Brassac. Houdini painted his name in bold block letters on the Voisin's sidepanels and tail. After crashing once, he made his first successful flight on November 26 in Hamburg, Germany. The following year (1910), Houdini toured Australia . He brought along his Voisin biplane and made the first powered flight over Australia on March 18 at Diggers Rest, Victoria (near Melton), north of Melbourne. [40] Colin Defries preceded him, but he crashed the plane on landing. [41] Following his Australia tour, Houdini put the Voisin into storage in England. He announced he would use it to fly from city to city during his next Music Hall tour, although Houdini never in fact flew again (for no documented reason). [42] A celebration of the centenary of Houdini's first flight was held at Diggers Rest in 2010. The event included the dedication of a new monument, a Houdini-Centenary air-show, magic performances, and the display of a one-third scale model of Houdini's Voisin. [43] Debunking spiritualists Houdini demonstrates how a photographer could produce fraudulent "spirit photographs" that documented the apparition and social interaction of deceased individuals [44] In the 1920s Houdini turned his energies toward debunking self-proclaimed psychics and mediums , a pursuit that would inspire and be followed by later-day conjurers. [1] Houdini's training in magic allowed him to expose frauds who had successfully fooled many scientists and academics. He was a member of a Scientific American committee that offered a cash prize to any medium who could successfully demonstrate supernatural abilities. None were able to do so, and the prize was never collected. The first to be tested was medium George Valentine of Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. As his fame as a "ghostbuster" grew, Houdini took to attending séances in disguise, accompanied by a reporter and police officer. Possibly the most famous medium whom he debunked was Mina Crandon , also known as "Margery". [45] Houdini chronicled his debunking exploits in his book, A Magician Among the Spirits. These activities cost Houdini the friendship of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Doyle, a firm believer in Spiritualism during his later years, refused to believe any of Houdini's exposés. Doyle came to believe that Houdini was a powerful spiritualist medium, and had performed many of his stunts by means of paranormal abilities and was using these abilities to block those of other mediums that he was 'debunking' (see Conan Doyle's The Edge of The Unknown, published in 1931). This disagreement led to the two men becoming public antagonists and led Sir Arthur to view Houdini as a dangerous enemy. [46] Before Houdini died, he and his wife, Bess, agreed that if Houdini found it was possible to communicate after death, he would utter "Rosabelle believe" as a secret codeword as identification. This was a phrase from a play that Bess performed in when the couple first met. Bess held yearly séances on Halloween for ten years after Houdini's death, but Houdini's spirit never appeared. Bess, grieving and in need of some attention, did stage a false contact which she later recanted. [47] In 1936, after a last unsuccessful séance on the roof of the Knickerbocker Hotel , she put out the candle that she had kept burning beside a photograph of Houdini since his death. In 1943, Bess said that "ten years is long enough to wait for any man." The tradition of holding a séance for Houdini continues by magicians throughout the world to this day; the Official Houdini Séance is currently organized by Sidney Hollis Radner , a Houdini aficionado from Holyoke, Massachusetts. [48] Yearly Houdini Séances are also conducted in Chicago at the Excaliber nightclub by "necromancer" Neil Tobin on behalf of the Chicago Assembly of the Society of American Magicians ; [49] and at the Houdini Museum in Scranton by magician Dorothy Dietrich who previously held them at New York's famous Magic Towne House with such magical notables as Houdini biographers Walter B. Gibson and Milbourne Christopher . Gibson was asked by Bess Houdini to carry on the tradition. Before he died, Walter passed on the tradition to Dorothy Dietrich . In 1926, Harry Houdini hired H. P. Lovecraft and his friend C. M. Eddy, Jr. , to write an entire book combating superstition, which was to be called The Cancer of Superstition. Houdini had earlier asked Lovecraft to write a rush article on astrology, for which he paid $75. The article apparently does not survive. Lovecraft's detailed synopsis for Cancer does survive, as do three chapters of the treatise written by Eddy. However, Houdini's sudden death derailed the plans, as his widow did not wish to pursue the project. [50] Appearance and voice recordings Heavyweight boxer Jack Dempsey mock punching Houdini (held back by lightweight boxer Benny Leonard ) Unlike the image of the classic magician, Houdini was short and stocky and typically appeared on stage in a long frock coat and tie. Most biographers peg his height as 5 ft 5 in, but descriptions vary. Houdini was also said to be slightly bow-legged, which aided in his ability to gain slack during his rope escapes. In the 1997 biography Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss, author Kenneth Silverman summarizes how reporters described Houdini's appearance during his early career: “ They stressed his smallness—"somewhat undersized"—and angular, vivid features: "He is smooth-shaven with a keen, sharp-chinned, sharp-cheekboned face, bright blue eyes and thick, curly, black hair." Some sensed how much his complexly expressive smile was the outlet of his charismatic stage presence. It communicated to audiences at once warm amiability, pleasure in performing, and, more subtly, imperious self-assurance. Several reporters tried to capture the charming effect, describing him as "happy-looking", "pleasant-faced", "good natured at all times", "the young Hungarian magician with the pleasant smile and easy confidence". [51] ” Houdini made the only known recordings of his voice on Edison wax cylinders on October 29, 1914, in Flatbush, New York. On them, Houdini practices several different introductory speeches for his famous Chinese Water Torture Cell . He also invites his sister, Gladys, to recite a poem. Houdini then recites the same poem in German. The six wax cylinders were discovered in the collection of magician John Mulholland after his death in 1970. They are part of the David Copperfield collection. [52] Artifacts Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen , who returned to performing after Houdini's death, inherited his brother's effects and props. Houdini's will stipulated that all the effects should be "burned and destroyed" upon Hardeen's death. Hardeen sold much of the collection to magician and Houdini enthusiast Sidney Hollis Radner during the 1940s, including the Water Torture Cell. [53] Radner allowed choice pieces of the collection to be displayed at The Houdini Magical Hall of Fame in Niagara Falls, Ontario . In 1995, a fire destroyed the museum. While the Water Torture Cell was reported to have been destroyed, its metal frame remained, and the cell was restored by illusion builder John Gaughan. [54] Many of the props contained in the museum such as the Mirror Handcuffs, Houdini's original packing crate, a Milk Can, and a straitjacket, survived the fire and were auctioned off in 1999 and 2008. Radner archived the bulk of his collection at the Outagamie Museum in Appleton, Wisconsin, but pulled it in 2003 and auctioned [55] it off in Las Vegas on October 30, 2004. Houdini was a "formidable collector," He bequeathed his holdings on magic and spiritualism to the Library of Congress , which became the basis for a collection in cyberspace. [56] Death Houdini and his wife Bess Harry Houdini died of peritonitis , secondary to a ruptured appendix . Eyewitnesses to an incident at the Princess Theater in Montreal gave rise to speculation that Houdini's death was caused by a McGill University student, J. Gordon Whitehead, who delivered a surprise attack of multiple blows to Houdini's abdomen. The eyewitnesses, students named Jacques Price and Sam Smilovitz (sometimes called Jack Price and Sam Smiley), proffered accounts of the incident that generally corroborated one another. The following is Price's description of events: Houdini was reclining on his couch after his performance, having an art student sketch him. When Whitehead came in and asked if it was true that Houdini could take any blow to the stomach, Houdini replied groggily in the affirmative. In this instance, he was hit three times before Houdini could tighten up his stomach muscles to avoid serious injury. Whitehead reportedly continued hitting Houdini several more times and Houdini acted as though he were in some pain. [57] Houdini reportedly stated that if he had had time to prepare himself properly, he would have been in a better position to take the blows. [58] He had apparently been suffering from appendicitis for several days prior and yet refused medical treatment. His appendix would likely have burst on its own without the trauma. [59] Although in serious pain, Houdini continued to travel without seeking medical attention. When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit, Michigan on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of 104 °F (40 °C). Despite a diagnosis of acute appendicitis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's Grace Hospital. [60] Houdini died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix at 1:26 p.m. in Room 401 on October 31, aged 52. In his final weeks, he optimistically held to a strong belief that he would recover. [61] After taking statements from Price and Smilovitz, Houdini's insurance company concluded that the death was due to the dressing-room incident and paid double indemnity . [58] Houdini's funeral was held on November 4, 1926, in New York, with more than 2,000 mourners in attendance. [62] He was interred in the Machpelah Cemetery in Queens, New York, with the crest of the Society of American Magicians inscribed on his gravesite. A statuary bust was added to the excedra in 1927, believe to be the only graven image in a Jewish cemetery anywhere. In 1975 it was knocked over and destroyed. Temporary ones were placed there until in 2011 when a group who came to be called The Houdini Commandos from The Houdini Museum in Scranton, PA placed a permanent bust with the permission of Houdini's family and the the cemetery. [63] To this day the Society holds a broken wand ceremony at the grave site in November. Houdini's widow, Bess , died on February 11, 1943, aged 67, in Needles, California . She had expressed a wish to be buried next to him but instead was interred at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Westchester, New York, as her Catholic family refused to allow her to be buried in a Jewish cemetery. [64] The gravesite of Harry Houdini The grave marker at Harry Houdini's burial site Weiss Family Grave Memorial Site at Machpelah Cemetery Proposed exhumation On March 22, 2007, his great-nephew (the grandson of Houdini's brother Theo) George Hardeen announced that the courts would be asked to allow exhumation of Houdini's body. The purpose was to look for evidence that Houdini was poisoned by Spiritualists, as suggested in The Secret Life of Houdini. [65] In a statement given to the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the family of Bess Houdini opposed the application and suggested it was a publicity ploy for the book. [66] The Washington Post added to the furor by "revealing" that the press conference was not orchestrated by the family of Houdini, but by Secret Life authors William Kalush and Larry Sloman, who hired the PR firm Dan Klores Communications to promote the book. [67] In 2008 it was revealed the parties involved never filed legal papers to perform an exhumation. [68] Legacy 1936: On October 31, 1936, Houdini's widow held the "Final Houdini Séance" atop The Knickerbocker Hotel in Hollywood, California. A recording of the séance was made and issued as a record album. She then asked Houdini ghost writer and biographer Walter B. Gibson (writer of The Shadow series) to continue the seances. Before Gibson died he passed on the legacy to magician and Houdini expert Dorothy Dietrich of The Houdini Museum in Scranton. 1938: Bess Houdini appeared as herself in the film, Religious Racketeer (a.k.a. Mystic Circle Murder), and expressed her belief that communication with those who have died is impossible. The film sparked controversy among spiritualists, but was praised by magicians. [69] 1953: Houdini , a mostly fictionalized biopic of Houdini's life, was made. This movie, starring Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh , has contributed, in part, to several misconceptions about Houdini's life. For example, it portrays the cause of Houdini's death to be the magician's failure to escape from the Chinese Water Torture Cell . (Curtis's Houdini agrees to seek medical attention "when the tour is over.") Houdini actually developed the Chinese Torture Cell trick fourteen years before he died and performed it numerous times. 1968: The Houdini Magical Hall of Fame was opened on Clifton Hill in Niagara Falls, Ontario , Canada. At its opening, this museum contained the majority of Houdini's personal collection of magic paraphernalia. One of Houdini's death wishes was that his entire collection be given to his brother Theodore (also known as the magician Hardeen) and burned upon Theodore's death. Against his wishes, forty years after Houdini's death, the items were taken from storage and sold. Two entrepreneurs purchased the items and renovated a former meat-packing plant on Clifton Hill, Ontario, Canada, to house the museum. The Hall of Fame was moved in 1972 to its final location on the top of Clifton Hill. Séances were held every year at the museum on October 31, the anniversary of Houdini's death. A fire destroyed the museum on April 30, 1995. 1968: Stuart Damon played Houdini in a lavishly staged London musical, Man of Magic. 1970: Welsh singer-songwriter Meic Stevens song "Y Brawd Houdini" ("The Brother Houdini") was released in his album Outlander. 1975: Canadian magician Doug Henning successfully duplicated Houdini's Chinese Water Torture trick for the first time since its original performance, on an ABC TV special. 1975: Houdini received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The star is located on the northwest corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Orange Drive, just across from the Grauman's Chinese Theater and down the street from The Magic Castle . 2010: The Blue Stars Drum and Bugle Corps toured with their show titled "Houdini". 2010: The World Premier of Houdini—The Man From Beyond musical opened in Toowoomba, Australia, at the University of Southern Queensland. 2010: Houdini's death appeared on the Spike TV show 1000 Ways to Die . 2010: A major traveling exhibition of Houdini memorabilia, paraphernalia, and art (inspired by him) —titled Houdini: Art and Magic [79] —opened at the Jewish Museum in New York on October 29, 2010. [80] The show will close on March 27, 2011, and then will be displayed in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Madison, Wisconsin. Art & Antiques Magazine Winter 2010–11 issue reported on this exhibition. 2010: Airing November 28, Paris Green (an episode of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire) makes several references to and features an appearance of Houdini's brother Hardeen as performed by actor Remy Auberjonois as an Atlantic City Boardwalk attraction circa 1920/1921. [81] 2011: Google featured a special Houdini " Doodle " logo to commemorate his 137th birthday on March 24. [82] [83] The Harry Houdini "Google doodle" was the first to appear after Google received "a curious new patent up its sleeve". The "Google doodle" is the "'System and Method For Enticing Users To A Web Site'" as approved by the US patent office. [83] 2011: Dorothy Young , who assisted Houdini in his full evening roadshow and was the last living person to have worked with Houdini, died on March 20 at the age of 103. [84] 2011: Houdini and his Milk Can escape are featured in an episode of The Simpsons (“The Great Simpsina” Season 22 Episode 18). [85] 2011: Houdini appears as himself in Eio Books Houdini Heart, a novel of fantasy and horror by Ki Longfellow . [86] 2011: September 27 Houdini's statuary bust missing for 36 years from his grave site by was replaced at a cost of $10,000 by Scranton's Houdini Museum who are taking care of the grave site with the sanction of Houdini's family and the administrators of the cemetery. [87] Publications Houdini published numerous books during his career (some of which were written by his good friend Walter Brown Gibson, the creator of The Shadow ): [88] ^ "James Randi's Swift" . randi.org.. July 14, 2006. http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-07/071406vortex.html#i1 . References Brandon, Ruth. The Life and Many Deaths of Harry Houdini (Seeker & Warburg, Ltd. GB, 1993) ISBN 0-8129-7042-X ; ISBN 978-0-8129-7042-5 (U.S. edition): ISBN 0-679-42437-7 ISBN 978-0-679-42437-6 . Fleischman, Sid. Escape! The Story of The Great Houdini, (Greenwillow Books, 2006). ISBN 978-0-06-085094-4 . Gresham, William Lindsay Houdini: The Man Who Walked Through Walls (Henry Holt & Co, NY, 1959). Henning, Doug with Charles Reynolds. Houdini: His Legend and His Magic (Times Books, NY, 1978). ISBN 0-446-87328-4 ; ISBN 978-0-446-87328-4 . Kalush, William; Sloman, Larry (October 2006). The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero.. Simon & Shuster. ISBN 978-0743272070. Kellock, Harold. Houdini: His Life-Story from the recollections and documents of Beatrice Houdini, (Harcourt, Brace Co., June 1928). Kendall, Lance. Houdini: Master of Escape (Macrae Smith & Co., NY, 1960). ISBN 0-06-092862-X . Meyer, M.D., Bernard C.Houdini: A Mind in Chains (E.P. Dutton & Co. NY, 1976). ISBN 0-8415-0448-2 . Williams, Beryl & Samuel Epstein. The Great Houdini: Magician Extraordinary (Julian Messner, Inc., NY, 1950). Further reading Houdini's Escapes and Magic by Walter B. Gibson , Prepared from Houdini's private notebooks Blue Ribbon Books, Inc., 1930. Reveals some of Houdini's magic and escape methods (also released in two separate volumes: Houdini's Magic and Houdini's Escapes). The Secrets of Houdini by J.C. Cannell, Hutchinson & Co., London, 1931. Reveals some of Houdini's escape methods. Houdini and Conan Doyle: The Story of a Strange Friendship by Bernard M. L. Ernst, Albert & Charles Boni, Inc., NY, 1932. Sixty Years of Psychical Research by Joseph F. Rinn, Truth Seeker Co., 1950, Rinn was a long time close friend of Houdini. Contains detailed information about the last Houdini message (there are 3) and its disclosure. Houdini's Fabulous Magic by Walter B. Gibson and Morris N. Young Chilton, NY, 1960. Excellent reference for Houdini's escapes and some methods (includes the Water Torture Cell). The Houdini Birth Research Committee's Report, Magico Magazine (reprint of report by The Society of American Magicians), 1972. Concludes Houdini was born March 24, 1874, in Budapest. Mediums, Mystics and the Occult by Milbourne Christopher , Thomas T. Crowell Co., 1975, pp. 122–145, Arthur Ford-Messages from the Dead, contains detailed information about the Houdini messages and their disclosure. Arthur Ford: The Man Who Talked with the Dead by Allen Spraggett with William V. Rauscher, 1973, pp. 152–165, Chapter 7, The Houdini Affair contains detailed information about the Houdini messages and their disclosure. Houdini: Escape into Legend, The Early Years: 1862–1900 by Manny Weltman, Finders/Seekers Enterprises, Los Angeles, 1993. Examination of Houdini's childhood and early career. Houdini Comes To America by Ronald J. Hilgert, The Houdini Historical Center, 1996. Documents the Weiss family's immigration to the United States on July 3, 1878 (when Ehrich was 4). Houdini Unlocked by Patrick Culliton, Two volume box set: The Tao of Houdini and The Secret Confessions of Houdini, Kieran Press, 1997. The Houdini Code Mystery: A Spirit Secret Solved by William V. Rauscher, Magic Words, 2000. Final Séance. The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle by Massimo Polidoro, Prometheus Books, 2001. The Man Who Killed Houdini by Don Bell, Vehicle Press, 2004. Investigates J. Gordon Whitehead and the events surrounding Houdini's death. Disappearing Tricks: Silent Film, Houdini, and the New Magic of the Twentieth Century by Matthew Solomon, University of Illinois Press, 2010. Contains new information about Houdini's early movie career. Houdini Art and Magic by Brooke Kamin Rapaport, Jewish Museum, 2010. Essays on Houdini's life and work are accompanied by interviews with novelist E.L. Doctorow, Teller, Kenneth Silverman, and more. Houdini The Key by Patrick Culliton, Kieran Press, 2010. Reveals the authentic working methods of many of Houdini effects, including the Milk Can and Water Torture Cell. Limited to 278 copies. External links Higbee, Joan. "Great Escapes" . American Memory Web Site, Hosts Houdini Collection. Library of Congress . http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/970224/houdini.html . Retrieved March 24, 2011. Houdini Tribute 400+ Photos, videos, multimedia, and hear Houdini's voice.	i don't know
Also known as a fixed partial denture, what is the name for a dental restoration used to replace a missing tooth by permanently joining a missing tooth to adjacent teeth?	Bridges - Gilbert Family Dentist Gilbert Family Dentist Blog Gilbert Dental Bridges Done by cosmetic dentists A bridge, also known as a fixed partial denture, is a dental restoration used to replace a missing tooth by joining permanently to adjacent teeth or dental implants. Types of bridges may vary, depending upon how they are fabricated and the way they anchor to the adjacent teeth. Conventionally, bridges are made using the indirect method of restoration. However, bridges can be fabricated directly in the mouth using such materials as composite resin. A bridge is fabricated by reducing the teeth on either side of the missing tooth or teeth by a preparation pattern determined by the location of the teeth and by the material from which the bridge is fabricated. In other words, the abutment teeth are reduced in size to accommodate the material to be used to restore the size and shape of the original teeth in a correct alignment and contact with the opposing teeth. Testimonials Let's face it - nobody really likes to go to the dentist. But Dr. Bollwinkel (Dr. "B") and his staff make the visit as comfortable and painless as possible. He is always versed on the latest technology and he has the skill to put it to use. I have ... Read More — Bob Stauffer Nothing says panic like a broken front tooth. My #7 just broke off! Completely, at the gum line! Dr. Bollwinkel worked me in the next morning, did the extraction, did an implant, and had a temporary tooth in, all in the same day! I could smile again... Read More — Gary Thurman My family has been going to Gilbert Dental since moving here 8 years ago. Great dental services are just the beginning. They truly are like family to me. Everyone a part of their team is excellent both in character and in service provided. I am at th... Read More — Trish We started going to Gilbert Dental Center in the mid 1990’s after relocating to the area from Boston. Having had our share of both good and “not-so-good” dentists over the years, it quickly became clear to us that Dr. Bollwinkel and his team we... Read More — Sharon and Ray Esonis San Diego, California Gilbert Dental Center	Bridge
In what city was the Motown record label founded?	Bridges \| Modern Dental Return to Content Bridge As indicated by it’s name, a “bridge” literally closes the gap created by one or more missing teeth. Also known as a fixed partial denture, this form of dental restoration is used to replace a missing tooth by joining permanently to adjacent teeth or dental implants. A dental bridge is used when one or more teeth are missing. It looks, feels like, and functions like a natural tooth. A bridge is permanently cemented and does not need to be removed to be cleaned. Advantages of Bridges Increases ability to chew and speak Prevents missing teeth from shifting Helps maintain the shape of your face	i don't know
What animal was once called a camelopard because it was thought to be a cross between a camel and a leopard?	Jacksonville Zoo Northeastern Kenya, eastern Sudan and Eritrea Habitat Open woodlands and wooded grassland Life Expectancy 25 years (up to 28 years in captivity) Sexual Maturity Giraffes reach sexual maturity at 3-4 years of age. Diet In the wild, they eat leaves and shoots of trees. In the Zoo, they are fed alfalfa hay, grain, browse, fruits, and vegetables. Status IUCN – Least Concern Behaviors Giraffes prefer young leaves and the shoots of trees, but will also eat flowers, vines and herbs. They eat over a hundred different species, depending on what is seasonally available. Acacia trees are one of their favorites. They spend an average of 16-20 hours per day feeding and consume up to 140 lbs. of browse during that period. Females stay in their mother’s territories. Males leave in all-male groups to search for females in heat. Males are distinguishable at a distance from females because of their different grazing habits. Males tend to stretch their necks to reach the tops of the taller trees while the females tend to bend over smaller trees. Giraffes can usually be found together in groups of 12-15. There are no permanent members of the group. Herds are led by an adult male (bull) and are composed of adult females (cows), calves, and sexually immature males. Females are usually the most alert to danger. When startled, a giraffe can gallop at speeds of up to 30 mph. The hind feet of a galloping giraffe reach in front of the fore feet and the animals swing their necks from side to side producing a slow-motion appearance. Giraffes vocalize by emitting moans or low notes. Observations in the wild indicate that they lie down only 5-6 hours per night. During most of this time, the animals remain alert with their necks erect and their eyes alternately opened and closed. Giraffes may go into a deep sleep for just 5 minutes each night. During deep sleep a giraffe bends its neck backward in an arch and rests its head behind its back legs or on an extended back leg. They protect themselves by kicking. Males fight for females during mating season by butting heads. Young males engage in a behavior called “necking.” To determine dominance, young bulls slowly intertwine their necks, pushing from one side to the other like a bout of arm wrestling amongst humans. The gestation period for giraffes is about 15 months. Breeding can occur throughout the year and a single calf is born, rarely twins. Calves are usually 6 feet tall and can stand up 20 minutes after birth. Females are excellent mothers and defend their calves vigorously. Lions are the principal predators of calves, although hyenas, leopards and even wild dogs may also kill newborns up to three months of age. Fifty percent of calves die within the first six months. Mortality in the second and third year drops to about 8% and about 3% per annum in adults. Male calves are weaned at approximately 15 months. Female calves are weaned a couple of months later. There is no difference in the mortality rate between male and female calves. Adaptions The coloration of the giraffe, with its blotches, helps them to blend in with shadowy tree branches. Giraffes have keen senses of smell and vision. Their well-developed senses have caused them to be considered one of the most vigilant of the big game species. For this reason, it is not unusual to see groups of very young calves, some with umbilical stump still attached, apparently abandoned by mothers in the middle of the day. The collective vigilance of these groups is very acute, and predators are largely inactive during the heat of the day. Females benefit by being able to visit distant feeding grounds without having to spend time on the care of their offspring, resulting in good lactation. Their legs are so long that they cannot touch the ground with their nose by simply bending over. Because giraffe necks and legs are so long, their vascular systems are specially equipped with valves to prevent blood from draining from their brains. They have a long prehensile, muscular tongue, thick gluey saliva and a special upper palate shape which enables them to process thorny foods. Because of their infrequent use of water, they can range widely and are sometimes found many miles from water. Special Interests Folklore In ancient times, the giraffe was called a camelopard because it was thought to be a cross between a camel and a leopard. The ancient pharaohs would present giraffes to their allies as gifts. Conservation Giraffe are still common in East and South Africa. However, they have been eliminated from much of their former ranges in western Africa and the southern Kalahari. Giraffes were nearly eliminated from East Africa at the turn of the century by non-native hunters and rinderpest, a disease believed to be introduced by cattle imported to Africa. Today giraffes are found in national parks and areas outside of those parks. While it is illegal to hunt giraffe in most African countries, poaching still occurs. Giraffes are killed for food and for their long black tail hairs, which are used to make fly swatters, trinkets, and bracelets. Some people feel that with continued human population growth wild giraffes may some day be found only within the confines of Africa’s national parks. Jacksonville Zoo History Over the years, the Zoo has had several kinds of giraffes. The first arrived in December 1957 after it was purchased from a German animal dealer named Hagenbeck. The first giraffe in our collection was a male named “Long John.” Exhibit	Giraffe
In one of the greatest upsets in presidential election history, Democratic incumbent Harry S. Truman bested what New York Governor for the 1948 presidential election?	snopes.com: True Animal Factoids?? This is topic True Animal Factoids?? in forum Critters Archive at snopes.com. To visit this topic, use this URL: Posted by Holly Kitty Kenobi on : This morning I read in the new issue of Entertainment Weekly that rabbits are immune to the black widow spider's venom. Since I have a precious little bunny myself, I was intrigued and did some research on the topic. I came across this website, which has a lot of animal trivia on it. Some of it seems like crap, anyone care to debunk a few? And does anyone know if rabbits are indeed immune to black widow venom? I couldn't find anything to prove one way or another. Holly Posted by LizzyBean, M.D. on : Well I found this page that says quote: Spiders inject venom into the body of a captured insect to paralyze it. Cats are very susceptible to black widow venom as are horses but dogs are relatively resistant, and sheep and rabbits are apparently immune. It's question number 10 on the page. : Well, without even breaking open my Encyclopedia of Mammals, here's what I know off the top of my head: quote: Cats are feline, dogs are canine, and sheep are ovine. Sheep are family Bovidae, genus Ovis, so I don't know if they're bovine or ovine. quote: A 'bitch' is more likely to bite you than a male dog. This is totally dependent on the individual dog and how it has been trained. A bitch with puppies is likely to bite even her owners, but I don't know how that compares to stats for male dogs. quote: The compound carotene gives the carrot its colour. True quote: Cows have 4 stomachs. A common misconception. Cows have a 4-chambered stomach that consists of the rumen (biggest chamber and basic food storage area); the reticulum (holds food particles and kneads the food back and forth); the omasum (retains larger food particles to be further digested after regurgitation or cud-chewing); and the abomasum or "true stomach" that actually performs all the digestive processes. quote: The white of an egg is the albumen. 96% of a cucumber is water. Both true. quote: Dogs are colour-blind. I'm pretty sure this isn't true. I've read that dogs see in more red shades than we do, and have a larger visible spectrum, though. quote: Never heard this, but since an anteater is classified as a "myrmecophage", it seems logical. quote: When Europeans first came across a giraffe, they called it a 'Camelopard', believing it to be a cross between a camel and a leopard. Again, don't know if it's true, but the giraffe's scientific name is Giraffa camelopardalis. quote: Catgut comes from sheep not cats. True. quote: Male cats have barbs on their genitals, which cause the females to cry out in pain on withdrawal. True, but usually only upon early withdrawal; i.e. if the mating is inturrupted. quote: Rhinoceros horn, when powered, is believed in some countries to increase a persons sexual potency. Unfortunately true. I don't have time to go through everything, but from what I've seen, most of them appear to be true or at least have some basis in fact. I'll pull out my zoology books later if there's anything anyone still has questions about. (plural: zos, zhos, dzos, zo, zho, dzo) a Tibetan breed of cattle, developed by crossing the yak with common cattle [ETYMOLOGY: 20th Century: from Tibetan] quote: A cat's whiskers are called vibrissae. True. But not specific to cats; I believe all tactile whiskers on any species are called vibrissae. quote: The common term for a member of the bee genus 'Bombus' is the bumblebee True A turkey's furcula is better known as a wishbone. True An Anencephalous creature has no brain. True quote: St. Bernards, famous for their role as alpine rescue dogs, do NOT wear casks of brandy round their necks. True. Duh. The average porcupine has about 30,000 quills. If not true, it's a reasonable estimate. Posted by Candy Qute Nurse on : Didn't Snopes used to have something on the male cats and spikes thing? I definately recalling seeing it or a post on it on the site/MB, but I could never find it. Originally posted by Cervus: quote: When Europeans first came across a giraffe, they called it a 'Camelopard', believing it to be a cross between a camel and a leopard. Again, don't know if it's true, but the giraffe's scientific name is Giraffa camelopardalis. This appears to be true--a note in the back of my copy of "The Book of Beasts" (a 12th century bestiary translated by TH White) says quote: ...a cameleopard,which does not appear in this manuscript, is a genuine animal, and by no means a bad attempt to describe an unseen creature which was as big as a camel while being spotted like a leopard, i.e. a giraffe.... And google gives me the information that in "A General History of Quadrupeds" published some time in the late 18th century, the illustration of a giraffe was labelled "cameleopard" in some editions. quote: A Cicada passes eggs through its ovipositor An ovipositor is a tubelike structure that many insects & fish have. And it's primary function is to diposit eggs, so yes, this one is true. quote: Yup. Cashmere is the hair below the guard hair of cashmere goats. quote: The common term for a member of the bee genus 'Bombus' is the bumblebee True. And incidently, giraffes belong to the family Giraffidae; elephants to Elephantidae, camels to Camelidae, and the scientific name for the bison is Bison bison. Also, the scientific name for the striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis can be translated as "Stinky stinky" quote: A 'geep' is the resulting offspring of a sheep and a goat. True The chemical pectin, found in ripe fruit, causes jam to set when cooling. Also true So I guess this one is partly true. There's some variation in the egg color. quote: The cucumber is a fruit, not a vegetable. They come from a vine so technically they are considered to be fruit. The same goes for tomatos, peas, and squashes. quote: A starfish can turn its stomach inside out. Yup. They push their stomach outside of their body and into the shell of their prey. The muscle is then digested and absorbed. quote: Sea otters have 2 coats of fur. Yes, they have a double coat: soft, downy fur for insulation and longer guard hairs for protection from the elements. This is fairly common among mammals that inhabit cold climates quote: They're feet are so tiny that they really can't walk. quote: A moth has no stomach Sort of. They don't have a structure called a stomach, but they do have digestive organs (crop, gizzard, etc) quote: Despite the hump, a camels spine is straight. The humps are fat, not bone so yes the camel's spine is relatively straight. quote: The largest eggs in the world are laid by a shark. Kinda, sorta, not really. A 14" egg was found and thought to have been laid by a whale shark. It was later discovered that whale sharks are actually Ovoviviparous and the egg found was most likly aborted. quote: A zebra is white with black stripes. Is the glass half full or half empty? I think it depends on how you look at it. quote: A crocodiles tongue is attached to the roof of its mouth. Again, kinda, sorta, not really. They do have a flap of tissue on the roof of their mouth which can be moved downward to meet the tongue and close off the throat when they are submerged, but it's not actually part of the tongue. Also a related topic, the reason crocodiles can't stick out their tongue isn't because it's attached to the roof. It's because the whole underside of the tongue is attached to the lower jaw. quote: Sharks are immune to cancer. They're not totally immune to it, but they are very resistant to it. There are 15 tumors in the Smithsonian Institute that came from sharks. quote: The blood of a grasshopper is not red, but white. True quote: The walking catfish can live on land. Sort of. They can survive out of water for short periods of time because they have special structures that prevent their gill from collapsing. But they still have to return to water. quote: 96% of a cucumber is water. True. Nutritional values per 100 g Calories: 14; Water: 96%; Carbohydrates 3 g; Protein, 0.8 g, Fat: 0.1 g. Rich in potassium quote: Crocodiles swallow stones to help them dive deeper. Most scientist believe that the stones are for digestion. quote: When a rabbit scratches its dowsets, it has itchy testicles Yup. Mexican jumping beans jump because of a moth larva inside the bean. True. The moth is Laspeyresia saltitans quote: The Bloodhound is the only animal whose evidence is admissible in an American court. True, but there has to be other evidence as well. The bloodhound's "testimony" has to be a suplement. quote: Only the male nightingale sings. In many species of birds, only the male sings. Okay, that's enough for now. I'm tired. -Chelle : You know, this is the first time I've seen a "trivia" list in which nearly all of the trivia was true or had at least some basis in fact. Is there anything on there that we know is flat out wrong? It seems like we covered everything. : Well I'm only one person so this is not a scientifically researched answer, but I have been around dogs all my 33 years, raising rat terriers several years and now some of the top coonhounds in the country, currently with 21 dogs, I have been bitten 6 times in my life (not counting bites made in rough play) and four times were by males: 1. I was only 2 or 3, one of my first memories was a cocker spaniel who belonged to friends we were visiting biting me on the forehead when I tried (unsuccessfully LOL) to regain ownership of my tinker toy he was chewing. 2 and 3. Bites two and three were at about ages 7 and 12, both from hugging a dog that didnt want to be hugged. Neither serious, really more of a nip. 4. The potentially most serious, could have been much worse had I not had experience with dogs. Approached a barn thinking the owners were inside. They were not, and the dogs (australian shepherd) charged out and the alpha female without hesitation bit me on the leg, tearing my pants and skin. I was terrified because I had walked down a long country lane to get to the barn to look for the owners and now I had four dogs surrounding me snarling. I had to walk very very slowly following all the hints for not challenging the dogs (IE not looking them in the eye) to get back to my truck without setting off a full fledged attack. 4. One of our coonhounds escaped and ran to the dog food bin and began wolfing food. I was angry and without thinking stalked up to him as he had his head buried in the bin and grabbed him roughly by the collar from behind. Startled, he nipped me, then cowed down when he realized what he'd done. 5. Working at the hotel, had met a guests dog and stroked her briefly at the guests room door. One day the maid was cleaning the room I stepped in and while talking to the maid I stuck a finger into the dogs crate and spoke to her. She nipped the end of my finger. 6. Just recently had a dog here to handle and show for a friend. He was quite spooky and ran when we needed to move him to another pen. Despite gently cornering him and talking to him softly, he nipped my hand when I offered it for him to sniff - a fear biter. Of note here - all six of these bites I consider MY fault, i invaded a dog's "space". Posted by Llewtrah, Gland of Hope & Glory on : quote: Male cats have barbs on their genitals, which cause the females to cry out in pain on withdrawal. True, but only of unneutered males. The scratchy effects of the barbs trigger ovulation. It's debateable whether the females call out in pain or whether it is more of an "oi, d'you mind!". I suppose it depends on how you define pain! The barbs seem to go away after castration. : The sheep and the goat... This says it's a geep, and someone has said that's true. But, I've also seen "shoat", is that the same or is it a matter of which critter was the mother? Posted by Llewtrah, Gland of Hope & Glory on : quote: The sheep and the goat... This says it's a geep, and someone has said that's true. But, I've also seen "shoat", is that the same or is it a matter of which critter was the mother? Usual rule is first part of sire's species name + second part of dam's species name. There are exceptions and also some people mis-name hybrids because they don't realise there is a naming convention. The famous "geep" isn't a hybrid but a chimera - instead of mating a goat and a sheep, scientists fused the early-stage embryos of the 2 species so the geep's body contains 2 distinct cell lines from a total of 4 parents and bits of it look sheep-like while other bits look goat-like. There was a natural goat/sheep hybrid called the "Toast of Batswana", but these species are hard to hybridise naturally. Some interesting URLs for hybrids : Regarding the dog factoid, it's incorrect. Males are more likely to bite. Here are the stats i found on DogBiteLaw.com : There is an 8 out of 10 chance that a biting dog is male. (Humane Society of the United States.) The majority of dog attacks (61%) happen at home or in a familiar place. The vast majority of biting dogs (77%) belong to the victim's family or a friend. The face is the most frequent target (77% of all injures). Mail carriers are an exception where 97% involve the lower extremities. i like to keep up to date on my dog bite statistics...since i have one of "those" dogs. i just realized, this post makes a full fledged Snopes poster! Oh no! i was so happy just lurking lol A zebra is white with black stripes. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Is the glass half full or half empty? I think it depends on how you look at it. I heard that zebras are all white at birth and they get their stripes later. So I guess they can be white with black stripes in that sense. The only think I could find said that their stripes are on their skin so it could be either. -Chelle Posted by FourKidneys packed in ice on : quote: Is the glass half full or half empty? I think it depends on how you look at it. An optimist will see the glass as half full. A pessimist will see the glass as half empty. A realist will see that sooner or later, someone is going to have to wash that NFBSKing glass. Four "realist" Kitties Posted by Jason the Jinx on : A zebra is white with black stripes. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Is the glass half full or half empty? I think it depends on how you look at it. I heard that zebras are all white at birth and they get their stripes later. So I guess they can be white with black stripes in that sense. Zebras are born with all of their stripes. I don't think that they are either white with black or black with white, any more than a black and white cat is. Those are just the colors they are. Posted by Llewtrah, Gland of Hope & Glory on : quote: I don't think that they are either white with black or black with white, any more than a black and white cat is. Those are just the colors they are. And some zebra are more black than white and vice versa. 1 kg of lemons contain more sugar than 1 kg of strawberries. True, with regard to carbohydrates: Lemons, raw, without peel 93.2g /kg Strawberries, raw 70.2g /kg quote: 90% of the Vitamin C present in Brussel Sprouts are lost in cooking. True. Heat destroys Vitamin C. Which is why pasturized apple juice has ascorbic acid added to it. quote: About a quarter of the people bitten by dogs seem to be bitten by German Shepherd dogs. I don't know if this is true. It wouldn't surprise me, though. Most herding dogs nip people as well as animals. quote: Shark's teeth are literally as hard as steel. Spiders web and deer antlers have a higher tensile strength than steel. Superman has nothing on Bambi, apparently. quote: Tarantula's can survive 2.5 years without food. I think I've found my new pet. quote: The sperm of a mouse is longer than the sperm of an elephant. The tail of sperm is usually longer (making the sperm faster) in species where the male has to compete for females. The testes are larger as well. Male gorillas, who have a 'harem' of females, have a small testicle/body mass ratio, while chimpanzees, who must compete with other males, have rather large testes in comparison to their bodies. quote: Squid can commit suicide by eating their own tentacles. I would imagine I could do the same by eating my own arm... Nol " pass the ketchup, please." ly quote: Whales can't swim backwards. Not entirely true. I've seen them back up a bit by using their pectoral flippers (the ones at the sides) to backpaddle. Perhaps some species can't. quote: A shark must keep moving forward to stay alive. Only true for some species. Smaller sharks, such as a swell shark or horn shark frequently just sit and snooze. quote: A python is capable of devouring a pig whole. Probably depends on the size of the pig and the size of the python. But I've seen a large snakeskin before, and the person who cured the skin or whatever said there was an adult deer inside when they killed the snake. I believe it came from Peru, but as I was only 8, my memory isn't entirely certain. quote: Dolphins sleep with one eye open. It's been documented in some species, but not all. quote: Turkey's often look up at the sky during a rainstorm. Unfortunately some have been known to drown as a result. Now this, I'm not sure. My fifth grade teacher told me this, and her parents raised turkeys. I have, however, heard that it is an urban legend.	i don't know
What can be a dental restoration, a Seattle hill, or headgear?	One Stop Dentistry - SEATTLE-TACOMA-BREMERTON, WA - Dental Implants One Stop Dentistry - SEATTLE-TACOMA-BREMERTON, WA - Dental Implants Call Us in Tacoma, WA. 314 Martin Luther King Jr. Way Suite 206 Tacoma, WA 98405 Clear Braces About Us When it comes to all your dental needs, One Stop Dentistry has got you covered. We provide a wide range of dental services at very affordable costs. With more than 60 years of experience, our highly skilled dental team can perform general dentistry, cosmetic dentistry and even sedation dentistry. Come to us if you are in need of crowns, veneers, dental implants, braces or oral surgery. Call us for more information. One Stop Dentistry Times Zone: Pacific (GMT -08:00) Payment Methods: •American Express •Discover Card Home to great coffee and Microsoft, Seattle is the largest city in the Pacific Northwest. It is nestled on the banks of Lake Washington, roughly 100 miles from the Canada border. It was first colonized in December 1851, by Arthur A. Denny and the "Denny party". Known first as Duwamps, later it took on its namesake from Chief Noah Sealth who was chief of the two nearby Indian tribes. Seattle has 600K residents and an approximate metropolitan area resident base of 3.5 million people. Popular neighborhoods in Seattle include: Pinehurst, Ballard, Beacon Hill, Holly Park, Mid Beacon Hill (Maplewood), Beacon Hill, Belltown, Bitter Lake, North Beach, Broadmoor, Broadview, Broadway, Bryant, capital Hill, Cascade, Central District, Cherry Hill, Crown Hill, Denny Regrade, Denny-Blaine, Eastlake, Fremont, Greenwood, Harbor Island, SoDo, Cedar Park, Matthews Beach, Meadowbrook, Olympic Hills, Victory Heights, Laurelhurst, Leschi, Madison Park, Madison Valley, Madrona, Magnolia, Montlake, Mount Baker, Northgate, Haller Lake, Licton Springs, Maple Leaf, Phinney Ridge, Pike Market, Pioneer Square, Portage Bay, Queen Anne, Rainier Valley, Brighton, Columbia City, Mount Baker, Rainier, Ravenna, South Seattle, University District, Washington Park, Gatewood, Genesee, and Windermere. Tags:	Crown
Held just outside Bridgeville, DE, Friday marks the start of the world championship in the art of throwing what for distance, using classes such as Air, Centrifugal, Catapult, Trebuchet, and Human Powered?	Dental Implants Contact Us Overview Dental Implants have changed the face of dentistry over the last 25 years. What are dental implants? What is the history of dental implants? And how are they used to replace missing teeth? This section will give you an overview of the topic of dental implants, to be followed by more detail in additional sections. As with most treatment procedures in dentistry today, dental implants not only involve scientific discovery, research and understanding, but also application in clinical practice. The practice of implant dentistry requires expertise in planning, surgery and tooth restoration; it is as much about art and experience as it is about science. This site will help provide you with the knowledge you need to make informed choices in consultation with your dental health professionals. Dental illustration by Dear Doctor Let’s start from the beginning: A dental implant is actually a replacement for the root or roots of a tooth. Like tooth roots, dental implants are secured in the jawbone and are not visible once surgically placed. They are used to secure crowns (the parts of teeth seen in the mouth), bridgework or dentures by a variety of means. They are made of titanium, which is lightweight, strong and biocompatible, which means that it is not rejected by the body. Titanium and titanium alloys are the most widely used metals in both dental and other bone implants, such as orthopedic joint replacements. Dental implants have the highest success rate of any implanted surgical device. Titanium’s special property of fusing to bone, called osseointegration (“osseo” – bone; “integration” – fusion or joining with), is the biological basis of dental implant success. That’s because when teeth are lost, the bone that supported those teeth is lost too. Placing dental implants stabilizes bone, preventing its loss. Along with replacing lost teeth, implants help maintain the jawbone’s shape and density. This means they also support the facial skeleton and, indirectly, the soft tissue structures — gum tissues, cheeks and lips. Dental implants help you eat, chew, smile, talk and look completely natural. This functionality imparts social, psychological and physical well-being. The big question is, “Are dental implants right for me?” The section on understanding dental implants will describe the factors that contribute to implant success including:	i don't know
According to the nursery rhyme, who had a lamb whose fleece was white as snow?	Mary Had A Little Lamb - YouTube Mary Had A Little Lamb Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 10, 2012 Mary Had A Little Lamb Stella Homewood sing the popular childrens nursery rhyme mary had a little lamb. If you enjoyed this song please LIKE it. Thanks ! MORE MUSIC AT http://www.walkingoliver.co.uk/ Website : http://www.walkingoliver.co.uk/ Sung by Stella Homewood & Paul Austin Kelly and featuring the illustrations of W.W. Denslow and photographs of the little schoolhouse where Mary went to school. LYRICS Mary had a little lamb, whose fleece was white as snow. And everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go. It followed her to school one day which was against the rules. It made the children laugh and play, to see a lamb at school. And so the teacher turned it out, but still it lingered near, And waited patiently about, "Why does the lamb love Mary so?" the eager children cry. "Why, Mary loves the lamb, you know." the teacher did reply. Attributions: Mary's school photo, The Redstone School inside and out, Attribution: Dudesleeper at en.wikipedia These files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license. Illustrations from W.W. Denslow's Mother Goose, copyright 1902, now in the Public Domain according to Project Gutenberg. www.gutenberg.net LYRICS Mary had a little lamb, whose fleece was white as snow. And everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go. It followed her to school one day which was against the rules. It made the children laugh and play, to see a lamb at school. And so the teacher turned it out, but still it lingered near, And waited patiently about, "Why does the lamb love Mary so?" the eager children cry. "Why, Mary loves the lamb, you know." the teacher did reply. Attributions: Mary's school photo, The Redstone School inside and out, Attribution: Dudesleeper at en.wikipedia These files are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license. Illustrations from W.W. Denslow's Mother Goose, copyright 1902, now in the Public Domain according to Project Gutenberg. www.gutenberg.net Mary had a little lamb, Learn english, nursery rhymes, childrens songs, baby, kids Song, children, children's, kindergarten, lullaby,lyrics,learn english, early years resources, 学ぶ, 英語, 童謡, 子供, まなぶ, えいご, どうよう, こども,parents, song, walkingoliver.com Category	Mary
As editor and chief of Metropolis newspaper, The Daily Planet, who was Superman's boss?	Mary Had a Little Lamb: Sing-Along Song Video for Kids Mary Had a Little Lamb: Sing-Along Song Video for Kids Mary Had a Little Lamb: Sing-Along Song Video for Kids Teach your kids this beloved song about a girl whose lamb follows her wherever she goes. By Anne Brinser Shelton Mary Had a Little Lamb Mary had a little lamb Little lamb Mary had a little lamb Whose fleece was white as snow. Everywhere that Mary went The lamb was sure to go. It followed her to school one day School one day It followed her to school one day It was against the rules. It made the children laugh and play Laugh and play Made the children laugh and play To see a lamb at school. "Mary Had a Little Lamb," an endearing tale of a young girl whose loyal pet sheep follows her to school, is one of the most beloved nursery rhymes and sing-along songs of all time. Although some might assume the narrative is completely made up, or that it's an allusion to Christianity (Mary referring to the Virgin Mary and the lamb being Jesus, who follows the faithful to school and everywhere else they go), the lyrics to "Mary Had a Little Lamb" are widely accepted to be based on actual events, though there's a bit of controversy regarding the details. In 1830 writer Sarah Hale was the first to publish the poem in 1830 in a book called Poems for Our Children. But the first few stanzas are believed to be the work of John Roulston. Depending on your source, Roulston was either a visiting college student or a classmate of Mary Sawyer, the little girl who, as the sing-along lyrics go, is alleged to have had a little lamb, with fleece as white as snow, that followed her to school one day. So where's the controversy? Well, for starters, there's no real consensus on the inspiration for the original Mary. Mary Sawyer of Sterling, Massachusetts, has gotten the greatest amount of support as the Mary in question. In fact, one of her most influential supporters is none other than Henry Ford, the renowned automobile inventor, who purchased the schoolhouse Mary and her lamb supposedly went and had it moved to Sudbury, Massachusetts. As if there weren't enough New England towns involved, some folks in Newport, N.H., home to Sarah Hale, claims Mary lived there, but that the entire incident was fictitious. Still others claim that "Mary Had a Little Lamb" originated in England while others point to the Biblical interpretation as the obvious inspiration for the lyrics. Fortunately, though the history and meanings of nursery rhymes and sing-along songs are often argued about, some facts are indisputable. A fun fact about "Mary Had a Little Lamb" is that its words were among the first ever to be audio recorded; they were recited by Thomas Edison when he tested his phonograph. So whether the nursery rhyme has its roots in America or elsewhere, whether it's inspired by the Bible or by an actual schoolgirl, its place is cemented in U.S. history, thanks to Edison. Copyright © 2011 Meredith Corporation.	i don't know
November 6, 1861 saw the birth in Almonte, Ontario, of future YMCA director James Naismith, who is responsible for the creation of what popular sport?	Biographies on James Naismith \| Research papers on James Naismith Bith Date: November 6, 1861 Death Date: November 28, 1939 Place of Birth: Almonte, Ontario, Canada Nationality: American Gender: Male Occupations: inventor, educator Basketball is the only major modern sport that was "invented" by an individual. It did not evolve from another sport, such as football and soccer did, but rather was created in almost the identical form that it is played in today by a man named James Naismith (1861-1939). James Naismith (who had no middle name but later adopted the initial "A") was born on November 6, 1861, in Almonte, Ontario, Canada. His parents, John and Margaret (Young) Naismith, were Scottish immigrants who died in a typhoid epidemic when Naismith was nine years old, leaving him an orphan. He was raised by his strict, religious grandmother and later by a bachelor uncle. Naismith enjoyed hunting, the outdoors, and sports. He dropped out of high school to work as a logger in lumber camp for five years, then returned to finish his secondary education and entered McGill University in Montreal in 1883. He graduated in 1887 with an A.B. degree in theology. Intending to be a minister, he continued his theology studies at Presbyterian College in Montreal for three years and graduated from there in 1890. Naismith had always been an athlete. He played football and lacrosse at McGill and directed undergraduate gymnastics classes during his last year at Presbyterian College. His interest in athletics contributed to his decision to go into physical education rather than the ministry; he decided he could do more good working with youth on the athletic field than he could as a clergyman. So in 1890 he enrolled in a two-year course in physical training at the new Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. He served as the director of physical education at that school from 1890-1895. From Peach Baskets to the Olympics It was at Springfield that Naismith came up with the idea for basketball. One of his assignments as a student there, given by Luther Halsey Gulick, superintendent of the physical education department, was to create a game that would occupy the students during the wintertime, between the seasons for football and baseball in the fall and lacrosse in the spring. Naismith worked out a game that prohibited the roughness of football and eliminated the bunching of players around a goal, such as in hockey or soccer. Basing the game on the tossing principle, he tacked up a peach basket at each end of the gymnasium, 10 feet off the ground, and devised 13 simple rules for a game that involved throwing a soccer ball into the baskets. The class of 18 split into two teams of 9, and the first game of basketball was played in December 1891. Naismith did not want the game named after him-he thought the label "Naismith Ball" would be a severe detriment to the game's popularity. He approved of a name that seemed appropriate to its initial creation using peach baskets: "basketball." Many of the same rules that Naismith created in 1891 apply to the game today, and 10 feet is still the standard basket height. Some changes that occurred included, in 1895, the standardization of number of players per team--five for men, six for women-and the introduction of dribbling in 1900 (originally, Naismith required only that the ball be passed before a shot). Another change that came about occurred somewhat accidentally when Naismith attended one of the first women's games at Smith College. The coach for the team was using Naismith's original rulebook, which contained a diagram of the playing court. On the diagram, Naismith had drawn three dotted lines, only to simplify the picture. The coach, however, had interpreted the lines as indicators of playing areas, and the women were playing on only half the court. When Naismith realized what the coach was doing, he decided that even though this was not his original intention, it made sense (women in the 1890s were not particularly athletic, as a general rule) and said that the division of field rule applied to women, but not to men. Thus the division-of-the-field rule was added. Other changes to the game were put in place by a rules committee later, such as the initiation of a time limit of ten seconds for the defensive team to move the ball beyond midcourt (in 1932), and the elimination of the center jump after each score (in 1937). Naismith was not thrilled with these changes to the game, especially the elimination of the center jump, which he felt gave a disadvantage to the team that had scored. Naismith did suggest some revisions that he thought would help move the game along and make it more exciting. Two of these suggestions later were enacted as the modern shot clock, which allows a team only a certain amount of time to shoot the ball, and the three-point shot, granted for baskets made outside a certain boundary. Naismith told Bob Broeg of the Saturday Evening Post about what he thought was vital to the game. "Scoring is important," he said, "but not all-consuming. I think speed is. Speed, passing, and the unexpected." The game also evolved physically; for instance, within two years the peach baskets had been replaced by a wire cylinder, and by 1894 soccer balls had been replaced by regulation-size basketballs. At one point chicken-wire netting under the cylinder caught the ball, which then of course required manual retrieval; later the basketball net was put in, which allowed the ball to fall through the cylinder but stay in the same general area. In 1895, backboards, as a safeguard to keep the ball from flying into the audience, were initiated. The game's popularity spread rapidly, and by 1939 almost every high school and college in America had a basketball team. Nineteen thirty-nine was also the year the National Collegiate Athletic Association began its annual postseason tournament, now know as the Final Four, which has become one of the most watched television sports events in the United States. In 1936 basketball was included as one of the Olympic games, held in Berlin, thanks in large part to the efforts of a former student of Naismith's and later a highly successful basketball coach at the University of Kansas, Forrest "Phog" Allen. Allen insisted that Naismith attend the first Olympic basketball game as guest of honor, and the National Association of Basketball Coaches agreed. To raise the money to send Naismith, the coaches urged colleges and universities to charge an extra penny for admission to their 1935-36 basketball games. Enough was raised to send Naismith to the game, who proclaimed it as "the happiest moment of my life." In the rainy outdoor game, the Americans won against the Canadians by a modest score of 19-8. Naismith stated after his trip to Berlin that basketball had "grown tremendously [overseas]" and predicted that it would continue to grow "perhaps not in this country, but in foreign countries." He was partly right. Basketball is now played competitively in more than 120 countries but is also a major sport in the United States. An Interest in Body and Soul While at Springfield, in 1894, Naismith married Maude Evelyn Sherman, with whom he would have five children: Margaret Mason, Hellen Carolyn, John Edwin, Maude Annie, and James Sherman. They moved to Colorado in 1895, where Naismith attended the Gross Medical College (later the University of Colorado Medical School) in Denver. While working on his M.D., which he received in 1898, he served as physical director for the Denver YMCA. After receiving his medical degree, he was hired as the first physical education instructor at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Although he coached the University's basketball and track teams until 1905, his focus while at Kansas was more on intramural sports, and he maintained the belief that basketball should be played for fun, not taken as a serious competition. He was interested in sports' contribution toward a healthy body and soul, and he conducted physical exams and maintained medical records for all male undergraduates. He was also responsible for creating a comprehensive student health service. As a Christian moralist, Naismith's interest was in sports and moral development. He believed athletics could lead people toward both spiritual and physical development and away from immoral conduct. As one of his students said, "With him, questions of physical development inevitably led to questions of moral development, and vice versa." His views led to the publication of several articles in physical education journals and a chapter on athletics in the book The Modern High School (1916). He also wrote two books: The Basis of Clean Living (1919) and Basketball: Its Origin and Development, published posthumously in 1941. In 1916 he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister, and he directed daily chapel services at the University of Kansas for several years. During World War I, in 1916, he spent four months as chaplain and chief hygienic officer for the First Kansas Regiment (National Guard), which was stationed on the Mexican border, and from 1917 to 1919 he served a similar capacity in the YMCA. In his latter stint, he spent time at U.S. army bases and 19 months in France, using hygiene training and athletics to help maintain and protect U.S. soldiers' morale. Naismith was naturalized as a U.S. citizen in 1925. Naismith remained at Kansas as a faculty member until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1937. He is remembered by his students and colleagues there as a kind-hearted and considerate professor, albeit somewhat rough around the edges intellectually and not especially adept at practical matters such as money managing. He lost two houses to foreclosure, and the royalties he received from a basketball named for him later in life did not cover what he had spent. Shortly after Naismith's retirement from Kansas, his wife died, and two years later he married Florence Mae (Kinsley) Kincaid, a widow friend. Naismith died in Lawrence, Kansas, of a heart attack on November 28, 1939. Naismith created other games besides basketball later in his life, but none gained popularity; however, he is credited for designing the first safety headgear used in football. He served in honorary capacities as head of the International Basketball Federation, the Basketball Coaches Association, and the Basketball Rules Committee. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, named in his honor, enshrined him as a charter member in 1959. Naismith's contribution involved not just the creation of a universally popular game but also his influence on thousands of young people who came into contact with him. The eulogy that appeared in Journal of Health and Physical Education called Naismith "a physician who encouraged healthful living through participation through vigorous activities" and a builder of "character in the hearts of young men." Further Reading American National Biography. edited by John A. Garranty and Mark C. Carnes. Oxford University Press, 1999. Contemporary Authors. edited by Hal May, Gale Research, 1986. Dictionary of American Biography, Supplements 1-2: To 1940. American Council of Learned Societies, 1944-1958. World of Invention. edited by Bridget Travers, Gale Research, 1994. American Scholar, Winter 1948-49: 87-925. Maclean's, September 4, 2000: 35. Saturday Evening Post, 261 (April 1989): 58-62. "James Naismith,"Contemporary Authors Online, The Gale Group, 2000. http://www.galenet.com. (December 18, 2000).	Basketball
According to the proverb, One swallow does not make what?	James Naismith - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos James Naismith NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE For the Chemical Biologist, see Jim Naismith . James Naismith James Naismith holding a basketball Sport(s) McGill University Sports Hall of Fame Oklahoma State Sports Hall of Fame College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006 James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator. He invented the game of basketball at age 30 in 1891. He wrote the original basketball rule book and founded the University of Kansas basketball program. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin , as well as the birth of the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Tournament (1939). Born in Canada , Naismith studied physical education at McGill University in Montreal before moving to the United States , where he designed the game in late 1891 while teaching at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield , Massachusetts . [1] Seven years after inventing basketball, Naismith received his medical degree in Denver in 1898. He then arrived at the University of Kansas , later becoming the Kansas Jayhawks ' athletic director and coach. [2] Contents Sculpture, Almonte , Ontario Naismith was born in 1861 in Almonte (now part of Mississippi Mills ), Ontario , Canada to Scottish immigrants. [3] He never had a middle name and never signed his name with the "A" initial. The "A" was added by someone in the administration at the University of Kansas. [nb 1] Struggling in school but gifted in farm labor, Naismith spent his days outside playing catch, hide-and-seek, or duck on a rock , a medieval game in which a person guards a large drake stone from opposing players, who try to knock it down by throwing smaller stones at it. To play duck on a rock most effectively, Naismith soon found that a soft lobbing shot was far more effective than a straight hard throw, a thought that later proved essential for the invention of basketball . [4] Orphaned early in his life, Naismith lived with his aunt and uncle for many years and attended grade school at Bennies Corners near Almonte. Then he enrolled in Almonte High School, in Almonte, Ontario, from which he graduated in 1883. [4] In the same year, Naismith entered McGill University in Montreal . Although described as a slight figure, standing 5 foot 10 ½ and listed at 178 pounds, [5] he was a talented and versatile athlete, representing McGill in Canadian football , lacrosse , rugby , soccer and gymnastics . He played center on the football team, and made himself some padding to protect his ears. It was for personal use, not team use. [6] He won multiple Wicksteed medals for outstanding gymnastics performances. [7] Naismith earned a BA in Physical Education (1888) and a Diploma at the Presbyterian College in Montreal (1890). [4] From 1891 on, Naismith taught physical education and became the first McGill director of athletics, but then left Montreal to become a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts . [7] [8] Springfield College: Invention of "Basket Ball"[ edit ] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Basket Ball The original 1891 "Basket Ball" court in Springfield College . It used a peach basket attached to the wall. At Springfield YMCA, Naismith struggled with a rowdy class that was confined to indoor games throughout the harsh New England winter and thus was perpetually short-tempered. Under orders from Dr. Luther Gulick, head of Springfield YMCA Physical Education, Naismith was given 14 days to create an indoor game that would provide an "athletic distraction": Gulick demanded that it would not take up much room, could help its track athletes to keep in shape [7] and explicitly emphasized to "make it fair for all players and not too rough." [5] In his attempt to think up a new game, Naismith was guided by three main thoughts. [4] Firstly, he analyzed the most popular games of those times ( rugby , lacrosse , soccer, football, hockey , and baseball ); Naismith noticed the hazards of a ball and concluded that the big soft soccer ball was safest. Secondly, he saw that most physical contact occurred while running with the ball, dribbling or hitting it, so he decided that passing was the only legal option. Finally, Naismith further reduced body contact by making the goal unguardable, namely placing it high above the player's heads. To score goals, he forced the players to throw a soft lobbing shot that had proven effective in his old favorite game duck on a rock. Naismith christened this new game "Basket Ball" [4] and put his thoughts together in 13 basic rules . [9] The first game of "Basket Ball" was played in December 1891. In a handwritten report, Naismith described the circumstances of the inaugural match; in contrast to modern basketball , the players played nine versus nine, handled a soccer ball, not a basketball, and instead of shooting at two hoops, the goals were a pair of peach baskets: "When Mr. Stubbins brot [ sic ] up the peach baskets to the gym I secured them on the inside of the railing of the gallery. This was about 10 feet from the floor, one at each end of the gymnasium. I then put the 13 rules on the bulletin board just behind the instructor's platform, secured a soccer ball and awaited the arrival of the class... The class did not show much enthusiasm but followed my lead... I then explained what they had to do to make goals, tossed the ball up between the two center men & tried to keep them somewhat near the rules. Most of the fouls were called for running with the ball, though tackling the man with the ball was not uncommon." [10] In contrast to modern basketball , the original rules did not include what is known today as the dribble . Since the ball could only be moved up the court via a pass early players tossed the ball over their heads as they ran up court. Also following each "goal" a jump ball was taken in the middle of the court. Both practices are obsolete in the rules of modern basketball . [11] In a radio interview in January 1939, Naismith gave more details of the first game and the initial rules that were used: “I showed them two peach baskets I’d nailed up at each end of the gym, and I told them the idea was to throw the ball into the opposing team’s peach basket. I blew a whistle, and the first game of basketball began. … The boys began tackling, kicking and punching in the clinches. They ended up in a free-for-all in the middle of the gym floor. [The injury toll: several black eyes, one separated shoulder and one player knocked unconscious.] “It certainly was murder.” [Naismith changed some of the rules as part of his quest to develop a clean sport.] The most important one was that there should be no running with the ball. That stopped tackling and slugging. We tried out the game with those [new] rules (fouls), and we didn’t have one casualty.” [12] By 1892, basketball had grown so popular on campus that Dennis Horkenbach (editor-in-chief of The Triangle, the Springfield college newspaper) featured it in an article called "A New Game", [3] and there were calls to call this new game "Naismith Ball", but Naismith refused. [4] By 1893, basketball was introduced internationally by the YMCA movement. [3] From Springfield, Naismith went to Denver where he acquired a medical degree and in 1898 he joined the University of Kansas faculty at Lawrence , Kansas after coaching at Baker University . [5] The family of Lambert G. Will has claimed that Dr. Naismith borrowed components for the game of basketball from Will to dispute Naismith's sole creation of the game, citing alleged photos and letters. [13] [14] University of Kansas[ edit ] 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with Dr. James Naismith at the back, right Basketball games at Allen Fieldhouse take place on the James Naismith Court The University of Kansas men's basketball program officially began following Naismith's arrival in 1898, which was six years after Naismith drafted the sport's first official rules. Naismith was not initially hired to coach basketball, but rather as a chapel director and physical education instructor. [15] In those early days, the majority of the basketball games were played against nearby YMCA teams, with YMCAs across the nation having played an integral part in the birth of basketball. Other common opponents were Haskell Indian Nations University and William Jewell College . Under Naismith, the team played only one current Big 12 school: Kansas State (once). Naismith was, ironically, the only coach in the program's history to have a losing record (55–60). [16] However, Naismith coached Forrest "Phog" Allen , his eventual successor at Kansas, [17] who went on to join his mentor in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . [18] When Allen became a coach himself and told him that he was going to coach basketball at Baker University in 1904, Naismith discouraged him: "You can't coach basketball; you just play it." [7] Instead, Allen embarked on a coaching career that would lead him to be known as "the Father of Basketball Coaching." During his time at Kansas, Allen coached Dean Smith (1952 National Championship team) and Adolph Rupp (1922 Helms Foundation National Championship team). Smith and Rupp have joined Naismith and Allen as members of the Basketball Hall of Fame . By the turn of the century, there were enough college teams in the East that the first intercollegiate competitions could be played out. [17] Although the sport continued to grow, Naismith long regarded the game as a curiosity and preferred gymnastics and wrestling as better forms of physical activity. [17] However, basketball became a demonstration sport at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis . As the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame reports, Naismith was also neither interested in self-promotion nor in the glory of competitive sports. [19] Instead, he was more interested in his physical education career, receiving an honorary PE Masters degree in 1910, [4] patrolled the Mexican border for four months in 1916, traveled to France, published two books (A Modern College in 1911 and Essence of a Healthy Life in 1918). He took American citizenship in 1925. [4] In 1909, Naismith's duties at Kansas were redefined as a Professorship; he served as the de facto athletic director at Kansas for much of the early 20th century. In 1935, the National Association of Basketball Coaches (created by Naismith's pupil Phog Allen) collected money so that the 74-year-old Naismith could witness the introduction of basketball into the official Olympic sports program of the 1936 Summer Olympic Games . [19] There, Naismith handed out the medals to three North American teams: United States, for the gold medal, Canada, for the silver medal, and Mexico , for their bronze medal win. [20] During the Olympics, he was named the honorary president of the International Basketball Federation . [4] When Naismith returned he commented that seeing the game played by many nations was the greatest compensation he could have received for his invention. [17] In 1937, Naismith played a role in the formation of the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball, which later became the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). [21] Naismith became professor emeritus in Kansas when he retired in 1937 at the age of 76. Including his years as coach, Naismith served as athletic director and faculty at the school for a total of almost 40 years. Naismith died in 1939 after he suffered a fatal brain hemorrhage. He was interred at Memorial Park Cemetery in Lawrence, Kansas . His masterwork "Basketball — its Origins and Development" was published posthumously in 1941. [4] In Lawrence, Kansas, James Naismith has a road named in his honor, Naismith Drive, which runs in front of Allen Fieldhouse (the official address of Allen Fieldhouse is 1651 Naismith Drive), the university's basketball facility. The university also named the court in Allen Fieldhouse James Naismith Court in his honor, despite Naismith having the worst record in school history. Naismith Hall, a college residential dormitory, is located on the northeastern edge of 19th Street and Naismith Drive. [22] Head coaching record[ edit ] In 1898, Naismith became the first basketball coach of the University of Kansas . He compiled a record of 55–60 and is ironically the only losing coach in Kansas history. [16] Naismith is at the beginning of massive and prestigious coaching tree, as he coached Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame coach Phog Allen , who himself coached Hall of Fame coaches Dean Smith , Adolph Rupp , and Ralph Miller who all coached future coaches as well. [17] Season Legacy[ edit ] Statue of James Naismith at Basketball Hall of Fame and Museum in Springfield, MA Naismith invented the game of basketball and wrote the original 13 rules of this sport . [19] The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts is named in his honor, and he was an inaugural inductee in 1959. [19] The National Collegiate Athletic Association rewards its best players and coaches annually with the Naismith Awards , among them the Naismith College Player of the Year , the Naismith College Coach of the Year and the Naismith Prep Player of the Year . After the Olympic introduction to men's basketball in 1936, women's basketball became an Olympic event in Montreal during the 1976 Summer Olympics . [23] Naismith was also inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame , the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame , the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame , the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame, FIBA Hall of Fame , and The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , which was named in his honor. [4] [24] The FIBA Basketball World Cup trophy is named the "James Naismith Trophy" in his honour. On June 21, 2013, Dr. Naismith was inducted into the Kansas Hall of Fame during ceremonies in Topeka. [25] Naismith's home town of Almonte, Ontario , hosts an annual 3-on-3 tournament for all ages and skill levels in his honor. Every year this event attracts hundreds of participants and involves over 20 half court games along the main street of the town. All proceeds of the event go to youth basketball programs in the area. Basketball today is played by more than 300 million people worldwide, making it one of the most popular team sports. [7] In North America, basketball has produced some of the most-admired athletes of the 20th century. ESPN and the Associated Press both conducted polls to name the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century. Basketball player Michael Jordan came in first in the ESPN poll and second (behind Babe Ruth ) in the AP poll. Both polls featured fellow basketball players Wilt Chamberlain (of KU, like Naismith) and Bill Russell in the Top 20. [26] [27] The original rules of basketball written by James Naismith in 1891, considered to be basketball's founding document, was auctioned at Sotheby's, New York in December, 2010. Josh Swade , a University of Kansas alumnus and basketball enthusiast, went on a crusade in 2010 to persuade moneyed alumni to considering bidding on and hopefully winning the document at auction to gift it to the University of Kansas. Swade eventually persuaded David G. Booth , a billionaire investment banker and KU alumnus, and his wife Suzanne Booth to commit to bidding at the auction. The Booths won the bidding and purchased the document for a record $4,338,500 USD, the most ever paid for a sports memorabilia item, and gifted the document to the University of Kansas. [28] Swade's project and eventual success are chronicled in a 2012 ESPN 30 for 30 documentary "There's No Place Like Home" and in a corresponding book, "The Holy Grail of Hoops: One Fan's Quest to Buy the Original Rules of Basketball". [29] The University of Kansas constructed an $18 million building named the Debruce Center, which houses the rules and opened in March 2016. [30] Personal life[ edit ] James Naismith was the second child of Margaret and John Naismith, two Scottish immigrants. His mother, Margaret Young, was born in 1833 and immigrated to Lanark County , Canada in 1852 as the fourth of 11 children. [4] His father, John Naismith, was born in 1833, [31] left Europe when he was 18, and also settled down in Lanark County. On June 20, 1894, Naismith married Maude Evelyn Sherman (1870 – 1937) in Springfield, MA, USA. The couple had five children: Margaret Mason (Stanley) (1895 – 1976), Helen Carolyn (Dodd) (1897 – 1980), John Edwin (1900 – 1986), Maude Ann (Dawe) (1904 – 1972) and James Sherman (1913 – 1980). [5] He was a member of the Pi Gamma Mu and Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternities. [5] Naismith was a Presbyterian minister, and was also remembered as a Freemason . [32] Maude Naismith died in 1937, and on June 11, 1939, he married his second wife Florence B. Kincaid. On November 19 of that year, Naismith suffered a major brain hemorrhage and died nine days later in his home located in Lawrence, Kansas . [33] Naismith was 78 years old. [34] Coincidentally, Naismith died eight months after the birth of the NCAA Basketball Championship, which today has evolved to one of the biggest sports events in North America. Naismith is buried with his first wife in Memorial Park Cemetery in Lawrence, Kansas. [35] Florence Kincaid died in 1977 at the age of 98 and is buried with her first husband, Dr. Frank B. Kincaid, in Elmwood Cemetery in Beloit, Kansas . During his lifetime, Naismith held the following education and academic positions: [5] Location	i don't know
November 3, 1979 saw the invasion of the US embassy in what country, with the result that 53 Americans were taken hostage for 444 days?	The Iranian Hostage Crisis . Jimmy Carter . WGBH American Experience \| PBS Other General Articles November 1979 - January 1981 On November 4, 1979, an angry mob of young Islamic revolutionaries overran the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 Americans hostage. "From the moment the hostages were seized until they were released minutes after Ronald Reagan took the oath of office as president 444 days later," wrote historian Gaddis Smith, "the crisis absorbed more concentrated effort by American officials and had more extensive coverage on television and in the press than any other event since World War II." The United States and Iran The hostage crisis was the most dramatic in a series of problems facing Americans at home and abroad in the last year of the Carter presidency. Was Carter to blame for allowing it to happen? It's hard to say, since the hostage crisis was merely the latest event in the long and complex relationship between the United States and Iran. Ever since oil was discovered there in 1908, Iran had attracted great interest from the West. The British played a dominant role there until World War II, when the Soviet Union joined them in fighting to keep the Germans out. Until 1953, the United States mostly stayed on the sidelines, advocating for an independent Iran under the leadership of the young king, Reza Shah Pahlavi. But that year, fearing that charismatic prime minister Mohammed Mossadegh might be moving Iran closer to Moscow, the CIA directed an operation to oust him and consolidate power under the Shah. With a steady flow of oil from the ground and military equipment from the U.S., the Shah led Iran into a period of unprecedented prosperity. But growing resentment against an uneven distribution of wealth and the westernizing influence of the United States led to a confrontation with Islamic clergy in 1963. The Shah effectively put down the uprising, sending its leader, an elderly cleric named Ruhollah Khomeini, into exile in Iraq. Though no one knew it at the time, Iran's Islamic revolution had begun. The Iranian Revolution Fast forward to New Years Eve, 1977: President Carter toasted the Shah at a state dinner in Tehran, calling him "an island of stability" in the troubled Middle East. What the president also knew, but chose to ignore, was that the Shah was in serious trouble. As opposition to his government mounted, he had allowed his secret police, SAVAK, to crack down on dissenters, fueling still more resentment. Within weeks of Carter's visit, a series of protests broke out in the religious city of Qom, denouncing the Shah's regime as "anti-Islamic." The popular movement against the Shah grew until January 16, 1979, when he fled to Egypt. Two weeks later, thousands of Muslims cheered Khomeini's return to Iran after fourteen years in exile. Did the Carter administration "lose" Iran, as some have suggested? Gaddis Smith might have put it best: "President Carter inherited an impossible situation -- and he and his advisers made the worst of it." Carter seemed to have a hard time deciding whether to heed the advice of his aggressive national security advisor, Zbigniew Brzezinski, who wanted to encourage the Shah to brutally suppress the revolution, or that of his more cautious State Department, which suggested Carter reach out to opposition elements in order to smooth the transition to a new government. In the end he did neither, and suffered the consequences. The Crisis Even after it became known that the Shah was suffering from cancer, President Carter was reluctant to allow him entry to the United States, for fear of reprisal against Americans still in Iran. But in October, when the severity of the Shah's illness became known, Carter relented on humanitarian grounds. "He went around the room, and most of us said, 'Let him in.'" recalls Vice President Walter Mondale. "And he said, 'And if [the Iranians] take our employees in our embassy hostage, then what would be your advice?' And the room just fell dead. No one had an answer to that. Turns out, we never did." When students overran the embassy and seized more than sixty Americans on November 4, it was not at all clear who they represented or what they hoped to achieve. In fact, a similar mob had briefly done the same thing nine months earlier, holding the American ambassador hostage for a few hours before members of Khomeini's retinue ordered him released. But this time, Khomeini saw a chance to consolidate his power around a potent symbol, and issued a statement in support of the action against the American "den of spies." The students vowed not to release the Americans until the U.S. returned the Shah for trial, along with billions of dollars they claimed he had stolen from the Iranian people. Carter's Response President Carter felt the plight of the hostages deeply, and considered their safe return his personal responsibility. On November 11, he embargoed Iranian oil. On the 17th, Khomeini announced that female, African American, and non-U.S. citizen hostages would be released, because women and minorities already suffered "the oppression of American society." Fifty-three Americans (including two women, Elizabeth Ann Swift and Kathryn Koob, and one African American, Charles Jones) remained as hostages. Deciding military action was too risky, Carter tried to build pressure on Iran through economic sanctions, and froze its assets in the U.S. While Secretary of State Cyrus Vance led the official diplomatic effort, Hamilton Jordan spent thousands of hours working secret channels. For the first few months, the American public rallied around Carter, who had clearly made freeing the hostages his number one priority. "Having a crisis, where you have to stay in Washington and deal with this crisis all the time, and be a statesman, can work to your advantage -- rally around the president in a crisis," says political scientist Betty Glad. "What Carter didn't foresee is, this enormous investment means you have to have a resolution to the issue." As winter turned to spring, and negotiations failed to produce a deal, frustrated Americans demanded stronger action. "No one can know how much pressure there was on Jimmy to do something," Rosalynn Carter recalled. "I would go out and campaign and come back and say, 'Why don't you do something?' And he said, 'What would you want me to do?' I said, 'Mine the harbors.' He said, 'Okay, suppose I mine the harbors, and they decide to take one hostage out every day and kill him. What am I going to do then?'" Desert One Finally, with the Iranians showing no signs of releasing the hostages, Carter decided to take a risk. On April 11, 1980 he approved a high-risk rescue operation, called "Desert One," that had been in the works for months. Though the odds were against its success, the president was devastated when he had to abort the mission due to three malfunctioning helicopters. When another helicopter crashed into a C-130 transport plane while taking off, eight servicemen were killed and three more were injured. The next morning, gleeful Iranians broadcast footage of the smoking remains of the rescue attempt, a stark symbol of American impotence. The Hostages' Release Relatively little happened during the summer, as Iranian internal politics took its course. In early July, the Iranians released hostage Richard Queen, who had developed multiple sclerosis. In the States, constant media coverage -- yellow ribbons, footage of chanting Iranian mobs, even a whole new television news program, ABC's Nightline -- provided a dispiriting backdrop to the presidential election season. As Carter advisor and biographer Peter Bourne put it, "Because people felt that Carter had not been tough enough in foreign policy, this kind of symbolized for them that some bunch of students could seize American diplomatic officials and hold them prisoner and thumb their nose at the United States." Finally, in September, Khomeini's government decided it was time to end the matter. There was little more advantage to be gained from further anti-American, anti-Shah propaganda, and the ongoing sanctions were making it harder to straighten out an already chaotic economy. Despite rumors that Carter might pull out an "October Surprise" and get the hostages home before the election , negotiations dragged on for months, even after Republican Ronald Reagan's landslide victory in November. Carter's all-night effort to bring the 52 hostages home before the end of his term, documented by an ABC television crew in the Oval Office, fell short; the Iranians released them minutes after Reagan was inaugurated. On January 21, 1981, now-former President Carter went to Germany to meet the freed hostages on behalf of the new president. It was a difficult moment, fraught with emotion. Hamilton Jordan recalled that Carter "looked as old and tired as I had ever seen him."	Iran
November is unofficially National Novel Writing Month, when people are encouraged to write a story of at least how many words?	History Commons 1952: Mosaddeq Nationalization of Iran’s Oil Industry Leads to Coup Time Magazine’s Man of the Year cover for 1951. [Source: Wikipedia]Iranian President Mohammad Mosaddeq moves to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in order to ensure that more oil profits remain in Iran. His efforts to democratize Iran had already earned him being named Time Magazine’s Man of the Year for 1951. After he nationalizes it, Mosaddeq realizes that Britain may want to overthrow his government, so he closes the British Embassy and sends all British civilians, including its intelligence operatives, out of the country. Britain finds itself with no way to stage the coup it desires, so it approaches the American intelligence community for help. Their first approach results in abject failure when Harry Truman throws the British representatives out of his office, stating that "We don’t overthrow governments; the United States has never done this before, and we’re not going to start now." After Eisenhower is elected in November 1952, the British have a much more receptive audience, and plans for overthrowing Mosaddeq are produced. The British intelligence operative who presents the idea to the Eisenhower administration later will write in his memoirs, "If I ask the Americans to overthrow Mosaddeq in order to rescue a British oil company, they are not going to respond. This is not an argument that’s going to cut much mustard in Washington. I’ve got to have a different argument.…I’m going to tell the Americans that Mosaddeq is leading Iran towards Communism." This argument wins over the Eisenhower administration, who promptly decides to organize a coup in Iran (see August 19, 1953 ). August 19, 1953: Iranian Government Overthrown by Rebels and CIA CIA coup planner Kermit Roosevelt. [Source: Find a Grave (,com)]The government of Iran is overthrown by Iranian rebels and the CIA in a coup codenamed Operation Ajax. The coup was planned by CIA operative Kermit Roosevelt after receiving the blessings of the US and British governments. Muhammad Mosaddeq is deposed and the CIA promptly reinstates Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on the throne. The Shah’s secret police, SAVAK, trained by the CIA and Israel’s Mossad, are widely perceived as being as brutal and terrifying as the Nazi Gestapo in World War II. British oil interests in Iran, partially nationalized under previous governments, are returned to British control. American oil interests are retained by 8 private oil companies, who are awarded 40% of the Iranian oil industry. US General Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr. (father of the general with the same name in the 1991 Gulf War) helps the Shah develop the fearsome SAVAK secret police. [ ZNet, 12/12/2001 ; Global Policy Forum, 2/28/2002 ] Author Stephen Kinzer will say in 2003, "The result of that coup was that the Shah was placed back on his throne. He ruled for 25 years in an increasingly brutal and repressive fashion. His tyranny resulted in an explosion of revolution in 1979 the event that we call the Islamic revolution. That brought to power a group of fanatically anti-Western clerics who turned Iran into a center for anti-Americanism and, in particular, anti-American terrorism. The Islamic regime in Iran also inspired religious fanatics in many other countries, including those who went on to form the Taliban in Afghanistan and give refuge to terrorists who went on to attack the United States. The anger against the United States that flooded out of Iran following the 1979 revolution has its roots in the American role in crushing Iranian democracy in 1953. Therefore, I think it’s not an exaggeration to say that you can draw a line from the American sponsorship of the 1953 coup in Iran, through the Shah’s repressive regime, to the Islamic revolution of 1979 and the spread of militant religious fundamentalism that produced waves of anti-Western terrorism." 1973-1979: US Starts to Provide Support to Islamists Opposing the Soviets in Afghanistan In 1973 Afghan Prince Muhammad Daoud ousts the Afghan king with help from the Soviet Union, and establishes an Afghan republic. The CIA in turn begins funding Islamist extremists, including Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, as a resistance movement opposing the Soviets. US allies Iran, with its intelligence agency SAVAK, and Pakistan, with its intelligence agency the ISI, play an important role in funneling weapons and other forms of assistance to the Afghan Islamist militants. After the pro-Soviet coup in April 1978, the Islamic militants with the support of the ISI carry out a massive campaign of terrorism, assassinating hundreds of teachers and civil servants. April 22, 1975: Kissinger Outlines US Plans to Help Iran Achieve Nuclear Capability Secretary of State Henry Kissinger circulates National Security Decision Memorandum 292 on “US-Iran Nuclear Cooperation” outlining the administration’s negotiating strategy for the sale of nuclear energy equipment to Iran. The document states the government would permit “US material to be fabricated into fuel in Iran for use in its own reactors and for pass through to third countries with whom [the US has] agreements.” According to the document, the administration would “[a]gree to set the fuel ceiling at the level reflecting the approximate number of nuclear reactors planned for purchase from US suppliers,” but would consider increasing the ceiling “to cover Iran’s entitlement” from their proposed $1 billion investment in a 20 percent stake in one of the private US uranium enrichment facilities that would be supplying Iran. The strategy paper also explains under what terms the Ford administration would be willing to grant Iran approval to reprocess US supplied fuel. [ US National Security Council, 4/22/1975 ; Washington Post, 3/27/2005 ] Three decades later, Kissinger will tell the Washington Post that the Ford administration was never concerned about the possibility of Iran building nuclear weapons or the potential for proliferation. “I don’t think the issue of proliferation came up,” he will recall. “They were an allied country, and this was a commercial transaction. We didn’t address the question of them one day moving toward nuclear weapons.” 1976: Cheney, Rumsfeld Lobby for Nuclear Power Plant in Iran Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and White House Chief of Staff Dick Cheney unsuccessfully lobby for the construction of a nuclear reprocessing plant in Iran. The two men devised the scheme because, they say, Iran needs a nuclear power program to meet its future energy needs. This is despite the fact that Iran has considerable oil and gas reserves. The deal would be lucrative for US corporations like Westinghouse and General Electric, which would make $6.4 billion from the project. During negotiations over Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger offers Pakistan access to this facility for reprocessing of its nuclear fuel. In return, Pakistan would not build its own reprocessing plant, which the US suspects will be used for a nuclear weapons program. However, Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto rejects the deal, and the plant is not built in Iran anyway. 1976: Ford Gives Permission to Sell Nuclear Technology to Iran President Gerald R. Ford signs a presidential directive giving the Iranian government the opportunity to purchase a US-built nuclear reprocessing facility for extracting plutonium from nuclear reactor fuel. Iran, with support from the US, wants to develop a massive nuclear energy industry that has complete “nuclear fuel cycle” capability so fissile materials can be supplied self-sustaining basis. US companies, chief among them Westinghouse, stands to make $6.4 billion from the sale of six to eight nuclear reactors and parts. The shah has argued that Iran needs a nuclear energy program in order to meet Iran’s growing energy demand. Iran is known to have massive oil and gas reserves, but the shah considers these finite reserves too valuable to be spent satisfying daily energy needs. In a 1975 strategy paper, the Ford administration supported this view saying that “introduction of nuclear power will both provide for the growing needs of Iran’s economy and free remaining oil reserves for export or conversion to petrochemicals.” Top officials in the Ford administration—including Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Chief of Staff Dick Cheney, and Paul Wolfowitz, who is responsible for nonproliferation issues at the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency—are strong supporters of Iran’s ambitions. Kissinger will tell the Washington Post 30 years later that the Ford administration was not concerned about the possibility of Iran using the facilities to produce nuclear weapons. “I don’t think the issue of proliferation came up,” he says. But Charles Naas, deputy US ambassador to Iran at this time, will tell the Post that nuclear experts had serious concerns about potential proliferation. Naas will explain that the administration was attracted to the nuclear deal “terms of commerce” and interested in maintaining good relations with the shah. September 1, 1976-Early 1980s: Secret Intelligence Cabal Works with Rogue CIA Elements to Influence Middle East and Africa Alexandre de Marenches. [Source: Thierry Orban/ Corbis Sygma]Prince Turki al-Faisal, head of Saudi intelligence from 1979, will say in a 2002 speech in the US, “In 1976, after the Watergate matters took place here, your intelligence community was literally tied up by Congress. It could not do anything. It could not send spies, it could not write reports, and it could not pay money. In order to compensate for that, a group of countries got together in the hope of fighting Communism and established what was called the Safari Club. The Safari Club included France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Iran.” [ Scott, 2007, pp. 62 ] An Egyptian reporter digging through Iranian government archives will later discover that the Safari Club was officially founded on September 1, 1976. Alexandre de Marenches, head of the French external intelligence service SDECE, was the chief instigator of the group. Millions are spent to create staff, offices, communications, and operational capability. Periodic secret conferences are held in Saudi Arabia, France, and Egypt. This group plays a secret role in political intrigues in many countries, mostly in Africa and the Middle East. For instance, a rebellion in Zaire is put down by Moroccan and Egyptian troops, using French air support. It also plays a role in the US-Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty of 1979. [ Cooley, 2002, pp. 15-17 ] Author Joe Trento will later allege that the Safari Club, and especially the Saudi intelligence agency led by Kamal Adham and then his nephew Prince Turki from 1979 onwards, fund off-the-books covert operations for the CIA. But rather than working with the CIA as it is being reformed during the Carter administration, this group prefers to work with a private CIA made up of fired agents close to ex-CIA Director George Bush Sr. and Theodore Shackley, who Trento alleges is at the center of a “private, shadow spy organization within” the CIA until he is fired in 1979. The Safari Club and rogue CIA will play a major role in supporting the mujaheddin in Afghanistan. [ Scott, 2007, pp. 63-64, 111 ] It is not clear when the Safari Club disbands, but it existence was exposed not long after the shah was deposed in Iran in 1979, and it seems to have disappeared by the time de Marenches stepped down from being head of French intelligence in 1982. November 1978-February 1979: Some US Officials Want to Support Radical Muslims to Contain Soviet Union In December 1978, President Carter’s National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski says, “An arc of crisis stretches along the shores of the Indian Ocean, with fragile social and political structures in a region of vital importance to us threatened with fragmentation. The resulting political chaos could well be filled by elements hostile to our values and sympathetic to our adversaries.” [ Time, 1/8/1979 ] There is widespread discontent and rioting in Iran at the time. State Department official Henry Precht will later recall that Brzezinski had the idea “that Islamic forces could be used against the Soviet Union. The theory was, there was an arc of crisis, and so an arc of Islam could be mobilized to contain the Soviets.” [ Scott, 2007, pp. 67 ] In November 1978, President Carter appointed George Ball head of a special White House Iran task force under Brzezinski. Ball recommends the US should drop support for the Shah of Iran and support the radical Islamist opposition of Ayatollah Khomeini. This idea is based on ideas from British Islamic expert Dr. Bernard Lewis, who advocates the balkanization of the entire Muslim Near East along tribal and religious lines. The chaos would spread in what he also calls an “arc of crisis” and ultimately destabilize the Muslim regions of the Soviet Union. The Shah will later comment in exile, “I did not know it then, perhaps I did not want to know? But it is clear to me now that the Americans wanted me out. Clearly this is what the human rights advocates in the State Department wanted. What was I to make of the Administration’s sudden decision to call former Under Secretary of State George Ball to the White House as an adviser on Iran? Ball was among those Americans who wanted to abandon me and ultimately my country.” February-November 4, 1979: US Attempt to Create De Facto Alliance with Khomeini’s Iranian Government Ends Disastrously After the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi is deposed in Iran and Ayatollah Khomeini takes over as Iran’s new leader in February 1979, the US is interested in continuing to work with the Iranian government. At first the US is taken aback by the new fundamentalist Islamic government, and National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski contemplates fomenting a military coup to stop Khomeini. But Khomeini is fiercely anti-communist, and Brzezinski soon decides that Iran’s new government can become part of an effective anti-Soviet alliance he calls the “arc of crisis’ (see November 1978-February 1979 ). The US embassy in Teheran, Iran, remains open, and more US officials come to Iran and begin tentative talks there. [ Dreyfuss, 2005, pp. 264-265 ] In early November 1979, Brzezinski secretly meets with Iranian Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, as well as Iran’s foreign minister and defense minister, in Algiers, Algeria. But shortly before the meeting, the US agrees to allow the Shah, dying with cancer, to come to the US for medical treatment. Khomeini is enraged, and on November 4, just three days after the Algeria meeting begins, Khomeini arranges for students to take over the US embassy in Teheran and seize hostages. This realigns political forces in Iran and allows Khomeini to sideline Bazargan and other others meeting in Algeria, rendering the negotiations there moot. Brzezinski’s attempts to create a de facto alliance with Iran collapse. The US hostages will be held for over a year before finally being freed. March 1979 and After: Iran Halts Nuclear Program The theocratic regime of Iran, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, halts all of Iran’s efforts to create either nuclear weapons or nuclear power plants. Under the previous regime, Iran had begun constructing a nuclear reactor in the city of Bushehr with the assistance of the German firm Siemens. However, Khomeini and his clerics view nuclear power and nuclear weapons as evil, and ban further work on the project. Iran will resume work in the mid-1980s when it learns that Iraq, its opponent in a long-running war (see September 1980 ), is working on its own nuclear weapons program, and suffers attacks from Iraqi chemical weapons (see August 13, 1981 ). Summer 1980: CIA Agent: Republicans Open Secret Channel to Iran in Preparation for ‘October Surprise,’ Arms Deals Robert Sensi’s membership card in Republicans Abroad. [Source: Larry J. Kolb]According to a later account by Robert Sensi, a young CIA agent with excellent contacts among prominent Arabs, the Republican National Committee opens what Sensi calls “a secret channel to Iran.” Sensi is not only alluding to the secret plans for the US to sells arms to Iran, which is just developing (see Early 1980 ), but to the “October Surprise” of the November 1980 US presidential elections (see October 1980 ). Sensi will bring the matter up to author and fellow CIA agent Larry Kolb in a Washington, DC, hotel bar in 1986, but will not go into detail. Sensi will note that CIA Director William Casey has been involved in the US’s secret dealings with Iran since the outset, as has Robert Carter, the deputy director of Ronald Reagan’s presidential campaign. Sensi will say that Casey, Carter, and the other participants are using the overseas political organization Republicans Abroad as cover for more covert activities. The organization is “a great drawing card,” according to Sensi, who is a member. “It gives us access to embassies and a lot of people we would have had a hard time getting to without the cachet of representing the ruling party in the United States.” Writing in 2007, Kolb will reflect on the Republican Party’s “own in-house team of covert operatives, as capable of conducting espionage and sabotage for the Republican Party as for the CIA. It seemed the Republicans were still doing what they had been caught doing during Watergate. Spying on and sabotaging the Democrats. Ratf_cking, as the Republican operatives called it (see October 7, 1972 ). Coming just a few years after the Watergate national Passion Play and all it had put our country through, this seemed flagrant and foul, like sleaze squared. And like politics-as-usual.” September 1980: Iraq Invades Iran; Start of Iran-Iraq War Shatt al-Arab waterway. [Source: CNN]Iraq invades Iran, officially beginning a nine-year war between the two countries, although Iraq insists that Iran has been launching artillery attacks against Iraqi targets since September 4. The overarching reason, according to Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, is over control of the Shatt al-Arab, the geographically critical waterway between Iran and Iraq that empties into the Persian Gulf. (Iraq signed over partial control of the Shatt al-Arab to Iran in 1975, but reclaimed the waterway in 1979 after the fall of Iran’s Shah Reza Pahlavi; Iraq also has hopes to conquer the oil-rich Iranian province of Khuzestan.) The United States will provide covert military support to both Iran (see November 3, 1986 ) and Iraq (see 1981-1988 ) during the war. September 30, 1980: Iran Bombs Iraqi Nuclear Facility Iran conducts a limited air strike against Iraq’s Osirak nuclear reactor, after being publicly exhorted to do so by Israel’s chief of Army intelligence. The Osirak reactor is at the same site as the Iraq Nuclear Research Center, in al-Tuwaitha, where Israeli intelligence believes the first Arab atomic bomb will be assembled. The strike is part of a larger strike by Iran against a conventional electric power plant near Baghdad. The strike inflicts only minor damage, and the plant is quickly repaired and brought back online. Iran will not conduct any further air strikes against Iraqi nuclear facilities throughout the entire Iran-Iraq War. In fact, it is not clear whether the Iranian strike is a pre-planned bombing raid by Iranian war planners, or an air strike by two pilots with a chance at a target of opportunity. 1981: Israel Begins Selling US-Made Arms to Iran F-14 spare parts shipped to Iran. [Source: Reuben Johnson / Weekly Standard]Israeli officials secretly ask Reagan administration officials for authorization to transfer arms of US origin to Iran. Officials in the Departments of Defense and State have known of Israeli arms sales to Iran that predate Reagan’s installation as president and the freeing of the American hostages, and since Reagan’s ascension to power, plans for US arms sales to Iran have been in the works (see January 28, 1981 ). Secretary of State Alexander Haig tells Israel that it is acceptable “in principle” for Israel to sell only F-4 fighter plane parts, and the US must approve specific arms-sales lists in advance. It shortly becomes evident, according to State Department documents leaked years later to the press, that Israel is not submitting lists for approval, and is selling US-made arms to Iran far in excess of spare parts for a specific model of fighter jet. (By the mid-1980s, officials will acknowledge that several billion dollars’ worth of ammunition and parts worth would flow from Israel to Iran each year.) Little oversight is exercised on the arms sales; one US ambassador to the region will say in 1992, “[I]t is probable that those who were to serve as their proxies—Israel and private international arms dealers—had agendas of their own, and the end result was that more arms were shipped than anyone in the administration wanted.” The Israeli arms transfers also violate the Arms Export Control Act, which requires written permission from the US for a nation to transfer US-made arms to a third party, and requires the president to immediately inform Congress when such transfers take place. 1981-1993: Western Businesses Sell Iraq WMD Materials US and British companies are among several Western firms that sell Iraq materials that can be used to develop nuclear, chemical, biological, and conventional weapons. [ Associated Press, 12/21/2002 ; New York Times, 12/21/2002 ; Washington Post, 12/30/2002 ; San Francisco Chronicle, 1/26/2003 ; Sunday Herald (Glasgow), 2/23/2003 ] United States - Biological: American Type Culture Collection, several biological precursor agents for diseases like anthrax, gangrene, and the West Nile virus; Alcolac International, Thiodiglycol, the mustard gas precursor; Al Haddad, 60 tons of a chemical that could be used to make sarin; Dow Chemical, $1.5 million of pesticides (see December 1988 ). January 28, 1981: Reagan Officials Planning to Sell Arms to Iran Alexander Haig. [Source: Wally McNamee / Corbis]The newly installed Reagan administration publicly maintains a hard line against Iran, a nation vastly unpopular among Americans who have not forgiven that nation for holding 52 of its citizens hostage for well over a year and murdering a CIA station chief. (Years later, Vice President Bush will call it “an understandable animosity, a hatred, really,” and add, “I feel that way myself.”) President Reagan’s secretary of state, Alexander Haig, says bluntly, “Let me state categorically today there will be no military equipment provided to the government of Iran.” Yet within weeks of taking office, Reagan officials will begin putting together a continuing package of secret arms sales to Iran. Early 1982: Defense Secretary Weinberger’s Attempts to Open Arms Deals with Iraq Unsuccessful Caspar Weinberger. [Source: US Department of Defense]Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, a vehement opponent of the US’s arms sales to Iran (see 1981 and December 20, 1983 ), concludes that if Iraq doesn’t receive military aid, it will lose its war with Iran (see September 1980 ). Weinberger arranges the secret swap of a Soviet T-72 tank given to the Iraqi military in return for four US howitzers. Some Pentagon intelligence officials covet the Soviet tank for the information they can glean about Soviet weaponry, but, according to two highly placed officials in the Reagan administration, Weinberger sees the deal as an opportunity to begin direct US arms shipments to Iraq. A Pentagon official explains in 1992, “Cap’s view was that once the first arms shipments to Iraq were authorized by the President, the first bite of the forbidden apple had been taken, and other direct covert arms sales to Iraq would follow.” However, the exchange falls through when the Iraqis, fearful that the Soviet Union will terminate its own military aid program, withdraws from the deal. A subsequent Iraqi offer to exchange a Soviet HIND helicopter also falls through when the Pentagon expresses its concerns over the criminal record of the middleman, a Lebanese-born international arms trafficker. However, Reagan and Defense Department officials continue to find ways to secretly supply arms to Iraq (see October 1983 ). Later, Weinberger will call the Iranian arms deals “insanity. How could you send arms to the Ayatollah when he was sworn to destroy us?” But Weinberger will be much less forthcoming about the US’s arms sales to Iraq, summed up under the sobriquet of “Iraqgate.” Weinberger will later claim that he is not involved in any arms deals with Iraq, and will say, “The little that I know was that it was all handled by the CIA. There might have been a role by some people in the Pentagon. But I didn’t keep a hand in that.” He will refuse to acknowledge the accuracy of Pentagon memos from 1982 and 1983 sent directly to him that outline proposals to arm Iraq. In a 1992 news article, reporters Murray Waas and Craig Unger note that Weinberger will repeatedly lie “without compunction” about his involvement in arms sales to Iraq over the coming years, and observe, “Whenever his credibility is questioned, Weinberger routinely invokes concerns for national security and hides behind a veil of secrecy.” May 1982-June 1982: US To Help Iraq Counter Iranian Offensive, Protect Iraqi Oil Iran discovers a hole in Iraq’s defenses along the Iran-Iraq border between Baghdad and Basra and prepares to launch a massive invasion aimed at severing the country in two. As Howard Teicher will later note in his 1995 affidavit, a successful invasion would give Iran control over a huge quantity of oil—precisely the outcome that the US fears most. “United States Intelligence, including satellite imagery, had detected both the gap in the Iraqi defenses and the Iranian massing of troops across from the gap.” Teicher will explain. “At the time, the United States was officially neutral in the Iran-Iraq conflict. President Reagan was forced to choose between (a) maintaining strict neutrality and allowing Iran to defeat Iraq, or (b) intervening and providing assistance to Iraq. In June, 1982, President Reagan decided that the United States could not afford to allow Iraq to lose the war to Iran. President Reagan decided that the United States would do whatever was necessary and legal to prevent Iraq from losing the war with Iran.” After June 16, 1982: Arrest of ‘Rogue’ Agent Leads US to Divert Blame for Terrorist Acts from Iran to Libya According to investigative journalists Joe and Susan Trento, the arrest of former CIA agent Edwin Wilson, who was involved in business dealings with Libya, has serious consequences for US terrorism policy: “Throughout the 1980s the United States used its intelligence services to divert blame from Iran and Hezbollah onto Libya as part of its entanglement in Iran-Contra with the so-called moderate Iranians with whom the Reagan administration dealt. Ever since international arms dealer Edwin Wilson had been captured and imprisoned in the early 1980s, American intelligence and the White House had labeled Libya a rogue nation, and Libyan dictator Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi a terrorist leader. The intelligence operation went so far that the United States actually recruited a gang of Lebanese criminals to pretend to be a cell of Libyan-backed terrorists conducting violent acts around the world.… These activities, all choreographed by the CIA, were fed to allies such as West Germany as authentic intelligence that implicated Libya for terrorists acts that were either fake or were, in reality, authorized by Iran and carried out by Hezbollah and other surrogate groups.” Benefit to Iran - This policy apparently benefits Iran: “The Reagan administration had given the Iranians plenty of cards to play. The biggest card was the help it had provided making Libya seem like the ultimate source of all terrorist acts.… When the Reagan administration turned Libya into a vicious terrorist nation operating throughout Europe, that gave Iran the perfect opening for retribution.” No action against Hezbollah - In addition, it prevents the US from taking action against Hezbollah, even though Hezbollah is killing Americans: “Because of the Iran-Contra scandal—the selling of weapons to Iran to fund the war in Central America—the Reagan administration ended up protecting Iran’s number one terrorist proxy, Hezbollah, while at the same time Hezbollah’s terrorists were killing and kidnapping hundreds of Americans. While secretly working with the Iranian government, the Reagan administration manipulated intelligence to blame Libya for terrorist attacks for which Hezbollah was responsible. During the 1980s Hezbollah killed and terrorized hundreds of Americans in Beirut, bombing the US Marine barracks, blowing up the CIA station, and killing State Department employees in a bomb attack on the US embassy. Hezbollah did all this with the help of local militia leaders whom the United States relied on as its secret conduits to Iran for its sale of weapons.” October 1983: US Begins Secretly Supplying Arms to Iraq through Third Parties William Eagleton, the chief of the US-interests section in Baghdad, writes a memo that asserts the US can secretly supply arms to Iraq for use against Iran through third-party nations. “We can selectively lift restrictions on third party transfers of US-licensed military equipment to Iraq,” he writes. Although Eagleton is not the architect of this policy—that is primarily Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of State George Shultz, and Shultz’s assistant, Richard Murphy, who fear that Iran will lead a rise of Islamic fundamentalism throughout the region—Eagleton’s memo heralds the onset of US arms transfers to Iraq through several regional countries, including Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Egypt. The arms transfers are almost certainly illegal, a direct violation of the Arms Export Control Act, which directs the president to inform Congress if any such third-party arms transfers are enacted. Reagan officials decide not to inform Congress because they know Congress will never approve the arms transfers, particularly in light of the US’s stated policy of neutrality towards the Iran-Iraq War. Congress also knows nothing of the Reagan administration’s secret supplying of arms to Iran (see 1981 ). November 21, 1983: US Balks at Curbing Iraqi Chemical Weapons Production US State Department official Jonathan T. Howe sends Secretary of Defense Lawrence Eagleburger a memo reporting that US intelligence has determined that “Iraq has acquired a CW [chemical weapons] production capability, primarily from Western firms, including possibly a US foreign subsidiary” and that Iraq has used chemical weapons against Iranian forces and Kurdish insurgents. Referring to the US policy “of seeking a halt to CW use wherever it occurs,” Howe says the US is “considering” approaching Iraq directly, but in a way that avoids playing “into Iran’s hands by fueling its propaganda against Iraq.” Significantly, the memo acknowledges that the US has so far limited its “efforts against the Iraqi CW program to close monitoring because of our strict neutrality in the Gulf war, the sensitivity of sources, and the low probability of achieving desired results.” November 26, 1983: Reagan Directs US to Increase Military Cooperation with Iraq to Protect Oil Interests US President Ronald Reagan issues National Security Directive 114 on the United States’ policy toward the Iran-Iraq war. The document—which makes no mention of Iraq’s use of chemical weapons—calls for increased regional military cooperation to protect oil facilities and for improving US military capabilities in the region. The directive states, “Because of the real and psychological impact of a curtailment in the flow of oil from the Persian Gulf on the international economic system, we must assure our readiness to deal promptly with actions aimed at disrupting that traffic.” [ US Department of State, 12/21/1983 ] Rumsfeld also delivers a letter to Hussein from Reagan administration officials declaring that for Iraq to be defeated by Iran (see September 1980 ) would be “contrary to United States interests.” Rumsfeld’s visit represents one side of the somewhat double-edged US foreign policy in the region: the US has allowed Israel to sell US-made arms to Iran for use against Iraq (see 1981 ). By this time, the US has already started clandestinely providing arms to Iraq as well (see October 1983 ). [ New Yorker, 11/2/1992 ] After his meeting with the Iraqi president, Rumsfeld meets with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz. They agree that “the US and Iraq… [share] many common interests.” Rumsfeld briefly mentions US concerns about Iraq’s chemical weapons, explaining that US “efforts to assist [Iraq]… [are] inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us….” [ US Department of State, 12/21/1983 ] On September 19, 2002, almost two decades later, Rumsfeld will be questioned in Congress about this visit (see September 19, 2002 ). 1984-1989: Israeli Intelligence Officer Supplies Arms to Iran; Some Profits Allegedly Used to Fund False Flag Attacks By his own account, Israeli intelligence officer Ari Ben-Menashe runs a covert Israeli arms network, primarily supplying weapons to the Islamic fundamentalist regime in Iran for use in the Iran-Iraq War. Huge profits are made. “At various times the fund reached peaks of more than $1 billion,” he later explains in his book, Profits of War. “At its height it stood at $1.8 billion.… Between 1984 and 1989 no less than $160 million was funneled to [Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak] Shamir’s [Likud] faction.” He also says that the money helped finance the intelligence community’s “black” operations including “Israeli-controlled ‘Palestinian terrorists’ who would commit crimes in the name of the Palestinian revolution but were actually pulling them off, usually unwittingly, as part of the Israeli propaganda machine.” The Israeli government will later deny that Menashe had any association with their intelligence services. But faced with evidence, the government will change its story, alleging that he was only a low-level translator who had taken to freelancing arms deals. However, Ben-Menashe is able to produce strong evidence to support his version of events and his 1991 trial in New York will culminate in his acquittal on the grounds that the jury disbelieves the Israeli government’s denials. January 14, 1984: Murphy Memo Details Further Arming of Iraq, Deception of Congress Richard Murphy. [Source: Richard W Murphy.org]Assistant Secretary of State Richard Murphy writes a potentially explosive classified memo about arming Iraq. Murphy, along with his boss George Shultz and Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, are strong proponents of supporting Iraq in its war with Iran (National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane and two of his staffers, Howard Teicher and Oliver North, support arming Iran; the argument is causing deep divides within the administration). Murphy’s memo is so sensitive that its recipients are ordered to destroy it and to keep records of its destruction. Murphy suggests that the US can arm Iraq with “dual use” items—nominally civilian items that also have military use, such as heavy trucks, armored ambulances, and communications gear. Murphy also advocates helping Iraq build a new oil pipeline that will pump oil to the Jordanian port of Aqaba, on the Israeli border, which will allow Iraq to circumvent the Iranian blockade of Iraq’s Persian Gulf ports. Murphy also mentions the State Department’s desire to fund a number of projects in Iraq through the US Export-Import bank (EXIM), chaired by Reagan appointee William Draper. Murphy writes, in part: “Liberalizing export controls on Iraq: we are considering revising present policy to permit virtually all sales of non-munitions list dual use equipment to Iraq…. Egyptian tank sales: in the context of recommending ways to improve our relations with Iraq, Egypt has suggested that we provide it additional M-60 tanks beyond those we are now providing under FMS [Foreign Military Sales]. Egypt would use the additional M-60s to replace used Soviet T-63s, which it would sell to Iraq…. EXIM financing: [Under-Secretary of State Lawrence] Eagleburger has written EXIM director Draper to urge EXIM financing of US exports to and projects in Iraq…. Such major EXIM financing could boost Iraq’s credit rating, leading to increased commercial financing for Iraq. However, EXIM does not favor involvement in Iraq.” Murphy warns that Congress might begin sniffing around the State Department’s secret policy of arming Iraq. He advocates fobbing off Congress with background briefings that emphasize “our efforts to deter escalation and bring about a cessation of hostilities.” March 3, 1984: CIA Station Chief in Beirut Kidnapped; Will Die in Captivity Lt. Col. William Buckley. [Source: Arlington Cemetery (.net)]William Buckley, the CIA station chief in Beirut, is kidnapped by militants who claim to be part of a mysterious organization they call Islamic Jihad. Buckley will die in June 1985, after 15 months of captivity, neglect, and torture. The CIA will not acknowledge his death until 1987. His body will not be returned to the US until December 1991. Buckley’s captivity, and that of at least five other American hostages, will be cited as one of the precipitating factors in the Iran-Contra arms deals. [ New York Times, 11/19/1987 ] It remains unclear exactly who Buckley’s captors are. This “Islamic Jihad” organization is not the same group as is later led by Sunni militant Ayman al-Zawahiri, nor is it the Palestinian organization of the same name. In the 2001 book Sacred Rage, author Robin B. Wright notes that a group spokesman claims, “We are neither Iranians, Syrians nor Palestinians, but Muslims who follow the precepts of the Koran.” Wright calls the organization “a mysterious group about which nothing was known” except for its “pro-Iranian” ideology, probably “more of an information network for a variety of cells or movements rather than a cohesive or structured independent group of extremists.” March 15, 1984: US Downplays Previous Criticism of Iraqi Chemical Warfare George Shultz. [Source: Massachusetts Institute of Technology]US Secretary of Defense Lawrence Eagleburger meets with Iraqi diplomat Ismet Kattani to minimize the damage that the State Department’s March 5 condemnation (see March 5, 1984 ) of Iraqi chemical warfare has caused to US-Iraqi relations. Secretary of State George Shultz is also present and later sends a cable to embassies in the Middle East with a summary of the meeting. “Eagleburger began the discussion by taking Kittani aside to emphasize the central message he wanted him to take back: our policy of firm opposition to the prohibited use of CW [chemical weapons] wherever it occurs necessitated our March 5 statement condemning Iraq’s use of CW,” the note explains. “The statement was not intended to provide fuel for Khomeini’s propaganda war, nor to imply a shift in US policy toward Iran and Iraq. The US will continue its efforts to help prevent an Iranian victory, and earnestly wishes to continue the progress in its relations with Iraq. The Secretary [Shultz] then entered and reiterated these points.” March 24, 1984: Shultz Wants Rumsfeld to Mend Fences with Iraq Over Chemical Weapons Accusations, Oil Access The US State Department briefs Donald Rumsfeld, who is preparing to make another visit to Baghdad (see March 26, 1984 ). In a memo to Rumsfeld, Secretary of State George Shultz laments that relations with Iraq have soured because of the State Department’s March 5 condemnation (see March 5, 1984 ) of Iraq’s use of chemical weapons and expresses considerable concern over the future of the Aqaba pipeline project [to be built by Bechtel (see December 2, 1983 )] which the US is pushing. Shultz writes: “Two event have worsened the atmosphere in Baghdad since your last stop there in December: (1) Iraq has only partly repulsed the initial thrust of a massive Iranian invasion, losing the strategically significant Majnun Island oil fields and accepting heavy casualties; (2) Bilateral relations were sharply set back by our March 5 condemnation of Iraq for CW [chemical weapons] use, despite our repeated warnings that this issue would emerge [as a public issue] sooner or later. Given its wartime preoccupations and its distress at our CW statement, the Iraqi leadership probably will have little interest in discussing Lebanon, the Arab-Israeli conflict, or other matters except as they may impinge on Iraq’s increasingly desperate struggle for survival. If Saddam or Tariq Aziz receives you against consider, and to reject, a pending application from Westinghouse to participate in a $160 million portion of a $1 billion Hyundai thermal power plant project in Iraq, this decision will only confirm Iraqi perceptions that ExIm [Export-Import Bank] financing for the Aqaba pipeline is out of the question. Eagleburger tried to put this perception to a rest, however, emphasizing to Kittani the administration’s firm support for the line (see March 15, 1984 ). The door is not yet closed to ExIm or other USG [US government] financial assistance to this project….” At the very end of the cable, it is noted that “Iraq officials have professed to be at a loss to explain our actions as measured against our stated objectives. As with our CW statement, their temptation is to give up rational analysis and retreat to the line that US policies are basically anti-Arab and hostage to the desires of Israel.” March 29, 1984: Iraq, US Work to Water Down UN Condemnation of Iraq’s Use of Chemical Weapons During a meeting in Jordan, Iraqi diplomat Kizam Hamdoon and US diplomat James Placke discuss a proposed draft resolution that Iran presented to the UN Security Council (see Mid-March 1984 ) calling on the international body to condemn Iraq’s use of chemical weapons. Hamdoon tells Placke that Iraq would prefer a Security Council presidential statement in lieu of a resolution, adding that the statement should (1) “mention former resolutions of the war”; (2) include a “strong call for progress toward ending the war through ceasefire or negotiations”; and (3) not identify any specific country as responsible for chemical weapons use. Placke says that he will honor the request but asks that Iraq halt its purchasing of chemical weapons from US suppliers so as not to “embarrass” the US. Placke also warns that the US would be implementing licensing requirements on five chemical compounds for both Iraq and Iran. Placke says that the US does not want to be the “source of supply for anything that could contribute to the production of CW,” but adds reassuringly that the US does “not want this issue to dominate our bilateral relationship.” March 30, 1984: State Dept Denies US Involvement in Iraqi Chemical Weapons Use During a State Department press conference, reporters raise the issue of US relations with Iraq and the latter’s use of chemical weapons. A reporter asks, “Has there been any export of these chemicals [referring to agents used for the production of chemical weapons] from the US to Iran or Iraq at all in the past, in the recent past?” The spokesperson responds, “No, we do not have reason to believe that exports from the United States have been used by either Iran or Iraq in this connection.” Later in the press briefing, a reporter asks, “In light of your finding that Iraq has used nerve gas and/or other forms of chemical warfare, does this have any effect on US recent initiatives to expand commercial relationships with Iraq across a broad range, and also a willingness to open diplomatic relations?” The spokesperson answers, “No. I’m not aware of any change in our position. We’re interested in being involved in a closer dialogue with Iraq.” March 30, 1984: UN Condemns Use of Chemical Weapons, Does Not Mention Iraq The United Nations Security Council issues a presidential statement condemning the use of chemical weapons without a specific reference to Iraq, despite Iran’s insistence that the Security Council pass a binding resolution condemning Iraq’s use of chemical weapons against Iran. Interestingly, the previous day (see March 29, 1984 ), Iraqi diplomat Kizam Hamdoon and US diplomat James Placke had met and Hamdoon had stated Iraq’s preference that no resolution be passed and that any statement avoid referring directly to Iraq. As a State Department memo by James Placke notes, “The statement, by the way contains all three elements Hamdoon wanted.” April 5, 1984: Reagan Issues Directive Supporting Iraq US President Ronald Reagan issues presidential directive NSDD 139, titled, “Measures to improve US posture and readiness to respond to developments in the Iran-Iraq War.” The directive stresses the importance of ensuring US access to military facilities in the Gulf region and preventing “an Iraqi collapse.” Though the directive says that the US should maintain its policy of “unambiguous” condemnation of chemical warfare—without mentioning Iraq—the document also emphasizes that the US should “place equal stress on the urgent need to dissuade Iran from continuing the ruthless and inhumane tactics which have characterized recent offensives.” The directive does not suggest ending or reducing US support for Iraq. Mid-June, 1984: Bush Pressures Export-Import Bank to Fund Iraqi Oil Pipeline On June 12, Charles Hill, the executive secretary to Secretary of State George Shultz, sends a confidential memo to Vice President George Bush. The memo suggests that Bush telephone William Draper, the chairman of the US Export-Import Bank, and press for the bank to agree to finance the construction of an oil pipeline from Iraq into Aqaba, Jordan (see January 14, 1984 ). The bank had previously refused to extend any credit to Iraq for the pipeline, holding that the war-ravaged nation could not meet the bank’s legal requirement of providing a “reasonable assurance of repayment.” Bush went to Yale with Draper; that and his position in the White House makes him an ideal person to influence Draper. Bush is to use the “talking point” prepared for him, that the loan affects the US’s vital interests, and the US’s primary goal in the Iran-Iraq War is “to bring the war to a negotiated end in which neither belligerent is dominant.” The pipeline is key to accomplishing a negotiated peace, Bush is told to argue: “At present time, Iran is the intransigent party, unwilling to negotiate in part because it believes it can win in a war of attrition. We must therefore seek a means to bolster Iraq’s ability and resolve to withstand Iranian attacks as well as to convince Iran that continuing hostilities are useless.” Bush makes the call, and Draper immediately reverses his position on financing the pipeline. Because of an inability to obtain insurance, the pipeline will never be built, but Bush’s pressuring of Draper may be his first active role in the covert US policy of supporting Iraq. November 26, 1984: US Restores Diplomatic Relations with Iraq The Reagan administration formally restores diplomatic relations with Iraq. The US had broken off relations with Iraq in 1967. Administration officials, who are already involved in secretly supplying military aid to Iraq for use against Iran (see October 1983 ), ignore allegations that Iraq is using lethal chemical weapons against Iranian troops, including mustard gas and fungal poisons. Administration officials will later claim that no one had any idea that those allegations were true, but according to a government official, the administration has indeed known of the Iraqis’ use of chemical weapons for over a year by this time. Officials have privately chided Iraq for its use of such weapons, but Reagan officials continue to press forward with the administration’s agenda of increased economic and military cooperation even though the Iraqis ignore the US’s protests against the use of chemical weapons. April 9, 1985: NSC Staffer Warns Boss that Neoconservative Consultant a Risk for Passing Information to Israel NSC Middle East analyst Donald Fortier writes to his boss, National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane, of his concerns that NSC consultant Michael Ledeen (see Late 1984 ) might be a risk for passing classified information to Israel (see 1983 ). According to Fortier, NSC staffers agree that Ledeen’s role in the secret hostage negotiations with Iran should be limited to ferrying messages to Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres regarding Israel’s role in the negotiations, and Ledeen should specifically not be entrusted to ask Peres for detailed operational information. May 1985: ’Fuller Memo’ Codifies US Policy Towards Arming Iran Graham Fuller. [Source: Ohio University]The US tilts ever more sharply towards Iraq in the Iran-Iraq war, even though the Reagan administration continues to maintain a posture of overt neutrality in the conflict. The administration has provided covert military aid for both sides in the struggle (see 1981 and October 1983 ), and has been divided over which regime to support (see January 14, 1984 ). It is already involved in “Operation Staunch,” a program designed by Secretary of State George Shultz to stem the flow of weapons to Iran. Now, some officials are arguing that it is time to reverse that course. Graham Fuller, the CIA’s national intelligence officer for the Middle East, writes two controversial secret memos advocating that the administration begin providing support for Iran against Iraq. Fuller is presenting a position long held by national security director Robert McFarlane and two of McFarlane’s aides, Oliver North and Howard Teicher. This pro-Iran group has recently been joined by CIA director William Casey. Both McFarlane and Casey are supportive of Fuller’s memo. Fuller writes in a May 17 memo, “Our tilt to Iraq was timely when Iraq was against the ropes and the Islamic revolution was on a roll. The time may now have to come to tilt back.” Fuller argues that the US should once again authorize Israel to ship US arms to Iran. Ironically, this is the mirror image of Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger’s argument in favor of supporting Iraq: the US must counter one covert policy with another (see Early 1982 ). The pro-Iranian coalition within the administration gives scant consideration to the hostage-taking of seven Americans by Hezbollah, a Lebanese Shi’ite militant group with strong ties to Iran’s theocratic regime. On May 20, Fuller circulates a second memo, called a “Special National Intelligence Estimate” (SNIE), that is only read by a handful of senior White House officials (Ronald Reagan is one of the recipients; George Bush is not). Fuller’s memo is written almost entirely for Reagan’s benefit, and in its arguments, becomes a basis for renewed arms sales to Iran and the resulting Iran-Contra scandal. Fuller evokes one of Reagan’s favorite themes, the trouncing of the Soviet Union in the global arena: “We know that the USSR views Iran as ‘the prize’ in the Gulf. Moscow will improve relations when and where it can… until it gains major influence in that state. The disturbing possibility is that the USSR is far more likely than the US to be first in finding opportunities to improve its ties to Iran.” Interestingly, in 1991, during Robert Gates’s Senate hearings on becoming the director of the CIA, it is learned that Fuller’s memo contradicts the views of career Soviet analysts at the agency, who believe that the Soviet Union has no real hope of making inroads into the Iranian regime. The USSR is the chief arms supplier for Iraq, Iran’s bitter enemy and current opponent in a long and bloody war. Iran is arming the Afghan mujaheddin, the Islamist resistance fighters viewed as a threat by Saddam Hussein. Several CIA analysts will later testify that they believe Fuller deliberately slanted his memo for political reasons. In 1992, Fuller himself will admit that he was wrong, but will deny any politicization. Regardless, Fuller’s memo becomes a critical document shaping the Reagan policy to arm Iran. It is not clear whether Vice President Bush ever saw the memo, but whether he did or not, beginning in 1985 he takes part in numerous White House meetings where the arming of Iran is discussed. If he has objections to the policy, he never voices them. June 6, 1985: Secretary of State: Plan to Involve Israel in Hostage Negotiations Unreliable Secretary of State George Shultz writes to National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane that “Israel’s record of dealings with Iran since the fall of the Shah and during the hostage crisis [shows] that Israel’s agenda is not the same as ours.” Referring to the plan concocted by NSC staffer Oliver North and North’s consultant, neoconservative and likely Israeli spy Michael Ledeen (see 1983 ), to seek Israeli help in freeing the American hostages in Lebanon (see Late 1984 and April 9, 1985 ), Shultz writes, “Consequently doubt whether an intelligence relationship such as what Ledeen has in mind would be one which we could fully rely upon and it could seriously skew our own perception and analysis of the Iranian scene.” June 14-30, 1985: TWA Flight 847 Hijacked; US Naval Diver Murdered Time magazine cover from June 24, 1985 featuring report on the hijacking of Flight 847. [Source: Time]Islamic militants with the Shi’ite Amal group, an affiliate of Hezbollah, hijack TWA Flight 847 from Athens to Rome. 135 of the 153 passengers are Americans. Demanding Release of Militant Prisoners - The hijackers demand the immediate release of 17 members of a Shi’ite militant group, Al Dawa, who were arrested in Kuwait for the December 1983 bombing of the American embassy in Kuwait City. (This group, the “Kuwait 17,” features prominently in other hijackers’ demands as well. They will accidentally be released during Iraq’s 1990 invasion of Kuwait.) The hijackers also demand the release of some 700 fellow Shi’ite Muslim prisoners held in Israeli prisons and in prisons in southern Lebanon run by the Israeli-backed South Lebanon Army. Navy Diver Murdered - The TWA pilot is forced to fly to Beirut, Lebanon, where, after their demands are not met, the hijackers shoot and trample Navy diver Robert Dean Stethem to death and dump his body on the tarmac. The plane is flown to Algiers and then back to Beirut again. Most of the passengers are released, but 39 are held captive in Lebanon. President Reagan holds a press conference largely focusing on the hostage crisis, and says that the US will never give in to terrorist demands. Hostages Freed - After intervention by Syrian President Hafiz al-Assad, the remaining 39 hostages are freed on June 30 in Damascus; the hijackers are allowed to escape. Some of the hostages later compliment their captors for treating them well during their captivity. Nothing is ever confirmed, but speculation is widespread that some sort of quiet deal between Israel and the hijackers has been struck, as Israel begins releasing Shi’ite prisoners immediately after the hostages’ release. The US will deny that any such deal was ever made. In 1985, four of the hijackers will be indicted for their participation in the TWA takeover, but only one will ever be convicted. July 3, 1985: Israel Offers to Facilitate Hostage Release; Arms-for-Hostage Deal In Place David Kimche. [Source: Mark Leighton / Bettmann / Corbis]David Kimche, the director general of Israel’s Foreign Ministry, meets secretly with National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane to advise him that Israel may be able to use its influence with Iran (see 1981 ) to engineer the release of American hostages currently held by Hezbollah. Kimche’s outreach is the final piece in the complex arms-for-hostage deal between the US, Israel, and Iran. [ New Yorker, 11/2/1992 ] Israel is a logical conduit for arms to Iran, as it has been selling arms to Iran periodically since 1979, originally as part of its efforts to get Iran to allow Iranian Jews to emigrate to Israel. Like the US, Israel hopes to gain influence with Iranian moderates who will presumably take power after the aged, ailing Islamist radical Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini dies. (Earlier attempts to sell US-made arms to Iran had been blocked by the Carter administration.) According to Israeli sources, this Israeli offer began with a group of Israeli businessmen informing Prime Minister Shimon Peres in early July that they had been in contact with Iranian officials, and thought they could facilitate an arrangement to swap US arms for American hostages. The Israelis say that the US point man for the deal is John Poindexter, the deputy national security adviser, and Poindexter tapped National Security Council aide Oliver North to be the US liaison to Israel. Peres quickly authorized the Israeli businessmen to resume their contacts with the Iranians, and the businessmen contacted Saudi arms merchant Adnan Khashoggi. Khashoggi obtained a long list of desired military equipment from the Iranians, including Hawk antiaircraft missiles and radar-guidance equipment for them, antitank missiles, and spare parts for jet fighters.	i don't know
For a point each, name the 7 countries surrounding the Republic of Hungary.	Hungary Tours - Luxury Travel, Private Guided Travel Trustpilot Hungary Tours Hungary is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. The foundation of Hungary was laid in the late Ninth Century by the Magyar chieftain Árpád, whose great grandson István ascended to the throne with a crown sent from Rome in 1000. The Kingdom of ... Hungary existed with minor interruptions for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world. It was succeeded by a Communist era (1947–1989). In 1989 it opened its border to Austria, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The present government is parliamentary republic. Hungary was one of the 15 most popular tourist destinations in the world in the past decade. Its capitol, Budapest, is regarded as one of the most beautiful in the world. The country is home to the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe (Lake Balaton), and the largest natural grassland in Europe (Hortobágy). Show More Prague ) The aroma of dark roasted Viennese coffee hangs thick in the air as you tread cobblestone laneways and bask in the elegant architecture and old world cafes in the most magnificent cities in Eastern Europe. Prague ) Experience all the glamour of the old world as you soak in the views from your horse-drawn carriage ride through the medieval old town. Discover the wonders of Budapest, Bratislava, Vienna & Prague with a private guide & driver. Bucharest ) Be on the forefront of emerging travel trends with a visit to Romania and Hungary. Discover spellbinding castles, medieval palaces, fascinating museums, captivating cities & mysterious villages in Eastern Europe's most captivating region. Prague ) Enjoy a cruise through Europe's marvelous Danube River, aboard a premium river cruiseliner. Shared daily excursions are included, as you explore interesting cultural hotspots throughout Hungary, Slovakia, Austria and Germany. Prague ) With a private guide, set out to discover Bucharest, Budapest, and Prague, the dazzling capitals of Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Budapest ) Cruise along the majestic Danube River, exploring traditional European Christmas markets and historic port cities along the way. Prague ) Explore three of Europe’s most enigmatic and storied cities with private guides and five star accommodation. Delve into the diverse culture of Hungary, Austria & Czech Republic by exploring elegant art, architecture and cuisine. Quick Facts Passport Requirements for Hungary Tours American and Canadian citizens must have a passport that is valid for at least 90 days beyond the intended return date in order to enter and depart the country. Tourists must also provide proof of return or onward travel. Each traveler is responsible for ensuring that his/her passport is up to date. Citizens of other nationalities should check with respective authorities before departure. Please ensure that the name on your passport matches all travel documents we have issued. If this is not the case, please contact us immediately. Please make a photocopy of your passport’s identification page and keep it separate from your original. It’s also a good idea to leave a digital copy with someone at home. This may speed up the replacement process should you lose your passport. Visa Requirements for Hungary Tours U.S. and Canadian citizens may enter for up to 90 days for tourist or business purposes without a visa. Citizens from other countries may require a valid visa. These requirements change often and therefore it is best that you check with the Embassy of Hungary for the most up-to-date visa information. Insurance Recommendations for Hungary Tours Cancelation and Medical Insurance is highly recommended as it can safeguard against the expenses associated with in-country medical emergencies, lost or delayed baggage and emergency cancelation or interruption of your trip. Please ensure your policy will provide you with upfront medical coverage so that you are not responsible for a hefty medical bill. Insurance can be purchased through us. Vaccination Requirements for Hungary Tours We always recommend that you see a doctor or health-care provider who specializes in Travel Medicine. They will best determine your vaccination and medication needs based on your health and immunization history, areas of the country you will be visiting, planned activities and up-to-the-minute requirement changes. For all vaccinations and health requirements, we also recommend that you consult the World Health Organization (WHO): http://www.who.int or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://wwwnc.cdc.gov . Medication Requirements for Hungary Tours If there are any medical items that are essential to your health, such as prescription drugs or corrective eye wear, bring duplicates and divide them between your checked bags and hand luggage. While non-prescription drugs such as aspirin are generally available, it is difficult to replace prescription items. Recommended Items: Basic medicine kit (painkillers, band-aids, antiseptic cream, etc.) Digestive aids such as Imodium, Pepto-Bismol; re-hydration salts and anti-diarrhea preparations. Hydrocortisone tablets or cream for allergic skin reactions and bites Anti-nausea tablets if you suffer from motion sickness Sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher), after-sun lotion, lip balm, wide brimmed hat, sunglasses, Insect repellent Weather, Seasons and Climate in Hungary Hungary experiences the same weather as typical inland European countries. Summers are warm and dry, while winters can be quite cold. Temperatures usually stay around zero in the winter, but have been known to drop well below freezing with cold winds. Heavy snowfall is also common in the winter. Summer usually sees temperatures from 20-25 degrees Celsius but can soar above 30 depending on the day. Summer evenings tend to cool down, and thunderstorms are not uncommon. For up-to-date forecasts, check weather.com. Electricity, Phone and Internet in Hungary Electricity in Hungary is supplied at 220 volts. Sockets are designed to accept two round prongs. Some sockets will take the plugs with large prongs only; others will take the ones with small prongs. A multi-adaptor with different plug configurations can be very useful. We advise not to bring a hair dryer as it could blow a fuse. Phone: Roaming charges vary between carriers, but tend to be quite costly. Consult your phone provider prior to departure to discuss overseas rates and international package options. It is also possible to purchase a SIM card locally to avoid international charges when calling numbers within Hungary. (You should check to see that your cell phone is SIM card compatible). Internet: Internet cafés and wireless access is available in most urban areas, airports and hotels. Currency in Hungary The currency in Hungary is the Hungarian Forint. Generally speaking, we advise bringing around 15,000Ft per day, per person, for spending money. Be sure to bring lots of small bills for porters, wait staff and housekeeping (not obligatory and based on your satisfaction). Hungarian paper money comes in different colors and denominations (200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, and 20,000Ft notes). There are also coins:5, 10, 20, 50, and 100Ft. We recommend that you bring approximately 15,000Ft of spare cash in small denominations to have ready for tips and expenses when you first arrive. We recommend that you get local currency from your bank before you leave home or from a bank machine in-country which is much cheaper than an exchange service at the airport or in tourist areas. Your bank card may work, but Visa or MasterCard are more widely accepted. You will need a 4-digit PIN to be able to use your cards in Europe. Quick Facts for a Hungary Tour Capital: Budapest	austria slovakia ukraine romania serbia croatia and slovenia
A blocking maneuver, what is the fencing move that attempts to deflect or block an incoming attack?	Hungary Tours - Luxury Travel, Private Guided Travel Trustpilot Hungary Tours Hungary is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. The foundation of Hungary was laid in the late Ninth Century by the Magyar chieftain Árpád, whose great grandson István ascended to the throne with a crown sent from Rome in 1000. The Kingdom of ... Hungary existed with minor interruptions for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world. It was succeeded by a Communist era (1947–1989). In 1989 it opened its border to Austria, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The present government is parliamentary republic. Hungary was one of the 15 most popular tourist destinations in the world in the past decade. Its capitol, Budapest, is regarded as one of the most beautiful in the world. The country is home to the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe (Lake Balaton), and the largest natural grassland in Europe (Hortobágy). Show More Prague ) The aroma of dark roasted Viennese coffee hangs thick in the air as you tread cobblestone laneways and bask in the elegant architecture and old world cafes in the most magnificent cities in Eastern Europe. Prague ) Experience all the glamour of the old world as you soak in the views from your horse-drawn carriage ride through the medieval old town. Discover the wonders of Budapest, Bratislava, Vienna & Prague with a private guide & driver. Bucharest ) Be on the forefront of emerging travel trends with a visit to Romania and Hungary. Discover spellbinding castles, medieval palaces, fascinating museums, captivating cities & mysterious villages in Eastern Europe's most captivating region. Prague ) Enjoy a cruise through Europe's marvelous Danube River, aboard a premium river cruiseliner. Shared daily excursions are included, as you explore interesting cultural hotspots throughout Hungary, Slovakia, Austria and Germany. Prague ) With a private guide, set out to discover Bucharest, Budapest, and Prague, the dazzling capitals of Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Budapest ) Cruise along the majestic Danube River, exploring traditional European Christmas markets and historic port cities along the way. Prague ) Explore three of Europe’s most enigmatic and storied cities with private guides and five star accommodation. Delve into the diverse culture of Hungary, Austria & Czech Republic by exploring elegant art, architecture and cuisine. Quick Facts Passport Requirements for Hungary Tours American and Canadian citizens must have a passport that is valid for at least 90 days beyond the intended return date in order to enter and depart the country. Tourists must also provide proof of return or onward travel. Each traveler is responsible for ensuring that his/her passport is up to date. Citizens of other nationalities should check with respective authorities before departure. Please ensure that the name on your passport matches all travel documents we have issued. If this is not the case, please contact us immediately. Please make a photocopy of your passport’s identification page and keep it separate from your original. It’s also a good idea to leave a digital copy with someone at home. This may speed up the replacement process should you lose your passport. Visa Requirements for Hungary Tours U.S. and Canadian citizens may enter for up to 90 days for tourist or business purposes without a visa. Citizens from other countries may require a valid visa. These requirements change often and therefore it is best that you check with the Embassy of Hungary for the most up-to-date visa information. Insurance Recommendations for Hungary Tours Cancelation and Medical Insurance is highly recommended as it can safeguard against the expenses associated with in-country medical emergencies, lost or delayed baggage and emergency cancelation or interruption of your trip. Please ensure your policy will provide you with upfront medical coverage so that you are not responsible for a hefty medical bill. Insurance can be purchased through us. Vaccination Requirements for Hungary Tours We always recommend that you see a doctor or health-care provider who specializes in Travel Medicine. They will best determine your vaccination and medication needs based on your health and immunization history, areas of the country you will be visiting, planned activities and up-to-the-minute requirement changes. For all vaccinations and health requirements, we also recommend that you consult the World Health Organization (WHO): http://www.who.int or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://wwwnc.cdc.gov . Medication Requirements for Hungary Tours If there are any medical items that are essential to your health, such as prescription drugs or corrective eye wear, bring duplicates and divide them between your checked bags and hand luggage. While non-prescription drugs such as aspirin are generally available, it is difficult to replace prescription items. Recommended Items: Basic medicine kit (painkillers, band-aids, antiseptic cream, etc.) Digestive aids such as Imodium, Pepto-Bismol; re-hydration salts and anti-diarrhea preparations. Hydrocortisone tablets or cream for allergic skin reactions and bites Anti-nausea tablets if you suffer from motion sickness Sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher), after-sun lotion, lip balm, wide brimmed hat, sunglasses, Insect repellent Weather, Seasons and Climate in Hungary Hungary experiences the same weather as typical inland European countries. Summers are warm and dry, while winters can be quite cold. Temperatures usually stay around zero in the winter, but have been known to drop well below freezing with cold winds. Heavy snowfall is also common in the winter. Summer usually sees temperatures from 20-25 degrees Celsius but can soar above 30 depending on the day. Summer evenings tend to cool down, and thunderstorms are not uncommon. For up-to-date forecasts, check weather.com. Electricity, Phone and Internet in Hungary Electricity in Hungary is supplied at 220 volts. Sockets are designed to accept two round prongs. Some sockets will take the plugs with large prongs only; others will take the ones with small prongs. A multi-adaptor with different plug configurations can be very useful. We advise not to bring a hair dryer as it could blow a fuse. Phone: Roaming charges vary between carriers, but tend to be quite costly. Consult your phone provider prior to departure to discuss overseas rates and international package options. It is also possible to purchase a SIM card locally to avoid international charges when calling numbers within Hungary. (You should check to see that your cell phone is SIM card compatible). Internet: Internet cafés and wireless access is available in most urban areas, airports and hotels. Currency in Hungary The currency in Hungary is the Hungarian Forint. Generally speaking, we advise bringing around 15,000Ft per day, per person, for spending money. Be sure to bring lots of small bills for porters, wait staff and housekeeping (not obligatory and based on your satisfaction). Hungarian paper money comes in different colors and denominations (200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, and 20,000Ft notes). There are also coins:5, 10, 20, 50, and 100Ft. We recommend that you bring approximately 15,000Ft of spare cash in small denominations to have ready for tips and expenses when you first arrive. We recommend that you get local currency from your bank before you leave home or from a bank machine in-country which is much cheaper than an exchange service at the airport or in tourist areas. Your bank card may work, but Visa or MasterCard are more widely accepted. You will need a 4-digit PIN to be able to use your cards in Europe. Quick Facts for a Hungary Tour Capital: Budapest	i don't know
November 4, 1861, saw the opening of the Territorial University, now ranked #16 in the world's top universities, according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities, which is now better known as what?	University of Washington Seattle \| Academic Network \| Plexuss.com About University of Washington-Seattle Campus The University of Washington (UW), commonly referred to as Washington or informally UDub, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, UW is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast and features one of the most highly regarded medical schools in the world. UW has been labeled one of the "Public Ivies," a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. The university has three campuses: the primary and largest in the University District of Seattle and two others in Tacoma and Bothell. Its operating expenses and research budget for fiscal year 2014-15 is expected to be $6.4 billion. The UW occupies over 500 buildings, with over 20 million gross square footage of space, including the University of Washington Plaza, consisting of the 325-foot (99 m) UW Tower and conference center. Washington is an elected member of the Association of American Universities, and its research budget is among the highest in the United States. In athletics, the university competes in the NCAA Division I Pacific-12 Conference (Pac-12). History The city of Seattle was one of several settlements in the mid to late 19th century vying for primacy in the newly formed Washington Territory. In 1854, territorial governor Isaac Stevens recommended the establishment of a university in Washington. Several prominent Seattle-area residents, chief among them Methodist preacher Daniel Bagley, saw the siting of this University as a chance to add to the city's prestige. They were able to convince early founder of Seattle and member of the territorial legislature Arthur A. Denny of the importance of Seattle winning the school. The legislature initially chartered two universities, one in Seattle and one in Lewis County, but later repealed its decision in favor of a single university in Lewis County, provided locally donated land could be found. When no site emerged, the legislature, encouraged by Denny, relocated the university to Seattle in 1858. The original University of Washington building on Denny's Knoll, c. 1870 In 1861, scouting began for an appropriate 10 acres (4 ha) site in Seattle to serve as the campus for a new university. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, and fellow pioneers Edward Lander and Charlie and Mary Terry donated two acres to the university at a site on Denny's Knoll in downtown Seattle. This tract was bounded by 4th and 6th Avenues on the west and east and Union and Seneca Streets on the north and south. UW opened officially on November 4, 1861, as the Territorial University of Washington. The following year, the legislature passed articles formally incorporating the University and establishing a Board of Regents. The school struggled initially, closing three times: in 1863 for lack of students, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to shortage of funds. However, Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt became the first graduate of UW in 1876 when she graduated from UW with a bachelor's degree in science. By the time Washington entered the Union in 1889, both Seattle and the University had grown substantially. Enrollment had increased from an initial 30 students to nearly 300, and the relative isolation of the campus had given way to encroaching development. A special legislative committee headed by UW graduate Edmond Meany was created for the purpose of finding a new campus better able to serve the growing student population. The committee selected a site on Union Bay northeast of downtown, and the legislature appropriated funds for its purchase and subsequent construction. Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition on the UW campus toward Mount Rainier in 1909 The University relocated from downtown to the new campus in 1895, moving into the newly built Denny Hall. The regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, and eventually settled on leasing the area. The University still owns what is now called the Metropolitan Tract. In the heart of the city, it is among the most valuable pieces of real estate in Seattle and generates millions of US$ in revenue annually. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908 and its former site currently houses the Fairmont Olympic Hotel. The sole surviving remnants of UW's first building are four 24-foot (7.3 m), white, hand-fluted cedar, Ionic columns. They were salvaged by Edmond S. Meany—one of the University's first graduates and the former head of the history department. Meany and his colleague, Dean Herbert T. Condon, dubbed each of the columns "Loyalty," "Industry," "Faith" and "Efficiency," or "LIFE." The columns now stand in the Sylvan Grove Theater. Organizers of the 1909 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition eyed the still largely undeveloped campus as a prime setting for their world's fair. They came to an agreement with the Board of Regents that allowed them to use the campus grounds for the exposition. In exchange, the University would be able to take advantage of the development of the campus for the fair after its conclusion. This included a detailed site plan and several buildings. The plan for the A-Y-P Exposition prepared by John Charles Olmsted was later incorporated into the overall campus master plan and permanently affected the layout of the campus. Aerial view of campus, circa 1922 Both World Wars brought the military to the campus, with certain facilities temporarily loaned to the federal government. The subsequent post-war periods were times of dramatic growth for the University. The period between the wars saw significant expansion on the upper campus. Construction of the liberal arts quadrangle, known to students as "The Quad," began in 1916 and continued in stages until 1939. The first two wings of Suzzallo Library, considered the architectural centerpiece of the University, were built in 1926 and 1935, respectively. Further growth came with the end of World War II and passage of the G.I. Bill. Among the most important developments of this period was the opening of the medical school in 1946. It would eventually grow into the University of Washington Medical Center, now ranked by among the top ten hospitals in the United States. It was during this era in University of Washington history in which many Japanese Americans were sent away from the university to internment camps along the West-coast of the United States as part of Executive Order 9066 following the attacks on Pearl Harbor. As a result, many Japanese American "soon-to-be" graduates were unable to receive their diplomas and be recognized for their accomplishment at the university until the University of Washington's commemoration ceremony for the Japanese Americans entitled The Long Journey Home held on May 18, 2008 at the main campus. A view of campus and Gas Works Park from George Washington Memorial Bridge in 2008 In the late 1960s, the University of Washington Police Department evolved from the University Safety and Security Division in response to anti-Vietnam War protests. It currently has jurisdiction over the University of Washington campus and University-owned housing, except for the Radford Court apartments in Sand Point. The 1960s and 1970s are known as the "golden age" of the university due to the tremendous growth in students, facilities, operating budget and prestige under the leadership of Charles Odegaard from 1958 to 1973. Enrollment at UW more than doubled—from around 16,000 to 34,000—as the baby boom generation came of age. As was the case at many American universities, this era was marked by high levels of student activism, with much of the unrest focused around civil rights and opposition to the Vietnam War. Odegaard instituted a vision of building a "community of scholars" and convinced the state of Washington legislatures to increase their investments towards the university. Additionally, Washington senators, Henry M. Jackson and Warren G. Magnuson used their political clout to funnel federal research monies to the University of Washington and to this day, UW is among the top recipients of federal research funds in the United States. The results included an operating budget increase of $37 million in 1958, to over $400 million in 1973, and 35 new buildings that doubled the floor space of the university. The University opened campuses in Bothell and Tacoma in 1990. Initially, these campuses offered curricula for students seeking bachelor's degrees who have already completed two years of higher education, but both schools have transitioned to four-year universities, accepting the first freshman class in the fall of 2006. Both campuses offer master's degree programs as well. In 2009 the University opened an office in the Spanish city of León in collaboration with the local university. Campus The Quad The University of Washington, Seattle campus, is situated on the shores of Union and Portage Bays, with views of the Cascade Range to the east and the Olympic Mountains to the west. The main campus is bounded on the west by 15th Avenue N.E., on the north by N.E. 45th Street, on the east by Montlake Boulevard N.E., and on the south by N.E. Pacific Street. East Campus stretches east of Montlake Boulevard to Laurelhurst and is largely taken up by wetlands and sports fields. South Campus occupies the land between Pacific Street and the Lake Washington Ship Canal which used to be a golf course and is given over to the health sciences, oceanography, fisheries, and the University of Washington Medical Center. West Campus is less of a separate entity than the others, many of its facilities being on city streets, and stretches between 15th Avenue and Interstate 5 from the Ship Canal to N.E. 41st Street. University Way, known locally as "The Ave", lies nearby and is a focus for much student life at the university. At the heart of the university lies Red Square, which functions as the central hub of student interaction and hosts a variety of events annually. Several major motion picture films were filmed on campus or used it as a backdrop, including The Sixth Man, WarGames, What the Bleep!?: Down the Rabbit Hole, and 21 and Over. Academics and research Suzzallo Library In 2006, the University of Washington research budget passed the $1.0 billion milestone. Virtually all of the funding came from peer-reviewed research proposals. UW research budget consistently ranks among the top 5 in both public and private universities in the United States. UW is also the largest recipient of federal research funding among public universities and second among all public and private universities in the country, a position that the university has held each year since 1974. The university is an elected member of the Association of American Universities. School of Art, from center of Quad UW students include 136 Fulbright Scholars, 35 Rhodes Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 4 Gates Cambridge Scholars. As of the 2011–12 autumn term, the university had 42,428 students, making it the largest university (in terms of student population) on the west coast. About 33% of all undergraduates are members of minority groups. The University of Washington recruits faculty and staff from around the world. Among the faculty, there are 151 members of American Association for the Advancement of Science, 68 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 67 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 53 members of the Institute of Medicine, 21 members of the National Academy of Engineering, 6 Nobel Prize laureates, 2 Pulitzer Prize winners, 1 winner of the Fields Medal, 29 winners of the Presidential Early Career Awards in Science and Engineering, 15 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, 15 MacArthur Fellows, 9 winners of the Gairdner Foundation International Award, 5 winners of the National Medal of Science, 5 winners of Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research, 4 members of the American Philosophical Society, 2 winners of the National Book Award, and 2 winners of the National Medal of Arts. In May 2010, the University of Washington's six Nobel laureates were honoured by Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, at a special dinner held in Seattle. They are Hans Georg Dehmelt, E. Donnall Thomas, Edwin G. Krebs, Edmond H. Fischer, Leland Hartwell and Linda Buck. The event was organized by Seattle’s Swedish Consulate as part of ‘Sweden Week’. South campus The University of Washington library system is the 18th largest library in the United States, with holdings of more than 7.5 million volumes. The Association of Research Libraries ranked the UW library system between the top fifth and fifteenth in various categories. UW is also the host university of ResearchChannel program, the only TV channel in the United States dedicated solely for the dissemination of research from academic institutions and research organizations. Current participation of ResearchChannel includes 36 universities, 15 research organizations, two corporate research centers and many other affiliates. UW also disseminates knowledge through its proprietary UWTV channel and online. Entrance of Suzzallo Library To promote equal academic opportunity, especially for people of low income, UW launched Husky Promise in 2006. Families of income up to 65 percent of state median income or 235 percent of federal poverty level are eligible. With this, up to 30 percent of undergraduate students may be eligible. The cut-off income level that UW set is the highest in the nation, making top quality education available to more people. Then UW President, Mark Emmert, simply said that being "elitist is not in our DNA". "Last year, the University of Washington moved to a more comprehensive approach [to admissions], in which the admissions staff reads the entire application and looks at grades within the context of the individual high school, rather than relying on computerized cutoffs." Since 1977, there has been a Transition School and Early Entrance Program on campus. "The Early Entrance Program is the Robinson Center’s original early university entrance program. Recognized as one of the most prestigious early university entrance programs in the nation, this program facilitates early entry to the University of Washington for a carefully selected group of sixteen highly-capable young students younger than fifteen (15) years old. As mandated by state law, students must have completed 6th grade in order to enroll in the Transition School." This Robinson Center also has a program called the UW Academy for Young Scholars: "The UW Academy is the premier early university entrance program for high school students in Washington State. A small cohort of up to thirty-five academically advanced and highly motivated students are admitted to the UW Academy each year. Students apply to the UW Academy during their 10th grade year, and if accepted, withdraw from high school at the end of 10th grade to enroll as freshmen at the University of Washington." All Academy students are automatically admitted into the UW Honors Program. In 2014, teams from the University of Washington School of Oceanography and the UW Applied Physics Laboratory successfully completed construction of the first high-power underwater cabled observatory in the United States. Undergraduate admissions The University of Washington's admissions process is "more selective" according to U.S. News & World Report. For students entering Fall 2014, 17,451 freshmen were accepted out of 31,611 applicants, a 55.2% acceptance rate, and 6,361 enrolled. Among freshman students who enrolled in Fall 2014, SAT scores for the middle 50% ranged from 540-660 for critical reading, 580-700 for math, and 450-660 for writing. ACT composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 25–31. The middle 50% of high school GPA ranged from 3.64-3.93. Reputation and rankings Husky Stadium, campus, and Lake Washington School of Education In international rankings University of Washington was ranked 15th among the world top 500 universities by Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) in 2014 and has been consistently regarded to be among the top 20 by the institution. In Times Higher Education World University Rankings (2014–15), it ranked 26th worldwide and its World Reputation Rankings of the same year considered it to be 31st. Meanwhile, QS World University Rankings (2014/15) ranked it 65th globally. In U.S. rankings U.S. News & World Report ranked UW's undergraduate program tied for 48th among "national universities" and tied for 14th among public universities in 2015. Among graduate programs, in 2015 U.S. News ranked UW's program in primary care medicine first, nursing first, clinical psychology second, library and information science third, social work third, statistics third (Department of Biostatistics) and seventh (Department of Statistics), computer science sixth, public health sixth, education seventh, pharmacy tenth, research medicine tenth, business 25th, law 24th, and engineering 26th. UW's nursing school has ranked first each year in the U.S. News rankings since the magazine began ranking nursing schools in 1993. In the National University Rankings, University of Washington ranked 7th in 2014. The Top American Research Universities ranked University of Washington 11th among the top 50 American universities in 2010 published by The Center for Measuring University Performance, Arizona State University. Rankings published by institutions of other places: Leiden Ranking (2013) published by Leiden University of Netherlands ranked University of Washington 27th among the world 500 major universities. In 2011, University of Washington ranked 8th among the world 2,000 universities in University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) published by Middle East Technical University. At the same time, the Top 200 Colleges and Universities in the World on University Web Ranking published by 4 International Colleges & Universities placed it at 8th. There are rankings for some specific domains as well. It ranked 13th among 300 Best World Universities in 2011 compiled by Human Resources & Labor Review (HRLR) on Measurements of World's Top 300 Universities Graduates' Performance . In magazine's 2014 "Best Values in Public Colleges" list, the university ranked 11th for in-state students and 28th for out-of-state students In 2011, the university ranked second among universities by number of undergraduate alumni currently serving as Peace Corps volunteers, at 110. UW tied for third in 2010 (94 volunteers), first in 2009 (101 volunteers), first in 2008 (104 volunteers) and first in 2007 (113 volunteers). In the Global Language Monitor's rankings of universities by Internet presence, UW ranked 12th in 2012. In 2012, SmartMoney named the University of Washington as 6th best salary returns on tuition. The university was also listed as a "Public Ivy" in Greene's Guides in 2001. Washington is an elected member of the American Association of Universities. Student life 5.2% 2.4% The student newspaper is The Daily of the University of Washington, usually referred to as simply The Daily. It is the second largest daily in Seattle and is published every day classes are in session during fall, winter and spring quarters, and weekly during summer quarter. In 2010, The Daily launched a half-hour weekly television magazine show, "The Daily's Double Shot," broadcast UWTV, Channel 27. The Beta (second) chapter of Phrateres collegiate philanthropic-social organization for women was established at the university in 1929. The IMA Center for intramural sports was built in 1968. A $41 million remodel and expansion project began 2001 and the building was reopened in fall 2003 with a 95,000 square feet (8,800 m) addition to its northwest to the original 40,000 square feet (3,700 m) facility. North of the building, the project eliminated three of the nine outdoor tennis courts with the expansion, but included an all-weather FieldTurf surface for an existing intramurals field. Athletics Huskies football UW students, sports teams, and alumni are called Washington Huskies, and often referred to metonymically as "Montlake," due to the campus's location on Montlake Boulevard N.E. (It should be noted that the traditional bounds of the Montlake neighborhood do not extend north of the Montlake Cut to include the campus.) The husky was selected as the school mascot by student committee in 1922. It replaced the "Sun Dodger," an abstract reference to the local weather that was quickly dropped in favor of something more tangible. The costumed "Harry the Husky" performs at sporting and special events, and a live Alaskan Malamute, currently named Dubs, has traditionally led the UW football team onto the field at the start of games. The school colors of purple and gold were adopted in 1892 by student vote. The choice was inspired by the first stanza of Lord Byron's : The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. The sports teams participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I-A and in the Pacific-12 Conference. Among its facilities on campus are Husky Stadium (football, track and field), the Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion (basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics), Husky Ballpark (baseball), Husky Softball Stadium, The Bill Quillian Tennis Stadium, The Nordstrom Tennis Center, Dempsey Indoor (Indoor track and field, football) and the Conibear Shellhouse (rowing). The golf team plays at the Washington National Golf Club and until recently, the swimming team called the Weyerhaeuser Aquatic Center and the Husky pool home. (The university eliminated its men's and women's swim teams in May, 2009.) The football team is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight Rose Bowl victories and an Orange Bowl title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an NCAA record. Tailgating by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of Lake Washington. The Apple Cup game is an annual game against cross-state rival Washington State University that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 31 losses and 6 ties. Robert Neil is the former Head Football coach. Hec Edmundson Pavilion hosts basketball and volleyball The men's basketball team has been moderately successful, though recently the team has enjoyed a resurgence under coach Lorenzo Romar. With Romar as head coach, the team has been to six NCAA tournaments (2003–2004, 2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2008–2009, 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 seasons), 2 consecutive top 16 (sweet sixteen) appearances, and secured a No. 1 seed in 2005. On December 23, 2005, the men's basketball team won their 800th victory in Hec Edmundson Pavilion, the most wins for any NCAA team in its current arena. Rowing is a longstanding tradition at the University of Washington dating back to 1901. The Washington men's crew gained international prominence by winning the gold medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, defeating the German and Italian crews much to the chagrin of Adolf Hitler who was in attendance. In 1958, the men's crew furthered their lore with a shocking win over Leningrad Trud's world champion rowers at the Moscow Cup, resulting in the first American sporting victory on Soviet soil, and certainly the first time a Russian crowd gave any American team a standing ovation during the Cold War. The men's crew have won 46 national titles (15 Intercollegiate Rowing Association, 1 National Collegiate Rowing Championship), 15 Olympic gold medals, two silver and five bronze. The women have 10 national titles and two Olympic gold medals. In 1997, the women's team won the NCAA championship. The Husky men are the 2012 national champions. Recent national champions include the softball team (2009), the men's rowing team (2012, 2011, 2009, 2007), NCAA Division I women's cross country team (2008), and the women's volleyball team (2005). Individually, Scott Roth was the 2011 NCAA men's Outdoor Pole Vault and 2011 & 2010 NCAA men's Indoor Pole Vault champion. James Lepp was the 2005 NCAA men's golf champion. Ryan Brown (men's 800 meters) and Amy Lia (women's 1500 meters) won individual titles at the 2006 NCAA Track and Field Championships. Brad Walker was the 2005 NCAA men's Outdoor and Indoor Pole Vault champion. Husky Stadium is one of several places that may have been the birthplace of the crowd phenomenon known as "The Wave". It is claimed that the wave was invented in October 1981 by Husky graduate Robb Weller and UW band director Bill Bissel. Their opponent that night was Stanford. On May 1, 2009, the athletic department announced it was discontinuing both men's and women's swimming programs effective immediately due to budget cuts. Husky Stadium The new Husky Stadium is the first and primary income source of a completely remodeled athletic district. This major remodel of the athletic village will take decades to complete, as it will take place at the same time as a massive project by the Washington State Department of Transportation on nearby highways and bridges. The stadium project consists of a new grand concourse, underground light-rail station (projected completion 2016), enclosed west end of the stadium, replacement of bleachers with individual seating, removal of track and Huskytron, new press box, private box seating, lowering of the field, football offices, permanent seating in the east end zone that does not block the view of Lake Washington, and new and improved amenities, concession stands and bathrooms throughout. The cost for renovating the stadium was around $280 million with a seating capacity slightly lower than previous, at 70,138 seats. Student services The UW offers many services for its students and alumni, even beyond the standard offered by most colleges and universities. Its "Student Life" division houses 16 departments and offices that serve students directly and indirectly, including those below and overseen by Vice President and Vice Provost, Eric Godfrey。 The UW Career Center Campus police vehicle Student housing New building construction and renovations are scheduled to take place through 2020. The plan includes the construction of three six-story residence halls and two apartment complexes in the west section of campus, near the existing Terry and Lander Halls, in Phase I, the renovation of six existing residence halls in Phase II, and additional new construction in Phase III. The projects will result in a net gain of approximately 2,400 beds. The Residence Hall Student Association (student government for the halls) is the second largest student organization on campus and helps plan fun events in the halls. In addition to on-campus housing the undergraduate student government, Associated Students of the University Washington, provides a free service to students, faculty, and staff looking to live off-campus called Off-Campus Housing Affairs. They provide a free online search engine to local housing and resources to assist first time renters. The Greek System at UW has also been a prominent part of student culture for more than 115 years. It is made up of two organizational bodies, the Interfraternity Council (IFC) and the Panhellenic Association. The IFC looks over all 32 fraternities with 1900+ members and Panhellenic consists of all 18 sororities and 1900 members. Student organizations UW Tower, 22 Stories Hundreds of Registered Student Organizations (RSOs) dedicated to a wide variety of interest exist on campus through the Associated Student of the University of Washington. Some of these RSO interest areas include: academic, cultural/international, environmental, Greek life, political/social action, religious, sports, and science. Prominent examples are: The Dream Project: "The Dream Project teaches UW students to mentor first-generation and low-income students in King County high schools as they navigate the complex college-admissions process." Student Philanthropy Education Program: Partnered with the UW's nonprofit, the UW Foundation, this group focuses on promoting awareness of philanthropy's importance through major events on campus. Rural Health Education (RHE): Promotes health in rural areas of Washington state primarily through monthly health fairs. Volunteers include students from a variety of backgrounds including: medical, pharmacy, and dental students. In addition, several health professionals from around the greater Seattle area actively participate. Students Expressing Environmental Dedication (SEED): SEED works with Housing and Food Services to increase the sustainability of the residence halls and dining areas. UW Earth Club: The Earth Club is interested in promoting the expression of environmental attitudes and consciousness through specialized events. UW Farm: The UW farm grows crops on campus and advocates urban farming in the UW community. Washington Public Interest Research Group (WashPIRG): WashPIRG engages students in a variety of activism causes, including environmental projects on campus and the community. UW Sierra Student Coalition: SSC is dedicated to many larger environmental issues on campus and providing related opportunities to students. UW Delta Delta Sigma Pre-Dental Society (DDS): This is a club dedicated to serving pre-dental students and it provides a forum for discussion of dental related topics. The MINDS Foundation chapter, run through GlobalMed, that supports education about and treatment for mental illness in rural India. Disability support The DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology) Center is a program run by the university which assists educational institutions to fully integrate all students, including those with disabilities, into Academic life. DO-IT runs many programs, including the DO-IT Scholars Program, and a database of information on the 'universal' design of educational facilities for students of all levels of physical and mental ability. These design programs reduce systemic barriers which could otherwise hinder the performance of some students. DO-IT's universal design philosophies may also be applied to professional organizations and conferences. Song The University of Washington Husky Marching Band performs at many Husky sporting events including all football games. The band was founded in 1929, and today it is a cornerstone of Husky spirit. The band marches using a traditional high step, and it is one of only a few marching bands left in the United States to do so. Like many college bands, the Husky band has several traditional songs that it has played for decades, including the official fight songs "Bow Down to Washington" and "Tequila", as well as fan-favorite "Africano". In addition to athletic events, the band also plays at various other events such as commencement and convocation. Mascot The previous costumed Harry the Husky at a school basketball game. The University of Washington's costumed mascot is Harry the Husky. The University of Washington also has hosted a long line of Alaskan Malamutes as mascots. The 13 dogs thus far have been: Frosty I (1922–29) Spirit (1999–2008) Dubs (2009–) Originally the dogs were cared for by the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, followed by a 49-year tradition (1959–2008) of care by the Cross family (a UW professor followed by his son). Sustainability Then UW President Emmert signed the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment. To help follow through on this promise, the UW has created a Climate Action Team. He has also created an Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC), which recently created an inventory of UW's greenhouse gas emissions, an environmental stewardship coordinator position, and has formalized a policy on environmental stewardship to give full institutional support to the cause of campus sustainability. As of February 2006, the UW joined a partnership with Seattle City Light as part of their Green Up Program. All of Seattle campus' electricity is purchased from renewable sources. Housing and Food Services (HFS) spends several million dollars annually on locally produced, organic, and natural foods. HFS does not use styrofoam containers for any of its facilities on campus, instead using compostable cups, plates, utensils, and packaging whenever possible. Students Expressing Environmental Concern (SEED) is funded by HFS and is responsible for most of the sustainable changes made to HFS. Several new residence halls are planned for 2020, all of which are expected to meet silver or gold LEED standards. All new state-funded buildings and major renovations must meet a LEED standard of at least Silver. The University of Washington was one of only six universities to receive the highest grade on the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008, an "A-". The report card identified the UW as one of 15 Overall College Sustainability Leaders among the 300 institutions surveyed. The Associated Students of the University of Washington The Associated Students of the University of Washington logo The Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW) is one of two Student Governments on campus at the University of Washington, the other being the Graduate and Professional Student Senate. It is funded and supported by student fees, and provides services that directly and indirectly benefit them. The ASUW was incorporated in the State of Washington on April 20, 1906. On April 30, 1932 the ASUW assisted in the incorporation of the University Bookstore which has been in continuous operation at the same location on University Way for over 70 years. Governance Board of Directors The Board is the executive body of the association. The president, vice president, and six at-large members of the Board of Directors are elected at the end of each academic year for the following year. The other members of the ASUW Board of Directors are the Graduate and Professional Student Senate Secretary, the Student Senate Vice-Chair, the Personnel Director and the Finance & Budget Director. The ASUW President for 2013-2014 is Michael Kutz of Redmond, WA. Student Senate The ASUW Student Senate comprises students from campus organizations, living groups, and the ASUW diversity commissions. Every week they gather to discuss issues important to students at the University of Washington and establish resolutions of student opinion. These resolutions help guide the Board of Directors, faculty & staff, and student volunteers representing the ASUW on Shared Governance Committees. All students are welcome to submit legislation for the Senate to debate, but only Senators may vote. Student programs Diversity ASUW provides funding for programming and advocates on behalf of issues affecting groups that have faced historical or social discrimination through its Commissions. There are currently eight different commissions that host events relating to educational goals. For instance, the La Raza Commission focuses primarily on promoting awareness and advocacy for the Latino/Chicano community, and the Black Student Union focuses primarily on promoting awareness and advocacy for the African American/African community. Every Commission is run by a Director, and the Joint Commissions Committee is a committee for these organizations to coordinate efforts for various combined causes and activities, and is chaired by the Director of Diversity Efforts, a member of the ASUW Board of Directors. Experimental College The ASUW Experimental College is the largest not-for-profit student-run program of its kind. The college, part of the ASUW, was created in 1968 by several University of Washington students seeking to provide the campus and surrounding community with a selection of classes not offered on the university curriculum. They publish over 100,000 catalogs a quarter and offer over 200 courses located at the University, the University District, and other locations within Seattle. Other officers and activities ASUW has an Office of Governmental Relations, which coordinates students with their representation in local, state and federal government, as well as lobbies on behalf of the UW student population. The Legislative Steering Committee (LSC) determines the legislative agenda for ASUW each year. ASUW's Arts & Entertainment department funds movies and concerts, in addition to many other different events on campus. ASUW has coordinated the appearances of artists like the The Shins, Mos Def and Michael Ian Black. Notable alumni and faculty Notable alumni of the University of Washington include architect Minoru Yamasaki (1934); US Senator Henry M. Jackson (JD 1935); Baskin & Robbins co-founder Irv Robbins (1939); MySpace co-founder Chris DeWolfe (1988), Pulitzer Prize-winning author Marilynne Robinson (PhD 1977), legendary martial artist Bruce Lee, saxophonist Kenny G (1978); and actor and comedian Joel McHale (1995, MFA 2000). Notable faculty of the University of Washington include eight nobel laureates and five Pulitzer Prize winners. In film 1979: The Changeling, directed by Peter Medak 1983: WarGames, directed by John Badham 1992: Singles, directed by Cameron Crowe 1997: Prefontaine, directed by Steve James 1997: The Sixth Man, directed by Randall Miller 1999: 10 Things I Hate About You, directed by Gil Junger 2004: What the Bleep Do We Know: Down the Rabbit Hole, directed by William Arntz 2007: Dan in Real Life, directed by Peter Hedges 2013: 21 and Over, directed by Jon Lucas Source Wikipedia	University of Washington
Google was founded by fellow Stanford students Sergey Brin and whom, who ranked as the 11th richest man in America last year?	Timeline \| The UW celebrates 150 years With cherry trees. Today’s 365 Project photo. Kathy E Gill It’s Spring at the UW Yoshino cherry trees mark the start of spring on the UW Seattle campus Tim Knight 2011 My first visit to the UW Media Space room, w/ @scottmacklin & @hrhmedia Seriously cool set up in here. Hook up your laptop to a dongle, tap a big button to share your screen. Rinse and repeat. That’s Scott’s… Mónica Guzmán Preston 2011 UW Softball home opener on Friday The UW women’s softball team is off to a great start with a 16-0 record. This weekend the dawgs will be hosting a tournament at the UW… Tim Knight 2011 Backstory: A Filmmaker’s Vision ‘ Sneak Peek! Today, we finally began shooting the first segments of our new show, “Backstory: A Filmmaker’s Vision.” The show is a collaboration with… UWTV Really, not a bad way to end the day. Corey Murata 2011 PAA Library I came here because AMATH was let out early and someone told me it was downgraded to a reading room. It’s got a great view of the water. Bryan Trinh 2011 Cheering on Lake Union Crew at the Windermere Cup I’ve written about this event a couple of times for the P-I, but this is the first time I’ve actually come. My friend Kim, who brought me… Mónica Guzmán Preston 2011 A tour of presidential standards! Ok- so I think im in the wrong profession…apparently I shouldve been a University president for an American College…stunning residency! Kim Burdett 2011 Senior lecturer becomes Libya’s finance minister When full-scale revolts broke out in Libya in February 2011, Ali Tarhouni’s finance and business economics students were surprised when he announced that he once had been a pro-democracy activist in Libya and was returning to help the revolution after being stripped of his citizenship in 1973. UW Story 2011 Welcome to the UW’s 150th Welcome to the UW’s 150th In November, the UW will mark 150 years of providing a world-class education to generations of leaders, thinkers and doers. Join us on a stroll down memory lane by exploring the rich collection of stories […] UW Story 2011 Peace Corps ranking The UW ranked No.3 on the Peace Corps’ 2011 rankings of large university-based recruitment, with 94 undergraduate alumni currently serving as volunteers. UW Story 2011 At home in UW Mystery I first climbed the steps of Denny Hall as a freshman in the fall of 1981.I was impressed with the beautiful old building and loved the echo of the halls and history in the walls. Bernadette Pajer 2011 Experience UW was one of my wonderful and forever experience I got. As a freshman from Kenya I was delighted to get more helping professor on campus and other students… Immanuel Gitamo 2011 What a surprise! What a surprise it was to sit down several years ago with my cousin, Gary Millar, (of the UW Long Range Planning Department) and find out that our grandfather, James W. Rebecca Hodge Strand 2011 Sometimes amazing moments are taken for granted. I was about to write about a memory that would have included either my first day on campus next to the fountain, a tough fought victory for a sporting event, or even graduation day. Christian Vera-Cadena 2011 The Trek For years I had been stalking the UW website.I was looking at it even before it got its beautiful upgrade.I looked at all the pictures on the site and I even used that interactive map with Dubs showing me around. Alex Mostaghni 2011 Journalism Day At UW For High-Schoolers I was privileged to lead a discussion today on “Mining Information” for high school newspaper reporters and editors, as part of the… Matt Rosenberg 2010 Lei & Darren’s Wedding (with Husky cake) Darren and Leila, two of our best friends, got married on 7/9/10. Darren is one of the most avid Husky fans I’ve ever met…they even had a… Nicole Morry Dierks 2010 Did Your Dreams Come True’ Much to my surprise tomorrow marks the ten-year anniversary of my graduation from University of Washington. Unlike the cliché uttering of… Howard Wu UW Information School holds annual Dean’s Club dinner Students are welcoming guests to the 2010 UW iSchool Dean’s Club dinner. Mónica Guzmán Preston 2010 RT @westseattleblog: Huskies’ RT @westseattleblog: Huskies beat Marquette 80-78 on a Quincy Pondexter drive with 1.7 seconds to go. Melissa Tizon 2010 A sneak preview of Intersect At a Journalism That Matters conference at the University of Washington, we gave a handful of people a sneak preview of Intersect. Peter Rinearson 2010 New documentary about violinmakers at the Henry tomorrow Violin Masters: Two Gentlemen of Cremona Thursday, December 9, 2010, 7:00 – 8:30 PM Henry Auditorium The Seattle Chamber Music Society… Betsey Brock 2010 Running into royalty at UW Sahara and Duane explained they were taking pictures in royal garb around the university as part of an effort to call some attention to the… Mónica Guzmán Preston 2010 Jordy’s First UW Basketball Game Jordy loved the warm-ups and the actual shooting, but wasn’t so sure about his first introduction to Harry the Husky by Grandma. Oh well! Nicole Morry Dierks 2010 Media Space with Monica Harrington Monica Harrington joined us for our 4th espisode of Media Space – Entrepreneurship & Innovation: “How do we innovate?” Watch short clip… Scott Macklin 2010 Seattle shines at TEDxChange networking breakfast Seattle is a storytelling capital. That statement, along with an announcement of an ambitious new event coming to the city, was how… Mónica Guzmán Preston 2010 President Obama visits campus On October 21, 2010, President Barack Obama visited the campus for a rally in support of the re-election of Senator Patty Murray. UW Story 2010 Studied Abroad in Granada, Spain Last summer, I studied abroad in Granada, Spain! We (two friends from UW and I) set out on our adventure with no idea where we were staying… Lauren Olsen 2010 Scientists look inside a child’s mind What parent has not wanted to know what is going on in a child’s mind? That mystery is particularly profound with infants, who learn rapidly but are unable to speak. UW Story 2010 Husky Marching Band at the Holiday Bowl I entered UW as a freshman in September of 2010. While many things were brand new to me, one thing in my life stayed constant throughout this transition, and that was my involvement in marching band Veronica McLaughlin 2010 School of Pharmacy, Dean Emeritus honored for service and research contributions The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) announced in November 2010 that the UW School of Pharmacy was the recipient of the 2010-11 Transformative Community Service Award. UW School of Pharmacy 2010 College Assistance Migrant Program (CAMP) Inception The 2010-2011 Academic Year marked the first year of the College Assistance Migrant Program (CAMP) at the University of Washington’s Seattle Campus. Luz Iniguez 2010 GO-MAP Celebrates 40 Years of Diversity in Graduate Education On July 1, 1969 the Office for the Recruitment of Minority Graduate and Professional Students was created to serve the needs of graduate students of color at the University of Washington. In the first year, staff members traversed the nation […] UW Story 2010 Start ’em young. A UW baby is born. UW Medical Center is awesome! My littlest guy was born there. Had a view of Husky Stadium out my window… what could be better than that. :o) Miranda Dixon 2009 Technology and Life Skills A Path out of Homelessness for U-District Youth By Ann Beckmann For homeless youth, access to computers is far from an everyday occurrence. Yet self-reflection, greater confidence and… UW Information School 2009 iSchool in the high schools: Information technology course offered at three local high schools By Catherine O’Donnell When Michael Marczewski registered for FIT 100: Fluency in Technology at Tahoma High School in Covington last… UW Information School 2009 Student Enrollment: 2000s During the 2009-2010 academic year, each of the University’s three campuses showed significant growth compared to the previous decade. During autumn quarter 2009, 42,933 students were registered on the Seattle campus, an increase of 14% compared to autumn quarter of 1999. UW Story 2009 Burkemobile starts rolling The Burkemobile is a statewide outreach program that sends three to four Burke educators into classrooms to teach students about fossils, ecology and Native cultures. UW Story 2009 Intellectual House In April 2009, a land blessing ceremony was held in the N6 parking lot by McMahon Hall, the future site of the UW Intellectual House. The longhouse-style facility is expected to help improve recruitment, retention, and graduation rates for Native American UW students, and will feature classroom space, a student lounge, computer and resource center, office space, and a large central gathering space. UW Story 2009 Tree Campus USA In 2009, the UW became the first college in Washington state to be declared a “Tree Campus USA” by the Arbor Day Foundation, recognizing the UW’s dedication to campus forestry management and environmental stewardship. UW Story 2009 Diversity studies pioneer named recipient of endowed chair The UW’s James Banks is a pioneer in diversity studies. In 2009, he was named the Kerry and Linda Killinger Endowed Chair in Diversity Studies. Banks has written or edited 15 books in multicultural and social studies education. UW Story 2009 Distinguished Staff award recepient I started work at UW in 1998 at the UWB campus but have been a part of UW since I can remember. My mom, MarDee Schaefer, began her career here in 1981. Gretchen Littell 2009 Welcome Dubs! Dubs becomes the 13th live mascot for the University of Washington.Isn’t he the cutest! In fact, in March 17 2009, Petside.com named Dubs the No.1 mascot of the 2009 NCAA Basketball Tournament. Your Name 2009 40 to Watch In Spring 2009, in conjuction with UW’s celebration of 40 years of diversity, Viewpoints Magazine published a special issue to honor emerging leaders who make a difference. More information: http://www.washington.edu/alumni/viewpoints/pdf/viewpoints_2009spring.pdf UW Story 2009 Moving out It was perfect. A turn-of-the-century building minutes away from the University of Washington, on the corner of one of the busiest streets… Vivian J Luu 2008 Visiting my Husky Football office My office while I was Director of External Relations for Husky Football was always full of people, especially when my son Jordy came to… Nicole Morry Dierks 2008 Welcome back, Lawyer! College buddy, former UW All-American and pro player Lawyer Milloy rolled through to visit Coach Donatell. Quinton Richardson and Johri… Nicole Morry Dierks 2008 Keeping the Emerald City Mobile: A team of researchers from the iSchool is helping keep Seattle ahead of the curve By Ann Beckmann It takes visionaries to discover how government can be improved with mobile technology. Over the past three years, the… UW Information School 2008 Dalai Lama visits campus His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama visited campus on April 14th, 2008, for a special convocation that was part of his five-day trip to Seattle. UW Story 2008 Began time at UW and joined A”! I came from a small town down to Seattle as an 18 year-old freshman excited to begin my time as a University of Washington student! I was… Lauren Olsen 2008 OneBusAway In 2008, Computer Science & Engineering graduate student Brian Ferris and Civil Engineering graduate student Kari Watkins launched OneBusAway, an online service that provides real-time transit information for the Puget Sound region. UW Story 2008 A new brand makeover: UW Professional & Continuing Education arrives UW Educational Outreach re-branded in 2007-08, launching UW Professional & Continuing Education as the public-facing entity which provides a wide variety of programs for lifelong learners. Meeting the needs of different populations, UWPCE transforms lives through education, reaching a global […] UW Story 2008 Taking IT to the People MSIM alumnus Tariq Alam brings information technology to the businesses and villages of rural Bangladesh Spreading the bounty and promise… UW Information School 2007 Closing the Digital Divide iSchool helps the statewide Communities Connect Network seek better access to information technology for all Washingtonians With Microsoft… UW Information School 2007 Partnership for social change in child welfare In 2007, the School of Social Work launched Partners for Our Children (POC) to focus new thinking, resources and expertise on Washington state’s child welfare system. UW Story 2007 Betsy Wilson wins Librarian of the Year The UW’s Lizabeth (Betsy) Wilson received the Association of College and Research Libraries’ (ACRL) Academic/Research Librarian of the Year award in 2007. UW Story 2007 Peter Kithene, ’07 As an orphaned teenager in Kenya, Kithene raised three siblings by himself. As a UW undergrad, he raised enough money to found a health clinic in his home village. Now he’s raising his own baby son while completing a master’s […] UW Story 2007 Office of Equity & Diversity Opens at UWT In 2007, UW Tacoma created the position of Assistant Chancellor for Equity & Diversity to lead and oversee diversity issues on the Tacoma campus. Dr. Sharon Parker is the first person to serve in this capacity. That year also marked […] UW Story 2007 Searchers in Seattle ‘ More than 700 Information Retrievers Gathered at SIGIR 2006 The 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference was held at the UW campus in Seattle, August 6-11, 2006. Organized by the Information… UW Information School 2006 PROGRAM NOTES: Library and Information Science (MLIS) ‘ MLIS Student Gains International Library Experience MLIS candidate Jeanne Doherty spent eight weeks in July and August 2005 as an intern for the United Nations International Court of Justice… UW Information School 2006 Ramona Forever ‘ Beverly Cleary Turns 90! Our beloved Beverly Cleary, famous iSchool alumna and creator of the lovable Ramona Quimby, celebrated her 90th birthday last April. The… UW Information School 2006 Getting five thousand freshmen on the same page Students entering the UW in the fall of 2006 were given an early assignment: to read the book Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a Man Who Would Cure the World by Tracy Kidder. UW Story 2006 Physware In 2006, UW electrical engineering professor Vikram Jandhyala launched the start-up company Physware to help customers in the microelectronics industry solve design problems for microprocessors, FPGAs, memory, wireless RF systems, analog systems, and high-speed serial and parallel channels. UW Story 2006 Watched UW Women’s Volleyball win their first NCAA Championship Time: Dec 17, 2005Place: Seattle, WA, USA Go to the intersection of Dec 17, 2005 & Seattle, WA, USA Bennett Sung 2005 Alumni Spotlight: Joanne and Lisa Euster ‘ Mother and daughter earn the same degree in very different eras When Joanne Euster graduated with a Master’s of Library Science degree from the University of Washington in 1968, war raged in Vietnam, gas… UW Information School 2005 The Story of His Life: Educator, librarian and storyteller Spencer Shaw leaves a legacy to support his lecture series Spencer Shaw picked his profession by the time he reached high school. Books and reading were important parts of his family life, and so… UW Information School 2005 Dream Project established The Dream Project was founded in 2005 by students – spearheaded by then-freshman Alula Asfaw – in an effort to help first-generation and low-income students reach their goal of attaining higher education, as well as raising awareness surrounding issues of educational opportunity and social mobility. UW Story 2005 Technological study aids hit the scene In 2005, the University of Washington began offering a new tune for students’ MP3 players: that of their professors’ lectures. UW Story 2005 Ackerley Partner School Network In 2005, the College of Education launched the Ackerley Partner School Network, a partnership between the UW and the Ginger & Barry Ackerley Family Foundation that offers teachers at high-needs schools added support through mentors and online support groups used to develop teaching techniques. UW Story 2005 Love of my life I was an undergraduate exchange student from Sichuan University in China for the 05~06 year.Upon arrival at UW, I joined the FIUTS and started my wonderful international friends history. Your Name 2005 Upper Skagit Elder Vi Hilbert Donates Research to UW Upper Skagit Tribe elder Vi Hilbert (1919-2009) donates her extensive Lushootseed materials to the University Libraries. The Ethnomusicology Archives have created a website to honor her memory: http://music.washington.edu/ethno/hilbert/ UW Story 2005 Quintard Taylor Inaugurates Samuel Kelly Distinguished Lecture In 2005, the Office of Minority Affairs & Diversity created a distinguished faculty lecture series to honor Dr. Samuel E. Kelly, the first Vicby a UW faculty member focusing on diversity and social justice. The first lecturer was Dr. Quintard […] UW Story 2005 Big book about Bhutan One of the biggest books in the world, Bhutan: A Visual Odyssey Across the Last Himalayan Kingdom was donated to the UW in 2004 and is on permanent display outside the Reading Room in Suzzallo Library. UW Story 2004 UW launches prenatal drug research unit In the summer of 2004, then-associate professor of pharmacy Mary Hebert received a $2.8 million National Institutes of Health grant to study drugs in pregnancy. UW School of Pharmacy Another cold night, but a satisfying win over the ducks! http://www.gohuskies.com/sports/m-footbl/recaps/110103aac.html Nicole Morry Dierks 2003 #17 UW loses @ #2 Ohio State 28-9 I want to try to see as many major sports venues as possible, so the 2003 UW @ Ohio State game was a must. Not the outcome I’d hoped for… Nicole Morry Dierks 2003 New home for School of Law William H. Gates Hall became the new home of the School of Law in autumn quarter 2003, bringing all the school’s programs and activities under one roof for the first time in 20 years. UW Story 2003 Paul G. Allen Center for Computer Science & Engineering opens As teenagers, Paul Allen and Bill Gates would sneak into the graduate computer center at Roberts Hall to get time and experience on the machines. UW Story 2003 Convocation Award Winners Ruth Worden Award Trent Hill, MLIS Trent Hill will likely be remembered among his classmates and professors as Book and Media Sale… UW Information School 2002 ROBOTIC DOG HAS ITS DAY iSchool researchers study kids and computerized pets to map the intersection of technology, information and nature. Pets can help children… UW Information School 2002 iSchool Students Aid South African Libraries The Sept. 11 terrorist attacks heightened interest in using information to break down barriers and increase understanding between cultures… UW Information School 2002 Student environmental group sprouts During the 2002-2003 school year, a group of students grew frustrated when the only way to recycle paper in the dorms was to take it to… University of Washington 2002 The 1st Desi Dhamaka at UW Desi Dhamaka is an annual student run South Asian Performing Arts and Culture show at the University of Washington.It is know as “the largest South Asian cultural show in the Pacific Northwest.” The Desi Dhamaka is a Registered Student Organization at the UW, and is currently a collaboration of members from the 5 on-campus South Asian student organizations: South Asian Students Association (SASA), Indian Students Association (ISA), Pakistani Students Association (PSA), Bengali Students Association (BSA), and Sigma Beta Rho Fraternity, Inc. The sole aim of Desi Dhamaka is to showcase the South Asian Performing Arts, at both the UW community and the greater Seattle area. Your Name 2002 Nisqually Earthquake At UW When the quake hit I was sitting in class at UW in one of the oldest buildings. We were on the 1st floor with 4 floors above us. I remember… Jenni Hogan 2001 Focusing on a baby’s first three years The School of Nursing’s Center on Infant Mental Health and Development (CIMHD) is guided by a simple vision: Every child has the right to early nurturing relationships that are the foundation for life-long healthy development. UW Story 2001 Nisqually quake I was sitting in the basement of the marine sciences building, can’t remember what class it actually was, and I started feeling the back of my chair shake Jaime Newberry 2001 Margaret Chisholm, Celebration of Life An event celebrating the life of former School of Library and Information Science Director Dr. Margaret Chisholm was held at the UW Faculty… UW Information School 2000 Runstad Center for Real Estate Studies In 2000, Jon (B.S., B.A.’65) and Judy (J.D.’74) Runstad pledged $1 million to the University of Washington to support a comprehensive new real estate program in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (now the College of Built Environments). UW Story 2000 Founding the Washington State Model United Nations Conference at the UW The Washington State Model United Nations (WASMUN) Conference and the WASMUN Student Association were founded at the UW in March 2000 by Jorge Roberts (BS,BA, 2002) and Gary Cannon (MMus., 2003), both UW students, in partnership with the World Affairs Council of Seattle and with a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Jorge Roberts 2000 My first job at the University of Washington When I moved to Seattle in 1999, my first job was serving as assistant editor for the faculty-staff newspaper, University Week. It was a… Elise Perachio Daniel 1999 de Tornyay Center for Healthy Aging Americans are living longer than their grandparents did, but what is their quality of life in those extra years? UW Story 1999 Thank you UW Bothell I was just about finished with my AA and was thinking about how and where I would finish my degree. As a “non-traditional” (read “older”) student living in Everett, the idea of entering UW Seattle as a sophomore was daunting; enough so that I was actually considering commuting to Western! Then one day while driving on I-405 I spotted a sign for UW Bothell (then located at Canyon Park). Mary Howisey 1999 David Szatmary becomes vice provost of UW Educational Outreach After sixteen years as the leader of UW Educational Outreach, Richard Lorenzen left the position in 1999. The role was filled by David Szatmary, who had worked for UWEO since 1984, where he had been instrumental in creating and launching […] UW Story 1999 TV’still’ I left the TV business for good in 2004, after a last stint in Iraq with NBC News. I found it a profoundly dissatisfying storytelling… Hanson Hosein 1997 Peter Adkison, ’97 Adkison knows how to make magic. The founder of game-publishing company Wizards of the Coast, he helped launch wildly successful card games like Magic: The Gathering and Pokémon. He also used his business savvy to acquire Dungeons and Dragons, the […] UW Story 1997 Major investment in undergraduates In 1996, the Mary Gates Endowment for Students was established with a gift of $10 million by Bill and Melinda Gates to honor the memory of Bill’s mother, Mary Gates (1929-1994). UW Story 1996 UW Educational Outreach is born After 84 years known variously as Extension, Continuing Education, Adult Education or some combination, all outreach offerings were brought together under one new name: UW Educational Outreach. This was intended to emphasize the outreach similarities between the many varied UW […] UW Story 1996 Hula Bowl Dawgs 1994 I worked for the Hula Bowl after graduating from UW in 1993. I’m pictured here with the two Huskies who played in the game, Hillary Butler… Nicole Morry Dierks 1994 UW vs. Oregon State 1992 Pictured with some of the other Husky Hostesses on the field at our last game as students in Husky Stadium. UW routed Oregon State 45–16 in… Nicole Morry Dierks 1992 Sitting in the Student Section at Hec Ed At 31, I realized too late that I was too old to be sitting in the student section during a Husky football game. As a younger student… Jill Rinearson 1992 Profile of undergraduate education raised In 1992, Undergraduate Academic Affairs (originally named Office of Undergraduate Education) was created to steward the undergraduate experience at the University of Washington, ensuring that undergraduates could better access the benefits and opportunities of a large research institution. UW Story 1992 I met my wife through the U of W During the school-year 1992 – 93 I was a visiting graduate student.I signed up for the FIUTS ski trip to Chrystal Mountain as both a driver and a ski – teacher. Ole Kristian Gravrok 1992 U-PASS This year, UW’s Award-winning U-PASS program celebrates 20 years of making it easier for UW commuters to leave their cars at home. Since its 1991 launch, the U-PASS transportation program has been creating a culture of transit use and low impact commuting. UW Story 1991 Intramural Soccer @ UW Some of the girls in my house (ADPi) and guys in a fraternity across the street (Psi U) fielded an IMA soccer team each fall and spring… Nicole Morry Dierks 1990 Student Life in the 1990s: New campuses and emergence of the internet Two historic events of the 1990s changed student life at the University of Washington forever: the opening of branch campuses in Tacoma and Bothell and the emergence of the World Wide Web. UW Story 1990 UW Bothell opens On October 1, 1990, UW Bothell opened with 155 juniors and seniors at the Canyon Park Business Center. The opening followed the Higher Education Coordinating Board’s 1989 selection of Bothell and Tacoma as branch campus locations for the University of Washington as a way to serve upper-division students coming out of community college. UW Story 1990 Evening degree completion programs introduced Funding cuts in the early 1980’s had ended the University’s previous evening degree offerings, but in 1990 these programs were reintroduced. Adults who had at least 75 academic credits from another college or university – including community colleges – could […] UW Story 1990 Husky Football Job #1 My college experience was truly unique – I had the best job around working in the UW Football office. The photo here is of the board in my… Nicole Morry Dierks 1989 First Nobel Prize for the UW Hans Dehmelt was the first active UW faculty member to win a Nobel Prize, sharing the prize in physics with two other researchers in 1989. UW Story 1989 Dimitri Kieffer, ’89 Dimitri Kieffer is trying to circle the globe under his own power—hiking across Asia, bicycling across North Africa, paddling across the Atlantic, etc. Don’t bet against him: he’s already walked from Alaska to Siberia across the not-entirely-frozen Bering Strait. He […] UW Story 1989 Rebecca Nelson, ’88 Rebecca Nelson, ’88, was discussing potato diseases with a colleague when she received a phone call telling her that she’d received a 1998 MacArthur Fellowship, or “genius grant,” for—you guessed it—her work in combating potato blight. Photo courtesy of Rebecca […] UW Story 1988 Love, Italian Style He was a postbac, taking Italian courses to improve the language he heard growing up but never fully mastered.I was an art history graduate student, working on my language proficiency requirement for a masters degree. Cynthia Graber Caci 1987 UW opens Rome Center Since 1985, the UW’s Rome Center, based in the Palazzo Pio in the heart of Rome, has provided a unique home in Rome for undergraduate and… University of Washington 1985 Scott Carson, ’85 A former director of sales for the Boeing Co., Scott Carson is given considerable credit for helping reverse the company’s bad fortunes. Now CEO of the commercial aircraft unit, he’s overseeing the production of the 787 Dreamliner. Photo courtesy of […] UW Story 1985 From Continuing Education back to Extension In 1984, after twenty years known as Continuing Education, the name reverted back to University Extension. The Extension name would itself later be faded out during the last years of the century, eventually becoming University of Washington Educational Outreach and […] UW Story 1984 Shareware PC-WRITE, written by Bob Wallace, ’78, was the first software program distributed for free with a proviso asking for a contribution. If the user sent back the fee, he or she would receive added features. Wallace dubbed the idea “shareware,” a concept that has spread worldwide with the birth of the Internet. UW Story 1983 I Miss Memorial Way. On graduation day, when the waterlogged mortarboard drooped over my eyes and I wiped away fat drops of Washington rain from my diploma, I wondered what my next chapter would be. Brandon Hoang 1983 A passion for penguins UW Biology Professor Dee Boersma knows her penguins: since 1982 she has directed the Magellanic Penguin Project at Punta Tombo, Argentina, in her role as a scientific fellow for the Wildlife Conservation Society. UW Story 1982 Julia Sweeney, ’82 Who’s that? That’s Pat, though you wouldn’t know by looking at the sparkling Julia Sweeney. Best known as the androgynous Pat on Saturday Night Live, Sweeney is responsible for the acclaimed one-person shows “God Said, ‘Ha!’” and “In The Family […] UW Story 1982 Washington MESA Established The Washington State Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement Program (MESA) provides enriching opportunities in mathematics, engineering and science for underrepresented students in grades K-12. It was formally started in 1982 it has consistently served students throughout the state and won awards […] UW Story 1982 John Carlson, ’81 A well-known Seattle-area conservative, John Carlson raised his voice against what he considered an unfair quota system by pushing I-200 in 1997. The initiative, which passed overwhelmingly, eliminated affirmative action in UW admission policies. Photo courtesy of Fisher Radio Seattle. […] UW Story 1981 Basic Science that Saves Lives – Ben Hall and the Hepatitis B Vaccine Professor Emeritus Benjamin D. Hall has the kind of curiosity that drives basic science and leads to unexpected outcomes. UW Story 1981 National computer networking comes to UW and the Northwest In 1981, the Department of Computer Science became part of the ARPANET, a research network established by the government’s Advanced Research Projects Agency. It was the predecessor to today’s Internet. In 1986, the UW connects to NSFNET, the next step […] UW Story 1981 Rollerskating at the IMA How many knew there was rollerskating at the UW? During my second year, I took a backwards rollerskating class at the IMA. I didn’t… Jill Rinearson 1980 Mount St. Helens provides fertile learning ground The eruption of Mount St.Helens on the morning of May 18, 1980, included an earthquake that collapsed one side of the mountain, a release of pressurized gases and pulverized rock that blew over or killed trees in 150 square miles of forest, and a cloud of volcanic ash five miles high that turned the sky dark as prevailing winds carried falling ash over Eastern Washington and states beyond. UW Story 1980 UW Student Wins Miss Seafair, Queen of the Seas Brigitte Grossrieder, a Violin Performance and Education double-major, has won the title of Miss Seafair, Queen of the Seas 1980-81! As a student of Professor Zigmundy from the UW School of Music, Miss Grossrieder worked to perfect her 3-minute piece, DeFalla’s Dance Espagnole, for the talent portion of the competition. Brigitte Ruth Grossrieder-Tennis 1980 Student Enrollment: 1970s During the 1979-1980 academic year, 45,596 individual students attended the University of Washington, an increase of 5% compared to a decade before. During autumn quarter 1979 alone, 37,547 students were registered, as the University made efforts to cap enrollment on its single Seattle campus. UW Story 1979 Graduated with help from the GI Bill I got out of the Navy in Texas with my UW acceptance in hand and drove north. I was so excited to start this new phase of my life Shari Wassmann 1979 Student pharmacists keep students healthy When students at the University need health care, they often turn to the closest place available: Hall Health Center. Amid the clinics for primary care or exotic travel, they also can find the Rubenstein Memorial Pharmacy, which connects the early days of Seattle’s history with its present and future. UW Story 1978 Tim Paterson, ’78 As an unknown 23-year-old computer designer and engineer, Tim Paterson wrote what became known as the original MS-DOS—the most widely used computer operating system in the 1980s. Photo courtesy of Tim Paterson. This alumni profile is excerpted from the “Our […] UW Story 1978 Continuing Nursing Education (CNE) becomes self-sustaining unit of School of Nursing Initially established with a grant in 1971, the School of Nursing’s Continuing Nursing Education unit became self-sustaining and nationally-accredited by the ANA in 1978. With exceptional faculty, staff and student involvement over the past four decades, the UWCNE program has […] UW Story 1978 First female publisher Barbara A. Krohn was the first woman publisher of the UW Daily, starting in that position in 1977 and retiring in 1991. She started her… The Daily 1977 Margarethe Cammermeyer, ’76, ’91 After disclosing she was a lesbian, Col. Margarethe Cammermeyer was discharged from the National Guard. She fought back with a lawsuit and in 1994 a Seattle judge ruled the ban on homosexuals in the military unconstitutional. Her memoir, Serving in […] UW Story 1976 Art Wolfe, ’75 His brilliantly colorful and stunningly composed nature photographs have appeared in major magazines, in dozens of books and on two U.S. postage stamps. Fans can catch up with him on his new public television series, Travels to the Edge with […] UW Story 1975 Pablo O’Higgins Mural Placed in Kane Hall The Pablo O’Higgins mural “The Struggle Against Racial Discrimination,” now hanging in UW’s Kane Hall, was painted in 1945 for the Seattle Ship Scaler’s Union. The mural was later donated to the University of Washington, and after a campaign led […] UW Story I have a story to tell about University Of Washington School of Art, Seattle I was here! 1974 Moving into McMahon Hall I moved here to be closer to the UW Daily office, because by this time I was managing editor of the school newspaper. I had a single room… Peter Rinearson Before there was MS-DOS, there was CP/M and QDOS. UW Story 1974 Loren Carpenter, ’74, ’76 Part of the Pixar founding team and now its chief scientist, Loren Carpenter celebrated an Academy Award win in 2000 for advancements in motion picture rendering by Pixar’s RenderMan software. He helped develop the software, which made possible the stunning […] UW Story 1974 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome UW Professors David Smith and Ann Streissguth and student Kenneth Jones published the first definition of fetal alcohol syndrome and its characteristic physical and behavior features. They also created new screening methods for the condition. UW Story 1973 Title IX Launches an Era of Equal Opportunity for Women “Title IX” is a shorthand expression referring to federal legislation in 1972 that outlawed discrimination based on sex under “any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” While athletics were not specified in the legislation, Title IX is widely credited for increased support for and recognition of women athletes. UW Story 1972 UW restores nearby habitat Managed by UW Botanic Gardens, the Union Bay Natural Area is a public wildlife area, natural restoration laboratory and significant habitat next to Lake Washington. UW Story 1972 Robb Weller, ’72 In front of the camera, Weller is the host of A&E’s Top 10, and formerly co-anchor of Entertainment Tonight. Behind the camera he’s partner/executive producer of Weller/Grossman Productions, the company responsible for bringing reality and documentary shows to life for […] UW Story 1972 Artist Jacob Lawrence joins the faculty Jacob Lawrence was already a famous artist when he joined the UW faculty in 1971, after he and his wife, the artist Gwendolyn Knight, moved to Seattle. UW Story 1971 Saving Pike Place Market In the 1960s, “urban renewal” usually meant tearing down old buildings to make way for new ones. Several of Seattle’s beloved landmarks, including Pioneer Square and the Pike Place Market, almost became victims of that trend. UW Story 1971 Steven Holl, ’71 The chance to design an addition to Kansas City’s Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art drew interest from some of America’s top architects, but the contract ultimately went to the one who “broke all the rules.” Named “America’s Best Architect” by Time […] UW Story 1971 The 1970s: A turbulent decade “Today’s Students Demand Changes” was a bold headline, and a constant theme, of the 1970 TYEE yearbook. UW Story 1970 University District hosts nation’s longest-running street fair Every year on a weekend in May, University Way is crowded with merchants, food vendors, artists, and many others that comprise the famous University District Street Fair, which is the longest-running event of its kind in the U.S. UW Story 1970 Medic One, saving lives since 1970 People across the country take for granted that when they can call 911 in the event of a medical emergency, they receive care within minutes from firefighters or specially trained medics. That wasn’t always the case. UW Story 1970 First Programs in Minority Affairs Established In the early 1970s, the Educational Opportunity Program Counseling (EOP), Ethnic Cultural Center (ECC) &Theatre, and the Instructional Center were created to serve new populations of students coming to the UW. EOP counselors assist students with academic, financial, and personal […] UW Story 1970 A “Nobel” Introduction to my Major I started at UW thinking I wanted to study Oceanography, but that first year of science and math was not really want I wanted to do. The Introduction to Economics course was taught by the chair of the department that […] Kerry Kahl 1970 Fouad Ajami, ’69, ’73 Born and raised in Lebanon, Fouad Ajami is a professor of Middle East Studies at Johns Hopkins University and a prominent public intellectual. He writes on Middle Eastern affairs for the Wall Street Journal and other publications, and has served […] UW Story 1969 Christine Gregoire, ’69, ’71 Christine Gregoire was the first woman to be elected attorney general in Washington and served three terms, notably winning a $4.5 billion share for the state in a tobacco settlement. In 2004, she became Washington’s second female governor. Photo by […] UW Story 1969 Founding of the Educational Opportunity Program Charles Odegaard kept his May 1968 promise to the Black Student Union, creating a new program to recruit and support underrepresented minority students to the UW. UW Story 1968 Eric Nalder, ’68 An investigative reporter for the Seattle P-I who knows how to follow the money, the smoke and the oil slick, Nalder has received two Pulitzers. He exposed dangerous flaws in the regulation of oil tankers, the misuse of HUD funds […] UW Story 1968 Lakeside School computer club connects In 1968, using money from a Mothers Club rummage sale, Lakeside School set up an ASR-33 Teletype terminal for the school computer club. An eighth grader named Bill Gates used the terminal for his first experience in mainframe programming. The […] UW Story 1968 Shirley Malcom, ’67 As head of education programs for the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Shirley Malcom helps improve public understanding of science, especially among underrepresented groups. In 2003, she received the Public Welfare Medal of the National Academy of […] UW Story 1967 Roberto Maestas, ’66, ’71 In 1972, Maestas helped lead a peaceful occupation of the abandoned Beacon Hill Elementary School, protesting cuts to basic education at South Seattle Community College. Today his organization—El Centro de la Raza—owns the building, from which it provides services like […] UW Story 1966 KUOW FM Radio joins Continuing Education After 15 years in existence since the early 1950’s, the University’s radio station, 94.9 KUOW FM, was added to the Continuing Education Division in 1966. It remained part of this division until 1980, managed along with other diverse offerings for […] UW Story 1966 H. Jon Runstad, ’65 UW students aiming for careers in real estate can follow in the footsteps of former Regent Runstad, thanks to the Runstad Center for Real Estate Studies in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning, which he and his wife Judy, […] UW Story 1965 Kitty Kelley, ’64 Notorious for her unauthorized biographies of the world’s most powerful people, Kitty Kelley has written about the Bush family, the British monarchy, Nancy Reagan and Jackie O. Photo by Ira Schwarz. This alumni profile is excerpted from the “Our Wondrous […] UW Story 1964 Deanship created and Continuing Education gets a new name After 17 years as head of Adult Education, Lloyd Schram was named Dean of Continuing Education. The promotion was part of a wider reorganization of University Extension offerings as “Continuing Education,” and also recognition of the increased significance of the […] UW Story 1964 The Other Day the Music Died It was a Friday morning, shortly after 10:00AM. I was in the midst of a Power Distribution Systems class in the basement of the Electrical Engineering Building on lower campus. Ron Corcoran 1963 Asian Law Center offers expertise from Japan to Afghanistan The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909 brought the world’s attention to the UW and the region’s ties to countries around the Pacific Rim. A century later, “globalization” is commonly used to describe the changing world of business, government and culture. UW Story 1962 Drumheller Fountain springs to life Rainier Vista, which provides a view of the majestic mountain from the heart of the University of Washington’s Seattle campus, was created… University of Washington 1961 Honors program established The University Honors Program was established as an “experimental” program in the College of Arts & Sciences in 1961 to provide the University’s most academically motivated students with a learning environment connecting them to the increased academic challenge they sought. UW Story 1961 Rita Colwell, ’61 Colwell was the first female director of the National Science Foundation. In 2007, President Bush awarded her the National Medal of Science for her research on marine microbes and the links between environmental and human health. Photo by Jon Marmor. […] UW Story 1961 The 1960s: Civil rights debate comes to campus Student life at the UW in the 1960s was shaped by many national trends, one of the most important of which was the fight for civil rights and racial equality. UW Story 1960 Yoshihiko Miyauchi, ’60 In 1964, four years into his career, Japanese deregulation proponent Miyauchi and 12 colleagues founded ORIX Corporation. Under his leadership it has grown to an $8 billion conglomerate with 15,000 employees. In 2005 Miyauchi appeared on the cover of Forbes […] UW Story 1960 Never Had A Clue In getting to classes at UW back in the 1960s I parked north of the campus and entered on the pathway just west of Denny Field.I walked by this popular recreational field every single day and never had a clue as to its amazingly rich history. Lynn Borland 1960 Student Enrollment: 1950s During the 1959-1960 academic year, 23,336 individual students attended the University of Washington an increase of 12% compared to a decade before. During autumn quarter 1959 alone, 16,882 students were registered, nearly the same number as a decade earlier. UW Story 1959 William Bolcom, ’58 One of the great virtuosos of American music, William Bolcom is equally comfortable composing symphonies, chamber music, cabaret and ragtime. His many honors include a Pulitzer, the National Medal of Arts, three Grammys and the UW’s Alumnus of the Year […] UW Story 1958 Wayne Quinton, ’58 The “father of bioengineering,” Wayne Quinton collaborated with physicians to create more than 30 innovative medical devices. One in particular—a shunt that made long-term dialysis therapy possible for patients who had lost their kidney function—has saved millions of lives. He […] UW Story 1958 3 Phases My father taught General Engineering at the U from around 1955 to 1969 or so. One of my earlier memories is of walking with him down Smith Lane, collecting chestnuts and putting them into the back of my new red and white toy Ford station wagon. Flash forward to 1982, and I am a MBA candidate, slaving away in study groups, doing HBR cases, and learning the language of business. Peter Bonow 1957 Hard spacesuit An electrical engineer, alumnus Siegfried Hansen, ’33, came up with the hard spacesuit NASA has used in space missions. He is called the father of E.V.A. (extravehicular activity). UW Story 1955 Living in the Dorms at UW Living in the dorms at UW was a great experience. It was pretty noisy, though. I eventually moved along with two other fellows to a quieter location off campus. Jack Joseph Avril 1955 Alum named UW president In 1952, Henry Schmitz began his six-year tenure as president of the University, having been the first alumnus of the University to hold the position. UW Story 1952 Hugh McElhenny, ’52 His sport was football, but his specialty was the 100-yard dash. Hugh McElhenny is the only player in UW history to record touchdown runs of over 90 yards as a punt returner, a kickoff returner and a rusher from scrimmage. […] UW Story 1952 Tom Foley, ’51, ’57 You might say former U.S. Speaker of the House Tim Foley is a Spokane man—he was born and raised there, and represented the 5th District of Eastern Washington for 30 years in Congress. But he earned his bachelor’s and law […] UW Story 1951 The 1950s: A new normal & a significant election The 1950s were a time of tremendous energy at the University of Washington, with new buildings going up, new programs like the School of Medicine, and a new emphasis on research and graduate education, encouraged by both federal and state dollars. UW Story 1950 Don Coryell, ’50, ’51 A Husky defensive back, Don Coryell went on to become a genius on the offensive side of the football. As head coach of the San Diego Chargers, he devised the “Air Coryell” passing system. A pioneer of the I-formation offense, […] UW Story On July 9, 1949, Governor Arthur Langlie presided over the dedication of Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. UW Story 1949 First Environmental Health Graduate: Jack Hatlen Jack Hatlen graduated with the UW’s first class of Sanitary Science majors in 1949, and joined his classmate, John Fish, at Seattle-King County Public Health Elizabeth Sharpe 1949 Dan Evans, ’48, ’49, and Norm Rice, ’72, ’74 Power Lunch: Democrat Rice (right), Seattle’s first and only African American mayor, takes a coffee break in the HUB with Republican Evans, Washington’s beloved former governor and U.S. senator. Rice is currently Distinguished Practitioner-in-Residence at the Daniel J. Evans School […] UW Story 1948 Renowned sculptor George Tsutakawa George Tsutakawa’s life is intimately bound up with the Pacific Northwest and the University of Washington. UW Story 1947 Donald Petersen, ’46 One day Petersen, then president and soon to be CEO of the Ford Motor Company, asked some designers if they were proud of that year’s models. They said no, and the resulting mandate—Petersen told designers to work only on cars […] UW Story 1946 Division of Adult Education and Extension Services created and expanded World War II created both increased demands and desire for adult education. When the war ended, the University of Washington created a new Division of Adult Education and Extension Services to coordinate and expand these opportunities. The Division, headed by […] UW Story 1946 Mark 9 Torpedo Exploder Working with the U.S. Navy to come up with a more reliable exploder for torpedoes, UW Physicist Joe Henderson created the Mark 9 Torpedo Exploder in 1945, a significant improvement that would only detonate when it was under the keel of the target ship. UW Story 1945 The GI Bill transforms the UW The GI Bill—officially called the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944—offered educational and housing benefits to veterans returning from World War II that transformed not only the veterans’ lives but also higher education institutions like the University of Washington. UW Story 1944 Applied Fisheries Laboratory In response to the development of the atomic bomb in World War II and its effect on fisheries, UW Professor Lauren Donaldson was ordered by the Manhattan Engineering District of the U.S. UW Story Students on the front lines and the home front during WWII Like the rest of America, the UW was greatly affected by World War II. UW Story 1941 Student Enrollment: 1930s During the 1939-1940 academic year, 15,115 individual students attended the University of Washington, an increase of 37% compared to a decade before. During Autumn Quarter 1939 alone, 10,662 students were registered. More information: University of Washington, Office of the Registrar, Yearly Statistical Report 1979-1980. UW Story 1939 Husky Crew wins Olympic Gold Medal The UW had become well known for the success of its rowing programs over several decades, but in 1936 the Husky varsity crew proved to be the best in the world. UW Story 1936 UW’s Wind Tunnel – From Boeing Airplanes to Lance Armstrong’s bicycle In a modest brick building on the UW Seattle campus, wind speeds can reach up to 250 miles per hour. The Kirsten Wind Tunnel, built in 1936, is the second wind tunnel built on the UW campus. UW Story 1936 Educational Radio broadcasts begin Radio was still a relatively new technology in the 1930s, but it quickly found a place as a tool for education, extending the classroom and providing increased access. The University of Washington began presenting talks by radio in 1934, and […] UW Story 1934 Talking book Blind alumnus Robert Irwin, 1906, was the force behind the creation of the “talking book,” which allowed the visually impaired to “read” a book by playing records of spoken text UW Story 1932 Gift brings distinguished speakers to campus Maud Walker Ames and her husband Edwin Gardner Ames created a unique legacy at the University through a gift made in several stages during the 1930s. UW Story 1931 Roaring 20s Close with a Kissing Ban After seeing couples “spooning” in the shadows of the Columns one spring evening in 1929, University president Matthew Lyle Spencer banned kissing on campus. UW Story 1929 First national recognition for faculty The University of Washington faculty was not well known for its scholarship when, in 1928, the first national recognition came to a faculty member: Vernon Louis Parrington. UW Story 1928 Henry Suzzallo & the beginnings of the University Libraries The Suzzallo Library, named after former UW President Henry Suzzallo, opened in 1926. The president, who was instrumental in planning the library starting in 1922, envisioned it to be “the soul of the university.” UW Story 1926 First Rose Bowl appearance Collegiate football began on the East Coast, and the first collegiate game is credited as happening November 6, 1869, when Rutgers beat Princeton.The University of Washington played its first collegiate opponent—Stanford—on December 29, 1893, losing 40-0 before 600 spectators in West Seattle. UW Story 1924 Sun Dodgers become the Huskies Washington’s athletic teams had been called the Sun Dodgers since 1919, but a lot of people thought that didn’t do much for the school’s—or the region’s—image. UW Story 1922 Students help raise funds to build Husky Stadium A student-run athletic association managed sports activities in the 1890s, but as the University and the athletics program grew so did the need for funds. UW Story 1920 More than 1,000 students called to active service in World War I The United States officially entered what would become known as World War I on April 6, 1917. UW Story 1917 Boeing begins making planes in Seattle On June 15, 1916, William E.Boeing piloted the Bluebill, the first plane he helped to build. UW Story 1916 School of Business created The School of Business was established in 1914 and is the second-oldest institution of management education on the West Coast. UW Story 1914 Preserving the columns The Sylvan Theater, a tree-enclosed hideaway southeast of Drumheller Fountain, contains four white columns, preserved from the original Territorial University building when it was torn down in 1911. UW Story 1911 Pocock Rowing Shell A British boat builder and crew racer, George Pocock came to the U.S. and built floatplane pontoons for Boeing. He returned to his first love, boat building, when he joined the UW and built the shell that the then-unknown UW crew team used to win a national championship. UW Story 1911 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition transforms the UW A group of civic leaders, including Professor Edmond Meany, organized Seattle’s first world’s fair, the Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, held on the UW campus from June to October 1909. UW Story 1909 Student Enrollment: 1900s During the 1909-1910 academic year, 2,156 individual students attended the University of Washington, four times as many as a decade before. There were no longer any preparatory students taking pre-collegiate courses. UW Story 1909 Women’s Building Opens The Woman’s Building (now Cunningham Hall) opened as part of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, the first building built for women in the State of Washington. Its purpose was to exhibit the work of local women artists and to provide hospitality to […] UW Story 1909 Ten acres that shaped a city Although many people know that the original site of the Territorial University was 10 acres of what is now downtown Seattle, fewer know that the University still owns the land, which is now crowded with tall buildings. UW Story 1907 Early collaborations with state industries Henry K.Benson came to the UW in 1904 as assistant professor of chemistry during a time when Washington state’s economy was still based on natural resources—timber, mining, fishing and agriculture. UW Story 1904 The first Summer Quarter The first UW Summer Quarter was held in 1904 (known as Summer Session at the time), at the urging of the State Teacher’s Association and others who felt need for increased access to education. Initially summer classes targeted teachers and […] UW Story 1904 Nordstrom opens as a shoe store In 1901, Swedish immigrant John W.Nordstrom and his friend Carl Wallin went into the shoe business and opened the first Nordstrom location in downtown Seattle in 1901. UW Story 1901 Native American influence on student life Student life in the early years of the University repeatedly showed the influence of the native peoples who lived in the area. Chief Seattle, for whom the new city was named, died in 1866, five years after the Territorial University’s founding, and early settlers were dependent for years on help from the local tribes. UW Story 1900 Law school starts with one instructor Among many characteristics that made John T.Condon an outstanding choice to found the UW Law School in 1899 was the fact that he was born in Washington Territory (in 1863) and attended the Territorial University for part of his pre-college education. UW Story 1899 First fraternity founded Sigma Nu was the first national fraternity to have a chapter at the University of Washington: the Gamma Chi chapter was founded in 1896… University of Washington 1896 University leaves “temptations” of downtown Keeping a growing student body away from the evils of city life was one reason the University’s Board of Regents asked the state legislature to authorize moving the University to a site larger than the original 10 acres. UW Story 1895 Celebrating Grandma’s 1894 graduation My grandmother, Helen Mae Anthony, was in the group of the first 13 to graduate from the current campus in 1894 and took a street car from 7th and Pine, where her father was Seattle’s first bookbinder, to the Montlake […] Sharon Carey LeeMaster 1894 Seattle’s Great Fire On June 6, 1889, a man named John E.Back caused a fire in the basement of a downtown building that would spread and become known as Seattle’s Great Fire. UW Story 1889 Alumni Association creates connections The University of Washington Alumni Association was founded in 1889, when the Territorial University had 60 living alumni. They wanted to have a way to stay connected and support the University. UW Story 1889 Railroad Tycoon’s $4,000 gift saves the University The Territorial University was plagued with financial and administrative problems, closing four times in its first 15 years (in 1863, 1867-69, 1874 and again in 1876 after granting its first bachelor’s degree, to Clara McCarty). UW Story 1883 First UW Graduate: Clara McCarty Clara McCarty became the first student to receive a bachelor’s degree from the University of Washington in 1876. UW Story 1876 A historic land donation In a remarkable and history-changing act of generosity, Arthur and Mary Denny, Charles and Mary Terry and Edward Lander in April of 1861 deeded 10 acres overlooking Elliott Bay that would be used to establish the first University of Washington campus. UW Story 1861 Chief Si’ahl Signs Treaty of Point Elliott On January 22, 1855, Chief Si’ahl of the Duwamish, along with other chiefs and delegates of tribes, bands, and villages in the Puget Sound region, and Isaac Stevens (1818-1862), Governor of Washington Territory, signed the Point Elliott Treaty. Through the […] UW Story 1855 Lewis & Clark enter Washington After a year of traveling, William Clark and Meriwether Lewis entered what would become the state of Washington on October 10, 1805. UW Story 1805 Ethnic Cultural Center to be named for Samuel E. Kelly The University of Washington Office of Minority Affairs and Diversity’s (OMA&D) new Ethnic Cultural Center (ECC) will be named in honor of the late Dr. Samuel E. Kelly, the founding vice president for the department and a pioneer for diversity […] UW Story 2012 Orthodontic Mini Residency Great experience, great job, great knowledge, great university, thank you teachers, one of my best experience in dental educational. Carlos Sanabria 2012 Covering the Holiday Bowl Sports Editor Taylor Soper traveled to San Diego to the Holiday Bowl to watch the UW Huskies win. The Daily 2011 Just arrived at #fourpeaks salon at UW. I think I see @dakini_3′ Time: Apr 14, 2011 5:34 PMPlace: Kane Hall, Seattle Go to the intersection of Apr 14, 2011 5:34 PM & Kane Hall, Seattle Mónica Guzmán Preston 2011 150 years in my hands This was the first day of my internship at UW Marketing. This photo is a historical documentation of the desk at which I was busy at work… Ivan Vukovic 2011 Seattle-Nairobi Team Has Better Infant HIV Test For Africa Early detection of the HIV-1 virus in infants in Africa is a pressing global health concern but current testing tools are too expensive. A… Matt Rosenberg 2011 Great start for UW Softball The women’s softball team keeps on winning – with a 23-2 record. Husky freshman pitcher Kaitlin Inglesby (Portland, Oregon) was named the… Tim Knight 2011 2011 UW Distinguished Staff Nominee folks had some very nice things to say…can you see me blushing through the screen? Every year, the University of Washington honors the… Scott Macklin 2011 Dirty Non-Secret The University of Washington campus is not being maintained the way it once was. I can see it when I walk to and from my car on those rare… Peter Rinearson 2011 Beautiful day for the UW @ischoolonline Dean’s Club dinner Time: May 19, 2011 6:50 PMPlace: 1801-1807 E Hamlin St, Seattle, WA 98112, USA Go to the intersection of May 19, 2011 6:50 PM & 1801-1807 E Hamlin St, Seattle, WA 98112, USA Mónica Guzmán Preston The Daily students got new(er) chairs today, thanks to Intersect! The Daily 2011 Just ‘hanging around’ Student gets a birds-eye view from a tree branch on this stunning Spring day! Not too sure how much study got done though! Kim Burdett Oops: Friday is wear purple day at UW, & I showed up in Coug red! Ah, the things you learn. Sorry! Mónica Guzmán Preston 2011 I have a story to tell about University of Washington, 407 Gerberding Hall, Seattle, WA 98195-0001, USA I was here! 2011 Suzzallo Library, Then and Now Am trying out a little ‘then and now’ project with some photos from our Special Collections Campus Photo Collection. These are rough tests… Christine Tawatao 2011 School of Nursing Holds No. 1 ranking for unprecedented 27 years The School of Nursing again was again ranked first among nursing schools in the country, according to rankings of 464 schools of nursing provided in March 2011 by U.S. News & World Report. The School of Nursing has the distinction […] UW Story Value of a UW education I treasure my education at the U Dub. Great professors! Inspiring surroundings, challenging requirements all add up to effective preparation for a successful business life. Now semi retired, sold my commercial mortgage banking business in 2008….(Whew!), living in Santa Barbara……..Five daughters, ten grandchildren.. Roger Willmon 2011 The Birth of a Dream Trying to discover what one great passion to give my life to has been a personal struggle for me; should I be a doctor? –A research scientist? –An Ecologist perhaps? It wasn’t until coming to UW Bothell and becoming part of the closest, most challenging, and most enriching community of learning I have ever experience, that I could find my passion for sustainability and environmental conservation. Freddie Hensen 2011 A long history of Purple I was 8 years old when I attended my first UW football game back in 1961. We had seats in the (then) Tyee section So.side upper deck, compliments of my step-father who was a UW track and field star in the early 1930’s. Todd Case 2011 Faith I was in Joe Butwin’s Bible as liturature class and he asked me if faith was simple. I said, “yes.” He answered, “That’s the right answer.”…. Edith Marie Hansen 2011 UW Bothell Students Create Husky Packs In the face of rising cost of tuition and other higher education expenses, Ty Edwards, ASUW-Bothell’s Director of Student Advocacy and co-founder James Liu, initiated a program, Husky Packs, for members of the surrounding community. Husky Packs serves both the […] UW Story 2011 CSI of the Salish Sea: Conservation Canines on the trail of killer whales A story collected from Dr. Wasser’s Celebrate Conservation Canines event on July 22, 2010. Dr. Samuel Wasser uses trained dogs to sniff out… Lara Seven Phillips 2010 Congratulations, I graduated It’s official! I finally graduated from the University of Washington. Specialty? Journalism and political science. Next? Grad school at The… Vivian J Luu 2010 Daily made us what we are Daily made us what we are, let us be who we wanted Published in The Daily on June 4, 2010 By Christian Caple First, you need to know who I… The Daily 2010 5th Graders from Robert Gray Elementary Visit the Campus I took my 5th graders to visit the UW campus. All year we had an ongoing discussion about what college is all about and how to prepare for… Heidi Armenta 2010 Dawg Pack The Daily’s Double Shot created a time-lapse of the Dawg Pack for the game covered by ESPN. This year, 2011, The Daily will be providing… The Daily 2010 Snowmen of Education Hill A very small sampling. Actually, these are more properly called “hailmen” as they are built from a two inch dumping of hail the hill… Wistar Rinearson 2010 Open Secrets: An Open Conversation about Wikileaks and Information Transparency in America The UW’s Master of Communication of Digital Media (MCDM), in collaboration with the Seattle Public Library and City Club present: Open… Scott Macklin 2010 Sharing Intersect at UW Today, Jason, David, Moni (not pictured) and I headed to the UW campus. Since moving to the Seattle area more than 20 years ago, I’ve… Monica Harrington 2010 Of college, culture and command lines This morning I had an appointment at the health center at the University of Washington, so I had a chance to walk around the campus. It was… David Huntsperger 2010 Media Space w/Margaret O’Mara This new program from UWTV and the Master of Communication in Digital Media is hosted by award-winning TV correspondent and UW Professor… Melissa BV Wilkes 2010 UW vs. Nebraska Game & Big W Tailgate It was great to see old friends at the Big W tailgate. Pete finally got to meet Shane, Mike, Tommie, T-Red, Rich and a bunch of the other… Nicole Morry Dierks 2010 Center for Pediatric Dentistry opens Battling childhood dental disease through early intervention and other innovative approaches, The Center for Pediatric Dentistry is a collaboration between the School of Dentistry and Seattle Children’s Hospital. UW Story 2010 Hanson Hosein, leading the revolution in digital media Hanson Hosein, assistant professor of communication, defies categorization. He heads the UW’s Masters of Communication in Digital Media (MCDM) program, hosts a UWTV series, is an award-winning journalist and documentary filmmaker, holds law degrees from two countries, and was once a television news producer for NBC News. UW Story 2010 UW Researchers develop device for Ménière’s Disease treatment In October 2010, Drs. Jay Rubinstein and James Philips, UW otolaryngologist, introduced the first implantable device that could help patients with Ménière’s disease, a condition believed to be an inner ear problem that causes vertigo, hearing loss, and ringing and pressure in the ear, restore their balance. UW Story 2010 An Indian Fairy Tale My husband and I met on campus in 2002 as Sophomores.He was tall, lanky and quiet from Hyderabad.I was short, expressive and loud from Gujarat.It took another year before we realized that we may actually have something there between the two of us. Neha Nariya 2010 Becoming a Husky, the day I was accepted 5/28/2010 I knew I always wanted to go to the University of Washington, that is where my father went, therefore as a little girl that was my dream. When it was time for me to go to college, I did not do as well as I should have to go to a school like the UW. Stacey Burton Morrison 2010 Queer & Proud Each year, the Q Faculty and Staff organization (QFSUW), founded to build and facilitate academic and social community for faculty and staff, organizes UW’s participation in the Seattle Pride Parade in June. In 2011, the Q Center organized a committee […] UW Story 2010 Integrated Dance Comes to UW Twenty-two dancers converged on the UW Aug. 9-14, 2010. five of them in wheelchairs. The occasion was the Integrated Dance Summer Intensive, and the aim was to share processes whereby dance can be made more accessible to those with disabilities. The […] UW Story 2010 Graduation Just a couple weeks before giving birth to Julia, I graduated from the Evans School of Public Affairs with the best cohort ever! abigail klingbeil 2009 Leading the Field: Recent recognition for UW faculty, alumni and students Karen E. Fisher promoted to full professor Dr. Fisher joined the iSchool in 1999 after two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University… UW Information School 2009 i Do: Couples who met (and married) at the iSchool By Ann Beckmann It’s remarkable how couples meet and somehow things connect. Similar interests, values, smarts and looks are typically part… UW Information School 2009 First compostable Coca Cola cup tested here The UW became the pilot site for the first compostable paper cup developed for Coca-Cola soft drinks in 2009. UW Story 2009 Science for teenage girls Each summer, the Burke Museum offers a week-long program called Girls in Science for teenage girls entering 7th through 9th grades. UW Story 2009 A center for human rights Many individuals and departments at the UW have engaged in human rights activities and scholarship over decades, but efforts have always been decentralized. UW Story 2009 Harnessing more efficient solar energy Sunny afternoons inspire some Seattleites to leave work early. They inspire David Ginger to work harder. UW Story 2009 UW Medicine launches sports concussion program In 2009, UW Medicine and Seattle Children’s opened a sports concussion program for teen and adult athletes. UW Story 2009 Pharmacy students’ outreach garners national acclaim In 2009, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy honored a group of eight UW pharmacy students with one of its first-ever Student Community Engaged Service Awards. The award — which carries an $18,500 prize with it — recognized student-led community outreach projects that encourage service learning. UW School of Pharmacy 2009 Rushing the field-UW vs USC 16-13 On September 20, 2009 it was a chilly afternoon at Husky Stadium and the Dawgs were taking on the Trojans for the first time under coach Sarkisian.I was late to the game because of a babysitting job so could not squeeze in with my friends in the roaring dawg pack but found a seat on the aisle near the band. Holly Marie Johnson 2009 Women Faculty ADVANCE in Engineering In Fall 2009 the University of Washington College of Engineering reached a female faculty rate of 20.5% while the national rate plateaus at 12.7%. Since the initiation of UW ADVANCE Center for Institutional Change in 2001, the percentage of women […] UW Story 2009 Future Husky! Jordy LOVES this Husky hat…kept wearing it around the house at only 7 months old. :–) Nicole Morry Dierks 2008 Husky Football Pic Day Since I worked in the office, I was able to bring my family down early. Jordy got to meet the guys and is pictured here with Jake Locker… Nicole Morry Dierks 2008 MSIM Alum Wants Your Vote’for Trustworthy Electronic Elections By Ann Beckmann Trust is tricky business when it comes to elections. After Florida’s hanging chads became a household cliché in the 2000… UW Information School 2008 My first rehearsal with UW Men’s Glee Club I joined the UW Men’s Glee Club in the second quarter of its reincarnated life. The group was founded in 1895 and was in continuous… John Burkhardt 2008 Tribal partnerships lead to development of Pacific Northwest bioenergy In 2008, UW researchers began working with local Native American tribes to develop locally produced bioenergy. UW Story 2008 Dalai Lama visits UW His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama visited campus on April 14th, 2008, as a special convocation that was part of his five-day trip to Seattle… University of Washington 2008 Students help the Seahawks tackle hypertension In 2007, when UW pharmacy students were called upon to help with a hypertension-awareness initiative at Seattle Seahawks games, the students were more than happy to heed that call. UW School of Pharmacy 2008 UW Professional & Continuing Education moves to UW Tower A 56-year search for a new location that could house the many diverse programs and functions involved in lifelong learning finally ended in 2008, when UW Professional & Continuing Education moved into the UW Tower at 45th and Brooklyn, previously […] UW Story 2008 PROGRAM NOTES: MSIM ‘ MSIM Candidate Helps New Olympic Sculpture Park Throw Open Its Virtual Gallery Phillip Endicott is no stranger to the Seattle-area arts and culture scene, having held strategic jobs with successful endeavors including… UW Information School 2007 Husky Promise Launched in 2007, the Husky Promise is a guarantee to students of Washington state residency that financial challenges will not prevent them from achieving a degree at UW. UW Story 2007 Exhibit blends Latin American music and UW faculty expertise Latino musicians have had a profound influence on popular music in the United States, including jazz, R&B, rock ‘n’ roll, and hip-hop. UW Story 2007 Yoky Matsuoka wins MacArthur award A tennis prodigy as a youth, Yoky Matsuoka turned to the emerging field of neurobotics when an injury ended her tennis dreams. UW Story 2007 School of Nursing launches state-of-the-art simulation lab While bedside “learning” has long been part of the School of Nursing’s curriculum, in 2007 the School launched a redesigned, state of the art Center for Excellence in Nursing Education. This “lab” enables students to experience hands-on patient interactions through […] UW Story 2007 Osher Lifelong Learning Institute opens In 2007, with funding from the Bernard Osher Foundation, UW Educational Outreach opened the Osher Institute for Lifelong Learning. The institute provides affordable education to those over 50 on a membership basis. In five years the institute has grown to […] UW Story 2007 Committed to global engagement iSchool community seeks to increase understanding of the Middle East and improve learning environments for people in need throughout the… UW Information School 2006 New Dean’s agenda: Consolidation, strategic growth, excellence, engagement and visibility “The School ought to be a prototype, test-bed and model of innovative thinking and leading-edge practice in information.” Harry Bruce, who… UW Information School 2006 Harnessing Information for the Common Good iSchool helps launch Communities Connect Network to enhance community techno Many diverse organizations across Washington state share an… UW Information School 2006 Summer Ceramics (Part 3) (Continued from Part 2) And now begins the Seattle segment of our program. As a graduate student at the University of Washington, I taught… James Terry 2006 Summer Quarter at UW Not the most desired way to spend your summer but it actually was really nice to absorb the beauty of the campus while taking some needed or fun classes you wouldn’t be able to fit during a quarter! Here’s a picture of some friends and I out on Lake Washington with canoes with rented from the WAC. Your Name 2006 Got my first ‘real’ job at UW ‘ and embarked on a nonprofit career! After struggling to find a job in nonprofit out of college, I finally landed a temp gig in the College of Engineering’s marketing… Eva Dankanics Conner 2005 Dean’s Corner: Move it On Over Fall is always an exiting time for me. The academic year starts, and I get the chance to welcome new faculty and staff and see student… UW Information School 2005 Faculty Spotlight: Mike Crandall Mike Crandall has seen the growth of his field and the Information School from both sides now. A 1986 University of Washington graduate in… UW Information School 2005 Forest Resources professor receives Heinz award Jerry Franklin has been a researcher for the Forest Service as well as various academic institutions since 1959. He has mentored more than 40 students, given hundreds of seminars, and authored approximately 450 papers. UW Story 2005 Gates Public Service Law Program UW Regent William H.Gates, Sr.(BA ’49, JD ’50) was surprised with an unusual gift in honor of his 80th birthday in 2005. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation gave the School of Law $33.3 million for scholarships that will allow hundreds of talented students to pursue careers in public service law without worrying about paying off thousands of dollars in debt that law students normally accrue. UW Story 2005 Institute for Simulation and Interprofessional Studies ISIS (The Institute for Simulation and Interprofessional Studies) was established in 2005 in response to the need for a centralized interdisciplinary center for simulation training at the UW. UW Story 2005 Live high definition video broadcast from ocean floor During the 2000s, the UW led the way in demonstrating the potential for delivering high definition video over the Internet for education and research purposes. An example was the HDTV broadcast of ocean floor research by the Visions 2005 research […] UW Story 2005 UWT Creates Diversity Resource Center In academic year 2005-2006, UW Tacoma established the Diversity Resource Center UWT campus with funding from the Presidents’ Diversity Appraisal Fund. In 2006 the campus also hosted the Power Of One Conference, a northwest student leadership conference designed to […] UW Story 2005 College graduate, at last More than 30 years after starting my degree program at the University of Washington, I finished it on December 17, 2004. I’d been two… Peter Rinearson 2004 Fashion Walk We had to do this fashion walk for the new homosexual fraternity on campus and one person had an outfit completely handmade out of trash… Candis Anderson 2004 Diversity Research Institute opens doors The University of Washington’s commitment to building and maintaining a diverse faculty was substantiated by the creation of the Diversity Research Institute (DRI). Founded by the Office of Minority Affairs and Diversity in 2004, the DRI develops a community of […] UW Story Go, go, go…go Alpha Gamma! Candis joined a sorority 2003 An Indelicate Balancing Act’ The Patriot Act, Intellectual Freedom and National Security In recent years, Congress has enacted several laws that narrow the scope of various constitutional rights. But none has produced more… UW Information School 2003 A center for Northwest Coast Art Bill Holm first encountered Northwest Coast Art as a teenager, when his mother took him to the Washington State Museum on the University of Washington campus. UW Story 2003 Farecast In 2003, UW Computer Science & Engineering Professor Oren Etzioni grew frustrated at the unpredictably (and seemingly arbitrarily) fluctuating prices of airline tickets. UW Story 2003 Student Achievements The Information School was home to a remarkable group of students during the 2001/02 academic year. The School congratulates them… UW Information School 2002 PROGRAM NOTES ‘ Reaching Out to Seattle Youth Seattle’s Union Gospel Mission (UGM) is well known for its work with the urban homeless population, but the public isn’t as aware of UGM’s… UW Information School 2002 Libraries React to Sept. 11 The Sept. 11 terrorist attacks shocked and saddened us all. But as recovery began, the world sought information to explain what had… UW Information School 2002 International Training and Education Center on HIV Soon after the International Training and Education Center on HIV was founded in 2002, it quickly grew to more than 600 employees working in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. UW Story 2002 UW Hosts National Diversity Conference In 2002, the Center for Curriculum Transformation hosted a national conference, funded by the Ford Foundation, to celebrate its tenth anniversary. Project leaders from around the county convened to explore how both individual work and collaborations among faculty members, students, and […] UW Story On February 28, 2001, the 6.8-magnitude Nisqually earthquake shook much of Western Washington. UW Story 2001 Lee Hartwell wins 2001 Nobel Prize UW genetics professor Leland (Lee) Hartwell was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his basic research on cell division. UW Story 2001 GEAR UP pup lost, found Hope, a special canine mascot at the UW, is safely back at home after wandering alone in the wilds for two days last month. Named by low-income, disadvantaged middle school students enrolled in the GEAR UP program when they were […] UW Story 2001 Student Life in the 2000s: A revolutionary decade for information Information technology changed so rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century that a whole new language seemed to emerge: podcast, blog, Twitter, Skype, YouTube, and Facebook became part of the educational experience at the UW and on college campuses across the country. UW Story 2000 Inaugural Lauch of Dawg Daze Back in the summer of 2000, President McCormick blessed the formation of an all campus welcome week that involved students, faculty and staff better known as Dawg Daze. Vicki Anderson-Ellis 2000 Last Game in Hec Ed (before renovation) It’s always exciting o be part of Husky history, In this case, I got to witness the last game in Hec Ed as we knew it before the awesome… Nicole Morry Dierks 1999 Student Enrollment: 1990s During the 1999-2000 academic year, the University had three campuses: Seattle, Tacoma, and Bothell. During Autumn Quarter 1999, 37,541 students were registered on the Seattle campus, an increase of 13% compared to autumn quarter of 1989. UW Story 1999 James Sun, ’99 Thanks to the technology investment company he started as a freshman at the UW, James Sun had over $2 million in the bank by the time he graduated. In the years since, he has founded the networking site Zoodango.com and […] UW Story 1999 World’s first high definition TV broadcast over the Internet Using UW-developed software, UW engineers conducted the first high definition television (HDTV) broadcast over the Internet, sending live studio quality HDTV both ways simultaneously between Seattle and a convention of the National Association of Broadcasters in Las Vegas, for a […] UW Story 1999 Met my first awesome professor One of my first courses at UW was a Dept. of Communication course about women and minorities portrayals in media/advertising, taught by… Danielle McGarrity 1998 UW Tacoma opens permanent campus A grand celebration welcomed students, faculty and staff to UW Tacoma’s permanent campus in 1997. So much attention was showered on the new campus, including significant coverage in the News Tribune, many thought the campus opened that year rather than 1990 when UW Tacoma opened with 176 students in leased space. UW Story 1997 ‘Twas the End of the Quarter I wrote a little poem to encourage my teacher John Davis to give the students a pre-final cheat sheet in his Psychology class: ‘Twas the end of the quarter and all through Arc Hall, the students were whining for the best grade of all. Jann Finley 1997 First female engineering dean of a major research institution When UW president Richard L.McCormick began his search for a new engineering dean, he knew he wanted a pioneering leader who understood that success in research and education included a focus on diversity. UW Story 1996 Amazon.com Launched in 1995, Amazon.com is considered the pioneer of online retailing. While it started primarily as a book retailer, it is now well known for selling a huge array of items, from groceries to strollers. UW Story 1995 EthnoMed launches Since 1994, the website EthnoMed has served as a source of information about cultural beliefs, medical issues and other topics relating to the health care of individuals from a wide range of countries and cultures in the United States. UW Story 1994 Husky Picture Day 1992 Working in the football office through college I made several lifetime friends. I’m pictured here with two of them, Lawyer Milloy and Shane… Nicole Morry Dierks 1992 Campaign for Washington raises $284 million The University of Washington began its first university-wide major fund drive on July 1, 1987, with a goal of raising $250 million in five years, half of it for endowment. UW Story 1992 Sonicare toothbrush UW researchers David Engel, Joseph Miller and Roy Martin helped entrepreneur David Giuliani make the first sonic toothbrush, whose bristle tips move 100 times faster than you can brush manually. The cleaning action also directs fluids deep between teeth and below the gumline to remove plaque and prevent gum disease. UW Story 1992 First public release of UW’s “Pine” email program Originally developed to replace a mainframe mail system serving a few hundred UW administrators, Pine became one of the most important productivity tools on the Internet, eventually used by tens of millions of people at thousands of institutions (educational, government, […] UW Story 1992 Older Students Not all UW students were youngsters.I and many of the students in our graduate class at the School of Social Work were middle aged.Going to school was an adventure for us. Mary Everett 1991 Sisterhood Event ‘ Initiation Week One of the greatest experiences at college was being part of a sorority, especially coming to a large school where I knew no one. I’m… Nicole Morry Dierks 1990 Professor Charles Johnson wins 1990 National Book Award Charles Johnson joined the UW English department in 1976 with an unusual background in both creative writing (his novel Faith and the Good Thing had been widely praised) and philosophy (the field of his doctoral study). UW Story 1990 Classes begin at UW Tacoma UW Tacoma opened with 176 students in the fall of 1990, one of five new campuses established across the state in population centers to expand access to higher education. UW Story 1990 ADPi Presentation Night 1989 Sororities have a systemwide event called “Presentation Night” in which your families can come through and meet your new sisters / see your… Nicole Morry Dierks 1989 Parnassus, the Artsy Coffee Shop The Art Building held a cool coffee shop in the basement. This was before coffee shops were considered cool. I can still smell the mixture… Jill Rinearson 1989 Center for AIDS and STD Created in 1989 to help fight the spread of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, the UW Center for AIDS and STD is one of the world’s leading AIDS and STD research and training institutions. UW Story 1989 Sharing Idea for Farmers Market in survey from School Use Advisory Committee During the Spring Quarter of 1989, when I was still a freshman at the UW, I received a survey in the mail from a local School Use Advisory Committee concerning the closure of the University Heights Elementary School. Julian Wheeler 1989 UWTV hits airwaves In 1987, the UW first established the television station “Cablearn” through the Continuing Education Department. In the summer of 1994, the station was officially renamed UWTV. UW Story 1987 Different Voices Institute Launches Curriculum Transformation at UW Focused on Women of Color The Different Voices Institute, a project of the Northwest Center for Research on Women (NWCROW) directed by Angela Ginorio (currently in the department of Gender, Women and Sexuality Studies), launched a commitment to curriculum transformation at UW that has lasted […] UW Story 1987 Alexei Saba Mohajerjasbi, ’03, and Kim Thayil, ’85 As the heavy-riffing lead guitarist for Soundgarden, Kim Thayil (right) ruled the Seattle music scene at a time—the 1990s—when Seattle music seemed to rule the world. As the furious-fingered turntablist for Blue Scholars and Common Market, “Sabzi” is the hottest […] UW Story 1985 First certificate program launched In 1985, Paralegal Studies became the very first certificate program offered by what was then called University Extension. Designed by current University of Washington Educational Outreach Vice Provost David Szatmary, this program was quickly followed by other certificates such as […] UW Story 1985 English language programs move under UW Extension Administration of the University’s English Language Programs was moved under UW Extension in 1984. Trish Delamere was appointed to lead English as a Secondary Language, and the first teaching appointments were made in winter quarter, 1984. Today, these courses are […] UW Story 1984 W. Ron Allen, ’83 As chairman of the Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe in Sequim, Allen works to ensure the sovereignty and economic vitality of his people. He has led the tribe from zero revenue to a $6 million annual operating budget and expanded a landless […] UW Story 1983 Richard Lorenzen selected to lead Continuing Education In October 1983, Richard Lorenzen became the fourth leader of lifelong learning and educational outreach programs in eight years, taking over from Aldon Bell. Lorenzen was Dean in the College of Arts and Sciences before moving to Continuing Education, as […] UW Story 1983 Kyle MacLachlan, ’82 MacLachlan studied drama at the UW, and he must have studied well. Not long after graduating, he starred in the films Dune and Blue Velvet. A Golden Globe Award winner and Emmy nominee, he can now be seen playing mysterious […] UW Story 1982 Mike Luckovich, ’82 A former door-to-door salesman, Mike Luckovich today is one of the premier (and funniest) cartoonists in all of journalism. He’s captured two Pulitzer Prizes (1995 and 2006) for his work in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and is syndicated nationally in 150 […] UW Story 1982 Honoring a legendary librarian Lawyers need libraries, and the UW’s law library is one of the best in the nation. UW Story 1981 Timothy Egan, ’81, Ivan Doig, ’69, and Charles Cross, ’81 Seattle is a famously literate city, and here are three reasons why. Cross (right) is the best-selling biographer of Jimi Hendrix and Kurt Cobain. Doig (center), whose books include The Whistling Season and Prairie Nocturne, is perhaps the dean of […] UW Story 1981 The Wave Robb Weller, ’72, a former UW yell leader, and Bill Bissell, the Husky Marching Band director, came up with the idea for the Wave in 1981, and it caught on as a staple in sports stadiums nationwide. UW Story 1981 UW in the High School begins 1981 saw the launch of UW in the High School, administered by what is now known as UW Professional & Continuing Education. From humble beginnings, the program today provides opportunities for high school students at partner schools to earn as […] UW Story 1981 Mount St. Helens and its aftermath The eruption of Mount St. Helens on the morning of May 18, 1980, included an earthquake that collapsed one side of the mountain, a release… University of Washington 1980 Student regent appointed Since 1969, the Board of Regents has invited one representative from the Associated Students of the University of Washington and one from the Graduate and Professional Student Senate to sit at Regents’ meetings. UW Story 1980 First Essay Exam High schoolers these days are so accustomed to essay exams, they can probably take them in their sleep. In my day, we didn’t have many of… Jill Rinearson 1979 Jill Seaman, ’79 Physician Jill Seaman has spent her adult life battling epidemics in Sudan, personally dealing with, by one doctor’s estimate, more than 10,000 cases of the deadly parasitic disease kala-azar. She’s currently fighting tuberculosis through the Sudan TB Project. Photo by […] UW Story 1979 Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean The Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) was established at the UW in 1978 as a cooperative institute between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the University. UW Story 1978 David Guterson, ’78, ’82 For 10 years, David Guterson got up early to work on his novel before heading off to teach at Bainbridge High School. The effort paid off. Snow Falling on Cedars spent 87 weeks on the best-seller list and was made […] UW Story 1978 Rose Bowl Win with Warren Moon The day before I started my UW adventure I watched the Huskies beat Michigan in the Rose Bowl with Warren Moon at quarterback. Thus I began my big adventure at the college of my dreams.. David Buehler 1978 Jeremy Jaech, ’77, ’80 As personal computers have become ubiquitous, so has Jeremy Jaech. He has been involved in creating and running some of the most important software companies in the world: Aldus, Visio, RealNetworks and Trumba. Photographed in Odegaard Library by Kathy Sauber. […] UW Story 1977 Fab Four all win Pac-8 Titles Back in 1976 we were honored to be a part of the Pacific conference History. Husky thorwers Borys Chambul (Discus), Rod Ewaliko (Javelin), Russ Vincent (Shot Put), and Scott Nielson ( Hammer) each won Pac-8 Titles. Russ Vincent 1976 David Horsey, ’75 A two-time Pulitzer Prize winner, editorial cartoonist David Horsey has entertained, enlightened and sometimes outraged readers of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer and 450 other newspapers. He got his start when The Daily staff elected him as editor in 1974, the first […] UW Story 1975 Dean Lloyd Schram retires July 1, 1975 marked the end of an era for what is known today as UW Professional & Continuing Education, with the retirement of Lloyd Schram. He had led the Extension division since 1947, steering it through a period of […] UW Story 1975 Shared house east of University Village I shared this rental house with four other UW Daily staffers: Dave Horsey, Charlie Gay, Larry Maloney, Jack Kerstad. Dave and I had… Peter Rinearson 1974 Caring for Washington citizens with disabilities Since 1974, the School of Dentistry’s DECOD program (Dental Education in Care of People with Disabilities) has provided oral care to people with both developmental and acquired disabilities. UW Story 1974 Assunta Ng, ’74, ’76, ’79 Frustrated that she “had to get a San Francisco newspaper to get any Chinese news,” Ng founded the Seattle Chinese Post and Northwest Asian Weekly newspapers in the early 1980s. These publications, together with her tireless volunteerism, make Ng an […] UW Story 1974 Moving Up to Room 711, Terry Hall Upon returning to my dorm room after a summer at my parent’s home, my first task was to set up my waterbed. But I couldn’t find the… Peter Rinearson 1973 First dorm, and first introduction to a roommate My roommate, Glenn, was a pleasant fellow but he rarely left the dorm room except to attend class, and so I never had privacy. The… Peter Rinearson 1972 Public health collaboration between the UW and Seattle/King County begins In February 1972, the Seattle King County Public Health Department STD Clinic opened at Harborview Medical Center, starting the first of what would be many collaborative projects between the UW and Public Health – Seattle & King County. UW Story 1972 Lynn Colella, ’72 Colella didn’t walk on water—although that would’ve helped explain some of her achievements in the pool. She won 10 national championships, along with a silver in the 200 butterfly at the 1972 Olympics—the first Olympic medal ever won by a […] UW Story 1972 Popular, outspoken professor wins first Distinguished Teaching Award Giovanni Costigan taught history with a scholarly passion that made him a legend not only at the UW, but also throughout the Northwest. He… University of Washington 1971 Starbucks pours its first cups The first Starbucks Coffee shop opened in Seattle’s Pike Place Market in April 1971, becoming an instant success, well known for selling high-quality coffee, dark-roasted in small batches. UW Story 1971 Larry Gossett, ’71 In 1968, a young social activist named Larry Gossett was arrested during a sit-in and locked in a jail cell on the 12th floor of the King County Courthouse. That part of the building now houses Gossett’s own office—he’s chair […] UW Story 1971 Sonny Sixkiller, ’71 Quarterback Sonny Sixkiller not only helped turn around a 1-9 Husky team, he became an inspiration for Native Americans—and aspiring QBs—all over the country. He led the nation in passing in 1970, made the cover of Sports Illustrated, appeared in […] UW Story 1971 Popular, outspoken professor wins first Distinguished Teaching Award Giovanni Costigan taught history with a scholarly passion that made him a legend not only at the UW, but also throughout the Northwest. UW Story 1970 World’s first trash-in On February 26, 1970, students on the UW campus were asked to bring in trash from their homes to special bins that were set up around the HUB. UW Story 1970 First compute-intensive research/instructional computing machine on campus In the early 1970s, a Control Data Corporation CDC 6400 was acquired for compute-intensive research and instructional computing. Initially located in Wilcox Hall, the CDC was eventually moved to the new Academic Computer Center when it was built in 1980. […] UW Story 1970 Introduction of Career Counseling for Women In the early 1970’s, a new vocational counseling service known as Women’s Studies was launched. The service reflected changing social ideas about women’s role in society, in the family and in the workplace. The service was renamed Career and Life […] UW Story 1970 Student Enrollment: 1960s During the 1969-1970 academic year, 43,344 individual students attended the University of Washington, an increase of 86% compared to a decade before.During autumn quarter 1969 alone, 32,749 students were registered, almost twice as many as a decade earlier, as the “Baby Boom” generation reached college age. UW Story 1969 Kim Bottomly, ’69, ’75 After 27 years as a faculty member and administrator at Yale, Bottomly was recently named the 13th president of Wellesley College. Despite these East Coast affiliations, her ties to her alma mater remain strong. Her daughter, Hannah Janeway, graduated from […] UW Story 1969 Experimental College opened The Experimental College opened in 1968 as a nonprofit organization that gave students and the general public the opportunity to take affordable, recreational, not-for-credit classes in categories that included arts and crafts, dance, business, language, culinary arts, exercise and many others. UW Story 1968 Black Student Union stages a dramatic protest One of the most famous photographs in the University’s history shows a black student climbing the front wall of the Administration Building (now Gerberding Hall) on May 20, 1968, to enter President Charles Odegaard’s office by the window. UW Story 1968 First kidney transplant In 1968, Dr. Tom Marchioro performed Washington State’s first kidney transplant at the UW Medical Center. In 1985, UW Medical Center started its heart transplant program and over the years has become the only center in the region to provide transplants for all solid organs including liver, lungs, pancreas and bowel. UW Story 1968 Center for Bioengineering Instruments created by University of Washington alumni and faculty, including the automated dialysis machine (1963), the portable Doppler ultrasound (1958), and the cardiac treadmill (1953), fused medicine and engineering in a completely new way. UW Story 1967 Graduate computer science degrees first offered In 1967, the Computer Science Group (CSG) was formed to offer M.S. and Ph.D. programs in computer science. CSG acquired a Scientific Data Systems Sigma 5 computer in 1969 and housed it in Wilcox Hall. CSG expanded in 1975 to […] UW Story 1967 Five computers at the UW In the mid-1960s, computer operations were moved to More Hall, Wilcox Hall, and Roberts Annex. By the end of the 1960s, there were still only five computers at the UW: the IBM 7040/7094 and Burroughs B5500 at the Wilcox Hall, […] UW Story 1966 Dale Chihuly, ’65 Dale Chihuly brought the notion of collaborative teams to the Studio Glass movement, and made the blown glass form an accepted vehicle for installation art. Once he captured the garden in glass; now his Mille Fiori installations at museums and […] UW Story 1965 Orin C. Smith, ’65 When Smith was gulping down coffee while cramming for exams at the UW, he probably had no idea that he was holding his future in his hand. As vice president, director, and finally president and CEO of Starbucks, Orin Smith […] UW Story 1965 Jeffrey Brotman, ’64, ’67 The son of a successful entrepreneur, Jeffrey Brotman has said that he entered law school at the UW “to get out of the retail business.” That didn’t exactly happen. In fact, he went on to co-found Costco Wholesale Corporation, the […] UW Story 1964 Norm Dicks, ’63, ’68 In early 2006, Dicks thought about retiring from Congress after nearly 30 years representing Western Washington. But that fall’s elections put his party back in power, and now he chairs one of the House’s most important subcommittees, Interior and the […] UW Story 1963 Seattle World’s Fair Also known as the Century 21 Exposition, the Seattle World’s Fair gave visitors a glimpse into the future and gave Seattle world-wide recognition. UW Story 1962 Chuck Close, ’62 Close thinks of himself as one who builds painting experiences for the viewer. His photographs and photorealistic paintings, often produced in very large scale, focus on portraits of himself, his family and friends. His work can be found in the […] UW Story 1962 Drumheller Fountain created Rainier Vista, which provides a view of the majestic mountain from the heart of the University of Washington’s Seattle campus, was created as part of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, a world’s fair held on the UW campus in 1909. UW Story 1961 Creating a contemporary School of Drama Gregory Falls took over as chair of the wildly successful School of Drama in 1961, when the School was performing plays for the public every single week, and was the source for theater and live entertainment in town. UW Story 1961 UW Medicine opens Center for Pain Relief In 1961, UW opened a multi-disciplinary Center for Pain Relief that would become the world model for diagnosis, study and treatment of chronic and acute pain. UW Story 1961 Student life in a decade of change The decade of the 1960s began as an era of hope and enthusiasm for students at the University of Washington. UW Story 1960 Carver Gayton, ’60, ’72, ’76 The descendant of Seattle pioneers and early community leaders, Carver Gayton has led a life of pioneering leadership himself: he helped the Huskies win the 1960 Rose Bowl, became the first black FBI agent from the state of Washington, served […] UW Story 1960 Sled Dawgs for Eternity Standing in a wintry line that stretched from the registrar to Denny Hall, the fleeting thought of “class closed” failed to roil my resolve. A native of Seattle, I graduated from the University of Washington in 1960 with a Chemistry degree. Richard Linde 1960 Wayne Quinton and the birth of biotech Alumnus Wayne Quinton’s most influential invention had a humble beginning. In his garage, he tested the prototype cardiac treadmill that would revolutionize diagnoses of heart disease. UW Story 1959 Booth Gardner, ’58 Booth Gardner, a former two-term Washington governor, is on the final campaign of his life: to legalize physician-assisted suicide this September. He’s not fighting for his own right to die—his Parkinson’s disease isn’t considered terminal—but he wants Washington voters to […] UW Story 1958 Summer Quarter added to UW Adult Education and Extension Services In 1958, the UW Summer Quarter was brought under the Department of Adult Education and Extension Services. Summer Quarter remains a significant part of UW Professional & Continuing Education today, which also provides other lifelong learning programs for diverse audiences […] UW Story 1958 Donald Bren, ’56 Real estate mogul and philanthropist Donald Bren attended the UW on a ski scholarship and even tried out for the Olympics in 1956. An injury halted his bid, but the Irvine Co. chairman stands high atop the real estate mountain […] UW Story 1956 Charles Z. Smith, ’55 Charles Smith planned to be a psychiatrist, but changed fields when he observed a surgery and realized he couldn’t stand the sight of blood. One field’s loss was another’s gain. The UW law school grad became the first person of […] UW Story 1955 Bob Houbregs, ’53 In 1948, the Husky men’s basketball team failed to make the NCAA tournament, and their talented forward/center was left selling programs outside the Final Four—held, heartbreakingly, at Hec Edmundson Pavilion. The next year, Houbregs was the program, averaging nearly 35 […] UW Story 1953 KUOW and KCTS begin at the UW Two of the most influential public broadcast stations in the region began at the University of Washington as educational stations in the 1950s. UW Story 1952 Dolores Sibonga, ’52, ’73 In 1978 Dolores Sibonga—the first Filipina American woman admitted to the Washington state bar—became the first Filipina American to sit on the Seattle City Council. Photo by Mary Levin. This alumni profile is excerpted from the “Our Wondrous One Hundred” […] UW Story 1952 John “Bud” Hawk, ’51, ’52 A longtime Bremerton educator, John Hawk received the Medal of Honor for his heroism during a battle with German tanks and infantry that left him wounded near Chamois, France, on Aug. 20, 1944. He not only helped fight off an […] UW Story 1951 First cohort of elementary teachers graduates The Accelerated Teacher Education Program began in the fall of 1949. Former students recall the fifth-year program entailing eight hours of class a day for five days a week. UW Story 1950 Booming enrollment in non-traditional education During the post-war “baby boom” period following World War II, enrollments in Adult Education and Extension Services exploded from 3,748 in 1947, to 20,120 in 1950, just three years later. Through correspondence, evening and daytime classes, the department served veterans […] UW Story 1950 Husky Union Building (HUB) Since it opened in 1949, the Husky Union Building (HUB) has served as a home for student activities, dining and event space on campus. Operated by the Department of Student Activities and Union Facilities, the building has undergone renovations in 1952, 1960 and 1975. UW Story 1949 The Canwell Committee searches for Communists at the UW The period after World War II was a time of tremendous growth at the UW, with veterans filling classrooms, a new medical school and dental school, and relief that the war was over and normal life could resume. UW Story 1948 John Ellis, ’52, ’53, and Jim Ellis, ’48 When Robert Lee Ellis was killed by a German artillery shell during World War II, the news sent his older brother Jim (right) into a self-destructive rage. But Jim’s wife, Mary Lou, persuaded him to redirect his anger: “Why not […] UW Story 1948 UW Extension gets a new leader After 20 years leading UW Extension (known today as UW Professional & Continuing Education), Harry Smith retired in 1947. He was replaced by Lloyd Schram, who led the division until his retirement in 1975, nearly 30 years later. Picture: […] UW Story 1947 Gordon Hirabayahsi, ’46, ’49, ’52 An American hero, Hirabayashi refused to report to internment camps for Japanese Americans in May 1942. He spent nine months in jail and appealed all the way to the Supreme Court, which affirmed his conviction 9–0 for violating the Army’s […] UW Story 1946 Top-ranked School of Nursing established Established as the first independent nursing school on the West Coast in 1945, the School of Nursing offers a series of undergraduate… University of Washington 1945 George W. Jeffs, ’45, ’48 A renowned engineer for the Apollo missions to the moon, Jeffs was part of the team that raced the clock to save the crippled Apollo 13 spacecraft, which had suffered a catastrophic explosion. The mission operations team won a Presidential […] UW Story 1945 Medical social work during WWII and beyond During World War II, the Red Cross designated the University of Washington a key medical training center on the West Coast, and in 1944 the UW School of Social Work became one of only 14 schools in the United States eligible to train medical social workers. UW Story 1944 War drives Japanese-American students from campus By the end of spring quarter 1942, more than 450 Japanese-American students at the UW were forced to abandon their studies. UW Story 1942 Grand Coulee Dam completed When the Grand Coulee Dam was completed in 1941, it was hailed as the “Eighth Wonder of the World.” The dam is the largest hydropower producer in the United States, generating a total capacity of 6,809 megawatts. UW Story 1941 Beverly Cleary, ’39 One of America’s best-loved authors, Cleary has spent her life writing the kinds of stories she longed to read as a little girl—stories in which children are children, and not merely means to the end of some adult moral. She […] UW Story 1939 Faculty member builds Seattle arts scene Solomon Katz joined the UW history faculty in 1936 as an instructor. He later chaired the Department of History, served as dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, and became provost and vice president for academic affairs. UW Story 1936 Faculty Speakers’ Bureau added to UW Extension service The Speakers’ Bureau was created after community requests for faculty speakers were centralized under the Extension Service in 1936, with a list of available speakers and subjects published by the Extension Service in February, 1936. The Bureau was an immediate […] UW Story 1936 Rotablator Professor David Auth invented this device, which uses a tiny catheter for inserting into an artery to clean out a blockage. It has a football-shaped burr at the end, rotating at speeds up to 190,000 rpm. Like a tiny sander, it removes the brittle plaque material while leaving healthy tissue intact. UW Story 1933 Albert Rosellini, ’32, ’33 At 98, he’s the oldest living former governor in the United States. Rosellini held Washington’s top office from 1957 to 1965, and has served as a mentor to several of his successors, including Gary Locke and Chris Gregoire, ’69, ’71. […] UW Story 1932 Student life in the 1930s: A time of restraint The stock market crash of October 1929 is generally considered the event that began the Great Depression of the 1930s. The effect on the University was profound; faculty salaries were cut, first by ten percent and then even more. UW Story 1930 Student Enrollment: 1920s During the 1929-1930 academic year, 10,998 individual students attended the University of Washington an increase of 54% compared to a decade before.During autumn quarter 1929 alone, 7,258 students were registered. UW Story 1929 Color TV Tube The process that brought us color television-three beams of electrons (one for each primary color) fired on a screen of small, inverted pyramids, was invented by Willard Geer, a 1927 physics graduate of the UW. UW Story 1927 Henry Art Gallery opens The Henry Art Gallery at the University of Washington was the first art museum in the state when it was built in 1927. Horace C. Henry made… University of Washington 1926 Eight Decades of Rose Bowls The University of Washington played its first collegiate opponent—Stanford—on December 29, 1893, losing 40-0 before 600 spectators in West… University of Washington 1924 Island laboratory takes shape For almost a century, scientists and students have taken advantage of the unique natural setting of the UW’s Friday Harbor Laboratories (FHL). Located on San Juan Island, the laboratories are well situated for research on many aspects of marine biology and oceanography because the surrounding waters are relatively free from pollution. UW Story 1921 UW starts its presses The Poems of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, published in 1920 and edited by Frederick M.Padelford, was the first book to bear the imprint of the University of Washington Press. UW Story 1920 UW-Boeing partnership shapes both institutions William Boeing became fascinated with airplanes in 1910, when they were made of wood and fabric. UW Story 1917 UW Extension Provides Medical and Nursing Education The University of Washington did not have a medical school until 1946, and offered only pre-medical training for undergraduates until then. But the UW Extension Service, in cooperation with state and county medical societies, began providing Graduate Medical Lectures to […] UW Story 1916 Performing arts programs take shape The high spirits of UW students often were expressed in performances of plays, as well as many musical clubs—ranging from men’s and women’s glee clubs to mandolin and ukulele clubs. UW Story 1913 A garden of healing planted In 1911 the University set aside an acre of land for the College (now School) of Pharmacy to cultivate medicinal plants. Using natural plants for medicinal purposes—a discipline called pharmacognosy—was practiced worldwide. UW Story 1911 Women gain right to vote On November 8, 1910, Washington state’s male electorate granted women the right to vote by adding an amendment to the state constitution. UW Story 1910 A global perspective takes hold One month before the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition opened on the UW campus, the Reverend Herbert H.Gowen gave a lecture on May 11, 1909, entitled “The Significance of the Orient to the State.” UW Story 1909 Students begin their own newspaper Students at the University started their own newspapers in the 1890s, the most consistent being The Pacific Wave, which published monthly… University of Washington 1909 Attracting international students began early The UW began attracting students from other countries very early in its history, and in 1908 an International Student Club was formed “for the purpose of bringing into closer touch the students of various nationalities, that thus might be removed the many erroneous ideas they hold of one another. UW Story 1908 Cheshiahud’s Cabin on Portage Bay A building on the UW campus is barely visible above the trees behind the cabin belonging to Cheshiahud on Portage Bay. This picture, capturing a ceremony honoring his wife after her death, appeared on the front page of the Seattle […] UW Story 1906 University holds onto downtown land Although many people know that the original site of the Territorial University was 10 acres of what is now downtown Seattle, fewer know that the University still owns the land, which is now crowded with tall buildings. UW Story 1904 The Birth of Husky Crew With two lakes adjoining the new campus, the University of Washington was a natural place to establish a crew program. UW Story 1901 College of Engineering created The College of Engineering was established in 1901 after the Board of Regents hired and appointed Almon H.Fuller as professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering three years earlier. UW Story 1901 Student Enrollment: 1890s The University of Washington moved to its current Seattle campus in 1895. During the 1899-1900 academic year, 533 individual students attended, almost twice as many as a decade before. UW Story 1899 Early days of the Burke Museum In 1899, the state Legislature recognized a museum on campus erected by members of the Young Naturalists Society as the Washington State Museum. UW Story 1899 UW Greek System begins Sigma Nu was the first national fraternity to have a chapter at the University of Washington: the Gamma Chi chapter was founded in 1896. UW Story 1896 First Japanese Graduates Japanese students were among the first international students to attend the University of Washington, starting in 1894, when it was still a small institution that had not yet moved from downtown Seattle to its present campus. UW Story 1894 Purple and Gold makes its debut In 1892, before the University moved to its current Seattle campus, students were forming organizations to promote “college spirit.” An… University of Washington 1892 Washington becomes 42nd state President Grover Cleveland selected the anniversary of George Washington’s birthday, February 22, to sign the act that would create the state of Washington. UW Story 1889 Edmond S. Meany: Pioneer, publicist, politician and professor Edmond Meany was one of the earliest graduates of the Territorial University (B.S.1885, M.S.1889), and he devoted his life not only to building the University, the city, and the state but also to preserving and teaching local and regional history. UW Story On May 23, 1853, the first maps establishing the boundaries of Seattle was were filed. UW Story 1853 40 Moments in UW women’s sports Forty years after the passage of Title IX, we highlight 40 key moments that helped shape the last 40 years in Husky women’s sports. See the complete list here. UW Story 0 UW Named Public Agency of the Year On March 9th, 2012, the Northwest Minority Supplier Development Council (Northwest MSDC) awarded its Public Agency of the Year award to the University of Washington at its annual awards gala. Under the overall coordination by Chesca Ward and the Business Diversity […] UW Story 2012 The Daily is still the Daily’ …and the office, in the Communications Building on the University of Washington campus, looks pretty much the way it did 35 years ago… Peter Rinearson 2011 My favorite professor My favorite professor during my time at the UW has to be Dr. Patricia Kramer in the department of anthropology. She is the first professor… Misty Montejano 2011 2nd Paws-on Science: Husky Weekend at PSC Worked at an amazing event held at the PSC sharing research from over 30 UW programs and 280+ scientists with the community. Nicole Morry Dierks My first opportunity to see what the future Husky Stadium is going to look like! Nicole Morry Dierks 2011 UW Report Maps Charter School Challenges The final report was recently issued in a four-year study by University of Washington education scholars on charter schools in the U.S. It… Matt Rosenberg 2011 Believe in Zero An eye-catching display, arranged in the form of big Zero, was featured in the Quad of the University of Washington. What does it mean… Tim Knight 2011 Construction at Foster School of Business Cold day – busy workers. I am following the new construction at the business school, adjacent to the recently opened PACCAR Hall. It’s fun… Tim Knight 2011 Students and Libraries It’s Student Employee Appreciation Week at the University of Washington Libraries and I’m at the reception for student employee scholarship… Christine Tawatao 2011 Welcome package from UW Marketing Welcome hamper from UW marketing team when I arrived at my new ‘home’…..just the begining of their amazing hospitality!!! Kim Burdett 2011 Researching at Suzzallo In honor of my large and extremely stressful imperialism research project for my history class, my dad and I took a trip to the Suzzallo… Julia Christensen UW Red Square 12:20pm April 15, 2011 Seattle Glee Flash Mob Scott Macklin 2011 UW by the Numbers A few interesting facts about the University of Washington: When the University was founded in 1861, Seattle’s population was 250. The UW… Tim Knight 2011 Faculty named to presidential commission In May 2011, Luis Fraga, UW associate vice provost for faculty advancement, was appointed to the President’s Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics by President Obama. UW Story 2011 My Tour of UW By the end of June, I went to the UW for my freshman orientation. While taking a tour of the campus I couldn’t help but notice how beautiful the campus is Lavina Joseph 2011 Family Ties I am proud to be part of the fourth generation of my family to attend the University of Washington. My great grandmother attended the UW but didn’t graduate because her father thought if she graduated she wouldn’t get a husband. Leslie March 2011 My Dream University I haven’t got a real experience at UW but I have an ocean full of dream experiences.I have always fantasized about coming to UW since I was a young girl from the moment I a documentary about the school. Helena Joycelyn Bentil Chris and I got matching UW pedicures today.Go Huskies!………………………………………………………………………………….. Jenna Nicol 2011 Engineering vs Art I spent my time in both the Electrical Engineering building and in the Art building/ Foundry facilities obtaining a BSE and BFA degree (with honors in both). Frank Albert Wurden 2011 Everybody Freeze Now At 12:20 p.m. Wednesday, May 25, for dozens of participants on Red Square to freeze in place, no matter what they were doing. For five minutes, passers-by wondered what was happening when people stopped cold. The event was called “Everybody […] UW Story 2011 Dr. Sam Wasser doggedly pursues endangered animals Dr. Samuel Wasser of the University of Washington’s Center for Conservation Biology is always looking for new fieldwork team members: must… Lara Seven Phillips 2010 Husky Central Grand Opening Awesome day opening our new location in Downtown Seattle with our partners at the University Bookstore. Softy and the KJR crew broadcasted… Nicole Morry Dierks 2010 Ambition and hard work paid off for this UW student Daniel is also telling an incredible story at the UW Dean’s Club dinner. He came from Ethiopia when he was 13 and his father was imprisoned… Mónica Guzmán Preston 2010 Wish Twitter had a “like’ Wish Twitter had a “like” button. RT @dailysu: #UW is headed to the Sweet 16!! Blew out New Mexico!!!! GO #DAWGS GO!!! #NCAA Melissa Tizon 2010 It’s about time! The Daily, the student newspaper of the University of Washington, expanded to television with its own weekly show, The Daily’s Double Shot… The Daily 2010 Exciting program later this week This event is FULL, totally sold out — but the Eleanor Henry Reed Collection Study Center will be open for the evening, and admission on… Betsey Brock 2010 Last night of Fall Quarter 2010 On the last night of production for the last newspaper of Fall Quarter, The Daily staff celebrated with a tradition slightly updated. In… The Daily 2010 Intersect invades Gerberding My thanks to the Monicas, Jason and David for a great presentation/discussion at our E-marketing Working Group at the University of… Elise Perachio Daniel 2010 Go Dawgs! (or, a funny hat) Nicole and I always root for the University of Washington football team. UW is our alma mater, but I’ve been a Huskies fan since long… David Huntsperger 2010 PACCAR Hall ‘ A new business hub After two years of construction, PACCAR Hall debuts as the innovative hub of the Foster School of Business. The five-story… Tim Knight 2010 First Paws-on Science: Husky Weekend at PSC Learning the ropes after just starting with UW Marketing! Worked the first ever Paws-on Science: Husky Weekend at Pacific Science Center… Nicole Morry Dierks 2010 Minority Affairs & Diversity: 40 Years of Change In 2002, the Office of Minority Affairs was renamed to reflect a larger mission at the University. In addition to the original focus on supporting underrepresented, economically and educationally disadvantaged students, the new mission includes advocating for all areas of diversity: students, faculty and staff, curriculum, research, community outreach and campus climate. UW Story 2010 Major student housing expansion begins In its most ambitious housing construction project since the 1970s, Housing & Food Services in 2010 began its endeavor to remake the residence and apartment experience at UW Seattle. UW Story 2010 UW Staffer Creates New African Union Flag When African leaders launched a competition for the creation of a new African Union flag in 2007, they had no idea how far-flung the results would be Yadesa Bojia 2010 Lander Hall is my home I start of my college experience in the best dorm ever.Lander Hall has been the best place to meet new people and people who will be my friends for life. CHIA-PEI LIN 2010 UW and area tribes sign Memorandum of Understanding On Sept. 11, 2010, the UW Office of Minority Affairs and Diversity (OMA&D) hosted a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Commemorative Signing Event at Johnson Hall on the UW campus. The MOU was entered into by the University of Washington and […] UW Story 2010 Diversity Council Charts Way Forward The University of Washington is engaged in a series of planning initiatives to shape its future as a premier research and education institution in the context of changing demographics, challenges of global scale, and tough economic times. As part of […] UW Story 2010 A New Home for Disability Studies In Spring 2010, UW’s Disability Studies Program acquired a new administrative home in the College of Arts & Sciences and received a bequest of $500,000 from the estate of Harlan D. Hahn, a longtime disability activist and a political scientist at […] UW Story 2010 Started a new job at UW! On June 1, 2009 I started my first job at the University of Washington as an event coordinator in UW Marketing! During my first year I… Annie Alldredge 2009 Programming Contest at UW Time: Dec 12, 2009 9 AM – 2 PMPlace: Paul Allen Center for Computer Science & Engineering (CSE) Go to the intersection of Dec 12, 2009 9 AM – 2 PM & Paul Allen Center for Computer Science & Engineering […] Tess Rinearson 2009 Huskies beat USC Got thinking about great UW games the other day after the Holiday bowl win and decided to resurrect this shot from the USC game last year… Dean Allen 2009 Law students launch climate justice program A global increase of three degrees Celsius in average temperature may not seem like a lot, but experts concerned about climate change know that increase can threaten basic human rights to health, food and water, security, equity, and justice. UW Story 2009 College of the Environment established The College of the Environment was established in 2009 and consists of eleven previously existing units and schools, all highly regarded in… University of Washington 2009 College of the Environment established The College of the Environment was established in 2009 and consists of 11 previously existing units and schools, all highly regarded in their research and education that draws from natural resources. UW Story 2009 Education center opens The Norris and Dorothy Haring Center for Applied Research and Training in Education provides families, researchers, and students the opportunity to work on developing strategies for success in education. UW Story 2009 School of Nursing holds first annual NurseCamp for high school students The School of Nursing’s student-led Diversity Awareness Group launched its first annual NurseCamp for high school students. Geared towards high school Juniors and Seniors, as well as underrepresented minority students, the week-long camp was offered free of charge to students […] UW Story 2009 Back for Christmas After spending the most exciting semester abroad at U-Dub, getting to know wonderful people, the husky spirit and the beautiful northwest, I finally went back home dressed in puprle, with 2 kg of crunchy peanut butter and new Christmas tree decoration. Karsten Asbahr 2009 Cloud computing comes to UW After extensive testing, contract negotiation, and integration with UW enterprise systems, Microsoft and Google cloud-based collaboration tools became available, initially to UW students and alumni, and subsequently to faculty and staff. More information: http://dailyuw.com/news/2009/oct/08/whos-got-mail/ http://uw.edu/itconnect/teamwork/cloud.html UW Story My First Husky Football Game Took my family to our first Husky football game. Had a blast – GO DAWGS!! Miranda Dixon 2008 New Cleary Professor a Boon for iSchool by Ann Beckmann As information gatherers, the Net Generation has distinctive ways of reading and learning. When the digital age emerged, Dr… UW Information School 2008 Welcome, 2008 Football Freshmen We welcomed the incoming freshmen to the summer bridge program with a BBQ at Coach Willingham’s house. Here’s all of the incoming freshmen… Nicole Morry Dierks 2008 The UW Facebook page goes live! I’ve had the privilege of managing the University of Washington’s Facebook page since it debuted in April 2008. I helped it grow from 7… Elise Perachio Daniel 2008 UW campus reacts to Obama elected President Time: Nov 4, 2008Place: Red Square, Seattle, WA 98105, USA Go to the intersection of Nov 4, 2008 & Red Square, Seattle, WA 98105, USA The Daily 2008 Michael Honey receives R.F.K. Book Award UW Tacoma Professor Michael Honey received the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award in 2008 for Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King’s Last Campaign. UW Story 2008 Campaign UW: Creating Futures Raises $2.68B in Private Support Mark Emmert (’75) returned to Seattle in June 2004 as the UW’s 30th president, and a few months later presided over one of the milestone events in the University’s history: the public launch of Campaign UW: Creating Futures, a fund-raising drive with a goal of raising $2B over eight years. UW Story 2008 Student Award Honors Dennis Lang For someone who volunteers his time at the UW, Dennis Lang, guiding light behind the Disability Studies Program, has made a tremendous mark on the University. It was Lang’s activism in part that resulted in the program’s creation. Then just as […] UW Story 2008 Faculty Spotlight: Kevin DeSouza ‘ iSchool assistant professor will head new UW think tank on national security issues Assistant professor Kevin Desouza is adept at juggling many projects. Besides being on the iSchool faculty since 2005, he is also an… UW Information School 2007 UW @ Hawaii 2007 The last game of my first season as Director of External Relations for UW Football was in my ‘aina, Honolulu, Hawaii at Aloha Stadium… Nicole Morry Dierks 2007 Encouraging dentistry in rural areas In 2007, the Washington state Legislature approved funding for RIDE (Regional Initiatives in Dental Education), which has since worked to improve access to oral health care around Washington state. UW Story 2007 UW launches Department of Global Health In response to growing interest in global health, the UW launched the Department of Global Health with generous support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the state of Washington, and the University of Washington in 2007. UW Story 2007 Research funding milestone In 2007, the University of Washington received more than $1 billion in grant and contract research funding, marking the first time it had reached this level. UW Story 2007 100th Apple Cup Engagement My boyfriend and I were so excited that UW was hosting the 100th Apple Cup that we had to go to the game. As we walked to seats I noticed that my boyfriend seemed a little off, I just thought it was the overwhelming feeling of excitement and the energy of the crowd that had him acting a little strange. Kimberly Burns Miller 2007 Claire got hitched Claire, a member of my pledge class, was the first to get married and we all sang her a song from the soror. It was a gorgeous wedding. Candis Anderson 2006 My 2nd UW job After I left my first job at the University of Washington, I worked at Microsoft for 5 years. After I quit that job, I came back to the… Elise Perachio Daniel 2006 Making the World Safe for Information: iSchool Professor a Delegate at World Summit on the Information Society A “digital divide” separates participants in the revolution in information and technology from those who are not. It happens across… UW Information School 2006 Donald Brownlee and the search for comet dust Most of us want to get rid of dust. Donald Brownlee has spent years focused on obtaining it. Then again, Brownlee’s dust is not the kind to gather under the sofa. UW Story 2006 UW students receive trifecta of prestigious scholarships In 2006, three UW students were awarded prestigious scholarships that marked the first time that UW “hit the trifecta.” UW Story 2006 T’xwelátse Stone Repatriated Bill Colman, a member of the tribal council for the Nooksack Indian Tribe, speaks at the repatriation of the granite sculpture T’xwelátse, seen in the foreground wrapped in a cedar bark cape. Full story: http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/27333 Photo credit: Mary Levin UW Story 2006 Encouraging Diversity: Boeing scholarship for Informatics students will help the iSchool broaden the information field The University of Washington’s Information School has embraced diversity in enrollment, hiring and curriculum, and also as a critical… UW Information School 2005 In Memoriam: Palmer D. Koon Palmer Dorsey “P.D.” Koon, one of the University of Washington’s greatest benefactors, died in Seattle on Dec. 22, 2004, at the age of 98… UW Information School 2005 Informatics Graduation Memories Running down Meany Hall steps in caps and gowns with Kathryn and her saying, “Ohmigosh just look at us!” Knowing your faculty and academic… Jamie Prins 2005 UW Tacoma and UW Bothell become four-year-universities Historic legislation authorizing UW Tacoma and UW Bothell to accept freshmen and sophomores was signed into law by Gov. Christine Gregoire Wednesday, May 4, 2005, at a ceremony at UW Tacoma. UW Story 2005 Dream Project takes flight The Dream Project was founded in 2005 by students – spearheaded by then-freshman Alula Asfaw – in an effort to help first-generation and… University of Washington 2005 “I can get my whole degree online?” I already had an MPH and PhD from the UW and was working at the Seattle-King County public health department, when I decided my life’s work was to become a medical librarian. Ann Glusker 2005 Collection by Artists of Color Installed in Kane Hall To add diversity to the permanent art displayed around campus, a group of UW students worked with the Public Art Commission to assemble artworks by some of the country’s most influential and respected artists of color. The Kane Hall Collection […] UW Story 2005 Q Center Opens The University of Washington Q Center facilitates and enhances a brave, affirming, liberatory, and celebratory environment for students, faculty, staff, and alumni of all sexual and gender orientations, identities, and expressions. The Q provides access to respectful and expansive gender […] UW Story 2005 Dave Horsey and I stroll down Memory Lane Dave and I looked through a bound copies of the UW Daily from the term in 1974 when he was editor and I was managing editor. We hadn’t… Peter Rinearson 2004 Decoding sense of smell leads to Nobel Prize UW alumna Linda Buck (BS ’75) became the 11th woman to receive a Nobel Prize in science when she shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard Axel of Columbia University. UW Story Huskies Take 2003 Apple Cup! Yup, Huskies win 27-19 over the Cougs. Go Dawgs! http://www.gohuskies.com/sports/m-footbl/recaps/112203aaa.html Nicole Morry Dierks I have a story to tell about University of Washington, Seattle I was here! 2003 Milgard gifts The Milgard School of Business at UW Tacoma was named in 2003 in recognition of a generous endowment of $15 million from Gary E. Milgard, the Gary E. Milgard Family Foundation and James A. Milgard. UW Story Using enzymes to treat and detect diseases Michael Gelb may one day save your life. UW Story 2003 A Little Boy’s Impression When I was eight years old, My UW alumna father brought me to my first Huskies game.My grandfather had season tickets to football and basketball so we’d always be in Husky Stadium and Edmunson. Kolby Rowland 2003 Commencement 2002 Was Something Special for iSchool On the eve of University of Washington’s June 15 commencement exercises, the Information School honored its 115 Master of Library and… UW Information School 2002 Noted for the Alumni Annual Meeting The theme of the University of Washington iSchool Alumni Association—“Staying Connected-Makes a Difference!”—permeated the… UW Information School 2002 Students express their environmental dedication During the 2002-2003 school year, a group of students grew frustrated when the only way to recycle paper in the dorms was to take it to outside dumpsters – for some, that meant an 11-floor trip. UW Story 2002 Brad Fitzpatrick, ’02 What’s a UW student to do when he wants to keep his friends updated on college life? Write a computer program to maintain his online journal, of course. Brad Fitzpatrick did just that when he created LiveJournal, a site that […] UW Story 2002 Continuing Education heats up: “Don’t come in ‘til noon; a little smoke needs to clear” On December 19, 2002, just six days before Christmas, a three-alarm fire broke out at the Olson Building near University Village. The building housed University of Washington Educational Outreach at the time, but was completely destroyed in the fire. Initially […] UW Story 2002 Saving endangered species When Sam Wasser (Ph.D.’81) joined the UW faculty in 2001, he already was well known as a pioneer in developing non-invasive methods to monitor wildlife. UW Story 2001 Nisqually earthquake My study buddy and I were on the 4th floor of Smith Hall in the Geography Study/Break room. We were studying, and there was a loudish noise, like someone going down the hallway with a very heavy, loud cart or something. Kacy Acevedo 2001 Instructional Center Receives Two Brotman Awards On June 7, 2001, the Instructional Center (IC) of the Office of Minority Affairs & Diversity was awarded both of the Brotman Awards which were presented at the annual University Recognition Ceremony. The IC is the first program to receive two Brotman […] UW Story 2001 UW Bothell opens permanent campus On September 25, 2000, the permanent campus for UW Bothell opened with 1,300 upper-division students.The campus is located at the junction of Interstate 405 and State Route 522. UW Story 2000 A proud day for me and my family As I sat in Husky Stadium on that sunny June day in 2000, it finally really sank in just how proud this day was for me and my mom, who was in the audience. Will B 2000 Hot Day @ UW Graduation ‘ Go Noelle! My sister graduated from the UW on a blazing hot day in Husky Stadium. She’s pictured post-graduation with her husband (then fiance… Nicole Morry Dierks 1999 WTO Protests When a World Trade Organization (WTO) conference was held in Seattle from November 30th to December 3rd in 1999, the issues regarding international trade (particularly when it came to agriculture, services, and intellectual property) proved to be quite controversial. UW Story 1999 Nursing fund established The shortage of trained nurses in America has been a source of national and local concern for more than a decade. In October 2010, a report from the Institute of Medicine called for increasing the number of baccalaureate-prepared nurses in […] UW Story 1999 Students Create Outreach Program Students founded the Student Ambassador Program to intensify UW outreach and recruitment in the wake of Initiative 200, barring consideration of race and gender in University admissions. This was the first UW program in which students worked alongside UW recruiters, […] UW Story 1999 Business Plan Competition begins In 1998, the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at the Foster School of Business launched the UW Business Plan Competition. Pete Findley (BA 1998), the winner of that first competition, entered with a plan to create a giant campus for the Internet age, a virtual school offering courses that are all too often unavailable to teens attending thinly populated rural schools, cash-strapped urban districts, or who are home-schooled. UW Story 1998 Law School clinics begin Innocence Project Northwest Since 1979, the UW School of Law has offered students the opportunity to represent real clients or mediate real cases by working with faculty members through the clinical law program. UW Story 1997 1996 GSLIS Futures Report A 1996 “Futures Committee,” chaired by Betty Bengtson, director of University Libraries, was brought together by UW Provost David Thorud to… UW Information School 1996 Birth of Internet2: The “Next-Generation Internet” UW was one of 34 universities that banded together in the Fall of 1996 to develop the “Next-Generation Internet”. The goal was to jointly operate a nationwide research network designed to meet the high-bandwidth requirements of advanced applications and computational […] UW Story Huckabay family contributes scholarship funds to School of Medicine Since 1995, the Huckabay family has supported more than 300 medical students at the UW. UW Story 1995 The UW Home Page officially goes online In the first five weeks of its life, the site was viewed 25,000 times. An early version of the UW Home page can be seen at http://web.archive.org/web/19961227125219/http://www.washington.edu/ More information: http://www.washington.edu/itconnect/ UW Story 1994 Husky Spring Game 1992 Pictured here escorting All American and friend Mario Bailey for recognition at half time of the Husky Sping game in 1992. Nicole Morry Dierks 1992 Service finds a center on campus University of Washington students and faculty have always been service-minded. In 1992, the UW’s service-focus came into a sharper view with the creation of the Carlson Leadership & Public Service Center. UW Story 1992 Fischer and Krebs win Nobel Prize When Edwin Krebs joined the UW faculty in 1948, the School of Medicine was only two years old. UW Story 1992 DO-IT Center Opens The Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology Center (DO-IT) Center, which began in 1992 with support from the National Science Foundation, promotes the success of individuals with disabilities in postsecondary education and careers, using technology as an empowering tool. Now an international […] UW Story 1992 In Memory of art educator, Hazel Koenig Hazel Koenig was my first surface design teacher at the University of Washington’s school of art. She was very encouraging of me and my… Jill Rinearson 1990 Good Enough for a Gift Shop One of my favorite professors was Michael Spafford who taught drawing, painting and wood-block printmaking. He was always enthusiastic and… Jill Rinearson 1990 The rise of global business education Congress created Centers for International Business Education and Research (CIBERs) under the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, to increase and promote the nation’s capacity for international understanding and economic enterprise. UW Story 1990 Improving neighborhoods – from trolls to turnips The “Fremont Troll,” a sculpture located under the Aurora Bridge, may be the most beloved public artwork in Seattle. UW Story 1990 Pledging ADPi Little did I know that some of my best, lifetime friendships could be formed in a matter of a week. Here we are on the front steps of ADPi… Nicole Morry Dierks 1989 Student Enrollment: 1980s During the 1989-1990 academic year, the University was preparing to open two branch campuses, one in Tacoma and one in Bothell. During autumn quarter 1989, only 33,238 students were registered on the Seattle campus, a decline of 11% compared to autumn quarter of 1979. UW Story 1989 Understanding human-computer interactions The 1980s transformed our interactions with computers in many ways. The first affordable home computers introduced and the formal study of human-computer interaction began to gain traction in the early 80s. UW Story 1989 Chris DeWolfe, ’88 Who knew an online networking site like MySpace.com, which hosts over 230 million accounts, would be so popular? MySpace CEO and co-founder DeWolfe did. Launched in 2003, the site quickly took off and has only grown more since News Corp. […] UW Story 1988 Bryan Monroe, ’87 It took Bryan Monroe three tries to get into the then-School of Communications at the UW. His tenacity paid off then, and has continued to—he received a Pulitzer Prize in 2006 for his team’s Hurricane Katrina coverage in The Sun […] UW Story 1987 Adult education returns to downtown Seattle Thirty years after closure of the previous downtown center for University Extension (as it was known then), UW adult education returned to downtown Seattle in 1986, with the opening of new classrooms for lifelong learners in the Washington Building on […] UW Story 1986 A UW home in Rome In 1985, the UW opened the Rome Center in a renovated seventeenth-century building, the Palazzo Pio, which sits on the foundations of the ancient theater of Pompey (55 B.C.). UW Story 1985 Laura Chang, ’84 Laura Chang must have put both of her UW areas of study—journalism and psychology—to good use when she stayed up all night excerpting the Unabomber manifesto for the New York Times in 1995. She’s now the paper’s science editor. Photo […] UW Story 1984 Costco opens first store In 1983, the first Costco discount warehouse opened on Fourth Avenue South in Seattle. Headquartered in Issaquah, the company’s warehouses offer food, appliances, clothes, office supplies, and many other goods at highly competitive prices. UW Story 1983 Drumheller Fountain – Ponding After giving my girlfriend my pledge pin, it was tradition at TKE to pond the member.The catch is, you cannot get out of the fountain without help.The bottom is full of duck sludge and kind of siphons you down. George Frankenfield 1983 Dental Fears Research Clinic Established in 1982, the Dental Fears Research Clinic at the School of Dentistry has helped thousands of patients overcome their fear of the dentist while delivering the dental treatment they need. UW Story 1982 Rodney Moore, ’82 It’s a good thing Rodney Moore has experience in office from his time as president of UW’s Black Student Union—he’ll surely use it as president of the National Bar Association, the nation’s largest association of African American lawyers and judges, […] UW Story 1982 Center for Commercialization The UW Center for Commercialization (C4C) was founded in 1982 as the Office of Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer. UW Story 1982 Suzanna Darcy-Hennemann, ’81 Your worst nightmare is her dream job. The first woman ever hired as a test pilot at Boeing, Suzanna Darcy-Hennemann has spent 22 years making sure jumbo jets can safely do things they should never be asked to—like stall in […] UW Story 1981 Ed Viesturs, ’81 On a 27,000-foot peak in Nepal, Ed Viesturs found a young climber—perfectly preserved—who had frozen to death 20 years earlier. It was a harrowing reminder of what he risks every time he goes out. So far, Viesturs has climbed (and […] UW Story 1981 My first job at the U My first job at the University of Washington was in the Nutritional Sciences and Textiles Department (since disbanded), in Raitt Hall. I have many fond memories of watching students on the Quad, especially, hanging upside down in those beautiful trees, taking photos of the trees in full blossom, as well as the great cafe we had in the basement.. Your Name 1981 Started my fun at the UW by joining AGD Time: 1980Place: University of Washington, 407 Gerberding Hall, Seattle, WA 98195-0001, USA Go to the intersection of 1980 & University of Washington, 407 Gerberding Hall, Seattle, WA 98195-0001, USA Mary Jean Stephens 1980 Student Life in the 1980s: A return to traditions “In 1971, when the Tyee last appeared, the average college student was idealistic, socially oriented, and liberal . . . Now, as the Tyee returns in 1986, the average college student is personally oriented, pragmatic and conservative. The ideals yesterday’s student fought for are generally commonplace thinking today.” UW Story 1980 Peter Chiarelli, ’80 Lt. Gen. Chiarelli was the No. 2 U.S. military leader in Iraq in 2006. He later became senior military assistant to Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates, and is a leading candidate to succeed Gen. David H. Petraeus as top commander […] UW Story 1980 Registering for Classes before the Internet Registering for classes back in 1979 meant standing in long lines at Schmitz Hall. Schmitz Hall – the upside down ziggurat. (I was so proud… Jill Rinearson 1979 Richard Karn, ’79 In 1991, actor Karn had no savings, no other professional prospects, and no idea whether the show in which he’d been cast was going be a hit. So he kept his day job as the manager of an apartment complex […] UW Story 1979 Spectrum Magazine During the 1970’s, UW Professional & Continuing Education (as it’s known today), was perhaps best remembered for Spectrum magazine. This popular, quarterly printed magazine was created in 1962 to inform the greater population about public courses, lectures and activities offered […] UW Story 1979 Rick Steves, ’78 When Rick Steves decided to teach a travel class at the UW’s Experimental College, he expected 20 students to attend. Instead, about 100 people showed up and Steves’ multi-million dollar travel empire was born. Fans can follow Steves’ advice through […] UW Story 1978 Kenny Gorelick (“Kenny G”), ’78 By day he was Kenneth Gorelick, accounting student at the UW. By night, he was Kenny G, saxophone soloist in Barry White’s Love Unlimited Orchestra. Has anyone but Clark Kent had a cooler alter-ego? Kenny G would go on to […] UW Story 1978 New vice provost position created for Continuing Education In 1978, the recently installed Dean of Continuing Education, Robert Waldo, was promoted to Vice Provost and Dean of Continuing Education, reflecting the growing stature and importance of UW’s lifelong learning division. Today, UW Professional & Continuing Education is home […] UW Story 1978 co-ed and international dorms McMahon Hall provided co-ed floors for Spanish-speaking students. I was a master’s candidate and loved sharing living space with a French student and 6 Americans. Jane Scheidecker 1977 Microsoft Founded in 1975 by Bill Gates III and Paul Allen, Microsoft has stood as the leader of standardized computer software development for the past several decades. UW Story 1975 Labor of love My Mother started my life out in Purple and Gold. on this date she went into labor with me Michael Kevin McCoy 1975 Visiting the nation’s newspaper editors ‘ and finding a career My friend Dave Horsey and I spent 28 days visiting newspaper editors all across country, exploring the question of whether the media was… Peter Rinearson 1974 Dining after midnight’Daily In the spring of 1974, David Horsey was managing editor of The University of Washington Daily, and I was his managing editor. This meant… Peter Rinearson 1974 Law professor plays important role in ruling about Native American rights One of the most transformative legal decisions in Washington state history came in 1974, when Federal Judge George Boldt issued a ruling reaffirming the treaty rights of Washington’s Native American tribes to fish in their accustomed places. UW Story 1974 Jean Smart, ’74 Smart may be best known for her role on Designing Women, or for being the emotionally volatile First Lady of the TV series 24, but to the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, she’s known as a mentor and fund-raiser. Photo by Chris […] UW Story 1974 A face in Haig Bosmajian’s class If Bill Johnston was my favorite teacher at the University of Washington, Haig Bosmajian was probably second. I say “probably” because I… Peter Rinearson 1973 Bill Johnston was an extraordinary teacher Professor Bill Johnston was my favorite professor at the University of Washington—and he wasn’t even a full professor though he taught… Peter Rinearson 1972 How the Daily changed my life Arguably the watershed moment of my college career came on the second day of my first quarter as a freshman at the University of Washington… Peter Rinearson 1972 Daniel O’Neill, ’72 Most UW students look for a job after graduation. Daniel O’Neill sold his possessions and took off on a volunteer mission to Africa, Europe and the Middle East. In 1981, he founded Mercy Corps, a humanitarian organization that has since […] UW Story 1972 School of Social Work responds to rapid social change with innovative classes During the Vietnam War era, unrest rocked the University of Washington, as students rallied in opposition to the conflict in Southeast Asia. Social change swept the country with the civil rights movement, the war on poverty and the fight for gender equality. UW Story 1971 Faculty member pioneers accessibility technology Richard Ladner, Boeing Professor of Computer Science & Engineering, joined the UW faculty in 1971, spending many years involved in theoretical computer science research. UW Story 1971 Patrick Duffy, ’71 When TV idol Patrick Duffy left the nighttime soap opera Dallas in 1985, the writers simply killed his character off. That proved disastrous for the show’s ratings, and a year later Bobby Ewing was back. The entire 1985–86 season of […] UW Story 1971 UW Medicine establishes multi-state program In 1971, the UW School of Medicine began a program to train physicians for the surrounding states that did not have a medical school. UW Story 1971 Husky Football legend Sonny Sixkiller gains national attention Sonny Sixkiller has a memorable name, and sports writers couldn’t resist emphasizing his Cherokee ancestry when they wrote stories about his years as the UW’s quarterback (1970-72). UW Story 1970 School of Public Health established Established in 1970, the School of Public Health is the only accredited school of its kind north of Berkeley and west of Minneapolis. UW Story 1970 Ethnic Studies, Women Studies Expand the Curriculum The impetus for the formation of ethnic studies and women studies can be traced to the social protest and political dissent of the Civil Rights Movement and accompanying Black power, Chicano, American Indian, and women’s movements. Students and supportive faculty […] UW Story 1970 Eco-Trailblazers In the autumn of 1970, a group of students began an experiment on the 8th floor of Lander Hall—an environmental community, the first such learning program in a residence hall. UW Story 1970 UW grads become astronauts The University of Washington has produced more than a dozen astronauts and other NASA personnel that have served on well known missions and made numerous contributions to the fields of astronautical sciences. UW Story 1969 Linda Bierds, ’69, ’71 When Bierds studied writing at the UW, she focused on fiction. Small wonder that her celebrated poems read like lyrical short stories—Bierds has a gift for inhabiting lives, and eras, other than her own. A regular in The New Yorker, […] UW Story 1969 From protester to professor People of Hispanic heritage are becoming the largest minority group in the U.S., yet to many Americans they are a mystery, with stereotypes based on images of migrant farm workers and illegal immigrants. UW Story 1968 Marilynne Robinson, ’68, ’77 Page for page, Robinson may be the most influential fiction writer in America. She has produced only two slender novels—Housekeeping and Gilead—and both are regarded as modern classics. She’s won the Pulitzer, the National Book Critics Circle Award and the […] UW Story Imparting Wisdom Since I completed my Masters at the UW piecemeal after having four children I had no special class affiliation.There was no free childcare available and parking was a nightmare since I went for one class at a time after my teaching day. Georgie Bright Kunkel 1968 Alfredo Arreguin, ’67, ’69 If Arreguin struggled to find his place in the world—he was raised by his grandparents in Mexico until their deaths three days apart—his art hasn’t. His works hang in galleries around the world; he has two paintings in the permanent […] UW Story 1967 Chance Meeting In the fall of 1967 I was attending Seattle U.and my roommate, a high school friend, was attending the UW. He talked me in to going to a dance at the HUB and in the course of the evening I struck up a conversation with a UW student. John Watkins 1967 Burroughs B5500 In 1966, a Burroughs B5500 was installed in what is now Wilcox Hall to provide services for both administrative data processing and some student instruction. The machine provided both a multi-processing batch environment and the first time-sharing service on campus […] UW Story 1966 Andrea Peterson, ’96, Charles Mitchell, ’65, and Mark Emmert, ’75 Meeting of the Minds: Emmert has done a superb job as UW president; former football star Mitchell retires this month as chancellor of the Seattle Community College District, following a career of more than 25 years with the colleges; and […] UW Story 1965 UW landscape architect helps reshape Seattle People flying kites from the hill at Seattle’s Gasworks Park may never have heard of Richard Haag, but they profit from his creativity as a landscape architect and his adaptive re-use of existing structures. UW Story 1964 David Kopay, ’64 A solid college and NFL running back, David Kopay made a real name for himself in a courageous 1975 newspaper interview: he was the first professional team athlete in a major sport to announce that he was gay. Photo by […] UW Story 1964 David Bonderman, ’63 Self-made billionaire David “Bondo” Bonderman, founding partner of the Texas Pacific Group, hired the Rolling Stones for his 60th birthday. He also started the Bonderman Honors Travel Fellowship, which offers UW students an opportunity to travel not for research but […] UW Story 1963 Evans School of Public Affairs established The Evans School of Public Affairs, formerly the Graduate School of Public Affairs, was founded in 1962, becoming the nation’s first independent school of public administration at a public university. UW Story 1962 Peace Corps program joins UW Adult Education and Extension Services In 1962, new Peace Corps training was added to the Division of Adult Education and Extension Services, known today as UW Professional & Continuing Education. In the first two years the University of Washington conducted 12 training programs, preparing 326 […] UW Story 1962 President Kennedy helps celebrate the UW’s 100th The Centennial celebration concluded November 16, 1961, when John F. Kennedy came to campus as keynote speaker for an academic convocation in Hec Edmundson Pavilion attended by 11,000 people. UW Story 1961 William Foege, ’61 In 1972, an esteemed senior fellow at the World Health Organization told William Foege, “If you eradicate smallpox from India, I’ll eat the tire off your Jeep.” No word on how that tire tasted, but by 1979 smallpox was gone […] UW Story 1961 Denny Bell Committee begins Thy silver tongue is silent now Invention steals away thy voice. Thy golden chime has oft arc now Called many laggards to the tryst. –The Daily, Aug. 7, 1928 For 364 days a year, the silver tongue is silent. The […] UW Story 1961 Dawn Wells, ’60 She achieved television immortality as Mary Ann on the short-running, long-syndicated sitcom Gilligan’s Island—the wholesome counterpart to sex-kittenish Ginger Grant. Wells still receives about 50 fan letters a week. Photo by Wally Fong. This alumni profile is excerpted from the […] UW Story 1960 Pioneers in kidney dialysis In 1960, the world’s first long-term dialysis patient was treated at the UW Medical Center (known as University Hospital at the time) using a new device. Previously, a patient could only receive a few dialysis treatments before arteries and veins […] UW Story 1960 First computers used at UW During the 1960s, computers gradually arrived at the UW. Some of the earliest were an IBM 650 on the top floor of Bagley Hall and an IBM 709 in the basement of the Mechanical Engineering building. The computers were described […] UW Story 1960 UW Crew goes behind the Iron Curtain Although many aspects of student life were lighthearted in the 1950s, the shadow of potential conflict—the “Cold War” between the Soviet Union and the United States, between communism and capitalism—was always present. UW Story 1958 1958 Crew The 1958 Husky men’s crew, stung by a loss to Leningrad Trud’s crew at the famous Henley Regatta in England, came back to stun the world champions in Moscow’s Khimi Reservoir by 1 3/4 lengths. It was the first American […] UW Story 1958 College of Built Environments begins The College of Built Environments comprises four academic departments—architecture, construction management, landscape architecture, and urban design and planning—plus interdisciplinary programs that prepare students for careers that focus on both the built and natural environments. UW Story 1957 Rescuing Lake Washington Oscillatoria rubescens—blue–green algae—are a sure sign of trouble in a lake, and UW zoology professor W.Thomas Edmondson, UW fisheries professor Lauren Donaldson, and other scientists understood the danger. UW Story 1955 Alex Ekwueme, ’55, ’57 In 1979, Alex Ekwueme became the vice president of Nigeria. Four years later the government was deposed by military coup, and he spent six years in prison. But he has continued, all his life, to take courageous stands for peace […] UW Story 1955 Ann Rule, ’53 Ann Rule was going to be a psychology major, but a class with English Professor Markham Harris changed her life, launching a career that has included New York Times best-sellers on notorious crimes. She is perhaps best known for The […] UW Story 1953 UW alum named president In 1952, Henry Schmitz began his six-year tenure as president of the University, having been the first alum of the University to take on… University of Washington 1952 Joe Sutter, ’43, and Bonnie Dunbar, ’71, ’75 Earned Wings: Dunbar is one of the world’s most experienced female astronauts, with 50 days in space covering 20.4 million miles on five shuttle flights. Sutter, known as “the father of the Boeing 747,” invented the concept of the “wide […] UW Story 1952 First tuition rise in 30 years for UW Extension In 1951, after an incredible 30 years at $4 per credit hour, the cost of adult education extension classes was raised to $5 per credit hour. During the period since the previous tuition increase, the United States had been through […] UW Story 1951 Andrew F. Brimmer, ’50, ’51 The first African American to serve on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, Brimmer has also headed his own financial consulting firm, Brimmer & Co., in Washington, D.C., since 1976. LBJ LIbrary photo by Robert Knudsen. This alumni profile is […] UW Story 1950 Student Enrollment: 1940s During the 1949-1950 academic year, 20,887 individual students attended the University of Washington, an increase of 38% compared to a decade before. During autumn quarter 1949 alone, 16,380 students were registered. UW Story 1949 Linda Buck, ’75, and William Gates Sr., ’49, ’50 She’s the 2004 Nobel Laureate in physiology and medicine. He’s the co-chair of the Gates Foundation. And the breakthroughs she’s making in the lab—explaining the human sense of smell, among other things—may one day yield the medicines he’s helping disseminate […] UW Story 1949 Weyerhaeuser Company Based in Tacoma, Washington, Weyerhaeuser is one of the world’s largest producers of pulp, paper, lumber, packaging materials, and other wood-related products. UW Story 1948 Center for Adult Education opens in downtown Seattle Complementing a new name (the Division of Adult Education and Extension Services) and a new leader (Lloyd Schram), University Extension opened a new home in 1948. The Center for Adult Education in downtown Seattle’s Denny Regrade area consisted of two […] UW Story 1948 School of Dentistry established The School of Dentistry, the only dental school in Washington state and one of two in the Pacific Northwest, was founded in 1946. UW Story 1946 School of Medicine established The first entering class of students at the School of Medicine began classes in October of 1946, after Washington state Governor Monard C. Wallgren authorized the formation of the school a year earlier. UW Story 1946 Elizabeth Sterling Soule, first dean of the School of Nursing The worldwide flu epidemic of 1918, which killed more people than World War I, brought issues of public health to the forefront everywhere. UW Story 1945 School of Nursing established Established as the first independent nursing school on the West Coast in 1945, the School of Nursing offers a series of undergraduate, masters, doctoral, and post-doctoral educational programs to approximately 600 students and fellows currently. It holds the great distinction […] UW Story 1945 Tanks roll into Husky Stadium After the Japanese military attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, student life on the UW campus changed dramatically. UW Story 1943 University Extension Service provides classes for soldiers and civilians during World War II When the U.S. entered the war after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, students and even faculty members from the UW joined the military, or became involved in the war effort through civilian roles. The University Extension […] UW Story 1942 Edwin Guthman, ’41, ’44 Edwin Guthman found it—the guest registry that proved UW Professor Melvin Rader had spent his summer at a resort in the Cascades, not at a communist training school. Guthman’s series of articles for the Seattle Times cleared Rader’s name and […] UW Story 1941 Filipino Students at UW This is actually a picture of my father Rufino F.Cacabelos ’39 posing with the Filipino Students Club sometime in 1937.Here is his story about his time at the UW – http://cacabelos.us/Rufinopart2.html . 1937 Crew Team unexpectedly triumphs at Berlin Olympics The UW had become well known for the success of its rowing programs over several decades, but in 1936 the Husky varsity crew proved to be… University of Washington 1936 School of Social Work established Driven by its commitment to social and economic justice – and in response to the critical need for social work administrators during the Great Depression – University leaders established the School of Social Work in 1934. UW Story 1934 Whitney Harris, ’33 Whitney Harris knows how to make a convincing case. At the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, he presented evidence against Ernst Kaltenbrunner so overwhelming that the former head of the Gestapo didn’t bother appealing his conviction. At 96, Harris is the […] UW Story 1933 Extension Education for everyone “at wholesale rates” In 1932 the Seattle Times profiled “UW Extension,” running an article that profiled some of the students who took classes. The article cheerfully described the mix of students as “mothers, professional men, laborers, factory girls, immigrants, society matrons, school teachers, […] UW Story 1932 Bringing drama to the University Before Glenn Hughes took over as head of the UW Division of Drama in 1930, practical training in theater took place mostly by trial-and-error in the professional world. UW Story 1930 Librarian goes to Hollywood Margaret Herrick graduated from the University of Washington in the 1920s with a library degree from what is now the Information School and became head librarian of the Yakima Public Library in 1929. UW Story 1929 A home for art is created The Henry Art Gallery at the University of Washington was the first art museum in the state when it was built in 1927. UW Story 1926 Husky Heritage 70 years before I was a Husky, my great-grandfather Burt P.Kirkland was one of the first professors of Forestry at the UW. He helped found Pack Forest and advocated for the economic benefits of selective harvesting of timber, instead of clear cutting. Kelly Kirkland 1925 UW Extension founding director Edwin Start dies, successors carry on his vision In 1923, the unexpected death of founding director Edwin A. Start led to the appointment of Alexander C. Roberts, a member of the University’s Education faculty, as Director of the Extension Service. Roberts was to devote half time to the […] UW Story 1923 UW Extension Service becomes financially self-sustaining When the UW Extension Division was created in 1912, it received state funds for its activities. In 1921, the state legislature required that the Extension Service become financially self-sufficient. Although this requirement appeared to impede growth, in the long term […] UW Story 1921 Student Enrollment: 1910s During the 1919-1920 academic year, 7,135 individual students attended the University of Washington, more than three times as many as a decade before. UW Story 1919 University Extension Service during World War I World War I – then called the Great War – brought enormous changes to the University campus and also to the University Extension Service. To serve military and civilian needs, new courses of instruction were added, including “an intensive evening […] UW Story 1917 Suzzallo brings ambitious vision Henry Suzzallo’s 11 years as president of the University of Washington (1915-1926) were a time of enormous growth, achievement and also political conflict that ultimately led to his dismissal. UW Story 1915 University of Washington Professional & Continuing Education launches as UW Extension In 1912, following the report of a committee appointed to study the idea of creating a new University Extension Division, UW President Kane hired Edwin A. Start as the first Extension director. Initially, the purposes to be served were both […] UW Story 1912 iSchool created The Department of Library Economy in the College of Liberal Arts was founded in 1911 and has played a critical role in librarianship across the Northwest for a century. UW Story 1911 Graduate School created The Graduate School was permanently established in 1910, although the University had awarded its first graduate degree, a Masters of Arts in the field of classical languages, as early as Commencement Day in June of 1885. UW Story 1910 Students begin studying home economics Home Economics—also known as Domestic Science—was a practical and progressive discipline when it was created at the University in 1909. UW Story 1909 State turns to UW to ensure food safety In 1909, the Washington state Legislature decided that the UW was the best site for a state Food and Drug Laboratory. UW Story 1909 Students begin daily newspaper Students at the University started their own newspapers in the 1890s, the most consistent being The Pacific Wave, which was originally published in 1891. UW Story 1908 PACCAR Inc is founded PACCAR Inc is an international truck manufacturing firm based in Bellevue that is known for selling heavy-duty trucks under the names Kenworth, Peterbilt, DAF, and Foden. UW Story 1905 Students Trade in Books for Shovels on Annual Campus Day “Campus Day” was instituted in April 1904 as a way to accomplish practical physical work on the new campus, which was still mostly wilderness. UW Story 1904 Student government created Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW) was created in 1901, replacing the Student Assembly, the Athletic Association and other minor student organizations. UW Story 1901 UW professor saves state’s oyster industry Trevor Kincaid graduated from the UW in 1899 and was hired two years later as a faculty member in zoology. His most enduring contributions to the Northwest—besides inspiring legions of students who shared his love of nature—include saving Washington’s oyster industry and establishing a marine research station in the San Juan Islands that ultimately became Friday Harbor Laboratories. UW Story 1901 From cows to compost – the evolution of campus sustainability In 1895, when the University moved from downtown Seattle to its new campus, there were few houses in the neighborhood where students could live. UW Story 1899 Klondike Gold Rush In July 1897, the steamship Portland arrived in Seattle from Alaska carrying a copious amount of gold, leading way to the Klondike Gold Rush. UW Story 1897 First Impressions of a New Campus Henry Landes was one of the first faculty members hired when the University moved to its new campus in 1895. UW Story 1895 School of Pharmacy created Established in 1894, the School of Pharmacy was created through the efforts of the Washington Pharmaceutical Association, which had lobbied in favor of regulating the profession in the state. UW Story In 1892, the newly-formed Athletic Association selected purple and gold as the school colors. UW Story 1892 Student Enrollment: 1880s The Territorial University was getting crowded by the time of statehood (1889). During the 1889-1890 academic year, 273 individual students attended, almost twice as many as a decade before. UW Story 1889 History of the Burke-Gilman Trail The Burke-Gilman Trail is a popular recreational trail with runners, cyclists, walkers, and commuters.Jointly maintained by the Seattle Department of Transportation and Seattle Parks & Recreation, it stretches over 18 miles from Shilshole Bay to the City of Bothell where it intersects with the Sammamish River Trail. The trail dates back to 1885 when Judge Thomas Burke and Daniel Gilman were among a dozen investors who set out to establish a Seattle-based railroad. UW Story 1885 UW begins teaching future teachers Preparing young men and women to become teachers was an important function of the University from its early days. After becoming the Territorial University’s first graduate in 1876, Clara McCarty became a teacher, the usual career for an educated woman at the time. UW Story 1878 Classes begin with 1 room, 1 instructor and 30 students On November 4, 1861, the University of Washington opened its doors at its original campus at present-day Fourth Avenue and University Street in downtown Seattle. UW Story 1861 University starts with Arts & Sciences classes The Territorial Legislature stipulated that the fledgling university have four departments: literature, science and the arts; law; medicine; and a military department. UW Story 1861 Washington and Oregon separate On February 8, 1853, a federal bill was introduced to separate the “Columbia Territory” from Oregon, born out of the growing resentment that the people living north of the Columbia River had regarding the distance between them and the capital in Salem. UW Story	i don't know
What's missing: The Gathering Storm, The Grand Alliance, The Hinge of Fate, Closing the Ring, Triumph and Tragedy	Early 1950s Winston Churchill's "The Second World War" Complete Volume Set : EBTH View More Items from Jewelry, Fashion, Décor & More Early 1950s Winston Churchill's "The Second World War" Complete Volume Set Wednesday, October 5th 2016 @ 10:09pm EDT Ended Wednesday, October 5th 2016 @ 10:09pm EDT Ended Item Details A six volume book set of Winston Churchill’s The Second World War. This set published by the Houghton Mifflin Company features The Gathering Storm , copyright 1948; Their Finest Hour, copyright 1949; The Grand Alliance, copyright 1950; The Hinge of Fate, copyright 1950; Closing the Ring, copyright 1951; and Triumph and Tragedy, copyright 1953. Also included is a nearly complete mid 1940s set of Pictorial History of the Second World War by Wm. H. Wise and Co. This set is missing volume six.	Finest hour
What cocktail consists of 5 parts Rye Whiskey, 2 parts Sweet Red Vermouth, a dash of Angostura Bitters, and garnished with a Maraschino Cherry?	Churchill’s Workshop \| Hoover Institution Churchill’s Workshop In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War. Random House. 631 pages. $35.00. Churchill’s wartime memoir, the six-volume The Second World War, is among the most influential works of history of all time. From boyhood, one remembers the great set pieces from the abbreviated one-volume edition: His description of the fall of France, where outside in the garden of the Quai d’Orsay feeble French officials were pushing wheelbarrows of archives onto bonfires; the calm efficiency of the operations room of Fighter Command at the height of the Battle of Britain; his telegrams to fdr signed “Former Naval Person”; the sinking of the Bismarck; and, of course, his reaction to Pearl Harbor. With the memoirs, Churchill decided how we see World War ii, shaping its content, structuring it. With the individual titles, he provided the war with its shorthand vocabulary. The Gathering Storm, Their Finest Hour, The Grand Alliance, The Hinge of Fate, Closing the Ring, Triumph and Tragedy. Unforgettably, on the title page of each volume he set out the principles that ought to guide every democratic war effort: “in war: resolution, in defeat: defiance, in victory: magnaminity, in peace: good will.” Volume One, The Gathering Storm, taught us “how the English speaking peoples through their unwisdom, carelessness and good nature allowed the wicked to rearm.” And in the great rolling cadences of his prose, with their echoes of Gibbon, Shakespeare, and the Old Testament, you can hear his voice. Appearing between 1948 and 1954, The Second World War was the world’s most popular publishing venture after the Bible. Running at some two million words, of course the books were not read by everybody who bought them. But millions read the one-volume version or excerpts in serialization in Life magazine, the New York Times, and the Daily Telegraph. The books were hailed as the “literary event of our generation, possibly of the century,” earning their author the Nobel prize for literature; and he was acclaimed greater than William Pitt the elder, the victor of the Seven Years War, and greater than Lloyd George, the victor of World War I. At the time it was assumed that the books were the work of one man. A typical review of The Gathering Storm — this one from Newsweek — read, “the tremendous personality of the author glowers and shines in almost every sentence.” “One of the most engaging things is that he wrote it himself,” added the New Yorker. By contrast, the magazine noted, “when we read the speeches and public papers of Roosevelt, it is hard to know whom we have hold of.” And one critic wondered how Churchill managed it all at his age “through all the accumulated perils of brandy and black cigars.” We now know that things were a little more complicated. In his absorbing study, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War, from which the above review quotes are taken, David Reynolds tells the story of how these books came to be and of what he calls Churchill’s “second wilderness years.” Reynolds is a professor of international history at Cambridge University, and his is the most delightful Churchill book since Martin Gilbert’s 1994 In Search of Churchill. As Reynolds’s book opens, we find Churchill lolling in the waters of the Mediterranean in July 1945, enjoying his first holiday in the south of France since taking over the leadership in 1940, “‘floating like a benevolent hippo,’” as his private secretary Jock Colville puts it. Confidently awaiting the result of the general election that had taken place on July 5, he was reminiscing about the war and preparing himself for meetings with Stalin and Truman in Potsdam. In the middle of the Potsdam conference, he briefly flew back to London to hear the election returns, expecting to be back at the conference within a day. He was in for a rude awakening. When the result of the election was announced July 26, he had been thrown out of office in one of the worst defeats in Conservative history. Labour’s Clement Attlee was Britain’s new prime minister. If there is a moment that proves that one should not expect gratitude in politics, this is it. Churchill’s wife, Clementine, tried to console him, suggesting that this might be a blessing in disguise. To this he growled, “At the moment it seems quite effectively disguised” and went into a deep funk. “I cannot explain how it is but in the misery we seem instead of clinging to each other, to be always having scenes. I’m sure it is all my fault, but I am finding life more than I can bear. He is so unhappy and that makes him very difficult,” Clementine wrote to her daughter. But, Churchill being Churchill, he soon started preparing for his comeback. A two-pronged plan emerged, where each line of attack would reinforce the other: One was to play the role of international statesman and visionary, giving speeches and warning against the dangers of communism. The high points were the Fulton, Missouri speech of 1946 on the Iron Curtain and the speech in Zurich that same year about the tragedy of Europe, in which he advocated a “United States of Europe.” The other was to cement his reputation as Britain’s wartime leader by writing his memoirs. According to Reynolds, criticism of him — designed to undermine that reputation — had already appeared in America. Harry Butcher, an aide to General Eisenhower, had published My Three Years With Eisenhower in 1946, in which he revealed Churchill’s doubts about an invasion of France and his resentment of American “bullying” on the subject. The book also contained some unflattering descriptions of some of his eccentricities, including “slurping his soup to the accompaniment of loud gurglings” and calling out for new socks in the middle of the evening. Even more critical was As He Saw It by fdr’s son Elliott, who, claiming to speak for his father, accused Churchill of being haunted by memories of World War i and obsessing about the Balkans. Churchill knew there would be more to come, so it was a question of getting in his punches early by supplying the first draft of history. This is entirely in accordance with his view of history, namely that he who writes it wins the argument. In a 1932 debate with Stanley Baldwin in the House of Commons, Churchill had proclaimed: “History will say that the right honourable gentleman was wrong on this matter. I know it will, because I shall write that history.” And in his view, not believing in an afterlife, this was the only way to ensure his immortality. “Words are the only thing that lasts forever,” he said. Publishers were salivating at the prospect. But certain obstacles had to be cleared away first. Churchill had received an offer from the American publishing house Houghton Mifflin of $1 million, the equivalent of £250,000, which, being a man of expensive tastes, he was eager to earn. But Britain’s punitive tax system would have had him paying 97.5 percent of it in taxes. “Under this system, in fact, I should only get 250,000 sixpences,” he said. “I agree with Dr. Johnson that only a blockhead writes except for money.” An ingenious solution was devised in which a trust could hold Churchill’s papers and sell them to the publishers without being liable to taxation. The publishers could then hire Churchill to write his book. The legal side of the matter was equally annoying. Under Britain’s draconian secrecy laws, which prevented private researchers from getting access to government World War 11 papers until sometime in the twenty-first century, it was hard to write memoirs. When he had been prime minister, Churchill had been careful to grant exceptions to other ministers wishing to use their papers — among them one of his predecessors, Stanley Baldwin, whom he despised — thereby establishing a useful precedent. Throughout the war, he had his minutes and his telegrams to world leaders printed out every month and marked as “personal minutes” and “my personal telegrams.” When leaving office, he had the whole lot carted off to Chartwell, his country house in Kent. In his effort to publish his memoirs, Churchill secured the vital backing of the Cabinet Secretary, Sir Edward Bridges, who regarded the project as a sort of semiofficial British history and hence deserving of the government’s support. According to Reynolds, a deal was worked out between Churchill and Bridges by which he could keep his papers, but would agree to have the text approved. Houghton Mifflin won the U.S. rights, and in Britain Cassell and Company was the publisher. To this he added lucrative serialization deals. Having fought these preliminary skirmishes, he now gathered around him a crack team of academics and military men to help him in the immense task ahead. The group, which became known as the Syndicate, consisted of Bill Deakin — an Oxford don who had worked for Churchill in the ’30s and who had been the liaison officer to Tito’s partisans in Yugoslavia; Sir Henry Pownall, the former vice chief of the Imperial General Staff; and Lord Ismay, the former military secretary to the cabinet. Commodore Gordon Allen, who had been senior naval officer at Combined Operations Headquarters, took care of naval matters, and Denis Kelly, a young barrister, was available for all tasks. In addition, a host of specialists were asked to contribute on specific topics on which they were knowledgeble. Thus, as Reynolds makes clear, rather than being an original work, this was a collaborative effort, and over time Churchill’s team learned to write in his style. Commenting on Churchill’s wartime correspondence, his wartime secretary, Jock Colville, had once noted “how difficult it will be for future historians to know what is ‘genuine Churchill’ and what is ‘school of.’ We were all fairly good imitators of his epistolary style now.” The same came to apply to the members of the Syndicate, especially Bill Deakin. In Churchill’s own words, the memoirs were written “the way they built the Canadian Pacific Railway. First I lay the track from coast to coast, and after that I put in the stations.” The “track” consisted of his documents, wartime telegrams, and minutes, which formed the core of the books. The “stations” were his personal reminiscences, which sometimes, in a mellow after-dinner mood, he would dictate late at night to a secretary using a muffled typewriter, or they were the potted histories worked up by his assistants. To make it all come together, to “bulldoze” the work, as he put it, he would go for a brief working holiday every year in some exotic spot like Marrakesh or Monte Carlo with Life and the New York Times footing the bill. On these working vacations, Churchill did most of the vacationing, painting a lot, while his assistants did most of the work. Yet at other times he was very engaged: The book supplies photographs of his work on the drafts, sharpening up the adjectives and adding dramatic suspense. He was very particular on the point of commas, chastising his former private secretary: “They should only come in when it is absolutely necessary to make the bloody fools understand.” Never the easiest of men, he drove his publishers up the wall with his constant revisions and tinkerings. His manuscripts were marked “Final — Subject to Full Freedom of Proof Correction,” and this veritable blitz of overtakes went on even at the stage where the pages were about to be bound. In a telegram to his boss at Houghton Mifflin, an American editor grumbled: “Author insists on reading proof. Cartographer in Brighton with nervous breakdown.” But this was Winston Churchill, and of course he got away with it. As Reynolds notes, what publisher was going to take on the man who had beaten Hitler? After the first volume appeared, one more member was added to the team — Carlyle Wood, a proofreader who had worked for Churchill back in the ’30s on Marlborough and on The World Crisis, Churchill’s account of the First World War. For despite all the effort that had gone into it, The Gathering Storm contained many gaffes, the chief of which being a reference to the French army as “the poop of the life of France” instead of the “prop of the life of France,” a Freudian slip of a certain charm, perhaps, but serious nevertheless. Wood was a pedant of the first rank, as proofreaders can sometimes be, and Churchill called him “indefatigable, interminable, intolerable.” From volume two onward, Wood’s green pen is much in evidence, exhibiting what the other members referred to as “Wooding.” In his prefaces Churchill modestly stressed that these were the personal experiences of an individual. “I do not describe it as history, for that belongs to another generation,” he said, “but I claim with confidence that it is a contribution to history that will be of service to the future.” Modesty thus duly dispensed with, he proceeded to lay down the law. But while stupendous in their breadth, the memoirs are not without flaws and omissions. Some of the problem is structural, arising from the constraints imposed on him by the government. Churchill had gotten permission to quote from his own papers, but Clement Attlee had been unwilling to let him quote from papers he had not himself originated, despite the warnings of Sir Edward Bridges that “Mr Churchill quotes so many of his own documents, that there is some danger of his creating the impression that no one but he ever took an initiative.” Though this impression cannot have been unwelcome to Churchill, he can hardly be blamed for sticking to the agreement. What he can be blamed for is the uneven quality of the memoirs. Due to the pressures of time and the demands of his job as leader of the opposition, and finally as prime minister once again, they vary a great deal in their narrative intensity. Volume one, The Gathering Storm, is generally regarded as the best. The origins and curious mindset of appeasement were clearly a topic close to Churchill’s heart, not least because of its renewed urgency vis-à-vis postwar Soviet behavior. Here, notes Reynolds, and in volume two, Their Finest Hour, Churchill holds center stage, and the story of Britain and his own story are one. In the later volumes, with the war widening and Churchill’s influence waning, a constant refrain of his publishers and editors was that there were too many documents and too little Churchill. His standard defense of the inclusion of all this material was that “People say my speeches after Dunkirk were the thing. That was only part, but not the chief part. They forget I made all the main military decisions,” and the war-time minutes prove the point. This may be so, but as Reynolds notes, two-thirds of volume four, The Hinge of Fate, is documents, (four-fifths if one includes the appendices), which does seem excessive. Sometimes even his wife joined the critics, complaining that “The minutes are too wholesale and there is hardly any fresh stimulating material.” Of particular interest is the stuff Churchill left out, which, not surprisingly, tends to show him in a less than flattering light. Thus, missing from Their Finest Hour are cabinet discussions at the time of Dunkirk about a negotiated peace using Mussolini as a go-between. Pressured by his foreign minister, Lord Halifax, Churchill at one point seemed to be willing to consider conceding Malta or Gibraltar or some African colonies if an accommodation with Hitler could be reached. This, of course, does not quite square with our image of him as the bedrock of anti-Nazi fortitude. Despite his public stance of imperturbability, privately Churchill was less than certain of the outcome. At one point he worried aloud to General Ismay that they “probably would be dead in three months time.” But he also realized that Britain was in a very poor bargaining position and that even the hint of using Mussolini would be terrible for morale. “One cannot easily make a bargain at the last gasp. Once we started the friendly mediation of the Duce, we should destroy our power for fighting on.” The whole idea was quickly dropped. But we should not let this glimpse of a less confident Churchill diminish him, Reynolds cautions. Instead of “the almost blindly pugnacious bulldog of popular stereotype,” we should see him as a normal human being, subject to normal fears. What mattered was that he was capable of overcoming his private doubts to project utter confidence. Certain things he had to leave out on national security grounds. He could not mention Ultra and Britain’s secret codebreaking facility at Bletchley Park, which had managed to crack the German signals traffic and had been of vital importance for the British war effort, as it enabled them to know what the Germans were planning. The Brits did not want to alert the Russians to their codebraking skills. Furthermore, they did not want to allow a myth to grow in Germany that the Germans had been unfairly defeated. These were arguments Churchill understood better than anybody. Back in the ’20s, the Baldwin government, of which Churchill had been a member, had published Russian intercepts as a preliminary to breaking off diplomatic relations with the Soviets. The Russians immediately changed their codes, with the result that British intelligence was unable to read Soviet signals until 1944. An especially intriguing point is Churchill’s relations with his military advisers, which he presents in the memoirs as rosier than they were. One who suffered most bitterly was the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Alan Brooke, who later became Lord Alanbrooke. A notation in his diary reads: “I don’t think I can stand much more of it. My God, how tired I am of working for him.” Churchill had casually deprived him of the role of commander of the allied invasion of France, which he had been promised, and in retirement Lord Alanbrooke became one of Churchill’s severest critics. Churchill’s weaknesses as a commander-in-chief are well known. Always an admirer of military dash — he had been a cavalry officer, after all — Churchill had little patience for humdrum but rather necessary things like logistics. He was constantly meddling in operations, and he had too many crackpot ideas — his late-night brainstorming sessions were known as the “Midnight Follies” by his staff — that needed curbing. Reynolds calls him a man of “iron whim.” On the other hand, generals tend to be a cautious lot who want ideal circumstances in which to perform. Somebody needs to prod them on. Churchill certainly knew how to do that. There are occasional problems of emphasis in the later volumes, giving them a somewhat parochial perspective, and sometimes amounting to an outright distortion of the historical record. In volume four, The Hinge of Fate, Reynolds notes, Churchill depicted the battles of Midway and El Alamein as the hinges of the war while giving Stalingrad short shrift (a mere four pages). Alamein was certainly important for the Brits — “Before Alamein we never had a victory. After Alamein we never had a defeat,” Churchill wrote — but its significance does tend to pale in comparison with Stalingrad. According to figures supplied by Reynolds, half a million Russians died in Stalingrad, and the Red Army killed 150,000 Germans and captured 91,000. At El Alamein the British 8th Army lost 13,500 men and took 30,000 Germans prisoner. The neglect of Stalingrad is no doubt explained by the Cold War — The Hinge of Fate was published at the time of the Korean War — which understandably was not the moment to be praising the Russians. On the vital topic of Overlord, the allied invasion of France, Churchill particularly wanted to prove that he had not been opposed to it, as certain factions in the United States alleged. But, says Reynolds, he did not make a particularly good job of it. Though he had always paid lip service to Overlord as the keystone of Anglo-American cooperation, he saw as a fatal error the 1943 failure to exploit the Italian collapse by grabbing the Aegean islands and persuading Turkey to enter the war. Churchill’s problem with Overlord was not that he doubted the Allies could land in France; he worried what might occur between days 30 and 60 after the landings. Accordingly, he forwarded to Stalin a telegram he had received from Eisenhower’s headquarters. Three-fourths of the telegram, composed by General Harold Alexander, contained an exceedingly gloomy assessment of the Italian situatuion following German reinforcements, making a cross-Channel invasion impracticable. But Churchill deliberately omitted a fourth section, written by Eisenhower himself, containing a much more optimistic view of the future and of Overlord’s chances. In what Reynolds considers “one of the most blatant distortions of the memoirs,” Churchill included in Closing the Ring the pessimistic portion of the cable, but again excluded Ike’s more optimistic view. Having been forced to commit to Overlord, Churchill had at least arranged for it not to have a British commander. In a draft version that did not appear in the final work, he wrote: “I had the fear that if a bloody and disastrous repulse were encountered, far bigger than the first day on the Somme in 1916, there might be an outcry in the United States, it would be said that another result would have attended the appointment of an American general.” Finally, with Triumph and Tragedy Churchill was prime minister again, and a number of political considerations had come into play in his relations with international leaders, making him pull his punches. While with The Gathering Storm the reader was meant to draw implicit parallels to the Soviet threat and the Korean War, in Triumph and Tragedy the overall aim was to strengthen ties with Washington and simultaneously try to reduce tension with Moscow. The result is duller history. One of Churchill’s aims in Triumph and Tragedy was to pin the responsibility for Yalta and its aftermath on the Americans — though letting Roosevelt off easy on the grounds that the president had been dying at Yalta. And on the final race toward Berlin he blamed the U.S. generals for thinking in purely military terms and for ceding Berlin to the Soviets. But he could not criticize Eisenhower too directly, since Ike was now in the White House and Churchill did not want to damage the special relationship. Thus the line “Berlin, Prague and Vienna were needlessly yielded to the Soviets: Here may be discerned the tragedy of our triumph” ended up on the cutting room floor. But that was how he felt. Trying to reduce tensions with the new Soviet leadership made him go easy on Stalin and shift blame for Soviet behavior onto shadowy “men behind him” and to the marshals. This is of course nonsense; Stalin had always been calling the shots in Moscow. With the working methods, priorities and flaws of the memoirs having thus been laid bare by Reynolds, what does this do to our view of Churchill’s genius? Since the Romantics’ day, we have been operating with the notion of the writer or artist as a lonely, anti-social and half-crazed individual, who produces his masterworks from the great solitude of a rat-infested garret. This was clearly not Churchill’s way. Reynolds quotes Syndicate member Denis Kelly as saying: “I am often asked: ‘How much of his books did he really write himself?’ It’s almost as superficial a question as asking a master Chef: ‘Did you cook the whole banquet with your own hands.’” Reynolds himself compares Churchill to the head of a modern research group. A more apt comparison would perhaps be to the methods of a baroque master painter like Rubens, who ran a workshop. A contemporaneous description of his opulent house in Antwerp shows Rubens presiding over a swarm of assistants while he has Tacitus read aloud to him and dictates a letter to a secretary. In the main room, a group of young painters sit working out his concepts until the last minute, when the master moves in and adds the finishing touches. While there are weak spots, Churchill’s memoirs are a work on a Rubensian scale: The ideas and the directions are his, and his creative spirit suffuses them from start to finish.	i don't know
Known as Little Miss Sure Shot, what member of Buffalo Bills Wild West show was an outstanding sharpshooter who continued to set records almost up to her death on November 3, 1926?	November 3, 1926 Greenville, Ohio Spouse Frank E. Butler Annie Oakley Summary Information: Annie Oakley was the stage name of Phoebe Ann Moses, a sharpshooter whose skill at shooting led her to star in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show and made her a national celebrity. She won numerous medals for her marksmanship, performed for royalty, and remains a legendary figure of the American West. She was born August 13, 1860, to Jacob and Susan (Wise) Moses, Quakers who had migrated from Pennsylvania to a rented farm in Darke County, Ohio, a rural county on the Indiana border. Called Annie by her sisters, she was the sixth of seven children born to Susan Moses. In 1866, her father died of pneumonia. Her mother, unable to support her children, sent Annie to the live at the Darke County Infirmary—the county poor house—when she was 9 years old. When she was about 10, she agreed to become a servant of sorts—helping with a baby and household chores—for another local farming family. The family was abusive, however; Annie referred to them later only as "the wolves." She stayed with them in near-slavery for about two years before running away, back to the Darke County Infirmary. She returned home to her mother not long after. Her mother had remarried and had another child, but her husband had died, leaving her to fend for herself and her children alone again. Annie Gets Her First Gun Annie, who had first shot a gun at a very young age before she was sent away, ended up supporting the family by hunting and trapping when she returned. She could shoot quail and pheasants in the head, keeping the edible portions of the birds entirely free of buckshot. She sold the game to locals in Greenville, Ohio, and to hotels and restaurants in the area, and built a reputation as an excellent shot. She claimed to have so been successful that she paid the mortgage on her family’s farm. As a young woman, she met Francis "Frank" Butler while he performed his traveling marksman show in Cincinnati, Ohio. Part of Frank’s act was accepting challenges from local marksmen to matches, with bets being placed on both sides. A local hotel owner arranged a shooting match between Frank and Annie on Thanksgiving Day. Frank was surprised to learn his opponent was a five-foot-tall, 15-year-old girl— who beat him after he missed on his 25th shot. They began a courtship and eventually married. There is disagreement over the dates of their first meeting and their marriage; they may have wed as early as 1876, but their only known marriage certificate is in Windsor, Canada, and is dated June 20, 1882. Various reasons have been given for the discrepancies, including the possibility that Frank was not yet legally divorced from his first wife when he and Annie wed. Phoebe Becomes Annie Oakley The Butlers began performing together in May 1882 when Frank’s partner became ill. She took the stage name "Annie Oakley," possibly after the Oakley neighborhood in Cincinnati where they lived. Frank immediately recognized that Annie had a bigger draw and began to showcase her as the main act, acting more as a manager than as a fellow performer. In 1884, the Sioux (Lakota) spiritual leader and medicine man Sitting Bull, who had beaten Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn, saw a show that Annie was in in a theater in St. Paul, Minnesota. He asked to see her after the show. Annie gave him a signed picture of herself ; Sitting Bull gave her moccasins he had worn at Little Bighorn and the nickname "Watanya Cicilla," Little Sure Shot. Annie Oakley Meets Buffalo Bill Also in 1884, Annie and Frank met William "Buffalo Bill" Cody while performing with a circus in New Orleans. Frank and Cody negotiated for a three-day trial with the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show in early 1885—Annie and Frank would go on to perform with the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show for 16 seasons. Cody called Annie "Li’l Miss," an apt nickname for the five-foot-tall markswoman, and had her perform early in the show to help audiences get used to the sound of gunfire. Her charisma and her skill with many firearms endeared audiences to her and to the show. At 90 feet, she could shoot a dime or a cork out of a bottle or snuff out candle flames. She could also shoot a playing card with the thin edge held facing her multiple times—the theatre business began referring to free tickets, which had holes punched in them, as "Annie Oakleys." During the 1885 season, Cody also hired Sitting Bull to perform with the show, for which the government had allowed the chief to leave the Standing Rock Reservation. Although Sitting Bull only had to ride once around the arena in his role as "Show Indian," he did not take well to performing. Cody often asked Annie to talk to Sitting Bull when he became upset, but her presence and cajoling were ultimately not enough to keep him touring, and he returned to Standing Rock. Annie Goes To London With The Wild West Show In 1887, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show traveled to London as part of the American Exhibition, which coincided with Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. In early May, they gave several special performances for the royal family. During the performance for Queen Victoria on May 11, the queen rose and bowed deeply when the American flag came into the arena—it was the first time a British monarch had saluted the American flag and the members of the show roared their approval. The show stayed in London until October, giving over 300 performances that helped Annie hone her showmanship. The London newspapers gave her very favorable press for her shooting skills and began to embellish her western background. In May 1888, the Wild West Show returned to the U.S. after stops in Birmingham and Manchester, England. Annie and Frank left the show for reasons that were "too long to tell" that spring and toured with various other shows and independently for the rest of the year. In December, she made her debut as an actress in a play called Deadwood Dick, but the play and the theater company weren’t successful. In the spring of 1889, they rejoined the Wild West Show for a tour of Europe, beginning with the Exposition Universelle in Paris, France, from May to October. They toured southern France, Spain, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany before returning to the States in the spring of 1890. The show returned to Europe for two more tours in 1891 and 1892, including another performance for Queen Victoria in 1892. Annie Becomes A National Superstar Annie was a celebrity, reportedly earning more than any other employee in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, when the show returned to the U.S. in 1892. Annie and Frank bought a house in Nutley, New Jersey, which they lived in between the tours that typically took them to about 130 towns each season. In 1894, Buffalo Bill, 15 of his Indians, and Annie Oakley were filmed by Thomas Edison in his Black Maria Studio in West Orange, New Jersey. Edison turned the films into nickelodeons—the public could go to Kinetoscope parlors and, for a nickel, see Annie shoot. On October 29, 1901, the show members were traveling north in North Carolina to the final performance of the season in Danville, Virginia. Because of a misunderstanding at the switching station, the second train, the one Annie and Frank were on, ran head-on into a southbound train. Whether because of this accident or because it was just time—the 41-year-old sharpshooter had been touring continuously for nearly 20 years—she retired from Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. Around this time, her hair had begun to turn white as well, which was an obvious liability for a performer. In retirement, Annie tried her hand at acting again, appearing in a play called The Western Girl in 1902, wearing a wig to conceal her hair. She also began giving shooting lessons at exclusive shooting clubs. Frank became a representative of the Union Metallic Cartridge Company, a position that allowed Annie and Frank to continue their shooting exhibitions while endorsing the company’s products. Annie Oakley Retires In 1910, they attended a Wild West show known as "The Two Bills Show" at Madison Square Garden—Cody had merged his show with Pawnee Bill’s Wild West Show. Cody asked Annie to join his show, but Annie refused, although she did tour some with another show until 1913, when she retired for good. She and Frank remained good friends with Buffalo Bill. When Bill died on January 10, 1917, she wrote a glowing eulogy of the old showman. In 1912, Frank and Annie had began building a house in Cambridge, Maryland, which is on Maryland’s eastern shore. The roof of the house was designed so that Annie could step out onto it and shoot game off the Choptank River. They spent the rest of their lives in that house, spending some of their time at resorts in North Carolina and Florida. Hunting and shooting remained important parts in their lives. In 1922, Annie performed at a benefit show on Long Island and was rumored to be making a comeback, but she did not—in November, at the age of 62, she was in a car accident in Florida and fractured her hip and ankle. The brace she had to wear may have kept her from performing again, but it did not keep her from hunting and shooting. Over the next four years, her health began to decline, and she and Frank returned to her roots in Ohio. On November 3, 1926, she died of pernicious anemia at the age of 66. Frank mourned so deeply, he stopped eating and died 18 days later on November 21. They are buried at Brock Cemetery near Greenville, Ohio. Articles Featuring Annie Oakley From History Net Magazines Featured Article Annie Oakley She was an Ohio-born lady who could shoot like the dickens. She was the first white woman hired by a Wild West outfit to fill a traditionally male role. She was, hands down, the finest woman sharpshooting entertainer of all time. And, at one time, she may have been the most famous woman in the American West or the American East. She was, of course, Annie Oakley — her name nearly as well recognized to this day as that of the bigger-than-life figure who hired her, Buffalo Bill. Annie, born Phoebe Ann Moses in Ohio’s Darke County on August 13, 1860, got her gun at an early age but didn’t shoot her way to everlasting fame until after William ‘Buffalo Bill’ Cody put her on the payroll in 1885. In the process, the little woman (5 feet tall, about 110 pounds) gave Cody’s Wild West a shot in the arm. As a star with the stature, ability and uniqueness of Buffalo Bill himself, Annie Oakley had a platform to promote her egalitarian views about women. She believed that women needed to learn to be proficient with firearms to defend themselves and that they could even help fight for their country. During World War I, she offered to recruit and train a regiment of women sharpshooters. If nothing else, Annie Oakley helped expand the career options of American women. Annie rose to stardom from humble roots. In the mid-1860s her father, Jacob, died, and her mother, Susan, had a devil of a time trying to make ends meet with seven children age 15 or younger on her hands. Annie tried to help by hunting and trapping in the Darke County woods. By age 10, Annie had been sent off to live at the county poor farm, known as the Infirmary, and during her early teens she alternated between living there and with her mother and stepfather. Her life took a turn for the better when she met Irishman Frank (‘Jimmie’) Butler of the Butler and Baughman shooting act. According to legend, Butler was trying to drum up business in 1875 by accepting challenges from local marksmen, and on Thanksgiving Day in Greenville, Ohio, he took on young Annie Moses in a shooting match. ‘I almost dropped dead when a slim girl in a short dress stepped out to the mark with me,’ Frank Butler later said. ‘I was a beaten man the moment she appeared.’ Frank lost, 23 to 21. Later, whenever he said that he had purposely thrown the match, Annie would just flutter her eyes and smile. In any case, Frank was impressed enough by Annie to invite her to see his act in Cincinnati. She accepted. As part of his act, Butler and his big white French poodle, George, performed a William Tell bit. As usual, Frank shot the apple off George’s head and George retrieved the fruit, but the dog then brought it to Annie instead of to the shooter. A courtship ensued — between Annie and Frank, that is — and the couple was married within the year…or so the legend has it. Shirl Kasper, author of the 1992 biography Annie Oakley, points out that the shooting match couldn’t have occurred in 1875, because Frank Butler’s shooting career probably didn’t even start until 1876. There are no contemporary newspaper accounts of the match. More likely, it occurred in 1881, which is what Butler said several times much later. When the couple actually wed is also uncertain. They told everyone that they were married about a year after they met, and their only known marriage certificate says they tied the knot on June 20, 1882, in Windsor, Canada, when Annie was 21. Annie joined Frank’s stage act, according to her own account, only after Frank’s shooting partner, John Graham, became ill in May 1882. She filled in admirably and became an instant hit. She chose ‘Oakley’ as her stage name for some unknown reason and began to tour with Frank. To the experienced showman’s credit, he immediately realized that his wife was a star. He put his own career on a backburner so that he could manage her career, saying, ‘She outclassed me.’ In those early days of her stage career, Annie Oakley played with Frank Butler at small theaters, skating rinks and circuses. While working for the Sells Brothers Circus in New Orleans in 1884, they met Buffalo Bill Cody, but he didn’t hire her until after she and her manager-husband had come to Louisville, Ky., early in 1885 for a three-day tryout. After an agreement was struck, Buffalo Bill brought her to the mess tent to introduce her to the members of his Wild West, which had been inaugurated in 1883. ‘This little missie here is Miss Annie Oakley,’ Buffalo Bill said. ‘She is to be the only white woman with our exhibition. And I want you boys to welcome and protect her.’ They didn’t need to — ‘Li’l Missie,’ as Cody usually called her, had pretty much fended for herself from childhood. Annie Oakley and Frank Butler toured with the Wild West for some 16 seasons, and the only contract they had with Cody was verbal. Annie said that Cody, whom she called ‘the Colonel,’ was the kindest-hearted, most loyal man she had ever met, and also the softest touch. She noted that Cody kept a big pitcher of lemonade by his tent so that he could serve refreshments to visiting youngsters. The Oakley act was spectacular. Cody generally used Li’l Missie early in his entertainment extravaganza so that she could warm the audience up to the sound of gunfire. Dexter Fellows, a sometimes press agent for the Wild West, wrote in his autobiographical book This Way to the Big Show that Annie ‘was a consummate actress, with a personality that made itself felt as soon as she entered the arena.’ During her entrance, Annie waved and blew kisses to the audience. She was an ambidextrous shot who fired rapidly and with unerring accuracy. On the rare occasions when she missed a shot, she immediately fired again. On occasion, she intentionally missed and then pretended to become petulant, stamping her feet in frustration and sometimes throwing her hat down and walking around it to change her luck. Then when she did hit the mark, the audience would roar louder than ever. Frank Butler also got into the act, releasing clay pigeons for his wife. She would jump over her gun table and shoot the clay bird before it hit the ground. Often she shot cigarettes out of her husband’s mouth, and once she even shot a cigarette out of Kaiser Wilhelm II’s mouth. Charlatan shooters preferred to shoot ashes from cigars (with the help of a wire embedded in the cigar and twisted by the assistant’s tongue at the proper moment), so Annie insisted on shooting only whole cigarettes. Her act often included hitting targets while riding a bicycle with no hands. Although she could ride a horse in fine style, she left the shooting of glass balls from horseback to Buffalo Bill. Annie concluded her act with a funny jig and would kick up her heels just before she left the arena. Once when a newspaper in England wondered how fast and accurate she was, she gave a special demonstration. Frank stood on a chair facing his wife’s back. At Annie’s command, he dropped a tin plate. Annie turned, fired and hit it square, all within about half a second. Annie Oakley had a theatrical flair and the quickness and agility of an athlete. But none of it would have meant too much had she not been such a top hand with all kinds of firearms. She practiced constantly and did not rely on trickery; she was no sham shooting star. Among her favorite shotguns were a Lancaster and a Francotte, her favorite rifles included a Winchester and a Marlin, and she used Colts and Smith & Wesson handguns equally well. ‘Guns, rifles and pistols are of many styles,’ she once said, ‘and to declare that any one make is superior to all others would show a very narrow mind and limited knowledge of firearms….Nobody should trust their lives behind a cheap gun.’ The famous Sioux (Lakota) spiritual leader and medicine man Sitting Bull toured with the Wild West during the 1885 season. Annie had actually met him the previous year in a St. Paul, Minn., theater, when Sitting Bull, then a resident of the Standing Rock Reservation in Dakota Territory, watched her fire a rifle to snuff out a burning candle. Apparently, Sitting Bull was so impressed that afterward he asked to see the little white woman. Annie then gave Sitting Bull a picture of herself, while he gave her moccasins he had worn at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, as well as the nickname Watanya Cicilla (‘Little Sure Shot’). They were happily reunited the next year as employees of Cody’s Wild West. Whenever Sitting Bull got peevish that season, Cody would send for Little Sure Shot, who would talk to the Lakota leader for a while and then do her jig before leaving his quarters. That inevitably would make Sitting Bull laugh and would lift his spirits. But her presence was not enough to make him want to continue with the show another season. In the spring of 1886, while the Wild West performed in Washington, D.C., en route to an extended summer stay at Erastina, on Staten Island, an insect lodged itself deep inside Annie Oakley’s ear. By June, she had an ear infection, but, against doctor’s orders, she still rode in the 17-mile opening-day parade in New York City. Near the end of it, she collapsed, and doctors determined that the area behind her eardrum needed to be lanced to drain its poison. The bedridden Li’l Missie missed four performances at Erastina (probably the only four she missed during her show career) before she hobbled into the arena on the fifth day to shoot again. She had plenty of grit for sure, but part of Annie Oakley’s motivation for getting back in action was the fact that Cody had hired a younger female shooter, Lillian Smith, for the 1886 season. At the time, Annie may have been concerned about her job security. But there was room for both of them, and the Wild West continued to be a big hit when it moved into Madison Square Garden that winter. In 1887, the two women sharpshooters and the rest of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West sailed to London as part of the U.S. delegation to Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. That May 5, Prince Albert Edward delighted in a special performance by the company and afterward wanted to meet the cast members. Annie Oakley had heard that women would flirt with the prince in front of his wife. When the prince was introduced to Annie and extended his hand, Annie passed it by and shook the princess’ hand first. She told the prince, ‘You’ll have to forgive me, I’m an American, and in America, women come first.’ Library of Congress Portrait of Annie Oakley On May 11, it was Queen Victoria’s turn to have a command performance. It was held at the exhibition grounds after her courtiers convinced her that they couldn’t fit Cody’s outfit into Windsor Castle. When the American flag entered the arena, Queen Victoria stood up and bowed deeply, and Cody’s company roared its approval. For the first time in history, an English monarch had saluted the Star-Spangled Banner. After Lillian Smith and Annie Oakley had curtsied and walked up to her, the queen told Annie, ‘You are a very clever little girl.’ L’il Missie had become an international star. At least one newspaper said that her marksmanship was better than that of Buffalo Bill. Annie Oakley’s rising fame may have gone to her head, or to the head of her husband, and a rift developed between them and Cody. The couple left the Wild West. Annie did not explain the break from Cody, but she did say that the reasons she left were ‘too long to tell.’ She and Frank toured with vaudeville impresario Tony Pastor’s show in the spring of 1888. That summer, they hooked up with struggling Pawnee Bill (real name Gordon W. Lillie), a genuine frontiersman who had turned to showmanship, just like Buffalo Bill. Even though Pawnee Bill’s wife, May Lillie, was a sharpshooter with Pawnee Bill’s Wild West, Annie Oakley received top billing. Annie left the new show after a month to rejoin Pastor on a fall tour, and Pawnee Bill went broke less than three months later. While Annie was touring with Pastor, Frank Butler also arranged frequent shooting matches and exhibitions for his wife. In one match for $50 she broke all 50 clay birds, and in another, featuring 50 live pigeons, she defeated Miles Johnson, champion of New Jersey. On Christmas Eve 1888, Annie Oakley made her debut as an actress in the Western melodrama Deadwood Dick. The play was not a success, and by early February 1889 the theater company had folded. One of the Deadwood Dick managers, though, was John Burke (who was a press agent for Buffalo Bill’s Wild West), and he was probably the one who convinced Frank Butler and Annie Oakley to rejoin Buffalo Bill for a spring run in Paris. That same year, Lillian Smith left the show, and Annie had no competition from any other female sharpshooter in France. At first, the French apparently thought Buffalo Bill’s whole spectacle, including the shooting, was a fake, but when they saw Annie Oakley perform, they became convinced that she was the real thing. Nate Salsbury, Cody’s business partner, wrote that Annie Oakley saved the show. According to the scrapbooks at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody, Wyo., the French, like the rest of the world, idolized Little Sure Shot. The French papers also played up Cody’s reputation as a womanizer. The Paris show ran until the fall of 1889, and then the Wild West ventured on an extended European tour. The English and Italians were most impressed by the horseback riding, but the Germans, especially Prussian military men, took a greater interest in the show’s logistics. The Germans were amazed by the Wild West’s efficient rail movement and the fact that Cody fed his crew three hot meals a day regardless of travel. After World War I started, Annie Oakley heard a rumor that the Germans modeled the movement of the German regiment after the movement of Buffalo Bill’s large company. When reporters reminded Li’l Missie that she had shot a cigarette out of the mouth of the kaiser (Wilhelm II) during the 1890-91 tour, she remarked that she wished that she had missed that particular shot. In Strassburg, Germany, in 1890, Cody sneaked into Annie Oakley’s tent and wrote in her autograph book: ‘To the loveliest and truest little woman, both in heart and aim, in all the world. Sworn by and before myself. W.F. Cody, Buffalo Bill.’ When Annie Oakley returned to the United States in October 1892, she was a celebrity who reportedly made more money than any other of Cody’s Wild West employees. In the fall of 1894, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley and a handful of Indians performed in front of Thomas Edison’s moving-picture machine at the inventor’s laboratory near Orange Mountain in New Jersey. Edison was delighted that his machine could reproduce gun smoke and the shattering of glass balls. The public could go to kinetoscope parlors and, for a nickel, view these early Edison films in peep-show machines. Now, people didn’t have to see Annie Oakley live to know her. She had become the first ‘cowgirl’ in motion pictures. Meanwhile the show went on, and it became more of a road show than ever. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West played in more than 130 towns in both 1895 and 1896. In 1897, the Wild West played in Canada for the first time since Sitting Bull was a headliner in 1885. Annie admitted in 1899 that she had begun to at least think about retirement. The railroad travel was endless, and it had its dangers. Train accidents were not uncommon. One notable wreck occurred at 3 a.m. on October 29, 1901, near Lindwood, N.C., while the company was headed to Danville, Va., for its last performance of the season. When the first section passed the switching station, the switcher thought that it was the whole outfit, so he threw the switch. The second section ran into an oncoming train. The wooden cars became so many piles of kindling as people and animals cried out in pain and steam hissed. Legend says that Annie Oakley, now 41, was found pinned beneath the rubble and it took several hours before she could be extracted. As Li’l Missie was carried by stretcher past some wounded horses that had to be shot, she supposedly remarked that she felt sorry for them. Just 17 hours after the wreck, according to legend, her brown hair turned totally white because of the horror of the accident. Biographer Shirl Kasper, however, argues that Annie was not badly hurt in the wreck (the Charlotte Observer reported that nobody from the Wild West was injured) and that while Annie’s hair did turn white rather fast, it wasn’t because of the train wreck. Two newspaper articles in Annie’s scrapbooks at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center say that her hair turned white after she sat too long in a hot bath at a health resort later that year. In any case, says Kasper, it was her white hair, not any bodily injuries, that convinced Annie Oakley to immediately leave Buffalo Bill’s Wild West. After her retirement from the Wild West, Annie Oakley tried her hand at acting again, appearing as the lead in a play called The Western Girl, which opened in New Jersey in November 1902. She looked much as she had while shooting in the Wild West, except now she wore a brown wig to hide her white hair. She also would teach shooting at exclusive clubs. Meanwhile, her husband worked for the Union Metallic Cartridge Company, promoting its products to the growing number of trapshooters. In the spring of 1910, Frank and Annie attended a Wild West show at Madison Square Garden known as the ‘Two Bills Show,’ because Buffalo Bill’s outfit had merged with Pawnee Bill’s outfit. Cody apparently asked Annie to rejoin the show, but she and Frank turned the old showman down. Instead, the following year, they joined up with Vernon C. Seavers’ Young Buffalo Wild West, and Little Sure Shot continued to shoot for that outfit until retiring for good in 1913. Annie and Frank continued to be friends with Cody, though, and when Buffalo Bill died on January 10, 1917, she wrote a glowing eulogy. After giving her last performance with Young Buffalo Wild West on October 4, 1913, Annie and Frank retired to a new home in Cambridge, Md., and also spent a lot of their time at resorts in Pinehurst, N.C., and Leesburg, Fla. Hunting and shooting remained a big part of their lives. They had no children. In the summer of 1922, when she was about to turn 62, Annie Oakley performed at a benefit show on Long Island (a clip of her performance that day can be seen at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center). The New York Herald hinted that she might be making a comeback in show biz and could appear in the movies soon. It never happened. That November, she fractured her hip and an ankle in a car accident in Florida. The steel leg brace she was forced to wear did not, however, keep her from resuming her shooting and hunting. Annie Oakley was back home in Darke County, Ohio, when she died on November 3, 1926. She had never fully recovered from the car accident. The doctor wrote ‘pernicious anemia’ as her cause of death. Frank Butler reportedly stopped eating or caring. Less than three weeks later, on November 21, he seemed to fulfill his wish by joining his beloved wife in death. Annie Oakley had not been born in the West, and she had not lived there. But for many years she had certainly looked like a cowgirl, and she had ridden a horse and shot better than most any Westerner, of either sex, while performing in Wild West shows. To call her, then, a ‘Western legend’ does not miss the mark…even if she was too good, and too good a shot, to shoot anyone. This article was written by Eric V. Sorg and originally appeared in the February 2001 issue of Wild West.	Annie Oakley
Whom did Muhammed Ali best in the famous Rumble in the Jungle, which took place in Kinsasha, Zaire?	Publication 512 - Women On Stamps Publication 512 Women on Stamps April 2003 Sending a powerful message requires a powerful tool. And the mail is one of the most powerful - and easily accessible - communication tools available today. A single postage stamp is the only investment you need. Since the first postage stamps were issued more than 150 years ago, just about every one of them has also carried a message about our shared heritage, our diverse culture and the people and events that have helped build a great nation. Women have had a strong and lasting impact on American history. The Postal Service is proud to honor their influence and achievements through our stamp program. They are artists, abolitionists, national leaders and physicians. They are war heroes, pioneers, authors and performers. They are American painter and printmaker Mary Cassatt, a home-grown and world-renowned Impressionist; Harriet Tubman, who personally led over 300 individuals from slavery to freedom; Patsy Cline, whose plaintive voice personifies the sound of country music; and Eleanor Roosevelt, the vocal and progressive First Lady, who became a champion for social reform and human rights. For more than a century, since 1893, when a woman first appeared on a United States postage stamp, the Postal Service has proudly honored women and their achievements. We will continue to tell their story, and the story of America, through our stamp program. The United States Postal Service has bound the nation together through its personal and business communications for more than two centuries. We have continually evolved to serve a growing nation more efficiently and effectively - without operational subsidies. And we continue that process today, as we transform ourselves to meet the challenges of the 21st century. John E. Potter Queen Isabella (1451-1504) Queen Isabellas special patronage of Christopher Columbus made possible his first voyage to America in 1492 and opened the way for new discoveries and worldwide trade. Issued: 1893 and 1992 Martha Washington (1731-1802) The 8-cent stamp portraying Martha Washington was the first U.S. postage stamp honoring an American woman. As the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States, she was the first first lady of our country. Although she would have preferred a quiet family life on their farmland, she often accompanied and supported her husband and his troops in the field during the American Revolution, and then served graciously as the official hostess for the country during the first presidential administration. Issued: 1902, 1923, and 1938 Pocahontas (ca. 1595-1617) Pocahontas was a princess of the Algonquian Indians in the area around the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. According to legend, she saved the life of Captain John Smith after he had been captured by members of her tribe. Pocahontas later married the Englishman John Rolfe, and by these and other actions, she helped to pacify the relationships between the people of the New and Old Worlds. Issued: 1907 Mothers of America Issued in tribute to the mothers of the nation, this stamp replicates the famous painting often called Whistlers Mother - its actual title is Arrangement in Gray and Black, No. 1: Portrait of the Artists Mother, by James Abbott McNeill Whistler. Issued: 1934 Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) Susan B. Anthony was a reformer and feminist who spent more than 50 years making major contributions to the woman suffrage cause, despite continuous opposition. Although she did not live to see the success of this movement, in 1920 the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution ensured that women would not be denied the right to vote as U.S. citizens because of their sex. In honor of her efforts for this cause, the 19th amendment has often been called the Anthony amendment. Issued: 1936 and 1955 Virginia Dare (1587-?) Virginia Dare was the first child born of English parents in the New World, in the settlement of Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. But nothing else is known about the rest of her life - or those of the settlements other members, who are known as the Lost Colony. When supply ships arrived at the settlement several years later, the only trace of the colonists was the word Croatoan carved on a tree - to this day, their fate is uncertain. Virginia Dare symbolizes both the hope and the uncertainty that all pioneers and immigrants face in new lands. Issued: 1937 Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888) Louisa May Alcott is best known for her book Little Women, a story of four sisters that is loosely based on her own family life. Another of her published works is Hospital Sketches, a recollection of her experiences as a nurse in the Civil War. Alcott also was engaged in many social reforms of the day, such as abolition, temperance, and woman suffrage. Issued: 1940 Frances E. Willard (1839-1898) Frances E. Willard was a renowned and successful American educator, reformer, lecturer, and suffragist. She helped found the Womens Christian Temperance Union and served as its president from 1879 to 1898. In 1905, Willard was the first woman to be honored with a statue in the National Statuary Hall of the U.S. Capitol. Issued: 1940 Jane Addams (1860-1935) Jane Addams was the founder of Chicagos Hull House, which was part of the settlement house movement that provided much-needed social services in poor and working-class neighborhoods. She also was the first president of the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom, serving from 1919 to 1929. For her efforts, Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, the first American woman to receive this honor. Issued: 1940 Progress of Women Issued in the centennial year of the first womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, this stamp pictures Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902), a pioneer reformer for woman suffrage and womens rights; Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947), a suffrage reformer and first president of the League of Women Voters; and Lucretia Mott (1793-1880), an abolitionist, an early advocate for womens rights, and an organizer of the 1848 convention. Issued: 1948 Clara Barton (1821-1912) Serving as a nurse during the Civil War, Clara Barton became known as the angel of the battlefield for her efforts to care for the wounded of both sides. In 1881 she founded the American Red Cross, becoming its first president and serving from 1882 to 1904. Issued: 1948 and 1995 Gold Star Mothers During World War II, many families displayed a banner with a blue star for each family member serving in the armed forces and a gold star for any member who had paid the supreme sacrifice in the war. Accordingly, the term gold star mother referred to any woman who had lost a child in defense of the country. These stamps were issued in tribute to all those mothers and the sacrifices they and their children had made. Issued: 1948 and 1993 Juliette Gordon Low (1860-1927) In 1912 in Savannah, Georgia, Juliette Gordon Low started the organization that would become the Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. She was enthusiastic, energetic, and totally committed to the group, wearing her Girl Scout uniform and promoting the group wherever she went. In 1979, Low was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame. Issued: 1948 Moina Michael (1869-1944) Moina Michael is the person most responsible for establishing the symbol of the red poppy as a memorial to those who served in World War I. As a volunteer for the YMCA Overseas War Workers in 1918, she was inspired by a poem describing poppies growing on a battlefield cemetery in France, and she promoted this symbol to many national organizations. In 1920, the American Legion adopted this symbol, and with the help of the American Legion Auxiliary, disabled veterans made and sold silk poppies to raise funds for their support and rehabilitation. For her efforts to help and honor veterans, Michael received several tributes from the American Legion and her home state of Georgia. Issued: 1948 Betsy Ross (1752-1836) Legend states that Betsy Ross made the first American flag having the familiar stars and stripes design. Whether one views this legend as fact or fable, historical accounts prove that Ross, a Philadelphia seamstress and acquaintance of George Washington, was a patriot of the new country and did indeed provide some flags to the government. There are only a few locations in the nation where, by Executive Order, the U.S. flag flies 24 hours a day - the Betsy Ross House is one of those locations. Issued: 1952 Women in Military Service Nearly two million women have served in the U.S. Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard with dedication, courage, and patriotism in times of conflict and peace. Women have served in defense of our nation since the American Revolution and they continue to do so today. The 1997 stamp was issued at the dedication of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Issued: 1952 and 1997 Sacagawea (ca. 1788-1812) Sacagawea was the only woman to accompany the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-1806 through the Pacific Northwest. Being a young woman with a child, she was a sign to the American Indian tribes that the exploring party had peaceful intentions. But Sacagawea also provided invaluable assistance in interpreting and trading with tribes, finding food and medicinal herbs, understanding the landscape, and finding usable trails. In his journal, Clark praised her for contributing fully to the expeditions success. Issued: 1954 and 1994 The American Woman This stamp honors the countless contributions and achievements that American women have made in civic affairs, education, industry, and the arts, as well as their vital role in the home by providing guidance, strength, support, and commitment to American youth. Issued: 1960 Camp Fire Girls Founded in 1910, Camp Fire Girls sought to promote the health and spirit of girls, often through outdoor activities such as hiking and camping that traditionally were not available to them. The organization also advocated other nontraditional ideas such as measuring and creating standards for womens work, promoting teamwork among girls, and preparing women for new economic conditions. It officially opened its membership to boys in 1975 and is now known as Camp Fire USA. Issued: 1960 and 1985 Nursing The profession of nursing has always provided a crucial function in the medical community and to society as a whole. Nurses bring care and comfort to the sick and the recuperating, they nurture and support everyone from infants to the aged, and they assist doctors in analyzing and treating patients and performing operations. Nurses also perform a variety of other beneficial services including research, health education, and patient consultation. Issued: 1961 Girl Scouts USA Formed in 1912 and originally known as the Girl Guides, the Girl Scouts of the USA has used a variety of outdoor activities to promote self-reliance and resourcefulness among young girls. Since its inception, the organization has helped more than 50 million girls learn new skills, gain confidence in themselves, share camaraderie with their peers, and provide service to others. (See also Juliette Gordon Low, page 5.) Issued: 1962, 1987, and 1998 Amelia Earhart (1897-1937) Amelia Earhart achieved many firsts as a female pilot - she was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic and across the U.S. continent (both in 1932), and across the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to California (1935). For her trans-Atlantic flight, Congress awarded her the Distinguished Flying Cross. In addition to her aviation career, Earhart also served as a nurse during World War I and as a womens career counselor at Purdue University in the mid-1930s. Her achievements were inspiring not only to women but to all of America struggling through the Depression. Her mysterious disappearance in the Pacific while attempting to fly around the world in 1937 seems only to add to her reputation as an adventurous trailblazer. Issued: 1963 Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) Eleanor Roosevelt was one of the most influential people of the 20th century, not only during her years as the countrys first lady when her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was president, but also before and after. During World War I, she worked for several organizations that provided assistance to service personnel, and after the war, she was active in the League of Women Voters and served as a translator for the International Congress of Working Women. When her husband was stricken with polio, she helped him in his rehabilitation and encouraged and assisted him in continuing his political career. While in the White House, she held press conferences and wrote a newspaper column, helped develop several New Deal social programs, promoted improved race relations, and visited overseas troops in World War II. After the war, she served the country for many years in the United Nations, chairing the U.N. Human Rights Commission. Issued: 1963, 1984, and 1998 Homemakers This stamp was issued to salute American women for making a house a home. The stamp also commemorates the 50th anniversary of the 1914 Smith-Lever Act, which helped improve home life throughout America by providing home economics experts to advise women on better ways to feed and clothe their families. Issued: 1964 General Federation of Womens Clubs This stamp was issued in recognition of the 75 years of service of the General Federation of Womens Club. Founded in 1890, the organization is comprised of and provides support to community-based volunteer womens clubs dedicated to community service. The clubs areas of activity include education, conservation, the arts, home life, international affairs, public affairs, and any special needs affecting the community. With more than one million members worldwide, it is one of the worlds largest womens volunteer service organizations. Issued: 1966 Mary Cassatt (1844-1926) Considered the greatest American female artist of her time, Mary Cassatt is famous for her paintings that capture the intimacy between mother and child in simple yet fresh moments. Born to a wealthy Pennsylvania family, she spent most of her life in France working closely with Impressionist artists including Edgar Degas, Paul Monet, and Pierre Renoir. Cassatt created the mural called Modern Woman for the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. She also helped shape American art collections by influencing several patrons to purchase works from newer artists as well as the traditional masters. Cassatt was depicted on a stamp in 1988, and six other stamps show reproductions of her paintings The Boating Party, Breakfast in Bed, Young Mother, Children Playing on the Beach, On a Balcony, and Child in a Straw Hat. Issued: 1966, 1988, 1998, and 2003 Lucy Stone (1818-1893) Lucy Stone was one of the earliest and most influential advocates of womens rights in America, as well as a staunch proponent of abolition. She was the first woman in America to keep her own name after marriage, and other women who followed this practice were sometimes called Lucy Stoners. Claiming taxation without representation, Stone was also the first woman to refuse to pay property taxes because she was not allowed to vote. She helped organize the national womens rights convention in 1850, the American Equal Rights Association in 1866, and the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. In 1870 Stone also founded Womans Journal, a weekly suffrage newspaper, and later became its editor. Issued: 1968 Grandma Moses (1860-1961) One of Americas best-known and best-loved artists, Anna Mary Robertson Grandma Moses took up painting in her seventies, after she had retired from a life of farmwork. A self-taught artist, she produced about 1,600 paintings, including several after her 100th birthday. Her works depict the landscapes and traditional activities of rural life, often evoking memories of simpler times while nurturing hope for the future. This stamp reproduces her 1951 painting July Fourth. Issued: 1969 19th Amendment In 1848, at the first womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, the delegates passed a resolution seeking the right to vote for women. For more than 70 years, suffragists campaigned vigorously for this right, which was finally realized when Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution on August 26, 1920. On the 50th anniversary of ratification, the Postal Service issued the Woman Suffrage stamp in Adams, Massachusetts, the birthplace of suffragist leader Susan B. Anthony. It also issued a 32-cent stamp on the 75th anniversary of ratification, as well as another stamp honoring the amendment in its Celebrate the Century series. Issued: 1970, 1995, and 1998 Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) Emily Dickinson is considered the greatest American female poet of the 19th century - and one of the finest and most influential American poets ever. But only a few of her 1,700 poems were published in her lifetime, and those anonymously and without her consent. Her style of using short phrases set off with dashes was unconventional and complex. Her themes focused on intense extremes of life and death, grief and ecstasy, love and loneliness, religious salvation and sensual romance. Although Dickinson lived a secluded life, rarely leaving her house after her late twenties, her powerful poetry has touched generations of readers. Issued: 1971 Willa Cather (1873-1947) Willa Cather is one of the most distinguished American novelists of the 20th century. Setting many of her works in the Great Plains and the American Southwest, Cather writes of the conflict between the frontier pioneers and the emerging modern world, of the clash between independent, adventurous spirits and the restrictions of urbanization and materialism. She imbues her characters, including many women, with the strength and determination needed to face despair and disillusionment. Cather won the Pulitzer Prize in 1923 for her novel One of Ours, about a young Nebraskan in World War I, and in 1930 she won the Howells Medal from the American Academy of Arts and Letters for her 1927 novel Death Comes to the Archbishop. Some of Cathers other acclaimed novels are A Lost Lady, My Antonia, The Song of the Lark, and O Pioneers! Issued: 1973 Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) In 1849, Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman to receive a medical degree, graduating first in her class at Geneva Medical College in New York. She continued her education in Europe before returning to New York City, where she opened her own practice and also the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, which had an all-female staff. Because women were having difficulty getting accepted to medical schools, she added the Womans Medical College of New York to the Infirmary in 1868, and in 1869 she founded a similar school in England. During the Civil War, she and her sister Emily, who was also a physician, helped create the U.S. Sanitary Commission, which trained nurses and cared for the wounded. Issued: 1974 Sybil Ludington (1761-1839) Like Paul Revere before her, Sybil Ludington rode through the night to call the American militia to arms in defense of liberty. On April 26, 1777, the British attacked Danbury, Connecticut, burning the town and destroying the American armys supplies. Sybils father was the commander of the local militia, and when he received word to organize his forces for battle, 16-year-old Sybil volunteered to ride all night to spread the alarm. In the dark, through rain and dense woods, over roads patrolled by British troops, loyalist sympathizers, and marauding highwaymen, Sybil successfully roused the countryside. Spurred by her heroic ride, the militia gathered at her fathers house by daybreak, marched on Danbury, and defeated the British. Issued: 1975 International Womens Year The United Nations General Assembly designated 1975 as International Womens Year, focusing on the themes of equality, development, and peace. Many events were held to promote womens rights and to increase womens participation in political activities and social issues in the community, the country, and the world. The Postal Service issued this stamp in Seneca Falls, New York, site of the first womens rights convention in the United States. Issued: 1975 Clara Maass (1876-1901) While serving as a nurse in Cuba during the Spanish-American War of 1898 and in the Philippines in 1899, Clara Maass saw firsthand the fatal effects of yellow fever, which killed more soldiers than combat did. During a second mission to Cuba, Maass volunteered for a medical experiment and allowed herself to be bitten by mosquitoes, which were suspected of transmitting the disease. At first, she recovered from a mild form of yellow fever, but after volunteering again to receive more bites, the illness proved fatal. Her unselfish sacrifice advanced medical science by helping to indicate how the disease was spread. In 1976, the centennial year of her birth, Maass was inducted into the American Nurses Association Hall of Fame and honored on a stamp by the Postal Service. Issued: 1976 Seamstress Even as civilians rather than soldiers, many Americans proved essential in the Revolutionary War by using their skills to support the struggle for independence. Women often worked as seamstresses, sewing flags, uniforms, blankets, and other equipment for troops in the field. Perhaps the most famous seamstress is Betsy Ross, but there were countless other women who contributed to victory by employing their craft for their countrys benefit. This stamp was one of four in a series called Skilled Hands for Independence. Issued: 1977 Harriet Tubman (ca. 1820-1913) Born a slave, abolitionist Harriet Tubman earned the nickname the Moses of her people for helping over 300 slaves, including her own family members, escape to freedom on the famed Underground Railroad before and during the Civil War. She also served the Union Army as a spy, scout, and nurse. When she was in her eighties, she donated land and helped establish the Harriet Tubman Home, which provided assistance to aged and indigent African Americans. Tubman was the first African-American woman to be honored on a U.S. Postage stamp. Issued: 1978 and 1995 Frances Perkins (1880-1965) Frances Perkins was the first female member of a presidential cabinet, serving as secretary of labor for Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1945. She devoted her career to social reform and improving working conditions for Americans, serving on many commissions in New York City and New York state before heading the Labor Department. As the integral force behind the Social Security Act of 1935 and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, Perkins helped set standards for minimum wages, working hours, worker safety, social security and unemployment benefits, and other labor issues. Issued: 1980 Dolley Madison (1768-1849) Dolley Madison, the wife of President James Madison, is perhaps best known for saving Gilbert Stuarts portrait of George Washington before the British burned the White House in 1814. While many others fled the city, she bravely stayed until the last possible moment to secure important government documents and other items, including the famous portrait. Madison is also well known for her gracious charm as a White House hostess, often soothing tensions during times of intense political differences. Issued: 1980 Anne Sullivan (1866-1936) With Anne Sullivan as her teacher and constant companion, Helen Keller overcame the challenge of blindness and deafness to show the world that people with disabilities can lead full lives, make outstanding contributions, and bring hope to everyone. After graduating from Radcliffe College, Keller devoted her life to helping others, writing and speaking on behalf of the disabled and on other social issues such as womens rights and racial equality. In 1924, Keller and Sullivan started their association with the American Foundation for the Blind, serving together as counselors and advocates for the rest of their lives. Issued: 1980 Edith Wharton (1862-1937) In 1921, Edith Wharton became the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize, awarded for her novel The Age of Innocence. In that work and many others, Wharton portrayed a monied, materialistic society whose conventions restricted and destroyed the desires of its members. Although best known as an American novelist, Wharton, who spent most of her adult life in France, also received the French Legion of Honor for her extensive work helping refugees and others during World War I. Issued: 1980 Emily Bissell (1861-1948) Emily Bissell started the American tradition of using Christmas Seals to help fight lung diseases. When Bissell, an active social worker in Wilmington, Delaware, was asked in 1907 to help raise funds for a small facility aiding tuberculosis patients, she began a campaign based on the Danish practice of adding charity stamps to holiday greeting cards. Her efforts were so successful that the campaign was taken nationwide the next year, and Christmas Seals have been used every year since then to raise awareness and funds. Issued: 1980 Blanche Stuart Scott (1889-1970) Introduced to flying in 1910, Blanche Stuart Scott is often credited with being the first woman to make a solo flight. But this first solo was unexpected - as a student pilot, she was attempting to taxi down the runway when a gust of wind made her airborne. Soon Scott joined the barnstorming circuit, performing as a daredevil pilot billed as the Tomboy of the Air. In 1912, she became the first female test pilot when she signed a contract to fly prototype aircraft. After World War II, while working for the U.S. Air Force Museum, Scott became one of the first women to fly in a jet. Issued: 1980 Rachel Carson (1907-1964) Both an exacting scientist and an eloquent writer, Rachel Carson won the National Book Award in 1951 for The Sea Around Us. But in 1962 Carson shocked the world with her book Silent Spring, which touched off an international controversy over the deadly effects of pesticides. Entrancing readers with basic scientific information, the book remained a best-seller for more than a year. Her groundbreaking work against the governments approval and use of harmful chemicals raised ecological consciousness and helped spark the environmental movement of the late 20th century. Issued: 1981 Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) In 1923, Edna St. Vincent Millay became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. Born in Rockland, Maine, she began writing poetry early, and one of her poems, Renascence, won her a scholarship to Vassar College. Many of her poems celebrated the freedom of the bohemian lifestyle she led in New York City and Europe, and she mastered the traditional sonnet form. In the late 1930s, as the world lurched toward war, she wrote many poems decrying fascism and urging people and governments to rise against it. Issued: 1981 Babe Zaharias (1911-1956) Mildred (Babe) Didrikson Zaharias was acclaimed by the Associated Press as the Woman Athlete of the 20th Century. She was an All-American basketball player from 1930 to 1932, leading her team to the national championship in 1931. In the 1932 Amateur Athletic Union championships, she placed first in six of ten events - thereby winning the team title by herself! - and at the Olympic Games that followed, she won two gold medals and a silver medal. Zaharias started her golfing career in 1933, and in the following 22 years, she helped found the Ladies Professional Golf Association and won 55 tournaments, including 17 in a row, 3 U.S. Womens Opens, and the British Womens Amateur. By competing against established norms for women, hurtling barriers, and triumphing over restrictive stereotypes, Zaharias was a leading womens pioneer not just in sports but in society. Issued: 1981 Ethel Barrymore (1879-1959) Known as the first lady of the American theater, Ethel Barrymore was one of several siblings who were renowned actors in the early 20th century. (Also pictured on the stamp are her two brothers, John and Lionel.) Continuing in a long line of entertainers, Barrymore performed on stage and radio and in films and television. To get her to star in a new play in 1927, a leading New York theatrical organization built a theatre and named it in her honor, and the Ethel Barrymore Theatre is still operating today. In 1944, she won an Academy Award for her performance in None but the Lonely Heart. Issued: 1982 Dr. Mary Walker (1832-1919) Dr. Mary Walker was the first (and so far only) woman to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor, in 1865. After becoming the second woman in the U.S. to receive a medical degree, Walker volunteered for the Union Army during the Civil War, serving near the front lines as a field surgeon for several years. In addition to treating wounded soldiers, she often crossed the front lines to treat civilians also affected by the war. On one such occasion, she was captured by Confederates and spent four months as a prisoner of war. Walker devoted much of her life to advocating womens rights, including dress reform - at a time when most clothing for women was uncomfortable and physically restrictive, she wore trousers. In 1917 Walkers medal was one of more than 900 that the U.S. Army rescinded, but she defiantly refused to return it. In 1977 the award was reinstated. Issued: 1982 Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) Social and political activist Dorothea Dix was a crusader for the mentally ill and for prison reform. After being a teacher for 20 years, Dix campaigned to improve the appalling conditions in prisons, which at the time housed the mentally ill as well as criminals. Dix lobbied many state legislatures to provide better care for prison inmates and to build hospitals devoted to the mentally ill. She was directly responsible for founding more than 30 mental hospitals throughout the country, and more were established because of the awareness she raised. During the Civil War, Dix served as the Union Armys superintendent of women nurses and helped to markedly improve the care provided to wounded soldiers. Issued: 1983 Pearl Buck (1892-1973) Pearl Buck was the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature. Buck was the daughter of American missionaries to China, and she spent most of her first 40 years in that country. It was the setting for her famous novel The Good Earth, which was the first book in a trilogy about the travails and successes of a Chinese farm family. This novel earned her the Pulitzer Prize in 1932 and the Howells Medal in 1935, and she won the Nobel Prize in 1938 for the trilogy as well as for biographies of her parents. When she moved to the U.S. in 1934, Buck became active in social and political causes, working to improve East-West relations and creating foundations to help children in need. Issued: 1983 Lillian M. Gilbreth (1878-1972) A pioneer in industrial engineering and scientific management, Lillian Gilbreth, together with her husband and business partner, Frank, developed theories and practices to increase both labor efficiency and worker satisfaction in industry as well as at home. In 1930, Gilbreth headed the Presidents Emergency Committee for Unemployment Relief, helping industry and the workforce overcome the effects of the Depression. Gilbreth was the first woman elected to the National Academy of Engineering and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Her life as a professional and mother of 12 is celebrated in the book and movie Cheaper By the Dozen. Issued: 1984 Big Sisters In 1905, an organization of women in New York City reached out to young girls whose personal development was put at risk because of poverty, inadequate education, delinquency, or other trials. The women developed one-on-one relationships with the girls to build friendship and trust leading to hope and better opportunities. Over the years similar groups were established in many communities, and in 1970 Big Sisters International was chartered. In 1977, it merged with a similar organization directed at boys to form Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America, which now has more than 500 affiliated agencies nationwide. Issued: 1985 Abigail Adams (1744-1818) Even had she not been the wife of one U.S. president and the mother of another, Abigail Adams would probably still be remembered today as one of the American colonial eras most learned women and leading female letter writers. Self-taught from her youth through her own avid reading, Adams reveals her keen intelligence and expressive writing style in the long years of correspondence with John Adams, her husband and one of the countrys founding fathers. The letters convey strong support for womens education and legal rights, opposition to slavery, insights into the political ideals of the times, and descriptions of the daily struggles of running a household and farm during the Revolution. And because her letters also show the strong bonds of affection between life-long companions, one of them was chosen as the background for the 55-cent Love Letter stamp. Issued: 1985 and 2001 Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) Mary McLeod Bethune was a noted educator and social activist. In 1904 she founded the school that eventually became Bethune-Cookman College, serving as its president for almost 40 years. Bethune also founded the National Council of Negro Women in 1935 to advance issues affecting African Americans. Bethune served several U.S. presidents as an advisor on issues such as child welfare, and in 1936 she became the first African-American woman to head a federal agency when President Roosevelt appointed her as a director of the National Youth Administration. In 1945, at the request of President Truman, she attended the United Nations organization meeting. Issued: 1985 Sojourner Truth (ca. 1797-1883) One of the most inspirational and widely known African Americans of the 19th century was Sojourner Truth. She was born Isabella Bomefree (also spelled Baumfree) about 1797, a slave in New York, but she received her freedom in 1828. In the 1830s, she became involved in evangelical movements, and in 1843 she changed her name to Sojourner Truth and began traveling and preaching. Her autobiography, The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave, was published in 1850, and her speeches against slavery and for woman suffrage drew large crowds. In 1864, President Abraham Lincoln received her at the White House, and from 1864 to 1868 she worked with the National Freedmens Relief Association to advise former slaves as they started new lives. Issued: 1986 Belva Ann Lockwood (1830-1917) Attorney and activist Belva Ann Lockwood was a pioneer in securing many legal rights for women. Even before receiving her law degree in 1873 (she was one of the first women to earn one), Lockwood drafted a bill that Congress passed in 1872 providing female government employees with equal pay for equal work. She also drafted the 1879 legislation allowing women to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court, and then became the first woman to do so. In 1903, when Congress received statehood bills for Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, Lockwood wrote amendments to the bills granting voting rights to women in those states. She also was the first woman to campaign for the presidency, running for the National Equal Rights Party in 1884 and 1888. Issued: 1986 Margaret Mitchell (1900-1949) Margaret Mitchell wrote only one novel, but Gone With the Wind became a publishing phenomenon, setting sales records immediately and for decades to come. It won her the Pulitzer Prize in 1937 and is considered one of the finest novels of the 20th century. Before writing her famous book, Mitchell was one of the first women to work as a reporter and columnist for the Souths largest newspaper, the Atlanta Journal. After winning worldwide acclaim, she spent most of her time on philanthropic causes, such as funding libraries in her home state of Georgia, sponsoring scholarships at Morehouse College, and working for integration and improved race relations. Issued: 1986 Mary Lyon (1797-1849) Mary Lyon was the foremost person responsible for establishing womens higher education in America and elevating it to a level equitable to that available to men. In 1837, after teaching for more than 20 years, Lyon founded Mount Holyoke Female Seminary and served as its president for the rest of her life. She made the school unlike other womens schools at the time by developing a curriculum with science, mathematics, history, and Latin. Many graduates of the school (now called Mount Holyoke College) then followed Lyons example and extended education to other women by starting schools elsewhere in the country and the world. Issued: 1987 Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910) Julia Ward Howe is best known for writing the words for The Battle Hymn of the Republic, the Unions anthem during the Civil War and still one of the countrys great patriotic songs. Before the war, Howe helped her husband publish the antislavery newspaper The Commonwealth, and during the war she worked with the U.S. Sanitary Commission, an organization that helped save lives by reforming health and sanitary conditions in army camps. In the late 1860s, Howe turned her energies to woman suffrage, helping to found the New England Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association, and in 1870 she became the editor for Womans Journal. Howe, who had published several volumes of poetry in the 1850s, continued to write poems and other works throughout her life, and in 1907 she was the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Issued: 1987 Hazel Wightman (1886-1974) In the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris, 38-year-old Hazel Wightman won gold medals in womens doubles and mixed doubles, and she considered these victories among her greatest thrills. During her long career, Wightman won dozens of tennis titles in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles competition, including U.S. championships in all three categories for three consecutive years from 1909 to 1911, and winning her last national title, in doubles, at the age of 56. She is credited with developing the volley game of hitting the ball out of the air near the net rather than on a bounce near the baseline, and she helped initiate the annual womens tennis tournament between the United States and Great Britain, which became known as the Wightman Cup, playing several times and serving as captain for many years. Wightman was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1957. Issued: 1990 Helene Madison (1913-1970) Helene Madison stood on the top step of the victory stand three times during the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles to receive gold medals in swimming, setting records in each event. Madison set an Olympic record in the 100-meter freestyle and a world record in the 400-meter freestyle, and she helped the U.S. team set another world record in the 4x100-meter freestyle relay. Madison started competing in international swimming events when she was 15 years old, and during her career she set more than a hundred national and world records. In fact, at one point in her career, Madison held all the U.S. records in womens freestyle swimming - a feat never duplicated. Issued: 1990 Marianne Moore (1887-1972) Considered one of the finest American poets of the 20th century, Marianne Moore won the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the Bollingen Prize from Yale University in 1952 for her work Collected Poems. Moores poetry was acclaimed for precise descriptions, concise language, and the ability to create many images and themes from just one item. She used the free-form verse characteristic of modernist poets, and she often used imagery of animals and nature to reflect themes such as courage, patience, and perseverance. Moore also influenced other artists while serving as the editor of the prestigious literary and arts magazine Dial from 1925 to 1929. Issued: 1990 Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) Ida B. Wells devoted her life to educating people about the appalling aspects of discrimination against women and African Americans. Her first job was as a teacher, but she became a journalist when she started to write about her experiences of suing a railroad company for racial discrimination. Much of her journalism career centered on the antilynching crusade and promoting voting rights for women. In 1909 Wells was a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and in 1910 she founded the Negro Fellowship League, which provided services to people moving from rural areas to Chicago looking for work. In 1913, Wells founded Illinois first suffrage club for African-American women, the Alpha Suffrage Club. Issued: 1990 Harriet Quimby (1875-1912) In 1911, Harriet Quimby became the first American woman to receive a pilots license and, in 1912, the first woman to fly solo across the English Channel. Quimby combined her adventurous spirit with dramatic style, wearing her trademark, self-designed purple satin flying outfit while performing in aviation exhibitions in North America and Europe. She was also a successful and well-known journalist in San Francisco and New York City, and after she became a pilot, she chronicled her flying exploits in many newspaper articles, allowing readers to soar with her. Although Quimby died in an aviation accident, her daring accomplishments encouraged others to also venture into uncharted areas. Issued: 1991 Fanny Brice (1891-1951) Fanny Brice was one of the most popular vaudevillians with the famous Ziegfeld Follies theatrical shows in the first several decades of the 20th century. As a comedian, Brice performed hilarious satires, parodies, and lampoons of celebrities, and she also created a character named Baby Snooks, whose mischievous antics amused audiences in theaters and later on Brices own long-running radio show. Brice, whose life is portrayed in the Broadway musical and Hollywood film Funny Girl, could also step out of her comic role and sing passionate, poignant songs such as My Man and Rose of Washington Square. Issued: 1991 Dorothy Parker (1893-1967) Dorothy Parkers wide-ranging literary works include poems, short stories, book and drama reviews, magazine articles, theatrical plays, and screen plays. In 1927, Parker won the prestigious O. Henry Award for her short story The Big Blonde, and in 1937 she won an Academy Award for her work on the movie A Star Is Born, both of which depict women facing difficulties. A member of the famed Algonquin Roundtable, an informal group of artistic intellectuals, she had a sarcastic, satirical wit that was bitingly humorous and that often conveyed cynicism and pessimism. In 1959, Parker was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Issued: 1992 Women Support America in World War II When Americas men left home to join the armed forces during World War II, millions of women filled the empty posts in factories and other workplaces to sustain the effort required for victory. Images of Rosie the Riveter, with rolled-up sleeves and determined gaze, both portrayed and applauded the support provided by American women, who during the war comprised almost one-third of the civilian workforce. The women who answered their countrys call and entered the workforce in unprecedented numbers not only displayed their patriotism and performed vital functions, but they forever changed womens role in the American labor market. Issued: 1992 and 1999 Grace Kelly (1929-1982) Crowned a princess of the silver screen because of her beauty and talent, Grace Kelly actually did become royalty when she married Prince Rainier of Monaco in 1956. Beginning her film career in 1951, Kelly starred in classics such as High Noon, Dial M for Murder, Rear Window, and High Society, and she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for The Country Girl. Kelly no longer acted after her marriage, but using her status as a member of Monacos royal family as well as a former movie star, she devoted much of her time to raising funds for charitable causes and helping the disadvantaged. Issued: 1993 Dinah Washington (1924-1963) Born Ruth Jones in 1924, Dinah Washington became one of Americas most popular and versatile singers. She began her career as a gospel singer, established herself as the queen of the blues, and also made recordings of jazz, pop, rhythm and blues, and even country songs. Her signature song was What a Difference a Day Makes. Unfortunately, her life was tragically cut short when she died after an accidental overdose of prescription medications. Washington was inducted into the International Jazz Hall of Fame in 1996. Issued: 1993 Patsy Cline (1932-1963) Patsy Cline was in the vanguard of the Nashville Sound, a 1950s and 1960s movement that blended traditional country music with a style having a broader popular appeal. Many of her songs, including Walkin After Midnight, Crazy, and I Fall to Pieces, became top hits on both the pop and country charts. For three consecutive years, Cline was the nations most popular female country music artist, and even her early death in a 1963 plane crash could not diminish her popularity and her influence on other singers. In 1973, Cline was the first solo female performer elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame. Issued: 1993 Classic Childrens Books by Women Classic books in childrens literature include Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, by Kate Douglas Wiggin (1856-1923), Little House on the Prairie, by Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867-1957), and Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888). Wigginss tale of Rebecca recounts the adventures of a spirited young girl who is sent to live with two dignified aunts in a New England town. Wilders book, which was the basis for a highly successful television series in the 1970s and 1980s, is one in a series based on the authors childhood experiences on the American frontier. Alcotts Little Women is a story of four sisters that is loosely based on Alcotts own family life. Issued: 1993 Military Medics Treat the Wounded During World War II, women served as medics and nurses in all branches of the armed forces. Stationed on the front lines in Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific, they provided aid and comfort to the wounded while themselves enduring hardships, deprivation, and enemy fire. Issued: 1993 Sara Dougherty Carter (1898-1979) Often called the first family of country music, The Carter Family included cousins Maybelle and Sara Carter, along with Saras husband, A.P. Carter. In 1927, they released their first of more than 300 records, many of which were traditional Appalachian folk songs and gospel hymns, such as Wildwood Flower and Can the Circle Be Unbroken. Saras lead vocals brought a freshness to the songs, and Maybelle (who had married APs brother) was an excellent guitarist who developed a unique style of picking and strumming. In the mid-1930s, the groups popularity spread nationwide when they started playing at a Texas radio station that had a powerful signal reaching up to Canada. Even after the group disbanded in the early 1940s, they continued to influence the evolution of country music as well as the 1960s folk revival, and several of Maybelles children and grandchildren became country music stars. In 1970, The Carter Family was the first group inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. Issued: 1993 ZaSu Pitts (ca. 1898-1963) ZaSu Pitts began her film career as an extra, when she was discovered by Mary Pickford and cast in movies such as Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm. Although Pitts played dramatic roles to much acclaim in the silent films Greed and All Quiet on the Western Front, she is known mostly for comedic roles, often as a flustered scatterbrain with a squeaky-high voice - in fact, Max Fleischer, the creator of the Popeye cartoons, patterned the character Olive Oyl after Pitts. In the 1930s Pitts starred in a series of short comedy films with Thelma Todd, forming one of the few female comedy teams of that era, and she continued her comedy roles in films, on stage, and in television until the 1960s. Issued: 1994 Clara Bow (1905-1965) In the age of flappers and jazz, movie star Clara Bow became known as the It Girl - a red-haired beauty whose large, expressive eyes, alluring vivaciousness, charming sassiness, and natural warmth and wit won mens attention and influenced womens fashion and style. In her relatively short career, which began at 16 when she earned a movie role for winning a fan magazines beauty contest, Bow made more than 50 films, both silents and talkies, including 25 in just 2 years. Her popular screen roles as vixens in movies such as Mantrap and It (which provided her with her famous nickname) often belie the range and depth of emotions that are seen in films such as Children of Divorce and Wings, which won the first Academy Award for Best Picture. Bow helped to change womens roles in the movie industry and influenced the careers of many women actors who followed. Issued: 1994 Theda Bara (1885-1955) One of the most magnetic stars of the silent film era, Theda Bara became infamous for her portrayals of a femme fatale - a beautiful, seductive woman who lures men to depravity and decadence. In the 1915 film A Fool There Was, Bara starred as the man-destroying woman known only as the vampire, giving rise to the term vamp to describe a woman who charms men to exploit them. She continued this role in many of her more than 40 films, including Cleopatra, Salome, and Carmen. But Baras own favorite roles were those in which she shed this typecast persona and played characters such as the tragic teenager in Romeo and Juliet, a heroic legionnaire in Under Two Flags, and an innocent peasant girl in Kathleen Mavourneen. Issued: 1994 Ethel Waters (1896-1977) Ethel Waters won acclaim for singing and dramatic performances on radio, television, stage, and screen. Known as the mother of modern popular singing, Waters began her career in vaudeville as a singer and dancer and became an acclaimed jazz and pop singer in the 1920s and 1930s, introducing the song Stormy Weather. In the 1930s she transitioned into a successful career on Broadway, where in the 1933 production of Irving Berlins As Thousands Cheer she is credited with being the first African-American woman to receive equal billing with her white co-stars. She received an Academy Award nomination for the film Pinky in 1949 and a New York Drama Critics Award for Member of the Wedding in 1950. In later years, Waters performed religious music for evangelist Billy Graham, making famous the song His Eye Is on the Sparrow. Issued: 1994 Ethel Merman (1908-1984) By the age of 21, Ethel Merman made her way to the Broadway stage, which she would dominate for decades with her big, penetrating voice and brassy, unrestrained style. On first hearing her, George Gershwin cast Merman in his 1930 show Girl Crazy, and her rendition of the song I Got Rhythm became an instant hit and vaulted her to stardom overnight. During the next 40 years, she starred in a string of smash Broadway musicals, including Anything Goes, Annie Get Your Gun (based on the life of Annie Oakley and written by Dorothy Fields), Call Me Madam, Gypsy, and Hello Dolly. Mermans movie career includes Theres No Business Like Show Business, a revue of Irving Berlin tunes featuring the title song that she had made famous on stage. Issued: 1994 Bessie Smith (ca. 1894-1937) The empress of the blues, Bessie Smith reigned in the 1920s across the United States and Europe, bringing blues music to audiences of all backgrounds. She started as a street musician in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and toured in her teens with vaudeville star Ma Rainey. In 1923, her debut album, Down Hearted Blues, was a huge success, and many critics consider her rendition of St. Louis Blues with Louis Armstrong to be one of the finest recordings of the 1920s. Smith recorded more than 100 blues and popular songs, but tragically her life was cut short by an automobile accident in 1937. Issued: 1994 Ma Rainey (1886-1939) Born Gertrude Malissa Nix Pridgett, Ma Rainey is considered the mother of the blues for her great impact on developing and popularizing the genre in its early years. She first appeared on stage around 1900 in minstrel and vaudeville shows. Later she and her husband, William Pa Rainey, formed a song-and-dance act and began to offer audiences a different kind of music - a plaintive sound she dubbed the blues. As this new style caught on, Raineys fame grew. She recorded 100 songs between 1923 and 1928 for Paramount Records. Early in her career, Rainey befriended, coached, and toured with Bessie Smith, who adopted her mentors music style and became a famous blues singer herself. Rainey was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. Issued: 1994 Billie Holiday (1915-1959) Born Eleanora Fagan, Billie Holiday was one of the most influential jazz singers of her time and a headline attraction for most of her career. She was a technical and artistic virtuoso, using her voice like an instrument in improvisational solos. Nicknamed Lady Day, she brought a distinctive light timbre and graceful phrasing to her music, even when singing popular tunes about heartbreak and despair. In the late 1930s, Holidays many solo hits, such as God Bless the Child and Strange Fruit, became standard tunes for generations of singers to follow. Issued: 1994 With her sweet, high-pitched, and flexible voice, Mildred Bailey was one of the most popular female vocalists of the 1930s. In 1929, she joined the Paul Whiteman orchestra, becoming the first featured female vocalist to tour with a major national dance band, and 3 years later gained fame by recording her signature song, Rockin Chair. She and husband/xylophonist Red Norvo, together known as Mr. and Mrs. Swing, had their own CBS radio program and produced many recordings together. Health problems forced Bailey to retire in the mid-1940s, and after a short return to performing, Bailey died at the age of 44 in 1951. Issued: 1994 Annie Oakley (1860-1926) Known as Little Miss Sure Shot, Annie Oakley could hit a dime in midair from 90 feet and shoot a playing card in half - at 30 paces with the edge toward her. At age 15, Oakley won a shooting competition with well-known marksman Frank Butler, whom she later married. From 1885 to 1902, her stunt-shooting skills made her a leading attraction in Buffalo Bills Wild West Show. When the show toured Europe in 1890, her skill attracted the attention of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, who challenged her to shoot a cigarette out of his hand. True to her reputation, she did so without harming him. Oakleys life was the basis for the 1946 Broadway musical Annie Get You Gun, which was written by Dorothy Fields and starred Ethel Merman. Issued: 1994 Nellie Cashman (ca. 1850-1925) Known as the frontier angel, Irish-born Nellie Cashman made her reputation in the western U.S. and Canada as a successful prospector, businesswoman, and philanthropist. During the Cassiar gold rush in British Columbia in 1875, Cashman and six men loaded sleds with 1,500 pounds of supplies and completed a long journey in heavy snows to a remote mining camp, arriving in time to nurse almost 100 sick miners back to health. She later moved to Tombstone, Arizona, where she opened the towns first woman-owned business (a restaurant) and became a prominent citizen, building a church and raising money for social welfare and the arts. When her sister died from tuberculosis, Cashman cared for her sisters five children. When Cashman died, newspapers as far away as the New York Times wrote obituaries citing her good works. Issued: 1994 Virginia Apgar (1909-1974) Dr. Virginia Apgar was a pioneer in the fields of obstetrics and anesthesiology. She is best known for developing a simple assessment tool that helps delivery-room doctors and nurses evaluate a newborns general condition. This method, known as the Apgar score, has helped medical professionals worldwide identify infants in need of immediate medical attention. Apgar was also the first female professor of anesthesiology and the first female physician to hold a full professorship in the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Her 1973 book Is My Baby All Right? served as a guide for parents concerned about possible birth defects in their children. Issued: 1994 Bessie Coleman (1892-1926) Bessie Coleman was the first African American to receive an international pilots license, which she earned in France after being denied entry into flight schools in the United States. She returned to the United States and performed in air shows as a stunt flyer, but refused to appear in shows that denied admission to African Americans. Her goal was to establish a flight school for African Americans, but she died in a plane accident while preparing for a show to raise money for the cause. Although she did not live to realize her dream, she paved the way for many men and women to follow in her footsteps. Issued: 1995 Marilyn Monroe (1926-1962) Screen legend Marilyn Monroe left a legacy of films, including such box-office hits as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, How to Marry a Millionaire, The Seven Year Itch, and The Misfits. Born Norma Jean Mortenson (sometimes using the last name Baker), Monroe was working in a munitions plant in 1944 when she was photographed for a news story about women in the war effort, and this launched her on a modeling career. Soon the 20th Century Fox movie studio hired her, and after many small parts, she gained fame for her singing and dancing roles. In 1959, she won a Golden Globe award for her comedic role in Some Like It Hot. Issued: 1995 Confederate diarist Mary Boykin Miller Chesnut wrote one of the finest literary and historical works of the Civil War. Mary Chesnuts Civil War, as the collection of her diaries is known, describes life on her plantation in South Carolina and recounts many key events that occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, and Richmond, Virginia, during the war. Chestnut provided more than just gripping personal observations and experiences - because her husband had been a U.S. senator before the war and a Confederate congressman and aide to Confederate President Jefferson Davis during the war, Chestnut was in a unique position to witness the events of her day and offer valuable insights to the people and workings of the Confederate government. Issued: 1995 Phoebe Pember (1823-1913) Daughter of a prosperous family from Charleston, South Carolina, Phoebe Yates Levy Pember was one of the first women to enter the previously all-male domain of nursing. After moving to Richmond, Virginia, upon the death of her husband in 1862, Pember was recruited by Mrs. George Randolph, wife of the Confederate secretary of war, to serve as nurse and administrator at Chimborazo Military Hospital, which treated more patients than any other military hospital in the country, North or South. After the war, Pember vividly documented her experiences in her memoir, A Southern Womans Story. Issued: 1995 Alice Hamilton (1869-1970) Dr. Alice Hamiltons pioneering work in the field of industrial medicine contributed to the passage of early workers compensation laws. In the 1902 Chicago typhoid epidemic, Hamilton discovered a connection between improper sewage disposal and disease transmission, and she later noted a relationship between immigrant health problems and unsafe working conditions, including exposure to noxious chemicals. In 1910, she was appointed director of the Illinois Occupational Disease Commission, the first organization of its kind, and in 1919 she became the first female faculty member of Harvard Medical School. Hamilton was a consultant to the U.S. government and the League of Nations, and in 1947 she received the U.S. Public Health Associations Lasker Award. Issued: 1995 Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) Ruth Benedict is considered one of the pre-eminent anthropologists of the 20th century. She received her Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1923 and taught there for many years, becoming the first female full professor in the Department of Anthropology in 1948. Her formative fieldwork was conducted among the American Indians of the desert Southwest, and during World War II she analyzed Japanese culture as a consultant to the Office of War Information. Based in part on this work, Benedict published two best-sellers - Patterns of Culture, an introduction to the field of anthropology, and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, an exploration of Japanese culture from the 7th century through the mid-20th century. Issued: 1995 Alice Paul (1885-1977) Alice Paul was one of the primary architects of the campaign for womens right to vote. With a Ph.D. in social work from the University of Pennsylvania and training in civil disobedience from British suffrage leaders, she founded the National Womans Party in the United States and organized massive pro-suffrage demonstrations, including one that stole the limelight from Woodrow Wilsons inauguration in 1913. For the next 7 years, National Womans Party leaders and others picketed outside the White House and were jailed - Paul herself was imprisoned three times - until in 1920 the 19th amendment granting women the right to vote was added to the U.S. Constitution. In the 1920s, Paul earned three law degrees, and for the next 50 years, she strove to protect women from discrimination, working to include equal gender rights in the United Nations Charter and 1964 Civil Rights Act, and authoring and promoting the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Issued: 1995 Jacqueline Cochran (1910-1980) In 1953, Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to break the sound barrier. This pioneering aviator was also the first woman to participate in the prestigious Bendix air race across the U.S. (In 1935), to win the Bendix race (in 1938), to pilot a bomber across the Atlantic, and to serve as president of the Fédération Internationale Aéronautique. As director of the Womens Air Force Service Pilots during World War II, she trained other women aviators. Cochran was also a businesswoman - she had founded a cosmetics company before becoming a pilot - and a writer, publishing her autobiography, The Stars at Noon, in 1954. At the time of her death in 1980, Cochran held more speed, altitude, and distance records than any other male or female pilot in aviation history. Issued: 1996 Dorothy Fields (1905-1974) In a career spanning more than 40 years, Dorothy Fields entertained millions with her lyrics for great American songs, including On the Sunny Side of the Street, Big Spender, and If My Friends Could See Me Now. In 1936, she won an Academy Award for best original song for The Way You Look Tonight, the hit tune from Swing Time with Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. In the 1940s, Fields conceived of and wrote the story line for Annie Get Your Gun, a smash Broadway musical portraying the life of Annie Oakley and featuring Ethel Merman and music by Irving Berlin. Fields was nominated for four Tony Awards, and in 1959 she shared in the award for best musical for Redhead. Issued: 1996 Georgia OKeeffe (1887-1986) Georgia OKeeffe is regarded as one of the leading American artists of the 20th century, best known for her dramatic and sensual use of color and light in landscapes and cityscapes, and for close-ups of flowers and clouds. Recognizing the genius in her first abstract drawings, well-known photographer and art critic Alfred Stieglitz became her benefactor and promoter. They married in 1924. The view from their apartment in New York City and the natural environment of his Lake George estate became the subjects of her paintings. OKeeffe also had a lifetime fascination with the American Southwest, where she lived for 35 years after Stieglitzs death. The regions beautiful but often barren landscape inspired some of her most famous paintings. OKeeffe lived to see a great re-birth of interest in her work in the 1970s that continues to this day. The stamp reproduces her 1927 painting Red Poppy. Issued: 1996 Breast Cancer Awareness and Research Breast cancer affects one out of eight women in the U.S., making it the second most common form of cancer in American women, but early detection and treatment can greatly increase the survival rate of those affected. In 1998, the Postal Service issued its first semipostal stamp, with revenues exceeding the cost of First-Class Mail rates being used to further breast cancer research conducted by the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Defense Medical Research Program. Through 2002, the Postal Service had sold more than 421 million of these semipostal stamps, thereby raising almost $30 million for research. Issued: 1996 and 1998 Lily Pons (1898-1976) French-American opera singer Lily Pons was famous for her coloratura soprano voice and her technical skill. She studied piano at the Paris Conservatory before making her formal operatic debut in Lamké in 1928 in Mulhouse, France. From the moment in 1931 that she made her American debut in Lucia di Lammermore at New York Citys Metropolitan Opera, Pons was an immediate success. For nearly 30 years, Pons remained with the Metropolitan and delighted music lovers both on the opera stage and also in three films, including That Girl From Paris. Issued: 1997 Rosa Ponselle (1897-1981) While singing in vaudeville in 1921, Rosa Ponselle was discovered by tenor Enrico Caruso and became the leading dramatic soprano at the New York Metropolitan Opera, debuting as Leonora opposite Carusos Don Alvaro in La Forza del Destino. Ponselle remained at the Metropolitan for nearly two decades. Her exceptional voice earned her a wide range of operatic roles in productions such as Verdis Don Carlos, Spontinis Vestale, and Webers Oberon. In 1927, Ponselle assumed the title role in Bellinis highly acclaimed Norma. Issued: 1997 Gibson Girl Created by illustrator Charles Dana Gibson, the Gibson Girl set the fashion for the ideal American woman from about 1895 to 1914. Aloof yet accessible, the Gibson Girl was self-confident, independent, and feminine. She was equally at home on the tennis court or golf course as in the tea parlor. With an hour-glass figure and her long hair piled gracefully atop her head, the Gibson Girl was the epitome of elegance and American free spirit. Illustrations of the Gibson Girl adorned the covers of popular magazines such as Life and Harpers. Issued: 1998 Mary Breckinridge (1881-1965) Nurse-midwife Mary Breckinridge helped to modernize health care in rural America. Breckinridge traveled to Europe during World War I to volunteer with the American Committee for Devastated France. There she studied under and was inspired by the skill and professionalism of the European nurse-midwives. Appalled by the high maternal death rate in America, Breckinridge founded the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) in Kentucky in 1925. Within the first 5 years, she and her network of trained midwives reached hundreds of Appalachian families, delivering babies and providing prenatal care and nutrition counseling. By 1930, the FNS had six rural outposts. Since its inception, more than 64,000 rural women, children, and families have used FNS services. Issued: 1998 Margaret Mead (1901-1978) Anthropologist, professor, and writer Margaret Mead explored gender roles, womens issues, and the effect of culture on the behavior and personalities of children and adolescents. Her findings were based on field research she conducted in Samoa, Bali, and New Guinea. Mead applied principles of economics and psychology to anthropology to demonstrate how modern society can look to primitive cultures to better understand its behaviors. A prolific writer, Mead published 44 books and more than 1,000 articles. Her best-selling first book, Coming of Age in Samoa, explains how American parents could mitigate rebellious adolescent behavior by studying Samoan child-rearing techniques. From 1926 until her death, Mead worked in the Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History, serving in various capacities including curator of ethnology and curator emeritus. Issued: 1998 Popular Dances of the 20th Century The dance styles of the Charleston, the jitterbug, and disco reflect advances in womens social freedom in the 20th century and stand as symbols for their generations. The 1920s gave rise to the exuberant Charleston and a new era for women - when flappers shed their corsets, shortened their skirts, bobbed their hair, and kicked up their heels in new-found freedom from Victorian-era social strictures. Evolving from Swing music in the 1930s, the jitterbug and its fast-paced acrobatics underwent various stylistic changes over the years, with a toned-down version being popularized on the 1950s TV show American Bandstand. In the 1970s, the disco craze paralleled a time of massive social change, when women rebelled against conventions and explored nontraditional roles throughout society. Issued: 1998 and 1999 America Survives the Depression By 1933, unemployment in the U.S. had skyrocketed to 25 percent, and the average employee wage was 60 percent less than it had been in 1929. During the Depression, the percentage of women in the workforce rose as wives tried to supplement their husbands income to provide for families. Dorothea Langes 1936 photograph of Native American Florence Thompson Owens, a 32-year-old migrant worker with seven children, symbolizes both the concern and courage of American women as they tried to survive the hard times of the Great Depression. (See also Dorothea Lange, page 45.) Issued: 1998 Mahalia Jackson (1911-1972) Full-throated soprano Mahalia Jackson, called the queen of gospel music, helped make this music genre popular to a secular audience. Through performances on radio and television, she brought gospel music to diverse listeners in the U.S. And abroad, and her 1958 gospel hit Hes Got the Whole World in His Hands was one of the best-selling songs of the year. Jacksons audiences included Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy as well as the king and queen of Denmark. At the 1963 March on Washington, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. requested that Jackson sing I Been Buked and I Been Scorned just before he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech. Jackson also sang at Kings funeral in 1968. In 1972, Jackson received a posthumous Lifetime Achievement Grammy. Issued: 1998 Roberta Martin (1907-1969) Roberta Martin, the gifted and versatile leader of the Roberta Martin Singers, was blessed with a glorious contralto voice and was also an accomplished pianist, composer, and music publisher. Always in demand, the Roberta Martin Singers performed for audiences throughout the U.S. And Europe. Martin dedicated her life to gospel music, recording some 100 compositions and 280 gospel songs. Among Martins most popular recordings were Try Jesus, He Satisfies, Amazing Grace, and If You Pray. Issued: 1998 Clara Ward (1924-1973) Clara Ward was the creative force behind the Ward Singers (later the Clara Ward Singers), often acknowledged as Americas greatest gospel group. Ward was a celebrated and accomplished composer, pianist, singer, and arranger, and she and her group helped transform the gospel genre by using creative stage arrangements, wearing colorful costumes, and playing at unconventional venues. A 1957 performance at the Newport Jazz Festival introduced the Clara Ward Singers - and gospel music - to a secular audience. Her song Surely God Is Able became one of the highest selling gospel records of all time. Issued: 1998 Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1915-1973) The daughter of a spiritual singer, Sister Rosetta Tharpe established a reputation as a singer-evangelist in Chicago before moving to Harlem, where she became known for her electrifying performances in theaters, nightclubs, and churches. A brilliant guitarist and gospel singer, Tharpe performed in swing orchestras with musical greats Benny Goodman and Count Basie. She also recorded many popular vocal duets, including Up Above My Head with Marie Knight in 1947. Issued: 1998 Madam C.J. Walker (1867-1919) Born Sarah Breedlove, the daughter of former slaves, Madam CJ Walker became a beauty products pioneer and one of the nations first female millionaires. In the early 1900s, using her husbands name (Charles Joseph Walker), she developed a very successful business manufacturing hair goods and preparations, and her company eventually became one of the countrys largest businesses owned by an African American. Walker also became one of the eras leading African-American philanthropists and political activists, strongly supporting education, charitable institutions, political rights, and economic opportunities for African Americans and women. Issued: 1998 Lila Wallace (1889-1984) Lila Wallace and her husband, DeWitt, founded the world-famous Readers Digest in 1922. Today, 15 million people worldwide subscribe to Readers Digest, which appears in 48 editions and 19 languages. The Wallaces matched their extraordinary publishing success with remarkable generosity, donating millions to charitable causes in education, arts, and music. In 1972 they were awarded the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom for their contributions to the print medium, business, and philanthropy. To date, the Wallace Readers Digest Funds have awarded nearly $2 billion in grants. Issued: 1998 Ballet Originating in Italy centuries ago, ballet has become an internationally acclaimed dance form that combines flexibility, balance, strength, and grace. Most dance roles were played by men until 1681, when French danseuse Mademoiselle de Lafontaine performed in Le Triomphe de lAmour. In the 18th century, dancer Marie Camargo introduced shortened skirts and slippers that allowed women greater freedom of movement to do jumps traditionally reserved for men. During the 19th century, numerous female ballet dancers achieved fame, including Carlotta Grisi, the first woman to dance Giselle, and Marie Taglioni, whose 1832 performance in La Sylphide inaugurated the Romantic Ballet era. Great ballerinas of the 20th century include classic Russian ballet dancer Ana Pavlova and dancer-choreographer Martha Graham, who influenced the modern dance style of the 1930s. Preeminent modern-day dancers include Judith Jamison, known for her 1971 solo Cry, a tribute to African-American women, and Balanchine protégé Suzanne Farrell. Issued: 1998 Emily Posts Etiquette (1873-1960) Born into an affluent and socially prominent Baltimore family, Emily Post defined modern good manners and conduct for Americans of all classes. Her books, radio programs, and syndicated newspaper column, Social Problems, set the standard for etiquette throughout the 20th century. In 1922, Post published Etiquette: The Blue Book of Social Usage, which quickly became a bestseller and is now in its 16th edition. In 1946, Post founded the Emily Post Institute, which today continues to measure decorum and social graces in American society. Issued: 1998 Lynn Fontanne (1887-1983) American actor and comedian Lynn Fontanne and her husband, Alfred Lunt, formed a captivating couple in entertainment. Their magic and versatility as a team led them to perform on stage and in film together from 1924 to 1960. Some of their best-known stage works include The Guardsman, Design for Living, There Shall Be No Light, and The Visit. In 1931, they appeared together in the film adaptation of The Guardsman, for which they received Academy Award nominations. Issued: 1999 Ayn Rand (1905-1982) Russian-American novelist Ayn Rand, who immigrated to the U.S. In 1926, became a well-known author after the success of her best-selling novels Fountainhead in 1943 and Atlas Shrugged in 1957. Raised in Russia during the Bolshevik revolution, Rand witnessed the Communist government confiscate her fathers business and leave the family impoverished. As a student, she watched as Communists took over the University of Petrograd and prohibited free speech. These experiences led Rand to despise collectivist political systems and to develop her own philosophy called objectivism, which embodies principles of capitalism, rational self-interest, and reason. Her beliefs about independent thought and individualism earned her a large following that continues to thrive today. Issued: 1999 Lucille Ball (1911-1989) Lucille Ball was a star of radio, stage, television, and film who endeared herself to generations of fans worldwide with her wit, charm, and amazing ability for physical comedy. Known as Americas queen of comedy, Ball is best remembered for her portrayal of Lucy Ricardo in the 1950s TV series I Love Lucy. Teaming Ball with her real-life husband, Desi Arnaz, the enormously popular show broke new ground in broadcast shows by depicting an American wife with a Cuban husband and having episodes based on the wifes pregnancy. Ball and Arnaz had cofounded Desilu Productions to run their show, and when she took over the company in the early 1960s, she became the only woman to own and run a Hollywood production company at that time. The company also produced many other popular television series, including Balls later comedies The Lucy Show and Heres Lucy and classics such as Make Room for Daddy, The Untouchables, and Star Trek. Issued: 1999 and 2001 Womens Rights Movement In Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, some 300 reformers drafted a declaration calling for equal rights for women in areas such as suffrage, property ownership, child custody, education, and employment. Despite public criticism, the movement gained momentum, and American women achieved several milestones - for instance, New York and other states began to expand womens rights to own real property, and in 1920, the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted suffrage to women. The movement gained increased momentum in the 1960s, and women secured government protections in areas such as employment. Backed by the political clout of grassroots and national groups such as the National Organization for Women, the womens rights movement continues to fight for the equality of women in the United States and abroad. Issued: 1999 (1924-1985) Patricia Roberts Harris had a long, distinguished career as a lawyer, educator, and public administrator. Harriss career in education centered on Howard University, where she served as a full professor and as dean of the law school. She later served in Luxembourg as the first African-American U.S. ambassador and as an alternate delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and Economic Commission for Europe. Harris also became the first African-American woman appointed as a member of a presidential cabinet, serving as secretary of both the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Department of Health and Human Services. Issued: 2000 Louise Nevelson (1899-1988) Considered one of the most gifted sculptors of the 20th century, Louise Nevelson produced an impressive and influential body of work during her 50-year career. Inspired by cubist, surrealist, American Indian, pre-Columbian, and African art, Nevelson introduced a new style of sculpture. Her work consisted of geometrically carved, recycled, and painted wood objects arranged in stacked boxes to form sculptural walls. The Postal Service issued a five-stamp series featuring Nevelsons works, including this stamp showing a detail from her sculpture titled Silent Music I. Issued: 2000 Hattie W. Caraway (1878-1950) Arkansas Senator Hattie W. Caraway achieved several political firsts, including being the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate. Caraway had initially been appointed to that body on November 13, 1931, a few days after the death of her husband, Senator Thaddeus Caraway. On January 12, 1932, she won a special election to fill the remaining months of his term and was subsequently elected to two 6-year terms. In 1933, Caraway became the first woman to chair a Senate committee (the Committee on Enrolled Bills) and in 1943 was the first woman in Congress to cosponsor the proposed Equal Rights Amendment. After leaving the Senate, Caraway was appointed by President Roosevelt to the Federal Employees Compensation Commission and to the Employees Compensation Appeal Board. Issued: 2001 Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) Best known for her striking self-portraits, Mexican painter Frida Kahlo was influenced by pre-Columbian art and Mexican folk art. Her works embody the pride of Mexicos national patriotic movement, called Mexicanidad, that pulsed throughout the country following the Mexican Revolution of the early 20th century. This sense of Mexican patriotism in Kahlos work has significantly influenced Chicana artists in the United States. While a teenager, Kahlo sustained serious injuries in a bus accident, which would affect her health for the rest of her life. Triumph and suffering in her own life and in the lives of women in general are recurrent themes in Kahlos paintings. Since the mid-1970s, she has been a role model for women in the Mexican-American and feminist communities. Issued: 2001 Neysa McMein (1888-1949) Neysa McMein was one of the most popular and productive American illustrators in the 1920s and 1930s. As a young woman, McMein pursued multiple artistic avenues, including painting, acting, and music. In her mid-twenties, after moving to New York City, she focused on creating illustrations for magazine covers and commercial advertisements. She created all the covers for McCalls from 1923 to 1937 - the stamp replicates a portrait that appeared as a McCalls cover in 1932. Perhaps her most famous commercial design was the 1936 portrait of Betty Crocker, the fictional character that General Mills used to promote its baking products. In the late 1930s, McMein became increasingly involved in portraiture, and her subjects included U.S. Presidents Harding and Hoover, actor Charlie Chaplin, and dirigible designer Ferdinand von Zeppelin. Issued: 2001 Rose ONeill (1874-1944) Rose ONeill was a self-trained artist who invented the whimsical, cupid-like Kewpies in 1909 while illustrating for Ladies Home Journal. ONeill included these cute characters in many stories that she wrote and illustrated for magazines, comic strips, and childrens books, including The Kewpies and Dottie Darling and The Kewpies and the Runaway Baby. She also used them in advertisements and other commercial products, such as Jell-O and the Kewpies, a famous recipe booklet from 1915. ONeill was also a talented sculptor, novelist, and poet, and she had several exhibitions of her more serious artistic works in Paris and New York. Issued: 2001 Jessie Willcox Smith (1863-1935) Illustrator Jessie Willcox Smith specialized in nostalgic images of children engaged in everyday activities. The postage stamp replicates her illustration The First Lesson, which appeared on the December 1904 cover of Ladies' Home Journal. Her work appeared on many magazines, and from December 1917 to March 1933, Smith created every cover - nearly 200 - for Good Housekeeping. Smith is also remembered for her enchanting illustrations of classic fairy tale characters including Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, and Little Red Riding Hood, for illustrating childrens books such as Robert Louis Stevensons A Childs Garden of Verses and Charles Kingsleys The Water-Babies, and for the beautiful illustrations in her own famous book The Jessie Willcox Smith Mother Goose. Issued: 2001 Imogen Cunningham (1883-1976) A photographer of exceptional sensibility and one of the founders of modernist photography, Imogen Cunningham is best known for her portraiture and her black-and-white photographic studies of plants and the human form. In the 1920s, Cunningham began making sharply focused, realistic photographs, which was a departure from the prevailing romantic pictorial style. During the 1930s, she was a photographer for Vanity Fair. Replicated on the postage stamp is Cunninghams Age and Its Symbols, a 1958 work compelling for its revealing personal intimacy. Issued: 2002 Gertrude Käsebier (1852-1934) Eminent portrait photographer Gertrude Käsebier pioneered an evocative, soft-focus painterly style that established her as a guiding force in the pictorialist movement. Her best-known images are those of mothers and children - the one replicated on the postage stamp is her 1899 work Blessed Art Thou Among Women, a sensitive portrayal of childrens author Agnes Lee and her daughter Peggy. In a stylistic shift, Käsebier helped found Photo-Secession, a group that promoted photography as a unique art form with aesthetic qualities not found in painting. Käsebiers work also includes portraits of Native Americans, frontiersman Buffalo Bill Cody, and sculptor Auguste Rodin. Issued: 2002 Dorothea Lange (1895-1965) A deeply compassionate documentary photographer, Dorothea Lange is best known for her compelling pictures of the unemployed and uprooted victims of the Great Depression. With an empathetic eye, she recorded not only their impoverished circumstances but also their fortitude and spirit. Featured on the postage stamp is a 1935 work titled Ditched, Stalled, and Stranded, San Joaquin Valley, California, which reflects Langes intimate portrait style. Another of her photographs, Migrant Mother (see page 37), is a classic Depression-era image that captures its subjects inner strength in the face of hardship. Issued: 2002 Nellie Bly (1864-1922) Intrepid New York World reporter Nellie Bly was one of the first female investigative journalists. Born Elizabeth Cochran, she changed her name to Nellie Bly, the title character of a Stephen Collins Foster song, at the request of her managing editor, who believed it improper for women to write publicly using their real names. Working undercover, Bly posed as an inmate and a patient to expose the poor conditions of a prison and a womens asylum in late 19th-century New York City. Inspired by Jules Vernes fictional story Around the World in 80 Days, in 1889 Bly traveled around the world - via boat, train, rickshaw, and burro - in just 72 days, setting a world record and achieving worldwide fame with her book about her adventure. Issued: 2002 Marguerite Higgins (1920-1966) Assigned to the U.S. Seventh Army in 1944, New York Herald Tribune journalist Marguerite Higgins was with the Allied troops when they liberated the Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps. In 1947, the Tribune promoted Higgins to be its Berlin bureau chief, and 3 years later she was transferred to Japan to head the newspapers Far East bureau. Higgins covered the Korean War from the front lines, and her accounts won her a 1951 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting - she was the first woman to receive that award - and led to her book War in Korea: The Report of a Woman Combat Correspondent, a 1951 bestseller Higginss daring coverage of War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War advanced the cause of equal access for female war correspondents. Issued: 2002 Ethel L. Payne (1911-1991) An internationally recognized writer and commentator, Ethel L. Payne was a syndicated columnist and reporter for the Chicago Defender, one of the leading African-American newspapers in the United States. At a time when the media often avoided racial issues, Payne reported on and crusaded against the unjust treatment of minorities. As a war correspondent in Vietnam, she wrote about the segregation of African-American troops from white troops. In 1972, Payne became the first female African-American commentator to be employed by a national network (CBS) and to receive accreditation as a White House correspondent. In her honor, the prestigious annual Ethel L. Payne International Award for Excellence in Journalism was established in 1998. Issued: 2002 Ida M. Tarbell (1857-1944) Ida M. Tarbell began her journalism career at McClures by writing respected biographical accounts of Napoléon Bonaparte and Abraham Lincoln. But Tarbell is best known for her painstakingly researched exposé on John D. Rockefellers powerful Standard Oil Company. Considered to be one of the greatest journalistic works of the 20th century, her exposé was originally published by McClures as a 19-part series starting in 1902, and in 1904 it was printed as a book titled The History of the Standard Oil Company. Tarbells work was the catalyst leading to the U.S. Supreme Courts landmark 1911 decision to break up the Standard Oil monopoly. In 1922, the New York Times named Tarbell one of Americas most admired women. Issued: 2002 Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) American writer, folklorist, and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston was one of Americas most original artists. Hurston spent her early years in Eatonville, Florida, which was the first incorporated all-black town in the United States. In the 1920s, after studying writing at Howard University, Hurston moved to New York City and wrote stories, plays, and essays, contributing to the Harlem Renaissance along with other African-American artists. Hurston also studied anthropology at Barnard College and Columbia University, and she conducted field research on African-American culture in several southern states and in the Caribbean. Based on this research, Hurston wrote several anthropological books, including Mules and Men (1935), and the vibrant folklore, mysticism, and dialect she encountered in her studies inspired much of her fiction. Her best known novel is Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), the story of an African-American woman who struggles against adversity and prevails by embracing self-sufficiency as the route to self-fulfillment. In later years, though, Hurston suffered setbacks in her career and in her personal life, and she died impoverished. But in the 1970s, a new generation of African-American scholars and writers, including Alice Walker, rediscovered and repopularized many of her writings. In Hurstons honor, the city of Eatonville, which had a strong influence in her works, hosts an annual festival celebrating African-American arts and culture. Issued: 2003 Audrey Hepburn (1929-1993) As an actress, Audrey Hepburn won fame for her elegance and grace, and later in life, she earned respect and admiration as a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund). Hepburn first garnered attention starring in Gigi on Broadway in 1951, and in 1954 she won a Tony Award for Ondine. She is best remembered for her 1950s and 1960s films, including such classics as Roman Holiday (for which she won an Academy Award), Sabrina, The Nuns Story, Breakfast at Tiffanys, Charade, My Fair Lady, and Wait Until Dark. From 1988 until her death in 1993, Hepburn worked tirelessly to help improve the lives of children, especially in war-torn areas - Hepburn knew firsthand of such troubles, for she spent her teenage years in Nazi-occupied Holland, where she and her family faced starvation, disease, and death. For her efforts, Hepburn received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and an Academy Award for her humanitarian work. In 2002, UNICEF dedicated in her honor a statue entitled The Spirit of Audrey. Issued: 2003	i don't know
October 27, 1858 saw the birth of what totally bad assed US president, the 26th, who spent time as a South Dakota rancher before becoming assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1899?	UnerasedHistory - Page 13 of 43 - "Those who ignore history are destined to repeat it" "Those who ignore history are destined to repeat it" Posted by Wayne Church on August 26, 2016 in 08 - August , Blog by month \| ∞ Women’s Equality Day Women’s Equality Day Established Joint Resolution of Congress, 1971 Designating August 26th of each year as Women’s Equality Day WHEREAS, the women of the United States have been treated as second-class citizens and have not been entitled the full rights and privileges, public or private, legal or institutional, which are available to male citizens of the United States; and WHEREAS, the women of the United States have united to assure that these rights and privileges are available to all citizens equally regardless of sex; and WHEREAS, the women of the United States have designated August 26th, the anniversary date of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, as symbol of the continued fight for equal rights: and WHEREAS, the women of United States are to be commended and supported in their organizations and activities, NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that August 26th of each year is designated as “Women’s Equality Day,” and the President is authorized and requested to issue a proclamation annually in commemoration of that day in 1920, on which the women of America were first given the right to vote, and that day in 1970, on which a nationwide demonstration for women’s rights took place. 1 John4: 9-13 9 In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him. 10 Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins. 11 Beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love one another. 12 No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us. 13 Hereby know we that we dwell in him, and he in us, because he hath given us of his Spirit. “Then join in hand, brave Americans all! By uniting we stand, by dividing we fall.” John Dickinson “ Don’t walk in front of me, I may not follow. Don’t walk behind me, I may not lead. Just walk beside me and be my friend.” ~ Albert Camus tete-a-tete \TAYT-uh-TAYT; TET-uh-TET\, adjective: 1. Private; confidential; familiar. 2. A private conversation between two people. 3. A short sofa intended to accommodate two persons. Tete-a-tete comes from the French, literally “head-to-head.” 55 B.C. – Roman forces under Julius Caesar invaded Britain. 1346 -The military supremacy of the English longbow over the French combination of crossbow and armored knights is established at the Battle of Crécy in the Hundred Years War. 1429 – Joan of Arc made a triumphant entry into Paris. 1498 – Michelangelo was commissioned to make the “Pieta.” 1748 – The first Lutheran denomination in North America, the Pennsylvania Ministerium, is founded in Philadelphia. 1775 – Rhode Island Resolve: Rhode Island delegates to Continental Congress press for creation of Continental Navy to protect the colonies. 1791 – John Fitch, an American inventor, clockmaker, entrepreneur and engineer, was granted a United States patent for the steamboat. 1818 – Illinois becomes the 21st state. 1839 – The ship Amistad is captured off Long Island. The U.S.S. Washington, a U.S. Navy brig, seized the Amistad York, and escorted it to New London, Connecticut. 1842 – The U.S. Congress established the fiscal year, which begins on July first. 1843 – Charles Thurber patented a typewriter. 1847 – Liberia was proclaimed an independent republic. Freed American slaves founded Liberia.They modeled their constitution after that of the US, copied the US flag, and named their capital Monrovia, after James Monroe. 1862 – Civil War: The Second Battle of Bull Run begins. Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson encircles the Union Army under General John Pope. 1863 – Civil War: Battle of Rocky Gap, WV, (White Sulphur Springs). 1865 – Civil War ends with Naval strength over 58,500 men and 600 ships. 1873 – First public school kindergarten in the U.S. was authorized in St. Louis, MO. 1883 – The volcano Krakatoa erupted in the largest recorded explosion. 1884 – The first roller coaster in America opens at Coney Island, in Brooklyn, New York. Known as a switchback railway, it was the brainchild of LaMarcus Thompson, traveled approximately six miles per hour and cost a nickel to ride. 1902 – Arthur McCurdy obtained a patent for a daylight developing tank for roll film. 1903 – The patent for a flashlight was issued to Conrad Hubert. The patent number is 737,107. It is for a flashlight with an on/off switch in the now familiar cylindrical casing containing lamp and batteries. 1907 – Houdini escapes from chains underwater at Aquatic Park in 57 seconds. 1908 – Tony Pastor (b.1837), singer and actor, died. He is considered to be the father of American vaudeville. 1920 – US Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certified ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. The amendment had been first introduced in Congress in 1878 and gave women the right to vote. 1935 – The US Public Utilities Act gave federal agencies powers to regulate gas and electric companies. 1937 – President Roosevelt signed the Judicial Procedure Reform Act, a compromise on his judicial reorganization plan. 1939 – WXBS of New York City televised the first major league baseball games. The event was a double-header between the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field. The Reds won first, 5-2; the Dodgers, second, 6-1. 1942 – World War II: Japanese troops landed on New Guinea, Milne Bay. 1942 – World War II: Seven thousand Jews were rounded up in Vichy, France. 1942 – World War II: Holocaust: At 2.30 am in Chortkiav, western Ukraine, the German Schutzpolizei starts driving Jews out of their houses, divided them into groups of 120, and deported 2000 to Belzec death camp. Five hundred of the sick and children are murdered on the spot. 1944 – World War II: US 12th Army Corps crossed the river Seine East of Paris. 1944 – World War II: Bulgaria announced that it had withdrawn from the war and that German troops in the country were to be disarmed. Perry Como, “ On the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe ” by Johnny Mercer, “ You Two Timed Me One Time Too Often ” by Tex Ritter all topped the charts. 1945 – The Japanese were given surrender instructions on the U.S.S. Missouri at the end of World War II. 1947 – First African-American baseball pitcher Don Bankhead (Hit a HR on first at bat). 1949 – The US submarine Cochino (SS-345) sank off Norway following an electrical fire and battery explosion a day earlier. A second battery explosion made “Abandon Ship” the only possible order, and Cochino sank. 1950 – “ Goodnight Irene ” by the Weavers with Gordon Jenkins topped the charts. by Perry Como, “ You, You, You ” by The Ames Brothers and “ Hey Joe! ” by Carl Smith all topped the charts. 1955 – First color telecast (NBC) of a tennis match (Davis Cup). 1957 – Ford Motor Company unveiled the Edsel. It was supposed to Ford’s new luxury car. 110,847 of the cars were built before Ford pulled the plug due to lack of sales. 1957 – The Soviet Union announces that it has successfully tested an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of being fired “into any part of the world.” 1958 – Alaskans went to the polls to overwhelmingly vote in favor of statehood. 1961 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Tossin’ and Turnin’ ” by Bobby Lewis, “ Wooden Heart ” by Joe Dowell, “ Michael ” by The Highwaymen and “ Tender Years ” by George Jones all topped the charts. 1962 – Mariner 2 launched for first planet flyby (Venus). The spacecraft discovered ground temperatures as high as 428o C (800o F). Radio contact was lost on January 3, 1963. 1967 – “ Ode to Billy Joe ” by Bobbie Gentry topped the charts. 1968 – As the Democratic National Convention began in Chicago, thousands of antiwar demonstrators protested the Vietnam War and its support by presidential candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Caroline ” by Neil Diamond, “ Put a Little Love in Your Heart ” by Jackie DeShannon and “ A Boy Named Sue ” by Johnny Cash all topped the charts. 1969 – Donald “Shorty” Shea (b.1933), a Hollywood stuntman, was murdered by members of the Manson family about this time. The location of his body was not discovered until 1977. 1971 – NY Giant football team announces its leaving the Bronx for NJ in 1975.They were getting a new sports complex to be built in East Rutherford. 1971 – A Joint Resolution of Congress declared that August 26th each year is Women’s Equality Day. 1972 – “ Brandy (You’re a Fine Girl) ” by Looking Glass topped the charts. 1973 – The University of Texas at Arlington became the first accredited school to offer belly dancing. Higher and Higher ” by Rita Coolidge, “ Easy ” by Commodores and “ Way Down ” by Elvis Presley all topped the charts. 1978 – “ Grease ” by Frankie Valli topped the charts. 1978 – Papal conclave: Albino Luciani is elected as Pope John Paul I. 1980 – John Birges plants a bomb at Harvey’s Resort Hotel in Stateline, Nevada. It was disguised as a new “computer.” 1981 – Voyager 2 took photo’s of Saturn’s moon Titan. 1982 – Rickey Henderson tied Lou Brock’s 1974 record of 118 stolen bases. Fire (Man in Motion) ” by John Parr, “ Freeway of Love ” by Aretha Franklin and “ Real Love ” by Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton all topped the charts. 1985 – Thirteen-year-old AIDS patient Ryan White began “attending” classes at Western Middle School in Kokomo, Indiana, via a telephone hook-up at his home. School officials had barred Ryan from attending classes in person. 1987 – The US stock market began a two-month decline of 41%. 1987 – President Ronald Reagan proclaims September 11, 1987 as 9-1-1 Emergency Number Day. 1987 – The Fuller Brush Company announced plans to open two retail stores in Dallas, TX. The company that had sold its products door to door for 81 years. 1987 – Sonny Bono, formerly of Sonny & Cher, announced that he was running for mayor of Palm Springs, CA. He won the election. 1987 – The US stock market began a two month decline of 41%. 1988 – Republican presidential nominee George Bush denounced Democrat Michael Dukakis’ criticism of Reagan administration drug policies as “an insult,” one day after the Massachusetts governor called U.S. dealings with Panamanian General Manuel Noriega “criminal.” 1989 – “ Right Here Waiting ” by Richard Marx topped the charts. 1989 – A team from Trumbull, Conn., became the first American team since 1983 to win the Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pa. 1990 – The fifty-five Americans at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait left Baghdad by car and headed for the Turkish border. 1992 – A mistrial was declared in the Iran-Contra cover-up trial of CIA spy Clair George. 1992 – A “no-fly zone” was imposed on the southern one-third of Iraq. The move by the U.S., France and Britain was aimed at protecting Iraqi Shiite Muslims. 1993 – Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman and 14 co-defendants entered innocent pleas in federal court in New York, a day after their indictment on charges of conspiring to wage terrorism against the United States. 1993 – Landlady Dorothea Puente was convicted in Monterey, Calif., of murdering three of her boardinghouse tenants; she was later sentenced to life without parole. 1995 – “ Kiss From a Rose ” by Seal topped the charts. 1996 – After two vetoes, President Bill Clinton signed welfare reform into law with the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. The act ended entitlement welfare and gave a block grant to the states, called TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families). 1996 – Barbara Jewell asked U.S. President Clinton to clear her son’s name in connection with the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. Richard Jewell was later cleared by the Justice Department. 1996 – A Cuban court convicted fugitive U.S. financier Robert Vesco of economic crimes. He was sentenced to thirteen years in prison. 1997 – It was announced that researchers at Johns Hopkins had found a gene that causes colon cancer in some people of Jewish ancestry. 1998 – U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno ordered a review of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. 1998 – U.N. weapons inspector Scott Ritter resigns, saying the Security Council and the United States have failed to take a tougher stand against Iraq. 1998 – A $225 million rocket and communication satellite exploded after take-off at Cape Canaveral. 1998 – Hurricane Bonnie drifted ashore in North Carolina and began creeping up the coast, packing heavy rains and high winds. 1999 – Attorney General Janet Reno pledged that a new investigation of the 1993 Waco, Texas, siege would “get to the bottom” of how the FBI used potentially flammable tear gas grenades against her wishes and then took six years to admit it. 2000 – United Airlines signed a tentative accord with its 10,000 pilots following 20 months of negotiations. 2000 – The Houston Comets won their fourth straight WNBA championship by defeating the New York Liberty 79-73. 2001 – The Tokyo Kitasuna beat Apopka, Fla., 2-1 to win the Little League championship in South Williamsport, Pa. 2001 – IBM computer scientists reported that they had constructed a working logic circuit within a single molecule of carbon fiber known as a carbon nanotube. 2002 – Vice President Dick Cheney, speaking at a Veterans of Foreign Wars convention in Tennessee, warned that there is “no doubt” that Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein is amassing weapons of mass destruction for use against America and its allies. 2003 – The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) releases 200 page final dossier over the space shuttle Columbia’s destruction (and the death of its seven astronauts). It states the cause is from NASA’s cultural traits, lack of funds, and insufficient safety program. 2003 – The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) forecast a US deficit of $401 billion this year and $480 billion in 2004. 2003 – President Bush, in a speech to the American Legion, defends the Iraq policy, declaring the United States had hit terrorism in overthrowing the government of Saddam Hussein. President Bush vows “no retreat” from Iraq, states that the United States may carry out other pre-emptive strikes. 2003 – O.J. Simpson, giving an interview to Playboy, states that he is still innocent, but says his “dream team” lawyers saved him. Without the money to pay for a “dream team” of lawyers, he says he would not have prevailed by being acquitted. 2004 – MIT named Yale neuroscientist Susan Hockfield as its new president, the first woman to ever hold that job. 2005 – Florida’s Gov. Bush signed legislation giving people the right to meet “force with force. 2005 – Utility crews in South Florida scrambled to restore power to more than one million customers blacked out by Hurricane Katrina. 2006 – NASA delays the launch of the Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-115) for 24 hours. Lightning struck the space shuttle launch pad on Friday but no damage was caused. 2007 – Tornadoes hit parts of central and southeast Ohio as hundreds of thousands of people in the Midwest are without power. 2007 – The $95 million Hawaii Superferry made its maiden run from Honolulu to Maui as environmentalists protested. The 349-foot giant catamaran, named Alakai, carried over 500 passengers and 150 cars for the 3-hour trip. 2007 – Flying the Friendly Skies: Iran vowed to use a new 2,000-pound “smart” bomb against its enemies and unveiled mass production of the new weapon. 2008 – California’s Gov. Schwarzenegger signed a measure for a statewide bullet train system to be placed on the November ballot. 2008 – California Attorney General Jerry Brown said he expected raids on medical pot clubs that sell for big profits in the Bay Area. 2008 – In the second day of the Democratic Convention in Denver, Senator Hillary Clinton endorsed Senator Barack Obama for the US presidential nomination. 2008 – An Ohio jury convicted Andrew Siemaszko, a former nuclear plant engineer, of hiding information in 2001 about reactor corrosion at the Davis-Besse plant along Lake Erie. 2009 – Court orders Christian student to attend public school. She has been ordered into government-run public school for having “sincerely held” religious beliefs. The court said that the girl’s Christian faith was a “bit too sincerely held and must be sifted, tested by, and mixed among other worldviews.” 2009 – In California Phillip Garrido (58) and his wife Nancy (55) were arrested for their 1991 kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard (11) from a bus stop outside her home in South Lake Tahoe. Police freed Dugard and her two children who were fathered by Garrido, who had kept them in tents in a fenced, backyard compound in Antioch, Ca. 2009 – In southern California the Station Fire began in Los Angeles County and soon grew to become the largest wildfire in county history. It did not get contained until Sep 1. 2011 – As Hurricane Irene moved toward the East Coast, government officials: 1. sent the US Second Fleet out of its base in Naval Station Norfolk to ride the storm out at sea. 2. declared a “state of emergency” in North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Connecticut. 3. made plans to shut down New York City’s subway and bus system beginning at noon on Saturday, 8/27. 2011 – The Boeing 787 Dreamliner, Boeing’s all-new composite airliner, receives certification from the FAA. 2012 – Several hundred earthquakes hit Southern California, with the largest one measuring 5.5 on the Richter magnitude scale near San Diego. 2014 – Fast food giant Burger King agrees to acquire Canadian coffee giant Tim Hortons for $11.4 billion and move its headquarters to Canada. 2015 – A U.S. television reporter and her cameraman, Alison Parker and Adam Ward, are shot dead during a live broadcast in Moneta, Virginia; the woman they were interviewing, Vicki Gardner, is wounded. The shooter, Vester Lee Flanagan II, later uploads a video of the murder and commits suicide. (WTKR) 2015 – School bans little girl’s Wonder Woman lunchbox for this INSANE reason. It seems or school administrators believe Wonder Woman is too violent. 2015 – MSNBC is moving reverend and talk-show host Al Sharpton’s Politics Nation to Sundays, network president Phil Griffin said in a memo. Its last weekday airing will be on Sept. 4. 694 – Elisha Williams, American rector of Yale College (d. 1755) 1743 – Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, French chemist, known as the “Father of Modern Chemistry.” He stated the first version of the Law of conservation of matter, recognized and named oxygen (1778) as well as hydrogen, disproved the phlogiston theory, introduced the Metric system, invented the first periodic table including 33 elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. 1874 – Lee De Forest, American physicist, inventor of the Audion vacuum tube, considered the “Father of radio.” 1884 – Earl Biggers, author (“Charlie Chan” detective series). 1898 – Peggy Guggenheim, art patron and collector 1906 – Albert Sabin, Polish-born American polio researcher. 1910 – Mother Teresa, Humanitarian Activist and Worker (d. 1997) 1921 – Ben Bradlee, editor, journalist, executive (Washington Post). 1935 – Geraldine Ferraro, (Rep-D-NY) first female Democrat VP candidate (1984). 1945 – Tom Ridge, first United States Secretary of Homeland Security BACON, NICKY DANIEL VIETNAM WAR Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company B, 4th Battalion, 21st Infantry, 11th Infantry Brigade, Americal Division. Place and date: West of Tam Ky, Republic of Vietnam, August 26th, 1968. Entered service at: Phoenix, Ariz. Born: 25 November 1945, Caraway, Ark. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. S/Sgt. Bacon distinguished himself while serving as a squad leader with the 1st Platoon, Company B, during an operation west of Tam Ky. When Company B came under fire from an enemy bunker line to the front, S/Sgt. Bacon quickly organized his men and led them forward in an assault. He advanced on a hostile bunker and destroyed it with grenades. As he did so, several fellow soldiers including the 1st Platoon leader, were struck by machine gun fire and fell wounded in an exposed position forward of the rest of the platoon. S/Sgt. Bacon immediately assumed command of the platoon and assaulted the hostile gun position, finally killing the enemy gun crew in a single-handed effort. When the 3d Platoon moved to S/Sgt. Bacon’s location, its leader was also wounded. Without hesitation S/Sgt. Bacon took charge of the additional platoon and continued the fight. In the ensuing action he personally killed 4 more enemy soldiers and silenced an antitank weapon. Under his leadership and example, the members of both platoons accepted his authority without question. Continuing to ignore the intense hostile fire, he climbed up on the exposed deck of a tank and directed fire into the enemy position while several wounded men were evacuated. As a result of S/Sgt. Bacon’s extraordinary efforts, his company was able to move forward, eliminate the enemy positions, and rescue the men trapped to the front. S/Sgt. Bacon’s bravery at the risk of his life was in the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army. DAY, GEORGE E. VIETNAM WAR Rank and organization: Colonel (then Major), U.S. Air Force, Forward Air Controller Pilot of an F-100 aircraft. Place and date: North Vietnam, August 26th,1967. Entered service at: Sioux City, Iowa. Born: 24 February 1925, Sioux City, Iowa. Citation: On 26 August 1967, Col. Day was forced to eject from his aircraft over North Vietnam when it was hit by ground fire. His right arm was broken in three places, and his left knee was badly sprained. He was immediately captured by hostile forces and taken to a prison camp where he was interrogated and severely tortured. After causing the guards to relax their vigilance, Col. Day escaped into the jungle and began the trek toward South Vietnam. Despite injuries inflicted by fragments of a bomb or rocket, he continued southward surviving only on a few berries and uncooked frogs. He successfully evaded enemy patrols and reached the Ben Hai River, where he encountered U.S. artillery barrages. With the aid of a bamboo log float, Col. Day swam across the river and entered the demilitarized zone. Due to delirium, he lost his sense of direction and wandered aimlessly for several days. After several unsuccessful attempts to signal U.S. aircraft, he was ambushed and recaptured by the Viet Cong, sustaining gunshot wounds to his left hand and thigh. He was returned to the prison from which he had escaped and later was moved to Hanoi after giving his captors false information to questions put before him. Physically, Col. Day was totally debilitated and unable to perform even the simplest task for himself. Despite his many injuries, he continued to offer maximum resistance. His personal bravery in the face of deadly enemy pressure was significant in saving the lives of fellow aviators who were still flying against the enemy. Col. Day’s conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Air Force and reflect great credit upon himself and the U.S. Armed Forces. *HANDRICH, MELVIN O. KOREAN WAR Posthumously Rank and organization: Master Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company C, 5th Infantry Regiment. Place and date: Near Sobuk San Mountain, Korea, August 25th and August 26th,1950. Entered service at: Manawa, Wis. Born: 26 January 1919, Manawa, Wis. G.O. No.: 60, 2 August 1951. Citation: M/Sgt. Handrich, Company C, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action. His company was engaged in repulsing an estimated 150 enemy who were threatening to overrun its position. Near midnight on 25 August, a hostile group over 100 strong attempted to infiltrate the company perimeter. M/Sgt. Handrich, despite the heavy enemy fire, voluntarily left the comparative safety of the defensive area and moved to a forward position where he could direct mortar and artillery fire upon the advancing enemy. He remained at this post for 8 hours directing fire against the enemy who often approached to within 50 feet of his position. Again, on the morning of 26 August, another strong hostile force made an attempt to overrun the company’s position. With complete disregard for his safety, M/Sgt. Handrich rose to his feet and from this exposed position fired his rifle and directed mortar and artillery fire on the attackers. At the peak of this action he observed elements of his company preparing to withdraw. He perilously made his way across fire-swept terrain to the defense area where, by example and forceful leadership, he reorganized the men to continue the fight. During the action M/Sgt. Handrich was severely wounded. Refusing to take cover or be evacuated, he returned to his forward position and continued to direct the company’s fire. Later a determined enemy attack overran M/Sgt. Handrich’s position and he was mortally wounded. When the position was retaken, over 70 enemy dead were counted in the area he had so intrepidly defended. M/Sgt. Handrich’s sustained personal bravery, consummate courage, and gallant self-sacrifice reflect untold glory upon himself and the heroic traditions of the military service. THORNTON, MICHAEL INTERIM 1871 – 1898 Rank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Born: 1856, Ireland. Accredited to: Pennsylvania. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: For jumping overboard from the U.S. Tug Leyden, near Boston, Mass., August 26th, 1881, and sustaining until picked up, Michael Drennan, landsman, who had jumped overboard while temporarily insane. WEISSEL, ADAM INTERIM 1871 – 1898 Rank and organization: Ship’s Cook, U.S. Navy. Born: 1854, Germany. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: For jumping overboard from the U.S. Training Ship Minnesota, at Newport, R.l., August 26th, 1881, and sustaining until picked up by a boat from the ship, C. Lorenze, captain of the forecastle, who had fallen overboard. STANLEY, EDWARD INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Corporal, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 26th, 1869. Entered service at:——. Birth: New York, N.Y. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. Share this: Economic Stimulus and how they work: The Yellow Pine Stimulus It is a slow day in the small Idaho village of Yellow Pine, and the streets are deserted. Times are tough, everybody is in debt, and everybody is living on credit. A tourist visiting the area drives through, stops at the lodge, and lays a $100 bill on the table saying he wants to inspect the rooms upstairs to pick one for the night. As soon as he walks upstairs, the lodge owner grabs the bill and runs next door to pay his debt to the bar. The bar owner takes the $100 and runs down the street to retire her debt at the store. The store owner takes the $100 and heads off to pay his bill to his wood supplier. The guy that cuts firewood takes the $100 and runs to pay his debt to the local prostitute, who has also been facing hard times and has had to offer her “services” on credit. The hooker rushes to the lodge and pays off her room bill with the lodge owner. The lodge proprietor then places the $100 back on the table so the traveler will not suspect anything. At that moment the traveler comes back down the stairs, states that the rooms are not satisfactory, picks up the $100 bill and leaves. No one produced anything. No one earned anything. However, the whole village is now out of debt and looks to the future with a lot more optimism. And that, ladies and gentlemen, is how a “Stimulus Package” works. 1 John 5: 1-4 King James Version (KJV) 1 Whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is born of God: and every one that loveth him that begat loveth him also that is begotten of him. 2 By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments. 3 For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and his commandments are not grievous. 4 For whatsoever is born of God overcometh the world: and this is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith. “There is no good government but what is republican. That the only valuable part of the British constitution is so; for the true idea of a republic is ‘an empire of laws, and not of men.’ That, as a republic is the best of governments, so that particular arrangement of the powers of society, or in other words, that form of government which is best contrived to secure an impartial and exact execution of the law, is the best of republics.” John Adams 1776, Thoughts on Government “It is amazing what can be accomplished, When you don’t care who gets the credit.” ~ John Wooden phatic (FAT-ik) adjective Relating to a communication meant to generate an atmosphere of social relationship rather than to convey some information. Example: When you bump into your neighbor on your way out and say, “How are ya?”you’re engaging in phatic communion. The idea is not to inquire your neighbor’s state of affairs but simply to create a feeling of shared goodwill. [Coined by anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942). From Greek phatos, from phanai (to speak), which also gave us prophet and aphasia (loss of ability to understand language as a result of an injury).] 79 – Gaius Plinius Secundus, [Plinius Maior], Roman admiral, writer, died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. 325 – Council of Nicaea ended with adoption of the Nicene Creed establishing the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. The Council also decreed that priests cannot marry after their ordination. 1212 – Children’s crusaders under Nicolas (10) reached Genoa. 1346 – New Weapon: Edward III of England defeated Philip VI’s army at the Battle of Crecy in France. The English overcame the French at the Battle of Crecy. The longbow proved instrumental in the victory as French knights on horseback outnumbered the British 3 to 1. At the end of the battle 1,542 French lords and knights were killed along with 20,000 soldiers. The English lost two knights and eighty men. 1540 – Explorer Hernando de Alarcon traveled up the Colorado River. 1609 – Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. 1718 – Hundreds of French colonists arrived in Louisiana, some settling in what is now New Orleans. 1765 – In protest over the stamp tax, American colonists sacked and burned the home of Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson. 1789 – Mary Ball Washington, mother of George, died. 1814 – War of 1812: Washington, D.C. is burned and White House is destroyed by British forces during the War of 1812. All 3,000 volumes in the White House library were destroyed. To restart the library Thomas Jefferson sold his personal library, the largest and finest in the country, to the Congress. The purchase of Jefferson’s 6,487 volumes for $23,940 was approved in 1815. 1829 – President Jackson made an offer to buy Texas but the Mexican government refused. 1830 – The “Tom Thumb” steam locomotive, designed by Peter Cooper, ran its famous race with a horse-drawn car. The horse won because the engine, which had been ahead, broke down. 1835 – Ann Rutledge (22), said to be Abraham Lincoln’s first true love, died in New Salem, IL during a wave of typhoid that hit the town. This sad event left Lincoln severely depressed. 1835 – The New York Sun perpetrates the Great Moon Hoax. The Hoax refers to a series of six articles that were published in the newspaper beginning today about the supposed discovery of life and even civilization on the Moon. The discoveries were falsely attributed to Sir John Herschel, perhaps the best-known astronomer of his time. 1840 – Joseph Gibbons of Albion, Michigan patents the seeding machine. 1843 – Steam frigate Missouri arrives at Gibraltar completing first Trans-Atlantic crossing by U.S. steam powered ship. 1857 – The California gold rush town of Columbia burned down in a second fire that was blamed on a Chinese cook. Miners soon evicted all Chinese from the town. 1861 – Civil War: John LaMountain began balloon reconnaissance ascensions at Fort Monroe, Virginia. 1862 – Civil War: US Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorized Gen. Rufus Saxton to arm 5,000 slaves. 1862 – Civil War: Union and Confederate troops skirmished at Waterloo Bridge, Virginia, during the Second Bull Run Campaign. 1864 – Civil War: Confederate troops secure a vital supply line into Petersburg, Virginia, when they halt destruction of the Weldon and Petersburg Railroad by Union troops. 1864 – A combination rail and ferry service became available from San Francisco to Alameda, Ca. 1875 – Navy Captain Matthew Webb became the first person to swim across the English Channel (in 21 hours, 45 minutes). 1879 – New York’s Madison Square Garden displayed a real floating ship in a gigantic water tank as Gilbert and Sullivan’s operetta, “H.M.S. Pinafore”, was performed. 1901 – Clara Maass, army nurse, sacrificed her life to prove that the mosquito carries yellow fever. She was twenty-five at the time of her death. 1908 – “Allen Winter” wins US first $50,000 trotting race. 1908 – The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses was formed. Martha Minerva Franklin founded the association. 1910 – Yellow Cab is founded. 1912 – First time an aircraft recovers from a spin. He recovered and lived by breaking the rules and turning to the right. The conventional wisdom was to turn to the left. 1914 – World War I: The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is deliberately destroyed by the German Army. Hundreds of thousands of irreplaceable volumes and Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts are lost. 1916 – The National Park Service was established.It was established within the Department of the Interior by the Organic Act. Horace Albright and Stephen Mather helped persuade the US Congress to establish the organization. 1920 – The first airplane to fly from New York to Alaska arrived in Nome. 1920 – First US woman to win in Olympics (Ethelda Bleibtrey). She set a world record for the 100-metre freestyle race of 1 min 13.6 sec in the final race. She set another world record (4 min 34 sec) in the 300-metre freestyle. Her third gold medal came in the 4 x 100-metre relay. 1921 – The first skirmishes of the Battle of Blair Mountain occur. For five days in late August and early September, in Logan County, West Virginia, some 10,000 armed coal miners confronted 3,000 lawmen and strikebreakers, called the Logan Defenders, who were backed by coal mine operators during an attempt by the miners to unionize the southwestern West Virginia coalfields. The battle ended after approximately one million rounds were fired, and the United States Army intervened by presidential order. 1921 – The United States, which never ratified the Versailles Treaty ending World War I, finally signed a peace treaty with Germany. 1922 – Cubs beat Phillies 26-23 in highest scoring major-league game. 1925 – Asa Philip Randolph (36) began to organize the Pullman Sleeping Car Porters’ Union. 1928 – An expedition led by Richard E. Byrd set sail from Hoboken, N.J., on its journey to Antarctica. 1932 – Amelia Earhart completes transcontinental flight. 1937 – Pullman signed a contract with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, one of the first substantive victories for African-American workers. 1940 – The first parachute wedding ceremony was performed by Rev. Homer Tomlinson at the New York City World’s Fair for Arno Rudolphi and Ann Hayward. The minister, bride and groom, best man, maid of honor and four musicians were all suspended from parachutes. At the end of the ceremony they were released. 1941 – Skinnay Ennis and his orchestra recorded the tune “ Don’t Let Julia Fool Ya .” 1941 – World War II: President Franklin Roosevelt signed the bill appropriating funds for construction of the Pentagon. 1942 – World War II: Holocaust: German SS began transporting Jews of Maastricht, Netherlands to concentration camps. 1942 – World War II: Second day of the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. A Japanese naval transport convoy headed towards Guadalcanal is turned-back by Allied air attack, losing one destroyer and one transport sunk, and one light cruiser heavily damaged. 1942 – World War II: Five Navy nurses who became POWs on Guam repatriated . Chief Nurse Marion Olds and nurses Leona Jackson, Lorraine Christiansen, Virginia Fogerty and Doris Yetter were taken prisoner on Guam shortly after Pearl Harbor and transported to Japan. 1943 – World War II: U.S. forces completed the occupation of New Georgia in the Solomon Islands during World War II. The US lost Hill 700 to the Japanese meant defeat for the American forces on Bougainville. 1944 – World War II: Paris was liberated by Allied forces after four years of Nazi occupation. 1944 – World War II: In France eleven US planes were shot down when a squadron was overwhelmed in a dogfight with 80 German fighters. Five pilots survived and eluded capture. Two pilots were captured. The remains of three missing were later recovered. 1944 – “Dammit colonel, I’m looking up at Notre Dame!” became the battle cry of an on-going feud between two former Guard units as each claim the bragging rights as to which American unit was the first to actually enter the city of Paris. “ Time Waits for No One ” by Helen Forest and “ Is You Is or Is You Ain’t (Ma’ Baby) ” by Louis Jordan all topped the charts. 1945 – World War II: General Yamashita informs the commander of the US 32nd Division that he has ordered all Japanese troops in the Philippines to lay down their arms. 1945 – John Birch, Baptist missionary and US army intelligence specialist, was killed by Chinese Communists. His death is considered the first US death in the struggle against communism. 1945 – Coast Guard Cutter “Magnolia” sank in a collision off Mobile Bay with the loss of one man. 1946 – Ben Hogan won his first major golf title. He captured the PGA (Professional Golfers’Association) championship at Portland, OR. 1947 – Marine Major Marion Carl in D-558-I sets world aircraft speed record, 650.6 mph. He was shot to death in Oregon by a house robber in 1998 at age 82. 1948 – The House Un-American Activities Committee holds first-ever televised congressional hearing: “Confrontation Day” between Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss. 1949 – NBC radio debuted “Father Knows Best.” The show moved to TV in 1954. 1950 – President Harry Truman ordered the Army to seize control of the nation’s railroads to avert a strike. The railroads were returned to their owners two years later. 1950 – The US Navy hospital ship USS Benevolence sank after it was struck by the SS Mary Luckenbach in dense fog in the Golden Gate. Twenty-three crew members of the Benevolence died. San Francisco fisherman John A. Napoli single-handedly rescued seventy people from the Benevolence. In 1961 US Congress passed a bill to pay Napoli for his efforts. 1951 – Korean War: Twenty-three fighters from USS Essex (CV-9) escort Air Force heavy bombers attacking Najin, Korea since target was beyond range of land-based fighters. 1956 – “ Hound Dog / Don’t Be Cruel ” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. 1958 – The game show “ Concentration ” premiered on NBC-TV. 1958 – “Little Star“ by the Elegants & “Bird Dog“ by the Everly Brothers topped the charts. 1958 – President Eisenhower signed a measure providing pensions for former U.S. presidents and their widows. 1960 – CHART TOPPERS – “ It’s Now or Never ” by Elvis Presley, “ Walk-Don’t Run ” by The Ventures, “ The Twist ” by Chubby Checker and “ Alabam ” by Cowboy Copas all topped the charts. 1960 – AFL begins placing players names on back of their jerseys. 1960 – The 17th summer Olympics opened in Rome. Wilma Rudolph (1940-1994), was the first Black to win three gold medals in a single Olympiad. 1962 – “The Loco-Motion” by Little Eva topped the charts. 1964 – The Beatles received a gold record for their hit single “A Hard Day’s Night“. 1967 – George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, was shot to death in the parking lot of a shopping center in Arlington, Va. Former party member John Patler was later convicted of the killing. Wild ” by Steppenwolf, “ Light My Fire ” by Jose Feliciano and “ Already It’s Heaven ” by David Houston all topped the charts. 1968 – Arthur Ashe became the first Black to win the US tennis singles championship. 1970 – British singer and pianist Elton John made his U.S. concert debut at the Troubadour in LA. 1971 – Contract awarded to Lockheed Shipbuilding “to build the world’s most powerful icebreaker for the US Coast Guard,” Polar Star, the first of the Polar-Class of icebreakers. 1972 – In Great Britain, computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) was introduced. 1973 – The Allman Brothers’ “ Ramblin’ Man ” was released. 1975 – Bruce Springsteen’s album “ Born to Run ” (39:30) was released. “ You Should Be Dancing ” by Bee Gees, “ Let ’Em In ” by Wings and “ Bring It on Home to Me ” by Mickey Gilley all topped the charts. 1978 – The Turin shroud believed to be the burial cloth of Jesus Christ went on display for the first time in 45 years. 1979 – “My Sharona“ by Knack topped the charts 1980 – The Broadway musical “42nd Street” opened in New York City for 3486 performances.; the show’s director, Gower Champion, died earlier that day. 1981 – Jeff Schwartz, sets solo record for trampoline bouncing (266:09) 1981 – The US spacecraft Voyager 2 came within 63,000 miles of Saturn’s cloud cover, sending back pictures and data about the ringed planet and its moons. 1982 – The group, Fleetwood Mac, received a gold record for the album “ Mirage “. with It ” by Tina Turner, “ Stuck on You ” by Lionel Richie and “ Long Hard Road (The Sharecropper’s Dream )” by Nitty Gritty Dirt Band all topped the charts. 1984 – The latest fad toys: robotic action figures that fought galactic battles. They were called Transformers. 1985 – STS 51-I (Space Shuttle Discovery) was scrubbed at T –9 min because of an onboard computer problem. 1985 – Samantha Smith, the schoolgirl whose letter to Yuri V. Andropov resulted in her famous peace tour of the Soviet Union, was killed with her father in an airplane crash in Maine. 1987 – Dow Jones Industrial Average reached a record 2722.42. 1988 – Challenger Center opens its classroom doors in Houston. 1988 – NASA launched space vehicle S-214. 1989 – NASA scientists received stunning photographs of Neptune and its moons from Voyager 2. 1989 – Rep. Barney Frank, D-Mass., acknowledged hiring a male prostitute as a personal employee, then firing him after suspecting the aide was selling sex from Frank’s apartment. 1990 – “Vision of Love“ by Mariah Carey topped the charts. 1990 – The United Nations gave the world’s navies the right to use force to stop vessels trading with Iraq. 1991 – Thousands of abortion foes rallied at a stadium in Wichita, Kan., where six weeks of anti-abortion protests led by Operation Rescue resulted in more than 2,600 arrests. 1992 – It was reported by researchers that cigarette smoking significantly increased the risk of developing cataracts. 1992 – Hurricane Andrew devastated the Louisiana coast. 1992 – President Bush and Democrat Bill Clinton appeared separately before the American Legion in Chicago; Bush cited his World War II military service while Clinton sought to bury the controversy over his Vietnam-era draft status. 1993 – Amy Biehl, Stanford graduate and Fulbright scholar from Newport Beach, CA , was killed in South Africa by a mob stoning her and stabbing her to death. 1993 – Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman was indicted by a federal grand jury for terrorist activities, one of which was the World Trade Center bombing. 1993 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 3,652.09, an all-time high. 1994 – Jimmy Buffett’s plane flipped after taking off in Nantucket, MA. He swam to safety. 1994 – The US Senate passed a $30 billion crime bill, a major victory for President Clinton. 1996 – President Clinton began a whistle-stop train trip in Huntington, W.Va., that would take him to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. 1997 – The tobacco industry agreed to an $11.3 billion settlement with the state of Florida. 1997 – Dow Corning Corp. offered $2.4 billion to settle claims from more than 200,000 women with illnesses related to silicone breast implants. 1997 – The Wall Street Journal reported that the US government would pay 1,000 teaching hospitals not to train doctors in specialties where there is a glut. 1997 – NASA sent a Delta rocket aloft with the Ace solar observatory, Advanced Composition Explorer. The 5-year $110 million project will go into orbit at a point 1 million miles from Earth and 92 million miles from the Sun where the gravity of Earth and Sun balance. 1998 – Gary Coleman plead innocent to the charge that he hit a woman in a mall after she had sought his autograph. Coleman was working at the mall as a security guard. 1998 – Hurricane Bonnie hit North Carolina with winds up to 115 mph. 1998 – Dolly Parton released the album “ Hungry Again .” (41:47) 1998 – In Cincinnati, Ohio, four boys under the age of 11 were charged in the sexual assault of a 7-year-old girl. 1999 – In Miami, Florida, federal agents arrested 50 American Airline workers for smuggling drugs and weapons. 1999 – The FBI, reversing itself after six years, admitted that its agents might have fired some potentially flammable tear gas canisters on the final day of the 1993 standoff with the Branch Davidians near Waco, Texas. 2000 – Daniel Wiant (35), former executive of the American Cancer Society, pleaded guilty to embezzling nearly $8 million from the charity. 2000 – In West Virginia the new $75 million Robert C. Boyd Green Bank Telescope, the world’s largest fully steerable radio telescope, was dedicated following almost 10 years of construction. 2000 – Iraqi War: German intelligence confirmed that it had discovered a secret Iraqi missile factory near Baghdad. Some 250 technicians were reported working on ARABIL-100 short-range missiles. 2001 – University of Chicago doctors announced that they a kept a human kidney operating for 24 hours in a machine that simulated a warm human body. 2003 – NASA launched the largest-diameter infrared telescope ever in space. The Spitzer Space Telescope is the final mission of NASA’s Great Observatories Program. 2003 – Pete Sampras announces his retirement from competitive tennis. 2004 – Astronomers reported the discovery of a planet 14 times as massive as Earth near the star Mu Arae which is 50 light years away (300 trillion miles). 2004 – An Army investigation found that 27 people attached to an intelligence unit at Abu Ghraib prison near Baghdad either approved or participated in the abuse of Iraqi prisoners. 2005 – Hurricane Katrina makes her first landfall in the US, crossing the Miami-Dade and Broward county line as a Category 1 hurricane. It left four people dead. 2005 – The US base closing commission voted to shut down the Army’s historic Walter Reed hospital. 2005 – In Southern California summer heat and the loss of key transmission lines forced power officials to impose rolling blackouts, leaving as many as half a million people without power for an hour at a time. 2006 – The US Navy debuted “SSN Texas”, its newest nuclear-powered submarine. 2006 – A college student’s checked luggage on a Continental Airlines flight that had arrived in Houston from Buenos Aires, Argentina, was found to contain a stick of dynamite. 2006 – The Alabama Supreme Court ruled that Richard Scrushy, the fired CEO of HealthSouth Corp., must repay $47.8 million in bonuses he received during a massive financial fraud at the medical services chain. 2007 – Wyoming Republicans decided to hold their delegate selection process on Jan 5, 2008, before both Iowa and New Hampshire. 2007 – A lawyer for missing coal miners in the Crandall Canyon mine in Utah says that a sixth probe has not found enough space for the men to survive. 2008 – The Democratic Convention opened in the Pepsi Center of Denver, Colorado, where Sen. Edward Kennedy passed the party’s crown to Barack Obama. 2008 – US immigration agents uncovered some 350 suspected undocumented workers in a raid on the Howard Industries electrical equipment plant in Laurel, Mississippi. 2009 – The US White House forecast a 10-year federal deficit of $9 trillion, more than the sum of all previous deficits since America’s founding. 2009 – Sony Corp. unveiled a new electronic book reader for the American market, dubbed the “Daily Edition.” It was scheduled to become available in December for $399 and compete with Amazon’s Kindle. 2009 – Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (b.1932) of Massachusetts, died at his home on Cape Cod after a yearlong struggle with brain cancer. 2009 – The Morris Fire begins near Morris Dam in the Angeles National Forest. This fire is thought to have been caused by arson and is the first in a series of wildfires to burn through Southern California in 2009. 2009 – The United States budget deficit for 2009 will reach $1.6 trillion, the highest ever recorded. 2010 – The California Energy Commission approved the Beacon Solar Energy Project, which a Florida company plans to build on the western edge of the Mojave Desert. This was the first in a series of large scale solar projects planned in California. 2010 – Former President Jimmy Carter arrives in North Korea to negotiate for the release of US citizen Aijalon Gomes. 2011 – Berkshire Hathaway, the conglomerate headed by Warren Buffett, announces a plan to invest $5 billion in Bank of America. 2011 – Norfolk, Virginia declares a mandatory evacuation of lowlying areas in advance of Hurricane Irene. It will start by 8am Saturday morning. 2011 – The New York Yankees hit three grand slam home runs in a single game, the first time such a feat has occurred, to win over the Oakland Athletics. 2012 – Neil Armstrong, the Apollo 11 astronaut who became the first human being to set foot on another world, has died. He was 82.In a statement his family said Armstrong had passed away following complications resulting from cardiovascular procedures. 2012 – Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus announced Saturday that the GOP would cancel Mondays convention events due to Tropical Storm Isaac. 2013 – FACEBOOK BLACKOUT – Thousands of facebook bloggers deactivated their accounts for this 24 hour period. 2013 – An improvised explosive device (IED) was detonated next to the Coos Bay Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The memorial, which sits in a public park in Coos Bay, Oregon, and includes a cross, recently became a target of the ACLU and the Wisconsin-based Freedom From Religion Foundation, which demanded the cross be removed because it violates the so-called “separation of church and state.” 2014 – The United States District Court for the Eastern District of California issued an opinion holding that California’s 10-day waiting period for nearly all firearm sales violates the Second Amendment. 1819 – Allan Pinkerton, American, started first private detective agency and served as Abraham Lincoln’s personal bodyguard.. 1836 – Bret Harte, American writer (d. 1902) Best remembered for his accounts of pioneering life in California. 1900 – Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, German-born English Nobel Prize-winning biochemist. 1909 – Ruby Keeler, Canadian-born American dancer, actress. 1913 – Walt Kelly, American cartoonist, creator of the character Pogo. 1918 – Leonard Bernstein, American conductor, composer. 1919 – George Wallace, American politician (d. 1998) 1927 – Althea Gibson, American tennis player (d. 2003) 1930 – Sir Thomas Sean Connery, Scottish-born Academy Award-winning actor. 1931 – Regis Philbin, American television host 1958 – Tim Burton, American film director Posthumously Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, 62d Transportation Company (Medium Truck), 7th Transportation Battalion, 48th Transportation Group. Place and date: Near Ap Nhi, Republic of Vietnam August 25th, 1968. Entered service at: Montgomery, Ala. Born: 24 October 1948, Brewton, Ala. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Seay distinguished himself while serving as a driver with the 62d Transportation Company, on a resupply mission. The convoy with which he was traveling, carrying critically needed ammunition and supplies from Long Binh to Tay Ninh, was ambushed by a reinforced battalion of the North Vietnamese Army. As the main elements of the convoy entered the ambush killing zone, they were struck by intense rocket, machinegun and automatic weapon fire from the well concealed and entrenched enemy force. When his convoy was forced to stop, Sgt. Seay immediately dismounted and took a defensive position behind the wheels of a vehicle loaded with high-explosive ammunition. As the violent North Vietnamese assault approached to within ten meters of the road, Sgt. Seay opened fire, killing two of the enemy. He then spotted a sniper in a tree approximately seventy-five meters to his front and killed him. When an enemy grenade was thrown under an ammunition trailer near his position, without regard for his own safety he left his protective cover, exposing himself to intense enemy fire, picked up the grenade, and threw it back to the North Vietnamese position, killing four more of the enemy and saving the lives of the men around him. Another enemy grenade landed approximately three meters from Sgt. Seay’s position. Again Sgt. Seay left his covered position and threw the armed grenade back upon the assaulting enemy. After returning to his position he was painfully wounded in the right wrist; however, Sgt. Seay continued to give encouragement and direction to his fellow soldiers. After moving to the relative cover of a shallow ditch, he detected three enemy soldiers who had penetrated the position and were preparing to fire on his comrades. Although weak from loss of blood and with his right hand immobilized, Sgt. Seay stood up and fired his rifle with his left hand, killing all three and saving the lives of the other men in his location. As a result of his heroic action, Sgt. Seay was mortally wounded by a sniper’s bullet. Sgt. Seay, by his gallantry in action at the cost of his life, has reflected great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army. WW II Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company B, 5th Medical Battalion, 5th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Montereau, France, August 25th, 1944. Entered service at: Albion, Ill. Born: 26 February 1918, Fairfield, Ill. G.O. No.: 20, 29 March 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. On 25 August 1944, in the vicinity of Montereau, France, the enemy was sharply contesting any enlargement of the bridgehead which our forces had established on the northern bank of the Seine River in this sector. Casualties were being evacuated to the southern shore in assault boats paddled by litter bearers from a medical battalion. Pvt. Garman, also a litter bearer in this battalion, was working on the friendly shore carrying the wounded from the boats to waiting ambulances. As one boatload of wounded reached midstream, a German machinegun suddenly opened fire upon it from a commanding position on the northern bank 100 yards away. All of the men in the boat immediately took to the water except one man who was so badly wounded he could not rise from his litter. Two other patients who were unable to swim because of their wounds clung to the sides of the boat. Seeing the extreme danger of these patients, Pvt. Garman without a moment’s hesitation plunged into the Seine. Swimming directly into a hail of machinegun bullets, he rapidly reached the assault boat and then while still under accurately aimed fire towed the boat with great effort to the southern shore. This soldier’s moving heroism not only saved the lives of the three patients but so inspired his comrades that additional assault boats were immediately procured and the evacuation of the wounded resumed. Pvt. Garman’s great courage and his heroic devotion to the highest tenets of the Medical Corps may be written with great pride in the annals of the Corps. INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Corporal, Company E, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Agua Fria River, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Philadelphia, Pa. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. DONAVAN, CORNELIUS INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company E, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Agua Fria River, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. HAMILTON, FRANK INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Private, Company E, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Agua Fria River, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at:——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Private, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at:——. Birth: Canada. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. MORAN, JOHN INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Private, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at:——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. MURPHY, PHILIP INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Corporal, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. MURPHY, THOMAS INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Corporal, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. GINLEY, PATRICK CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company G, 1st New York Light Artillery. Place and date: At Reams Station, Va., August 25th, 1864. Entered service at: New York, N.Y. Born: 22 December 1822, Ireland. Date of issue: 31 October 1890. Citation: The command having been driven from the works, he, having been left alone between the opposing lines, crept back into the works, put 3 charges of canister in one of the guns, and fired the piece directly into a body of the enemy about to seize the works; he then rejoined his command, took the colors, and ran toward the enemy, followed by the command, which recaptured the works and guns. CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Captain, Company A, 140th Pennsylvania Infantry. Place and date: At Gettysburg, Pa., 2 July 1863; At Reams Station, Va., August 25th, 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Green County, Pa. Date of issue: 5 April 1898. Citation: While a sergeant and retiring with his company before the rapid advance of the enemy at Gettysburg, he and a companion stopped and carried to a place of safety a wounded and helpless comrade; in this act both he and his companion were severely wounded. A year later, at Reams Station, Va., while commanding a skirmish line, voluntarily assisted in checking a flank movement of the enemy, and while so doing was severely wounded, suffering the loss of an arm. Stockholm Syndrome Mental disorders effect millions of people in the world and can lead to years of psychotherapy. Not all cases start with a medical or mental condition formed over time or as a result of familial connections. In some cases, the psychological problem suffered is brought on by extreme, fairly short-term stress where the person sees no escape. Examples of this include, but are not limited to the Stockholm and the Lima Syndromes. The Stockholm Syndrome is the phenomenon in which a hostage begins to identify and sympathize with his or her captor. The syndrome is displayed when the hostages take the side of the hostage-takers. Law enforcement and security personnel are well advised to understand this phenomenon in their approaches to management of hostage situations. On August 23rd, 1973 in Stockholm, Sweden, Jan Erik Olsson walked into Kreditbanken at Norrmalmstorg, central Stockholm and attempted to hold up the bank. Swedish police responded immediately and two officers entered the bank. Olsson shot one of the officers, not fatally, and made the other to sit in a chair and sing a song, any song. The officer started singing “ Lonesome Cowboy .” It could be argued, listening to the opening lyrics, that he was trying to, one, send his command staff a message that it was a single robber and he had not yet taken any money. Two, send a message that he was now alone with his partner shot or 3) both at the same time. Olsson then took four people hostage and issued his demands. He wanted his friend Clark Olofsson brought to the bank. He also wanted 3 million Swedish Kronor ($730,000 US 1973 value, $3.6 million in 2010 dollars), two guns, bullet-proof vests, helmets and a fast car. The government approved and Olofsson was brought in to assist the negotiators. Olsson and Olofsson barricaded the inner main vault where they kept the hostages. Olsson called up the Prime Minister Olof Palme and said he would kill the hostages, backing up his threat by grabbing one in a stranglehold; she was heard screaming as he hung up. The next day Olof Palme received another call. This time it was Kristin Enmark who said she was very displeased with his attitude, asking him to let the robbers and the hostages leave. Olofsson walked around in the vault singing Roberta Flack’s “ Killing Me Softly “. After the robbery attempt, both Olsson and Olofsson were charged, convicted and sentenced to extended prison terms for the robbery. However, Olofsson claimed he did not help Olsson and was only trying to save the hostages by keeping the situation calm. At the court of appeal his convictions were nullified. He later met hostage Kristin Enmark several times and their families becoming friends. “Stockholm Syndrome” is a word coined by criminologist Nils Bejerot after the robbery attempt when it appeared that the hostages were more afraid of the police than of their captors. Another famous case was the kidnapping of Patty Hearst at gunpoint by two black men and a white woman from her Berkeley apartment on February 4th, 1974 and taking her captive. They identified themselves as members of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). By Patty’s account, she was kept blindfolded for two months in a closet at the group’s headquarters, unable even to use the bathroom in privacy. Then she was subjected to a number of abusive assaults with the intent to turn her into a member of this gang/group. Among these assaults were total isolated and made to feel that no one was going to rescue her, physical and sexual abuse by various gang members, she was told that she might die and she was fed lies about how they were oppressed by the “establishment”. By April 15th, 1974 she had a new identity, had taken a new name (Tania) and was deemed ready to accompany the gang on their next event. It was 9:40 A.M. on that day, tax day. Customers were going to the Hibernia Bank in the Sunset district of San Francisco to make their usual transactions. Suddenly four white women and a black man walked in and yelled, “It’s a hold-up! Down on the floor! On your faces, you (expletive deleted)!” In under four minutes, they robbed the bank of over $10,000, wounded two bystanders, and fled in a getaway car. In the review of the back videotapes after the robbery, law enforcement was caught by surprise when the recognized the face of a young lady who had been listed as missing for two months, Patricia Campbell Hearst. Not only that, she was brandishing a carbine and acting excited, as if she were one of them. The FBI’s Hostage Barricade Database System shows that roughly 27% of victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome. It was originally defined by psychiatrist Frank Ochberg to aid the management of hostage situations. The opposite of this is the Lima Syndrome where the hostage-takers feel empathy toward the hostages. 1 John 4: 1-6 King James Version (KJV) 1 Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world. 2 Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God: 3 And every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that spirit of antichrist, whereof ye have heard that it should come; and even now already is it in the world. 4 Ye are of God, little children, and have overcome them: because greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world. 5 They are of the world: therefore speak they of the world, and the world heareth them. 6 We are of God: he that knoweth God heareth us; he that is not of God heareth not us. Hereby know we the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error. “Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell and George the Third [At this point, Henry was interrupted by cries of “Treason!” from delegates who easily recognized the reference to assassinated leaders. Henry paused briefly, then calmly finished his sentence:] …may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.” Patrick Henry 1765, Speech on the Stamp Act, Virginia House of Burgesses “Don’t wait for extraordinary opportunities. Seize common occasions and make them great. Weak people wait for opportunities; strong people make them.” ~ Orison Swett Marden ensorcell (en-SOR-suhl) verb tr. To bewitch; to enchant. [From Middle French ensorceler, from Old French ensorcerer, from en- + -sorcerer, from Old French sorcier, from Vulgar Latin sortiarius, from Latin sort-, stem of sors (lot, fate).] 79 – Mount Vesuvius erupted, burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic ash and killing an estimated 20,000. 410 – The Visigoths (German barbarians), led by Alaric, sacked Rome. This event symbolized the fall of the Western Roman Empire. 1215 – Pope Innocent III, following a request from King John, declared the Magna Carta invalid. The barons of England soon retaliated by inviting King Philip of France to come to England. Philip accepted the offer. 1349 – Six thousand Jews are killed in Mainz after being blamed for the bubonic plague. Jews of Cologne Germany set themselves on fire to avoid baptism. 1456 – The printing of the Gutenberg Bible is completed. 1542 – In South America, Gonzalo Pizarro returned to the mouth of the Amazon River after having sailed as far as the Andes Mountains. 1572 – The Catholics began their slaughter of the French Protestants in Paris. The killings claimed about 70,000 people. 1680 – Colonel Thomas Blood died. He was the Irish adventurer that had stolen the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London in 1671. 1682 – The Duke of York awarded Englishman William Penn the three “lower counties” in the American colonies which later became the state of Delaware. 1814 – War of 1812: British forces under General Robert Ross overwhelm American militiamen at the Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland, and march unopposed into Washington, D.C. 1814 – War of 1812: British forces invaded Washington, D.C., setting fire to the Capitol and the White House. President James Madison and his wife fled from the advancing enemy, but not before Dolly Madison saved the famous Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. 1853 – First potato chips prepared by Chef George Crum (Saratoga Springs, NY). It was a case of an angry chef and an insistent customer. 1853 – The first convention of the American Pharmaceutical Association was held. 1857 – The Panic of 1857 was a notable sudden downturn in the economy of the United States . The downturn was brief and the recovery strong, so that the impact was small. Over five thousand businesses failed within a year. Unemployment was accompanied by protest meetings in urban areas. The catalyst for the Panic of 1857 was this day’s failure of the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. 1858 – In Richmond, Virginia in the Richmond “Daily Dispatch” it was reported that 90 blacks are arrested for learning. 1862 – Civil War: The C.S.S. Alabama was commissioned at sea off Portugal’s Azore Islands, beginning a career that would see over sixty Union merchant vessels sunk or destroyed by the Confederate raider. 1867 – Johns Hopkins died. The railroad millionaire left $7.5 million in his will for the founding of a new medical school in his name. 1869 – Cornelius Swarthout of Troy, New York received a patent for the waffle iron. 1875 – Captain Matthew Webb became first person to swim English Channel 1891 – Thomas Edison filed a patent for the kinetoscope and kinetograph (U.S. Pats. 493,426 and 589,168). 1893 – A fire in south Chicago left 5,000 people homeless. 1894 – Congress passed the first graduated income tax law, which was declared unconstitutional the next year. It imposed a 2% tax on incomes over $4000. 1909 – Workers started pouring concrete for Panama Canal. 1912 – US passed an anti-gag law giving federal employees the right to petition government. 1912 – Alaska becomes a United States territory and is given a territorial two-house legislature. 1912 – Launching of USS Jupiter, first electrically propelled Navy ship. This collier will later be converted in to the first US Aircraft Carrier, the USS Langly. 1912 – The U.S. Post Office got heavy — by abolishing its rule that only parcels up to four pounds could be sent through the system. 1912 – New York City held a ticker tape parade for Jim Thorpe and victorious US Olympians. 1914 – World War I: German troops capture Namur. 1928 – Sixteen people died in NYC’s second worst subway accident. 1929 – Riots in Palestine of 1929: 18 Jews in Safed, 67 in Hebron, and 22 in Jerusalem killed by Arab Palestinians. 1932 – Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly non-stop across the United States, traveling from Los Angeles to Newark, New Jersey, in just over 19 hours. 1932 – Charles H. Calhoun, Sr. shot a hole in one on the third hole of the Washington, GA golf course Just moments later, Mr. Calhoun’s son, Charles Jr., playing in the same foursome, repeated the feat with an identical ace. 1934 – In Philadelphia, Pa., Philo T. Farnsworth (28), a San Francisco scientist, produced a televised picture of the moon, the first recorded use of television in astronomy. 1936 – President Roosevelt (FDR) gave the FBI authority to pursuit fascists and communists. 1939 – Louis ‘Lepke’ Buchalter, the leader of Murder, Incorporated, surrenders. 1940 – World War II: Luftwaffe bombed London. 1942 – World War II: The Battle of the Eastern Solomons. Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō is sunk and the carrier USS Enterprise heavily damaged. 1944 – World War II: The French 4th Armored Division (Leclerc), part of the US 5th Corps, reaches the outskirts of Paris as renewed fighting takes place within the city between German forces and French resistance members. 1944 – World War II: Allied forces captured Bordeaux. 1945 – World War II: The last Cadillac-built M-24 tank was produced on this day, ending the company’s World War II effort. 1948 – Edith Mae Irby became the University of Arkansas’ first African-American student. 1949 – The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) went into effect. The agreement was that an attack against on one of the parties would be considered “an attack against them all.” Bennett, “ My Truly, Truly Fair ” by Guy Mitchell and “ Hey, Good Lookin’ ” by Hank Williams all topped the charts. 1954 – The Communist Control Act goes into effect. The American Communist Party is outlawed. 1956 – First non-stop transcontinental helicopter flight arrived Washington, DC. A specially-equipped HU-21 made the first nonstop transcontinental helicopter flight with in-flight refueling in 37 hours. 1957 – “Teddy Bear” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. 1959 – CHART TOPPERS – “ The Three Bells ” by The Browns, “ Sea of Love ” by Phil Phillips, “ Lavender-Blue ” by Sammy Turner and “ Waterloo ” by Stonewall Jackson all topped the charts. 1959 – Three days after Hawaiian statehood, Hiram L. Fong was sworn in as the first Chinese-American U.S. Senator while Daniel K. Inouye was sworn in as the first Japanese-American U.S. Representative. 1959 – “The Three Bells“ by the Browns topped the charts. 1963 – John Pennel is first to pole-vault 17′ using a fiberglass pole a clearance of 17 feet, 3/4 inch. 1968 – “People Got to Be Free“ by the Rascals topped the charts. 1969 – Arlo Guthrie’s “ Alice’s Restaurant (22:31)” premiered in both New York and Los Angeles. The song is based on a true incident. 1970 – U.S. B-52s carry out heavy bombing raids along the DMZ. 1970 – A radical protest group calling themselves the New Year’s Gang, a cover for a faction of the Weather Underground, blew up the Army Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. The bomb killed Robert Fassnacht, a student. 1974 – “(You’re) Having My Baby“ by Paul Anka topped the charts. 1975 – 1975 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Fallin’ in Love ” by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds, “ One of These Nights ” by Eagles, “ Get Down Tonight ” by K.C. & The Sunshine Band and “ Rhinestone Cowboy ” by Glen Campbell all topped the charts. 1981 – Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for murdering John Lennon. Made of This) ” by Eurythmics, “ She Works Hard for the Money ” by Donna Summer and “ Love Song ” by The Oak Ridge Boys all topped the charts. 1985 – “The Power of Love“ by Huey Lewis & the News topped the charts. 1986 – Frontier Airlines shut down. Thousands of people were left stranded. 1987 – A military jury in Quantico, Va., sentenced Marine Sgt. Clayton Lonetree to 30 years in prison for disclosing U.S. secrets to the Soviet Union. He ultimately served eight years of the sentence. 1989 – Baseball Commissioner A. Bartlett Giamatti banned Cincinnati Reds manager Pete Rose from the game for gambling. 1989 – British brewer Bass bought the Holiday Inn hotel chain. 1989 – Voyager II passed within three thousand miles of Neptune. 1991 – Soviet Union begins to break apart – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns. 1991 – Bernard Castro (b.1904), Sicilian-born inventor of the convertible couch, died. His exact birth date is unknown. 1992 – Hurricane Andrew hits South Florida as a Category 5 Hurricane. It caused 55 deaths in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. Insurance losses in the US and Bahamas totaled $21.5 billion. 1993 – NASA’s Mars Observer, which was supposed to map the surface of Mars, was declared lost. 1993 – A patent for a Bubble Dispensing Doll was issued by Vowles, Barad, Smith and Stern. 1995 – The Windows 95 operating system by Microsoft is released. 1996 – Four women began two days of academic orientation at The Citadel; they were the first female cadets admitted to the South Carolina military school since Shannon Faulkner. 1996 – “I Love You Always Forever“ by Donna Lewis topped the charts. 1996 – Steve Fossett sailed across the Pacific Ocean and set a solo speed record of 20 days in his 60-foot 3-hulled boat, the Lakota. 1998 – A donation of 24 beads was made, from three parties, to the Indian Museum of North America at the Crazy Horse Memorial. The beads are said to be those that were used in 1626 to buy Manhattan from the Indians. 1998 – A federal court rejected the Census Bureau’s plans to use statistical sampling for the 2000 census, a decision later upheld by the Supreme Court. 1998 – Tropical Storm Charley dropped a foot of rain on South Texas and northern Mexico and left at least 14 people dead and over 60 missing. 1999 – In Ohio a federal judge halted the state’s 4-year-old tuition voucher program saying that it violated constitutional mandates for separation of church and state. 2001 – In McAllen, TX, Bridgestone/Firestone agreed to settle out of court and pay a reported $7.5 million to a family in a rollover accident in their Ford Explorer. 2001 – The remains of nine American servicemen killed in the Korean War were returned to the U.S. The bodies were found about 60 miles north of Pyongyang. 2003 – A 150-strong US Marine force ended an eleven-day sortie and headed back to warships off the coast of Monrovia, Liberia. 2003 – In Oregon eight firefighters died as their van hit a tractor-trailer while returning from fighting a wildfire in Idaho. 2003 – .The US Justice Department reported the crime rate in 2002 was the lowest since studies began in 1973. 2005 – The planet Pluto was reclassified as a “dwarf planet” by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). 2005 – A federal commission voted against closing the New London submarine base in Groton, Conn., and the Portsmouth shipyard in Kittery, Maine. 2006 – A US House report said 70% of contracts for Hurricane Katrina were let with little or no competition. Four Katrina contractors were indicted for taking $700,000 for no work. 2006 – Deadly storms swept across the northern Plains, bringing tornadoes that ripped roofs off houses and hail that smashed car windshields. One man was killed when a tornado hit his home in Minnesota, and in Wisconsin, lightning apparently killed a dozen cows and struck a woman as she left a supermarket. 2006 – In Essex, Vermont, Christopher Williams (26) shot and killed 2 people after breaking up with his girlfriend, and then shot himself in the head. Williams also shot and killed Linda Lambesis, the mother of the girlfriend who had dumped him and shot and critically wounded another teacher, Mary Snedeker. 2007 – A US federal appeals court revived California’s request for at least $1 billion in refunds for electricity customers due to overcharges during the Enron debacle. 2007 – Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick admitted he participated in an illegal dogfighting operation and was suspended indefinitely by the National Football League. 2007 – In Mississippi Klansman James Ford Seale (71) was sentenced to three life terms in prison for his role in the 1964 deaths of Charles Moore and Henry Hezekiah Dee. 2008 – In New Mexico eight inmates escaped from a county jail in Clovis. Three were captured the next day and five remained at large. 2009 – A senior administration said that Pres. Obama has approved establishment of the new unit, to be known as the High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group, which will be overseen by the National Security Council. 2009 – In the San Francisco Bay Area Alexander Robert Youshock (17), a former Hillsdale High School student in San Mateo, lit 2 of 10 pipe bombs before he was tackled by teachers. Youshock also carried a chain saw and a sword and planned to attack students as they ran from the bombs. 2009 – The US government “Cash for Clunkers” program ended. 2009 – Reader’s Digest, founded in 1922, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The company piled on debt following a $1.6 billion leveraged buyout in 2007. 2009 – The Los Angeles County coroner’s preliminary assessment is that Michael Jackson’s death was caused by an overdose of the anesthetic propofol. 2010 – Scientists reported that the Gulf of Mexico oil spill has revealed a previously unknown type of oil-eating bacteria, which is suddenly flourishing. The dominant microbe in a studied deep water oil plume is a new species, closely related to members of Oceanospirillales. 2010 – Attorneys general in 17 US states demanded in a joint letter that San Francisco-based Craigslist remove its adult services section because the website cannot adequately block potentially illegal ads promoting prostitution and child trafficking. 2010 – In Eastport, Maine, the Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC) launched a $2.5 million prototype, tidal grid-compatible power system. 2011 – Steve Jobs resigns as the CEO of Apple Inc. Tim Cook took over the CEO position for the company. 2011 -Federal agents from the US Fish and Wildlife Service executed four search warrants on Gibson Guitars facilities in two cities. They seized several pallets of wood, electronic files and guitars valued at several hundred thousand dollars. 2011 – Hurricane Irene strengthens to Category 3 status as it heads towards the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos and then the East Coast of the United States. Thousands of people on Ocracoke Island off the coast of North Carolina are told to evacuate. 2013 – Love Wins Ministries says North Carolina police threatened to arrest members of the charity group for distributing food to more than 70 homeless people in downtown Raleigh. The group had free coffee and sausage biscuits but local police stopped them. Police officers threatened to arrest anyone who tried to distribute food, claiming it violates one of the city’s ordinances but refusing to say which one. 2013-The US Postal Service commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech. 2013 – The Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park is reported as having grown to nearly 200 square miles. 2014 – Peter Theo Curtis, an American citizen, is released by an al-Qaida-linked group after two years in captivity. 2015 – A painting of Jesus Christ has hung in the hallway of Royster Middle School in Chanute, Kansas for as long as anyone can remember. “I do know it’s been decades,” said Chanute superintendent Richard Proffitt. “Some people who went through the system before – 30 to 40 years ago – knew it was hanging in the hallway back then. It was kind of a permanent fixture, if you will.” 2015 – 2015 – A 6.0 magnitude earthquake strikes Napa, California, in the northern San Francisco Bay area of the United States. It is the largest earthquake to strike Northern California in 25 years since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. 2015 – The Okanogan Complex fire in Washington State grows to 256,500 acres .surpassing the previous year’s Carlton Complex fire as the largest in Washington state history. 2016 – Iranian Vessels conducted ‘High Speed Intercept’ of US Naval Destroyer,USS Nitze. Citing U.S. military sources, outlets reported that Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ships came with 300 yards of the U.S. warship near the Strait of Hormuz ignoring communication. 2154 – From the movie “Avatar” it is the date that Jake Scully is changed from human to Avatar. 1759 – William Wilberforce, (d. 1833) was a British politician, a philanthropist and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. 1880 – Joshua Lionel Cowen, American inventor and entrepreneur (d. 1965)He was an American inventor and the cofounder of Lionel Corporation, a manufacturer of model railroads and toy trains. 1912 – Durward Kirby, American TV announcer was a 20th Century American television personality. 1917 – Dennis James, was an American pioneering television personality. He worked as an actor, wrestling announcer, sports show host, game show host, and newsreel announcer. 1955 – Mike Huckabee, American politician, Governor/Presidential candidate-2008. 1960 – Cal Ripken, Jr., baseball player. Ripken was best known as baseball’s “Iron Man” playing in a record 2,632 straight games, spanning sixteen seasons, from May 30, 1982 – September 20, 1998. 1965 – Reggie Miller, is a retired professional basketball player. He holds the NBA record for career three-pointers made (2,560) 1973 – Dave Chappelle, is a comedian, screenwriter, television/film producer, and actor. In 2003, he became known for his popular sketch comedy television series, Chappelle’s Show. Posthumously Rank and organization: Lance Corporal, U.S. Marine Corps, Company E, 3d Reconnaissance Battalion, 3d Marine Division. Place and date: Quang Tri Province, Republic of Vietnam, August 24, 1969. Entered service at: Houston, Tex. Born: 16 April 1948, Washington, D.C. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as an assistant team leader with Company E, in connection with combat operations against an armed enemy. While conducting a patrol during the early morning hours L/Cpl. Anderson’s reconnaissance team came under a heavy volume of automatic weapons and machine gun fire from a numerically superior and well concealed enemy force. Painfully wounded in both legs and knocked to the ground during the initial moments of the fierce fire fight, L/Cpl. Anderson assumed a prone position and continued to deliver intense suppressive fire in an attempt to repulse the attackers. Just a few moments later he was wounded a second time by an enemy soldier who had approached to within eight feet of the team’s position. Undaunted, he continued to pour a relentless stream of fire at the assaulting unit, even while a companion was treating his leg wounds. Observing an enemy grenade land between himself and the other Marine, L/Cpl. Anderson immediately rolled over and covered the lethal weapon with his body, absorbing the full effects of the detonation. By his indomitable courage, inspiring initiative, and selfless devotion to duty, L/Cpl. Anderson was instrumental in saving several Marines from serious injury or possible death. His actions were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country. The Importance of Good Attitudes The shades of our opinions, beliefs, worldviews, worries, fears, hopes and expectations frame our experiences. We face situations that are neither positive nor negative, but our attitude towards them defines how they impact our life. Chuck Swindoll says, “We cannot change our past. We cannot change the fact that people act in a certain way. We cannot change the inevitable. The only thing we can do is play on the one string we have, and that is our attitude.” If we see something as a problem, we will react differently than if we perceive the same event as a lesson, or even an opportunity. If we approach people we do not know with distrust and an air of superiority, we will build a different kind of relationship than if we greet them with a genuine open smile. No matter how old you are, where you live or what you do, having a positive outlook on life always pays off – even when things do not go according to plan. Maintaining a positive attitude that will help you to deal with everyday challenges requires a plan. Here are some ideas. 1. Build a spiritual worldview. Simply remember two rules. “Love the Lord your God with all your heart and soul and mind” and the second is “Love your neighbor as yourself.” When you shift your focus toward the Creator of the Universe, your attitude towards many situations will change. He fills your heart with love and peace that ordinary problems cannot shatter. 2. Keep positive people in your life. Positive attitudes grow exponentially. Surround yourself with kind, happy, optimistic people and their positive qualities will rub off on you. 3. Become aware of your self-talk. Remember ideas become thoughts, thoughts become words, and words become actions. 4. Remember your blessings. Take time and be thankful for everything you have in your life. Even if you are facing tough times, there are still many things to be grateful for. 5. Laugh often. Find humor in the simplest of things. Learn to laugh at yourself. 6. Dream big dreams and then set smaller, achievable goals that inspire you to work harder and smarter. 7. Tell yourself “you can do it”. “Never, never, never give up”- Winston Churchill. 8. Give. The simple act of giving brings more joy and positive energy to you than any other action. Give love, give of your talents, give of your wisdom and never expect repayment. 9. Don’t compare yourself to others. You react to be the inspiration. 10. Refrain from judging yourself. Mother Teresa said, “When you judge people, you have no time to love them.” Therefore judge less and compliment more. Say thank you at every possible turn. James 3 King James Version (KJV) 1 My brethren, be not many masters, knowing that we shall receive the greater condemnation. 2 For in many things we offend all. If any man offend not in word, the same is a perfect man, and able also to bridle the whole body. 3 Behold, we put bits in the horses’ mouths, that they may obey us; and we turn about their whole body. 4 Behold also the ships, which though they be so great, and are driven of fierce winds, yet are they turned about with a very small helm, whithersoever the governor listeth. 5 Even so the tongue is a little member, and boasteth great things. Behold, how great a matter a little fire kindleth! 6 And the tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity: so is the tongue among our members, that it defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire the course of nature; and it is set on fire of hell. 7 For every kind of beasts, and of birds, and of serpents, and of things in the sea, is tamed, and hath been tamed of mankind: 8 But the tongue can no man tame; it is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison. ” “Determine never to be idle. No person will have occasion to complain of the want of time, who never loses any. It is wonderful how much may be done, if we are always doing. And that you may be always doing good, my dear, is the ardent prayer of yours affectionately.” Thomas Jefferson 1787 in a Letter to Martha Jefferson “There is no better time than right now to be happy.” ~ Scriptor Incompertus 1.Anxiety or deep unease proceeding from a sense of guilt or consciousness of causing pain. 2. A sting of conscience or a twinge of uneasiness; a qualm; a scruple. 79 – Mount Vesuvius begins stirring, on the feast day of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. 1305 – William Wallace, Scottish patriot, is executed for high treason by Edward I of England. was hanged, drawn, beheaded, and quartered in London. See the movie, “Braveheart” with Mel Gibson (1995). 1541 – Jacques Cartier landed near Quebec on his third voyage to North America. 1617 – The first one-way streets were established in London. An Act of Common Council was passed to regulate the “disorder and rude behavior of Carmen, Draymen and others using Cartes.” 1711 – A British attempt to invade Canada by sea failed. 1775 – King George III of England refused the American colonies’ offer of peace and declared them in open rebellion. 1784 – Eastern Tennessee declares itself an independent state under the name of Franklin; the step is rejected by Congress one year later. 1820 – The Revenue Cutter “Louisiana” captured four pirate vessels. 1833 – Long before the US, the British Parliament ordered the abolition of slavery in its colonies by Aug 1, 1834. This would free some 700,000 slaves, including those in the West Indies. 1838 – The first class was graduated from Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, MA. It was one of the first colleges for women. 1839 – Hong Kong was taken by the British in a war with China. 1850 – The first national women’s rights convention convened in Worcester, Mass. 1858 – “Ten Nights in a Barroom” opened in New York City at the National Theater. It was a melodrama about the evils of drinking. 1861 – Civil War: Allen Pinkerton, head of the new secret service agency of the Federal government, places Confederate spy Rose O’Neal Greenhow under house arrest in Washington, D.C. She was sent to the Old Capitol Prison and then was banished to Richmond, Va., in May, 1863. She had supplied Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard with a warning that Union General Irvin McDowell was planning an attack on Manassas in July 1861. She drowned in a shipwreck on September 30, 1864. 1863 – Civil War: Union batteries ceased their first bombardment of Fort Sumter, leaving it a mass of rubble but still unconquered by the North. 1863 – Civil War: A ruthless band of guerrillas attacks the town of Lawrence, Kansas, killing every man and boy in sight. 1864 – Civil War: Brigadier General Page surrendered Fort Morgan, the last Confederate bastion at Mobile Bay. 1864 – Civil War: The Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick of Armies in the Field is adopted by twelve nations meeting in Geneva. 1877 – The Texas outlaw Wes Hardin was captured in near Pensacola, FL. He was an outlaw and gunfighter of the American Old West. He was born in Bonham, Fannin County, Texas. When Hardin went to prison in 1878, he claimed to have killed 42 men. 1889 – First ship-to-shore wireless message received in the US (San Francisco). 1892 – John H. Stedman of Rochester, NY patented the printed streetcar transfer (also invented the fuzzy pipe cleaner). 1900 – Booker T. Washington formed the National Negro Business League in Boston, Massachusetts. 1902 – Fanny Farmer, among the first to emphasize the relationship of diet to health, opened her School of Cookery in Boston. 1902 – Gold was discovered in Goldfield, NV, near Tonopah, NV. By 1907 Goldfield grew to 20,000 residents. At the 2010 Census, the population was 268. The town is now a semi ghost town. 1904 – Harold D. Weed of Canastota, New York, is issued U.S. Patent No. 768,495 for his “Grip-Tread for Pneumatic Tires,” a non-skid tire chain to be used on automobiles in order to increase traction on roads slick with mud, snow or ice. 1914 – Japan declared war on Germany in World War I. 1919 – “Gasoline Alley” cartoon strip premiers in Chicago Tribune. 1923 – Billy Jones and Ernie Hare, “ The Happiness Boys “, debuted on radio. 1924 – The distance between Earth and Mars is the smallest since the 10th century. The last known closest approach was back in 2003, when Earth and Mars were only 34,797,000 miles apart. This was the closest they’d been in 50,000 years. 1926 – The death of silent film actor Rudolph Valentino caused a worldwide frenzy among his fans. Valentino, who appeared in only 14 major films during his brief seven-year movie career, was idolized by countless women as the “Great Lover” of the 1920s. 1927 – Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian-American anarchists, accused of robbery and murder on April 15, 1920 were sent to the electric chair. There was a world-wide protest against their death penalty. 1935 – The US Banking Act of 1935 revised the operation of the Federal Reserve System. 1936 – Bob Feller made his pitching debut with the Cleveland Indians. 1939 – Zane Grey (b.1872), American novelist, died. He best known for his popular adventure novels and stories that presented an idealized image of the rugged Old West. He authored over 90 books. 1939 – The Nazis threatened to invade Poland and Europe braced itself for war. The Dow responded to the news with a 3.25 drop to close the day at 131.82. 1940 – World War II: German Luftwaffe began night bombing on London. 1942 – World War II: Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad. 1942 – World War II: The first US flights landed on Guadalcanal. 1943 – “Lindy Hop” makes the cover of “LIFE” magazine. The Lindy was named after American aviation hero Charles A. Lindbergh; and began its entry into the American lifestyle in 1927. The Lindy Hop 1944 – World War II: US 1st Army (part of US 12th Army Group) drives forward to the Seine. 1944 – World War II: Allied troops captured Marseilles, France. 1944 – World War II: A US B-24 crashed into the Holy Trinity Church of England School, Freckelton, England, demolishing three houses and the Sad Sack Snack Bar. The death toll was 61, including 38 children. 1944 – World War II: German SS engineers began placing explosive charges around the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Adolf Hitler had decreed that Paris should be left a smoking ruin, but Dietrich von Choltitz thought better of his Fuehrer’s order. 1944 – World War II: The last Japanese resistance on the island of Numfoor is overcome and most of the American force is redeployed. 1945 – World War II: Clarence V. Bertucci is granted a discharge from the Army and sent to a mental institution for further tests and evaluation. He is responsible for the massacre of German POWs at Camp Salina, Utah on July 8th. 1945 – World War II: General MacArthur orders the release of some 5000 Filipinos interned for security reasons. 1947 – Margaret Truman, U.S. President Truman’s daughter, gave her first public performance as a singer. The event was at the Hollywood Bowl and had an audience of 15,000. Andrews Sisters, “ Play a Simple Melody ” by Bing Crosby and “ I’m Moving On ” by Hank Snow all topped the charts. 1950 – Korean War: Up to 77,000 members of the U.S. Army Organized Reserve Corps were called involuntarily to active duty to fight the Korean War. 1951 – Korean War: The Navy recommissioned the battleship USS Iowa under the command of Captain William R. Smedberg, III. 1951 – Harlem Globetrotters play in Olympic Stadium, Berlin before 75,052. 1952 – “ Half As Much ” by Rosemary Clooney topped the charts. 1954 -The YC-130 Hercules made its maiden flight at the Lockheed Martin plant in Burbank, California. The C-130 is still in production today (2015), making it the longest running military aircraft production line in history. 1954 – The small community of Charleston, Arkansas, became the first in the South to end segregation in its schools. This was in response to the May 17 US Supreme Court ruling on Brown vs. Board of Education. 1956 – US Navy pilot Lt. James B. Deane Jr. was shot out of the sky on a nighttime spy flight off the coast of China in the East China Sea . The Martin P4M-1Q Mercator carrying Deane and 15 other men went down and twelve were never recovered. 1957 – Digital Equipment Corp was founded by Kenneth Olsen with $70,000, DEC was the leading producer “Minicomputers”, DEC became the second largest computer company in the 70’s. Ken Olsen made the famous statement “There will never be a use for a computer in the home”. DEC completely missed the PC revolution. “ Little Star ” by The Elegants, “ My True Love ” by Jack Scott and “ Alone with You ” by Faron Young all topped the charts. 1958 – In Taiwan Straits Crisis, Units of 7th Fleet move into Taiwan area to support Taiwan against Chinese Communists. 1963 – The first satellite communications ship, USNS Kingsport (T-AG-164) in Lagos, Nigeria, connected President John F. Kennedy with Nigerian Prime Minister Balewa. He was aboard for the first satellite (Syncom II) relayed telephone conversation between heads of state. 1966 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Summer in the City ” by The Lovin’ Spoonful, “ Sunny ” by Bobby Hebb, “ See You in September ” by The Happenings and “ Almost Persuaded ” by David Houston all topped the charts. 1966 – The Beatles’ movie “ Help! ” premiered in the U.S. 1966 – The American cargo ship Baton Rouge Victory strikes a mine laid by the Viet Cong in the Long Tao River, 22 miles south of Saigon. Seven crewmen were killed. 1966 – Lunar Orbiter 1 takes first photograph of Earth from Moon. 1968 – Vietnam War: Communist forces launch rocket and mortar attacks onthe U.S. airfield at Da Nang, the cities of Hue and Quang Tri. 1969 – “ Honky Tonk Woman ” by the Rolling Stones topped the charts. 1970 – U.S. swimmer Gary Hall broke three world records at the AAU (Amateur Athletic Union) outdoor swimming meet, held in Los Angeles, CA. 1971 – Shamu the Whale, the first of a number of Shamus, died at Sea World in San Diego, Ca., after six years in captivity. 1972 – The Republican National Convention, meeting in Miami Beach, Fla., nominated Vice President Spiro T. Agnew for a second term. 1973 – Intelsat communications satellite launched. 1973 – The final episode of The Mod Squad aired. (See also 9/24/1968 for debut) 1973 – A bank robbery-turned-hostage standoff began in Stockholm, Sweden; by the time the crisis ended, the four hostages had come to empathize with their captors, an occurrence that came to be known as “Stockholm Syndrome.” It would later be used to describe the Patty Hearst case. See April 15th. 1975 – “Fallin’ in Love” by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds topped the charts. 1977 – The Gossamer Condor 2 flew the first figure-of-eight, a distance of over a mile winning the first Kremer prize at Minter Field in Shafter, California. It was built by Dr Paul B. MacCready and piloted by amateur cyclist and hang-glider pilot Bryan Allen. 1977 – Cincinnati Bengals was trademark registered. 1979 – Soviet dancer Alexander Godunov defected while the Bolshoi Ballet was on tour in New York. 1979 – The keel of the first of the new Coast Guard 270-foot class medium endurance cutters, the CGC Bear, was laid. 1980 – “ Magic ” by Olivia Newton-John topped the charts. 1982 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Eye of the Tiger ” by Survivor, “ Hurts So Good ” by John Cougar, “ Abracadabra ” by The Steve Miller Band and “ Nobody ” by Sylvia all topped the charts. 1984 – The last Marines to serve peace-keeping duty in Lebanon arrived home. 1984 – South Fork Ranch, the home of the fictitious Ewing clan of the CBS-TV show, “Dallas,” was sold. The ranch was to be transformed from a tourist site into a hotel. 1985 – Paul Hornung sues NCAA and wins. The 3-million dollar suit charged that the NCAA interfered with his right to earn a living as a sports broadcaster. 1986 – “ Papa Don’t Preach ” by Madonna topped the charts. 1987 – Two teenagers in Alexander, Arkansas, Kevin Ives and Don Henry were run over by a train. Later investigations indicated that they were murdered prior to being run over. 1989 – In a case that inflamed racial tensions in New York City, Yusuf Hawkins, a black teenager, was shot dead after he and his friends were confronted by white youths in a Brooklyn neighborhood. Janet Jackson, “ If Wishes Came True ” by Sweet Sensation and “ Next to You, Next to Me ” by Shenandoah all topped the charts. 1990 – US began to call up of 46,000 reservists to the Persian Gulf. 1990 – East and West Germany announced that they would unite Oct 3. 1990 – Iraqi state television showed President Saddam Hussein meeting with a group of about 20 Western detainees, telling the group—whom he described as “guests”—that they were being held “to prevent the scourge of war.” 1992 – James A. Baker III bowed out as Secretary of State after three-and-a-half years to become White House Chief of Staff. 1992 – New York department store chain “Alexanders” announces closing of all eleven stores. 1992 – Hurricane Andrew slammed into the Bahamas with 120 mph winds. 1993 – Former Detroit police officers Larry Nevers and Walter Budzyn were convicted of second-degree murder in the fatal beating of black motorist Malice Green. Both convictions were later overturned. 1994 – A new Coast Guard record for people rescued was set when 3,253 Cubans were rescued from dangerously overloaded craft during Operation Able Vigil. 1995 – Alfred Eisenstaedt (96), “Life” magazine photographer, died on Martha’s Vineyard. His picture of a sailor kissing a nurse in Times Square became one of the best-known images of America’s joy at the end of World War Two. 1996 – President Clinton imposed limits on peddling cigarettes to children as he unveiled Food and Drug Administration regulations declaring nicotine an addictive drug. 1996 – Osama bin Laden issues message entitled ‘A declaration of war against the Americans occupying the land of the two holy places.’ 1998 – Michael Jones, a 16-year old boy, was shot when he refused to drop a water gun that appeared real to police officers. In New York City it was illegal to carry to possess a toy gun that looks real or is painted black. 1998 – Kathryn Schoonover was arrested when she was caught stuffing envelopes with cyanide and preparing to send them to people around the U.S. 1998 – Retailers began marketing computers with the new 450 MHz Intel Pentium II. 1999 – The Dow Jones industrial average soared 199.15 to a new record of 11,209.84. 1999 – US and British warplanes attacked targets in northern Iraq after being fired upon by an Iraqi military radar station. 2000 – The Clinton administration released guidelines for federally funded scientists to conduct research on human embryonic stem cells. 2000 – Boeing made the first successful launch of its Delta III rocket. 2000 – Richard Hatch was revealed as the winning castaway on CBS’ “Survivor.” Hatch won $1,000,000 for his stay on the island of Pulau Tida in the South China Sea. 2001 – Brian Regan (38), retired US Air Force master sergeant and cryptanalyst, was arrested by the FBI at Dulles Int’l Airport on charges of spying. 2001 – Modesto Democratic Representative Gary Condit acknowledged on a TV interview with Connie Chung that he had made mistakes but that he had nothing to do with the disappearance of Chandra Levy. 2002 – New York publicist Lizzie Grubman pleaded guilty in a hit-and-run crash that injured 16 people outside a Hamptons nightclub. 2004 – Antigua and Barbuda’s prime minister and American officials signed an agreement extending the lease of the U.S. Air Force base in the Caribbean country until 2008. 2004 – New US rules on overtime pay went into effect. Under the new FairPay rules, workers earning less than $23,660 per year, or $455 per week, were guaranteed overtime protection. 2005 – New York City said it will install 1,000 surveillance cameras and 3,000 motion sensors in its subways and rail stations in a new deal with Lockheed Martin. 2005 – In Arizona two employees were gunned down outside a Wal-Mart store in Glendale, a Phoenix suburb. In 2009 Ed Liu, the accused gunman, was committed to a mental hospital instead of a trial on murder charges. 2006 – In Alaska Republican Gov. Frank Murkowski finished last in a three-day primary election. Sarah Palin, a former Wasilla mayor, won with over 50% of the vote. 2006 –Annie Donnelly (38) of Long Island, NY, pleaded guilty to stealing $2.3 million (1.2 million pounds) from her employers. She spent the money on lottery tickets, buying as much as $6,000 worth of tickets a day in a bid to hit the jackpot. 2007 – U.S. Customs and U.S. Navy officials seized a submarine-like vessel filled with $352 million worth of cocaine off the Guatemalan coast. (prices given by CIA.) 2007 – Ohio’s Gov. Ted Strickland said more than 1,000 people were flooded out of their homes after heavy rain that swamped communities across the Midwest. 2007 – University of Minnesota astronomers announced that they have stumbled upon a tremendous hole in the universe. The cosmic blank spot has no stray stars, no galaxies, no sucking black holes, not even mysterious dark matter. The 1 billion light years across of nothing represented an expanse of nearly 6 billion trillion miles of emptiness. 2008 – The Department of Health and Human Services announces plans to implement a rule that would protect healthcare workers from being fired or otherwise penalized for refusing to provide services they find morally objectionable, such as performing abortions or dispensing contraception. 2008 – In Utah a small plane crashed and burned shortly after takeoff from Canyonlands Field airport. All ten aboard, including nine employees of a Cedar City dermatology company died. 2008 – The death toll from Tropical Storm Fay in Florida rises to eleven 2008 – The Department of Health and Human Services announces plans to implement a rule that would protect healthcare workers from being fired or otherwise penalized for refusing to provide services they find morally objectionable. 2010 – Judge Royce C. Lamberth of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia rules against a decision by President Barack Obama allowing the expansion of embryonic stem cell research claiming it breaks US law. 2011 – Earthquake 4 miles SSE of Louisa, VA went off at 5.8-6.0. Louisa is 41 miles from Richmond, VA and 83 miles from Washington D.C. No significant damage as is evidenced in the below photo. The Washington Monument obelisk closed indefinitely due to earthquake damage. 2012 – A former Marine who was forced into a psychiatric ward for anti-government Facebook postings has been freed from the hospital by a Virginia circuit court ruling handed down today. Judge Allan Sharrett dismissed the case against Brandon Raub, 26, who had been detained by government officials in Richmond, Va., and transferred to a VA hospital in Salem, Va. 2012 – The US Anti-Doping Agency said it will strip Lance Armstrong of his unprecedented seven Tour de France titles after he dropped his fight against drug charges that threatened his legacy as one of the greatest cyclists of all time. 2012 – In Illinois authorities in Washington Park, a village next to East St. Louis, raided a house where a teenage girl (17) had been held captive and repeatedly sexually assaulted for over 2 years. Police took into custody a 24-year-old man and his mother. 2013 – Maj. Nidal Hasan was convicted for the 2009 shooting rampage at Fort Hood, TX. Hasan was convicted of 13 specifications of premeditated murder and 32 specifications of attempted premeditated murder under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. He is eligible for the death penalty. 2013 – Former U.S. Army Sergeant Robert Bales is sentenced to life in prison without parole for the killing of 16 Afghan civilians in March 2012. 2015 – Authorities arrest two Iowa men in Saugus, Massachusetts after heavy firearms are discovered in their hotel room. The two men had made threats on social media stating their targeting of the 2015 Pokemon Video Game World Championships. 1724 – Abraham Yates, American Continental Congressman (d. 1796) 1754 – King Louis XVI of France. 1785 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer. He served in the War of 1812 against Britain and earned the nickname “Hero of Lake Erie” for leading American forces in the decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie. Died in 1819 on his 34th birthday. 1875 – William Henry Eccles was a British physicist and a pioneer in the development of radio communication. 1912 – Gene Kelly, American dancer, choreographer, actor. 1917 – Tex Williams, American singer (d. 1985) 1932 – Mark Russell, American comedian and political commentator 1934 – Barbara Eden is an American film and television actress and singer; and is best known for her starring role in the sitcom I Dream of Jeannie 1948 -Daniel “Rudy” Ruettiger is a motivational speaker and former collegiate football player best known as the inspiration for the motion picture Rudy. 1970 – River Phoenix, American actor (d. 1993) Posthumously Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, 38th Infantry, 2-t Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Plougastel, Brittany, France, August 23rd, 1944. Entered service at: Laughlinstown, Pa. Born: 16 August 1916, Lycippus, Pa. G.O. No.: 37, 11 May 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life, above and beyond the call of duty, on 23 August 1944. S/Sgt. Carey, leader of a machinegun section, was advancing with his company in the attack on the strongly held enemy hill 154, near Plougastel, Brittany, France. The advance was held up when the attacking units were pinned down by intense enemy machinegun fire from a pillbox two-hundred yards up the hill. From his position covering the right flank, S/Sgt. Carey displaced his guns to an advanced position and then, upon his own initiative, armed himself with as many hand grenades as he could carry and without regard for his personal safety started alone up the hill toward the pillbox. Crawling forward under its withering fire, he proceeded one hundred-fifty yards when he met a German rifleman whom he killed with his carbine. Continuing his steady forward movement until he reached grenade-throwing distance, he hurled his grenades at the pillbox opening in the face of intense enemy fire which wounded him mortally. Undaunted, he gathered his strength and continued his grenade attack until one entered and exploded within the pillbox, killing the occupants and putting their guns out of action. Inspired by S/Sgt. Carey’s heroic act, the riflemen quickly occupied the position and overpowered the remaining enemy resistance in the vicinity. The Symbolism of the $1 Bill Front Reverse side Take out a dollar bill and study it. The one dollar bill you’re looking at first came off the presses in 1957 in its present design. It has been decided that the one-dollar bill will not get the security enhancements because it is too expensive to counterfeit. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, that is when the motto, “In God We Trust” started being used on paper money. It was in use on coins long before that. This so-called “paper money” is in fact a cotton and linen blend, with red and blue minute silk fibers running through it. It is actually material. We’ve all washed it without it falling apart. A special blend of ink is used, the contents we will never know. It is overprinted with symbols and then it is starched to make it water resistant and pressed to give it that nice crisp look. If you look on the front of the bill, you will see the United States Treasury Seal located on the right underneath the big word “ONE”. On the seal are three symbols, the scales of justice, a chevron pointing up and a skeleton key. The scales stand for justice and show that this nation is bound by the rule of law. The chevron contains thirteen stars representing the original thirteen colonies and the key underneath it represents a symbol of authority. Also on the front of the bill are two signatures, one on each side. On the left is the signature of the Treasurer of the United States and on the right is the signature of the Secretary of the Treasury. Finally, each bill is individually numbered. Now look at the back side of the bill. On it, you will see two circles. The two circles reflect the two sides of the Great Seal of the United States. Before the adjournment of the Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776, a design committee was appointed to develop a seal for the United States. The committee was Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, three of the five men who had drafted the Declaration of Independence. They were merely the first committee, however. It took six years, the work of two additional committees and a total of 14 men before a final version of the Great Seal was approved. The final proposal, as accepted by Congress, was submitted on June 13, 1782, by Charles Thompson, Secretary of Congress. He brought together some of the recommendations of the three committees, their consultants, and artists. If you look at the left hand circle, you will see a Pyramid. This pyramid was not a part of the proposals for the Great Seal until the third committee, and it was not suggested by Jefferson, Franklin, or Adams. A pyramid starts from a quadrangular foundation symbolizing the terrestrial basis, the edges and sides of the pyramid converge towards a unique point, the summit. Please note that it has thirteen steps. Notice the face is lighted and the western side is dark. Although there is no “official” explanation for the shading, some interpret it as a reflection that our country was just beginning and had not begun to explore the West. The Pyramid is uncapped, which may signify that our country was not yet finished. The unfinished state of the pyramid was intentional, and Charles Thompson, in his remarks to congress about the symbolism on the Great Seal, said the pyramid represented “Strength and Duration.” Inside the capstone you have the “all-seeing eye”, an ancient symbol for divinity. Although Franklin’s committee did not suggest a pyramid, it did originate the suggestion of the eye. However, the term “the all-seeing eye” was never officially used when describing it. The Franklin committee wanted the seal to include a reflection of divine providence and discussed a variety of themes including the Children of Israel in the Wilderness. “IN GOD WE TRUST” is on this currency. The Latin above the pyramid, ANNUIT COEPTIS, means “God has favored our undertaking.” It was Franklin’s belief that one man couldn’t do it alone, but a group of men with the help of God could do anything. The Latin below the pyramid, NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM, is interpreted to mean “a new order for the world.” The style of government being developed had never existed before. America is a republic bound by a Constitution. Never before had a society existed where the people ruled. At the base of the pyramid is the Roman Numeral for 1776. Now look at the right-hand circle, and check it carefully, you may notice that with only slight modifications it is the Seal of the President of the United States. It also appears on every National Cemetery in the United States and is the centerpiece of most heroes’ monuments. On the Great Seal, the eagle faces the talon holding the olive branch symbolically saying that we, as a nation, look toward peace . The eagle on The Presidential Seal faces in the opposite direction-toward the talon holding the arrows symbolizing that our nation is always prepared for war. That was until 1945, when Harry Truman had it redesigned to face the olive branch as well. Also, notice the shield is unsupported. Charles Thompson said it denoted that the United States of America ought to rely on its own virtue. The shield consists of red and white stripes with a blue bar above that represents Congress. The colors are taken from the American flag and officially the red represents hardiness and valor, the white represents purity and innocence, and the blue, vigilance, perseverance, and justice. In the Eagle’s beak you will read, “E PLURIBUS UNUM”, meaning “one nation from many people.” Beyond this, there is no clear explanation for certain what the symbols mean. But although there is no explanation of the imagery of the eagle in the official records, most historical references to the bald eagle indicate that it represents something of uniquely American origin. One of the original design proposals for the Great Seal featured a small crested white eagle, which is not uniquely American, but this was later changed to the uniquely American Bald Eagle. At one time Benjamin Franklin suggested the turkey, also uniquely American. An unsupported interpretation of the inclusion of the Bald Eagle is that it could also represent victory and independence, because the eagle is not afraid of a storm, is strong and smart enough to soar above it, it wears no material crown and its vision is more than eight times stronger than a human beings. Above the Eagle are thirteen stars representing the thirteen original colonies. Again, American was coming together as one. Notice that the Eagle holds an olive branch and arrows in his talons. The official meaning is that the olive branch, which has thirteen leaves on it, and the thirteen arrows “denote the power of peace and war” across all thirteen colonies. As noted previously, the design shows the eagle facing the olive branch. Some feel that the number 13 is an unlucky number but the significance of the number 13 in U.S. history is very strong. The number 13 as used on many U.S. symbols (the stripes on the flag, steps on the Pyramid, 13 stars above the eagle, 13 bars on the shield, 13 leaves on the olive branch, 13 fruits, and 13 arrows) all represent the beginning of our country, as established by the thirteen colonies. The number 13 is also ”indivisible.” The number is the sixth prime number and only divisible by “1” and itself. Rattlers on a snakes tail The Number 13 on the One Dollar Bill Jeremiah 17:7-8 NIV “But blessed is the one who trusts in the Lord, whose confidence is in him. They will be like a tree planted by the water that sends out its roots by the stream. It does not fear when heat comes; its leaves are always green. It has no worries in a year of drought and never fails to bear fruit.” “The greatest ability in business is to get along with others and to influence their actions”. John Hancock “Wherever we look upon this earth, the opportunities take shape within the problems.” ~ Nelson Rockefeller [From quag (marsh), of unknown origin.] 565 – St. Columba reported seeing a monster in Loch Ness, Scotland 1654 – Jacob Barsimson arrives in New Amsterdam. He is the first Jewish immigrant to what is later the United States 1762 – Ann Franklin became the first female editor of an American newspaper, the “Newport Mercury” (in Rhode Island). She was also the wife of Benjamin Franklin. 1775 – King George III declares the American colonies to be in open rebellion. 1776 – Redcoats land at Long Island.General William Howe’s large army came to Long Island hoping to capture New York City and gain control of the Hudson River. 1777 – With the approach of General Benedict Arnold’s army, British Colonel Barry St. Ledger abandoned Fort Stanwix, currently the site of Rome, NY, and returns to Canada. 1781 – Col. William Campbell (36), West Virginia Patriot militia leader, died of an apparent heart attack during the siege of Yorktown. 1787 – John Fitch’s steamboat completes its tests before delegates of the Continental Congress, years before Fulton. He was granted his first United States patent for a steamboat on August 26, 1791. 1804 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition officially began as the Corps of Discovery departed from St. Charles, Missouri. 1807 – A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr on a charge of treason. 1819 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, United States, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The ship arrived atLiverpool, England, on June 20. 1831 – Nat Turner’s slave rebellion commences just after midnight in Southampton County, Virginia, leading to the deaths of more than fifty whites and several hundred Blacks who are killed in retaliation for the uprising. 1844 – A mass meeting of Blacks in Boston adopted a resolution declaring that segregated public schools in that city violated the State Constitution. Their request was denied. 1846 – Gen. Stephen W. Kearny proclaimed all of New Mexico a territory of the United States. The US pledged to honor the land grants in northern New Mexico that were awarded by the Spanish and Mexican governors of the territory. 1848 – The United States annexes New Mexico. 1849 – Future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is issued a patent for an invention to lift boats over obstacles in a river, making him the only U.S. President to ever hold a patent. 1851 – U.S.-built schooner “America” beat a fleet of Britain’s finest ships in a race around England’s Isle of Wight, in the Queen’s Cup, later renamed the America’s Cup. The U.S. held that title for 132 years until 1983. 1856 – Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina beats Senator Charles Sumner with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made attacking Southerners who sympathized with the pro-slavery violence in Kansas (“Bleeding Kansas”). 1863 – Civil War: Union forces begin the Siege of Port Hudson. 1864 – The International Red Cross was founded by Swiss humanitarian Jean-Henri Dunant. 1864 – Geneva Convention signed, by 12 nations. By 1866 twenty countries had signed and 194 states were signatories as of 2008. This was the creation of the International Red Cross. 1865 – A patent for liquid soap was received by William Sheppard. 1867 – The first Black college founded in Tennessee was Fisk University. Although work on the school was started in October 1865, it did not become incorporated under Tennessee law until this day. 1871 – United States Army closes Fort Kearny soon after the First Transcontinental Railroad is completed. 1872 – Reconstruction Era: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act into law, restoring full civil and political rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers. 1888 – Leroy Buffington patents a system to build skyscrapers. 1902 – President Theodore Roosevelt became the first U.S. President to ride in an automobile, in Hartford, Connecticut. 1902 – The Cadillac Company formed from the Henry Ford Co. by Henry Leland when Henry Ford left. Ford formed the Ford Motor Co. in 1903. The company is named after Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, who founded Detroit, Michigan. The Cadillac crest is based on his coat of arms. 1906 – The Victor Talking Machine Company of Camden, NJ, began to manufacture the Victrola. The hand-cranked unit, with horn cabinet, sold for $200. 1906 – The Wright brothers are granted U.S. patent number 821,393 for their “Flying-Machine”. 1911 – It was announced that Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” had been stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris. It was actually stolen on the 21st. The painting reappeared two years later in Italy. 1911 – President William Taft vetoed a joint resolution of Congress granting statehood to Arizona. 1912 – Birthday of the Navy’s Dental Corps. 1915 – Lassen Peak erupts with a powerful force, and is the only mountain other than Mount St. Helens to erupt in the contiguous US during the 20th century. 1921 – J. Edgar Hoover became Assistant Director of FBI. 1932 – The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) began its first experimental TV broadcast in England. 1933 – The deadly Barker gang robs a Federal Reserve mail truck in Chicago, Illinois, and kills Patrol Officer Miles Cunningham. The suspect who fired the shots was Bryan Bolton, of the Barker-Karpis Gang. The other occupants of the car were Alvin Karpis, Fred Barker, Doc Barker, “Shotgun” and George Ziegler. 1938 – Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers appeared on the cover of “LIFE” magazine. 1938 – Count Basie recorded the classic swing tune, “ Jumpin’ at the Woodside. ” 1941 – World War II: Nazi troops reached the outskirts of Leningrad. 1942 – Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox enlists in the United States Marine Corps as a flight instructor. 1944 – World War II: In Bordeaux, France, Heinz Stahlschmidt (d.2010 at 92), a junior officer in the German navy, defied his superiors plans to blow up Bordeaux’s port by blowing up a munitions depot, rendering some 4,000 fuses useless and saving the port. 1944 – World War II: Hitler ordered Paris to be destroyed. 1944 – World War II: Last transport of French Jews to concentration camps in Germany. 1944 – The Liberty ship SS Alexander V. Frazer, named for the “first” commandant of the Revenue Cutter Service, was launched. 1945 – United States Army Major Robert B. Staver recommends that the U.S. evacuate German scientists and engineers to help in the development of rocket technology. 1947 – Cold War: In an effort to fight the spread of Communism, the U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs an act into law that will later be called the Truman Doctrine. The act grants $400 million in military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece, each battling an internal Communist movement. 1947 – “ Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy ” was a radio adventure series which maintained its popularity from 1933 to 1951. The program originated at WBBM in Chicago on July 31, 1933, and was later carried on CBS, then NBC and finally ABC. 1949 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Some Enchanted Evening ” by Perry Como, “ Room Full of Roses ” by The Sammy Kaye Orchestra (vocal: Don Cornell), “ You’re Breaking My Heart ” by Vic Damone and “ I’m Throwing Rice (At the Girl that I Love) ” by Eddy Arnold all topped the charts. 1950 – Althea Gibson becomes the first Black competitor in international tennis. 1951 – Harlem Globetrotters played in Olympic Stadium at Berlin before 75,052. 1953 – “ No Other Love ” by Perry Como topped the charts. 1956 – Elvis began work on his first movie, “ Love Me Tender .” The film was originally entitled “The Reno Brothers.” 1957 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Love Letters in the Sand ” by Pat Boone, “ Tammy ” by Debbie Reynolds, “ Whispering Bells ” by The Dell-Vikings and “ (Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear ” by Elvis Presley all topped the charts. 1959 – “ Big Hunk o’ Love ” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. This is the Piano it was actually played on. 1962 – USS Savannah, world’s first nuclear powered ship, completed her maiden voyage from Yorktown, Va., to Savannah, Ga. 1962 – Continental Airlines Flight 11 crashes after bombs explode on board. 1963 – NASA civilian test pilot Joe Walker in X-15 an altitude of 354,300 feet (66 miles) (his last X-15 flight). 1965 – CHART TOPPERS – “ I Got You Babe ” by Sonny & Cher, “ Save Your Heart for Me ” by Gary Lewis & The Playboys, “ Help! ” by The Beatles and “ Yes, Mr. Peters ” by Roy Drusky & Priscilla Mitchell all topped the charts. 1966 – The Beatles arrived in New York City. 1966 – The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), later renamed the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), was formed. 1968 – The nuclear-powered submarine the USS Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard 400 miles southwest of the Azores. 1969 – Zager and Evans end a six-week run at #1 with their smash-hit “ In The Year 2525 (Exordium & Terminus) “. 1969 – Apollo 10’s lunar module flies within 8.4 nautical miles (16 km) of the moon’s surface. 1970 – “ Make It with You ” by Bread topped the charts. 1971 – J. Edgar Hoover and John Mitchell announce the arrest of 20 of the Camden 28. They were a group of “Catholic left” anti-Vietnam War activists who in 1971 planned and executed a raid on a Camden, New Jersey draft board. 1972 – US Congress created the Idaho’s Sawtooth National Recreation Area. 1973 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Touch Me in the Morning ” by Diana Ross, “ Live and Let Die ” by Wings, “ Brother Louie ” by Stories and “ Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man ” by Conway Twitty & Loretta Lynn all topped the charts. 1973 – Henry Kissinger was named Secretary of State by U.S. President Nixon. Kissinger won the Nobel Peace Prize in the same year. 1976 – EPA scientists reported that they had discovered plutonium in the ocean sediment off the San Francisco coast and radioactive cesium leaking from containers 120 miles east of Ocean City, Md. Some 62,000 steel drums of nuclear waste were dumped into the oceans from 1946-1970. 1979 – Two hundred Black leaders, meeting in New York, expressed support for Andrew Young and demanded that Blacks be given a voice in shaping American foreign policy. 1981 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Endless Love ” by Diana Ross & Lionel Richie, “ Theme from “Greatest American Hero” (Believe It or Not )” by Joey Scarbury, “ Slow Hand ” by Pointer Sisters and “ I Don’t Need You ” by Kenny Rogers all topped the charts. 1984 – The last Volkswagen Rabbit rolled off the assembly line in New Stanton, PA. Over 11 million of the economical cars had been produced. 1984 – The Republican convention in Dallas renominated Ronald Reagan. 1986 – Kerr-McGee Corp. agreed to pay the estate of the late Karen Silkwood $1.38 million to settle a 10-year-old nuclear contamination lawsuit. 1988 – Speaking to the Veterans of Foreign Wars in Chicago, Vice President George Bush defended the Vietnam-era National Guard service of running mate Dan Quayle, saying, “He did not go to Canada, he did not burn his draft card and he damn sure didn’t burn the American flag.” 1989 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Right Here Waiting ” by Richard Marx, “ On Our Own ” by Bobby Brown, “ Cold Hearted ” by Paula Abdul and “ Sunday in the South ” by Shenandoah all topped the charts. 1989 – Nolan Ryan strikes out Rickey Henderson to become the first Major League Baseball pitcher to record 5000 strikeouts. 1989 – Huey P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panthers, was shot to death in Oakland, CA. Tyrone Robinson was later convicted and sentenced to 32 years to life in prison for the killing. 1990 – Microsoft releases the Windows 3.0 operating system. 1992 – FBI HRT sniper Lon Horiuchi shoots and kills Vicki Weaver during an 11-day siege at her home at Ruby Ridge, Idaho. 1992 – “ End of the Road (From Boomerang) ” by Boyz II Men topped the charts. 1992 – President Bush told an evangelical gathering in Dallas that the Democrats had left “three simple letters” out of their platform: “G-O-D.” 1994 – DNA testing linked OJ Simpson to the murder of Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman. m) 1995 – Congressman Mel Reynolds of Illinois (D- IL) was convicted in Chicago of criminal sexual assault, sexual abuse, child pornography and obstruction of justice for having sex with a former campaign worker who had been underage at the time. 1996 – The US Army began operating an incinerator in Utah to destroy a 14,000 ton stockpile of chemical weapons over seven years. 1997 – A federal judge rejected Pres. Clinton’s request to dismiss the sexual harassment suit of Paula Jones. 1997 – A federal official threw out the contentious Teamsters election because of alleged campaign fund-raising abuses, forcing union President Ron Carey into another race against James P. Hoffa. 1997 – A $64.8 million 890- lb. Lewis satellite was launched by NASA and went into an uncontrolled spin. It was expected to fall and burn up in Earth’s atmosphere in September. 1998 – President Clinton, in his Saturday radio address, announced he had signed an executive order putting Osama bin Laden’s Islamic Army on a list of terrorist groups. 1999 – The US Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that the number of Americans on parole topped four million for the first time. 2001 – The space shuttle Discovery returned and brought home three crew members, Yuri Usachev, Susan Helms, and Jim Voss, who had spent nearly six months on the International Space Station. 2002 – Two US helicopter pilots were reported lost in South Korea. Their bodies were found the next day thirteen miles south of Camp Page. Camp Page was located on the northwest side of the city of Chunchon in the north-central portion of the Republic Of Korea. It provided aviation support to the DMZ. 2002 – American civil rights movement: A jury in Birmingham, Alabama, convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murders of four girls in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church. 2003 – Roy Moore, Alabama’s chief justice, was suspended for his refusal to obey a federal court order to remove his Ten Commandments monument from his courthouse. 2003 – In southern California members of the Earth Liberation Front struck four car dealerships. Damage at a Chevrolet dealership in West Covina was over $1 million. 2006 – Paramount Pictures severed ties to Tom Cruise after 14 years, citing unacceptable conduct. 2007 – The Texas Rangers became the first team in 110 years to score 30 runs in a game, setting an American League record in a 30-3 rout of the Baltimore Orioles in the first game of a doubleheader. 2007 – The Storm botnet, a botnet created by the Storm Worm, sends out a record 57 million e-mails in one day. 2007 – It was reported that some US lawyers in New York City had crossed the $1,000 per hour billing mark. 2007 – The death toll across the Upper Midwest and from the remnants of Tropical Storm Erin that swept Texas, Oklahoma and Missouri over the past week rose to at least twenty-six. Three people were electrocuted by lightning at a bus stop in Madison, Wis. 2008 – (Florida state officials said seven people have been killed over the five days that Tropical Storm Fay has been pounding the state with torrential rain and powerful winds. 2008 – The Late-May 2008 tornado outbreak sequence unleashes 235 tornadoes, including an EF4 and an EF5 tornado, between May 22 and May 31, 2008. The tornadoes strike 19 states and one Canadian province. 2009 – The Credit CARD Act of 2009 was signed into law by President Barack Obama. 2010 – Hundreds of people rally in opposition to an Islamic cultural centre proposed for New York City near “Ground Zero”. Opponents to the building play Bruce Springsteen’s “ Born in the U.S.A. ” over loudspeakers very loudly. 2010 – After a federal investigation, forty-seven foreign-born gang members are arrested in New England, including members of the “True Somali Bloods”, “True Sudanese Bloods” and the “Asian Boyz”. Over half are arrested in Maine. 2011 – An EF5 tornado strikes Joplin, Missouri, killing 162 people and wreaking $2.8 billion worth in damage—the costliest and seventh-deadliest single tornado in U.S. history. 2011 – Jerry Leiber, the American lyricist of the Leiber and Stoller duo that wrote many of the most popular songs in the early years of rock and roll, dies at the age of 78 in Los Angeles. 2012 – A state of emergency is declared in California over wildfires threatening hundreds of buildings. 2013 – Bob Filner, the Mayor of San Diego, California, has tentatively agreed to resign from office, pending the successful completion of a deal with city officials. He was sentenced to 90 days in home confinement, three years’ probation, and a series of fines totaling about $1,500 for assaulting three women while in office. 2013 – As of today, the number of U.S. service members and Defense Department civilians killed in Afghanistan was reported at 2,129 and 3 respectively. 2013 – At least 50 are injured in bus crash in Monterey Park, California. 1834 – Samuel Pierpont Langley, American astronomer, physicist, aeronautics pioneer. 1880 – George Herriman, American cartoonist. 1893 – Dorothy Parker (Rothschild), American author, columnist. 1920 – Ray Bradbury, American science fiction writer. 1934 – Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. general CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Master-at-Arms, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Shokokon at New Topsail Inlet off Wilmington, N.C., August 22nd, 1863. Born: 1835, Pennsylvania. Accredited to: Pennsylvania. G.O. No.: 45, 31 December 1864. Citation: Served participating in a strategic plan to destroy an enemy schooner, Clifford aided in the portage of a dinghy across the narrow neck of land separating the sea from the sound. Launching the boat in the sound, the crew approached the enemy from the rear and Clifford gallantly crept into the rebel camp and counted the men who outnumbered his party three to one. Returning to his men, he ordered a charge in which the enemy was routed, leaving behind a schooner and a quantity of supplies. Posted by Wayne Church on August 21, 2016 in 08 - August , Blog by month \| ∞ Senior Citizens Day Poets Day Poetry Poetry is the art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken that uses a wide range of tools to form imaginative or elevated thoughts. It is a literary work usually in metric form. It is designed for people who are literate to write and speak in an effort to bring other people to literacy. In this definition literacy means the ability to read for knowledge, write coherently and think critically about printed material. It is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response. There are millions and millions of poems that have been written since the earliest times. The earliest poetry is probably dating back to the Sumerian “ Epic of Gilgamesh ”. The story revolves around a relationship between Gilgamesh and his close male companion, Enkidu . Enkidu is a wild man created by the gods as Gilgamesh’s equal to distract him from oppressing the citizens of Uruk. Together they undertake dangerous quests that incur the displeasure of the gods. First, they journey to the Cedar Mountain to defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian. Later they kill the Bull of Heaven that the goddess Ishtar has sent to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. The latter part of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh’s distressed reaction to Enkidu’s death, which takes the form of a quest for immortality. Gilgamesh attempts to learn the secret of eternal life by undertaking a long and perilous journey to meet the immortal flood hero, Utnapishtim . Ultimately the words addressed to Gilgamesh in the midst of his quest foreshadow the end result: “The life that you are seeking you will never find. When the gods created man they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping.” Finally, Gilagmesh is rewarded for his achievements and for re-introducing the cultic religion of the people. Poetry has evolved from folk songs and from the need to convey long stories to various people groups. The idea behind poetry actually goes to how the brain functions best. The number three has tremendous effect on human memory and that was and is the goal, to try to remember these stories. Poems are written in metre to make them more memorable. It becomes easier to remember and easier to convey the stories. People who read poetry tend to develop an attachment to one of more particular ones. Several of my favorites come from a Canadian poet by the name of Robert Service. He lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He is best known for his poems “ The Shooting of Dan McGrew ” and “ The Cremation of Sam McGee “, from his first book, “ Songs of a Sourdough .” This book has sold more than three million copies, making it the most commercially successful book of poetry of the 20th century. These two poems are hyper-linked here for your enjoyment. The use of songs helps to convey not only the words of the message but the emotions as well. “ Daddy’s Poem ” is a recent one that speaks to the emotions of a wife and mother and her little girl who lost her dad in Iraq. Another example of the use of song and poetry is a song from the sixties. How many can remember any race car crash over the past fifty years unless you were personally involved. How many can remember this one, a story, a poem set to music, “Tell Laura I Love Her.” Music (You Tube)(You Tube), Lyrics . Finally, for this article, is the poem by Rudyard Kipling that helps its readers to get over some very hard times. It is written to his son but I believe that this poem could speak to daughters as well, Read the poem “ If “. For more information: Titus 1 King James Version (KJV) 1 Paul, a servant of God, and an apostle of Jesus Christ, according to the faith of God’s elect, and the acknowledging of the truth which is after godliness; 2 In hope of eternal life, which God, that cannot lie, promised before the world began; 3 But hath in due times manifested his word through preaching, which is committed unto me according to the commandment of God our Saviour; 4 To Titus, mine own son after the common faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Saviour. 5 For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee: 6 If any be blameless, the husband of one wife, having faithful children not accused of riot or unruly. 7 For a bishop must be blameless, as the steward of God; not selfwilled, not soon angry, not given to wine, no striker, not given to filthy lucre; 8 But a lover of hospitality, a lover of good men, sober, just, holy, temperate; 9 Holding fast the faithful word as he hath been taught, that he may be able by sound doctrine both to exhort and to convince the gainsayers. Domestic slave ry is repugnant to the principles of Christianity… It is rebellion against the authority of a common Father. It is a practical denial of the extent and efficacy of the death of a common Savior. It is an usurpation of the prerogative of the great Sovereign of the universe who has solemnly claimed an exclusive property in the souls of men. Benjamin Rush “Life is ten percent what happens to you and ninety percent how you respond to it.” ~ Lou Holtz chary CHAIR-ee, adjective: 1. Wary; cautious. 2.Not giving or expending freely; sparing. 1525 – Estavao Gomes returned to Portugal after failing to find a clear waterway to Asia. 1680 – Pueblo Indians took possession of Santa Fe from the Spanish. 1770 – James Cook formally claims eastern Australia for Great Britain, naming it New South Wales. 1800 – U.S. Marine Corps Band gave its first concert in Washington, D.C. (Star Spangled Banner) (Pass In Review) (Trio – National Emblem) 1814 – Marines defended Washington, DC, at Bladensburg, Maryland, against the British. 1831 – Nat Turner launched a bloody slave insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia, hoping to lead his people out of slavery. This history has become a reference point for justification or rationalization of the Civil War. He was later executed. 1841 – John Hampson of New Orleans patents venetian blinds. 1858 – The famous debates, mainly about slavery, between Senatorial contenders Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas began. The debates were held at seven sites throughout Illinois. 1861 – Civil War: U.S. Marines commanded by Major Reynolds took part in the First Battle of Bull Run: 9 Marines killed, 19 wounded, 16 missing in action. 1862 – Civil War: Fractional currency, alternately known as postage currency.The new 5, 10, 25, and 50-cent notes hit the streets on this day. 1863 – One hundred eighty-two men in the abolitionist town of Lawrence, KS are murdered in a raid by Southern partisans. It was one of the worst acts of violence to be perpetrated during the war. 1864 – Civil War: Confederate General A.P. Hill attacked Union troops south of Petersburg, Va., at the Weldon railroad. His attack was repulsed, resulting in heavy Confederate casualties. 1878 – The American Bar Association was formed by a group of lawyers, judges and law professors in Saratoga, NY. 1883 – First installation of electric lights in a US Navy warship. They were installed on the USS Trenton. 1887 – Mighty (Dan) Casey Struck-out in a game with the NY Giants. 1888 – The first successful adding machine in the United States was patented by William Seward Burroughs. 1901 – The Cadillac Motor Company was formed in Detroit, Michigan, named after the French explorer, Antoine Cadillac. 1901 – Joe McGinnity, suspended from the National League for punching & spitting on an ump. 1911 – Leonardo da Vinci’s painting, the “Mona Lisa,” was stolen from the Louvre in Paris; it was recovered two years later. 1912 – Arthur R. Eldred of Oceanside, New York, achieved the rank of Eagle Scout, the highest rank in the Boy Scouts of America — the first to earn the award. Thirty-one Eagle Scouts went on to become Astronauts and one, Gerald Ford, went on to be President of the United States. 1920 – Radio station built by U.S. Navy and French Government transmits first wireless message heard around the world. At time it was the most powerful radio station in the world. 1922 – Curly Lambeau and Green Bay Football Club were granted an NFL franchise. 1923 – In Kalamazoo, Michigan, an ordinance was passed forbidding dancers from gazing into the eyes of their partner. 1931 – Babe Ruth hits his 600th HR (Yanks beat Browns 11-7). 1933 – Ruth’s homer leads AL to a 4-2 win in first All Star Game. 1938 – Fats Waller’s most famous song, “ Ain’t Misbehavin ‘” was “waxed”. It was written in 1929 and gained popular recognition in the 1943 movie by the name of “ Stormy Weather .” 1942 – World War II: On Guadalcanal, Japanese Colonel Ichiki’s force of 1000 men attack the American positions across the Tenaru River. The American force destroys the Japanese force. 1943 – Harriet M. West was the first Black woman major in the Women’s Army Corps (WAC). 1943 – World War II: Japan evacuated the Aleutian island of Kiaska. Kiaska had been the last North American foothold held by the Japanese. 1945 – President Harry Truman ended the Lend-Lease program that had shipped some $50 billion in aid to America’s allies during World War II. 1948 – CHART TOPPERS – “ A Tree in the Meadow ” by Margaret Whiting, “ My Happiness ” by Jon & Sandra Steele, “ It’s Magic ” by Doris Day and “ Bouquet of Roses ” by Eddy Arnold all topped the charts. 1950 – The United Nations moved into its new permanent facilities in New York City. 1951 – First contract for nuclear-powered submarine awarded. 1954 – “ Sh-Boom ” by the Crew-Cuts topped the charts. 1956 – CHART TOPPERS – “ My Prayer ” by The Platters, “ Hound Dog/Don’t Be Cruel ” by Elvis Presley, “ Canadian Sunset ” by Hugo Winterhalter & Eddie Haywood and “ I Walk the Line ” by Johnny Cash all topped the charts. 1959 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order proclaiming Hawaii the 50th state of the Union. 1963 – In South Vietnam, martial law was declared. Army troops and police began to crackdown on the Buddhist anti-government protesters. 1964 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Everybody Loves Somebody ” by Dean Martin, “ Where Did Our Love Go ” by The Supremes, “ Rag Doll ” by The Four Seasons and “ Dang Me ” by Roger Miller all topped the charts. 1965 – Launch of Gemini 5, piloted by LCDR Charles Conrad Jr., USN, who completed 120 orbits in almost 8 days at an altitude of 217 miles. Recovery was by helicopter from USS Lake Champlain (CVS-39). 1965 – “I Got You Babe” by Sonny & Cher topped the charts. 1968 – James Anderson, Jr. posthumously receives the first Medal of Honor to be awarded to an African-American U.S. Marine. (See February 27, 1968 for citation) 1971 – Laura Baugh, at the age of 16, won the United State’s Women’s Amateur Golf tournament. She was the youngest winner in the history of the tournament. 1971- “ How Can You Mend a Broken Heart? ” by the Bee Gees topped the charts. 1971 – Three prisoners, George Jackson (29), Ronald Kane (28), John Lynn (29), and 3 guards, Jere Graham (39), Frank DeLeon (44) and Paul Krasenes (52), were killed during an attempted prison escape at San Quentin, California. 1972 – CHART TOPPERS – “Alone Again (Naturally)” by Gilbert O’Sullivan, “ Brandy (You’re a Fine Girl) ” by Looking Glass, “ Long Cool Woman (In a Black Dress) ” by The Hollies and “ Bless Your Heart ” by Freddie Hart & The Heartbeats all topped the charts. 1972 – US orbiting astronomy observatory Copernicus was launched. 1972 – Apollo 16 astronauts John Young and Charles Duke explored the surface of the moon with Boeing Lunar Rover #2. 1975 – Kathleen Ann Soliah (later known as Sarah Jane Olson) and other members of the Symbionese Liberation Army placed two pipe bombs under parked police cars at an Int’l. House of Pancakes on Sunset Blvd in Los Angeles. 1975 – Rick & Paul Reuschel become first brothers to pitch a combined shut out. The final Cubs over the Dodgers 7-0. 1976 – It was announced by RCA Victor records that the sales of Elvis Presley records passed the 400 million mark. 1976 – “ Don’t Go Breaking My Heart ” by Elton John & Kiki Dee topped the charts. 1977 – Donna Patterson Brice sets high speed water skiing record (111.11 mph). 1980 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Magic ” by Olivia Newton-John, “ Sailing ” by Christopher 1982 – “ Eye of the Tiger ” by Survivor topped the charts. 1984 – Victoria Roche, a reserve outfielder, became the first girl to ever compete in a Little League World Series game. She played for the team that represented Belgium. The game is played in McKeesport, PA. 1984 – Clint Eastwood was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 1987 – A U.S. Marine was convicted for spying for the first time. Sergeant Clayton Lonetree was giving secrets to the KGB while working as a guard at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. He served eight years in a military prison. He was released in February 1996. 1988 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Roll with It ” by Steve Winwood, “ Monkey ” by George Michael, “ 1-2-3 ” by Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine and “ Bluest Eyes in Texas ” by Restless Heart all topped the charts. 1989 – Voyager 2 got close to the Neptune moon called Tritan. 1992 – Randall Weaver, a neo-Nazi leader, opened fire on U.S. marshals from his home in Idaho. Weaver surrendered eleven days later ending the standoff. During the standoff a deputy marshal, Weaver’s wife and his son were killed. 1993 – NASA lost contact with the Mars Observer spacecraft. The fate of the spacecraft was unknown. The mission cost $980 million. 1994 – The US House, by a vote of 235-195, passed a $30 billion crime bill that banned certain assault-style firearms. 1996 – The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPPA) was signed by President Clinton. The act made it easier to obtain and keep health insurance. 1997 – Hudson Foods Inc. closed a plant in Nebraska after it had recalled 25 million pounds of ground beef that was potentially contaminated with E. coli 01557:H7. It was the largest food recall in U.S. history. 1997 – The CEO of Philip Morris Cos. said that cigarettes “might have” killed 100,000 Americans. It was the first acknowledgement by the company of a possible link between smoking and death. 1998- Samuel Bowers, a 73-year-old former Ku Klux Klan leader, was convicted in Hattiesburg, MS, of ordering a firebombing that killed civil rights activist Vernon Dahmer in 1966. Bowers died in prison in November 2006 at age 82. 2001 – Robert Tools, the first person to receive a self-contained artificial heart (Jul 2), was introduced to the public at Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Ky. 2001 – It was reported that nuclear waste researchers had developed a process, pyroprocessing, to remove long term radioactive elements from waste and transmute them to less radioactive elements. 2001 – Robert Tools, the first person to receive a self-contained artificial heart (Jul 2), was introduced to the public at Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Ky., through a video link from his doctor’s office. (See also 11/30/2001) 2002 – President Bush told reporters at his Texas ranch that ousting Iraq’s Saddam Hussein was “in the interests of the world” but indicated the United States was in no hurry. 2002 – A jury in San Diego convicted David Westerfield of kidnapping 7-year-old Danielle van Dam from her home and killing her. Westerfield was later sentenced to death. 2002 – Weldon Spring, Missouri, was reported open to the public as tourist attraction. The radioactive site opened after a $1 billion, 16-year cleanup. 2002 – Michael Kopper, former Enron financial executive, pleaded guilty to charges related to wire fraud and money laundering. He admitted to large kickbacks to the CFO, Andrew Fastow, and agreed to return $12 million. 2003 – Paul Hamm put together a near-perfect routine on the high bar to become the first American man to win the all-around gold medal at the World Gymnastics Championship. 2003 – The US military reported that Ali Hassan al-Majid (“Chemical Ali”), No. 5 on the list of most-wanted Iraqis, had been captured. 2003 – Alabama’s top judge, Chief Justice Roy Moore, refused to back down in his fight to keep a Ten Commandments monument and lashed out at his colleagues who ordered it removed from the rotunda of the state judicial building. 2004 – In Ohio health officials said cases of gastrointestinal illness had risen to 510 from people in the Put-in-Bay resort area. 2005 – US federal authorities indicted eighty-seven Asians and US citizens on charges of smuggling counterfeit money, drugs and cigarettes into the US. 2005 – Harvard scientists said they have fused an adult skin cell with an embryonic stem cell in a potentially dramatic development that could lead to the creation of useful stem cells without first having to create and destroy human embryos. 2006 – California’s Gov. Schwarzenegger and Democratic lawmakers agreed to raise California’s minimum wage by $1.25 over the next year to $8.00 per hour, making it the highest minimum wage in the nation. 2007 – A research firm said US foreclosure filings rose 9 percent from June to July and surged 93 percent over the same period last year, with Nevada, Georgia and Michigan accounting for the highest foreclosure rates nationwide. 2007 – The US shuttle Endeavour landed in Florida following a 13-day assembly mission on the International Space Station. 2008 – The Food and Drug Administration approves irradiation of lettuce and spinach to kill E. coli and other dangerous germs. 2008 – Intel showed off a wireless electric power system at the California firm’s annual developers forum in San Francisco. Analysts said it could revolutionize modern life by freeing devices from transformers and wall outlets. 2008 – One student is killed in a shooting at Central High School in Knoxville, Tennessee. 2009 – William Calley, the former Army lieutenant convicted on 22 counts of murder in the infamous My Lai Massacre in Vietnam, publicly apologized for the first time this week while speaking in Columbus. 2009 – Guaranty Bank became the second-largest US bank to fail this year after the Texas lender was shut down by regulators and most of its operations sold at a loss of billions of dollars 2010 -In Alaska a float-plane carrying four people went missing 285 miles southwest of Anchorage. The passengers included three Katmai National Park rangers. 2010 – It was reported that the cost of sustaining each American soldier in Afghanistan is about $1 million. 2011 – President Barack Obama called on Muammar Gaddafi to “relinquish power once and for all.” 2012 – Congressman Todd Akin who is also a candidate for the US Senate, vows to continue as the US-wide fall-out over his rape, pregnancy and anti-abortion comments rages on. 2013 – “A man is not dead until he is forgotten. Let us not forget.” Delbert “Shorty” Belton, a survivor of the WWII Battle of Okinawa was murdered by two black teens in a random attack at the Eagles Lodge in Spokane, WA . He was 89 years old. 2015 – First Female Army Rangers Make History : Capt. Kristen Griest and 1st Lt. Shaye Haver make history by becoming the first two women to graduate from the Army Ranger School, along with 94 other students. They graduate in the first year that the Army has opened the course to women. 2017 – Next total solar eclipse to be visible from North America. 1904 – (William) Count Basie, American bandleader, composer. 1920 – Christopher Robin Milne, inspiration for the Winnie-the-Pooh stories (d. 1996) 1923 – “Chris” Schenkel. American sportscaster 1936 – Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball Hall-of-Famer. 1938 – Kenny Rogers, American singer and actor 1959 – Jim McMahon, American football player 1973 – Sergey Brin, Co-founder of Google. 1984 – Melissa Schuman, American actress Posthumously Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company C, 1st Battalion, (Mechanized), 5th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Ben Cui, Republic of Vietnam, August 21st, 1968. Entered service at: Odessa, Tex. Born: 11 May 1947, Alpine, Tex. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. S/Sgt. Young distinguished himself at the cost of his life while serving as a squad leader with Company C. While conducting a reconnaissance mission in the vicinity of Ben Cui, Company C was suddenly engaged by an estimated regimental-size force of the North Vietnamese Army. During the initial volley of fire the point element of the 1st Platoon was pinned down, sustaining several casualties, and the acting platoon leader was killed. S/Sgt. Young unhesitatingly assumed command of the platoon and immediately began to organize and deploy his men into a defensive position in order to repel the attacking force. As a human wave attack advanced on S/Sgt. Young’s platoon, he moved from position to position, encouraging and directing fire on the hostile insurgents while exposing himself to the hail of enemy bullets. After receiving orders to withdraw to a better defensive position, he remained behind to provide covering fire for the withdrawal. Observing that a small element of the point squad was unable to extract itself from its position, and completely disregarding his personal safety, S/Sgt. Young began moving toward their position, firing as he maneuvered. When halfway to their position he sustained a critical head injury, yet he continued his mission and ordered the element to withdraw. Remaining with the squad as it fought its way to the rear, he was twice seriously wounded in the arm and leg. Although his leg was badly shattered, S/Sgt. Young refused assistance that would have slowed the retreat of his comrades, and he ordered them to continue their withdrawal while he provided protective covering fire. With indomitable courage and heroic self-sacrifice, he continued his self-assigned mission until the enemy force engulfed his position. By his gallantry at the cost of his life are in the highest traditions of the military service, S/Sgt. Young has reflected great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army. SMITH, JOHN LUCIAN WW II Rank and organization: Major, U.S. Marine Corps, Marine Fighter Squadron 223, Place and date: In the Solomon Islands area, August 21st, -September , 1942. Entered service at: Oklahoma. Born: 26 December 1914, Lexington, Okla. Other Navy award: Legion of Merit. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and heroic achievement in aerial combat above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of Marine Fighting Squadron 223 during operations against enemy Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands area, August-September 1942. Repeatedly risking his life in aggressive and daring attacks, Maj. Smith led his squadron against a determined force, greatly superior in numbers, personally shooting down sixteen Japanese planes between 21 August and 15 September 1942. In spite of the limited combat experience of many of the pilots of this squadron, they achieved the notable record of a total of eighty-three enemy aircraft destroyed in this period, mainly attributable to the thorough training under Maj. Smith and to his intrepid and inspiring leadership. His bold tactics and indomitable fighting spirit, and the valiant and zealous fortitude of the men of his command not only rendered the enemy’s attacks ineffective and costly to Japan, but contributed to the security of our advance base. His loyal and courageous devotion to duty sustains and enhances the finest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. HAMMANN, CHARLES HAZELTINE WW I Rank and organization: Ensign, U.S. Naval Reserve Fleet. Born: 16 March 1892, Baltimore, Md. Appointed from: Maryland. Citation: For extraordinary heroism as a pilot of a seaplane on August 21st, 1918, when with three other planes Ens. Hammann took part in a patrol and attacked a superior force of enemy land planes. In the course of the engagement which followed the plane of Ens. George M. Ludlow was shot down and fell in the water five miles off Pola. Ens. Hammann immediately dived down and landed on the water close alongside the disabled machine, where he took Ludlow on board. Although his machine was not designed for the double load to which it was subjected, and although there was danger of attack by Austrian planes, he made his way to Porto Corsini. Italy. HARRINGTON, DAVID INTERIM 1871-1898 Rank and organization: First Class Fireman, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa August 21st, 1884 Born: 1856, Washington, D.C. Accredited to: Washington, D.C. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: Served on board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa at the time of the sinking of that vessel, on the night of 21 August 1884. Remaining at his post of duty in the fireroom until the fires were put out by the rising waters, Harrington opened the safety valves when the water was up to his waist. MAGEE, JOHN W. INTERIM 1871-1898 Rank and organization: Second Class Fireman, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa August 21st, 1884 Born: 1859, Maryland. Accredited to: Maryland. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: Serving on board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa during the sinking of that vessel on the night of 21 August 1884. During this period, Magee remained at his post of duty in the fireroom until the fires were put out by the rising waters. OHMSEN, AUGUST INTERIM 1871-1898 Rank and organization: Master-at-Arms, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa August 21st, 1884 Born: 1853, Germany. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: On board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa at the time of the sinking of that vessel, on the night of 21 August 1884. Clearing the berth deck, Ohmsen remained there until the water was waist deep, wading about with outstretched arms, rousing the men out of their hammocks. Then, going on deck, he assisted in lowering the first cutter and then the dinghy, of which he took charge. OSBORNE, JOHN INTERIM 1871-1898 Rank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Juniata at Philadelphia, Pa., August 21st, 1876. Born: 1844, New Orleans, La. Accredited to: Louisiana. G.O. No.: 218, 24 August 1876. Citation: Serving on board the U.S.S. Juniata, Osborne displayed gallant conduct in rescuing from drowning an enlisted boy of that vessel. ANDERSON, FREDERICK C. CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company A, 18th Massachusetts Infantry. Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 21st, 1864. Entered service at:——Birth: Boston, Mass. Date of issue: 6 September 1864. Citation: Capture of battle flag of 27th South Carolina (C.S.A.) and the color bearer. ELLIS, HORACE CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company A, 7th Wisconsin Infantry (Iron Brigade). Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 21st, 1864. Entered service at: Chippewa Falls, Wis. Birth: Mercer County, Pa. Date of issue: December 1864. Citation: Capture of flag of 16th Mississippi (C.S.A.). REED, GEORGE W. CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company E, 11th Pennsylvania Infantry. Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 21st, 1864. Entered service at: Johnstown, Pa. Birth: Cambria County, Pa. Dale of issue: 6 September 1864. Citation: Capture of flag of 24th North Carolina Volunteers (C.S.A.). SHILLING, JOHN CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: First Sergeant, Company H, 3d Delaware Infantry. Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., 21 August 1864. Entered service at: Felton, Del. Born: 15 February 1832, England. Date of issue: 6 September 1864. Citation: Capture of flag. SMITH, RICHARD CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company B, 95th New York Infantry. Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 21st, 1864. Entered service at: Harverstraw, Rockland County, N.Y. Birth: Harverstraw, Rockland County, N.Y. Date of issue: 13 March 1865. Citation: Captured two officers and twenty men of Hagood’s brigade while they were endeavoring to make their way back through the woods. Share this: Tech Support Humor Dear Tech Support: Last year I upgraded from Girlfriend 7.0 to Wife 1.0. I soon noticed that the new program began unexpected child processing that took up a lot of space and valuable resources. In addition, Wife 1.0 installed itself into all other programs and now monitors all other system activity. Applications such as Poker Night 10.3, Football 5.0, Hunting and Fishing 7.5, and Golfing 3.6. I can’t seem to keep Wife 1.0 in the background while attempting to run my favorite applications. I’m thinking about going back to Girlfriend 7.0 , but the uninstall doesn’t work on Wife 1.0 . Please help! Thanks, Troubled User….. Dear Troubled User: This is a very common problem that men complain about. Many people upgrade from Girlfriend 7.0 to Wife 1.0, thinking that it is just a Utilities and Entertainment program. Wife 1.0 is an OPERATING SYSTEM and is designed by its Creator to run EVERYTHING !!! It is also impossible to delete Wife 1.0 and to return to Girlfriend 7.0 . It is impossible to uninstall, or purge the program files from the system once installed. You cannot go back to Girlfriend 7.0 because Wife 1.0 is designed to not allow this. Look in your Wife 1.0 manual under Warnings-Alimony/Child Support. I recommend that you keep Wife 1.0 and work on improving the situation. I suggest installing the background application “Yes Dear” to alleviate software augmentation. The best course of action is to enter the command C:APOLOGIZE! because ultimately you will have to give the APOLOGIZE command before the system will return to normal anyway. Wife 1.0 is a great program, but it tends to be very high maintenance. Wife 1.0 comes with several support programs, such as Clean and Sweep 3.0, Cook It 1.5 and Do Bills 4.2. However, be very careful how you use these programs. Improper use will cause the system to launch the program Nag Nag 9.5. Once this happens, the only way to improve the performance of Wife 1.0 is to purchase additional software. I recommend Flowers 2.1 and Diamonds 5.0! WARNING!!! DO NOT, under any circumstances, install Secretary With Short Skirt 3.3. This application is not supported by Wife 1.0 and will cause irreversible damage to the operating system! Best of luck, 2 Timothy 4:1-4 King James Version (KJV) 4 I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom; 2 Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all long suffering and doctrine. 3 For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears; 4 And they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables. A judiciary independent of a king or executive alone, is a good thing; but independence of the will of the nation is a solecism, at least in a republican government. Thomas Jefferson “Change. It has the power to uplift, to heal, to stimulate, surprise, open new doors, bring fresh experience and create excitement in life. Certainly it is worth the risk.” ~ Leo Buscaglia adumbrate AD-uhm-brayt; uh-DUHM-, transitive verb: 1. To give a sketchy or slight representation of; to outline. 2. To foreshadow in a vague way. 3. To suggest, indicate, or disclose partially. 4. To cast a shadow over; to shade; to obscure. 1494 – Columbus returned to Hispaniola. He had confirmed that Jamaica was an island and failed to find a mainland. 1619 – The first African slaves arrived to North America aboard a Dutch privateer. It docked in Jamestown, Virginia, with twenty human captives among its cargo. 1667 – John Milton published “Paradise Lost,” an epic poem about the fall of Adam and Eve. 1741 – Danish navigator Vitus Jonas Bering, commissioned by Peter the Great of Russia to find land connecting Asia and North America, discovered Alaska. His name still graces the Bering Sea and the Bering Strait. 1775 – The Spanish establish a presidio (fort) in the town that became Tucson, Arizona. 1781 – George Washington began to move his troops south to fight Cornwallis. 1794 – Battle of Fallen Timbers – American troops force a confederacy of Shawnee, Mingo, Delaware, Wyandot, Miami, Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi warriors into a disorganized retreat. American General “Mad Anthony” Wayne led the fight. 1804 – Charles Floyd died, the only fatality of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. In 1901 a memorial was erected at his gravesite in Sioux City, Iowa. 1847 – General Winfield Scott won the battle of Churubusco on his drive to Mexico City. 1852 – The steamer “Atlantic” collided on Lake Erie with the fishing boat “Ogdensburg”, and sank. An estimated 150-250 people were drowned. 1858 – Charles Darwin first publishes his theory of evolution in The Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, alongside Alfred Russel Wallace’s same theory. 1862 – Horace Greeley’s “The Prayer of Twenty Millions” was published. 1864 – Civil War: The eighth and last day of battle at Deep Bottom Run, Va., left about 3900 casualties. 1865 – President Andrew Johnson proclaimed an end to the “insurrection” in Texas. 1866 – President Andrew Johnson formally declared the Civil War over, even though the fighting had stopped months earlier. 1866 – The newly organized National Labor Union called on the U.S. Congress to mandate an eight-hour workday. 1882 – Tchaikovsky’s “ 1812 Overture ” debuted in Moscow. 1885 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s “The Mikado” opened at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City. 1896 – Dial telephone patented. The Strowger patent ( No. 447,918) of 1891 and subsequent patents pertaining to the Strowger system were the most successful. 1908 – The American Great White Fleet arrived in Sydney, Australia, to a warm welcome. 1910 – The first shot fired from an airplane was during a test flight over Brooklyn’s Sheepshead Bay. 1910 – The Great Idaho Fire killed 86 people and destroyed some 3 million acres of timber in Idaho and Montana. 1912 – William Booth, English minister and founder of the Salvation Army died. 1912 – The US Plant Quarantine Act went into effect. 1914 – World War I: German forces occupied Brussels, Belgium. 1918 – World War I: The British opened its Western Front offensive. 1920 – The first commercial radio station, 8MK (WWJ), begins operations in Detroit, Michigan. 1920 – A preliminary meeting was held in Akron, Ohio, to form the American Pro Football League. 1920 – The US opened its first coast-to-coast airmail delivery route, just 60 years after the Pony Express closed up shop. By 1924 a line of giant concrete markers stretched from Rock Springs, Wyoming to Cleveland, Ohio. Every ten miles, pilots would pass a 70-foot concrete arrow on the ground which was painted a bright yellow. At the center of each arrow there would be a 51-foot steel tower and topped by a million-candlepower rotating beacon.The next summer, it reached all the way to New York and then extended all the way to San Francisco by 1929. 1923 – The first American dirigible, the “Shenandoah,” was launched in Lakehurst, NJ. 1930 – Philo Farnsworth patented a television. In 1927, Philo was the first inventor to transmit a television image comprised of 60 horizontal lines. The image transmitted was a dollar sign. 1934 – Gangster Al Capone and 42 other prisoners traveled in steel barred railroad coaches to Alcatraz after being transferred the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Ga. 1938 – Lou Gehrig hits his 23rd career grand slam–a record that stood until Alex Rodriguez hit 25 career grand slams, the most by any player in Major League Baseball history, passing Lou Gehrig’s 23 on September 20, 2013.. 1939 – Orrin Tucker’s orchestra recorded “Oh, Johnny, Oh, Johnny, Oh!” 1939 – The National Negro Bowling Association was founded in Detroit, MI. The association was started because the other two major organizations had clauses that allowed “Caucasians Only.” Wynston Brown became its first president. 1940 – World War II: Europe: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill paid tribute to the Royal Air Force, saying, “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” 1940 – World War II: Europe: Radar was used for the first time, by the British during the Battle of Britain. 1940 – World War II: Europe: France fell to the Germans during World War II. 1941 – World War II: Holocaust: Police raided the 11th district of Paris and took over 4,000 Jewish males. 1941 – World War II: Europe: Adolf Hitler authorized the development of the V-2 missile. 1942 – World War II: On Guadalcanal, the first aircraft, 31 Marine (MAG-23) fighters from the escort carrier USS Long Island are flown into Henderson Field Air Strip. 1944 – Spingarn Medal presented to Charles R. Drew “who set up and ran the blood plasma bank in the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City which served as one of the models for the widespread system of blood banks now in operation for the American Red Cross.” The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for outstanding achievement by an African-American. 1944 – World War II: The US liberty ship SS Richard Montgomery was wrecked off the Nore in the Thames Estuary, with some 1500 tons of explosives. It is a time-bomb waiting for a terrorist to give Britain its first real tsunami and, maybe, worse. 1945 – The War Production Board removes most of its controls over manufacturing activity. 1945 – Tommy Brown of the Brooklyn Dodgers became the youngest player to hit a home run in a major-league ball game. Brown was 17 years, 8 months and 14 days old. Wonder, I Wonder ” by Eddy Howard, “ Across the Alley from the Alamo ” by The Mills Brothers and “ Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette) ” by Tex Williams all topped the charts. 1949 – “ Some Enchanted Evening ” by Perry Como topped the charts. 1950 – Korean War: General MacArthur repeated his July 4th warning to North Korean leader Kim Il Sung concerning the treatment of prisoners of war as a result of the Hill 303 murder of 36 American soldiers. 1953 – It was announced by the Soviet Union that they had detonated a hydrogen bomb. to Get ” by Gisele MacKenzie, “ The Yellow Rose of Texas ” by Mitch Miller and “ I Don’t Care ” by Webb Pierce all topped the charts. 1955 – Col. Horace A. Hanes, a U.S. Air Force pilot, flew to an altitude of 40,000 feet. He reached a speed of 822.135 miles per hour in a Super Sabrejet. 1955 – Bill Haley & Comets’ “ Rock Around the Clock ” tops “Billboards” chart. 1955 – Bo Diddley made his first appearance at the Apollo Theater in New York City. 1956 – The Republican Convention opened at the Cow Palace in Daly City, Ca. 1956 – The US State Department reaffirmed its ban on travel to China. Wind ” by Peter, Paul & Mary, “ Judy’s Turn to Cry ” by Lesley Gore and “ Ring of Fire ” by Johnny Cash all topped the charts. 1964 – The Economic Opportunity Act, a $1 billion anti-poverty measure, was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. 1965 – Rolling Stones release “ Satisfaction ” (their first #1 US hit). 1966 – Vietnam: Operation “Allegheny” in Quang Nam, RVN. (Concluded 29 August). 1966 – “ Summer in the City ” by Lovin’ Spoonful topped the charts. 1966 – The Beatles were pelted with rotten fruit during a Memphis concert. 1969 – Andy Williams received a gold record for the album “ Happy Heart .” 1969 – Arlo Guthrie released “ Alice’s Restaurant . ” (22:31) This is a Thanksgiving Big Stuff ” by Jean Knight, “ Take Me Home, Country Roads ” by John Denver and “ I’m Just Me ” by Charley Pride all topped the charts. 1971 – FBI begins covert investigation of journalist Daniel Schorr. It was later discovered that Schorr had been added to Nixon’s “enemies list” and as a result was investigated by the FBI. 1971 – Vietnam: Heavy rains flooded the Red River delta and some 100,000 people were killed. 1974 – Nolan Ryan pitch measured at record 100.4 mph. 1975 – Viking 1, an unmanned U.S. planetary probe, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a mission to Mars. It reached Mars in the summer of 1976. 1977 – The U.S. Voyager I spacecraft was launched on its journey via Jupiter and Saturn to become the first artificial object to leave the solar system. 1977 – “ Best of My Love ” by the Emotions topped the charts. 1977 – The United States launched Voyager 2, an unmanned spacecraft carrying a 12-inch copper phonograph record containing greetings in dozens of languages, samples of music and sounds of nature. 1979 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Good Times ” by Chic, “ My Sharona ” by The Knack, “ The Main Event/Fight ” by Barbra Streisand and “ Coca Cola Cowboy ” by Mel Tillis all topped the charts. 1979 – Swimmer Diana Nyad succeeded in her third attempt at swimming from the Bahamas to Florida. 1979 – Bob Dylan proclaimed his new born-again Christianity with his album “ Slow Train Coming. ” 1980 – UN Security Council condemned (14-0, US abstains) Israeli declaration that all of Jerusalem is it’s capital. 1983 – “ Every Breath You Take ” by The Police topped the charts. 1985 – The original Xerox 914 copier was presented to the Smithsonian Institute’s Museum of American History. Chester Carlson was the man who invented the machine. 1986 – Patrick Henry Sherril, postal employee, killed 14 co-workers in a shooting spree at the post office in Edmond, OK. This incident is credited with inspiring the American phrase “going postal”. That Girl” by Madonna, “ Luka ” by Suzanne Vega and“ A Long Line of Love ” by Michael Martin Murphey all topped the charts. 1988 – “ Roll with It ” by Steve Winwood topped the charts. 1988 – “Black Saturday” of the Yellowstone fire in Yellowstone National Park. The normal fire season was in progress when a cold front passed through during the morning hours. Winds increased to and sustained themselves at 30 to 40 miles per hour with gusts as high as 70 miles per hour. The fires exploded into gigantic firestorms that sent flames as high as 200 feet into the air. 1989 – Jose and Kitty Menendez were shot to death by their sons Lyle and Erik. The first trials ended in hung juries. 1990 – For the first time since Iraq began detaining foreigners, President Bush publicly referred to the detainees as hostages, and demanded their release. Iraq moved Western hostages to military installations (human shields). 1990 – Three former Northwest Airlines pilots were convicted in Minneapolis of flying while intoxicated. 1990 – George Steinbrenner stepped down as NY Yankee owner. 1992 – The Republican National Convention in Houston renominated President Bush and Vice President Quayle. 1993 – Conjoined twins Angela and Amy Lakeberg were separated at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in an operation that scarified Amy, since the sisters shared a common heart and liver tissue. Angela died in June 1994. 1994 – President Clinton slapped new sanctions on Cuba that included prohibiting payments by Cuban-Americans to their relatives in Cuba. 1995 – The remnants of an American peace delegation headed home from Bosnia-Herzegovina with the bodies of three diplomats killed in an accident. 1996 – Pres. Clinton signed the federal minimum wage bill for an increase of .90 cents per hour in two steps to $5.15 per hour over 13 months. It was the first minimum-wage increase in five years. The bill included a $5,000 tax credit for the cost of adopting a child. He also signed a new retirement savings program for small-business workers. 1997 – United Parcel Service drivers put away picket signs, put on their uniforms and began to sluggishly recover from its costly strike. 1998 – It was reported that a $1 million reward was given by the Justice Dept. to David Kaczynski for providing information that led to the arrest of his brother Theodore, the Unabomber. 1998 – U.S. military forces attacked a terrorist camp in Afghanistan and a chemical plant in Sudan. Both targets were chosen for cruise missile strikes due to their connection with Osama bin Laden and to the Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. 1998 – Monica Lewinsky went before a grand jury for a second round of explicit testimony about her White House trysts with President Clinton. 1999 – The Peregrine falcon was removed from the list of endangered species. 2000 – Tiger Woods won the PGA Championship in a playoff over Bob May, becoming the first player since Ben Hogan in 1953 to win three majors in one year. 2003 – The US won the women’s overall team gold medal at the World Gymnastics Championships in Anaheim, Calif.; Romania took the silver medal and Australia, the bronze. 2004 – Democrats labored to deflect attacks on John Kerry’s war record with fresh television ads touting his fitness for national command. 2005 – Northwest Airlines mechanics went on strike rather than accept pay cuts and layoffs; Northwest hired replacement workers. 2005 – With a deafening boom, the ashes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson were blown into the sky above Woody Creek, CO. 2006 – Joe Rosenthal (94), former Associated Press photographer, who had taken the iconic Iwo Jima flag-raising picture (2/23/1945) during World War II, died in Novato, Calif. 2007 – The thirteenth and final victim is recovered from the site of the I-35W Mississippi River Bridge Collapse. Divers discovered the body of Gregory Jolstad, a 45-year-old construction worker who was part of the crew resurfacing the Interstate 35W bridge when it fell Aug. 1 during the evening rush hour. 2007 – The lawyer for Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick said Vick will plead guilty to federal dogfighting conspiracy charges. 2008 – In Alabama five men were found killed, execution style in Shelby County. The killings were soon identified as a retaliation hit over drug money with ties to Mexico’s notorious Gulf Cartel. 2009 – In Colorado a Black Hawk helicopter crashed during training on Mount Massive, the state’s second highest mountain. Four soldiers were killed in the crash. 2010 – US regulators shut down eight more banks including four in California, one in Chicago, one in Virginia and two in Florida. This brought the total number of failed US banks to 118 for the year thus far. 2010 – J. D. Salinger’s toilet is put on sale on eBay for $1 million. 2010 – A study links the risk of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to pesticide exposure before birth. 2011 – Striking Verizon Communications workers will return to work from a strike on the night of Monday, August 22, 2011, even without a formal contract. 2012 – American comedienne Phyllis Diller dies at the age of 95. 2013 – Six gunshots are fired from an AK-47 at an elementary school in Decatur, Georgia, U.S. No one was injured, and premises were evacuated. Suspected gunman, a 20-year-old man arrested. 2015 – Former Subway pitchman Jared Fogle reaches a plea deal with U.S. federal prosecutors in Indianapolis. Fogle will plead guilty to possessing and distributing child pornography and traveling across state lines to have sex with at least two teenage girls. 2015 – The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reports that July was the hottest month globally since record keeping began in 1880. Global temperatures were 1.46°F warmer than the 20th-century. 2016 – During a stabbing, 20-year-old Wasil Farooqui, allegedly injured a man and woman at an apartment complex in Roanoke, VA, yelling “Allah Akbar” as he attacked them with a knife. Authorities believe he may have been trying to behead the male victim, who was likely picked at random. 1833 – Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President of the United States of America (1889-1893). 1881 – Edgar Guest, English-born American poet (d. 1959) 1907 – Alan Reed, original voice of Fred Flintstone. (d. 1977) 1920 – Jacqueline Susann, author (Valley of the Dolls), was born in Phila., Pa. 1931 – Donald King, American promoter of boxing. 1935 – Ron Paul, US Congressman, 1988 and 2008 presidential candidate 1942 – Isaac Hayes, American singer, songwriter, and actor 1946 – Connie Chung (Yu-Hwa) journalist: CBS Evening News, was born in Washington, DC. 1954 – Al Roker, American television personality VIETNAM Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company A, 2d Battalion, 27th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division. Place and date: Tay Ninh province, Republic of Vietnam, August 20th, 1968. Entered service at: Holland, Mich. Born: 25 June 1942, Holland, Mich. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. S/Sgt. (then Sgt.) Lambers distinguished himself in action while serving with the 3d platoon, Company A. The unit had established a night defensive position astride a suspected enemy infiltration route, when it was attacked by an estimated Viet Cong battalion. During the initial enemy onslaught, the platoon leader fell seriously wounded and S/Sgt. Lambers assumed command of the platoon. Disregarding the intense enemy fire, S/Sgt. Lambers left his covered position, secured the platoon radio and moved to the command post to direct the defense. When his radio became inoperative due to enemy action, S/Sgt. Lambers crossed the fire swept position to secure the 90mm recoilless rifle crew’s radio in order to re-establish communications. Upon discovering that the 90mm recoilless rifle was not functioning, S/Sgt. Lambers assisted in the repair of the weapon and directed canister fire at point-blank range against the attacking enemy who had breached the defensive wire of the position. When the weapon was knocked out by enemy fire, he single-handedly repulsed a penetration of the position by detonating claymore mines and throwing grenades into the midst of the attackers, killing four more of the Viet Cong with well aimed hand grenades. S/Sgt. Lambers maintained command of the platoon elements by moving from position to position under the hail of enemy fire, providing assistance where the assault was the heaviest and by his outstanding example inspiring his men to the utmost efforts of courage. He displayed great skill and valor throughout the five-hour battle by personally directing artillery and helicopter fire, placing them at times within fivemeters of the defensive position. He repeatedly exposed himself to hostile fire at great risk to his own life in order to redistribute ammunition and to care for seriously wounded comrades and to move them to sheltered positions. S/Sgt. Lambers’ superb leadership, professional skill and magnificent courage saved the lives of his comrades, resulted in the virtual annihilation of a vastly superior enemy force and were largely instrumental in thwarting an enemy offensive against Tay Ninh City. His gallantry at the risk of his life is in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army. WW II Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company E, 359th Infantry, 90th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Chambois, France, August 20th, 1944. Entered service at: Bremerton, Wash. Birth: San Francisco, Calif. G.O. No.: 55, 13 July 1945. Citation: He manned a light machinegun on 20 August 1944, near Chambois, France, a key point in the encirclement which created the Falaise Pocket. During an enemy counterattack, his position was menaced by a strong force of tanks and infantry. His fire forced the infantry to withdraw, but an artillery shell knocked out his gun and wounded him in the right thigh. Securing a bazooka, he and another man stalked the tanks and forced them to retire to a wooded section. In the lull which followed, Sgt. Hawk reorganized two machinegun squads and, in the face of intense enemy fire, directed the assembly of one workable weapon from two damaged guns. When another enemy assault developed, he was forced to pull back from the pressure of spearheading armor. Two of our tank destroyers were brought up. Their shots were ineffective because of the terrain until Sgt. Hawk, despite his wound, boldly climbed to an exposed position on a knoll where, unmoved by fusillades from the enemy, he became a human aiming stake for the destroyers. Realizing that his shouted fire directions could not be heard above the noise of battle, he ran back to the destroyers through a concentration of bullets and shrapnel to correct the range. He returned to his exposed position, repeating this performance until two of the tanks were knocked out and a third driven off. Still at great risk, he continued to direct the destroyers’ fire into the Germans’ wooded position until the enemy came out and surrendered. Sgt. Hawk’s fearless initiative and heroic conduct, even while suffering from a painful wound, was in large measure responsible for crushing two desperate attempts of the enemy to escape from the Falaise Picket and for taking more than 500 prisoners. Posted by Wayne Church on August 19, 2016 in 08 - August , Blog by month \| ∞ Aviation Day “Black Cow” Root Beer Float Day Better eat your Wheaties…Gone Flakey… Kelloggs’ Miss America commemorative Corn Flakes Box featuring Vanessa Williams is one of the most collectible cereal boxes. Dated 1984, this Vanessa Williams Miss America Kellogg’s Corn Flakes Cereal Box is a Large 12 ounce size cereal box which measures 7.5” x 11.5” x 2.5”. Graphics include a sexy color photo of Ms. Williams, who was forced to give up her crown after photos of her — taken years before and not exactly appropriate for the front of a cereal box — appeared in Penthouse magazine. Few of these cereal boxes survived the subsequent scandal. In the 1950’s Wheaties stopped using athletes on their boxes and started using Disney figurines. Sales went down 15%. General Mills had a meeting and decided to recall their sports stars. The Disney boxes are valuable today. Count Chocula In 1981, General Mills supposedly featured a box with Count Chocula wearing a six-pointed star pendant. A religious group objected to what they felt was a “Star of David” and the box was recalled. It was not Count Chocula who wore a six-pointed medallion (the Maltese Cross, from the Order of the Thelemic Knights or the Order of St. John). an image of Bela Lagosi as Dracula on the box who did. As you can see, it was Dracula that was wearing the six-pointed medallion on his chest. A box of Count Chocula can be seen in the 2004 movie “Blade: Trinity”. Trix T rix was originally launched in 1954, becoming the first fruit-flavored cereal on the market. The white rabbit first appeared on cereal boxes in 1960, this large white rabbit originally raced around trying to get some raspberry red, lemon yellow, and orange orange Trix corn-puffed cereal to eat. “Trix. The corn cereal with the natural taste of fruit”. Then two kids, a boy and a girl, always caught him before he could eat the Trix. “Silly rabbit, Trix are for kids”. The Trix Rabbit twice got to eat a bowl of Trix. Once in 1976, and again in 1980 following a box-top voting campaign. The Trix Rabbit and the slogan “Trix are for kids” were created by Joe Harris in August 1959. Tony Jaffe is also credited with writing “Trix are for Kids” spots for a number of years. To see even more interesting stories and graphics go to Topher’s Breakfast Cereal Character Guide How To Make A Black Cow This, depending upon where you live could also be known as a root beer float, a black cow, a brown cow, and a sassy cow, this all-American favorite is a snap to make. This recipe serves one. Instructions 2. Add the vanilla ice cream and chocolate syrup. 3. Slowly pour in cold soda until the glass is full. 4. Garnish with whipped cream and a cherry. 5. Serve with a straw and long-handled spoon 2 Timothy 3:1-4 King James Version (KJV) 3 This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. 2 For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, 3 Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good, 4 Traitors, heady, highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; “I have sworn upon the altar of God, eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.” — “Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don’t matter and those who matter don’t mind.” ~ Dr. Suess From head to foot; at all points. 1263 – King James I of Aragon censored Hebrew writing. 1692 – Five women and a clergyman were executed after being convicted of witchcraft in Salem, MA. Fourteen more people were executed that year and 150 others are imprisoned. 1779 – Americans under Major Henry Lee took the British garrison at Paulus Hook, New Jersey. 1782 – Revolutionary War: Battle of Blue Licks – the last major engagement of the war, almost ten months after the surrender of the British commander Lord Cornwallis following the Siege of Yorktown. 1807 – Robert Fulton’s North River Steamboat arrived in Albany, two days after leaving New York. 1812 – The USS Constitution — also known as Old Ironsides — got its name when it defeated the British warship Guerriere off Nova Scotia in a slugfest of broadsides, when cannonballs were said to have bounced off her sides. The USS Constitution won more than 30 battles against the Barbary pirates off Africa’s coast in the War of 1812. 1818 – Capt James Biddle takes possession of Oregon Territory for U.S. 1848 – First report of the California gold strike was published in the “New York Herald.” 1862 – Indian Wars: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily-defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way. 1863 – Civil War: Boat expedition from U.S.S. Norwich and Hale destroyed a Confederate signal station near Jacksonville. 1864 – Civil War: The second day of battle at Globe Tavern, Virginia. 1871 –Today is called “Aviation Day” because it is the birth date of Orville Wright in Dayton, OH. 1893 – The root beer float, or “Black Cow,” was invented by Frank J. Wisner, owner of Cripple Creek Brewing in Colorado. 1895 – John Wesley Hardin was shot and killed on this day at the age of 42 by outlaw-cum-constable John Selman. 1909 – First race at the Indianapolis 500 Speedway. This was not the “Indy 500” which started on May 30, 1911. This race was a five mile dash that ended with six fatalities. 1910 – The advance guard of the Barnum & Bailey Circus began arriving in San Francisco, claiming to be the biggest ever to visit the Pacific Coast. It included 1,280 people, 85 railroad cars, 700 horses and 400 elephants. 1914 – Elmer Rice’s “On Trial,” premiered in New York City. 1917 – Team managers John McGraw and Christy Matthewson were arrested for breaking New York City’s blue laws. The crime was their teams were playing baseball on Sunday. 1918 – Sgt. Irving Berlin’s musical about army life in World War I opened in NYC. Yip Yip Yaphank was the name of musical revue composed and produced by him. 1919 – HOSTESS was trademark registered by William B. Ward. 1919 – “ The Marines’ Hymn ” was registered with the U.S. Copyright Office. The Marine copyright of 1919 identifies the lyricist as L.Z.PHILLIPS. It was first issued in an uncopyrighted version “printed but not published by the “United States Marine Corps Publicity Bureau” The music was taken from an obscure OPERA BOUFFE by Jacques Offenbach. 1929 – The comedy program “Amos and Andy,” starring Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, made its network radio debut. “The Lion Tamer “. 1934 – The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio. 1934 – Adolf Hitler was approved for sole executive power in Germany as Fuehrer. The creation of the position Fuehrer is approved by the German electorate with 89.9% of the popular vote.This gave him “absolute power.” 1939 – The Dick Jurgens Orchestra recorded, “ Day Dreams Come True at Night .” 1939 – President Franklin Delano Roosevelt declared today National Aviation Day in honor of Orville Wright born in 1871. 1940 – The new Civil Aeronautics Administration awarded honorary pilot license #1 to Orville Wright. 1942 – World War II: 211 Marines of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion under command of Colonel Evans Carlson and Captain James Roosevelt were involved in a commando raid. Nineteen US Marines died during that raid on Makin atoll in the Gilbert Islands. The raid was 2,000 miles behind enemy lines and nine Marines were left behind. 1943 – World War II: Italians approached the Allies about negotiating a surrender. 1944 – World War II: Liberation of Paris – Paris rises against German occupation with the help of Allied troops. 1944 – World War II: Elements of the US 3rd Army reach the Seine River at Mantes Grassicourt. There is heavy fighting between Falaise and Argentan. 1945 – World War II: Japanese representatives of the government arrive in Manila to conclude the surrender of the remaining Japanese troops and receive instructions on the plans for the occupation of Japan and the signing of the surrender documents. Frank Sinatra, “ I Don’t Know Enough About You ” by The Mills Brothers and “ New Spanish Two Step ” by Bob Wills all topped the charts. 1950 – Korean War: The USS Missouri, the only active battleship in the Navy fleet at that time, departed Norfolk, Va., for Korea, arriving Sept. 15. 1950 – The American Broadcasting Company aired the first Saturday morning television shows for children (Animal Clinic & Acrobat Ranch). 1950 – “ Goodnight Irene ” by the Weavers with Gordon Jenkins topped the charts. 1951 – Bill Veeck (St. Louis Browns) sends Eddie Gaedel, a 3’7″ midget, to pinch-hit. Lefty Bob Cain laughingly walks him on four pitches. 1953 – CIA helps to overthrow the government of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran and reinstate the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The US government made a formal apology for the coup in 2000. The Gaylords, “ Hey There ” by Rosemary Clooney and “ I Don’t Hurt Anymore ” by Hank Snow all topped the charts. 1955 – Hurricane Diane which had originally formed August 7th, today it paralleled the south coast of New England and became supertropical on the 20th. The storm killed 191 and caused $831 million dollars damage in 1955 dollars. 1957 – “ Tammy ” by Debbie Reynolds topped the charts. 1957 – New York Giants voted to move their franchise to San Francisco in 1958. 1957 – Major David Simons reaches 101,500 feet in Man High 2 balloon. He is the first to exceed 100,000 feet. 1960 – In the USSR, captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment for his confessed espionage. Eighteen months later, the Soviets agreed to release him in exchange for Rudolf Abel, a senior KGB spy. 1960 – Sputnik 5 carries two dogs, three mice into orbit (later recovered alive). 1961 – “ Tossin’ & Turnin ‘” by Bobby Lewis topped the charts. Motion ” by Little Eva, “ You Don’t Know Me ” by Ray Charles and “ Wolverton Mountain ” by Claude King all topped the charts. 1962 – Homero Blancas shot a 55 at the Premier Invitational Golf Tournament held in Longview, TX. It was the lowest score in U.S. competitive golf history. His 13 birdies and an eagle on a par-70 course It earned him the nickname “Mr. 55”. He was inducted into the University of Houston Athletics Hall of Fame in 1978. 1964 – The first American tour by the Beatles began in San Francisco, CA. The tour would cover 26 cities. 1965 – Vietnam War: U.S. forces destroyed a Viet Cong stronghold near Van Tuong, in South Vietnam. 1965 – Cincinnati Reds pitcher Jim Maloney records his second 10-inning no-hit effort of 1965. 1965 – The Auschwitz trials ended on December 22, 1947, with 23 death sentences, 7 life sentences, and 9 prison sentences ranging from three to fifteen years. with You ” by Bread, “ Spill the Wine ” by Eric Burdon & War and “ Don’t Keep Me Hangin’ On ” by Sonny James all topped the charts. 1972 – NBC-TV presented “The Midnight Special” for the first time. John Denver was the host for the first show. Wolfman Jack was the show’s announcer. The show went from 1972 to 1981. 1972 – “ Alone Again (Naturally) ” by Gilbert O’Sullivan topped the charts. 1974 – U.S. Ambassador Rodger P. Davies was fatally wounded by a bullet while in the American embassy during an anti-American protest in Nicosia, Cyprus. His assistant was also shot. 1976 – Mary Louis Smith, chair of the Republican National Committee and the first woman to organize and call to order the convention of a major US political party, dropped the gavel at the Republican National Convention. 1978 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Three Times a Lady ” by Commodores, “ Grease ” by Frankie Valli, “ Miss You ” by The Rolling Stones and “ Talking in Your Sleep ” by Crystal Gayle all topped the charts. 1981 – The final episode of “Charlie’s Angels ” was aired on ABC-TV. 1981 – Two US Navy F-14 jet fighters shot down two Soviet-built Libyan SU-22’s. 1983 – Four US soldiers are Wounded In Action by an explosive under their vehicle. Winwood, “ Venus ” by Bananarama and “ Your the Last Thing I Needed Tonight ” by John Schneider all topped the charts. 1987 – David Horowitz, consumer reporter in Burbank, CA, was held at gunpoint while on camera and forced to read the assailants note. The program went off the air while police removed the gunman. 1989 – “ Right Here Waiting ” by Richard Marx topped the charts. 1989 – Mark MacPhail, an off-duty police officer was killed in Savannah, Georgia. Troy Anthony Davis was an American man convicted of and executed for the August 19, 1989, murder of MacPhail. 1991 – The Crown Heights riots started when a station wagon driven by Yosef Lifsh, hit another car and careened onto the sidewalk crushing two black children, 7-year-old cousins Gavin and Angela Cato. Lifsh was part of a three-car motorcade carrying the now-deceased spiritual leader of the Lubavitcher Hasidic community, Rabbi Menachem Schneerson. The riots lasted three days. 1993 – Mattel and Fisher Price toys announced a merger. 1995 – Three U.S. diplomats were killed in an accident in their armored vehicle in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina. 1996 – A judge sentenced former Arkansas Gov. Jim Guy Tucker to four years probation for his Whitewater crimes. 1997 – Fleetwood Mac’s reunion album “ The Dance ” was released. Full album (42:57) 1997 – In North Korea groundbreaking ceremonies were held for two nuclear power plants to be built by a US-led international consortium. 1997 – Missouri and Oklahoma withdrew inmates from a private Texas prison after the release of a video tape that showed guards using dogs and stun guns on prisoners made to crawl during a drug raid. 1998 – The first piece of the 351 foot bronze statue of Christopher Columbus arrived in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1998 – American interests were threatened by the Int’l. Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders in a statement sent to Cairo, Egypt. The threat was accompanied by others from the Islamic Army for the Liberation of Holy Shrines, which claimed responsibility for the embassy bombings in Africa. 1998 – In Cleveland, OH, forty-nine prison guards, police officers and sheriff’s deputies pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges related to cocaine distribution from an FBI sting operation from Oct 1996 to Jan 1998. 2000 – In New Mexico a gas pipeline explosion near Carlsbad killed ten people camping on the banks of the Pecos River. An eleventh victim died two days later. 2003 – An Ohio auto-parts worker shot a woman to death and wounded two other employees in Andover. 2003 – Booth and Bear Butte forest fires in the Cascade Mountains started. It was the worst fire in Oregon of this year. Within three days the resort community of Camp Sherman is evacuated. 2004 – Shares of stock in Google, Inc. begin trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange at around $100 per share in one of the most highly anticipated initial public offerings of the year. It is estimated that the IPO raised a total of $1.66 billion, the third highest ever for an IPO. 2004 – Nature magazine reveals that five new satellites and a further candidate moon have been discovered orbiting Neptune, bringing its tally to 13. 2005 – New York authorities reveal the existence of a letter from a deceased woman who claims her husband and two others killed Judge Joseph F. Crater and buried him under the boardwalk at Coney Island. Crater has been missing since 1930 and has since become one of the most famous “missing person” stories. 2005 – A Texas jury awarded Carol Ernst, widow of Robert Ernst, $253 million charging Merck Corp. liable for his heart-related death. 2005 – An Alabama gas station owner was run over and killed when he tried to stop a driver from leaving without paying a $52 gas bill. 2006 – In California explorers from the Cave Research Foundation discovered a large cave in Sequoia National Park, which they named Ursa Minor. 2007 – A week long heat-wave in the southeast and Midwest of the United States has caused the deaths of forty-nine with twelve deaths in Memphis, Tennessee. 2007 – The US space shuttle Endeavour departed hastily from the International Space Station, ending a construction mission a day early in order to land before Hurricane Dean threatens its Houston control center. 2007 – Fierce storms from the upper Mississippi to Texas since last week left twenty-two people dead. Six people died in floodwaters across Oklahoma after heavy rains from the remains of Tropical Storm Erin drenched the state. 2008 – Lady Gaga’s album “ The Fame ” (1:28:02) was released. 2009 – John Marek becomes the 68th death row inmate in the state of Florida, United States to be executed by lethal injection since the death sentence was re-instated in 1979. 2009 – In Oglethorpe County, Georgia, a shredded piece of shirt, some strands of hair and bloodstained dirt are all that remain along the rural stretch of road where authorities believe a pack of wild dogs fatally mauled an elderly couple. Sherry Schweder, a 65-year-old animal lover, was taking an evening stroll when she was attacked. Her husband, Lothar Schweder, a retired professor, had gone out in search of her. 2010 – An American egg company recalls 380 million products as outbreaks of salmonella poisoning spread across the United States. 2010 – The Oxford Dictionary of English adds new words and phrases to the language including vuvuzela, carbon capture and storage, toxic debt and quantitative easing. 2010 – The last US brigade combat team leaves Iraq: there are still 56,000 members of the US military in the country. 2011 – Three people die in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a result of flash flooding. 2011 – The Obama administration declared that it would grant an indefinite reprieve to an estimated thousands of immigrants facing deportation, allowing them to stay and work legally so officials can more quickly deport convicted criminals and other serious cases. 2011 – Gunowners who buy full-capacity magazines for AR-15s, bipods for long-range rifles, or ammo boxes may be reported to the FBI as “suspicious” and “potential indicators of terrorist activities,” according to a new handout the agency has distributed to military-surplus stores. 2012 – Police say a clerk at a Las Vegas Dairy Queen shot and killed a sword-wielding, masked man who tried to rob the restaurant. Detectives say the suspect was shot twice and was lying just outside the doors when officers arrived around 12:15 p.m. Sunday. The suspect died at a hospital. 2014 – Two South Pasadena High School students were arrested Monday after school officials tipped off police to a “very specific” school shooting plot. South Pasadena police Sgt. Brian Solinsky told the Pasadena Star-News that the teen boys wrote down the names of their targets and “were researching weapons and how to fire and assemble them.” 2014 – The brutal murder of an innocent American journalist, James Foley, was conducted by the murderous group of muslims called ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria). He was beheaded and another journalist has been threatened with the same. 1870 – Bernard Baruch, advisor to presidents Wilson through Kennedy. 1871 – Orville Wright, American aviator. 1883 – Coco (Gabrielle) Chanel, French fashion designer. 1902 – Ogden Nash, American humorist. 1921 – Gene Roddenberry, American television writer, producer, creator of “Star Trek.” 1931 – Willie Shoemaker, American jockey, author. 1946 – William Jefferson Clinton, 42nd President of the United States of America (1993-2001). Posthumously Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company B, 2d Battalion, 502d Infantry, 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division. Place and date: Quang Tri Province, Republic of Vietnam, August 19th, 1970. Entered service at: Albany, N.Y. Born: 14 July 1951, Sharon, Conn. Citation: Cpl. Fratellenico distinguished himself while serving as a rifleman with Company B. Cpl. Fratellenico’s squad was pinned down by intensive fire from two well-fortified enemy bunkers. At great personal risk Cpl. Fratellenico maneuvered forward and, using hand grenades, neutralized the first bunker which was occupied by a number of enemy soldiers. While attacking the second bunker, enemy fire struck Cpl. Fratellenico, causing him to fall to the ground and drop a grenade which he was preparing to throw. Alert to the imminent danger to his comrades, Cpl. Fratellenico retrieved the grenade and fell upon it an instant before it exploded. His heroic actions prevented death or serious injury to four of his comrades nearby and inspired his unit which subsequently overran the enemy position. Cpl. Fratellenico’s conspicuous gallantry, extraordinary heroism, and intrepidity at the cost of his life, above and beyond the call of duty, are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the U.S. Army. VIETNAM Rank and organization: Major (then Capt.), U.S. Marine Corps, VMD-6, Mag-36, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. Place and date: Near Quang Nai, Republic of Vietnam, August 19th, 1967. Entered service at: Atlanta, Ga. Born: 6 September 1939, Newman, Ga. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a helicopter gunship pilot attached to Marine Observation Squadron 6 in action against enemy forces. During an escort mission Maj. Pless monitored an emergency call that four American soldiers stranded on a nearby beach were being overwhelmed by a large Viet Cong force. Maj. Pless flew to the scene and found thirty to fifty enemy soldiers in the open. Some of the enemy were bayoneting and beating the downed Americans. Maj. Pless displayed exceptional airmanship as he launched a devastating attack against the enemy force, killing or wounding many of the enemy and driving the remainder back into a treeline. His rocket and machinegun attacks were made at such low levels that the aircraft flew through debris created by explosions from its rockets. Seeing one of the wounded soldiers gesture for assistance, he maneuvered his helicopter into a position between the wounded men and the enemy, providing a shield which permitted his crew to retrieve the wounded. During the rescue the enemy directed intense fire at the helicopter and rushed the aircraft again and again, closing to within a few feet before being beaten back. When the wounded men were aboard, Maj. Pless maneuvered the helicopter out to sea. Before it became safely airborne, the overloaded aircraft settled four times into the water. Displaying superb airmanship, he finally got the helicopter aloft. Major Pless’ extraordinary heroism coupled with his outstanding flying skill prevented the annihilation of the tiny force. His courageous actions reflect great credit upon himself and uphold the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the U.S. Naval Service. Posthumously Private Masato Nakae distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on August 19th, 1944, near Pisa, Italy. Born:Lihue, Hawaii When his submachine gun was damaged by a shell fragment during a fierce attack by a superior enemy force, Private Nakae quickly picked up his wounded comrade’s M-1 rifle and fired rifle grenades at the steadily advancing enemy. As the hostile force continued to close in on his position, Private Nakae threw six grenades and forced them to withdraw. During a concentrated enemy mortar barrage that preceded the next assault by the enemy force, a mortar shell fragment seriously wounded Private Nakae. Despite his injury, he refused to surrender his position and continued firing at the advancing enemy. By inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy force, he finally succeeded in breaking up the attack and caused the enemy to withdraw. Private Nakae’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Sergeant, Co. H, and 2d Lt. Co. M, 1st Maryland Inf. Place and date: At Front Royal, Va., 23 May 1862. At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 19th, 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Washington, D.C. Date of issue: 2 August 1897. Citation: When a sergeant, at Front Royal, Va., he was painfully wounded while obeying an order to burn a bridge, but, persevering in the attempt, he burned the bridge and prevented its use by the enemy. Later, at Weldon Railroad, Va., then a lieutenant, he voluntarily took the place of a disabled officer and undertook a hazardous reconnaissance beyond the lines of the army; was taken prisoner in the attempt. THIS IS IMPORTANT – PLEASE READ !!!!! A NURSE’S HEART ATTACK EXPERIENCE I am an ER nurse and this is the best description of this event that I have ever heard. Please read, pay attention, and send it on! Diane K. FEMALE HEART ATTACKS I was aware that female heart attacks are different, but this is the best description I’ve ever read. Women and heart attacks (Myocardial infarction). Did you know that women rarely have the same dramatic symptoms that men have when experiencing heart attack … you know, the sudden stabbing pain in the chest, the cold sweat, grabbing the chest & dropping to the floor that we see in the movies. Here is the story of one woman’s experience with a heart attack. ‘I had a heart attack at about 10 :30 PM with NO prior exertion, NO prior emotional trauma that one would suspect might have brought it on.. I was sitting all snugly & warm on a cold evening, with my purring cat in my lap, reading an interesting story my friend had sent me, and actually thinking, ‘A-A-h, this is the life, all cozy and warm in my soft, cushy Lazy Boy with my feet propped up.’ A moment later, I felt that awful sensation of indigestion, when you’ve been in a hurry and grabbed a bite of sandwich and washed it down with a dash of water, and that hurried bite seems to feel like you’ve swallowed a golf ball going down the esophagus in slow motion and it is most uncomfortable. You realize you shouldn’t have gulped it down so fast and needed to chew it more thoroughly and this time drink a glass of water to hasten its progress down to the stomach. This was my initial sensation—the only trouble was that I hadn’t taken a bite of anything since about 5:00 p.m. After it seemed to subside, the next sensation was like little squeezing motions that seemed to be racing up my SPINE (hind-sight, it was probably aorta spasms), gaining speed as they continued racing up and under my sternum (breast bone, where one presses rhythmically when administering CPR). This fascinating process continued on into my throat and branched out into both jaws. ‘AHA!!’ NOW I stopped puzzling about what was happening — we all have read and/or heard about pain in the jaws being one of the signals of an MI happening, haven’t we? I said aloud to myself and the cat, ‘Dear God, I think I’m having a heart attack!’ I lowered the foot rest dumping the cat from my lap, started to take a step, and fell on the floor instead. I thought to myself, ‘If this is a heart attack, I shouldn’t be walking into the next room where the phone is or anywhere else … but, on the other hand, if I don’t, nobody will know that I need help, and if I wait any longer I may not be able to get up.’ I pulled myself up with the arms of the chair, walked slowly into the next room and dialed the Paramedics … I told her I thought I was having a heart attack due to the pressure building under the sternum and radiating into my jaws. I didn’t feel hysterical or afraid, just stating the facts… She said she was sending the Paramedics over immediately, asked if the front door was near to me, and if so, to un-bolt the door and then sit down on the floor where they could see me when they came in. I unlocked the door and then sit down on the floor as instructed and lost consciousness, as I don’t remember the medics coming in, their examination, lifting me onto a gurney or getting me into their ambulance, or hearing the call they made to St. Jude ER on the way, but I did briefly awaken when we arrived and saw that the radiologist was already there in his surgical blues and cap, helping the medics pull my stretcher out of the ambulance. He was bending over me asking questions (probably something like ‘Have you taken any medications?’), but I couldn’t make my mind interpret what he was saying, or form an answer, and nodded off again, not waking up until the Cardiologist and partner had already threaded the teeny angiogram balloon up my femoral artery into the aorta and into my heart where they installed 2 side-by-side stents to hold open my right coronary artery. I know it sounds like all my thinking and actions at home must have taken at least 20-30 minutes before calling the paramedics, but actually it took perhaps 4-5 minutes before the call, and both the fire station and St. Jude are only minutes away from my home, and my Cardiologist was already to go to the OR in his scrubs and get going on restarting my heart (which had stopped somewhere between my arrival and the procedure) and installing the stents. SO WHAT TO DO!! 1. Be aware that something very different is happening in your body, not the usual men’s symptoms but inexplicable things happening (until my sternum and jaws got into the act). It is said that many more women than men die of their first (and last) MI because they didn’t know they were having one and commonly mistake it as indigestion, take some Maalox or other anti-heartburn preparation and go to bed, hoping they’ll feel better in the morning when they wake up …. which doesn’t happen. My female friends, your symptoms might not be exactly like mine, so I advise you to call the Paramedics if ANYTHING is unpleasantly happening that you’ve not felt before. It is better to have a ‘false alarm’ visitation than to risk your life guessing what it might be! .. Note that I said ‘Call the Paramedics.’ And if you can take an aspirin. Ladies, TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE! 2. Do NOT try to drive yourself to the ER – you are a hazard to others on the road. 3. Do NOT have your panicked husband drive you . . . . he will be speeding and looking anxiously at what’s happening with you instead of the road. 4. Do NOT call your doctor — he doesn’t know where you live and if it’s at night you won’t reach him anyway, and if it’s daytime, his assistants (or answering service) will tell you to call the Paramedics.. He doesn’t carry the equipment in his car that you need to be saved! The Paramedics do, principally OXYGEN that you need ASAP. Your Dr. will be notified later. 5. Don’t assume it couldn’t be a heart attack because you have a normal cholesterol count. Research has discovered that a cholesterol elevated reading is rarely the cause of an MI (unless it’s unbelievably high and/or accompanied by high blood pressure). MI’s are usually caused by long-term stress and inflammation in the body, which dumps all sorts of deadly hormones into your system to sludge things up in there. Pain in the jaw can wake you from a sound sleep. Let’s be careful and be aware. The more we know the better chance we could survive… A cardiologist says if everyone who gets this mail sends it to 10 people, you can be sure that we’ll save at least one life. Isaiah 58:6New International Version (NIV) 6 “Is not this the kind of fasting I have chosen: to loose the chains of injustice and untie the cords of the yoke, to set the oppressed free and break every yoke? Abraham Lincoln — one of our great presidents, though not one of the founding fathers, said: “The money powers prey upon the nation in times of peace and conspire against it in times of adversity. The banking powers are more despotic than a monarchy, more insolent than autocracy, more selfish than bureaucracy. They denounce as public enemies all who question their methods or throw light upon their crimes. I have two great enemies, the Southern Army in front of me and the bankers in the rear. Of the two, the one at my rear is my greatest foe.” “The most valuable thing you can make is a mistake – you can’t learn anything from being perfect.” ~ Adam Osborne apologia ap-uh-LOH-jee-uh; -juh, noun: A formal defense or justification, especially of one’s opinions, position, or actions. 1227 – Genghis Khan (Chinggis), Mongol conqueror, died in his sleep at his camp, during his siege of Ningxia, the capital of the rebellious Chinese kingdom of Xi Xia. 1587 – Virginia Dare became the first child to be born on American soil of English parents. The colony that is now Roanoke Island, NC, mysteriously vanished. 1590 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted. 1735 – The “Evening Post” of Boston, MA, was published for the first time. 1812 – War of 1812: USS Constitution, under the command of Captain Isaac Hull, encountered British Captain Richard Dacre’s HMS Guerriere about 750 miles out of Boston. After 55-minute battle, 101 were dead, the Guerriere rolled helplessly in the water, smashed beyond salvage. 1817 – Gloucester, Massachusetts, newspapers told of a wild sea serpent seen offshore. 1835 – Last Pottawatomie Indians leave Chicago. The treaty of 1833 caused the contracting tribes to move west of the Mississippi. 1838 – Six US Navy ships departed Hampton Roads, Va., led by Lt. Charles Wilkes on a three-year mission called the US South Seas Exploring Expedition. 1840 – The American Society of Dental Surgeons was founded in New York City, NY. 1846 – Gen. Stephen W. Kearney and his U.S. forces captured Santa Fe, NM. 1853 – The milk condensation process was patented by Gail Borden. 1856 – In San Francisco thousands of armed men paraded through the streets and then formally dissolved the second Committee of Vigilance. 1862 – Civil War: Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart’s headquarters was raided by Union troops of the 5th New York and 1st Michigan cavalries. 1862 – Indian Wars: A Sioux Uprising began in Minnesota. It resulted in more than 800 white settlers dead and 38 Sioux Indians condemned and hanged. The Minnesota Uprising began when four young Sioux murdered five white settlers at Acton. 1862 – Civil War: A Union naval force, consisting of the U.S.S. Sachem, Reindeer, Belle Italia, and the yacht Corypheus bombarded Corpus Christi. 1864 – Civil War: Battle of Globe Tavern – Union forces try to cut a vital Confederate supply-line into Petersburg, Virginia, by attacking the Railroad. This was day one of a three-day battle. 1864 – Civil War: Union General William T. Sherman sent General Judson Kilpatrick to raid Confederate lines of communication outside Atlanta. The raid was unsuccessful. 1868 – Pierre Janssan discovers helium in solar spectrum during eclipse. 1872 – The first mail-order catalog was published, by Montgomery Ward. 1873 – The first ascent of Mt. Whitney, CA was accomplished by Charles Begole, A. H. Johnson, and John Lucas, 1894 – Congress created the Bureau of Immigration. The Immigration Restriction League was organized to lead the restrictionist movement for the next twenty-five years. 1896 – Adolph Ochs (39) took over the New York Times. He served as publisher until 1935. 1896 – The northern California Mount Tamalpais and Muir Woods railroad was completed. It was 8 ½ miles long. 1899 – The Anti-Cigarette League was formed by Lucy Payne Gaston in Chicago, Illinois. They saw cigarette consumption as a moral outrage that destroyed the minds and reputations of millions of “cigarette fiends” and even suggested the unheard-of notion that cigarettes were unhealthy and, perhaps, deadly. 1911 – First Navy Nurse Corps superintendent, Esther Voorhees Hasson, appointed. 1914 – The “Proclamation of Neutrality” was issued by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. It was aimed at keeping the U.S. out of World War I. 1916 – Abraham Lincoln’s, the 16th president of the U.S., birthplace was made into a national shrine. 1919 – The “Anti-Cigarette League of America” was formed in Chicago IL. 1920 – The 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America, guaranteeing women the right to vote, was ratified by Tennessee, giving it the two-thirds majority of state ratification necessary to make it law. 1929 – The first cross-country women’s air derby began. Louise McPhetride Thaden won first prize in the heavier-plane division, while Phoebe Fairgrave Omlie finished first in the lighter-plane category. 1930 – Eastern Airlines begins passenger service. 1931 – Plant Patent No. 1 is issued to Henry F. Bosenberg, of New Brunswick, N.J., for “a climbing rose…characterized by its ever-blooming habit.” 1937 – W1XOJ was the first FM radio station, granted a construction permit by the FCC in 1937.The station went live in 1939. 1938 – The Thousand Islands Bridge was dedicated by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The bridge connects the U.S. and Canada. The Thousand Islands Bridge system extends from Collins Landing near Alexandria Bay, New York to Ivy Lea near Gananoque, Ontario covering a distance of 8.5 miles and provides direct connection between US Interstate Rt. 81 and Canada’s Highway 401. 1939 – The German Reich Ministry of the Interior circulated a decree compelling all physicians, nurses, and midwives to report newborn infants and children under the age of three who showed signs of severe mental or physical disability. Beginning in October 1939, public health authorities began to encourage parents of children with disabilities to admit their young children to one of a number of specially designated pediatric clinics throughout Germany and Austria. The clinics were in reality children’s killing wards where specially recruited medical staff murdered their young charges by lethal overdoses of medication or by starvation. 1940 – Walter Chrysler (b.1875), the founder of Chrysler Corporation, died. He was a locomotive mechanic who founded Chrysler in 1924 with money and experience gained as general manager of Buick and executive VP of GM. 1940 – Canada and the U.S. established a joint defense plan against the possible enemy attacks during World War II. 1941 – World War II: Holocaust: The concentration camp at Amersfoort, Netherlands, opened. 1942 – World War II: Marines left Makin Island after destroying a seaplane base, two radio stations, a supply warehouse, and killing about 100 Japanese soldiers. 1942 – On Guadalcanal, Japanese reinforcements are landed at Taivu and a detachment of 1,000 troops under the leadership of Colonel Ichiki starts towards the American position. 1943 – World War II: American cruisers and destroyers bombard Palmi and Gioai Taura in Italy. 1943 – World War II: Holocaust: Final convoy of Jews from Salonika, Greece, arrived at Auschwitz. Haymes, “ Till the End of Time ” by Perry Como and “ Oklahoma Hills ” by Jack Guthrie all topped the charts. 1945 – A photographer was killed and two members of the crew wound in one of two American planes which were attacked by 14 Japanese fighters over Tokyo. 1947 – The Hewlett-Packard Company was incorporated and reported revenues of $1.5 million. The 111 employees recorded sales of $679,000. 1949 – Ralph Flanagan and his orchestra recorded their first tune on wax, “You’re Breaking My Heart”. 1951 – Korean War: The Battle of Bloody Ridge began. During the battle, the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and its attached units sustained 326 killed in action, 2,032 wounded and 414 missing.The enemy’s dead totaled 1,389. The 15th Field Artillery Battalion set a record of 14,425 rounds fired in a 24-hour period. 1951 – The first transcontinental wireless phone call was made from San Francisco to New York City by Mark Sullivan, president of Pacific Telephone &Telegraph, and H.T. Killingworth of American Telephone & Telegraph. 1953 – CHART TOPPERS – “ No Other Love ” by Perry Como, “ I’m Walking Behind You ” by Eddie Fisher, “ Vaya Con Dios ” by Les Paul & Mary Ford and “ Rub-A-Dub-Dub ” by Hank Thompson all topped the charts. 1954 – Assistant Secretary of Labor James E. Wilkins became the first African-American to attend a meeting of a president’s Cabinet as he sat in for Labor Secretary James P. Mitchell. 1956 – “ Hound Dog / Don’t Be Cruel ” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. 1958 – Betsy Palmer joins the Today Show panel. 1958 – “ Volare (Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blue) ” by Domenico Modugno topped the charts. 1958 – TV game show scandal investigation starts. The scandal surfaced in August and September of 1958 when disgruntled former contestants went public with accusations that the results were rigged and the contestants coached. 1959 – A magnitude 7.3 quake near Hebgen Lake, Montana, just west of Yellowstone National Park triggered a landslide that killed 28 people. by Chris Kenner, “ Last Night ” by Mar-Keys and “ I Fall to Pieces ” by Patsy Cline all topped the charts. 1961 – Construction on Berlin Wall completed. 1962 – Peter, Paul & Mary release their first hit “ If I Had a Hammer .” 1963 – James Meredith became the first Black to graduate from the University of Mississippi. 1965 – Vietnam War: Operation Starlite begins – United States Marines destroy a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in the first major American ground battle of the war. It was also the first amphibious assault in Vietnam. 1966 – First ship-to-shore satellite radio message sent from USS Annapolis in South China Sea to Pacific Fleet Headquarters at Pearl Harbor. 1966 – The first pictures of earth taken from moon orbit were sent back to the U.S. 1969 – CHART TOPPERS – “ In the Year 2525 ” by Zager & Evans, “ Honky Tonk Women ” by The Rolling Stones, “ Sweet Caroline ” by Neil Diamond and “ Workin’ Man Blues ” by Merle Haggard all topped the charts. 1969 – Two concert goers died at the Woodstock Music and Art Fair in Bethel, New York, one from an overdose of heroin, the other from a burst appendix. The Woodstock Music and Art Fair ended in Sullivan County, NY, with a mid-morning set performed by Jimi Hendrix. Jimi Hendrix National Anthem Last Scene 1973 – “ Touch Me in the Morning ” by Diana Ross topped the charts. 1973 – Gene Krupa played for the final time with the original Benny Goodman Quartet. 1973 – The Doobie Brothers’ “ China Grove ” was released. 1973 – Hank Aaron’s record 1,378 of extra bases hit surpass Stan Musial record.” 1976 – Two U.S. Army officers were killed in Korea’s demilitarized zone as a group of North Korean soldiers wielding axes and metal pikes attacked U.S. and South Korean soldiers. You ” by Peter Frampton, “ Best of My Love ” by Emotions and “ Rollin’ with the Flow” by Charlie Rich all topped the charts. 1977 – Funeral services for Elvis Presley were held at Graceland. 1979 – “ Good Times ” by Chic topped the charts. 1990 – George Brett of the Kansas City Royal’s had his batting average reach the .400 mark. 1981 – Rex Harrison brought the award-winning “My Fair Lady” back to Broadway. 1981 – Herschel Walker of the University of Georgia took out an insurance policy with Lloyd’s of London. The all-American was insured for one million dollars. 1982 – The longest baseball game played at Wrigley Field in Chicago, IL went 22 innings before the Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the Cubs 2-1. 1982 – Pete Rose sets record with his 13,941st plate appearance. 1982 – The volume on the New York Stock Exchange topped the 100-million level for the first time at 132.69 million shares traded. 1983 – Samantha Druce earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records as the youngest person to swim the English Channel. She completed the crossing in 15 hours 26 minutes at the age of 12 years 118 days. 1983 – Hurricane Alicia hit the Texas coast. Twenty-two people were killed and over $1 billion in damage was caused. 1984 – A Triangle Oil Corp. above-ground storage tank at Jacksonville, Fla., spilled 2.5 million gallons of oil and burned after lightning sparked a fire. 1985 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Shout ” by Tears For Fears, “ The Power of Love ” by Huey Lewis & The News, “ Freeway of Love ” by Aretha Franklin and “ Highwayman ” by Waylon Jennings/Willie Nelson/Johnny Cash/Kris Kristofferson all topped the charts. 1985 – In San Francisco George Bender (32) and brother Columbus Bender (33) stole over $65,000 in quarters from a Brink’s offices at 970 Illinois Street. They were caught after carrying $3,400 in quarters from a Reno casino. 1985 – Peter and Barbara Pan were found in their blood-soaked bed in Lake Merced, a housing development in San Francisco. Both had been shot in the head. Peter Pan (66), an accountant, was pronounced dead at the scene. Mrs. Pan (64) survived but would be an invalid for the rest of her life. 1987 – American journalist Charles Glass escaped his kidnappers in Beirut after 62 days in captivity. 1987 – Earl Campbell announced his retirement from the National Football League (NFL). 1988 – Indiana Sen. Dan Quayle was nominated to be George Bush’s running mate during the Republican convention in New Orleans. 1988 – FDA approves Monoxidil as a hair loss treatment. 1988 – Largest house (130 rooms) on Long Island sold for $22 million. It is the home of Otto Kahn’s 72-room Oheka estate. 1990 – The first shots were fired by the U.S. in the Persian Gulf Crisis when a U.S. frigate fired rounds across the bow of an Iraqi oil tanker. 1991 – Collapse of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while on holiday in the town of Foros, Crimea. 1992 – Celtic great Larry Bird retires after thirteen years with the Boston Celtics. 1992 – On the second night of the Republican National Convention in Houston, U.S. Sen. Phil Gramm, R-Texas, delivered the keynote address, denouncing Bill Clinton’s economic program as “worse than sleaze.” 1993 – A judge in Sarasota, Fla., ruled that Kimberly Mays, the 14-year-old girl switched at birth with another baby, need never see her biological parents again, in accordance with her stated wishes. 1994 – Florida Gov. Lawton Chiles declared an immigration emergency and demanded federal help to cope with the largest surge of Cuban refugees since the 1980 Mariel boat-lift. 1995 – Shannon Faulkner, who’d won a two-and-a-half-year legal battle to become the first female cadet at The Citadel, quit the South Carolina military college after less than a week, most of it spent in the infirmary. After her departure, the male cadets openly celebrated on the campus. 1997 – Beth Ann Hogan became the first coed in the Virginia Military Institute’s 158-year history. The VMI class of 2001 included 30 women among the 460 freshman students. 1997 – UPS management agreed to a tentative contract with the striking Teamsters Union to end a 15-day-old strike. 1998 – Mrs. Field’s Original Cookies announced that they would acquire the Great American Cookie Co. 1998 – In Kenya FBI agents, acting on a tip from Mohammed Saddiq Odeh, raided The Hilltop Hotel in Nairobi and confiscated 175 pounds of TNT. The room was reported to have been occupied by two Palestinians, a Saudi and an Egyptian from Aug 3 to Aug 7. 1998 – A day after his grand jury testimony, President Clinton left Washington on a vacation with his family. Meanwhile, some lawmakers called for Clinton to resign in the wake of his admissions concerning Monica Lewinsky. 2002 – US federal agents said they had seized over 2,300 unregistered missiles at a “counter-terrorism” school, High Energy Access Tools (HEAT), in Roswell, New Mexico, that was training students from Arab countries and arrested its Canadian leader. 2002 – Rich Beem beat Tiger Woods to capture the PGA Championship. 2003 – A 24-year-old woman from China, Ma Lihua, tipped over 303,621 dominos, breaking a long-standing record for the world’s longest solo domino topple. She worked 13-hour days for seven weeks to set them all up and four minutes to knock them all down. 2004 – The internet search engine Google went public and the price of shares was $85. On July 7, 2009 it was $400.52 and today in 2011 it was trading at $530.35. 2004 – Donald Trump unveiled his board game (TRUMP the Game) where players bid on real estate, buy big ticket items and make billion-dollar business deals. 2004 – In California federal agents raided a farm in lake County where Charles Lepp grew over 32,000 marijuana plants. He said he had informed local authorities that his land would be used to enable patients who didn’t own land to grow marijuana for medical purposes. 2005 – Ohio Gov. Bob Taft pleaded no contest to charges that he broke state ethics law by failing to report golf outings and other gifts. A judge found him guilty and fined him $4,000. 2005 – It was reported that US Defense Dept. data-mining operation, Able Danger, had identified Mohamed Atta and 3 other Sep 11 hijackers by name in mid-2000. 2006 – In Bristow, Oklahoma, Donald Thompson (59), a former judge convicted of exposing himself while presiding over jury trials, was sentenced to four years in prison and ordered to pay a fine of $40,000. 2005 – It was reported that an anthrax outbreak had killed hundreds of cattle in parts of the Great Plains, forcing quarantines and devastating Dakota ranchers who worry how they will recover financially. 2006 – Ford Motor Co. announced sharp cuts in its North American production that would force it to partially shut down plants in the US and Canada in the fourth quarter. 2006 – President George W. Bush criticized a federal court ruling the day before that his warrantless wiretapping program was unconstitutional, declaring that opponents “do not understand the nature of the world in which we live.” 2006 – In Bristow, Oklahoma, Donald Thompson (59), a former judge convicted of exposing himself while presiding over jury trials, was sentenced to four years in prison and ordered to pay a fine of $40,000. 2006 – Boeing took steps toward shutting down production of its C-17 military cargo plane. Production would continue until mid-2009 for the $200 million planes. 2007 – A seven-alarm fire ripped through the former Deutsche Bank next to ground zero in Lower Manhattan, killing two firefighters who were responding to the blaze. 2007 – Rescuers say that a fourth hole in the Crandall Canyon mine near Huntington, Utah shows no sign of six trapped miners. 2007 – NASA shortens a spacewalk during the current Space Shuttle Endeavour mission so that the crew can prepare for a Tuesday landing to avoid Hurricane Dean. 2007 – Having learned from Katrina, President George W. Bush pre-approves an emergency declaration for Texas if Hurricane Dean hits the state. 2009 – Jesse Jackson is crowned prince of the Agni people during a three-day visit to Côte d’Ivoire, succeeding Michael Jackson. 2010 – The United States ends combat operations in Iraq as its last combat brigade departs for Kuwait. 2010 – Rupert Murdoch provides $1 million to the U.S. Republican Party ahead of an important election in November, more than doubling the party’s funds with one of the largest handouts by a media organization; critics declare Fox News is not impartial. 2010 – Governor David Paterson, New York, is to discuss relocating the controversial Park51 Islamic community centre and mosque near World Trade Center site in New York City. 2011 – The DAX, CAC 40, Nasdaq drop over 5%, the FTSE 100 index by 4.5%, the Dow Jones Industrial Average by 3.7%. Gold hits a high of US$1,826 an ounce. 2012 – A U.S. District Court judge declines Facebook’s $20 million offer to settle a lawsuit revolving around privacy, expressing among other concerns that up to half of that money would be paid to attorneys, and none to the victims. 2014 -The Governor of Missouri, Jay Nixon, dispatches the Missouri National Guard to the St. Louis suburb of Ferguson following a week of often violent protest after the shooting of Michael Brown. 1587 – Virginia Dare, first white child born in the American colonies on what is now Roanoke Island, North Carolina. 1774 – Meriwether Lewis, American explorer of Lewis & Clark. 1834 – Marshall Field, American department store mogul. 1904 – Max Factor, American cosmetic mogul. 1934 – Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican-born American baseball great. 1937 – Robert Redford, American actor, director. VIETNAM Rank and organization: Sergeant (then Cpl.), U .S. Marine Corps, Company 1, 3d Battalion, 3d Marine Regiment, 3d Marine Division (Rein). Place and date: Near An Cu’ong 2, South Vietnam, August 18th, 1965. Entered service at: New York, N.Y. Born: 3 June 1943, New York, N.Y. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the communist (Viet Cong) forces at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. While leading his squad in the assault against a strongly entrenched enemy force, his unit came under intense small-arms fire. With complete disregard for his personal safety, Sgt. O’Malley raced across an open rice paddy to a trench line where the enemy forces were located. Jumping into the trench, he attacked the Viet Cong with his rifle and grenades, and singly killed eight of the enemy. He then led his squad to the assistance of an adjacent Marine unit which was suffering heavy casualties. Continuing to press forward, he reloaded his weapon and fired with telling effect into the enemy emplacement. He personally assisted in the evacuation of several wounded marines, and again regrouping the remnants of his squad, he returned to the point of the heaviest fighting. Ordered to an evacuation point by an officer, Sgt. O’Malley gathered his besieged and badly wounded squad, and boldly led them under fire to a helicopter for withdrawal. Although three times wounded in this encounter, and facing imminent death from a fanatic and determined enemy, he steadfastly refused evacuation and continued to cover his squad’s boarding of the helicopters while, from an exposed position, he delivered fire against the enemy until his wounded men were evacuated. Only then, with his last mission accomplished, did he permit himself to be removed from the battlefield. By his valor, leadership, and courageous efforts in behalf of his comrades, he served as an inspiration to all who observed him, and reflected the highest credit upon the Marine Corps and the U.S. Naval Service. VIETNAM WAR Posthumously Rank and organization: Lance Corporal, U.S. Marine Corps, Company H, 2d Battalion, 4th Marines (Rein), 3d Marine Division (Rein). Place and date: near Chu Lai, Republic of Vietnam, August 18th, 1965. Entered service at: Dayton, Ohio. Born: 23 April 1946, Williamsburg, Ky. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. In violent battle, L/Cpl. Paul’s platoon sustained five casualties as it was temporarily pinned down, by devastating mortar, recoilless rifle, automatic weapons, and rifle fire delivered by insurgent communist (Viet Cong) forces in well entrenched positions. The wounded marines were unable to move from their perilously exposed positions forward of the remainder of their platoon, and were suddenly subjected to a barrage of white phosphorous rifle grenades. L/Cpl. Paul, fully aware that his tactics would almost certainly result in serious injury or death to himself, chose to disregard his safety and boldly dashed across the fire-swept rice paddies, placed himself between his wounded comrades and the enemy, and delivered effective suppressive fire with his automatic weapon in order to divert the attack long enough to allow the casualties to be evacuated. Although critically wounded during the course of the battle, he resolutely remained in his exposed position and continued to fire his rifle until he collapsed and was evacuated. By his fortitude and gallant spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of almost certain death, he saved the lives of several of his fellow Marines. His heroic action served to inspire all who observed him and reflect the highest credit upon himself, the Marine Corps and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the cause of freedom. WWII Posthumously Rank and organization: Major, U.S. Army Air Corps. Place and date: Near Wewak, New Guinea, August 18th, 1943. Entered service at: Brooklyn, N.Y. Birth: San Francisco, Calif. G.O. No.: 72, 28 October 1943. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy. While Maj. Cheli was leading his squadron in a dive to attack the heavily defended Dagua Airdrome, intercepting enemy aircraft centered their fire on his plane, causing it to burst into flames while still two miles from the objective. His speed would have enabled him to gain necessary altitude to parachute to safety, but this action would have resulted in his formation becoming disorganized and exposed to the enemy. Although a crash was inevitable, he courageously elected to continue leading the attack in his blazing plane. From a minimum altitude, the squadron made a devastating bombing and strafing attack on the target. The mission completed, Maj. Cheli instructed his wingman to lead the formation and crashed into the sea. Posthumously Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. Place and date: Japanese-held island of Makin on August 17th- August 18th, 1942 Born: 23 May 1914, Atlanta, Ga. Accredited to: Georgia. Citation: For conspicuous heroism and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty during the Marine Raider Expedition against the Japanese-held island of Makin on 17-18 August 1942. Leading the advance element of the assault echelon, Sgt. Thomason disposed his men with keen judgment and discrimination and, by his exemplary leadership and great personal valor, exhorted them to like fearless efforts. On one occasion, he dauntlessly walked up to a house which concealed an enemy Japanese sniper, forced in the door and shot the man before he could resist. Later in the action, while leading an assault on an enemy position, he gallantly gave his life in the service of his country. His courage and loyal devotion to duty in the face of grave peril were in keeping with the finest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. Bill Clinton and the Meaning of “Is” Timothy Noah Posted Sunday, Sept. 13, 1998, at 9:14 PM ET Slate.com Years from now, when we look back on Bill Clinton’s presidency, its defining moment may well be Clinton’s rationalization to the grand jury about why he wasn’t lying when he said to his top aides that with respect to Monica Lewinsky, “there’s nothing going on between us.” How can this be? Here’s what Clinton told the grand jury (according to footnote 1,128 in Starr’s report): Clinton speaking, “It depends on what the meaning of the word ‘is’ is. If the–if he–if ‘is’ means is and never has been, that is not–that is one thing. If it means there is none, that was a completely true statement….Now, if someone had asked me on that day, are you having any kind of sexual relations with Ms. Lewinsky, that is, asked me a question in the present tense, I would have said no. And it would have been completely true.” Doublespeak One of the theoretical insights of George Orwell’s “Nineteen Eighty-Four “ was the use of language to manipulate people groups. He called it “newspeak” and “doublethink,” and which we now call “doublespeak” and “Orwellian.” Orwell was alarmed by government propaganda and the seemingly rampant use of euphemisms and halftruths or what we now call misspeaks. This is not entirely different from Genesis 11, the account at the Tower of Babel. Even God said that these people who were building the tower could do anything because they all spoke the same language. The idea was to divide. This is what government is trying to do now, to divide and conquer. A people who all speak the same language are incredibly powerful. Despite our general awareness of the tactic, government officials routinely use doublespeak or PC- political correctness to expand their power. Reasonable people can honestly disagree about what needs to be done in America if they, first, can agree on their language and not necessarily the words but the meanings. How does one argue intelligently when, as in the beginning story, there cannot be any agreement on what “is” is. Doublespeak is language that deliberately disguises, distorts, or reverses the meaning of words. Examples include “revenue enhancement” instead of “taxes”. Joseph Story in his Commentaries on the Constitution, 1833, said “In a general sense, all contributions imposed by the government upon individuals for the service of the state, are called taxes, by whatever name they may be known, whether by the name of tribute, tythe, tallage, impost, duty, gabel, custom, subsidy, aid, supply, excise, or other name.” Doublespeak may take the form of euphemisms. Examples can include “downsizing”, “rightsizing”, or ”reductions in labor costs” for the word layoffs. These make the truth less unpleasant, without denying its nature. The end result, however , is one group creating a “different” language to defeat another group. Doublespeak can be used to simply confound people and prevent immediate questions from a generally informed electorate. An excellent example of this former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld when he said, “There are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns – the ones we don’t know we don’t know.” Some examples that have come to light include: The annual accounting of hunger in America reported no hunger in its last outing. Instead, it found “food insecurity.” In Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, Oceania is ruled by a political party simply called The Party. The individual is always subordinated to the state, and it is in part this philosophy which allows the Party to manipulate and control humanity. In the Ministry of Truth, protagonist Winston Smith is a civil servant responsible for perpetuating the Party’s propaganda by revising historical records to render the Party omniscient and always correct, yet his meager existence disillusions him to the point of seeking rebellion against Big Brother. In our most recent example Barack Hussein Obama made a claim that “our” Muslim brothers have always been involved in America’s growth and success. This is an absolute attempt to rewrite history. In Florida, the Department of Education wants to stop teaching American History prior to the Civil War. Some of the words from this work have moved into our normal speech such as “Big Brother”, “doublethink”, “thoughtcrime”, and “memory hole” – any mechanism for the alteration or disappearance of inconvenient or embarrassing documents, photographs, transcripts, or other records. Some examples that have come to light include: Retreating from a war zone is now called “redeployment.” Suicides are now called “self- injurious behavior incidents” The right to an abortion is the “right to choose.” Propaganda is a “struggle for hearts and minds.” “Using the facilities” instead of going to the bathroom, “Downsizing” instead of firing people, “Reducing costs” as opposed to cutting peoples’ salaries or the amount of supplies going into work, “Preowned” as opposed to used and possibly beaten up, “Well loved” as opposed to old and raggedy, “Senior citizen” in place of an old person, “Experienced” or “well experienced” in place of old “Not doing so well” instead of very sick or injured “Detainee” for a prisoner of war “Pre-emptive strike” instead of unprovoked attack, no more wars because they are now man-made disasters, “Enhanced interrogation” in place of torture, “Person of interest” instead of a suspect in a crime and “Capital punishment” instead of the death penalty, oh,don’t forget “Doublespeak” instead of euphemism. And the list goes on……… and any attempt to ignore this could cause “unintended consequences.” 1 Corinthians 15:33-34 King James Version (KJV) 33 Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners. 34 Awake to righteousness, and sin not; for some have not the knowledge of God: I speak this to your shame. Even though Abraham Lincoln was not a “Founding Father”, he was extremely aware of the path that our republic was taking. Since the days of the Founding Fathers, corporations kept getting bigger and bigger. To put it bluntly, corporations didn’t care about its workers or the people who bought their products. The only rule of the game was to make as much profit as possible, no matter what. As the 19th century ended and the 20th century began, corporations were getting bigger and bigger. Many began buying up smaller companies, becoming monopolies that controlled whole industries. This practice eliminated competition and as a result, prices had skyrocketed and no one could challenge them. That was, until Theodore Roosevelt became the President. Theodore Roosevelt did not hate corporations. He simply wanted them to treat workers how they deserved to be treated and to serve the public faithfully and honestly. He believed in honest competition and fair prices. Roosevelt believed that government had not only a duty, but a right to regulate corporations just as the founding generation had done, stating that,”The great corporations which we have grown to speak of rather loosely as trusts are the creatures of the State, and the State not only has the right to control them, but it is duty bound to control them wherever the need of such control is shown.” “Get into a line that you will find to be a deep personal interest, something you really enjoy spending twelve to fifteen hours a day working at, and the rest of the time thinking about.” ~ Earl Nightingale 1. Inanely foolish and unintelligent; stupid. 2. Illusory; delusive. 1590 – John White, the leader of 117 colonists sent in 1587 to Roanoke Island (North Carolina) to establish a colony, returned from a trip to England to find the settlement deserted. No trace of the settlers was ever found. 1790 – US capital moved from New York City to Philadelphia. In 1800, the government would again move, this time to its permanent location in Washington, D.C. 1805 – Sacagawea, while traveling with the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery, reunited with her brother Cameahwait, a Shoshoni Indian chief on the Lemhi River (Idaho). 1807 – The “Clermont”, Robert Fulton’s steamboat, started navigating the Hudson River. 1812 – War of 1812: The frigate “President” captures the British schooner “L’Adeline” in North Atlantic. 1833 – The first steam ship to cross the Atlantic entirely on its own power, the Canadian ship Royal William, began her journey from Nova Scotia to The Isle of Wight. 1835 – Solyman Merrick patented the wrench. 1846 – The US takes Los Angeles. The proclamation was that it was now the possession of the United States and California also said it would be governed like any other territory of the US. 1858 – The first bank in Hawaii opened. 1859 – A hot air balloon was used to carry mail for the first time. John Wise left Lafayette, IN for New York City with 100 letters. He had to land after only 27 miles. 1859 – Harry Colcord crossed over the Niagara Falls while strapped to the back of French tightrope walker Blondin. 1862- Indian Wars: The Dakota War of 1862 begins in Minnesota as Lakota warriors attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. 1862 – Civil War: Joint landing party from U.S.S. Ellis, Master Benjamin H. Porter, and Army boats destroyed Confederate salt works, battery, and barracks near Swansboro, North Carolina. 1863 – Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina, Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter. Bombardment did not end until December 31, 1863. 1864 – General Robert E. Lee, attempting to consolidate his position on the James River below Richmond, turned to the ships of Flag Officer Mitchell’s squadron for gunfire support. 1870 – First ascent of Mt Rainier, Washington was by Hazard Stevens and P. B. Van Trump. 1870 – Esther Morris was named a justice of the peace in South Pass City, the first woman to hold public office in the US. 1877 – Arizona blacksmith F.P. Cahill is fatally wounded by Billy the Kid. Cahill will die the next day, becoming the first person killed by the Kid. 1877 – Asaph Hall discovered the Mars moon Phobos. Hall of the US Naval Observatory discovered the moons around Mars and named them Deimos (anxiety) and Phobos (fear), Homer’s names for the attendant’s of the god of war. 1894 – Pitcher John Wadsworth of Louisville set a major league record when he gave up 28 base hits in a single game. 1903 – Joseph Pulitzer donated a million dollars to Columbia University. This started the Pulitzer Prizes in his name. 1907 – The longest continuously-running public farmers market, Pike Place Market , in the US, opened in Seattle. 1908 – The San Francisco Bank of Italy (US) opened a new HQ at Clay and Montgomery. It grew by a branch banking strategy to become the Bank of America, the world’s largest commercial bank with 493 branches in California and assets of $5 billion in 1945. 1915 – Charles F. Kettering of Detroit, Michigan patented an electric self-starter for automobiles. 1915 – Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager, was lynched by a mob of anti-Semites in Cobb County, Georgia. He had been convicted in the killing of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old girl who worked at his pencil factory. 1915 – A Category 4 hurricane hits Galveston, Texas with winds at 135 miles per hour. 1918 – GlenRiddle farm owner, Samuel D. Riddle, purchased Man O’War, known affectionately as “Big Red”, for $5,000. 1920 – Ray Chapman died after he was hit in the head by Yanks’ pitcher Carl Mays. 1929 – Horace Alderman, convicted of murdering two Coast Guardsmen and a Secret Service agent in 1927, was hanged at Coast Guard Base 10 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He was the only person ever executed on Coast Guard property. 1933 – Lou Gehrig breaks record by playing in his 1,308th straight game. 1939 – “Wizard of Oz” opens at Loew’s Capitol Theater in New York City. It premiered at Grauman’s Chinese Theater, Hollywood on August 15. 1940 – Wendell Willkie, a former Democrat, delivered his formal acceptance speech as the Republican nominee for president from his home in Elwood, Indiana. 1942 – World War II: The first bombing raid flown by a completely American squadron bombs Rouen in France. 1942 – World War II: U.S. Marines raid the Japanese-held Pacific island of Makin. They attacked from two submarines. 1943 – World War II: The USAAF bombs the ball-bearing manufacturing centers at Schweinfurt and Regensburg in a daylight raid. 1943 – World War II: The U.S. Seventh Army under General George S. Patton arrive in Messina, Italy, followed several hours later by the British 8th Army under Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery, thus completing the Allied conquest of Sicily. 1943 – World War II: A small number of Japanese reinforcements land on Vella Lavella. 1943 – World War II: U.S. General George S. Patton and his 7th Army arrive in Messina several hours before British Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery and his 8th Army, winning the unofficial “Race to Messina” and completing the Allied conquest of Sicily. 1944 – World War II: There is little German resistance to the Allied advance of US 7th Army. St. Raphael, St. Tropez, Frejus, Le Luq and St. Maxime are captured in one day. 1944 – World War II: The mayor of Paris, Pierre Charles Tattinger, met with the German commander Dietrich von Choltitz to protest the explosives being deployed throughout the city. Adolf Hitler had decreed that Paris should be left a smoking ruin, but Dietrich von Choltitz thought better of his Fuhrer’s order. 1944 – World War II: Near Aitape, American forces extend their line in a general advance against light Japanese resistance. On Numfoor, the last significant Japanese force is brought to battle by American forces and destroyed. “ Milkman, Keep Those Bottles Quiet ” by Ella Mae Morse and “ Is You is or is You Ain’t (Ma’ Baby) ” by Louis Jordan all topped the charts. 1948 – Former State Department official Alger Hiss faced his chief accuser, Whittaker Chambers, during a closed-door meeting in New York of the House Un-American Activities Committee, and repeated his denial that he’d ever been a Communist agent. 1950 – Korean War: The bodies of twenty mortar men of the 5th Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division were recovered near Hill 303 in the vicinity of Waegwan. North Korean soldiers murdered the soldiers after they had surrendered. 1950 – The First Marine Brigade battled North Koreans at Obong-ni Ridge. The ridge is located in the vicinity of Yongsan and the Naktong River in South Korea. 1952 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Walkin’ My Baby Back Home ” by Johnnie Ray, “Auf Wiedersehn, Sweetheart” by Vera Lynn, “ Half as Much ” by Rosemary Clooney and “ A Full Time Job ” by Eddy Arnold all topped the charts. 1953 – The first meeting of Narcotics Anonymous is held in Southern California. 1954 – The Newport Jazz Festival opened at the Newport Casino in Rhode Island. 1955 – Hurricane Diane followed hurricane Connie and flooded the Connecticut River killing 190 and doing $1.8 billion in damage. 1957 – “ Teddy Bear ” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. 1958 – World’s first Moon probe, US’s Thor-Able, exploded at T +77 sec. This is notable as one of the first attempted launches beyond Earth orbit by any country. 1959 – “ Kind of Blue ” by Miles Davis, the much acclaimed and highly influential best selling jazz recording of all time, is released. Full Album (45:25) 1959 – A 7.5 earthquake struck at Yellowstone National Park. Quake Lake is formed by earthquake near Hebgen Lake in Montana. The Ventures, “ Walking to New Orleans ” by Fats Domino and “ Please Help Me, I’m Falling ” by Hank Locklin all topped the charts. 1960 – Gary Francis Powers U-2 spy trial opens in Moscow. He was a Korean War veteran who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1960s. 1961 – Kennedy administration establishes Alliance for Progress. It was to be a Latin American version of the Marshall Plan, the United States planned to fund a cooperative, long-term program to rebuild Europe following World War II. 1961 – The Communist East German government completed the construction of the Berlin Wall. 1962 – Beatles replaces Pete Best with Ringo Starr. 1962 – 17-year-old Peter Fechter was shot by East German guards as he tried to escape from East Berlin. The incident occurred just a year after the communists constructed the wall. He was left laying in no-man’s zone until he bled to death. 1962 – Navy’s first hydrofoil patrol craft, USS High Point (PCH-1) launched at Seattle, WA. 1964 – The Kinks “ You Really Got Me ” was released. 1966 – Pioneer 7 launched into solar orbit. 1968 – CHART TOPPERS – “ People Got to Be Free ” by The Rascals, “ Born to Be Wild ” by Steppenwolf, “ Light My Fire ” by Jose Feliciano and “ Heaven Says Hello ” by Sonny James all topped the charts. 1968 – Deep Purple’s “ Hush ” was released. 1969 – Category 5 Hurricane Camille hit the Gulf Coast at Pass Christian, Miss., leaving 256 people killed in Louisiana and Mississippi. Damage was later estimated at $3.8 billion. 1969 – After three days, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair in New York came to an end. 1970 – Venera 7 launched. It will later become the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from the surface of another planet (Venus). 1973 – Lee Trevino won six majors: the US Open in 1968 and 1971; the Open in 1971 and 1972; and the USPGA in 1974 and 1984. Today he hit his very first hole-in-one. “ You Should Be Dancing ” by Bee Gees, “ Let ’Em In ” by Wings and “ Say It Again ” by Don Williams all topped the charts. 1977 – Florists Transworld Delivery (FTD) reported that in one day the number of orders for flowers to be delivered to Graceland had surpassed the number for any other event in the company’s history. 1978 – Maxie Anderson , Ben Abruzzo and Larry Newman completed the first transatlantic balloon flight in the Double Eagle II when it landed in a barley field near Paris, 137 hours after lifting off from Presque Isle, Maine. 1980 – The Viking 1 Mars Orbiter was powered down after over 1400 orbits. 1981 – In Florida James Dvorak was found bludgeoned to death at Indian Harbor Beach in what was described as a robbery gone wrong. In 1981 William Dillon was convicted and sentenced to prison. 1982 – The U.S. Senate approved an immigration bill that granted permanent resident status to illegal aliens who had arrived in the United States before 1977. 1982 – A jury in South Bend, Ind., acquitted self-avowed racist Joseph Paul Franklin, for the 1980 attempted assassination of Vernon Jordan Jr, National Urban League president. with It ” by Tina Turner, “ State of Shock ” by Jacksons and “ That’s the Thing About Love ” by Don Williams all topped the charts. 1985 – “ Shout ” by Tears for Fears topped the charts. 1985 – A year-long strike began when 1,400 Geo. A. Hormel and Co. meat packers walked off the job. 1986 – Forty-two people were beaten or stabbed at a Run D.M.C. concert in Long Beach, CA. 1986 – A bronze pig statue was unveiled at Seattle’s Pike Place Market. 1987 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed above 2,700 for the first time (2,700.57). 1987 – Rudolph Hess died after apparently committing suicide while still in prison but awaiting release. Hess was the last member of Adolf Hitler’s inner circle. 1987 – Charles Glass, American journalist, escaped his kidnappers and was rescued after being held for 62 days in Lebanon. 1988 – Vice President George Bush was nominated for president at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans. 1988 – Pakistani President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq (63) and U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel were killed in a mysterious plane crash. 1988 – The US FDA approved Minoxidil as a hair loss treatment. 1990 – The film “The Exorcist 3” premiered. 1990 – Phyllis Polaner, former aide to his ex-wife Robin Givens, sued Mike Tyson (b.1966) for sexual harassment. A New York City civil jury found Tyson committed battery but that his behavior was “not outrageous.” 1992 – Actor-director Woody Allen admitted being romantically involved with Soon-Yi Previn, the adopted daughter of Allen’s longtime companion, actress Mia Farrow. 1992 – President Bush arrived in Houston for the opening of the Republican National Convention, which featured an address by former President Reagan. 1993 – A patent was issued to Thomas Welsh for a platform steerable skateboard. 1993 – Jack Kevorkian was charged in Wayne County, MI with assisting in the suicide of Thomas Hyde. Kevorkian was later acquitted. 1995 – James B. McDougal, McDougal’s ex-wife, Susan H. McDougal, and Arkansas Governor Jim Guy Tucker were indicted by the Whitewater grand jury. 1996 – A military cargo plane (C-130) crashed in Wyoming killing eight crewmembers and a Secret Service employee. The plane was carrying gear for President Clinton. 1996 – Ross Perot was announced to be the Reform Party’s presidential candidate. It was the party’s first-ever candidate. 1997 – President Clinton urged both sides in the United Parcel Service strike to “redouble their efforts” to reach a deal, but hours later, negotiators recessed. 1998 -President Clinton admitted to having an improper relationship with Monica Lewinsky, a White House intern. On the same day he admits before the nation that he “misled people” about his relationship. He then delivered a TV address in which he denied previously committing perjury, admitted his relationship with Lewinsky was “wrong,” and criticized Kenneth Starr’s investigation. “I did have a relationship with Miss Lewinsky that was not appropriate… It was wrong.” 1998 – NationsBank and BankAmerica merge to create the largest U.S. bank. 1998 – It was reported that spy satellites had detected a secret underground complex in North Korea that was suspected of being involved in a nuclear weapons program. 2000 – Al Gore accepted the Democratic nomination for president, pledging a “better, fairer, more prosperous America” at the party’s convention in Los Angeles. 2000 – A “info leak” occurred that Independent Counsel Robert Ray was assembling a new grand jury to investigate President Clinton’s conduct in the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Democrats charged that Republicans were behind the release of information. Later a judge admitted that he had done it. 2001 – Balloonist Steve Fossett was forced down by bad weather in Brazil after traveling 12,695 miles. 2002 – In Santa Rosa, CA, the Charles M. Schulz Museum opened to the public. 2002 – The new $1 billion dollar Navy destroyer McCampbell was commissioned in San Francisco. It is an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer built at the Bath Iron Works in Maine. It is named named for the Navy’s leading ace in World War II, Captain David McCampbell (1910–1996). 2003 – A major blackout occurs in the Midwest and Northeast. Investigators believe the blackout began in Ohio. FirstEnergy Corporation, which services 1.4 million people in the state, released a statement Saturday that three of its transmission lines tripped off at Unit 5 of their Eastlake Plant hours before the blackout, and may have been its cause. 2005 – The governors of New Mexico and Arizona declare an emergency along their borders with Mexico citing recent violence, and inaction in both the US government and the Mexican government. 2005 – The Zotob computer worm causes fatal crashes of computers worldwide. The worm only crashes PCs running Windows 2000 and earlier versions of Windows XP, shutting down and rebooting the computer endlessly. Affected were CNN, ABC, Caterpillar, New York Times and Capitol Hill PCs. 2006 – A federal judge in Detroit ruled that President Bush’s warrantless surveillance program violated the rights to free speech and privacy, as well as the separation of powers enshrined in the Constitution. The administration said it would appeal. 2006 – In the Arctic ice Lt. Jessica Hill (31) and Boatswain’s Mate Steven Duque (22), divers on the US Coast Guard cutter Healy, died during a practice dive. 2006 – Several large California auto insurers said they will set premiums based on driving records rather than ZIP codes and reduce rates for most motorists. 2006 – Scientists believe they have found a key gene that helped the human brain evolve from our chimp-like ancestors. In just a few million years, one area of the human genome seems to have evolved about 70 times faster than the rest of our genetic code. 2007 – New Mexico’s Gov. Bill Richardson ordered the state Health Department to resume planning of a medical marijuana program despite the agency’s worries about possible federal prosecution. 2007 – Hurricane Dean intensifies into a Category 4 hurricane after hitting the Lesser Antilles. BP (British Petroleum) starts evacuating its oil and gas workers from the Gulf of Mexico ahead of it. The Governor of Louisiana, Kathleen Blanco, declares a state of emergency as a precaution. 2007 – Four Marines die as a US Marine Corps helicopter crashes on a training flight north of Yuma, Arizona. 2008 – In San Mateo, Ca., the final race was held at Bay Meadows after nearly 74 years of horse racing. 2008 – American swimmer Michael Phelps becomes the first person to win eight gold medals in one Olympic Games. This record beat Mark Spitz who won seven gold medals in 1972. 2009 – Albert Gonzalez (28) of Miami allegedly stole information from 130 million credit and debit card accounts in what federal prosecutors called the largest case of identity theft yet. He pled guilty and will serve up to 25 years in federal prison. 2010 – A federal jury in Chicago deadlocked on all but one of 24 charges against former Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich. He was convicted of lying to federal agents. Prosecutors pledged to retry the case as soon as possible. 2010 – In Texas, Patrick Gray Sharp (29) was killed in a shootout with police after he towed a trailer full of explosives in front of a suburban Dallas police station and opened fire in an apparent attempt to lure people out to kill them. 2010 – Texas executed Peter Anthony Cantu (35), a former gang member, for taking part in the rape and murder of two teenage girls in 1993. 2011 – Verizon Communications says that striking workers who do not return to work by the end of August will lose medical, prescription drug, and related benefits. 2012 – Arizona’s governor, Jan Brewer, has signed an executive order forbidding any state agency from treating illegal-alien recipients of the Obama amnesty as lawful residents for purposes of state benefits and public services. 2013 – A wildfire erupts near Yosemite National Park, growing to 25 square miles overnight. 2014 – Death of Michael Brown: A private autopsy shows that Michael Brown was shot six times as violent protests continue in Ferguson, Missouri. 2015 – Authorities charge a former police officer with second-degree murder, in connection with the on-duty shooting death of John Geer in Fairfax, Virginia. 2016 – Ford Motor Company started production of its F650 and F750 in Avon Lake, Ohio. They were being built in Mexico making this a good sign for American car building. 1786 – Davy Crockett, American frontiersman, soldier. 1882 – Samuel Goldwyn (Goldfish), American movie pioneer. 1893 – Mae West, American playwright, actress. 1914 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (d. 1988) 1920 – Maureen O’Hara (Fitzsimmons), American actress. 1929 – Francis Gary Powers, American U-2 pilot (d. 1977) 1936 – Floyd Red Crow Westerman, Native American musician-actor (d. 2007) 1943 – Robert De Niro, American actor 1952 – Kathryn C. Thornton, PhD, astronaut 1959 – David Koresh, American cult leader (d. 1993) 1967 – Kevin Max, American singer (dc talk) KOREA Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Marine Corps, Company F, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Rein.). Place and date: Korea, August 17th, 1952. Entered service at: Detroit, Mich. Born: 26 April 1930, Detroit, Mich. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with Company F, in action against enemy aggressor forces. While accompanying a patrol en route to occupy a combat outpost forward of friendly lines, Pfc. Simanek exhibited a high degree of courage and a resolute spirit of self-sacrifice in protecting the lives of his fellow Marines. With his unit ambushed by an intense concentration of enemy mortar and small-arms fire, and suffering heavy casualties, he was forced to seek cover with the remaining members of the patrol in a nearby trench line. Determined to save his comrades when a hostile grenade was hurled into their midst, he unhesitatingly threw himself on the deadly missile absorbing the shattering violence of the exploding charge in his body and shielding his fellow Marines from serious injury or death. Gravely wounded as a result of his heroic action, Pfc. Simanek, by his daring initiative and great personal valor in the face of almost certain death, served to inspire all who observed him and upheld the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. WW II Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company E, 7th Infantry, 3d Infantry Division. Place and date: Near La Lande, France, August 17th, 1944. Entered service at: Chicago, 111. Born: 31 October 1909, Carlisle, W. Va. G.O. No.: 7, 1 February 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. On 17 August 1944, near La Lande, France, he climbed on top of a knocked-out tank, in the face of withering machinegun fire which had halted the advance of his company, in an effort to locate the source of this fire. Although bullets ricocheted off the turret at his feet, he nevertheless remained standing upright in full view of the enemy for over two minutes. Locating the enemy machineguns on a knoll two hundred yards away, he ordered two squads to cover him and led his men down an irrigation ditch, running a gauntlet of intense machinegun fire, which completely blanketed fifty yards of his advance and wounded four of his men. While the Germans hurled hand grenades at the ditch, he stood his ground until his squad caught up with him, then advanced alone, in a wide flanking approach, to the rear of the knoll. He walked deliberately a distance of forty yards, without cover, in full view of the Germans and under a hail of both enemy and friendly fire, to the first machinegun and knocked it out with a single short burst. Then he made his way through the strong point, despite bursting hand grenades, toward the second machinegun, twenty-five yards distant, whose two-man crew swung the machinegun around and fired two bursts at him, but he walked calmly through the fire and, reaching the edge of the emplacement, dispatched the crew. Signaling his men to rush the rifle pits, he then walked thirty-five yards further to kill an enemy rifleman and returned to lead his squad in the destruction of the eight remaining Germans in the strong point. His audacity so inspired the remainder of the assault company that the men charged out of their positions, shouting and yelling, to overpower the enemy roadblock and sweep into town, knocking out two antitank guns, killing thirty-seven Germans and capturing twenty-six others. He had sparked and led the assault company in an attack which overwhelmed the enemy, destroying a roadblock, taking a town, seizing intact three bridges over the Maravenne River, and capturing commanding terrain which dominated the area. BOXER REBELLION Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Marine Corps. Place and date: Peking, China, July 21st to August 17th,1900. Born: 3 June 1876, Brooklyn, N.Y. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901. Citation: In the presence of the enemy during the action at Peking, China, 21 July to 17 August 1900. During this period, Murray distinguished himself by meritorious conduct. (Served as Henry W. Davis) PETERSEN, CARL EMIL BOXER REBELLION Rank and organization: Chief Machinist, U.S. Navy. Place and date: Peking, China, July 21st to August 17th, 1900. Entered service at: New Jersey. Born: 24 August 1875, Hamburg, Germany. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901. Citation: In the presence of the enemy during the action at Peking, China, 28 June to 17 August 1900. During this period Chief Machinist Petersen distinguished himself by meritorious conduct. BOXER REBELLION Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Marine Corps. Place and date: Peking, China, July 21st to August 17th, 1900. Born: 14 January 1871, Toledo, Ohio. Accredited to: Illinois. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901. Citation: In the presence of the enemy at Peking, China, 21 July to 17 August 1900. Although under a heavy fire from the enemy during this period, Upham assisted in the erection of barricades. WESTERMARK, AXEL BOXER REBELLION Rank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Place and date: Peking, China, June 28th to August 17th, 1900. Born: 8 April 1875, Finland. Accredited to: California. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901. Citation: In the presence of the enemy during the battle of Peking, China, 28 June to 17 August 1900. Throughout this period, Westermark distinguished himself by meritorious conduct.	Theodore Roosevelt
What position did Merlin hold in King Arthur's court?	UnerasedHistory - Page 13 of 43 - "Those who ignore history are destined to repeat it" "Those who ignore history are destined to repeat it" Posted by Wayne Church on August 26, 2016 in 08 - August , Blog by month \| ∞ Women’s Equality Day Women’s Equality Day Established Joint Resolution of Congress, 1971 Designating August 26th of each year as Women’s Equality Day WHEREAS, the women of the United States have been treated as second-class citizens and have not been entitled the full rights and privileges, public or private, legal or institutional, which are available to male citizens of the United States; and WHEREAS, the women of the United States have united to assure that these rights and privileges are available to all citizens equally regardless of sex; and WHEREAS, the women of the United States have designated August 26th, the anniversary date of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, as symbol of the continued fight for equal rights: and WHEREAS, the women of United States are to be commended and supported in their organizations and activities, NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that August 26th of each year is designated as “Women’s Equality Day,” and the President is authorized and requested to issue a proclamation annually in commemoration of that day in 1920, on which the women of America were first given the right to vote, and that day in 1970, on which a nationwide demonstration for women’s rights took place. 1 John4: 9-13 9 In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him. 10 Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins. 11 Beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love one another. 12 No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us. 13 Hereby know we that we dwell in him, and he in us, because he hath given us of his Spirit. “Then join in hand, brave Americans all! By uniting we stand, by dividing we fall.” John Dickinson “ Don’t walk in front of me, I may not follow. Don’t walk behind me, I may not lead. Just walk beside me and be my friend.” ~ Albert Camus tete-a-tete \TAYT-uh-TAYT; TET-uh-TET\, adjective: 1. Private; confidential; familiar. 2. A private conversation between two people. 3. A short sofa intended to accommodate two persons. Tete-a-tete comes from the French, literally “head-to-head.” 55 B.C. – Roman forces under Julius Caesar invaded Britain. 1346 -The military supremacy of the English longbow over the French combination of crossbow and armored knights is established at the Battle of Crécy in the Hundred Years War. 1429 – Joan of Arc made a triumphant entry into Paris. 1498 – Michelangelo was commissioned to make the “Pieta.” 1748 – The first Lutheran denomination in North America, the Pennsylvania Ministerium, is founded in Philadelphia. 1775 – Rhode Island Resolve: Rhode Island delegates to Continental Congress press for creation of Continental Navy to protect the colonies. 1791 – John Fitch, an American inventor, clockmaker, entrepreneur and engineer, was granted a United States patent for the steamboat. 1818 – Illinois becomes the 21st state. 1839 – The ship Amistad is captured off Long Island. The U.S.S. Washington, a U.S. Navy brig, seized the Amistad York, and escorted it to New London, Connecticut. 1842 – The U.S. Congress established the fiscal year, which begins on July first. 1843 – Charles Thurber patented a typewriter. 1847 – Liberia was proclaimed an independent republic. Freed American slaves founded Liberia.They modeled their constitution after that of the US, copied the US flag, and named their capital Monrovia, after James Monroe. 1862 – Civil War: The Second Battle of Bull Run begins. Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson encircles the Union Army under General John Pope. 1863 – Civil War: Battle of Rocky Gap, WV, (White Sulphur Springs). 1865 – Civil War ends with Naval strength over 58,500 men and 600 ships. 1873 – First public school kindergarten in the U.S. was authorized in St. Louis, MO. 1883 – The volcano Krakatoa erupted in the largest recorded explosion. 1884 – The first roller coaster in America opens at Coney Island, in Brooklyn, New York. Known as a switchback railway, it was the brainchild of LaMarcus Thompson, traveled approximately six miles per hour and cost a nickel to ride. 1902 – Arthur McCurdy obtained a patent for a daylight developing tank for roll film. 1903 – The patent for a flashlight was issued to Conrad Hubert. The patent number is 737,107. It is for a flashlight with an on/off switch in the now familiar cylindrical casing containing lamp and batteries. 1907 – Houdini escapes from chains underwater at Aquatic Park in 57 seconds. 1908 – Tony Pastor (b.1837), singer and actor, died. He is considered to be the father of American vaudeville. 1920 – US Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certified ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. The amendment had been first introduced in Congress in 1878 and gave women the right to vote. 1935 – The US Public Utilities Act gave federal agencies powers to regulate gas and electric companies. 1937 – President Roosevelt signed the Judicial Procedure Reform Act, a compromise on his judicial reorganization plan. 1939 – WXBS of New York City televised the first major league baseball games. The event was a double-header between the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field. The Reds won first, 5-2; the Dodgers, second, 6-1. 1942 – World War II: Japanese troops landed on New Guinea, Milne Bay. 1942 – World War II: Seven thousand Jews were rounded up in Vichy, France. 1942 – World War II: Holocaust: At 2.30 am in Chortkiav, western Ukraine, the German Schutzpolizei starts driving Jews out of their houses, divided them into groups of 120, and deported 2000 to Belzec death camp. Five hundred of the sick and children are murdered on the spot. 1944 – World War II: US 12th Army Corps crossed the river Seine East of Paris. 1944 – World War II: Bulgaria announced that it had withdrawn from the war and that German troops in the country were to be disarmed. Perry Como, “ On the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe ” by Johnny Mercer, “ You Two Timed Me One Time Too Often ” by Tex Ritter all topped the charts. 1945 – The Japanese were given surrender instructions on the U.S.S. Missouri at the end of World War II. 1947 – First African-American baseball pitcher Don Bankhead (Hit a HR on first at bat). 1949 – The US submarine Cochino (SS-345) sank off Norway following an electrical fire and battery explosion a day earlier. A second battery explosion made “Abandon Ship” the only possible order, and Cochino sank. 1950 – “ Goodnight Irene ” by the Weavers with Gordon Jenkins topped the charts. by Perry Como, “ You, You, You ” by The Ames Brothers and “ Hey Joe! ” by Carl Smith all topped the charts. 1955 – First color telecast (NBC) of a tennis match (Davis Cup). 1957 – Ford Motor Company unveiled the Edsel. It was supposed to Ford’s new luxury car. 110,847 of the cars were built before Ford pulled the plug due to lack of sales. 1957 – The Soviet Union announces that it has successfully tested an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of being fired “into any part of the world.” 1958 – Alaskans went to the polls to overwhelmingly vote in favor of statehood. 1961 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Tossin’ and Turnin’ ” by Bobby Lewis, “ Wooden Heart ” by Joe Dowell, “ Michael ” by The Highwaymen and “ Tender Years ” by George Jones all topped the charts. 1962 – Mariner 2 launched for first planet flyby (Venus). The spacecraft discovered ground temperatures as high as 428o C (800o F). Radio contact was lost on January 3, 1963. 1967 – “ Ode to Billy Joe ” by Bobbie Gentry topped the charts. 1968 – As the Democratic National Convention began in Chicago, thousands of antiwar demonstrators protested the Vietnam War and its support by presidential candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Caroline ” by Neil Diamond, “ Put a Little Love in Your Heart ” by Jackie DeShannon and “ A Boy Named Sue ” by Johnny Cash all topped the charts. 1969 – Donald “Shorty” Shea (b.1933), a Hollywood stuntman, was murdered by members of the Manson family about this time. The location of his body was not discovered until 1977. 1971 – NY Giant football team announces its leaving the Bronx for NJ in 1975.They were getting a new sports complex to be built in East Rutherford. 1971 – A Joint Resolution of Congress declared that August 26th each year is Women’s Equality Day. 1972 – “ Brandy (You’re a Fine Girl) ” by Looking Glass topped the charts. 1973 – The University of Texas at Arlington became the first accredited school to offer belly dancing. Higher and Higher ” by Rita Coolidge, “ Easy ” by Commodores and “ Way Down ” by Elvis Presley all topped the charts. 1978 – “ Grease ” by Frankie Valli topped the charts. 1978 – Papal conclave: Albino Luciani is elected as Pope John Paul I. 1980 – John Birges plants a bomb at Harvey’s Resort Hotel in Stateline, Nevada. It was disguised as a new “computer.” 1981 – Voyager 2 took photo’s of Saturn’s moon Titan. 1982 – Rickey Henderson tied Lou Brock’s 1974 record of 118 stolen bases. Fire (Man in Motion) ” by John Parr, “ Freeway of Love ” by Aretha Franklin and “ Real Love ” by Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton all topped the charts. 1985 – Thirteen-year-old AIDS patient Ryan White began “attending” classes at Western Middle School in Kokomo, Indiana, via a telephone hook-up at his home. School officials had barred Ryan from attending classes in person. 1987 – The US stock market began a two-month decline of 41%. 1987 – President Ronald Reagan proclaims September 11, 1987 as 9-1-1 Emergency Number Day. 1987 – The Fuller Brush Company announced plans to open two retail stores in Dallas, TX. The company that had sold its products door to door for 81 years. 1987 – Sonny Bono, formerly of Sonny & Cher, announced that he was running for mayor of Palm Springs, CA. He won the election. 1987 – The US stock market began a two month decline of 41%. 1988 – Republican presidential nominee George Bush denounced Democrat Michael Dukakis’ criticism of Reagan administration drug policies as “an insult,” one day after the Massachusetts governor called U.S. dealings with Panamanian General Manuel Noriega “criminal.” 1989 – “ Right Here Waiting ” by Richard Marx topped the charts. 1989 – A team from Trumbull, Conn., became the first American team since 1983 to win the Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pa. 1990 – The fifty-five Americans at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait left Baghdad by car and headed for the Turkish border. 1992 – A mistrial was declared in the Iran-Contra cover-up trial of CIA spy Clair George. 1992 – A “no-fly zone” was imposed on the southern one-third of Iraq. The move by the U.S., France and Britain was aimed at protecting Iraqi Shiite Muslims. 1993 – Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman and 14 co-defendants entered innocent pleas in federal court in New York, a day after their indictment on charges of conspiring to wage terrorism against the United States. 1993 – Landlady Dorothea Puente was convicted in Monterey, Calif., of murdering three of her boardinghouse tenants; she was later sentenced to life without parole. 1995 – “ Kiss From a Rose ” by Seal topped the charts. 1996 – After two vetoes, President Bill Clinton signed welfare reform into law with the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. The act ended entitlement welfare and gave a block grant to the states, called TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families). 1996 – Barbara Jewell asked U.S. President Clinton to clear her son’s name in connection with the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. Richard Jewell was later cleared by the Justice Department. 1996 – A Cuban court convicted fugitive U.S. financier Robert Vesco of economic crimes. He was sentenced to thirteen years in prison. 1997 – It was announced that researchers at Johns Hopkins had found a gene that causes colon cancer in some people of Jewish ancestry. 1998 – U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno ordered a review of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. 1998 – U.N. weapons inspector Scott Ritter resigns, saying the Security Council and the United States have failed to take a tougher stand against Iraq. 1998 – A $225 million rocket and communication satellite exploded after take-off at Cape Canaveral. 1998 – Hurricane Bonnie drifted ashore in North Carolina and began creeping up the coast, packing heavy rains and high winds. 1999 – Attorney General Janet Reno pledged that a new investigation of the 1993 Waco, Texas, siege would “get to the bottom” of how the FBI used potentially flammable tear gas grenades against her wishes and then took six years to admit it. 2000 – United Airlines signed a tentative accord with its 10,000 pilots following 20 months of negotiations. 2000 – The Houston Comets won their fourth straight WNBA championship by defeating the New York Liberty 79-73. 2001 – The Tokyo Kitasuna beat Apopka, Fla., 2-1 to win the Little League championship in South Williamsport, Pa. 2001 – IBM computer scientists reported that they had constructed a working logic circuit within a single molecule of carbon fiber known as a carbon nanotube. 2002 – Vice President Dick Cheney, speaking at a Veterans of Foreign Wars convention in Tennessee, warned that there is “no doubt” that Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein is amassing weapons of mass destruction for use against America and its allies. 2003 – The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) releases 200 page final dossier over the space shuttle Columbia’s destruction (and the death of its seven astronauts). It states the cause is from NASA’s cultural traits, lack of funds, and insufficient safety program. 2003 – The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) forecast a US deficit of $401 billion this year and $480 billion in 2004. 2003 – President Bush, in a speech to the American Legion, defends the Iraq policy, declaring the United States had hit terrorism in overthrowing the government of Saddam Hussein. President Bush vows “no retreat” from Iraq, states that the United States may carry out other pre-emptive strikes. 2003 – O.J. Simpson, giving an interview to Playboy, states that he is still innocent, but says his “dream team” lawyers saved him. Without the money to pay for a “dream team” of lawyers, he says he would not have prevailed by being acquitted. 2004 – MIT named Yale neuroscientist Susan Hockfield as its new president, the first woman to ever hold that job. 2005 – Florida’s Gov. Bush signed legislation giving people the right to meet “force with force. 2005 – Utility crews in South Florida scrambled to restore power to more than one million customers blacked out by Hurricane Katrina. 2006 – NASA delays the launch of the Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-115) for 24 hours. Lightning struck the space shuttle launch pad on Friday but no damage was caused. 2007 – Tornadoes hit parts of central and southeast Ohio as hundreds of thousands of people in the Midwest are without power. 2007 – The $95 million Hawaii Superferry made its maiden run from Honolulu to Maui as environmentalists protested. The 349-foot giant catamaran, named Alakai, carried over 500 passengers and 150 cars for the 3-hour trip. 2007 – Flying the Friendly Skies: Iran vowed to use a new 2,000-pound “smart” bomb against its enemies and unveiled mass production of the new weapon. 2008 – California’s Gov. Schwarzenegger signed a measure for a statewide bullet train system to be placed on the November ballot. 2008 – California Attorney General Jerry Brown said he expected raids on medical pot clubs that sell for big profits in the Bay Area. 2008 – In the second day of the Democratic Convention in Denver, Senator Hillary Clinton endorsed Senator Barack Obama for the US presidential nomination. 2008 – An Ohio jury convicted Andrew Siemaszko, a former nuclear plant engineer, of hiding information in 2001 about reactor corrosion at the Davis-Besse plant along Lake Erie. 2009 – Court orders Christian student to attend public school. She has been ordered into government-run public school for having “sincerely held” religious beliefs. The court said that the girl’s Christian faith was a “bit too sincerely held and must be sifted, tested by, and mixed among other worldviews.” 2009 – In California Phillip Garrido (58) and his wife Nancy (55) were arrested for their 1991 kidnapping of Jaycee Lee Dugard (11) from a bus stop outside her home in South Lake Tahoe. Police freed Dugard and her two children who were fathered by Garrido, who had kept them in tents in a fenced, backyard compound in Antioch, Ca. 2009 – In southern California the Station Fire began in Los Angeles County and soon grew to become the largest wildfire in county history. It did not get contained until Sep 1. 2011 – As Hurricane Irene moved toward the East Coast, government officials: 1. sent the US Second Fleet out of its base in Naval Station Norfolk to ride the storm out at sea. 2. declared a “state of emergency” in North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Connecticut. 3. made plans to shut down New York City’s subway and bus system beginning at noon on Saturday, 8/27. 2011 – The Boeing 787 Dreamliner, Boeing’s all-new composite airliner, receives certification from the FAA. 2012 – Several hundred earthquakes hit Southern California, with the largest one measuring 5.5 on the Richter magnitude scale near San Diego. 2014 – Fast food giant Burger King agrees to acquire Canadian coffee giant Tim Hortons for $11.4 billion and move its headquarters to Canada. 2015 – A U.S. television reporter and her cameraman, Alison Parker and Adam Ward, are shot dead during a live broadcast in Moneta, Virginia; the woman they were interviewing, Vicki Gardner, is wounded. The shooter, Vester Lee Flanagan II, later uploads a video of the murder and commits suicide. (WTKR) 2015 – School bans little girl’s Wonder Woman lunchbox for this INSANE reason. It seems or school administrators believe Wonder Woman is too violent. 2015 – MSNBC is moving reverend and talk-show host Al Sharpton’s Politics Nation to Sundays, network president Phil Griffin said in a memo. Its last weekday airing will be on Sept. 4. 694 – Elisha Williams, American rector of Yale College (d. 1755) 1743 – Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, French chemist, known as the “Father of Modern Chemistry.” He stated the first version of the Law of conservation of matter, recognized and named oxygen (1778) as well as hydrogen, disproved the phlogiston theory, introduced the Metric system, invented the first periodic table including 33 elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. 1874 – Lee De Forest, American physicist, inventor of the Audion vacuum tube, considered the “Father of radio.” 1884 – Earl Biggers, author (“Charlie Chan” detective series). 1898 – Peggy Guggenheim, art patron and collector 1906 – Albert Sabin, Polish-born American polio researcher. 1910 – Mother Teresa, Humanitarian Activist and Worker (d. 1997) 1921 – Ben Bradlee, editor, journalist, executive (Washington Post). 1935 – Geraldine Ferraro, (Rep-D-NY) first female Democrat VP candidate (1984). 1945 – Tom Ridge, first United States Secretary of Homeland Security BACON, NICKY DANIEL VIETNAM WAR Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company B, 4th Battalion, 21st Infantry, 11th Infantry Brigade, Americal Division. Place and date: West of Tam Ky, Republic of Vietnam, August 26th, 1968. Entered service at: Phoenix, Ariz. Born: 25 November 1945, Caraway, Ark. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. S/Sgt. Bacon distinguished himself while serving as a squad leader with the 1st Platoon, Company B, during an operation west of Tam Ky. When Company B came under fire from an enemy bunker line to the front, S/Sgt. Bacon quickly organized his men and led them forward in an assault. He advanced on a hostile bunker and destroyed it with grenades. As he did so, several fellow soldiers including the 1st Platoon leader, were struck by machine gun fire and fell wounded in an exposed position forward of the rest of the platoon. S/Sgt. Bacon immediately assumed command of the platoon and assaulted the hostile gun position, finally killing the enemy gun crew in a single-handed effort. When the 3d Platoon moved to S/Sgt. Bacon’s location, its leader was also wounded. Without hesitation S/Sgt. Bacon took charge of the additional platoon and continued the fight. In the ensuing action he personally killed 4 more enemy soldiers and silenced an antitank weapon. Under his leadership and example, the members of both platoons accepted his authority without question. Continuing to ignore the intense hostile fire, he climbed up on the exposed deck of a tank and directed fire into the enemy position while several wounded men were evacuated. As a result of S/Sgt. Bacon’s extraordinary efforts, his company was able to move forward, eliminate the enemy positions, and rescue the men trapped to the front. S/Sgt. Bacon’s bravery at the risk of his life was in the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army. DAY, GEORGE E. VIETNAM WAR Rank and organization: Colonel (then Major), U.S. Air Force, Forward Air Controller Pilot of an F-100 aircraft. Place and date: North Vietnam, August 26th,1967. Entered service at: Sioux City, Iowa. Born: 24 February 1925, Sioux City, Iowa. Citation: On 26 August 1967, Col. Day was forced to eject from his aircraft over North Vietnam when it was hit by ground fire. His right arm was broken in three places, and his left knee was badly sprained. He was immediately captured by hostile forces and taken to a prison camp where he was interrogated and severely tortured. After causing the guards to relax their vigilance, Col. Day escaped into the jungle and began the trek toward South Vietnam. Despite injuries inflicted by fragments of a bomb or rocket, he continued southward surviving only on a few berries and uncooked frogs. He successfully evaded enemy patrols and reached the Ben Hai River, where he encountered U.S. artillery barrages. With the aid of a bamboo log float, Col. Day swam across the river and entered the demilitarized zone. Due to delirium, he lost his sense of direction and wandered aimlessly for several days. After several unsuccessful attempts to signal U.S. aircraft, he was ambushed and recaptured by the Viet Cong, sustaining gunshot wounds to his left hand and thigh. He was returned to the prison from which he had escaped and later was moved to Hanoi after giving his captors false information to questions put before him. Physically, Col. Day was totally debilitated and unable to perform even the simplest task for himself. Despite his many injuries, he continued to offer maximum resistance. His personal bravery in the face of deadly enemy pressure was significant in saving the lives of fellow aviators who were still flying against the enemy. Col. Day’s conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Air Force and reflect great credit upon himself and the U.S. Armed Forces. *HANDRICH, MELVIN O. KOREAN WAR Posthumously Rank and organization: Master Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company C, 5th Infantry Regiment. Place and date: Near Sobuk San Mountain, Korea, August 25th and August 26th,1950. Entered service at: Manawa, Wis. Born: 26 January 1919, Manawa, Wis. G.O. No.: 60, 2 August 1951. Citation: M/Sgt. Handrich, Company C, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action. His company was engaged in repulsing an estimated 150 enemy who were threatening to overrun its position. Near midnight on 25 August, a hostile group over 100 strong attempted to infiltrate the company perimeter. M/Sgt. Handrich, despite the heavy enemy fire, voluntarily left the comparative safety of the defensive area and moved to a forward position where he could direct mortar and artillery fire upon the advancing enemy. He remained at this post for 8 hours directing fire against the enemy who often approached to within 50 feet of his position. Again, on the morning of 26 August, another strong hostile force made an attempt to overrun the company’s position. With complete disregard for his safety, M/Sgt. Handrich rose to his feet and from this exposed position fired his rifle and directed mortar and artillery fire on the attackers. At the peak of this action he observed elements of his company preparing to withdraw. He perilously made his way across fire-swept terrain to the defense area where, by example and forceful leadership, he reorganized the men to continue the fight. During the action M/Sgt. Handrich was severely wounded. Refusing to take cover or be evacuated, he returned to his forward position and continued to direct the company’s fire. Later a determined enemy attack overran M/Sgt. Handrich’s position and he was mortally wounded. When the position was retaken, over 70 enemy dead were counted in the area he had so intrepidly defended. M/Sgt. Handrich’s sustained personal bravery, consummate courage, and gallant self-sacrifice reflect untold glory upon himself and the heroic traditions of the military service. THORNTON, MICHAEL INTERIM 1871 – 1898 Rank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Born: 1856, Ireland. Accredited to: Pennsylvania. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: For jumping overboard from the U.S. Tug Leyden, near Boston, Mass., August 26th, 1881, and sustaining until picked up, Michael Drennan, landsman, who had jumped overboard while temporarily insane. WEISSEL, ADAM INTERIM 1871 – 1898 Rank and organization: Ship’s Cook, U.S. Navy. Born: 1854, Germany. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: For jumping overboard from the U.S. Training Ship Minnesota, at Newport, R.l., August 26th, 1881, and sustaining until picked up by a boat from the ship, C. Lorenze, captain of the forecastle, who had fallen overboard. STANLEY, EDWARD INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Corporal, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 26th, 1869. Entered service at:——. Birth: New York, N.Y. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. Share this: Economic Stimulus and how they work: The Yellow Pine Stimulus It is a slow day in the small Idaho village of Yellow Pine, and the streets are deserted. Times are tough, everybody is in debt, and everybody is living on credit. A tourist visiting the area drives through, stops at the lodge, and lays a $100 bill on the table saying he wants to inspect the rooms upstairs to pick one for the night. As soon as he walks upstairs, the lodge owner grabs the bill and runs next door to pay his debt to the bar. The bar owner takes the $100 and runs down the street to retire her debt at the store. The store owner takes the $100 and heads off to pay his bill to his wood supplier. The guy that cuts firewood takes the $100 and runs to pay his debt to the local prostitute, who has also been facing hard times and has had to offer her “services” on credit. The hooker rushes to the lodge and pays off her room bill with the lodge owner. The lodge proprietor then places the $100 back on the table so the traveler will not suspect anything. At that moment the traveler comes back down the stairs, states that the rooms are not satisfactory, picks up the $100 bill and leaves. No one produced anything. No one earned anything. However, the whole village is now out of debt and looks to the future with a lot more optimism. And that, ladies and gentlemen, is how a “Stimulus Package” works. 1 John 5: 1-4 King James Version (KJV) 1 Whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is born of God: and every one that loveth him that begat loveth him also that is begotten of him. 2 By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments. 3 For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and his commandments are not grievous. 4 For whatsoever is born of God overcometh the world: and this is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith. “There is no good government but what is republican. That the only valuable part of the British constitution is so; for the true idea of a republic is ‘an empire of laws, and not of men.’ That, as a republic is the best of governments, so that particular arrangement of the powers of society, or in other words, that form of government which is best contrived to secure an impartial and exact execution of the law, is the best of republics.” John Adams 1776, Thoughts on Government “It is amazing what can be accomplished, When you don’t care who gets the credit.” ~ John Wooden phatic (FAT-ik) adjective Relating to a communication meant to generate an atmosphere of social relationship rather than to convey some information. Example: When you bump into your neighbor on your way out and say, “How are ya?”you’re engaging in phatic communion. The idea is not to inquire your neighbor’s state of affairs but simply to create a feeling of shared goodwill. [Coined by anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942). From Greek phatos, from phanai (to speak), which also gave us prophet and aphasia (loss of ability to understand language as a result of an injury).] 79 – Gaius Plinius Secundus, [Plinius Maior], Roman admiral, writer, died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. 325 – Council of Nicaea ended with adoption of the Nicene Creed establishing the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. The Council also decreed that priests cannot marry after their ordination. 1212 – Children’s crusaders under Nicolas (10) reached Genoa. 1346 – New Weapon: Edward III of England defeated Philip VI’s army at the Battle of Crecy in France. The English overcame the French at the Battle of Crecy. The longbow proved instrumental in the victory as French knights on horseback outnumbered the British 3 to 1. At the end of the battle 1,542 French lords and knights were killed along with 20,000 soldiers. The English lost two knights and eighty men. 1540 – Explorer Hernando de Alarcon traveled up the Colorado River. 1609 – Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers. 1718 – Hundreds of French colonists arrived in Louisiana, some settling in what is now New Orleans. 1765 – In protest over the stamp tax, American colonists sacked and burned the home of Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson. 1789 – Mary Ball Washington, mother of George, died. 1814 – War of 1812: Washington, D.C. is burned and White House is destroyed by British forces during the War of 1812. All 3,000 volumes in the White House library were destroyed. To restart the library Thomas Jefferson sold his personal library, the largest and finest in the country, to the Congress. The purchase of Jefferson’s 6,487 volumes for $23,940 was approved in 1815. 1829 – President Jackson made an offer to buy Texas but the Mexican government refused. 1830 – The “Tom Thumb” steam locomotive, designed by Peter Cooper, ran its famous race with a horse-drawn car. The horse won because the engine, which had been ahead, broke down. 1835 – Ann Rutledge (22), said to be Abraham Lincoln’s first true love, died in New Salem, IL during a wave of typhoid that hit the town. This sad event left Lincoln severely depressed. 1835 – The New York Sun perpetrates the Great Moon Hoax. The Hoax refers to a series of six articles that were published in the newspaper beginning today about the supposed discovery of life and even civilization on the Moon. The discoveries were falsely attributed to Sir John Herschel, perhaps the best-known astronomer of his time. 1840 – Joseph Gibbons of Albion, Michigan patents the seeding machine. 1843 – Steam frigate Missouri arrives at Gibraltar completing first Trans-Atlantic crossing by U.S. steam powered ship. 1857 – The California gold rush town of Columbia burned down in a second fire that was blamed on a Chinese cook. Miners soon evicted all Chinese from the town. 1861 – Civil War: John LaMountain began balloon reconnaissance ascensions at Fort Monroe, Virginia. 1862 – Civil War: US Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorized Gen. Rufus Saxton to arm 5,000 slaves. 1862 – Civil War: Union and Confederate troops skirmished at Waterloo Bridge, Virginia, during the Second Bull Run Campaign. 1864 – Civil War: Confederate troops secure a vital supply line into Petersburg, Virginia, when they halt destruction of the Weldon and Petersburg Railroad by Union troops. 1864 – A combination rail and ferry service became available from San Francisco to Alameda, Ca. 1875 – Navy Captain Matthew Webb became the first person to swim across the English Channel (in 21 hours, 45 minutes). 1879 – New York’s Madison Square Garden displayed a real floating ship in a gigantic water tank as Gilbert and Sullivan’s operetta, “H.M.S. Pinafore”, was performed. 1901 – Clara Maass, army nurse, sacrificed her life to prove that the mosquito carries yellow fever. She was twenty-five at the time of her death. 1908 – “Allen Winter” wins US first $50,000 trotting race. 1908 – The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses was formed. Martha Minerva Franklin founded the association. 1910 – Yellow Cab is founded. 1912 – First time an aircraft recovers from a spin. He recovered and lived by breaking the rules and turning to the right. The conventional wisdom was to turn to the left. 1914 – World War I: The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is deliberately destroyed by the German Army. Hundreds of thousands of irreplaceable volumes and Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts are lost. 1916 – The National Park Service was established.It was established within the Department of the Interior by the Organic Act. Horace Albright and Stephen Mather helped persuade the US Congress to establish the organization. 1920 – The first airplane to fly from New York to Alaska arrived in Nome. 1920 – First US woman to win in Olympics (Ethelda Bleibtrey). She set a world record for the 100-metre freestyle race of 1 min 13.6 sec in the final race. She set another world record (4 min 34 sec) in the 300-metre freestyle. Her third gold medal came in the 4 x 100-metre relay. 1921 – The first skirmishes of the Battle of Blair Mountain occur. For five days in late August and early September, in Logan County, West Virginia, some 10,000 armed coal miners confronted 3,000 lawmen and strikebreakers, called the Logan Defenders, who were backed by coal mine operators during an attempt by the miners to unionize the southwestern West Virginia coalfields. The battle ended after approximately one million rounds were fired, and the United States Army intervened by presidential order. 1921 – The United States, which never ratified the Versailles Treaty ending World War I, finally signed a peace treaty with Germany. 1922 – Cubs beat Phillies 26-23 in highest scoring major-league game. 1925 – Asa Philip Randolph (36) began to organize the Pullman Sleeping Car Porters’ Union. 1928 – An expedition led by Richard E. Byrd set sail from Hoboken, N.J., on its journey to Antarctica. 1932 – Amelia Earhart completes transcontinental flight. 1937 – Pullman signed a contract with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, one of the first substantive victories for African-American workers. 1940 – The first parachute wedding ceremony was performed by Rev. Homer Tomlinson at the New York City World’s Fair for Arno Rudolphi and Ann Hayward. The minister, bride and groom, best man, maid of honor and four musicians were all suspended from parachutes. At the end of the ceremony they were released. 1941 – Skinnay Ennis and his orchestra recorded the tune “ Don’t Let Julia Fool Ya .” 1941 – World War II: President Franklin Roosevelt signed the bill appropriating funds for construction of the Pentagon. 1942 – World War II: Holocaust: German SS began transporting Jews of Maastricht, Netherlands to concentration camps. 1942 – World War II: Second day of the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. A Japanese naval transport convoy headed towards Guadalcanal is turned-back by Allied air attack, losing one destroyer and one transport sunk, and one light cruiser heavily damaged. 1942 – World War II: Five Navy nurses who became POWs on Guam repatriated . Chief Nurse Marion Olds and nurses Leona Jackson, Lorraine Christiansen, Virginia Fogerty and Doris Yetter were taken prisoner on Guam shortly after Pearl Harbor and transported to Japan. 1943 – World War II: U.S. forces completed the occupation of New Georgia in the Solomon Islands during World War II. The US lost Hill 700 to the Japanese meant defeat for the American forces on Bougainville. 1944 – World War II: Paris was liberated by Allied forces after four years of Nazi occupation. 1944 – World War II: In France eleven US planes were shot down when a squadron was overwhelmed in a dogfight with 80 German fighters. Five pilots survived and eluded capture. Two pilots were captured. The remains of three missing were later recovered. 1944 – “Dammit colonel, I’m looking up at Notre Dame!” became the battle cry of an on-going feud between two former Guard units as each claim the bragging rights as to which American unit was the first to actually enter the city of Paris. “ Time Waits for No One ” by Helen Forest and “ Is You Is or Is You Ain’t (Ma’ Baby) ” by Louis Jordan all topped the charts. 1945 – World War II: General Yamashita informs the commander of the US 32nd Division that he has ordered all Japanese troops in the Philippines to lay down their arms. 1945 – John Birch, Baptist missionary and US army intelligence specialist, was killed by Chinese Communists. His death is considered the first US death in the struggle against communism. 1945 – Coast Guard Cutter “Magnolia” sank in a collision off Mobile Bay with the loss of one man. 1946 – Ben Hogan won his first major golf title. He captured the PGA (Professional Golfers’Association) championship at Portland, OR. 1947 – Marine Major Marion Carl in D-558-I sets world aircraft speed record, 650.6 mph. He was shot to death in Oregon by a house robber in 1998 at age 82. 1948 – The House Un-American Activities Committee holds first-ever televised congressional hearing: “Confrontation Day” between Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss. 1949 – NBC radio debuted “Father Knows Best.” The show moved to TV in 1954. 1950 – President Harry Truman ordered the Army to seize control of the nation’s railroads to avert a strike. The railroads were returned to their owners two years later. 1950 – The US Navy hospital ship USS Benevolence sank after it was struck by the SS Mary Luckenbach in dense fog in the Golden Gate. Twenty-three crew members of the Benevolence died. San Francisco fisherman John A. Napoli single-handedly rescued seventy people from the Benevolence. In 1961 US Congress passed a bill to pay Napoli for his efforts. 1951 – Korean War: Twenty-three fighters from USS Essex (CV-9) escort Air Force heavy bombers attacking Najin, Korea since target was beyond range of land-based fighters. 1956 – “ Hound Dog / Don’t Be Cruel ” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. 1958 – The game show “ Concentration ” premiered on NBC-TV. 1958 – “Little Star“ by the Elegants & “Bird Dog“ by the Everly Brothers topped the charts. 1958 – President Eisenhower signed a measure providing pensions for former U.S. presidents and their widows. 1960 – CHART TOPPERS – “ It’s Now or Never ” by Elvis Presley, “ Walk-Don’t Run ” by The Ventures, “ The Twist ” by Chubby Checker and “ Alabam ” by Cowboy Copas all topped the charts. 1960 – AFL begins placing players names on back of their jerseys. 1960 – The 17th summer Olympics opened in Rome. Wilma Rudolph (1940-1994), was the first Black to win three gold medals in a single Olympiad. 1962 – “The Loco-Motion” by Little Eva topped the charts. 1964 – The Beatles received a gold record for their hit single “A Hard Day’s Night“. 1967 – George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party, was shot to death in the parking lot of a shopping center in Arlington, Va. Former party member John Patler was later convicted of the killing. Wild ” by Steppenwolf, “ Light My Fire ” by Jose Feliciano and “ Already It’s Heaven ” by David Houston all topped the charts. 1968 – Arthur Ashe became the first Black to win the US tennis singles championship. 1970 – British singer and pianist Elton John made his U.S. concert debut at the Troubadour in LA. 1971 – Contract awarded to Lockheed Shipbuilding “to build the world’s most powerful icebreaker for the US Coast Guard,” Polar Star, the first of the Polar-Class of icebreakers. 1972 – In Great Britain, computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) was introduced. 1973 – The Allman Brothers’ “ Ramblin’ Man ” was released. 1975 – Bruce Springsteen’s album “ Born to Run ” (39:30) was released. “ You Should Be Dancing ” by Bee Gees, “ Let ’Em In ” by Wings and “ Bring It on Home to Me ” by Mickey Gilley all topped the charts. 1978 – The Turin shroud believed to be the burial cloth of Jesus Christ went on display for the first time in 45 years. 1979 – “My Sharona“ by Knack topped the charts 1980 – The Broadway musical “42nd Street” opened in New York City for 3486 performances.; the show’s director, Gower Champion, died earlier that day. 1981 – Jeff Schwartz, sets solo record for trampoline bouncing (266:09) 1981 – The US spacecraft Voyager 2 came within 63,000 miles of Saturn’s cloud cover, sending back pictures and data about the ringed planet and its moons. 1982 – The group, Fleetwood Mac, received a gold record for the album “ Mirage “. with It ” by Tina Turner, “ Stuck on You ” by Lionel Richie and “ Long Hard Road (The Sharecropper’s Dream )” by Nitty Gritty Dirt Band all topped the charts. 1984 – The latest fad toys: robotic action figures that fought galactic battles. They were called Transformers. 1985 – STS 51-I (Space Shuttle Discovery) was scrubbed at T –9 min because of an onboard computer problem. 1985 – Samantha Smith, the schoolgirl whose letter to Yuri V. Andropov resulted in her famous peace tour of the Soviet Union, was killed with her father in an airplane crash in Maine. 1987 – Dow Jones Industrial Average reached a record 2722.42. 1988 – Challenger Center opens its classroom doors in Houston. 1988 – NASA launched space vehicle S-214. 1989 – NASA scientists received stunning photographs of Neptune and its moons from Voyager 2. 1989 – Rep. Barney Frank, D-Mass., acknowledged hiring a male prostitute as a personal employee, then firing him after suspecting the aide was selling sex from Frank’s apartment. 1990 – “Vision of Love“ by Mariah Carey topped the charts. 1990 – The United Nations gave the world’s navies the right to use force to stop vessels trading with Iraq. 1991 – Thousands of abortion foes rallied at a stadium in Wichita, Kan., where six weeks of anti-abortion protests led by Operation Rescue resulted in more than 2,600 arrests. 1992 – It was reported by researchers that cigarette smoking significantly increased the risk of developing cataracts. 1992 – Hurricane Andrew devastated the Louisiana coast. 1992 – President Bush and Democrat Bill Clinton appeared separately before the American Legion in Chicago; Bush cited his World War II military service while Clinton sought to bury the controversy over his Vietnam-era draft status. 1993 – Amy Biehl, Stanford graduate and Fulbright scholar from Newport Beach, CA , was killed in South Africa by a mob stoning her and stabbing her to death. 1993 – Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman was indicted by a federal grand jury for terrorist activities, one of which was the World Trade Center bombing. 1993 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 3,652.09, an all-time high. 1994 – Jimmy Buffett’s plane flipped after taking off in Nantucket, MA. He swam to safety. 1994 – The US Senate passed a $30 billion crime bill, a major victory for President Clinton. 1996 – President Clinton began a whistle-stop train trip in Huntington, W.Va., that would take him to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. 1997 – The tobacco industry agreed to an $11.3 billion settlement with the state of Florida. 1997 – Dow Corning Corp. offered $2.4 billion to settle claims from more than 200,000 women with illnesses related to silicone breast implants. 1997 – The Wall Street Journal reported that the US government would pay 1,000 teaching hospitals not to train doctors in specialties where there is a glut. 1997 – NASA sent a Delta rocket aloft with the Ace solar observatory, Advanced Composition Explorer. The 5-year $110 million project will go into orbit at a point 1 million miles from Earth and 92 million miles from the Sun where the gravity of Earth and Sun balance. 1998 – Gary Coleman plead innocent to the charge that he hit a woman in a mall after she had sought his autograph. Coleman was working at the mall as a security guard. 1998 – Hurricane Bonnie hit North Carolina with winds up to 115 mph. 1998 – Dolly Parton released the album “ Hungry Again .” (41:47) 1998 – In Cincinnati, Ohio, four boys under the age of 11 were charged in the sexual assault of a 7-year-old girl. 1999 – In Miami, Florida, federal agents arrested 50 American Airline workers for smuggling drugs and weapons. 1999 – The FBI, reversing itself after six years, admitted that its agents might have fired some potentially flammable tear gas canisters on the final day of the 1993 standoff with the Branch Davidians near Waco, Texas. 2000 – Daniel Wiant (35), former executive of the American Cancer Society, pleaded guilty to embezzling nearly $8 million from the charity. 2000 – In West Virginia the new $75 million Robert C. Boyd Green Bank Telescope, the world’s largest fully steerable radio telescope, was dedicated following almost 10 years of construction. 2000 – Iraqi War: German intelligence confirmed that it had discovered a secret Iraqi missile factory near Baghdad. Some 250 technicians were reported working on ARABIL-100 short-range missiles. 2001 – University of Chicago doctors announced that they a kept a human kidney operating for 24 hours in a machine that simulated a warm human body. 2003 – NASA launched the largest-diameter infrared telescope ever in space. The Spitzer Space Telescope is the final mission of NASA’s Great Observatories Program. 2003 – Pete Sampras announces his retirement from competitive tennis. 2004 – Astronomers reported the discovery of a planet 14 times as massive as Earth near the star Mu Arae which is 50 light years away (300 trillion miles). 2004 – An Army investigation found that 27 people attached to an intelligence unit at Abu Ghraib prison near Baghdad either approved or participated in the abuse of Iraqi prisoners. 2005 – Hurricane Katrina makes her first landfall in the US, crossing the Miami-Dade and Broward county line as a Category 1 hurricane. It left four people dead. 2005 – The US base closing commission voted to shut down the Army’s historic Walter Reed hospital. 2005 – In Southern California summer heat and the loss of key transmission lines forced power officials to impose rolling blackouts, leaving as many as half a million people without power for an hour at a time. 2006 – The US Navy debuted “SSN Texas”, its newest nuclear-powered submarine. 2006 – A college student’s checked luggage on a Continental Airlines flight that had arrived in Houston from Buenos Aires, Argentina, was found to contain a stick of dynamite. 2006 – The Alabama Supreme Court ruled that Richard Scrushy, the fired CEO of HealthSouth Corp., must repay $47.8 million in bonuses he received during a massive financial fraud at the medical services chain. 2007 – Wyoming Republicans decided to hold their delegate selection process on Jan 5, 2008, before both Iowa and New Hampshire. 2007 – A lawyer for missing coal miners in the Crandall Canyon mine in Utah says that a sixth probe has not found enough space for the men to survive. 2008 – The Democratic Convention opened in the Pepsi Center of Denver, Colorado, where Sen. Edward Kennedy passed the party’s crown to Barack Obama. 2008 – US immigration agents uncovered some 350 suspected undocumented workers in a raid on the Howard Industries electrical equipment plant in Laurel, Mississippi. 2009 – The US White House forecast a 10-year federal deficit of $9 trillion, more than the sum of all previous deficits since America’s founding. 2009 – Sony Corp. unveiled a new electronic book reader for the American market, dubbed the “Daily Edition.” It was scheduled to become available in December for $399 and compete with Amazon’s Kindle. 2009 – Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (b.1932) of Massachusetts, died at his home on Cape Cod after a yearlong struggle with brain cancer. 2009 – The Morris Fire begins near Morris Dam in the Angeles National Forest. This fire is thought to have been caused by arson and is the first in a series of wildfires to burn through Southern California in 2009. 2009 – The United States budget deficit for 2009 will reach $1.6 trillion, the highest ever recorded. 2010 – The California Energy Commission approved the Beacon Solar Energy Project, which a Florida company plans to build on the western edge of the Mojave Desert. This was the first in a series of large scale solar projects planned in California. 2010 – Former President Jimmy Carter arrives in North Korea to negotiate for the release of US citizen Aijalon Gomes. 2011 – Berkshire Hathaway, the conglomerate headed by Warren Buffett, announces a plan to invest $5 billion in Bank of America. 2011 – Norfolk, Virginia declares a mandatory evacuation of lowlying areas in advance of Hurricane Irene. It will start by 8am Saturday morning. 2011 – The New York Yankees hit three grand slam home runs in a single game, the first time such a feat has occurred, to win over the Oakland Athletics. 2012 – Neil Armstrong, the Apollo 11 astronaut who became the first human being to set foot on another world, has died. He was 82.In a statement his family said Armstrong had passed away following complications resulting from cardiovascular procedures. 2012 – Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus announced Saturday that the GOP would cancel Mondays convention events due to Tropical Storm Isaac. 2013 – FACEBOOK BLACKOUT – Thousands of facebook bloggers deactivated their accounts for this 24 hour period. 2013 – An improvised explosive device (IED) was detonated next to the Coos Bay Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The memorial, which sits in a public park in Coos Bay, Oregon, and includes a cross, recently became a target of the ACLU and the Wisconsin-based Freedom From Religion Foundation, which demanded the cross be removed because it violates the so-called “separation of church and state.” 2014 – The United States District Court for the Eastern District of California issued an opinion holding that California’s 10-day waiting period for nearly all firearm sales violates the Second Amendment. 1819 – Allan Pinkerton, American, started first private detective agency and served as Abraham Lincoln’s personal bodyguard.. 1836 – Bret Harte, American writer (d. 1902) Best remembered for his accounts of pioneering life in California. 1900 – Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, German-born English Nobel Prize-winning biochemist. 1909 – Ruby Keeler, Canadian-born American dancer, actress. 1913 – Walt Kelly, American cartoonist, creator of the character Pogo. 1918 – Leonard Bernstein, American conductor, composer. 1919 – George Wallace, American politician (d. 1998) 1927 – Althea Gibson, American tennis player (d. 2003) 1930 – Sir Thomas Sean Connery, Scottish-born Academy Award-winning actor. 1931 – Regis Philbin, American television host 1958 – Tim Burton, American film director Posthumously Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, 62d Transportation Company (Medium Truck), 7th Transportation Battalion, 48th Transportation Group. Place and date: Near Ap Nhi, Republic of Vietnam August 25th, 1968. Entered service at: Montgomery, Ala. Born: 24 October 1948, Brewton, Ala. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Seay distinguished himself while serving as a driver with the 62d Transportation Company, on a resupply mission. The convoy with which he was traveling, carrying critically needed ammunition and supplies from Long Binh to Tay Ninh, was ambushed by a reinforced battalion of the North Vietnamese Army. As the main elements of the convoy entered the ambush killing zone, they were struck by intense rocket, machinegun and automatic weapon fire from the well concealed and entrenched enemy force. When his convoy was forced to stop, Sgt. Seay immediately dismounted and took a defensive position behind the wheels of a vehicle loaded with high-explosive ammunition. As the violent North Vietnamese assault approached to within ten meters of the road, Sgt. Seay opened fire, killing two of the enemy. He then spotted a sniper in a tree approximately seventy-five meters to his front and killed him. When an enemy grenade was thrown under an ammunition trailer near his position, without regard for his own safety he left his protective cover, exposing himself to intense enemy fire, picked up the grenade, and threw it back to the North Vietnamese position, killing four more of the enemy and saving the lives of the men around him. Another enemy grenade landed approximately three meters from Sgt. Seay’s position. Again Sgt. Seay left his covered position and threw the armed grenade back upon the assaulting enemy. After returning to his position he was painfully wounded in the right wrist; however, Sgt. Seay continued to give encouragement and direction to his fellow soldiers. After moving to the relative cover of a shallow ditch, he detected three enemy soldiers who had penetrated the position and were preparing to fire on his comrades. Although weak from loss of blood and with his right hand immobilized, Sgt. Seay stood up and fired his rifle with his left hand, killing all three and saving the lives of the other men in his location. As a result of his heroic action, Sgt. Seay was mortally wounded by a sniper’s bullet. Sgt. Seay, by his gallantry in action at the cost of his life, has reflected great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army. WW II Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company B, 5th Medical Battalion, 5th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Montereau, France, August 25th, 1944. Entered service at: Albion, Ill. Born: 26 February 1918, Fairfield, Ill. G.O. No.: 20, 29 March 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. On 25 August 1944, in the vicinity of Montereau, France, the enemy was sharply contesting any enlargement of the bridgehead which our forces had established on the northern bank of the Seine River in this sector. Casualties were being evacuated to the southern shore in assault boats paddled by litter bearers from a medical battalion. Pvt. Garman, also a litter bearer in this battalion, was working on the friendly shore carrying the wounded from the boats to waiting ambulances. As one boatload of wounded reached midstream, a German machinegun suddenly opened fire upon it from a commanding position on the northern bank 100 yards away. All of the men in the boat immediately took to the water except one man who was so badly wounded he could not rise from his litter. Two other patients who were unable to swim because of their wounds clung to the sides of the boat. Seeing the extreme danger of these patients, Pvt. Garman without a moment’s hesitation plunged into the Seine. Swimming directly into a hail of machinegun bullets, he rapidly reached the assault boat and then while still under accurately aimed fire towed the boat with great effort to the southern shore. This soldier’s moving heroism not only saved the lives of the three patients but so inspired his comrades that additional assault boats were immediately procured and the evacuation of the wounded resumed. Pvt. Garman’s great courage and his heroic devotion to the highest tenets of the Medical Corps may be written with great pride in the annals of the Corps. INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Corporal, Company E, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Agua Fria River, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Philadelphia, Pa. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. DONAVAN, CORNELIUS INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company E, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Agua Fria River, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. HAMILTON, FRANK INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Private, Company E, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Agua Fria River, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at:——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Private, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at:——. Birth: Canada. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. MORAN, JOHN INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Private, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at:——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. MURPHY, PHILIP INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Corporal, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. MURPHY, THOMAS INDIAN WARS Rank and organization: Corporal, Company F, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Seneca Mountain, Ariz., August 25th, 1869. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 3 March 1870. Citation: Gallantry in action. GINLEY, PATRICK CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company G, 1st New York Light Artillery. Place and date: At Reams Station, Va., August 25th, 1864. Entered service at: New York, N.Y. Born: 22 December 1822, Ireland. Date of issue: 31 October 1890. Citation: The command having been driven from the works, he, having been left alone between the opposing lines, crept back into the works, put 3 charges of canister in one of the guns, and fired the piece directly into a body of the enemy about to seize the works; he then rejoined his command, took the colors, and ran toward the enemy, followed by the command, which recaptured the works and guns. CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Captain, Company A, 140th Pennsylvania Infantry. Place and date: At Gettysburg, Pa., 2 July 1863; At Reams Station, Va., August 25th, 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Green County, Pa. Date of issue: 5 April 1898. Citation: While a sergeant and retiring with his company before the rapid advance of the enemy at Gettysburg, he and a companion stopped and carried to a place of safety a wounded and helpless comrade; in this act both he and his companion were severely wounded. A year later, at Reams Station, Va., while commanding a skirmish line, voluntarily assisted in checking a flank movement of the enemy, and while so doing was severely wounded, suffering the loss of an arm. Stockholm Syndrome Mental disorders effect millions of people in the world and can lead to years of psychotherapy. Not all cases start with a medical or mental condition formed over time or as a result of familial connections. In some cases, the psychological problem suffered is brought on by extreme, fairly short-term stress where the person sees no escape. Examples of this include, but are not limited to the Stockholm and the Lima Syndromes. The Stockholm Syndrome is the phenomenon in which a hostage begins to identify and sympathize with his or her captor. The syndrome is displayed when the hostages take the side of the hostage-takers. Law enforcement and security personnel are well advised to understand this phenomenon in their approaches to management of hostage situations. On August 23rd, 1973 in Stockholm, Sweden, Jan Erik Olsson walked into Kreditbanken at Norrmalmstorg, central Stockholm and attempted to hold up the bank. Swedish police responded immediately and two officers entered the bank. Olsson shot one of the officers, not fatally, and made the other to sit in a chair and sing a song, any song. The officer started singing “ Lonesome Cowboy .” It could be argued, listening to the opening lyrics, that he was trying to, one, send his command staff a message that it was a single robber and he had not yet taken any money. Two, send a message that he was now alone with his partner shot or 3) both at the same time. Olsson then took four people hostage and issued his demands. He wanted his friend Clark Olofsson brought to the bank. He also wanted 3 million Swedish Kronor ($730,000 US 1973 value, $3.6 million in 2010 dollars), two guns, bullet-proof vests, helmets and a fast car. The government approved and Olofsson was brought in to assist the negotiators. Olsson and Olofsson barricaded the inner main vault where they kept the hostages. Olsson called up the Prime Minister Olof Palme and said he would kill the hostages, backing up his threat by grabbing one in a stranglehold; she was heard screaming as he hung up. The next day Olof Palme received another call. This time it was Kristin Enmark who said she was very displeased with his attitude, asking him to let the robbers and the hostages leave. Olofsson walked around in the vault singing Roberta Flack’s “ Killing Me Softly “. After the robbery attempt, both Olsson and Olofsson were charged, convicted and sentenced to extended prison terms for the robbery. However, Olofsson claimed he did not help Olsson and was only trying to save the hostages by keeping the situation calm. At the court of appeal his convictions were nullified. He later met hostage Kristin Enmark several times and their families becoming friends. “Stockholm Syndrome” is a word coined by criminologist Nils Bejerot after the robbery attempt when it appeared that the hostages were more afraid of the police than of their captors. Another famous case was the kidnapping of Patty Hearst at gunpoint by two black men and a white woman from her Berkeley apartment on February 4th, 1974 and taking her captive. They identified themselves as members of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). By Patty’s account, she was kept blindfolded for two months in a closet at the group’s headquarters, unable even to use the bathroom in privacy. Then she was subjected to a number of abusive assaults with the intent to turn her into a member of this gang/group. Among these assaults were total isolated and made to feel that no one was going to rescue her, physical and sexual abuse by various gang members, she was told that she might die and she was fed lies about how they were oppressed by the “establishment”. By April 15th, 1974 she had a new identity, had taken a new name (Tania) and was deemed ready to accompany the gang on their next event. It was 9:40 A.M. on that day, tax day. Customers were going to the Hibernia Bank in the Sunset district of San Francisco to make their usual transactions. Suddenly four white women and a black man walked in and yelled, “It’s a hold-up! Down on the floor! On your faces, you (expletive deleted)!” In under four minutes, they robbed the bank of over $10,000, wounded two bystanders, and fled in a getaway car. In the review of the back videotapes after the robbery, law enforcement was caught by surprise when the recognized the face of a young lady who had been listed as missing for two months, Patricia Campbell Hearst. Not only that, she was brandishing a carbine and acting excited, as if she were one of them. The FBI’s Hostage Barricade Database System shows that roughly 27% of victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome. It was originally defined by psychiatrist Frank Ochberg to aid the management of hostage situations. The opposite of this is the Lima Syndrome where the hostage-takers feel empathy toward the hostages. 1 John 4: 1-6 King James Version (KJV) 1 Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world. 2 Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God: 3 And every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God: and this is that spirit of antichrist, whereof ye have heard that it should come; and even now already is it in the world. 4 Ye are of God, little children, and have overcome them: because greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world. 5 They are of the world: therefore speak they of the world, and the world heareth them. 6 We are of God: he that knoweth God heareth us; he that is not of God heareth not us. Hereby know we the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error. “Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell and George the Third [At this point, Henry was interrupted by cries of “Treason!” from delegates who easily recognized the reference to assassinated leaders. Henry paused briefly, then calmly finished his sentence:] …may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.” Patrick Henry 1765, Speech on the Stamp Act, Virginia House of Burgesses “Don’t wait for extraordinary opportunities. Seize common occasions and make them great. Weak people wait for opportunities; strong people make them.” ~ Orison Swett Marden ensorcell (en-SOR-suhl) verb tr. To bewitch; to enchant. [From Middle French ensorceler, from Old French ensorcerer, from en- + -sorcerer, from Old French sorcier, from Vulgar Latin sortiarius, from Latin sort-, stem of sors (lot, fate).] 79 – Mount Vesuvius erupted, burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic ash and killing an estimated 20,000. 410 – The Visigoths (German barbarians), led by Alaric, sacked Rome. This event symbolized the fall of the Western Roman Empire. 1215 – Pope Innocent III, following a request from King John, declared the Magna Carta invalid. The barons of England soon retaliated by inviting King Philip of France to come to England. Philip accepted the offer. 1349 – Six thousand Jews are killed in Mainz after being blamed for the bubonic plague. Jews of Cologne Germany set themselves on fire to avoid baptism. 1456 – The printing of the Gutenberg Bible is completed. 1542 – In South America, Gonzalo Pizarro returned to the mouth of the Amazon River after having sailed as far as the Andes Mountains. 1572 – The Catholics began their slaughter of the French Protestants in Paris. The killings claimed about 70,000 people. 1680 – Colonel Thomas Blood died. He was the Irish adventurer that had stolen the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London in 1671. 1682 – The Duke of York awarded Englishman William Penn the three “lower counties” in the American colonies which later became the state of Delaware. 1814 – War of 1812: British forces under General Robert Ross overwhelm American militiamen at the Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland, and march unopposed into Washington, D.C. 1814 – War of 1812: British forces invaded Washington, D.C., setting fire to the Capitol and the White House. President James Madison and his wife fled from the advancing enemy, but not before Dolly Madison saved the famous Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. 1853 – First potato chips prepared by Chef George Crum (Saratoga Springs, NY). It was a case of an angry chef and an insistent customer. 1853 – The first convention of the American Pharmaceutical Association was held. 1857 – The Panic of 1857 was a notable sudden downturn in the economy of the United States . The downturn was brief and the recovery strong, so that the impact was small. Over five thousand businesses failed within a year. Unemployment was accompanied by protest meetings in urban areas. The catalyst for the Panic of 1857 was this day’s failure of the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. 1858 – In Richmond, Virginia in the Richmond “Daily Dispatch” it was reported that 90 blacks are arrested for learning. 1862 – Civil War: The C.S.S. Alabama was commissioned at sea off Portugal’s Azore Islands, beginning a career that would see over sixty Union merchant vessels sunk or destroyed by the Confederate raider. 1867 – Johns Hopkins died. The railroad millionaire left $7.5 million in his will for the founding of a new medical school in his name. 1869 – Cornelius Swarthout of Troy, New York received a patent for the waffle iron. 1875 – Captain Matthew Webb became first person to swim English Channel 1891 – Thomas Edison filed a patent for the kinetoscope and kinetograph (U.S. Pats. 493,426 and 589,168). 1893 – A fire in south Chicago left 5,000 people homeless. 1894 – Congress passed the first graduated income tax law, which was declared unconstitutional the next year. It imposed a 2% tax on incomes over $4000. 1909 – Workers started pouring concrete for Panama Canal. 1912 – US passed an anti-gag law giving federal employees the right to petition government. 1912 – Alaska becomes a United States territory and is given a territorial two-house legislature. 1912 – Launching of USS Jupiter, first electrically propelled Navy ship. This collier will later be converted in to the first US Aircraft Carrier, the USS Langly. 1912 – The U.S. Post Office got heavy — by abolishing its rule that only parcels up to four pounds could be sent through the system. 1912 – New York City held a ticker tape parade for Jim Thorpe and victorious US Olympians. 1914 – World War I: German troops capture Namur. 1928 – Sixteen people died in NYC’s second worst subway accident. 1929 – Riots in Palestine of 1929: 18 Jews in Safed, 67 in Hebron, and 22 in Jerusalem killed by Arab Palestinians. 1932 – Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly non-stop across the United States, traveling from Los Angeles to Newark, New Jersey, in just over 19 hours. 1932 – Charles H. Calhoun, Sr. shot a hole in one on the third hole of the Washington, GA golf course Just moments later, Mr. Calhoun’s son, Charles Jr., playing in the same foursome, repeated the feat with an identical ace. 1934 – In Philadelphia, Pa., Philo T. Farnsworth (28), a San Francisco scientist, produced a televised picture of the moon, the first recorded use of television in astronomy. 1936 – President Roosevelt (FDR) gave the FBI authority to pursuit fascists and communists. 1939 – Louis ‘Lepke’ Buchalter, the leader of Murder, Incorporated, surrenders. 1940 – World War II: Luftwaffe bombed London. 1942 – World War II: The Battle of the Eastern Solomons. Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō is sunk and the carrier USS Enterprise heavily damaged. 1944 – World War II: The French 4th Armored Division (Leclerc), part of the US 5th Corps, reaches the outskirts of Paris as renewed fighting takes place within the city between German forces and French resistance members. 1944 – World War II: Allied forces captured Bordeaux. 1945 – World War II: The last Cadillac-built M-24 tank was produced on this day, ending the company’s World War II effort. 1948 – Edith Mae Irby became the University of Arkansas’ first African-American student. 1949 – The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) went into effect. The agreement was that an attack against on one of the parties would be considered “an attack against them all.” Bennett, “ My Truly, Truly Fair ” by Guy Mitchell and “ Hey, Good Lookin’ ” by Hank Williams all topped the charts. 1954 – The Communist Control Act goes into effect. The American Communist Party is outlawed. 1956 – First non-stop transcontinental helicopter flight arrived Washington, DC. A specially-equipped HU-21 made the first nonstop transcontinental helicopter flight with in-flight refueling in 37 hours. 1957 – “Teddy Bear” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. 1959 – CHART TOPPERS – “ The Three Bells ” by The Browns, “ Sea of Love ” by Phil Phillips, “ Lavender-Blue ” by Sammy Turner and “ Waterloo ” by Stonewall Jackson all topped the charts. 1959 – Three days after Hawaiian statehood, Hiram L. Fong was sworn in as the first Chinese-American U.S. Senator while Daniel K. Inouye was sworn in as the first Japanese-American U.S. Representative. 1959 – “The Three Bells“ by the Browns topped the charts. 1963 – John Pennel is first to pole-vault 17′ using a fiberglass pole a clearance of 17 feet, 3/4 inch. 1968 – “People Got to Be Free“ by the Rascals topped the charts. 1969 – Arlo Guthrie’s “ Alice’s Restaurant (22:31)” premiered in both New York and Los Angeles. The song is based on a true incident. 1970 – U.S. B-52s carry out heavy bombing raids along the DMZ. 1970 – A radical protest group calling themselves the New Year’s Gang, a cover for a faction of the Weather Underground, blew up the Army Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. The bomb killed Robert Fassnacht, a student. 1974 – “(You’re) Having My Baby“ by Paul Anka topped the charts. 1975 – 1975 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Fallin’ in Love ” by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds, “ One of These Nights ” by Eagles, “ Get Down Tonight ” by K.C. & The Sunshine Band and “ Rhinestone Cowboy ” by Glen Campbell all topped the charts. 1981 – Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for murdering John Lennon. Made of This) ” by Eurythmics, “ She Works Hard for the Money ” by Donna Summer and “ Love Song ” by The Oak Ridge Boys all topped the charts. 1985 – “The Power of Love“ by Huey Lewis & the News topped the charts. 1986 – Frontier Airlines shut down. Thousands of people were left stranded. 1987 – A military jury in Quantico, Va., sentenced Marine Sgt. Clayton Lonetree to 30 years in prison for disclosing U.S. secrets to the Soviet Union. He ultimately served eight years of the sentence. 1989 – Baseball Commissioner A. Bartlett Giamatti banned Cincinnati Reds manager Pete Rose from the game for gambling. 1989 – British brewer Bass bought the Holiday Inn hotel chain. 1989 – Voyager II passed within three thousand miles of Neptune. 1991 – Soviet Union begins to break apart – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns. 1991 – Bernard Castro (b.1904), Sicilian-born inventor of the convertible couch, died. His exact birth date is unknown. 1992 – Hurricane Andrew hits South Florida as a Category 5 Hurricane. It caused 55 deaths in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. Insurance losses in the US and Bahamas totaled $21.5 billion. 1993 – NASA’s Mars Observer, which was supposed to map the surface of Mars, was declared lost. 1993 – A patent for a Bubble Dispensing Doll was issued by Vowles, Barad, Smith and Stern. 1995 – The Windows 95 operating system by Microsoft is released. 1996 – Four women began two days of academic orientation at The Citadel; they were the first female cadets admitted to the South Carolina military school since Shannon Faulkner. 1996 – “I Love You Always Forever“ by Donna Lewis topped the charts. 1996 – Steve Fossett sailed across the Pacific Ocean and set a solo speed record of 20 days in his 60-foot 3-hulled boat, the Lakota. 1998 – A donation of 24 beads was made, from three parties, to the Indian Museum of North America at the Crazy Horse Memorial. The beads are said to be those that were used in 1626 to buy Manhattan from the Indians. 1998 – A federal court rejected the Census Bureau’s plans to use statistical sampling for the 2000 census, a decision later upheld by the Supreme Court. 1998 – Tropical Storm Charley dropped a foot of rain on South Texas and northern Mexico and left at least 14 people dead and over 60 missing. 1999 – In Ohio a federal judge halted the state’s 4-year-old tuition voucher program saying that it violated constitutional mandates for separation of church and state. 2001 – In McAllen, TX, Bridgestone/Firestone agreed to settle out of court and pay a reported $7.5 million to a family in a rollover accident in their Ford Explorer. 2001 – The remains of nine American servicemen killed in the Korean War were returned to the U.S. The bodies were found about 60 miles north of Pyongyang. 2003 – A 150-strong US Marine force ended an eleven-day sortie and headed back to warships off the coast of Monrovia, Liberia. 2003 – In Oregon eight firefighters died as their van hit a tractor-trailer while returning from fighting a wildfire in Idaho. 2003 – .The US Justice Department reported the crime rate in 2002 was the lowest since studies began in 1973. 2005 – The planet Pluto was reclassified as a “dwarf planet” by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). 2005 – A federal commission voted against closing the New London submarine base in Groton, Conn., and the Portsmouth shipyard in Kittery, Maine. 2006 – A US House report said 70% of contracts for Hurricane Katrina were let with little or no competition. Four Katrina contractors were indicted for taking $700,000 for no work. 2006 – Deadly storms swept across the northern Plains, bringing tornadoes that ripped roofs off houses and hail that smashed car windshields. One man was killed when a tornado hit his home in Minnesota, and in Wisconsin, lightning apparently killed a dozen cows and struck a woman as she left a supermarket. 2006 – In Essex, Vermont, Christopher Williams (26) shot and killed 2 people after breaking up with his girlfriend, and then shot himself in the head. Williams also shot and killed Linda Lambesis, the mother of the girlfriend who had dumped him and shot and critically wounded another teacher, Mary Snedeker. 2007 – A US federal appeals court revived California’s request for at least $1 billion in refunds for electricity customers due to overcharges during the Enron debacle. 2007 – Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick admitted he participated in an illegal dogfighting operation and was suspended indefinitely by the National Football League. 2007 – In Mississippi Klansman James Ford Seale (71) was sentenced to three life terms in prison for his role in the 1964 deaths of Charles Moore and Henry Hezekiah Dee. 2008 – In New Mexico eight inmates escaped from a county jail in Clovis. Three were captured the next day and five remained at large. 2009 – A senior administration said that Pres. Obama has approved establishment of the new unit, to be known as the High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group, which will be overseen by the National Security Council. 2009 – In the San Francisco Bay Area Alexander Robert Youshock (17), a former Hillsdale High School student in San Mateo, lit 2 of 10 pipe bombs before he was tackled by teachers. Youshock also carried a chain saw and a sword and planned to attack students as they ran from the bombs. 2009 – The US government “Cash for Clunkers” program ended. 2009 – Reader’s Digest, founded in 1922, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The company piled on debt following a $1.6 billion leveraged buyout in 2007. 2009 – The Los Angeles County coroner’s preliminary assessment is that Michael Jackson’s death was caused by an overdose of the anesthetic propofol. 2010 – Scientists reported that the Gulf of Mexico oil spill has revealed a previously unknown type of oil-eating bacteria, which is suddenly flourishing. The dominant microbe in a studied deep water oil plume is a new species, closely related to members of Oceanospirillales. 2010 – Attorneys general in 17 US states demanded in a joint letter that San Francisco-based Craigslist remove its adult services section because the website cannot adequately block potentially illegal ads promoting prostitution and child trafficking. 2010 – In Eastport, Maine, the Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC) launched a $2.5 million prototype, tidal grid-compatible power system. 2011 – Steve Jobs resigns as the CEO of Apple Inc. Tim Cook took over the CEO position for the company. 2011 -Federal agents from the US Fish and Wildlife Service executed four search warrants on Gibson Guitars facilities in two cities. They seized several pallets of wood, electronic files and guitars valued at several hundred thousand dollars. 2011 – Hurricane Irene strengthens to Category 3 status as it heads towards the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos and then the East Coast of the United States. Thousands of people on Ocracoke Island off the coast of North Carolina are told to evacuate. 2013 – Love Wins Ministries says North Carolina police threatened to arrest members of the charity group for distributing food to more than 70 homeless people in downtown Raleigh. The group had free coffee and sausage biscuits but local police stopped them. Police officers threatened to arrest anyone who tried to distribute food, claiming it violates one of the city’s ordinances but refusing to say which one. 2013-The US Postal Service commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech. 2013 – The Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park is reported as having grown to nearly 200 square miles. 2014 – Peter Theo Curtis, an American citizen, is released by an al-Qaida-linked group after two years in captivity. 2015 – A painting of Jesus Christ has hung in the hallway of Royster Middle School in Chanute, Kansas for as long as anyone can remember. “I do know it’s been decades,” said Chanute superintendent Richard Proffitt. “Some people who went through the system before – 30 to 40 years ago – knew it was hanging in the hallway back then. It was kind of a permanent fixture, if you will.” 2015 – 2015 – A 6.0 magnitude earthquake strikes Napa, California, in the northern San Francisco Bay area of the United States. It is the largest earthquake to strike Northern California in 25 years since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. 2015 – The Okanogan Complex fire in Washington State grows to 256,500 acres .surpassing the previous year’s Carlton Complex fire as the largest in Washington state history. 2016 – Iranian Vessels conducted ‘High Speed Intercept’ of US Naval Destroyer,USS Nitze. Citing U.S. military sources, outlets reported that Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ships came with 300 yards of the U.S. warship near the Strait of Hormuz ignoring communication. 2154 – From the movie “Avatar” it is the date that Jake Scully is changed from human to Avatar. 1759 – William Wilberforce, (d. 1833) was a British politician, a philanthropist and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. 1880 – Joshua Lionel Cowen, American inventor and entrepreneur (d. 1965)He was an American inventor and the cofounder of Lionel Corporation, a manufacturer of model railroads and toy trains. 1912 – Durward Kirby, American TV announcer was a 20th Century American television personality. 1917 – Dennis James, was an American pioneering television personality. He worked as an actor, wrestling announcer, sports show host, game show host, and newsreel announcer. 1955 – Mike Huckabee, American politician, Governor/Presidential candidate-2008. 1960 – Cal Ripken, Jr., baseball player. Ripken was best known as baseball’s “Iron Man” playing in a record 2,632 straight games, spanning sixteen seasons, from May 30, 1982 – September 20, 1998. 1965 – Reggie Miller, is a retired professional basketball player. He holds the NBA record for career three-pointers made (2,560) 1973 – Dave Chappelle, is a comedian, screenwriter, television/film producer, and actor. In 2003, he became known for his popular sketch comedy television series, Chappelle’s Show. Posthumously Rank and organization: Lance Corporal, U.S. Marine Corps, Company E, 3d Reconnaissance Battalion, 3d Marine Division. Place and date: Quang Tri Province, Republic of Vietnam, August 24, 1969. Entered service at: Houston, Tex. Born: 16 April 1948, Washington, D.C. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as an assistant team leader with Company E, in connection with combat operations against an armed enemy. While conducting a patrol during the early morning hours L/Cpl. Anderson’s reconnaissance team came under a heavy volume of automatic weapons and machine gun fire from a numerically superior and well concealed enemy force. Painfully wounded in both legs and knocked to the ground during the initial moments of the fierce fire fight, L/Cpl. Anderson assumed a prone position and continued to deliver intense suppressive fire in an attempt to repulse the attackers. Just a few moments later he was wounded a second time by an enemy soldier who had approached to within eight feet of the team’s position. Undaunted, he continued to pour a relentless stream of fire at the assaulting unit, even while a companion was treating his leg wounds. Observing an enemy grenade land between himself and the other Marine, L/Cpl. Anderson immediately rolled over and covered the lethal weapon with his body, absorbing the full effects of the detonation. By his indomitable courage, inspiring initiative, and selfless devotion to duty, L/Cpl. Anderson was instrumental in saving several Marines from serious injury or possible death. His actions were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country. The Importance of Good Attitudes The shades of our opinions, beliefs, worldviews, worries, fears, hopes and expectations frame our experiences. We face situations that are neither positive nor negative, but our attitude towards them defines how they impact our life. Chuck Swindoll says, “We cannot change our past. We cannot change the fact that people act in a certain way. We cannot change the inevitable. The only thing we can do is play on the one string we have, and that is our attitude.” If we see something as a problem, we will react differently than if we perceive the same event as a lesson, or even an opportunity. If we approach people we do not know with distrust and an air of superiority, we will build a different kind of relationship than if we greet them with a genuine open smile. No matter how old you are, where you live or what you do, having a positive outlook on life always pays off – even when things do not go according to plan. Maintaining a positive attitude that will help you to deal with everyday challenges requires a plan. Here are some ideas. 1. Build a spiritual worldview. Simply remember two rules. “Love the Lord your God with all your heart and soul and mind” and the second is “Love your neighbor as yourself.” When you shift your focus toward the Creator of the Universe, your attitude towards many situations will change. He fills your heart with love and peace that ordinary problems cannot shatter. 2. Keep positive people in your life. Positive attitudes grow exponentially. Surround yourself with kind, happy, optimistic people and their positive qualities will rub off on you. 3. Become aware of your self-talk. Remember ideas become thoughts, thoughts become words, and words become actions. 4. Remember your blessings. Take time and be thankful for everything you have in your life. Even if you are facing tough times, there are still many things to be grateful for. 5. Laugh often. Find humor in the simplest of things. Learn to laugh at yourself. 6. Dream big dreams and then set smaller, achievable goals that inspire you to work harder and smarter. 7. Tell yourself “you can do it”. “Never, never, never give up”- Winston Churchill. 8. Give. The simple act of giving brings more joy and positive energy to you than any other action. Give love, give of your talents, give of your wisdom and never expect repayment. 9. Don’t compare yourself to others. You react to be the inspiration. 10. Refrain from judging yourself. Mother Teresa said, “When you judge people, you have no time to love them.” Therefore judge less and compliment more. Say thank you at every possible turn. James 3 King James Version (KJV) 1 My brethren, be not many masters, knowing that we shall receive the greater condemnation. 2 For in many things we offend all. If any man offend not in word, the same is a perfect man, and able also to bridle the whole body. 3 Behold, we put bits in the horses’ mouths, that they may obey us; and we turn about their whole body. 4 Behold also the ships, which though they be so great, and are driven of fierce winds, yet are they turned about with a very small helm, whithersoever the governor listeth. 5 Even so the tongue is a little member, and boasteth great things. Behold, how great a matter a little fire kindleth! 6 And the tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity: so is the tongue among our members, that it defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire the course of nature; and it is set on fire of hell. 7 For every kind of beasts, and of birds, and of serpents, and of things in the sea, is tamed, and hath been tamed of mankind: 8 But the tongue can no man tame; it is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison. ” “Determine never to be idle. No person will have occasion to complain of the want of time, who never loses any. It is wonderful how much may be done, if we are always doing. And that you may be always doing good, my dear, is the ardent prayer of yours affectionately.” Thomas Jefferson 1787 in a Letter to Martha Jefferson “There is no better time than right now to be happy.” ~ Scriptor Incompertus 1.Anxiety or deep unease proceeding from a sense of guilt or consciousness of causing pain. 2. A sting of conscience or a twinge of uneasiness; a qualm; a scruple. 79 – Mount Vesuvius begins stirring, on the feast day of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. 1305 – William Wallace, Scottish patriot, is executed for high treason by Edward I of England. was hanged, drawn, beheaded, and quartered in London. See the movie, “Braveheart” with Mel Gibson (1995). 1541 – Jacques Cartier landed near Quebec on his third voyage to North America. 1617 – The first one-way streets were established in London. An Act of Common Council was passed to regulate the “disorder and rude behavior of Carmen, Draymen and others using Cartes.” 1711 – A British attempt to invade Canada by sea failed. 1775 – King George III of England refused the American colonies’ offer of peace and declared them in open rebellion. 1784 – Eastern Tennessee declares itself an independent state under the name of Franklin; the step is rejected by Congress one year later. 1820 – The Revenue Cutter “Louisiana” captured four pirate vessels. 1833 – Long before the US, the British Parliament ordered the abolition of slavery in its colonies by Aug 1, 1834. This would free some 700,000 slaves, including those in the West Indies. 1838 – The first class was graduated from Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, MA. It was one of the first colleges for women. 1839 – Hong Kong was taken by the British in a war with China. 1850 – The first national women’s rights convention convened in Worcester, Mass. 1858 – “Ten Nights in a Barroom” opened in New York City at the National Theater. It was a melodrama about the evils of drinking. 1861 – Civil War: Allen Pinkerton, head of the new secret service agency of the Federal government, places Confederate spy Rose O’Neal Greenhow under house arrest in Washington, D.C. She was sent to the Old Capitol Prison and then was banished to Richmond, Va., in May, 1863. She had supplied Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard with a warning that Union General Irvin McDowell was planning an attack on Manassas in July 1861. She drowned in a shipwreck on September 30, 1864. 1863 – Civil War: Union batteries ceased their first bombardment of Fort Sumter, leaving it a mass of rubble but still unconquered by the North. 1863 – Civil War: A ruthless band of guerrillas attacks the town of Lawrence, Kansas, killing every man and boy in sight. 1864 – Civil War: Brigadier General Page surrendered Fort Morgan, the last Confederate bastion at Mobile Bay. 1864 – Civil War: The Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick of Armies in the Field is adopted by twelve nations meeting in Geneva. 1877 – The Texas outlaw Wes Hardin was captured in near Pensacola, FL. He was an outlaw and gunfighter of the American Old West. He was born in Bonham, Fannin County, Texas. When Hardin went to prison in 1878, he claimed to have killed 42 men. 1889 – First ship-to-shore wireless message received in the US (San Francisco). 1892 – John H. Stedman of Rochester, NY patented the printed streetcar transfer (also invented the fuzzy pipe cleaner). 1900 – Booker T. Washington formed the National Negro Business League in Boston, Massachusetts. 1902 – Fanny Farmer, among the first to emphasize the relationship of diet to health, opened her School of Cookery in Boston. 1902 – Gold was discovered in Goldfield, NV, near Tonopah, NV. By 1907 Goldfield grew to 20,000 residents. At the 2010 Census, the population was 268. The town is now a semi ghost town. 1904 – Harold D. Weed of Canastota, New York, is issued U.S. Patent No. 768,495 for his “Grip-Tread for Pneumatic Tires,” a non-skid tire chain to be used on automobiles in order to increase traction on roads slick with mud, snow or ice. 1914 – Japan declared war on Germany in World War I. 1919 – “Gasoline Alley” cartoon strip premiers in Chicago Tribune. 1923 – Billy Jones and Ernie Hare, “ The Happiness Boys “, debuted on radio. 1924 – The distance between Earth and Mars is the smallest since the 10th century. The last known closest approach was back in 2003, when Earth and Mars were only 34,797,000 miles apart. This was the closest they’d been in 50,000 years. 1926 – The death of silent film actor Rudolph Valentino caused a worldwide frenzy among his fans. Valentino, who appeared in only 14 major films during his brief seven-year movie career, was idolized by countless women as the “Great Lover” of the 1920s. 1927 – Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian-American anarchists, accused of robbery and murder on April 15, 1920 were sent to the electric chair. There was a world-wide protest against their death penalty. 1935 – The US Banking Act of 1935 revised the operation of the Federal Reserve System. 1936 – Bob Feller made his pitching debut with the Cleveland Indians. 1939 – Zane Grey (b.1872), American novelist, died. He best known for his popular adventure novels and stories that presented an idealized image of the rugged Old West. He authored over 90 books. 1939 – The Nazis threatened to invade Poland and Europe braced itself for war. The Dow responded to the news with a 3.25 drop to close the day at 131.82. 1940 – World War II: German Luftwaffe began night bombing on London. 1942 – World War II: Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad. 1942 – World War II: The first US flights landed on Guadalcanal. 1943 – “Lindy Hop” makes the cover of “LIFE” magazine. The Lindy was named after American aviation hero Charles A. Lindbergh; and began its entry into the American lifestyle in 1927. The Lindy Hop 1944 – World War II: US 1st Army (part of US 12th Army Group) drives forward to the Seine. 1944 – World War II: Allied troops captured Marseilles, France. 1944 – World War II: A US B-24 crashed into the Holy Trinity Church of England School, Freckelton, England, demolishing three houses and the Sad Sack Snack Bar. The death toll was 61, including 38 children. 1944 – World War II: German SS engineers began placing explosive charges around the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Adolf Hitler had decreed that Paris should be left a smoking ruin, but Dietrich von Choltitz thought better of his Fuehrer’s order. 1944 – World War II: The last Japanese resistance on the island of Numfoor is overcome and most of the American force is redeployed. 1945 – World War II: Clarence V. Bertucci is granted a discharge from the Army and sent to a mental institution for further tests and evaluation. He is responsible for the massacre of German POWs at Camp Salina, Utah on July 8th. 1945 – World War II: General MacArthur orders the release of some 5000 Filipinos interned for security reasons. 1947 – Margaret Truman, U.S. President Truman’s daughter, gave her first public performance as a singer. The event was at the Hollywood Bowl and had an audience of 15,000. Andrews Sisters, “ Play a Simple Melody ” by Bing Crosby and “ I’m Moving On ” by Hank Snow all topped the charts. 1950 – Korean War: Up to 77,000 members of the U.S. Army Organized Reserve Corps were called involuntarily to active duty to fight the Korean War. 1951 – Korean War: The Navy recommissioned the battleship USS Iowa under the command of Captain William R. Smedberg, III. 1951 – Harlem Globetrotters play in Olympic Stadium, Berlin before 75,052. 1952 – “ Half As Much ” by Rosemary Clooney topped the charts. 1954 -The YC-130 Hercules made its maiden flight at the Lockheed Martin plant in Burbank, California. The C-130 is still in production today (2015), making it the longest running military aircraft production line in history. 1954 – The small community of Charleston, Arkansas, became the first in the South to end segregation in its schools. This was in response to the May 17 US Supreme Court ruling on Brown vs. Board of Education. 1956 – US Navy pilot Lt. James B. Deane Jr. was shot out of the sky on a nighttime spy flight off the coast of China in the East China Sea . The Martin P4M-1Q Mercator carrying Deane and 15 other men went down and twelve were never recovered. 1957 – Digital Equipment Corp was founded by Kenneth Olsen with $70,000, DEC was the leading producer “Minicomputers”, DEC became the second largest computer company in the 70’s. Ken Olsen made the famous statement “There will never be a use for a computer in the home”. DEC completely missed the PC revolution. “ Little Star ” by The Elegants, “ My True Love ” by Jack Scott and “ Alone with You ” by Faron Young all topped the charts. 1958 – In Taiwan Straits Crisis, Units of 7th Fleet move into Taiwan area to support Taiwan against Chinese Communists. 1963 – The first satellite communications ship, USNS Kingsport (T-AG-164) in Lagos, Nigeria, connected President John F. Kennedy with Nigerian Prime Minister Balewa. He was aboard for the first satellite (Syncom II) relayed telephone conversation between heads of state. 1966 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Summer in the City ” by The Lovin’ Spoonful, “ Sunny ” by Bobby Hebb, “ See You in September ” by The Happenings and “ Almost Persuaded ” by David Houston all topped the charts. 1966 – The Beatles’ movie “ Help! ” premiered in the U.S. 1966 – The American cargo ship Baton Rouge Victory strikes a mine laid by the Viet Cong in the Long Tao River, 22 miles south of Saigon. Seven crewmen were killed. 1966 – Lunar Orbiter 1 takes first photograph of Earth from Moon. 1968 – Vietnam War: Communist forces launch rocket and mortar attacks onthe U.S. airfield at Da Nang, the cities of Hue and Quang Tri. 1969 – “ Honky Tonk Woman ” by the Rolling Stones topped the charts. 1970 – U.S. swimmer Gary Hall broke three world records at the AAU (Amateur Athletic Union) outdoor swimming meet, held in Los Angeles, CA. 1971 – Shamu the Whale, the first of a number of Shamus, died at Sea World in San Diego, Ca., after six years in captivity. 1972 – The Republican National Convention, meeting in Miami Beach, Fla., nominated Vice President Spiro T. Agnew for a second term. 1973 – Intelsat communications satellite launched. 1973 – The final episode of The Mod Squad aired. (See also 9/24/1968 for debut) 1973 – A bank robbery-turned-hostage standoff began in Stockholm, Sweden; by the time the crisis ended, the four hostages had come to empathize with their captors, an occurrence that came to be known as “Stockholm Syndrome.” It would later be used to describe the Patty Hearst case. See April 15th. 1975 – “Fallin’ in Love” by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds topped the charts. 1977 – The Gossamer Condor 2 flew the first figure-of-eight, a distance of over a mile winning the first Kremer prize at Minter Field in Shafter, California. It was built by Dr Paul B. MacCready and piloted by amateur cyclist and hang-glider pilot Bryan Allen. 1977 – Cincinnati Bengals was trademark registered. 1979 – Soviet dancer Alexander Godunov defected while the Bolshoi Ballet was on tour in New York. 1979 – The keel of the first of the new Coast Guard 270-foot class medium endurance cutters, the CGC Bear, was laid. 1980 – “ Magic ” by Olivia Newton-John topped the charts. 1982 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Eye of the Tiger ” by Survivor, “ Hurts So Good ” by John Cougar, “ Abracadabra ” by The Steve Miller Band and “ Nobody ” by Sylvia all topped the charts. 1984 – The last Marines to serve peace-keeping duty in Lebanon arrived home. 1984 – South Fork Ranch, the home of the fictitious Ewing clan of the CBS-TV show, “Dallas,” was sold. The ranch was to be transformed from a tourist site into a hotel. 1985 – Paul Hornung sues NCAA and wins. The 3-million dollar suit charged that the NCAA interfered with his right to earn a living as a sports broadcaster. 1986 – “ Papa Don’t Preach ” by Madonna topped the charts. 1987 – Two teenagers in Alexander, Arkansas, Kevin Ives and Don Henry were run over by a train. Later investigations indicated that they were murdered prior to being run over. 1989 – In a case that inflamed racial tensions in New York City, Yusuf Hawkins, a black teenager, was shot dead after he and his friends were confronted by white youths in a Brooklyn neighborhood. Janet Jackson, “ If Wishes Came True ” by Sweet Sensation and “ Next to You, Next to Me ” by Shenandoah all topped the charts. 1990 – US began to call up of 46,000 reservists to the Persian Gulf. 1990 – East and West Germany announced that they would unite Oct 3. 1990 – Iraqi state television showed President Saddam Hussein meeting with a group of about 20 Western detainees, telling the group—whom he described as “guests”—that they were being held “to prevent the scourge of war.” 1992 – James A. Baker III bowed out as Secretary of State after three-and-a-half years to become White House Chief of Staff. 1992 – New York department store chain “Alexanders” announces closing of all eleven stores. 1992 – Hurricane Andrew slammed into the Bahamas with 120 mph winds. 1993 – Former Detroit police officers Larry Nevers and Walter Budzyn were convicted of second-degree murder in the fatal beating of black motorist Malice Green. Both convictions were later overturned. 1994 – A new Coast Guard record for people rescued was set when 3,253 Cubans were rescued from dangerously overloaded craft during Operation Able Vigil. 1995 – Alfred Eisenstaedt (96), “Life” magazine photographer, died on Martha’s Vineyard. His picture of a sailor kissing a nurse in Times Square became one of the best-known images of America’s joy at the end of World War Two. 1996 – President Clinton imposed limits on peddling cigarettes to children as he unveiled Food and Drug Administration regulations declaring nicotine an addictive drug. 1996 – Osama bin Laden issues message entitled ‘A declaration of war against the Americans occupying the land of the two holy places.’ 1998 – Michael Jones, a 16-year old boy, was shot when he refused to drop a water gun that appeared real to police officers. In New York City it was illegal to carry to possess a toy gun that looks real or is painted black. 1998 – Kathryn Schoonover was arrested when she was caught stuffing envelopes with cyanide and preparing to send them to people around the U.S. 1998 – Retailers began marketing computers with the new 450 MHz Intel Pentium II. 1999 – The Dow Jones industrial average soared 199.15 to a new record of 11,209.84. 1999 – US and British warplanes attacked targets in northern Iraq after being fired upon by an Iraqi military radar station. 2000 – The Clinton administration released guidelines for federally funded scientists to conduct research on human embryonic stem cells. 2000 – Boeing made the first successful launch of its Delta III rocket. 2000 – Richard Hatch was revealed as the winning castaway on CBS’ “Survivor.” Hatch won $1,000,000 for his stay on the island of Pulau Tida in the South China Sea. 2001 – Brian Regan (38), retired US Air Force master sergeant and cryptanalyst, was arrested by the FBI at Dulles Int’l Airport on charges of spying. 2001 – Modesto Democratic Representative Gary Condit acknowledged on a TV interview with Connie Chung that he had made mistakes but that he had nothing to do with the disappearance of Chandra Levy. 2002 – New York publicist Lizzie Grubman pleaded guilty in a hit-and-run crash that injured 16 people outside a Hamptons nightclub. 2004 – Antigua and Barbuda’s prime minister and American officials signed an agreement extending the lease of the U.S. Air Force base in the Caribbean country until 2008. 2004 – New US rules on overtime pay went into effect. Under the new FairPay rules, workers earning less than $23,660 per year, or $455 per week, were guaranteed overtime protection. 2005 – New York City said it will install 1,000 surveillance cameras and 3,000 motion sensors in its subways and rail stations in a new deal with Lockheed Martin. 2005 – In Arizona two employees were gunned down outside a Wal-Mart store in Glendale, a Phoenix suburb. In 2009 Ed Liu, the accused gunman, was committed to a mental hospital instead of a trial on murder charges. 2006 – In Alaska Republican Gov. Frank Murkowski finished last in a three-day primary election. Sarah Palin, a former Wasilla mayor, won with over 50% of the vote. 2006 –Annie Donnelly (38) of Long Island, NY, pleaded guilty to stealing $2.3 million (1.2 million pounds) from her employers. She spent the money on lottery tickets, buying as much as $6,000 worth of tickets a day in a bid to hit the jackpot. 2007 – U.S. Customs and U.S. Navy officials seized a submarine-like vessel filled with $352 million worth of cocaine off the Guatemalan coast. (prices given by CIA.) 2007 – Ohio’s Gov. Ted Strickland said more than 1,000 people were flooded out of their homes after heavy rain that swamped communities across the Midwest. 2007 – University of Minnesota astronomers announced that they have stumbled upon a tremendous hole in the universe. The cosmic blank spot has no stray stars, no galaxies, no sucking black holes, not even mysterious dark matter. The 1 billion light years across of nothing represented an expanse of nearly 6 billion trillion miles of emptiness. 2008 – The Department of Health and Human Services announces plans to implement a rule that would protect healthcare workers from being fired or otherwise penalized for refusing to provide services they find morally objectionable, such as performing abortions or dispensing contraception. 2008 – In Utah a small plane crashed and burned shortly after takeoff from Canyonlands Field airport. All ten aboard, including nine employees of a Cedar City dermatology company died. 2008 – The death toll from Tropical Storm Fay in Florida rises to eleven 2008 – The Department of Health and Human Services announces plans to implement a rule that would protect healthcare workers from being fired or otherwise penalized for refusing to provide services they find morally objectionable. 2010 – Judge Royce C. Lamberth of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia rules against a decision by President Barack Obama allowing the expansion of embryonic stem cell research claiming it breaks US law. 2011 – Earthquake 4 miles SSE of Louisa, VA went off at 5.8-6.0. Louisa is 41 miles from Richmond, VA and 83 miles from Washington D.C. No significant damage as is evidenced in the below photo. The Washington Monument obelisk closed indefinitely due to earthquake damage. 2012 – A former Marine who was forced into a psychiatric ward for anti-government Facebook postings has been freed from the hospital by a Virginia circuit court ruling handed down today. Judge Allan Sharrett dismissed the case against Brandon Raub, 26, who had been detained by government officials in Richmond, Va., and transferred to a VA hospital in Salem, Va. 2012 – The US Anti-Doping Agency said it will strip Lance Armstrong of his unprecedented seven Tour de France titles after he dropped his fight against drug charges that threatened his legacy as one of the greatest cyclists of all time. 2012 – In Illinois authorities in Washington Park, a village next to East St. Louis, raided a house where a teenage girl (17) had been held captive and repeatedly sexually assaulted for over 2 years. Police took into custody a 24-year-old man and his mother. 2013 – Maj. Nidal Hasan was convicted for the 2009 shooting rampage at Fort Hood, TX. Hasan was convicted of 13 specifications of premeditated murder and 32 specifications of attempted premeditated murder under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. He is eligible for the death penalty. 2013 – Former U.S. Army Sergeant Robert Bales is sentenced to life in prison without parole for the killing of 16 Afghan civilians in March 2012. 2015 – Authorities arrest two Iowa men in Saugus, Massachusetts after heavy firearms are discovered in their hotel room. The two men had made threats on social media stating their targeting of the 2015 Pokemon Video Game World Championships. 1724 – Abraham Yates, American Continental Congressman (d. 1796) 1754 – King Louis XVI of France. 1785 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer. He served in the War of 1812 against Britain and earned the nickname “Hero of Lake Erie” for leading American forces in the decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie. Died in 1819 on his 34th birthday. 1875 – William Henry Eccles was a British physicist and a pioneer in the development of radio communication. 1912 – Gene Kelly, American dancer, choreographer, actor. 1917 – Tex Williams, American singer (d. 1985) 1932 – Mark Russell, American comedian and political commentator 1934 – Barbara Eden is an American film and television actress and singer; and is best known for her starring role in the sitcom I Dream of Jeannie 1948 -Daniel “Rudy” Ruettiger is a motivational speaker and former collegiate football player best known as the inspiration for the motion picture Rudy. 1970 – River Phoenix, American actor (d. 1993) Posthumously Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, 38th Infantry, 2-t Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Plougastel, Brittany, France, August 23rd, 1944. Entered service at: Laughlinstown, Pa. Born: 16 August 1916, Lycippus, Pa. G.O. No.: 37, 11 May 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life, above and beyond the call of duty, on 23 August 1944. S/Sgt. Carey, leader of a machinegun section, was advancing with his company in the attack on the strongly held enemy hill 154, near Plougastel, Brittany, France. The advance was held up when the attacking units were pinned down by intense enemy machinegun fire from a pillbox two-hundred yards up the hill. From his position covering the right flank, S/Sgt. Carey displaced his guns to an advanced position and then, upon his own initiative, armed himself with as many hand grenades as he could carry and without regard for his personal safety started alone up the hill toward the pillbox. Crawling forward under its withering fire, he proceeded one hundred-fifty yards when he met a German rifleman whom he killed with his carbine. Continuing his steady forward movement until he reached grenade-throwing distance, he hurled his grenades at the pillbox opening in the face of intense enemy fire which wounded him mortally. Undaunted, he gathered his strength and continued his grenade attack until one entered and exploded within the pillbox, killing the occupants and putting their guns out of action. Inspired by S/Sgt. Carey’s heroic act, the riflemen quickly occupied the position and overpowered the remaining enemy resistance in the vicinity. The Symbolism of the $1 Bill Front Reverse side Take out a dollar bill and study it. The one dollar bill you’re looking at first came off the presses in 1957 in its present design. It has been decided that the one-dollar bill will not get the security enhancements because it is too expensive to counterfeit. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, that is when the motto, “In God We Trust” started being used on paper money. It was in use on coins long before that. This so-called “paper money” is in fact a cotton and linen blend, with red and blue minute silk fibers running through it. It is actually material. We’ve all washed it without it falling apart. A special blend of ink is used, the contents we will never know. It is overprinted with symbols and then it is starched to make it water resistant and pressed to give it that nice crisp look. If you look on the front of the bill, you will see the United States Treasury Seal located on the right underneath the big word “ONE”. On the seal are three symbols, the scales of justice, a chevron pointing up and a skeleton key. The scales stand for justice and show that this nation is bound by the rule of law. The chevron contains thirteen stars representing the original thirteen colonies and the key underneath it represents a symbol of authority. Also on the front of the bill are two signatures, one on each side. On the left is the signature of the Treasurer of the United States and on the right is the signature of the Secretary of the Treasury. Finally, each bill is individually numbered. Now look at the back side of the bill. On it, you will see two circles. The two circles reflect the two sides of the Great Seal of the United States. Before the adjournment of the Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776, a design committee was appointed to develop a seal for the United States. The committee was Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, three of the five men who had drafted the Declaration of Independence. They were merely the first committee, however. It took six years, the work of two additional committees and a total of 14 men before a final version of the Great Seal was approved. The final proposal, as accepted by Congress, was submitted on June 13, 1782, by Charles Thompson, Secretary of Congress. He brought together some of the recommendations of the three committees, their consultants, and artists. If you look at the left hand circle, you will see a Pyramid. This pyramid was not a part of the proposals for the Great Seal until the third committee, and it was not suggested by Jefferson, Franklin, or Adams. A pyramid starts from a quadrangular foundation symbolizing the terrestrial basis, the edges and sides of the pyramid converge towards a unique point, the summit. Please note that it has thirteen steps. Notice the face is lighted and the western side is dark. Although there is no “official” explanation for the shading, some interpret it as a reflection that our country was just beginning and had not begun to explore the West. The Pyramid is uncapped, which may signify that our country was not yet finished. The unfinished state of the pyramid was intentional, and Charles Thompson, in his remarks to congress about the symbolism on the Great Seal, said the pyramid represented “Strength and Duration.” Inside the capstone you have the “all-seeing eye”, an ancient symbol for divinity. Although Franklin’s committee did not suggest a pyramid, it did originate the suggestion of the eye. However, the term “the all-seeing eye” was never officially used when describing it. The Franklin committee wanted the seal to include a reflection of divine providence and discussed a variety of themes including the Children of Israel in the Wilderness. “IN GOD WE TRUST” is on this currency. The Latin above the pyramid, ANNUIT COEPTIS, means “God has favored our undertaking.” It was Franklin’s belief that one man couldn’t do it alone, but a group of men with the help of God could do anything. The Latin below the pyramid, NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM, is interpreted to mean “a new order for the world.” The style of government being developed had never existed before. America is a republic bound by a Constitution. Never before had a society existed where the people ruled. At the base of the pyramid is the Roman Numeral for 1776. Now look at the right-hand circle, and check it carefully, you may notice that with only slight modifications it is the Seal of the President of the United States. It also appears on every National Cemetery in the United States and is the centerpiece of most heroes’ monuments. On the Great Seal, the eagle faces the talon holding the olive branch symbolically saying that we, as a nation, look toward peace . The eagle on The Presidential Seal faces in the opposite direction-toward the talon holding the arrows symbolizing that our nation is always prepared for war. That was until 1945, when Harry Truman had it redesigned to face the olive branch as well. Also, notice the shield is unsupported. Charles Thompson said it denoted that the United States of America ought to rely on its own virtue. The shield consists of red and white stripes with a blue bar above that represents Congress. The colors are taken from the American flag and officially the red represents hardiness and valor, the white represents purity and innocence, and the blue, vigilance, perseverance, and justice. In the Eagle’s beak you will read, “E PLURIBUS UNUM”, meaning “one nation from many people.” Beyond this, there is no clear explanation for certain what the symbols mean. But although there is no explanation of the imagery of the eagle in the official records, most historical references to the bald eagle indicate that it represents something of uniquely American origin. One of the original design proposals for the Great Seal featured a small crested white eagle, which is not uniquely American, but this was later changed to the uniquely American Bald Eagle. At one time Benjamin Franklin suggested the turkey, also uniquely American. An unsupported interpretation of the inclusion of the Bald Eagle is that it could also represent victory and independence, because the eagle is not afraid of a storm, is strong and smart enough to soar above it, it wears no material crown and its vision is more than eight times stronger than a human beings. Above the Eagle are thirteen stars representing the thirteen original colonies. Again, American was coming together as one. Notice that the Eagle holds an olive branch and arrows in his talons. The official meaning is that the olive branch, which has thirteen leaves on it, and the thirteen arrows “denote the power of peace and war” across all thirteen colonies. As noted previously, the design shows the eagle facing the olive branch. Some feel that the number 13 is an unlucky number but the significance of the number 13 in U.S. history is very strong. The number 13 as used on many U.S. symbols (the stripes on the flag, steps on the Pyramid, 13 stars above the eagle, 13 bars on the shield, 13 leaves on the olive branch, 13 fruits, and 13 arrows) all represent the beginning of our country, as established by the thirteen colonies. The number 13 is also ”indivisible.” The number is the sixth prime number and only divisible by “1” and itself. Rattlers on a snakes tail The Number 13 on the One Dollar Bill Jeremiah 17:7-8 NIV “But blessed is the one who trusts in the Lord, whose confidence is in him. They will be like a tree planted by the water that sends out its roots by the stream. It does not fear when heat comes; its leaves are always green. It has no worries in a year of drought and never fails to bear fruit.” “The greatest ability in business is to get along with others and to influence their actions”. John Hancock “Wherever we look upon this earth, the opportunities take shape within the problems.” ~ Nelson Rockefeller [From quag (marsh), of unknown origin.] 565 – St. Columba reported seeing a monster in Loch Ness, Scotland 1654 – Jacob Barsimson arrives in New Amsterdam. He is the first Jewish immigrant to what is later the United States 1762 – Ann Franklin became the first female editor of an American newspaper, the “Newport Mercury” (in Rhode Island). She was also the wife of Benjamin Franklin. 1775 – King George III declares the American colonies to be in open rebellion. 1776 – Redcoats land at Long Island.General William Howe’s large army came to Long Island hoping to capture New York City and gain control of the Hudson River. 1777 – With the approach of General Benedict Arnold’s army, British Colonel Barry St. Ledger abandoned Fort Stanwix, currently the site of Rome, NY, and returns to Canada. 1781 – Col. William Campbell (36), West Virginia Patriot militia leader, died of an apparent heart attack during the siege of Yorktown. 1787 – John Fitch’s steamboat completes its tests before delegates of the Continental Congress, years before Fulton. He was granted his first United States patent for a steamboat on August 26, 1791. 1804 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition officially began as the Corps of Discovery departed from St. Charles, Missouri. 1807 – A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr on a charge of treason. 1819 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, United States, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The ship arrived atLiverpool, England, on June 20. 1831 – Nat Turner’s slave rebellion commences just after midnight in Southampton County, Virginia, leading to the deaths of more than fifty whites and several hundred Blacks who are killed in retaliation for the uprising. 1844 – A mass meeting of Blacks in Boston adopted a resolution declaring that segregated public schools in that city violated the State Constitution. Their request was denied. 1846 – Gen. Stephen W. Kearny proclaimed all of New Mexico a territory of the United States. The US pledged to honor the land grants in northern New Mexico that were awarded by the Spanish and Mexican governors of the territory. 1848 – The United States annexes New Mexico. 1849 – Future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is issued a patent for an invention to lift boats over obstacles in a river, making him the only U.S. President to ever hold a patent. 1851 – U.S.-built schooner “America” beat a fleet of Britain’s finest ships in a race around England’s Isle of Wight, in the Queen’s Cup, later renamed the America’s Cup. The U.S. held that title for 132 years until 1983. 1856 – Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina beats Senator Charles Sumner with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made attacking Southerners who sympathized with the pro-slavery violence in Kansas (“Bleeding Kansas”). 1863 – Civil War: Union forces begin the Siege of Port Hudson. 1864 – The International Red Cross was founded by Swiss humanitarian Jean-Henri Dunant. 1864 – Geneva Convention signed, by 12 nations. By 1866 twenty countries had signed and 194 states were signatories as of 2008. This was the creation of the International Red Cross. 1865 – A patent for liquid soap was received by William Sheppard. 1867 – The first Black college founded in Tennessee was Fisk University. Although work on the school was started in October 1865, it did not become incorporated under Tennessee law until this day. 1871 – United States Army closes Fort Kearny soon after the First Transcontinental Railroad is completed. 1872 – Reconstruction Era: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act into law, restoring full civil and political rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers. 1888 – Leroy Buffington patents a system to build skyscrapers. 1902 – President Theodore Roosevelt became the first U.S. President to ride in an automobile, in Hartford, Connecticut. 1902 – The Cadillac Company formed from the Henry Ford Co. by Henry Leland when Henry Ford left. Ford formed the Ford Motor Co. in 1903. The company is named after Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, who founded Detroit, Michigan. The Cadillac crest is based on his coat of arms. 1906 – The Victor Talking Machine Company of Camden, NJ, began to manufacture the Victrola. The hand-cranked unit, with horn cabinet, sold for $200. 1906 – The Wright brothers are granted U.S. patent number 821,393 for their “Flying-Machine”. 1911 – It was announced that Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” had been stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris. It was actually stolen on the 21st. The painting reappeared two years later in Italy. 1911 – President William Taft vetoed a joint resolution of Congress granting statehood to Arizona. 1912 – Birthday of the Navy’s Dental Corps. 1915 – Lassen Peak erupts with a powerful force, and is the only mountain other than Mount St. Helens to erupt in the contiguous US during the 20th century. 1921 – J. Edgar Hoover became Assistant Director of FBI. 1932 – The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) began its first experimental TV broadcast in England. 1933 – The deadly Barker gang robs a Federal Reserve mail truck in Chicago, Illinois, and kills Patrol Officer Miles Cunningham. The suspect who fired the shots was Bryan Bolton, of the Barker-Karpis Gang. The other occupants of the car were Alvin Karpis, Fred Barker, Doc Barker, “Shotgun” and George Ziegler. 1938 – Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers appeared on the cover of “LIFE” magazine. 1938 – Count Basie recorded the classic swing tune, “ Jumpin’ at the Woodside. ” 1941 – World War II: Nazi troops reached the outskirts of Leningrad. 1942 – Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox enlists in the United States Marine Corps as a flight instructor. 1944 – World War II: In Bordeaux, France, Heinz Stahlschmidt (d.2010 at 92), a junior officer in the German navy, defied his superiors plans to blow up Bordeaux’s port by blowing up a munitions depot, rendering some 4,000 fuses useless and saving the port. 1944 – World War II: Hitler ordered Paris to be destroyed. 1944 – World War II: Last transport of French Jews to concentration camps in Germany. 1944 – The Liberty ship SS Alexander V. Frazer, named for the “first” commandant of the Revenue Cutter Service, was launched. 1945 – United States Army Major Robert B. Staver recommends that the U.S. evacuate German scientists and engineers to help in the development of rocket technology. 1947 – Cold War: In an effort to fight the spread of Communism, the U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs an act into law that will later be called the Truman Doctrine. The act grants $400 million in military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece, each battling an internal Communist movement. 1947 – “ Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy ” was a radio adventure series which maintained its popularity from 1933 to 1951. The program originated at WBBM in Chicago on July 31, 1933, and was later carried on CBS, then NBC and finally ABC. 1949 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Some Enchanted Evening ” by Perry Como, “ Room Full of Roses ” by The Sammy Kaye Orchestra (vocal: Don Cornell), “ You’re Breaking My Heart ” by Vic Damone and “ I’m Throwing Rice (At the Girl that I Love) ” by Eddy Arnold all topped the charts. 1950 – Althea Gibson becomes the first Black competitor in international tennis. 1951 – Harlem Globetrotters played in Olympic Stadium at Berlin before 75,052. 1953 – “ No Other Love ” by Perry Como topped the charts. 1956 – Elvis began work on his first movie, “ Love Me Tender .” The film was originally entitled “The Reno Brothers.” 1957 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Love Letters in the Sand ” by Pat Boone, “ Tammy ” by Debbie Reynolds, “ Whispering Bells ” by The Dell-Vikings and “ (Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear ” by Elvis Presley all topped the charts. 1959 – “ Big Hunk o’ Love ” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. This is the Piano it was actually played on. 1962 – USS Savannah, world’s first nuclear powered ship, completed her maiden voyage from Yorktown, Va., to Savannah, Ga. 1962 – Continental Airlines Flight 11 crashes after bombs explode on board. 1963 – NASA civilian test pilot Joe Walker in X-15 an altitude of 354,300 feet (66 miles) (his last X-15 flight). 1965 – CHART TOPPERS – “ I Got You Babe ” by Sonny & Cher, “ Save Your Heart for Me ” by Gary Lewis & The Playboys, “ Help! ” by The Beatles and “ Yes, Mr. Peters ” by Roy Drusky & Priscilla Mitchell all topped the charts. 1966 – The Beatles arrived in New York City. 1966 – The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), later renamed the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), was formed. 1968 – The nuclear-powered submarine the USS Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard 400 miles southwest of the Azores. 1969 – Zager and Evans end a six-week run at #1 with their smash-hit “ In The Year 2525 (Exordium & Terminus) “. 1969 – Apollo 10’s lunar module flies within 8.4 nautical miles (16 km) of the moon’s surface. 1970 – “ Make It with You ” by Bread topped the charts. 1971 – J. Edgar Hoover and John Mitchell announce the arrest of 20 of the Camden 28. They were a group of “Catholic left” anti-Vietnam War activists who in 1971 planned and executed a raid on a Camden, New Jersey draft board. 1972 – US Congress created the Idaho’s Sawtooth National Recreation Area. 1973 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Touch Me in the Morning ” by Diana Ross, “ Live and Let Die ” by Wings, “ Brother Louie ” by Stories and “ Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man ” by Conway Twitty & Loretta Lynn all topped the charts. 1973 – Henry Kissinger was named Secretary of State by U.S. President Nixon. Kissinger won the Nobel Peace Prize in the same year. 1976 – EPA scientists reported that they had discovered plutonium in the ocean sediment off the San Francisco coast and radioactive cesium leaking from containers 120 miles east of Ocean City, Md. Some 62,000 steel drums of nuclear waste were dumped into the oceans from 1946-1970. 1979 – Two hundred Black leaders, meeting in New York, expressed support for Andrew Young and demanded that Blacks be given a voice in shaping American foreign policy. 1981 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Endless Love ” by Diana Ross & Lionel Richie, “ Theme from “Greatest American Hero” (Believe It or Not )” by Joey Scarbury, “ Slow Hand ” by Pointer Sisters and “ I Don’t Need You ” by Kenny Rogers all topped the charts. 1984 – The last Volkswagen Rabbit rolled off the assembly line in New Stanton, PA. Over 11 million of the economical cars had been produced. 1984 – The Republican convention in Dallas renominated Ronald Reagan. 1986 – Kerr-McGee Corp. agreed to pay the estate of the late Karen Silkwood $1.38 million to settle a 10-year-old nuclear contamination lawsuit. 1988 – Speaking to the Veterans of Foreign Wars in Chicago, Vice President George Bush defended the Vietnam-era National Guard service of running mate Dan Quayle, saying, “He did not go to Canada, he did not burn his draft card and he damn sure didn’t burn the American flag.” 1989 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Right Here Waiting ” by Richard Marx, “ On Our Own ” by Bobby Brown, “ Cold Hearted ” by Paula Abdul and “ Sunday in the South ” by Shenandoah all topped the charts. 1989 – Nolan Ryan strikes out Rickey Henderson to become the first Major League Baseball pitcher to record 5000 strikeouts. 1989 – Huey P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panthers, was shot to death in Oakland, CA. Tyrone Robinson was later convicted and sentenced to 32 years to life in prison for the killing. 1990 – Microsoft releases the Windows 3.0 operating system. 1992 – FBI HRT sniper Lon Horiuchi shoots and kills Vicki Weaver during an 11-day siege at her home at Ruby Ridge, Idaho. 1992 – “ End of the Road (From Boomerang) ” by Boyz II Men topped the charts. 1992 – President Bush told an evangelical gathering in Dallas that the Democrats had left “three simple letters” out of their platform: “G-O-D.” 1994 – DNA testing linked OJ Simpson to the murder of Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman. m) 1995 – Congressman Mel Reynolds of Illinois (D- IL) was convicted in Chicago of criminal sexual assault, sexual abuse, child pornography and obstruction of justice for having sex with a former campaign worker who had been underage at the time. 1996 – The US Army began operating an incinerator in Utah to destroy a 14,000 ton stockpile of chemical weapons over seven years. 1997 – A federal judge rejected Pres. Clinton’s request to dismiss the sexual harassment suit of Paula Jones. 1997 – A federal official threw out the contentious Teamsters election because of alleged campaign fund-raising abuses, forcing union President Ron Carey into another race against James P. Hoffa. 1997 – A $64.8 million 890- lb. Lewis satellite was launched by NASA and went into an uncontrolled spin. It was expected to fall and burn up in Earth’s atmosphere in September. 1998 – President Clinton, in his Saturday radio address, announced he had signed an executive order putting Osama bin Laden’s Islamic Army on a list of terrorist groups. 1999 – The US Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that the number of Americans on parole topped four million for the first time. 2001 – The space shuttle Discovery returned and brought home three crew members, Yuri Usachev, Susan Helms, and Jim Voss, who had spent nearly six months on the International Space Station. 2002 – Two US helicopter pilots were reported lost in South Korea. Their bodies were found the next day thirteen miles south of Camp Page. Camp Page was located on the northwest side of the city of Chunchon in the north-central portion of the Republic Of Korea. It provided aviation support to the DMZ. 2002 – American civil rights movement: A jury in Birmingham, Alabama, convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murders of four girls in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church. 2003 – Roy Moore, Alabama’s chief justice, was suspended for his refusal to obey a federal court order to remove his Ten Commandments monument from his courthouse. 2003 – In southern California members of the Earth Liberation Front struck four car dealerships. Damage at a Chevrolet dealership in West Covina was over $1 million. 2006 – Paramount Pictures severed ties to Tom Cruise after 14 years, citing unacceptable conduct. 2007 – The Texas Rangers became the first team in 110 years to score 30 runs in a game, setting an American League record in a 30-3 rout of the Baltimore Orioles in the first game of a doubleheader. 2007 – The Storm botnet, a botnet created by the Storm Worm, sends out a record 57 million e-mails in one day. 2007 – It was reported that some US lawyers in New York City had crossed the $1,000 per hour billing mark. 2007 – The death toll across the Upper Midwest and from the remnants of Tropical Storm Erin that swept Texas, Oklahoma and Missouri over the past week rose to at least twenty-six. Three people were electrocuted by lightning at a bus stop in Madison, Wis. 2008 – (Florida state officials said seven people have been killed over the five days that Tropical Storm Fay has been pounding the state with torrential rain and powerful winds. 2008 – The Late-May 2008 tornado outbreak sequence unleashes 235 tornadoes, including an EF4 and an EF5 tornado, between May 22 and May 31, 2008. The tornadoes strike 19 states and one Canadian province. 2009 – The Credit CARD Act of 2009 was signed into law by President Barack Obama. 2010 – Hundreds of people rally in opposition to an Islamic cultural centre proposed for New York City near “Ground Zero”. Opponents to the building play Bruce Springsteen’s “ Born in the U.S.A. ” over loudspeakers very loudly. 2010 – After a federal investigation, forty-seven foreign-born gang members are arrested in New England, including members of the “True Somali Bloods”, “True Sudanese Bloods” and the “Asian Boyz”. Over half are arrested in Maine. 2011 – An EF5 tornado strikes Joplin, Missouri, killing 162 people and wreaking $2.8 billion worth in damage—the costliest and seventh-deadliest single tornado in U.S. history. 2011 – Jerry Leiber, the American lyricist of the Leiber and Stoller duo that wrote many of the most popular songs in the early years of rock and roll, dies at the age of 78 in Los Angeles. 2012 – A state of emergency is declared in California over wildfires threatening hundreds of buildings. 2013 – Bob Filner, the Mayor of San Diego, California, has tentatively agreed to resign from office, pending the successful completion of a deal with city officials. He was sentenced to 90 days in home confinement, three years’ probation, and a series of fines totaling about $1,500 for assaulting three women while in office. 2013 – As of today, the number of U.S. service members and Defense Department civilians killed in Afghanistan was reported at 2,129 and 3 respectively. 2013 – At least 50 are injured in bus crash in Monterey Park, California. 1834 – Samuel Pierpont Langley, American astronomer, physicist, aeronautics pioneer. 1880 – George Herriman, American cartoonist. 1893 – Dorothy Parker (Rothschild), American author, columnist. 1920 – Ray Bradbury, American science fiction writer. 1934 – Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. general CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Master-at-Arms, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Shokokon at New Topsail Inlet off Wilmington, N.C., August 22nd, 1863. Born: 1835, Pennsylvania. Accredited to: Pennsylvania. G.O. No.: 45, 31 December 1864. Citation: Served participating in a strategic plan to destroy an enemy schooner, Clifford aided in the portage of a dinghy across the narrow neck of land separating the sea from the sound. Launching the boat in the sound, the crew approached the enemy from the rear and Clifford gallantly crept into the rebel camp and counted the men who outnumbered his party three to one. Returning to his men, he ordered a charge in which the enemy was routed, leaving behind a schooner and a quantity of supplies. Posted by Wayne Church on August 21, 2016 in 08 - August , Blog by month \| ∞ Senior Citizens Day Poets Day Poetry Poetry is the art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken that uses a wide range of tools to form imaginative or elevated thoughts. It is a literary work usually in metric form. It is designed for people who are literate to write and speak in an effort to bring other people to literacy. In this definition literacy means the ability to read for knowledge, write coherently and think critically about printed material. It is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response. There are millions and millions of poems that have been written since the earliest times. The earliest poetry is probably dating back to the Sumerian “ Epic of Gilgamesh ”. The story revolves around a relationship between Gilgamesh and his close male companion, Enkidu . Enkidu is a wild man created by the gods as Gilgamesh’s equal to distract him from oppressing the citizens of Uruk. Together they undertake dangerous quests that incur the displeasure of the gods. First, they journey to the Cedar Mountain to defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian. Later they kill the Bull of Heaven that the goddess Ishtar has sent to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. The latter part of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh’s distressed reaction to Enkidu’s death, which takes the form of a quest for immortality. Gilgamesh attempts to learn the secret of eternal life by undertaking a long and perilous journey to meet the immortal flood hero, Utnapishtim . Ultimately the words addressed to Gilgamesh in the midst of his quest foreshadow the end result: “The life that you are seeking you will never find. When the gods created man they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping.” Finally, Gilagmesh is rewarded for his achievements and for re-introducing the cultic religion of the people. Poetry has evolved from folk songs and from the need to convey long stories to various people groups. The idea behind poetry actually goes to how the brain functions best. The number three has tremendous effect on human memory and that was and is the goal, to try to remember these stories. Poems are written in metre to make them more memorable. It becomes easier to remember and easier to convey the stories. People who read poetry tend to develop an attachment to one of more particular ones. Several of my favorites come from a Canadian poet by the name of Robert Service. He lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He is best known for his poems “ The Shooting of Dan McGrew ” and “ The Cremation of Sam McGee “, from his first book, “ Songs of a Sourdough .” This book has sold more than three million copies, making it the most commercially successful book of poetry of the 20th century. These two poems are hyper-linked here for your enjoyment. The use of songs helps to convey not only the words of the message but the emotions as well. “ Daddy’s Poem ” is a recent one that speaks to the emotions of a wife and mother and her little girl who lost her dad in Iraq. Another example of the use of song and poetry is a song from the sixties. How many can remember any race car crash over the past fifty years unless you were personally involved. How many can remember this one, a story, a poem set to music, “Tell Laura I Love Her.” Music (You Tube)(You Tube), Lyrics . Finally, for this article, is the poem by Rudyard Kipling that helps its readers to get over some very hard times. It is written to his son but I believe that this poem could speak to daughters as well, Read the poem “ If “. For more information: Titus 1 King James Version (KJV) 1 Paul, a servant of God, and an apostle of Jesus Christ, according to the faith of God’s elect, and the acknowledging of the truth which is after godliness; 2 In hope of eternal life, which God, that cannot lie, promised before the world began; 3 But hath in due times manifested his word through preaching, which is committed unto me according to the commandment of God our Saviour; 4 To Titus, mine own son after the common faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Saviour. 5 For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee: 6 If any be blameless, the husband of one wife, having faithful children not accused of riot or unruly. 7 For a bishop must be blameless, as the steward of God; not selfwilled, not soon angry, not given to wine, no striker, not given to filthy lucre; 8 But a lover of hospitality, a lover of good men, sober, just, holy, temperate; 9 Holding fast the faithful word as he hath been taught, that he may be able by sound doctrine both to exhort and to convince the gainsayers. Domestic slave ry is repugnant to the principles of Christianity… It is rebellion against the authority of a common Father. It is a practical denial of the extent and efficacy of the death of a common Savior. It is an usurpation of the prerogative of the great Sovereign of the universe who has solemnly claimed an exclusive property in the souls of men. Benjamin Rush “Life is ten percent what happens to you and ninety percent how you respond to it.” ~ Lou Holtz chary CHAIR-ee, adjective: 1. Wary; cautious. 2.Not giving or expending freely; sparing. 1525 – Estavao Gomes returned to Portugal after failing to find a clear waterway to Asia. 1680 – Pueblo Indians took possession of Santa Fe from the Spanish. 1770 – James Cook formally claims eastern Australia for Great Britain, naming it New South Wales. 1800 – U.S. Marine Corps Band gave its first concert in Washington, D.C. (Star Spangled Banner) (Pass In Review) (Trio – National Emblem) 1814 – Marines defended Washington, DC, at Bladensburg, Maryland, against the British. 1831 – Nat Turner launched a bloody slave insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia, hoping to lead his people out of slavery. This history has become a reference point for justification or rationalization of the Civil War. He was later executed. 1841 – John Hampson of New Orleans patents venetian blinds. 1858 – The famous debates, mainly about slavery, between Senatorial contenders Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas began. The debates were held at seven sites throughout Illinois. 1861 – Civil War: U.S. Marines commanded by Major Reynolds took part in the First Battle of Bull Run: 9 Marines killed, 19 wounded, 16 missing in action. 1862 – Civil War: Fractional currency, alternately known as postage currency.The new 5, 10, 25, and 50-cent notes hit the streets on this day. 1863 – One hundred eighty-two men in the abolitionist town of Lawrence, KS are murdered in a raid by Southern partisans. It was one of the worst acts of violence to be perpetrated during the war. 1864 – Civil War: Confederate General A.P. Hill attacked Union troops south of Petersburg, Va., at the Weldon railroad. His attack was repulsed, resulting in heavy Confederate casualties. 1878 – The American Bar Association was formed by a group of lawyers, judges and law professors in Saratoga, NY. 1883 – First installation of electric lights in a US Navy warship. They were installed on the USS Trenton. 1887 – Mighty (Dan) Casey Struck-out in a game with the NY Giants. 1888 – The first successful adding machine in the United States was patented by William Seward Burroughs. 1901 – The Cadillac Motor Company was formed in Detroit, Michigan, named after the French explorer, Antoine Cadillac. 1901 – Joe McGinnity, suspended from the National League for punching & spitting on an ump. 1911 – Leonardo da Vinci’s painting, the “Mona Lisa,” was stolen from the Louvre in Paris; it was recovered two years later. 1912 – Arthur R. Eldred of Oceanside, New York, achieved the rank of Eagle Scout, the highest rank in the Boy Scouts of America — the first to earn the award. Thirty-one Eagle Scouts went on to become Astronauts and one, Gerald Ford, went on to be President of the United States. 1920 – Radio station built by U.S. Navy and French Government transmits first wireless message heard around the world. At time it was the most powerful radio station in the world. 1922 – Curly Lambeau and Green Bay Football Club were granted an NFL franchise. 1923 – In Kalamazoo, Michigan, an ordinance was passed forbidding dancers from gazing into the eyes of their partner. 1931 – Babe Ruth hits his 600th HR (Yanks beat Browns 11-7). 1933 – Ruth’s homer leads AL to a 4-2 win in first All Star Game. 1938 – Fats Waller’s most famous song, “ Ain’t Misbehavin ‘” was “waxed”. It was written in 1929 and gained popular recognition in the 1943 movie by the name of “ Stormy Weather .” 1942 – World War II: On Guadalcanal, Japanese Colonel Ichiki’s force of 1000 men attack the American positions across the Tenaru River. The American force destroys the Japanese force. 1943 – Harriet M. West was the first Black woman major in the Women’s Army Corps (WAC). 1943 – World War II: Japan evacuated the Aleutian island of Kiaska. Kiaska had been the last North American foothold held by the Japanese. 1945 – President Harry Truman ended the Lend-Lease program that had shipped some $50 billion in aid to America’s allies during World War II. 1948 – CHART TOPPERS – “ A Tree in the Meadow ” by Margaret Whiting, “ My Happiness ” by Jon & Sandra Steele, “ It’s Magic ” by Doris Day and “ Bouquet of Roses ” by Eddy Arnold all topped the charts. 1950 – The United Nations moved into its new permanent facilities in New York City. 1951 – First contract for nuclear-powered submarine awarded. 1954 – “ Sh-Boom ” by the Crew-Cuts topped the charts. 1956 – CHART TOPPERS – “ My Prayer ” by The Platters, “ Hound Dog/Don’t Be Cruel ” by Elvis Presley, “ Canadian Sunset ” by Hugo Winterhalter & Eddie Haywood and “ I Walk the Line ” by Johnny Cash all topped the charts. 1959 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order proclaiming Hawaii the 50th state of the Union. 1963 – In South Vietnam, martial law was declared. Army troops and police began to crackdown on the Buddhist anti-government protesters. 1964 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Everybody Loves Somebody ” by Dean Martin, “ Where Did Our Love Go ” by The Supremes, “ Rag Doll ” by The Four Seasons and “ Dang Me ” by Roger Miller all topped the charts. 1965 – Launch of Gemini 5, piloted by LCDR Charles Conrad Jr., USN, who completed 120 orbits in almost 8 days at an altitude of 217 miles. Recovery was by helicopter from USS Lake Champlain (CVS-39). 1965 – “I Got You Babe” by Sonny & Cher topped the charts. 1968 – James Anderson, Jr. posthumously receives the first Medal of Honor to be awarded to an African-American U.S. Marine. (See February 27, 1968 for citation) 1971 – Laura Baugh, at the age of 16, won the United State’s Women’s Amateur Golf tournament. She was the youngest winner in the history of the tournament. 1971- “ How Can You Mend a Broken Heart? ” by the Bee Gees topped the charts. 1971 – Three prisoners, George Jackson (29), Ronald Kane (28), John Lynn (29), and 3 guards, Jere Graham (39), Frank DeLeon (44) and Paul Krasenes (52), were killed during an attempted prison escape at San Quentin, California. 1972 – CHART TOPPERS – “Alone Again (Naturally)” by Gilbert O’Sullivan, “ Brandy (You’re a Fine Girl) ” by Looking Glass, “ Long Cool Woman (In a Black Dress) ” by The Hollies and “ Bless Your Heart ” by Freddie Hart & The Heartbeats all topped the charts. 1972 – US orbiting astronomy observatory Copernicus was launched. 1972 – Apollo 16 astronauts John Young and Charles Duke explored the surface of the moon with Boeing Lunar Rover #2. 1975 – Kathleen Ann Soliah (later known as Sarah Jane Olson) and other members of the Symbionese Liberation Army placed two pipe bombs under parked police cars at an Int’l. House of Pancakes on Sunset Blvd in Los Angeles. 1975 – Rick & Paul Reuschel become first brothers to pitch a combined shut out. The final Cubs over the Dodgers 7-0. 1976 – It was announced by RCA Victor records that the sales of Elvis Presley records passed the 400 million mark. 1976 – “ Don’t Go Breaking My Heart ” by Elton John & Kiki Dee topped the charts. 1977 – Donna Patterson Brice sets high speed water skiing record (111.11 mph). 1980 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Magic ” by Olivia Newton-John, “ Sailing ” by Christopher 1982 – “ Eye of the Tiger ” by Survivor topped the charts. 1984 – Victoria Roche, a reserve outfielder, became the first girl to ever compete in a Little League World Series game. She played for the team that represented Belgium. The game is played in McKeesport, PA. 1984 – Clint Eastwood was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 1987 – A U.S. Marine was convicted for spying for the first time. Sergeant Clayton Lonetree was giving secrets to the KGB while working as a guard at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. He served eight years in a military prison. He was released in February 1996. 1988 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Roll with It ” by Steve Winwood, “ Monkey ” by George Michael, “ 1-2-3 ” by Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine and “ Bluest Eyes in Texas ” by Restless Heart all topped the charts. 1989 – Voyager 2 got close to the Neptune moon called Tritan. 1992 – Randall Weaver, a neo-Nazi leader, opened fire on U.S. marshals from his home in Idaho. Weaver surrendered eleven days later ending the standoff. During the standoff a deputy marshal, Weaver’s wife and his son were killed. 1993 – NASA lost contact with the Mars Observer spacecraft. The fate of the spacecraft was unknown. The mission cost $980 million. 1994 – The US House, by a vote of 235-195, passed a $30 billion crime bill that banned certain assault-style firearms. 1996 – The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPPA) was signed by President Clinton. The act made it easier to obtain and keep health insurance. 1997 – Hudson Foods Inc. closed a plant in Nebraska after it had recalled 25 million pounds of ground beef that was potentially contaminated with E. coli 01557:H7. It was the largest food recall in U.S. history. 1997 – The CEO of Philip Morris Cos. said that cigarettes “might have” killed 100,000 Americans. It was the first acknowledgement by the company of a possible link between smoking and death. 1998- Samuel Bowers, a 73-year-old former Ku Klux Klan leader, was convicted in Hattiesburg, MS, of ordering a firebombing that killed civil rights activist Vernon Dahmer in 1966. Bowers died in prison in November 2006 at age 82. 2001 – Robert Tools, the first person to receive a self-contained artificial heart (Jul 2), was introduced to the public at Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Ky. 2001 – It was reported that nuclear waste researchers had developed a process, pyroprocessing, to remove long term radioactive elements from waste and transmute them to less radioactive elements. 2001 – Robert Tools, the first person to receive a self-contained artificial heart (Jul 2), was introduced to the public at Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Ky., through a video link from his doctor’s office. (See also 11/30/2001) 2002 – President Bush told reporters at his Texas ranch that ousting Iraq’s Saddam Hussein was “in the interests of the world” but indicated the United States was in no hurry. 2002 – A jury in San Diego convicted David Westerfield of kidnapping 7-year-old Danielle van Dam from her home and killing her. Westerfield was later sentenced to death. 2002 – Weldon Spring, Missouri, was reported open to the public as tourist attraction. The radioactive site opened after a $1 billion, 16-year cleanup. 2002 – Michael Kopper, former Enron financial executive, pleaded guilty to charges related to wire fraud and money laundering. He admitted to large kickbacks to the CFO, Andrew Fastow, and agreed to return $12 million. 2003 – Paul Hamm put together a near-perfect routine on the high bar to become the first American man to win the all-around gold medal at the World Gymnastics Championship. 2003 – The US military reported that Ali Hassan al-Majid (“Chemical Ali”), No. 5 on the list of most-wanted Iraqis, had been captured. 2003 – Alabama’s top judge, Chief Justice Roy Moore, refused to back down in his fight to keep a Ten Commandments monument and lashed out at his colleagues who ordered it removed from the rotunda of the state judicial building. 2004 – In Ohio health officials said cases of gastrointestinal illness had risen to 510 from people in the Put-in-Bay resort area. 2005 – US federal authorities indicted eighty-seven Asians and US citizens on charges of smuggling counterfeit money, drugs and cigarettes into the US. 2005 – Harvard scientists said they have fused an adult skin cell with an embryonic stem cell in a potentially dramatic development that could lead to the creation of useful stem cells without first having to create and destroy human embryos. 2006 – California’s Gov. Schwarzenegger and Democratic lawmakers agreed to raise California’s minimum wage by $1.25 over the next year to $8.00 per hour, making it the highest minimum wage in the nation. 2007 – A research firm said US foreclosure filings rose 9 percent from June to July and surged 93 percent over the same period last year, with Nevada, Georgia and Michigan accounting for the highest foreclosure rates nationwide. 2007 – The US shuttle Endeavour landed in Florida following a 13-day assembly mission on the International Space Station. 2008 – The Food and Drug Administration approves irradiation of lettuce and spinach to kill E. coli and other dangerous germs. 2008 – Intel showed off a wireless electric power system at the California firm’s annual developers forum in San Francisco. Analysts said it could revolutionize modern life by freeing devices from transformers and wall outlets. 2008 – One student is killed in a shooting at Central High School in Knoxville, Tennessee. 2009 – William Calley, the former Army lieutenant convicted on 22 counts of murder in the infamous My Lai Massacre in Vietnam, publicly apologized for the first time this week while speaking in Columbus. 2009 – Guaranty Bank became the second-largest US bank to fail this year after the Texas lender was shut down by regulators and most of its operations sold at a loss of billions of dollars 2010 -In Alaska a float-plane carrying four people went missing 285 miles southwest of Anchorage. The passengers included three Katmai National Park rangers. 2010 – It was reported that the cost of sustaining each American soldier in Afghanistan is about $1 million. 2011 – President Barack Obama called on Muammar Gaddafi to “relinquish power once and for all.” 2012 – Congressman Todd Akin who is also a candidate for the US Senate, vows to continue as the US-wide fall-out over his rape, pregnancy and anti-abortion comments rages on. 2013 – “A man is not dead until he is forgotten. Let us not forget.” Delbert “Shorty” Belton, a survivor of the WWII Battle of Okinawa was murdered by two black teens in a random attack at the Eagles Lodge in Spokane, WA . He was 89 years old. 2015 – First Female Army Rangers Make History : Capt. Kristen Griest and 1st Lt. Shaye Haver make history by becoming the first two women to graduate from the Army Ranger School, along with 94 other students. They graduate in the first year that the Army has opened the course to women. 2017 – Next total solar eclipse to be visible from North America. 1904 – (William) Count Basie, American bandleader, composer. 1920 – Christopher Robin Milne, inspiration for the Winnie-the-Pooh stories (d. 1996) 1923 – “Chris” Schenkel. American sportscaster 1936 – Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball Hall-of-Famer. 1938 – Kenny Rogers, American singer and actor 1959 – Jim McMahon, American football player 1973 – Sergey Brin, Co-founder of Google. 1984 – Melissa Schuman, American actress Posthumously Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company C, 1st Battalion, (Mechanized), 5th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Ben Cui, Republic of Vietnam, August 21st, 1968. Entered service at: Odessa, Tex. Born: 11 May 1947, Alpine, Tex. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. S/Sgt. Young distinguished himself at the cost of his life while serving as a squad leader with Company C. While conducting a reconnaissance mission in the vicinity of Ben Cui, Company C was suddenly engaged by an estimated regimental-size force of the North Vietnamese Army. During the initial volley of fire the point element of the 1st Platoon was pinned down, sustaining several casualties, and the acting platoon leader was killed. S/Sgt. Young unhesitatingly assumed command of the platoon and immediately began to organize and deploy his men into a defensive position in order to repel the attacking force. As a human wave attack advanced on S/Sgt. Young’s platoon, he moved from position to position, encouraging and directing fire on the hostile insurgents while exposing himself to the hail of enemy bullets. After receiving orders to withdraw to a better defensive position, he remained behind to provide covering fire for the withdrawal. Observing that a small element of the point squad was unable to extract itself from its position, and completely disregarding his personal safety, S/Sgt. Young began moving toward their position, firing as he maneuvered. When halfway to their position he sustained a critical head injury, yet he continued his mission and ordered the element to withdraw. Remaining with the squad as it fought its way to the rear, he was twice seriously wounded in the arm and leg. Although his leg was badly shattered, S/Sgt. Young refused assistance that would have slowed the retreat of his comrades, and he ordered them to continue their withdrawal while he provided protective covering fire. With indomitable courage and heroic self-sacrifice, he continued his self-assigned mission until the enemy force engulfed his position. By his gallantry at the cost of his life are in the highest traditions of the military service, S/Sgt. Young has reflected great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army. SMITH, JOHN LUCIAN WW II Rank and organization: Major, U.S. Marine Corps, Marine Fighter Squadron 223, Place and date: In the Solomon Islands area, August 21st, -September , 1942. Entered service at: Oklahoma. Born: 26 December 1914, Lexington, Okla. Other Navy award: Legion of Merit. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and heroic achievement in aerial combat above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of Marine Fighting Squadron 223 during operations against enemy Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands area, August-September 1942. Repeatedly risking his life in aggressive and daring attacks, Maj. Smith led his squadron against a determined force, greatly superior in numbers, personally shooting down sixteen Japanese planes between 21 August and 15 September 1942. In spite of the limited combat experience of many of the pilots of this squadron, they achieved the notable record of a total of eighty-three enemy aircraft destroyed in this period, mainly attributable to the thorough training under Maj. Smith and to his intrepid and inspiring leadership. His bold tactics and indomitable fighting spirit, and the valiant and zealous fortitude of the men of his command not only rendered the enemy’s attacks ineffective and costly to Japan, but contributed to the security of our advance base. His loyal and courageous devotion to duty sustains and enhances the finest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. HAMMANN, CHARLES HAZELTINE WW I Rank and organization: Ensign, U.S. Naval Reserve Fleet. Born: 16 March 1892, Baltimore, Md. Appointed from: Maryland. Citation: For extraordinary heroism as a pilot of a seaplane on August 21st, 1918, when with three other planes Ens. Hammann took part in a patrol and attacked a superior force of enemy land planes. In the course of the engagement which followed the plane of Ens. George M. Ludlow was shot down and fell in the water five miles off Pola. Ens. Hammann immediately dived down and landed on the water close alongside the disabled machine, where he took Ludlow on board. Although his machine was not designed for the double load to which it was subjected, and although there was danger of attack by Austrian planes, he made his way to Porto Corsini. Italy. HARRINGTON, DAVID INTERIM 1871-1898 Rank and organization: First Class Fireman, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa August 21st, 1884 Born: 1856, Washington, D.C. Accredited to: Washington, D.C. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: Served on board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa at the time of the sinking of that vessel, on the night of 21 August 1884. Remaining at his post of duty in the fireroom until the fires were put out by the rising waters, Harrington opened the safety valves when the water was up to his waist. MAGEE, JOHN W. INTERIM 1871-1898 Rank and organization: Second Class Fireman, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa August 21st, 1884 Born: 1859, Maryland. Accredited to: Maryland. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: Serving on board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa during the sinking of that vessel on the night of 21 August 1884. During this period, Magee remained at his post of duty in the fireroom until the fires were put out by the rising waters. OHMSEN, AUGUST INTERIM 1871-1898 Rank and organization: Master-at-Arms, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa August 21st, 1884 Born: 1853, Germany. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 326, 18 October 1884. Citation: On board the U.S.S. Tallapoosa at the time of the sinking of that vessel, on the night of 21 August 1884. Clearing the berth deck, Ohmsen remained there until the water was waist deep, wading about with outstretched arms, rousing the men out of their hammocks. Then, going on deck, he assisted in lowering the first cutter and then the dinghy, of which he took charge. OSBORNE, JOHN INTERIM 1871-1898 Rank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Place and date: On board the U.S.S. Juniata at Philadelphia, Pa., August 21st, 1876. Born: 1844, New Orleans, La. Accredited to: Louisiana. G.O. No.: 218, 24 August 1876. Citation: Serving on board the U.S.S. Juniata, Osborne displayed gallant conduct in rescuing from drowning an enlisted boy of that vessel. ANDERSON, FREDERICK C. CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company A, 18th Massachusetts Infantry. Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 21st, 1864. Entered service at:——Birth: Boston, Mass. Date of issue: 6 September 1864. Citation: Capture of battle flag of 27th South Carolina (C.S.A.) and the color bearer. ELLIS, HORACE CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company A, 7th Wisconsin Infantry (Iron Brigade). Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 21st, 1864. Entered service at: Chippewa Falls, Wis. Birth: Mercer County, Pa. Date of issue: December 1864. Citation: Capture of flag of 16th Mississippi (C.S.A.). REED, GEORGE W. CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company E, 11th Pennsylvania Infantry. Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 21st, 1864. Entered service at: Johnstown, Pa. Birth: Cambria County, Pa. Dale of issue: 6 September 1864. Citation: Capture of flag of 24th North Carolina Volunteers (C.S.A.). SHILLING, JOHN CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: First Sergeant, Company H, 3d Delaware Infantry. Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., 21 August 1864. Entered service at: Felton, Del. Born: 15 February 1832, England. Date of issue: 6 September 1864. Citation: Capture of flag. SMITH, RICHARD CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Private, Company B, 95th New York Infantry. Place and date: At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 21st, 1864. Entered service at: Harverstraw, Rockland County, N.Y. Birth: Harverstraw, Rockland County, N.Y. Date of issue: 13 March 1865. Citation: Captured two officers and twenty men of Hagood’s brigade while they were endeavoring to make their way back through the woods. Share this: Tech Support Humor Dear Tech Support: Last year I upgraded from Girlfriend 7.0 to Wife 1.0. I soon noticed that the new program began unexpected child processing that took up a lot of space and valuable resources. In addition, Wife 1.0 installed itself into all other programs and now monitors all other system activity. Applications such as Poker Night 10.3, Football 5.0, Hunting and Fishing 7.5, and Golfing 3.6. I can’t seem to keep Wife 1.0 in the background while attempting to run my favorite applications. I’m thinking about going back to Girlfriend 7.0 , but the uninstall doesn’t work on Wife 1.0 . Please help! Thanks, Troubled User….. Dear Troubled User: This is a very common problem that men complain about. Many people upgrade from Girlfriend 7.0 to Wife 1.0, thinking that it is just a Utilities and Entertainment program. Wife 1.0 is an OPERATING SYSTEM and is designed by its Creator to run EVERYTHING !!! It is also impossible to delete Wife 1.0 and to return to Girlfriend 7.0 . It is impossible to uninstall, or purge the program files from the system once installed. You cannot go back to Girlfriend 7.0 because Wife 1.0 is designed to not allow this. Look in your Wife 1.0 manual under Warnings-Alimony/Child Support. I recommend that you keep Wife 1.0 and work on improving the situation. I suggest installing the background application “Yes Dear” to alleviate software augmentation. The best course of action is to enter the command C:APOLOGIZE! because ultimately you will have to give the APOLOGIZE command before the system will return to normal anyway. Wife 1.0 is a great program, but it tends to be very high maintenance. Wife 1.0 comes with several support programs, such as Clean and Sweep 3.0, Cook It 1.5 and Do Bills 4.2. However, be very careful how you use these programs. Improper use will cause the system to launch the program Nag Nag 9.5. Once this happens, the only way to improve the performance of Wife 1.0 is to purchase additional software. I recommend Flowers 2.1 and Diamonds 5.0! WARNING!!! DO NOT, under any circumstances, install Secretary With Short Skirt 3.3. This application is not supported by Wife 1.0 and will cause irreversible damage to the operating system! Best of luck, 2 Timothy 4:1-4 King James Version (KJV) 4 I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom; 2 Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all long suffering and doctrine. 3 For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears; 4 And they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables. A judiciary independent of a king or executive alone, is a good thing; but independence of the will of the nation is a solecism, at least in a republican government. Thomas Jefferson “Change. It has the power to uplift, to heal, to stimulate, surprise, open new doors, bring fresh experience and create excitement in life. Certainly it is worth the risk.” ~ Leo Buscaglia adumbrate AD-uhm-brayt; uh-DUHM-, transitive verb: 1. To give a sketchy or slight representation of; to outline. 2. To foreshadow in a vague way. 3. To suggest, indicate, or disclose partially. 4. To cast a shadow over; to shade; to obscure. 1494 – Columbus returned to Hispaniola. He had confirmed that Jamaica was an island and failed to find a mainland. 1619 – The first African slaves arrived to North America aboard a Dutch privateer. It docked in Jamestown, Virginia, with twenty human captives among its cargo. 1667 – John Milton published “Paradise Lost,” an epic poem about the fall of Adam and Eve. 1741 – Danish navigator Vitus Jonas Bering, commissioned by Peter the Great of Russia to find land connecting Asia and North America, discovered Alaska. His name still graces the Bering Sea and the Bering Strait. 1775 – The Spanish establish a presidio (fort) in the town that became Tucson, Arizona. 1781 – George Washington began to move his troops south to fight Cornwallis. 1794 – Battle of Fallen Timbers – American troops force a confederacy of Shawnee, Mingo, Delaware, Wyandot, Miami, Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi warriors into a disorganized retreat. American General “Mad Anthony” Wayne led the fight. 1804 – Charles Floyd died, the only fatality of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. In 1901 a memorial was erected at his gravesite in Sioux City, Iowa. 1847 – General Winfield Scott won the battle of Churubusco on his drive to Mexico City. 1852 – The steamer “Atlantic” collided on Lake Erie with the fishing boat “Ogdensburg”, and sank. An estimated 150-250 people were drowned. 1858 – Charles Darwin first publishes his theory of evolution in The Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, alongside Alfred Russel Wallace’s same theory. 1862 – Horace Greeley’s “The Prayer of Twenty Millions” was published. 1864 – Civil War: The eighth and last day of battle at Deep Bottom Run, Va., left about 3900 casualties. 1865 – President Andrew Johnson proclaimed an end to the “insurrection” in Texas. 1866 – President Andrew Johnson formally declared the Civil War over, even though the fighting had stopped months earlier. 1866 – The newly organized National Labor Union called on the U.S. Congress to mandate an eight-hour workday. 1882 – Tchaikovsky’s “ 1812 Overture ” debuted in Moscow. 1885 – Gilbert and Sullivan’s “The Mikado” opened at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City. 1896 – Dial telephone patented. The Strowger patent ( No. 447,918) of 1891 and subsequent patents pertaining to the Strowger system were the most successful. 1908 – The American Great White Fleet arrived in Sydney, Australia, to a warm welcome. 1910 – The first shot fired from an airplane was during a test flight over Brooklyn’s Sheepshead Bay. 1910 – The Great Idaho Fire killed 86 people and destroyed some 3 million acres of timber in Idaho and Montana. 1912 – William Booth, English minister and founder of the Salvation Army died. 1912 – The US Plant Quarantine Act went into effect. 1914 – World War I: German forces occupied Brussels, Belgium. 1918 – World War I: The British opened its Western Front offensive. 1920 – The first commercial radio station, 8MK (WWJ), begins operations in Detroit, Michigan. 1920 – A preliminary meeting was held in Akron, Ohio, to form the American Pro Football League. 1920 – The US opened its first coast-to-coast airmail delivery route, just 60 years after the Pony Express closed up shop. By 1924 a line of giant concrete markers stretched from Rock Springs, Wyoming to Cleveland, Ohio. Every ten miles, pilots would pass a 70-foot concrete arrow on the ground which was painted a bright yellow. At the center of each arrow there would be a 51-foot steel tower and topped by a million-candlepower rotating beacon.The next summer, it reached all the way to New York and then extended all the way to San Francisco by 1929. 1923 – The first American dirigible, the “Shenandoah,” was launched in Lakehurst, NJ. 1930 – Philo Farnsworth patented a television. In 1927, Philo was the first inventor to transmit a television image comprised of 60 horizontal lines. The image transmitted was a dollar sign. 1934 – Gangster Al Capone and 42 other prisoners traveled in steel barred railroad coaches to Alcatraz after being transferred the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Ga. 1938 – Lou Gehrig hits his 23rd career grand slam–a record that stood until Alex Rodriguez hit 25 career grand slams, the most by any player in Major League Baseball history, passing Lou Gehrig’s 23 on September 20, 2013.. 1939 – Orrin Tucker’s orchestra recorded “Oh, Johnny, Oh, Johnny, Oh!” 1939 – The National Negro Bowling Association was founded in Detroit, MI. The association was started because the other two major organizations had clauses that allowed “Caucasians Only.” Wynston Brown became its first president. 1940 – World War II: Europe: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill paid tribute to the Royal Air Force, saying, “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” 1940 – World War II: Europe: Radar was used for the first time, by the British during the Battle of Britain. 1940 – World War II: Europe: France fell to the Germans during World War II. 1941 – World War II: Holocaust: Police raided the 11th district of Paris and took over 4,000 Jewish males. 1941 – World War II: Europe: Adolf Hitler authorized the development of the V-2 missile. 1942 – World War II: On Guadalcanal, the first aircraft, 31 Marine (MAG-23) fighters from the escort carrier USS Long Island are flown into Henderson Field Air Strip. 1944 – Spingarn Medal presented to Charles R. Drew “who set up and ran the blood plasma bank in the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City which served as one of the models for the widespread system of blood banks now in operation for the American Red Cross.” The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for outstanding achievement by an African-American. 1944 – World War II: The US liberty ship SS Richard Montgomery was wrecked off the Nore in the Thames Estuary, with some 1500 tons of explosives. It is a time-bomb waiting for a terrorist to give Britain its first real tsunami and, maybe, worse. 1945 – The War Production Board removes most of its controls over manufacturing activity. 1945 – Tommy Brown of the Brooklyn Dodgers became the youngest player to hit a home run in a major-league ball game. Brown was 17 years, 8 months and 14 days old. Wonder, I Wonder ” by Eddy Howard, “ Across the Alley from the Alamo ” by The Mills Brothers and “ Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette) ” by Tex Williams all topped the charts. 1949 – “ Some Enchanted Evening ” by Perry Como topped the charts. 1950 – Korean War: General MacArthur repeated his July 4th warning to North Korean leader Kim Il Sung concerning the treatment of prisoners of war as a result of the Hill 303 murder of 36 American soldiers. 1953 – It was announced by the Soviet Union that they had detonated a hydrogen bomb. to Get ” by Gisele MacKenzie, “ The Yellow Rose of Texas ” by Mitch Miller and “ I Don’t Care ” by Webb Pierce all topped the charts. 1955 – Col. Horace A. Hanes, a U.S. Air Force pilot, flew to an altitude of 40,000 feet. He reached a speed of 822.135 miles per hour in a Super Sabrejet. 1955 – Bill Haley & Comets’ “ Rock Around the Clock ” tops “Billboards” chart. 1955 – Bo Diddley made his first appearance at the Apollo Theater in New York City. 1956 – The Republican Convention opened at the Cow Palace in Daly City, Ca. 1956 – The US State Department reaffirmed its ban on travel to China. Wind ” by Peter, Paul & Mary, “ Judy’s Turn to Cry ” by Lesley Gore and “ Ring of Fire ” by Johnny Cash all topped the charts. 1964 – The Economic Opportunity Act, a $1 billion anti-poverty measure, was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. 1965 – Rolling Stones release “ Satisfaction ” (their first #1 US hit). 1966 – Vietnam: Operation “Allegheny” in Quang Nam, RVN. (Concluded 29 August). 1966 – “ Summer in the City ” by Lovin’ Spoonful topped the charts. 1966 – The Beatles were pelted with rotten fruit during a Memphis concert. 1969 – Andy Williams received a gold record for the album “ Happy Heart .” 1969 – Arlo Guthrie released “ Alice’s Restaurant . ” (22:31) This is a Thanksgiving Big Stuff ” by Jean Knight, “ Take Me Home, Country Roads ” by John Denver and “ I’m Just Me ” by Charley Pride all topped the charts. 1971 – FBI begins covert investigation of journalist Daniel Schorr. It was later discovered that Schorr had been added to Nixon’s “enemies list” and as a result was investigated by the FBI. 1971 – Vietnam: Heavy rains flooded the Red River delta and some 100,000 people were killed. 1974 – Nolan Ryan pitch measured at record 100.4 mph. 1975 – Viking 1, an unmanned U.S. planetary probe, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a mission to Mars. It reached Mars in the summer of 1976. 1977 – The U.S. Voyager I spacecraft was launched on its journey via Jupiter and Saturn to become the first artificial object to leave the solar system. 1977 – “ Best of My Love ” by the Emotions topped the charts. 1977 – The United States launched Voyager 2, an unmanned spacecraft carrying a 12-inch copper phonograph record containing greetings in dozens of languages, samples of music and sounds of nature. 1979 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Good Times ” by Chic, “ My Sharona ” by The Knack, “ The Main Event/Fight ” by Barbra Streisand and “ Coca Cola Cowboy ” by Mel Tillis all topped the charts. 1979 – Swimmer Diana Nyad succeeded in her third attempt at swimming from the Bahamas to Florida. 1979 – Bob Dylan proclaimed his new born-again Christianity with his album “ Slow Train Coming. ” 1980 – UN Security Council condemned (14-0, US abstains) Israeli declaration that all of Jerusalem is it’s capital. 1983 – “ Every Breath You Take ” by The Police topped the charts. 1985 – The original Xerox 914 copier was presented to the Smithsonian Institute’s Museum of American History. Chester Carlson was the man who invented the machine. 1986 – Patrick Henry Sherril, postal employee, killed 14 co-workers in a shooting spree at the post office in Edmond, OK. This incident is credited with inspiring the American phrase “going postal”. That Girl” by Madonna, “ Luka ” by Suzanne Vega and“ A Long Line of Love ” by Michael Martin Murphey all topped the charts. 1988 – “ Roll with It ” by Steve Winwood topped the charts. 1988 – “Black Saturday” of the Yellowstone fire in Yellowstone National Park. The normal fire season was in progress when a cold front passed through during the morning hours. Winds increased to and sustained themselves at 30 to 40 miles per hour with gusts as high as 70 miles per hour. The fires exploded into gigantic firestorms that sent flames as high as 200 feet into the air. 1989 – Jose and Kitty Menendez were shot to death by their sons Lyle and Erik. The first trials ended in hung juries. 1990 – For the first time since Iraq began detaining foreigners, President Bush publicly referred to the detainees as hostages, and demanded their release. Iraq moved Western hostages to military installations (human shields). 1990 – Three former Northwest Airlines pilots were convicted in Minneapolis of flying while intoxicated. 1990 – George Steinbrenner stepped down as NY Yankee owner. 1992 – The Republican National Convention in Houston renominated President Bush and Vice President Quayle. 1993 – Conjoined twins Angela and Amy Lakeberg were separated at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in an operation that scarified Amy, since the sisters shared a common heart and liver tissue. Angela died in June 1994. 1994 – President Clinton slapped new sanctions on Cuba that included prohibiting payments by Cuban-Americans to their relatives in Cuba. 1995 – The remnants of an American peace delegation headed home from Bosnia-Herzegovina with the bodies of three diplomats killed in an accident. 1996 – Pres. Clinton signed the federal minimum wage bill for an increase of .90 cents per hour in two steps to $5.15 per hour over 13 months. It was the first minimum-wage increase in five years. The bill included a $5,000 tax credit for the cost of adopting a child. He also signed a new retirement savings program for small-business workers. 1997 – United Parcel Service drivers put away picket signs, put on their uniforms and began to sluggishly recover from its costly strike. 1998 – It was reported that a $1 million reward was given by the Justice Dept. to David Kaczynski for providing information that led to the arrest of his brother Theodore, the Unabomber. 1998 – U.S. military forces attacked a terrorist camp in Afghanistan and a chemical plant in Sudan. Both targets were chosen for cruise missile strikes due to their connection with Osama bin Laden and to the Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. 1998 – Monica Lewinsky went before a grand jury for a second round of explicit testimony about her White House trysts with President Clinton. 1999 – The Peregrine falcon was removed from the list of endangered species. 2000 – Tiger Woods won the PGA Championship in a playoff over Bob May, becoming the first player since Ben Hogan in 1953 to win three majors in one year. 2003 – The US won the women’s overall team gold medal at the World Gymnastics Championships in Anaheim, Calif.; Romania took the silver medal and Australia, the bronze. 2004 – Democrats labored to deflect attacks on John Kerry’s war record with fresh television ads touting his fitness for national command. 2005 – Northwest Airlines mechanics went on strike rather than accept pay cuts and layoffs; Northwest hired replacement workers. 2005 – With a deafening boom, the ashes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson were blown into the sky above Woody Creek, CO. 2006 – Joe Rosenthal (94), former Associated Press photographer, who had taken the iconic Iwo Jima flag-raising picture (2/23/1945) during World War II, died in Novato, Calif. 2007 – The thirteenth and final victim is recovered from the site of the I-35W Mississippi River Bridge Collapse. Divers discovered the body of Gregory Jolstad, a 45-year-old construction worker who was part of the crew resurfacing the Interstate 35W bridge when it fell Aug. 1 during the evening rush hour. 2007 – The lawyer for Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick said Vick will plead guilty to federal dogfighting conspiracy charges. 2008 – In Alabama five men were found killed, execution style in Shelby County. The killings were soon identified as a retaliation hit over drug money with ties to Mexico’s notorious Gulf Cartel. 2009 – In Colorado a Black Hawk helicopter crashed during training on Mount Massive, the state’s second highest mountain. Four soldiers were killed in the crash. 2010 – US regulators shut down eight more banks including four in California, one in Chicago, one in Virginia and two in Florida. This brought the total number of failed US banks to 118 for the year thus far. 2010 – J. D. Salinger’s toilet is put on sale on eBay for $1 million. 2010 – A study links the risk of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to pesticide exposure before birth. 2011 – Striking Verizon Communications workers will return to work from a strike on the night of Monday, August 22, 2011, even without a formal contract. 2012 – American comedienne Phyllis Diller dies at the age of 95. 2013 – Six gunshots are fired from an AK-47 at an elementary school in Decatur, Georgia, U.S. No one was injured, and premises were evacuated. Suspected gunman, a 20-year-old man arrested. 2015 – Former Subway pitchman Jared Fogle reaches a plea deal with U.S. federal prosecutors in Indianapolis. Fogle will plead guilty to possessing and distributing child pornography and traveling across state lines to have sex with at least two teenage girls. 2015 – The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reports that July was the hottest month globally since record keeping began in 1880. Global temperatures were 1.46°F warmer than the 20th-century. 2016 – During a stabbing, 20-year-old Wasil Farooqui, allegedly injured a man and woman at an apartment complex in Roanoke, VA, yelling “Allah Akbar” as he attacked them with a knife. Authorities believe he may have been trying to behead the male victim, who was likely picked at random. 1833 – Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President of the United States of America (1889-1893). 1881 – Edgar Guest, English-born American poet (d. 1959) 1907 – Alan Reed, original voice of Fred Flintstone. (d. 1977) 1920 – Jacqueline Susann, author (Valley of the Dolls), was born in Phila., Pa. 1931 – Donald King, American promoter of boxing. 1935 – Ron Paul, US Congressman, 1988 and 2008 presidential candidate 1942 – Isaac Hayes, American singer, songwriter, and actor 1946 – Connie Chung (Yu-Hwa) journalist: CBS Evening News, was born in Washington, DC. 1954 – Al Roker, American television personality VIETNAM Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company A, 2d Battalion, 27th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division. Place and date: Tay Ninh province, Republic of Vietnam, August 20th, 1968. Entered service at: Holland, Mich. Born: 25 June 1942, Holland, Mich. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. S/Sgt. (then Sgt.) Lambers distinguished himself in action while serving with the 3d platoon, Company A. The unit had established a night defensive position astride a suspected enemy infiltration route, when it was attacked by an estimated Viet Cong battalion. During the initial enemy onslaught, the platoon leader fell seriously wounded and S/Sgt. Lambers assumed command of the platoon. Disregarding the intense enemy fire, S/Sgt. Lambers left his covered position, secured the platoon radio and moved to the command post to direct the defense. When his radio became inoperative due to enemy action, S/Sgt. Lambers crossed the fire swept position to secure the 90mm recoilless rifle crew’s radio in order to re-establish communications. Upon discovering that the 90mm recoilless rifle was not functioning, S/Sgt. Lambers assisted in the repair of the weapon and directed canister fire at point-blank range against the attacking enemy who had breached the defensive wire of the position. When the weapon was knocked out by enemy fire, he single-handedly repulsed a penetration of the position by detonating claymore mines and throwing grenades into the midst of the attackers, killing four more of the Viet Cong with well aimed hand grenades. S/Sgt. Lambers maintained command of the platoon elements by moving from position to position under the hail of enemy fire, providing assistance where the assault was the heaviest and by his outstanding example inspiring his men to the utmost efforts of courage. He displayed great skill and valor throughout the five-hour battle by personally directing artillery and helicopter fire, placing them at times within fivemeters of the defensive position. He repeatedly exposed himself to hostile fire at great risk to his own life in order to redistribute ammunition and to care for seriously wounded comrades and to move them to sheltered positions. S/Sgt. Lambers’ superb leadership, professional skill and magnificent courage saved the lives of his comrades, resulted in the virtual annihilation of a vastly superior enemy force and were largely instrumental in thwarting an enemy offensive against Tay Ninh City. His gallantry at the risk of his life is in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army. WW II Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company E, 359th Infantry, 90th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Chambois, France, August 20th, 1944. Entered service at: Bremerton, Wash. Birth: San Francisco, Calif. G.O. No.: 55, 13 July 1945. Citation: He manned a light machinegun on 20 August 1944, near Chambois, France, a key point in the encirclement which created the Falaise Pocket. During an enemy counterattack, his position was menaced by a strong force of tanks and infantry. His fire forced the infantry to withdraw, but an artillery shell knocked out his gun and wounded him in the right thigh. Securing a bazooka, he and another man stalked the tanks and forced them to retire to a wooded section. In the lull which followed, Sgt. Hawk reorganized two machinegun squads and, in the face of intense enemy fire, directed the assembly of one workable weapon from two damaged guns. When another enemy assault developed, he was forced to pull back from the pressure of spearheading armor. Two of our tank destroyers were brought up. Their shots were ineffective because of the terrain until Sgt. Hawk, despite his wound, boldly climbed to an exposed position on a knoll where, unmoved by fusillades from the enemy, he became a human aiming stake for the destroyers. Realizing that his shouted fire directions could not be heard above the noise of battle, he ran back to the destroyers through a concentration of bullets and shrapnel to correct the range. He returned to his exposed position, repeating this performance until two of the tanks were knocked out and a third driven off. Still at great risk, he continued to direct the destroyers’ fire into the Germans’ wooded position until the enemy came out and surrendered. Sgt. Hawk’s fearless initiative and heroic conduct, even while suffering from a painful wound, was in large measure responsible for crushing two desperate attempts of the enemy to escape from the Falaise Picket and for taking more than 500 prisoners. Posted by Wayne Church on August 19, 2016 in 08 - August , Blog by month \| ∞ Aviation Day “Black Cow” Root Beer Float Day Better eat your Wheaties…Gone Flakey… Kelloggs’ Miss America commemorative Corn Flakes Box featuring Vanessa Williams is one of the most collectible cereal boxes. Dated 1984, this Vanessa Williams Miss America Kellogg’s Corn Flakes Cereal Box is a Large 12 ounce size cereal box which measures 7.5” x 11.5” x 2.5”. Graphics include a sexy color photo of Ms. Williams, who was forced to give up her crown after photos of her — taken years before and not exactly appropriate for the front of a cereal box — appeared in Penthouse magazine. Few of these cereal boxes survived the subsequent scandal. In the 1950’s Wheaties stopped using athletes on their boxes and started using Disney figurines. Sales went down 15%. General Mills had a meeting and decided to recall their sports stars. The Disney boxes are valuable today. Count Chocula In 1981, General Mills supposedly featured a box with Count Chocula wearing a six-pointed star pendant. A religious group objected to what they felt was a “Star of David” and the box was recalled. It was not Count Chocula who wore a six-pointed medallion (the Maltese Cross, from the Order of the Thelemic Knights or the Order of St. John). an image of Bela Lagosi as Dracula on the box who did. As you can see, it was Dracula that was wearing the six-pointed medallion on his chest. A box of Count Chocula can be seen in the 2004 movie “Blade: Trinity”. Trix T rix was originally launched in 1954, becoming the first fruit-flavored cereal on the market. The white rabbit first appeared on cereal boxes in 1960, this large white rabbit originally raced around trying to get some raspberry red, lemon yellow, and orange orange Trix corn-puffed cereal to eat. “Trix. The corn cereal with the natural taste of fruit”. Then two kids, a boy and a girl, always caught him before he could eat the Trix. “Silly rabbit, Trix are for kids”. The Trix Rabbit twice got to eat a bowl of Trix. Once in 1976, and again in 1980 following a box-top voting campaign. The Trix Rabbit and the slogan “Trix are for kids” were created by Joe Harris in August 1959. Tony Jaffe is also credited with writing “Trix are for Kids” spots for a number of years. To see even more interesting stories and graphics go to Topher’s Breakfast Cereal Character Guide How To Make A Black Cow This, depending upon where you live could also be known as a root beer float, a black cow, a brown cow, and a sassy cow, this all-American favorite is a snap to make. This recipe serves one. Instructions 2. Add the vanilla ice cream and chocolate syrup. 3. Slowly pour in cold soda until the glass is full. 4. Garnish with whipped cream and a cherry. 5. Serve with a straw and long-handled spoon 2 Timothy 3:1-4 King James Version (KJV) 3 This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. 2 For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, 3 Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good, 4 Traitors, heady, highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; “I have sworn upon the altar of God, eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.” — “Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don’t matter and those who matter don’t mind.” ~ Dr. Suess From head to foot; at all points. 1263 – King James I of Aragon censored Hebrew writing. 1692 – Five women and a clergyman were executed after being convicted of witchcraft in Salem, MA. Fourteen more people were executed that year and 150 others are imprisoned. 1779 – Americans under Major Henry Lee took the British garrison at Paulus Hook, New Jersey. 1782 – Revolutionary War: Battle of Blue Licks – the last major engagement of the war, almost ten months after the surrender of the British commander Lord Cornwallis following the Siege of Yorktown. 1807 – Robert Fulton’s North River Steamboat arrived in Albany, two days after leaving New York. 1812 – The USS Constitution — also known as Old Ironsides — got its name when it defeated the British warship Guerriere off Nova Scotia in a slugfest of broadsides, when cannonballs were said to have bounced off her sides. The USS Constitution won more than 30 battles against the Barbary pirates off Africa’s coast in the War of 1812. 1818 – Capt James Biddle takes possession of Oregon Territory for U.S. 1848 – First report of the California gold strike was published in the “New York Herald.” 1862 – Indian Wars: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily-defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way. 1863 – Civil War: Boat expedition from U.S.S. Norwich and Hale destroyed a Confederate signal station near Jacksonville. 1864 – Civil War: The second day of battle at Globe Tavern, Virginia. 1871 –Today is called “Aviation Day” because it is the birth date of Orville Wright in Dayton, OH. 1893 – The root beer float, or “Black Cow,” was invented by Frank J. Wisner, owner of Cripple Creek Brewing in Colorado. 1895 – John Wesley Hardin was shot and killed on this day at the age of 42 by outlaw-cum-constable John Selman. 1909 – First race at the Indianapolis 500 Speedway. This was not the “Indy 500” which started on May 30, 1911. This race was a five mile dash that ended with six fatalities. 1910 – The advance guard of the Barnum & Bailey Circus began arriving in San Francisco, claiming to be the biggest ever to visit the Pacific Coast. It included 1,280 people, 85 railroad cars, 700 horses and 400 elephants. 1914 – Elmer Rice’s “On Trial,” premiered in New York City. 1917 – Team managers John McGraw and Christy Matthewson were arrested for breaking New York City’s blue laws. The crime was their teams were playing baseball on Sunday. 1918 – Sgt. Irving Berlin’s musical about army life in World War I opened in NYC. Yip Yip Yaphank was the name of musical revue composed and produced by him. 1919 – HOSTESS was trademark registered by William B. Ward. 1919 – “ The Marines’ Hymn ” was registered with the U.S. Copyright Office. The Marine copyright of 1919 identifies the lyricist as L.Z.PHILLIPS. It was first issued in an uncopyrighted version “printed but not published by the “United States Marine Corps Publicity Bureau” The music was taken from an obscure OPERA BOUFFE by Jacques Offenbach. 1929 – The comedy program “Amos and Andy,” starring Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, made its network radio debut. “The Lion Tamer “. 1934 – The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio. 1934 – Adolf Hitler was approved for sole executive power in Germany as Fuehrer. The creation of the position Fuehrer is approved by the German electorate with 89.9% of the popular vote.This gave him “absolute power.” 1939 – The Dick Jurgens Orchestra recorded, “ Day Dreams Come True at Night .” 1939 – President Franklin Delano Roosevelt declared today National Aviation Day in honor of Orville Wright born in 1871. 1940 – The new Civil Aeronautics Administration awarded honorary pilot license #1 to Orville Wright. 1942 – World War II: 211 Marines of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion under command of Colonel Evans Carlson and Captain James Roosevelt were involved in a commando raid. Nineteen US Marines died during that raid on Makin atoll in the Gilbert Islands. The raid was 2,000 miles behind enemy lines and nine Marines were left behind. 1943 – World War II: Italians approached the Allies about negotiating a surrender. 1944 – World War II: Liberation of Paris – Paris rises against German occupation with the help of Allied troops. 1944 – World War II: Elements of the US 3rd Army reach the Seine River at Mantes Grassicourt. There is heavy fighting between Falaise and Argentan. 1945 – World War II: Japanese representatives of the government arrive in Manila to conclude the surrender of the remaining Japanese troops and receive instructions on the plans for the occupation of Japan and the signing of the surrender documents. Frank Sinatra, “ I Don’t Know Enough About You ” by The Mills Brothers and “ New Spanish Two Step ” by Bob Wills all topped the charts. 1950 – Korean War: The USS Missouri, the only active battleship in the Navy fleet at that time, departed Norfolk, Va., for Korea, arriving Sept. 15. 1950 – The American Broadcasting Company aired the first Saturday morning television shows for children (Animal Clinic & Acrobat Ranch). 1950 – “ Goodnight Irene ” by the Weavers with Gordon Jenkins topped the charts. 1951 – Bill Veeck (St. Louis Browns) sends Eddie Gaedel, a 3’7″ midget, to pinch-hit. Lefty Bob Cain laughingly walks him on four pitches. 1953 – CIA helps to overthrow the government of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran and reinstate the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The US government made a formal apology for the coup in 2000. The Gaylords, “ Hey There ” by Rosemary Clooney and “ I Don’t Hurt Anymore ” by Hank Snow all topped the charts. 1955 – Hurricane Diane which had originally formed August 7th, today it paralleled the south coast of New England and became supertropical on the 20th. The storm killed 191 and caused $831 million dollars damage in 1955 dollars. 1957 – “ Tammy ” by Debbie Reynolds topped the charts. 1957 – New York Giants voted to move their franchise to San Francisco in 1958. 1957 – Major David Simons reaches 101,500 feet in Man High 2 balloon. He is the first to exceed 100,000 feet. 1960 – In the USSR, captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment for his confessed espionage. Eighteen months later, the Soviets agreed to release him in exchange for Rudolf Abel, a senior KGB spy. 1960 – Sputnik 5 carries two dogs, three mice into orbit (later recovered alive). 1961 – “ Tossin’ & Turnin ‘” by Bobby Lewis topped the charts. Motion ” by Little Eva, “ You Don’t Know Me ” by Ray Charles and “ Wolverton Mountain ” by Claude King all topped the charts. 1962 – Homero Blancas shot a 55 at the Premier Invitational Golf Tournament held in Longview, TX. It was the lowest score in U.S. competitive golf history. His 13 birdies and an eagle on a par-70 course It earned him the nickname “Mr. 55”. He was inducted into the University of Houston Athletics Hall of Fame in 1978. 1964 – The first American tour by the Beatles began in San Francisco, CA. The tour would cover 26 cities. 1965 – Vietnam War: U.S. forces destroyed a Viet Cong stronghold near Van Tuong, in South Vietnam. 1965 – Cincinnati Reds pitcher Jim Maloney records his second 10-inning no-hit effort of 1965. 1965 – The Auschwitz trials ended on December 22, 1947, with 23 death sentences, 7 life sentences, and 9 prison sentences ranging from three to fifteen years. with You ” by Bread, “ Spill the Wine ” by Eric Burdon & War and “ Don’t Keep Me Hangin’ On ” by Sonny James all topped the charts. 1972 – NBC-TV presented “The Midnight Special” for the first time. John Denver was the host for the first show. Wolfman Jack was the show’s announcer. The show went from 1972 to 1981. 1972 – “ Alone Again (Naturally) ” by Gilbert O’Sullivan topped the charts. 1974 – U.S. Ambassador Rodger P. Davies was fatally wounded by a bullet while in the American embassy during an anti-American protest in Nicosia, Cyprus. His assistant was also shot. 1976 – Mary Louis Smith, chair of the Republican National Committee and the first woman to organize and call to order the convention of a major US political party, dropped the gavel at the Republican National Convention. 1978 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Three Times a Lady ” by Commodores, “ Grease ” by Frankie Valli, “ Miss You ” by The Rolling Stones and “ Talking in Your Sleep ” by Crystal Gayle all topped the charts. 1981 – The final episode of “Charlie’s Angels ” was aired on ABC-TV. 1981 – Two US Navy F-14 jet fighters shot down two Soviet-built Libyan SU-22’s. 1983 – Four US soldiers are Wounded In Action by an explosive under their vehicle. Winwood, “ Venus ” by Bananarama and “ Your the Last Thing I Needed Tonight ” by John Schneider all topped the charts. 1987 – David Horowitz, consumer reporter in Burbank, CA, was held at gunpoint while on camera and forced to read the assailants note. The program went off the air while police removed the gunman. 1989 – “ Right Here Waiting ” by Richard Marx topped the charts. 1989 – Mark MacPhail, an off-duty police officer was killed in Savannah, Georgia. Troy Anthony Davis was an American man convicted of and executed for the August 19, 1989, murder of MacPhail. 1991 – The Crown Heights riots started when a station wagon driven by Yosef Lifsh, hit another car and careened onto the sidewalk crushing two black children, 7-year-old cousins Gavin and Angela Cato. Lifsh was part of a three-car motorcade carrying the now-deceased spiritual leader of the Lubavitcher Hasidic community, Rabbi Menachem Schneerson. The riots lasted three days. 1993 – Mattel and Fisher Price toys announced a merger. 1995 – Three U.S. diplomats were killed in an accident in their armored vehicle in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina. 1996 – A judge sentenced former Arkansas Gov. Jim Guy Tucker to four years probation for his Whitewater crimes. 1997 – Fleetwood Mac’s reunion album “ The Dance ” was released. Full album (42:57) 1997 – In North Korea groundbreaking ceremonies were held for two nuclear power plants to be built by a US-led international consortium. 1997 – Missouri and Oklahoma withdrew inmates from a private Texas prison after the release of a video tape that showed guards using dogs and stun guns on prisoners made to crawl during a drug raid. 1998 – The first piece of the 351 foot bronze statue of Christopher Columbus arrived in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1998 – American interests were threatened by the Int’l. Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders in a statement sent to Cairo, Egypt. The threat was accompanied by others from the Islamic Army for the Liberation of Holy Shrines, which claimed responsibility for the embassy bombings in Africa. 1998 – In Cleveland, OH, forty-nine prison guards, police officers and sheriff’s deputies pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges related to cocaine distribution from an FBI sting operation from Oct 1996 to Jan 1998. 2000 – In New Mexico a gas pipeline explosion near Carlsbad killed ten people camping on the banks of the Pecos River. An eleventh victim died two days later. 2003 – An Ohio auto-parts worker shot a woman to death and wounded two other employees in Andover. 2003 – Booth and Bear Butte forest fires in the Cascade Mountains started. It was the worst fire in Oregon of this year. Within three days the resort community of Camp Sherman is evacuated. 2004 – Shares of stock in Google, Inc. begin trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange at around $100 per share in one of the most highly anticipated initial public offerings of the year. It is estimated that the IPO raised a total of $1.66 billion, the third highest ever for an IPO. 2004 – Nature magazine reveals that five new satellites and a further candidate moon have been discovered orbiting Neptune, bringing its tally to 13. 2005 – New York authorities reveal the existence of a letter from a deceased woman who claims her husband and two others killed Judge Joseph F. Crater and buried him under the boardwalk at Coney Island. Crater has been missing since 1930 and has since become one of the most famous “missing person” stories. 2005 – A Texas jury awarded Carol Ernst, widow of Robert Ernst, $253 million charging Merck Corp. liable for his heart-related death. 2005 – An Alabama gas station owner was run over and killed when he tried to stop a driver from leaving without paying a $52 gas bill. 2006 – In California explorers from the Cave Research Foundation discovered a large cave in Sequoia National Park, which they named Ursa Minor. 2007 – A week long heat-wave in the southeast and Midwest of the United States has caused the deaths of forty-nine with twelve deaths in Memphis, Tennessee. 2007 – The US space shuttle Endeavour departed hastily from the International Space Station, ending a construction mission a day early in order to land before Hurricane Dean threatens its Houston control center. 2007 – Fierce storms from the upper Mississippi to Texas since last week left twenty-two people dead. Six people died in floodwaters across Oklahoma after heavy rains from the remains of Tropical Storm Erin drenched the state. 2008 – Lady Gaga’s album “ The Fame ” (1:28:02) was released. 2009 – John Marek becomes the 68th death row inmate in the state of Florida, United States to be executed by lethal injection since the death sentence was re-instated in 1979. 2009 – In Oglethorpe County, Georgia, a shredded piece of shirt, some strands of hair and bloodstained dirt are all that remain along the rural stretch of road where authorities believe a pack of wild dogs fatally mauled an elderly couple. Sherry Schweder, a 65-year-old animal lover, was taking an evening stroll when she was attacked. Her husband, Lothar Schweder, a retired professor, had gone out in search of her. 2010 – An American egg company recalls 380 million products as outbreaks of salmonella poisoning spread across the United States. 2010 – The Oxford Dictionary of English adds new words and phrases to the language including vuvuzela, carbon capture and storage, toxic debt and quantitative easing. 2010 – The last US brigade combat team leaves Iraq: there are still 56,000 members of the US military in the country. 2011 – Three people die in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a result of flash flooding. 2011 – The Obama administration declared that it would grant an indefinite reprieve to an estimated thousands of immigrants facing deportation, allowing them to stay and work legally so officials can more quickly deport convicted criminals and other serious cases. 2011 – Gunowners who buy full-capacity magazines for AR-15s, bipods for long-range rifles, or ammo boxes may be reported to the FBI as “suspicious” and “potential indicators of terrorist activities,” according to a new handout the agency has distributed to military-surplus stores. 2012 – Police say a clerk at a Las Vegas Dairy Queen shot and killed a sword-wielding, masked man who tried to rob the restaurant. Detectives say the suspect was shot twice and was lying just outside the doors when officers arrived around 12:15 p.m. Sunday. The suspect died at a hospital. 2014 – Two South Pasadena High School students were arrested Monday after school officials tipped off police to a “very specific” school shooting plot. South Pasadena police Sgt. Brian Solinsky told the Pasadena Star-News that the teen boys wrote down the names of their targets and “were researching weapons and how to fire and assemble them.” 2014 – The brutal murder of an innocent American journalist, James Foley, was conducted by the murderous group of muslims called ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria). He was beheaded and another journalist has been threatened with the same. 1870 – Bernard Baruch, advisor to presidents Wilson through Kennedy. 1871 – Orville Wright, American aviator. 1883 – Coco (Gabrielle) Chanel, French fashion designer. 1902 – Ogden Nash, American humorist. 1921 – Gene Roddenberry, American television writer, producer, creator of “Star Trek.” 1931 – Willie Shoemaker, American jockey, author. 1946 – William Jefferson Clinton, 42nd President of the United States of America (1993-2001). Posthumously Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company B, 2d Battalion, 502d Infantry, 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division. Place and date: Quang Tri Province, Republic of Vietnam, August 19th, 1970. Entered service at: Albany, N.Y. Born: 14 July 1951, Sharon, Conn. Citation: Cpl. Fratellenico distinguished himself while serving as a rifleman with Company B. Cpl. Fratellenico’s squad was pinned down by intensive fire from two well-fortified enemy bunkers. At great personal risk Cpl. Fratellenico maneuvered forward and, using hand grenades, neutralized the first bunker which was occupied by a number of enemy soldiers. While attacking the second bunker, enemy fire struck Cpl. Fratellenico, causing him to fall to the ground and drop a grenade which he was preparing to throw. Alert to the imminent danger to his comrades, Cpl. Fratellenico retrieved the grenade and fell upon it an instant before it exploded. His heroic actions prevented death or serious injury to four of his comrades nearby and inspired his unit which subsequently overran the enemy position. Cpl. Fratellenico’s conspicuous gallantry, extraordinary heroism, and intrepidity at the cost of his life, above and beyond the call of duty, are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the U.S. Army. VIETNAM Rank and organization: Major (then Capt.), U.S. Marine Corps, VMD-6, Mag-36, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. Place and date: Near Quang Nai, Republic of Vietnam, August 19th, 1967. Entered service at: Atlanta, Ga. Born: 6 September 1939, Newman, Ga. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a helicopter gunship pilot attached to Marine Observation Squadron 6 in action against enemy forces. During an escort mission Maj. Pless monitored an emergency call that four American soldiers stranded on a nearby beach were being overwhelmed by a large Viet Cong force. Maj. Pless flew to the scene and found thirty to fifty enemy soldiers in the open. Some of the enemy were bayoneting and beating the downed Americans. Maj. Pless displayed exceptional airmanship as he launched a devastating attack against the enemy force, killing or wounding many of the enemy and driving the remainder back into a treeline. His rocket and machinegun attacks were made at such low levels that the aircraft flew through debris created by explosions from its rockets. Seeing one of the wounded soldiers gesture for assistance, he maneuvered his helicopter into a position between the wounded men and the enemy, providing a shield which permitted his crew to retrieve the wounded. During the rescue the enemy directed intense fire at the helicopter and rushed the aircraft again and again, closing to within a few feet before being beaten back. When the wounded men were aboard, Maj. Pless maneuvered the helicopter out to sea. Before it became safely airborne, the overloaded aircraft settled four times into the water. Displaying superb airmanship, he finally got the helicopter aloft. Major Pless’ extraordinary heroism coupled with his outstanding flying skill prevented the annihilation of the tiny force. His courageous actions reflect great credit upon himself and uphold the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the U.S. Naval Service. Posthumously Private Masato Nakae distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on August 19th, 1944, near Pisa, Italy. Born:Lihue, Hawaii When his submachine gun was damaged by a shell fragment during a fierce attack by a superior enemy force, Private Nakae quickly picked up his wounded comrade’s M-1 rifle and fired rifle grenades at the steadily advancing enemy. As the hostile force continued to close in on his position, Private Nakae threw six grenades and forced them to withdraw. During a concentrated enemy mortar barrage that preceded the next assault by the enemy force, a mortar shell fragment seriously wounded Private Nakae. Despite his injury, he refused to surrender his position and continued firing at the advancing enemy. By inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy force, he finally succeeded in breaking up the attack and caused the enemy to withdraw. Private Nakae’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. CIVIL WAR Rank and organization: Sergeant, Co. H, and 2d Lt. Co. M, 1st Maryland Inf. Place and date: At Front Royal, Va., 23 May 1862. At Weldon Railroad, Va., August 19th, 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Washington, D.C. Date of issue: 2 August 1897. Citation: When a sergeant, at Front Royal, Va., he was painfully wounded while obeying an order to burn a bridge, but, persevering in the attempt, he burned the bridge and prevented its use by the enemy. Later, at Weldon Railroad, Va., then a lieutenant, he voluntarily took the place of a disabled officer and undertook a hazardous reconnaissance beyond the lines of the army; was taken prisoner in the attempt. THIS IS IMPORTANT – PLEASE READ !!!!! A NURSE’S HEART ATTACK EXPERIENCE I am an ER nurse and this is the best description of this event that I have ever heard. Please read, pay attention, and send it on! Diane K. FEMALE HEART ATTACKS I was aware that female heart attacks are different, but this is the best description I’ve ever read. Women and heart attacks (Myocardial infarction). Did you know that women rarely have the same dramatic symptoms that men have when experiencing heart attack … you know, the sudden stabbing pain in the chest, the cold sweat, grabbing the chest & dropping to the floor that we see in the movies. Here is the story of one woman’s experience with a heart attack. ‘I had a heart attack at about 10 :30 PM with NO prior exertion, NO prior emotional trauma that one would suspect might have brought it on.. I was sitting all snugly & warm on a cold evening, with my purring cat in my lap, reading an interesting story my friend had sent me, and actually thinking, ‘A-A-h, this is the life, all cozy and warm in my soft, cushy Lazy Boy with my feet propped up.’ A moment later, I felt that awful sensation of indigestion, when you’ve been in a hurry and grabbed a bite of sandwich and washed it down with a dash of water, and that hurried bite seems to feel like you’ve swallowed a golf ball going down the esophagus in slow motion and it is most uncomfortable. You realize you shouldn’t have gulped it down so fast and needed to chew it more thoroughly and this time drink a glass of water to hasten its progress down to the stomach. This was my initial sensation—the only trouble was that I hadn’t taken a bite of anything since about 5:00 p.m. After it seemed to subside, the next sensation was like little squeezing motions that seemed to be racing up my SPINE (hind-sight, it was probably aorta spasms), gaining speed as they continued racing up and under my sternum (breast bone, where one presses rhythmically when administering CPR). This fascinating process continued on into my throat and branched out into both jaws. ‘AHA!!’ NOW I stopped puzzling about what was happening — we all have read and/or heard about pain in the jaws being one of the signals of an MI happening, haven’t we? I said aloud to myself and the cat, ‘Dear God, I think I’m having a heart attack!’ I lowered the foot rest dumping the cat from my lap, started to take a step, and fell on the floor instead. I thought to myself, ‘If this is a heart attack, I shouldn’t be walking into the next room where the phone is or anywhere else … but, on the other hand, if I don’t, nobody will know that I need help, and if I wait any longer I may not be able to get up.’ I pulled myself up with the arms of the chair, walked slowly into the next room and dialed the Paramedics … I told her I thought I was having a heart attack due to the pressure building under the sternum and radiating into my jaws. I didn’t feel hysterical or afraid, just stating the facts… She said she was sending the Paramedics over immediately, asked if the front door was near to me, and if so, to un-bolt the door and then sit down on the floor where they could see me when they came in. I unlocked the door and then sit down on the floor as instructed and lost consciousness, as I don’t remember the medics coming in, their examination, lifting me onto a gurney or getting me into their ambulance, or hearing the call they made to St. Jude ER on the way, but I did briefly awaken when we arrived and saw that the radiologist was already there in his surgical blues and cap, helping the medics pull my stretcher out of the ambulance. He was bending over me asking questions (probably something like ‘Have you taken any medications?’), but I couldn’t make my mind interpret what he was saying, or form an answer, and nodded off again, not waking up until the Cardiologist and partner had already threaded the teeny angiogram balloon up my femoral artery into the aorta and into my heart where they installed 2 side-by-side stents to hold open my right coronary artery. I know it sounds like all my thinking and actions at home must have taken at least 20-30 minutes before calling the paramedics, but actually it took perhaps 4-5 minutes before the call, and both the fire station and St. Jude are only minutes away from my home, and my Cardiologist was already to go to the OR in his scrubs and get going on restarting my heart (which had stopped somewhere between my arrival and the procedure) and installing the stents. SO WHAT TO DO!! 1. Be aware that something very different is happening in your body, not the usual men’s symptoms but inexplicable things happening (until my sternum and jaws got into the act). It is said that many more women than men die of their first (and last) MI because they didn’t know they were having one and commonly mistake it as indigestion, take some Maalox or other anti-heartburn preparation and go to bed, hoping they’ll feel better in the morning when they wake up …. which doesn’t happen. My female friends, your symptoms might not be exactly like mine, so I advise you to call the Paramedics if ANYTHING is unpleasantly happening that you’ve not felt before. It is better to have a ‘false alarm’ visitation than to risk your life guessing what it might be! .. Note that I said ‘Call the Paramedics.’ And if you can take an aspirin. Ladies, TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE! 2. Do NOT try to drive yourself to the ER – you are a hazard to others on the road. 3. Do NOT have your panicked husband drive you . . . . he will be speeding and looking anxiously at what’s happening with you instead of the road. 4. Do NOT call your doctor — he doesn’t know where you live and if it’s at night you won’t reach him anyway, and if it’s daytime, his assistants (or answering service) will tell you to call the Paramedics.. He doesn’t carry the equipment in his car that you need to be saved! The Paramedics do, principally OXYGEN that you need ASAP. Your Dr. will be notified later. 5. Don’t assume it couldn’t be a heart attack because you have a normal cholesterol count. Research has discovered that a cholesterol elevated reading is rarely the cause of an MI (unless it’s unbelievably high and/or accompanied by high blood pressure). MI’s are usually caused by long-term stress and inflammation in the body, which dumps all sorts of deadly hormones into your system to sludge things up in there. Pain in the jaw can wake you from a sound sleep. Let’s be careful and be aware. The more we know the better chance we could survive… A cardiologist says if everyone who gets this mail sends it to 10 people, you can be sure that we’ll save at least one life. Isaiah 58:6New International Version (NIV) 6 “Is not this the kind of fasting I have chosen: to loose the chains of injustice and untie the cords of the yoke, to set the oppressed free and break every yoke? Abraham Lincoln — one of our great presidents, though not one of the founding fathers, said: “The money powers prey upon the nation in times of peace and conspire against it in times of adversity. The banking powers are more despotic than a monarchy, more insolent than autocracy, more selfish than bureaucracy. They denounce as public enemies all who question their methods or throw light upon their crimes. I have two great enemies, the Southern Army in front of me and the bankers in the rear. Of the two, the one at my rear is my greatest foe.” “The most valuable thing you can make is a mistake – you can’t learn anything from being perfect.” ~ Adam Osborne apologia ap-uh-LOH-jee-uh; -juh, noun: A formal defense or justification, especially of one’s opinions, position, or actions. 1227 – Genghis Khan (Chinggis), Mongol conqueror, died in his sleep at his camp, during his siege of Ningxia, the capital of the rebellious Chinese kingdom of Xi Xia. 1587 – Virginia Dare became the first child to be born on American soil of English parents. The colony that is now Roanoke Island, NC, mysteriously vanished. 1590 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted. 1735 – The “Evening Post” of Boston, MA, was published for the first time. 1812 – War of 1812: USS Constitution, under the command of Captain Isaac Hull, encountered British Captain Richard Dacre’s HMS Guerriere about 750 miles out of Boston. After 55-minute battle, 101 were dead, the Guerriere rolled helplessly in the water, smashed beyond salvage. 1817 – Gloucester, Massachusetts, newspapers told of a wild sea serpent seen offshore. 1835 – Last Pottawatomie Indians leave Chicago. The treaty of 1833 caused the contracting tribes to move west of the Mississippi. 1838 – Six US Navy ships departed Hampton Roads, Va., led by Lt. Charles Wilkes on a three-year mission called the US South Seas Exploring Expedition. 1840 – The American Society of Dental Surgeons was founded in New York City, NY. 1846 – Gen. Stephen W. Kearney and his U.S. forces captured Santa Fe, NM. 1853 – The milk condensation process was patented by Gail Borden. 1856 – In San Francisco thousands of armed men paraded through the streets and then formally dissolved the second Committee of Vigilance. 1862 – Civil War: Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart’s headquarters was raided by Union troops of the 5th New York and 1st Michigan cavalries. 1862 – Indian Wars: A Sioux Uprising began in Minnesota. It resulted in more than 800 white settlers dead and 38 Sioux Indians condemned and hanged. The Minnesota Uprising began when four young Sioux murdered five white settlers at Acton. 1862 – Civil War: A Union naval force, consisting of the U.S.S. Sachem, Reindeer, Belle Italia, and the yacht Corypheus bombarded Corpus Christi. 1864 – Civil War: Battle of Globe Tavern – Union forces try to cut a vital Confederate supply-line into Petersburg, Virginia, by attacking the Railroad. This was day one of a three-day battle. 1864 – Civil War: Union General William T. Sherman sent General Judson Kilpatrick to raid Confederate lines of communication outside Atlanta. The raid was unsuccessful. 1868 – Pierre Janssan discovers helium in solar spectrum during eclipse. 1872 – The first mail-order catalog was published, by Montgomery Ward. 1873 – The first ascent of Mt. Whitney, CA was accomplished by Charles Begole, A. H. Johnson, and John Lucas, 1894 – Congress created the Bureau of Immigration. The Immigration Restriction League was organized to lead the restrictionist movement for the next twenty-five years. 1896 – Adolph Ochs (39) took over the New York Times. He served as publisher until 1935. 1896 – The northern California Mount Tamalpais and Muir Woods railroad was completed. It was 8 ½ miles long. 1899 – The Anti-Cigarette League was formed by Lucy Payne Gaston in Chicago, Illinois. They saw cigarette consumption as a moral outrage that destroyed the minds and reputations of millions of “cigarette fiends” and even suggested the unheard-of notion that cigarettes were unhealthy and, perhaps, deadly. 1911 – First Navy Nurse Corps superintendent, Esther Voorhees Hasson, appointed. 1914 – The “Proclamation of Neutrality” was issued by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. It was aimed at keeping the U.S. out of World War I. 1916 – Abraham Lincoln’s, the 16th president of the U.S., birthplace was made into a national shrine. 1919 – The “Anti-Cigarette League of America” was formed in Chicago IL. 1920 – The 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America, guaranteeing women the right to vote, was ratified by Tennessee, giving it the two-thirds majority of state ratification necessary to make it law. 1929 – The first cross-country women’s air derby began. Louise McPhetride Thaden won first prize in the heavier-plane division, while Phoebe Fairgrave Omlie finished first in the lighter-plane category. 1930 – Eastern Airlines begins passenger service. 1931 – Plant Patent No. 1 is issued to Henry F. Bosenberg, of New Brunswick, N.J., for “a climbing rose…characterized by its ever-blooming habit.” 1937 – W1XOJ was the first FM radio station, granted a construction permit by the FCC in 1937.The station went live in 1939. 1938 – The Thousand Islands Bridge was dedicated by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The bridge connects the U.S. and Canada. The Thousand Islands Bridge system extends from Collins Landing near Alexandria Bay, New York to Ivy Lea near Gananoque, Ontario covering a distance of 8.5 miles and provides direct connection between US Interstate Rt. 81 and Canada’s Highway 401. 1939 – The German Reich Ministry of the Interior circulated a decree compelling all physicians, nurses, and midwives to report newborn infants and children under the age of three who showed signs of severe mental or physical disability. Beginning in October 1939, public health authorities began to encourage parents of children with disabilities to admit their young children to one of a number of specially designated pediatric clinics throughout Germany and Austria. The clinics were in reality children’s killing wards where specially recruited medical staff murdered their young charges by lethal overdoses of medication or by starvation. 1940 – Walter Chrysler (b.1875), the founder of Chrysler Corporation, died. He was a locomotive mechanic who founded Chrysler in 1924 with money and experience gained as general manager of Buick and executive VP of GM. 1940 – Canada and the U.S. established a joint defense plan against the possible enemy attacks during World War II. 1941 – World War II: Holocaust: The concentration camp at Amersfoort, Netherlands, opened. 1942 – World War II: Marines left Makin Island after destroying a seaplane base, two radio stations, a supply warehouse, and killing about 100 Japanese soldiers. 1942 – On Guadalcanal, Japanese reinforcements are landed at Taivu and a detachment of 1,000 troops under the leadership of Colonel Ichiki starts towards the American position. 1943 – World War II: American cruisers and destroyers bombard Palmi and Gioai Taura in Italy. 1943 – World War II: Holocaust: Final convoy of Jews from Salonika, Greece, arrived at Auschwitz. Haymes, “ Till the End of Time ” by Perry Como and “ Oklahoma Hills ” by Jack Guthrie all topped the charts. 1945 – A photographer was killed and two members of the crew wound in one of two American planes which were attacked by 14 Japanese fighters over Tokyo. 1947 – The Hewlett-Packard Company was incorporated and reported revenues of $1.5 million. The 111 employees recorded sales of $679,000. 1949 – Ralph Flanagan and his orchestra recorded their first tune on wax, “You’re Breaking My Heart”. 1951 – Korean War: The Battle of Bloody Ridge began. During the battle, the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and its attached units sustained 326 killed in action, 2,032 wounded and 414 missing.The enemy’s dead totaled 1,389. The 15th Field Artillery Battalion set a record of 14,425 rounds fired in a 24-hour period. 1951 – The first transcontinental wireless phone call was made from San Francisco to New York City by Mark Sullivan, president of Pacific Telephone &Telegraph, and H.T. Killingworth of American Telephone & Telegraph. 1953 – CHART TOPPERS – “ No Other Love ” by Perry Como, “ I’m Walking Behind You ” by Eddie Fisher, “ Vaya Con Dios ” by Les Paul & Mary Ford and “ Rub-A-Dub-Dub ” by Hank Thompson all topped the charts. 1954 – Assistant Secretary of Labor James E. Wilkins became the first African-American to attend a meeting of a president’s Cabinet as he sat in for Labor Secretary James P. Mitchell. 1956 – “ Hound Dog / Don’t Be Cruel ” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. 1958 – Betsy Palmer joins the Today Show panel. 1958 – “ Volare (Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blue) ” by Domenico Modugno topped the charts. 1958 – TV game show scandal investigation starts. The scandal surfaced in August and September of 1958 when disgruntled former contestants went public with accusations that the results were rigged and the contestants coached. 1959 – A magnitude 7.3 quake near Hebgen Lake, Montana, just west of Yellowstone National Park triggered a landslide that killed 28 people. by Chris Kenner, “ Last Night ” by Mar-Keys and “ I Fall to Pieces ” by Patsy Cline all topped the charts. 1961 – Construction on Berlin Wall completed. 1962 – Peter, Paul & Mary release their first hit “ If I Had a Hammer .” 1963 – James Meredith became the first Black to graduate from the University of Mississippi. 1965 – Vietnam War: Operation Starlite begins – United States Marines destroy a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in the first major American ground battle of the war. It was also the first amphibious assault in Vietnam. 1966 – First ship-to-shore satellite radio message sent from USS Annapolis in South China Sea to Pacific Fleet Headquarters at Pearl Harbor. 1966 – The first pictures of earth taken from moon orbit were sent back to the U.S. 1969 – CHART TOPPERS – “ In the Year 2525 ” by Zager & Evans, “ Honky Tonk Women ” by The Rolling Stones, “ Sweet Caroline ” by Neil Diamond and “ Workin’ Man Blues ” by Merle Haggard all topped the charts. 1969 – Two concert goers died at the Woodstock Music and Art Fair in Bethel, New York, one from an overdose of heroin, the other from a burst appendix. The Woodstock Music and Art Fair ended in Sullivan County, NY, with a mid-morning set performed by Jimi Hendrix. Jimi Hendrix National Anthem Last Scene 1973 – “ Touch Me in the Morning ” by Diana Ross topped the charts. 1973 – Gene Krupa played for the final time with the original Benny Goodman Quartet. 1973 – The Doobie Brothers’ “ China Grove ” was released. 1973 – Hank Aaron’s record 1,378 of extra bases hit surpass Stan Musial record.” 1976 – Two U.S. Army officers were killed in Korea’s demilitarized zone as a group of North Korean soldiers wielding axes and metal pikes attacked U.S. and South Korean soldiers. You ” by Peter Frampton, “ Best of My Love ” by Emotions and “ Rollin’ with the Flow” by Charlie Rich all topped the charts. 1977 – Funeral services for Elvis Presley were held at Graceland. 1979 – “ Good Times ” by Chic topped the charts. 1990 – George Brett of the Kansas City Royal’s had his batting average reach the .400 mark. 1981 – Rex Harrison brought the award-winning “My Fair Lady” back to Broadway. 1981 – Herschel Walker of the University of Georgia took out an insurance policy with Lloyd’s of London. The all-American was insured for one million dollars. 1982 – The longest baseball game played at Wrigley Field in Chicago, IL went 22 innings before the Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the Cubs 2-1. 1982 – Pete Rose sets record with his 13,941st plate appearance. 1982 – The volume on the New York Stock Exchange topped the 100-million level for the first time at 132.69 million shares traded. 1983 – Samantha Druce earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records as the youngest person to swim the English Channel. She completed the crossing in 15 hours 26 minutes at the age of 12 years 118 days. 1983 – Hurricane Alicia hit the Texas coast. Twenty-two people were killed and over $1 billion in damage was caused. 1984 – A Triangle Oil Corp. above-ground storage tank at Jacksonville, Fla., spilled 2.5 million gallons of oil and burned after lightning sparked a fire. 1985 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Shout ” by Tears For Fears, “ The Power of Love ” by Huey Lewis & The News, “ Freeway of Love ” by Aretha Franklin and “ Highwayman ” by Waylon Jennings/Willie Nelson/Johnny Cash/Kris Kristofferson all topped the charts. 1985 – In San Francisco George Bender (32) and brother Columbus Bender (33) stole over $65,000 in quarters from a Brink’s offices at 970 Illinois Street. They were caught after carrying $3,400 in quarters from a Reno casino. 1985 – Peter and Barbara Pan were found in their blood-soaked bed in Lake Merced, a housing development in San Francisco. Both had been shot in the head. Peter Pan (66), an accountant, was pronounced dead at the scene. Mrs. Pan (64) survived but would be an invalid for the rest of her life. 1987 – American journalist Charles Glass escaped his kidnappers in Beirut after 62 days in captivity. 1987 – Earl Campbell announced his retirement from the National Football League (NFL). 1988 – Indiana Sen. Dan Quayle was nominated to be George Bush’s running mate during the Republican convention in New Orleans. 1988 – FDA approves Monoxidil as a hair loss treatment. 1988 – Largest house (130 rooms) on Long Island sold for $22 million. It is the home of Otto Kahn’s 72-room Oheka estate. 1990 – The first shots were fired by the U.S. in the Persian Gulf Crisis when a U.S. frigate fired rounds across the bow of an Iraqi oil tanker. 1991 – Collapse of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while on holiday in the town of Foros, Crimea. 1992 – Celtic great Larry Bird retires after thirteen years with the Boston Celtics. 1992 – On the second night of the Republican National Convention in Houston, U.S. Sen. Phil Gramm, R-Texas, delivered the keynote address, denouncing Bill Clinton’s economic program as “worse than sleaze.” 1993 – A judge in Sarasota, Fla., ruled that Kimberly Mays, the 14-year-old girl switched at birth with another baby, need never see her biological parents again, in accordance with her stated wishes. 1994 – Florida Gov. Lawton Chiles declared an immigration emergency and demanded federal help to cope with the largest surge of Cuban refugees since the 1980 Mariel boat-lift. 1995 – Shannon Faulkner, who’d won a two-and-a-half-year legal battle to become the first female cadet at The Citadel, quit the South Carolina military college after less than a week, most of it spent in the infirmary. After her departure, the male cadets openly celebrated on the campus. 1997 – Beth Ann Hogan became the first coed in the Virginia Military Institute’s 158-year history. The VMI class of 2001 included 30 women among the 460 freshman students. 1997 – UPS management agreed to a tentative contract with the striking Teamsters Union to end a 15-day-old strike. 1998 – Mrs. Field’s Original Cookies announced that they would acquire the Great American Cookie Co. 1998 – In Kenya FBI agents, acting on a tip from Mohammed Saddiq Odeh, raided The Hilltop Hotel in Nairobi and confiscated 175 pounds of TNT. The room was reported to have been occupied by two Palestinians, a Saudi and an Egyptian from Aug 3 to Aug 7. 1998 – A day after his grand jury testimony, President Clinton left Washington on a vacation with his family. Meanwhile, some lawmakers called for Clinton to resign in the wake of his admissions concerning Monica Lewinsky. 2002 – US federal agents said they had seized over 2,300 unregistered missiles at a “counter-terrorism” school, High Energy Access Tools (HEAT), in Roswell, New Mexico, that was training students from Arab countries and arrested its Canadian leader. 2002 – Rich Beem beat Tiger Woods to capture the PGA Championship. 2003 – A 24-year-old woman from China, Ma Lihua, tipped over 303,621 dominos, breaking a long-standing record for the world’s longest solo domino topple. She worked 13-hour days for seven weeks to set them all up and four minutes to knock them all down. 2004 – The internet search engine Google went public and the price of shares was $85. On July 7, 2009 it was $400.52 and today in 2011 it was trading at $530.35. 2004 – Donald Trump unveiled his board game (TRUMP the Game) where players bid on real estate, buy big ticket items and make billion-dollar business deals. 2004 – In California federal agents raided a farm in lake County where Charles Lepp grew over 32,000 marijuana plants. He said he had informed local authorities that his land would be used to enable patients who didn’t own land to grow marijuana for medical purposes. 2005 – Ohio Gov. Bob Taft pleaded no contest to charges that he broke state ethics law by failing to report golf outings and other gifts. A judge found him guilty and fined him $4,000. 2005 – It was reported that US Defense Dept. data-mining operation, Able Danger, had identified Mohamed Atta and 3 other Sep 11 hijackers by name in mid-2000. 2006 – In Bristow, Oklahoma, Donald Thompson (59), a former judge convicted of exposing himself while presiding over jury trials, was sentenced to four years in prison and ordered to pay a fine of $40,000. 2005 – It was reported that an anthrax outbreak had killed hundreds of cattle in parts of the Great Plains, forcing quarantines and devastating Dakota ranchers who worry how they will recover financially. 2006 – Ford Motor Co. announced sharp cuts in its North American production that would force it to partially shut down plants in the US and Canada in the fourth quarter. 2006 – President George W. Bush criticized a federal court ruling the day before that his warrantless wiretapping program was unconstitutional, declaring that opponents “do not understand the nature of the world in which we live.” 2006 – In Bristow, Oklahoma, Donald Thompson (59), a former judge convicted of exposing himself while presiding over jury trials, was sentenced to four years in prison and ordered to pay a fine of $40,000. 2006 – Boeing took steps toward shutting down production of its C-17 military cargo plane. Production would continue until mid-2009 for the $200 million planes. 2007 – A seven-alarm fire ripped through the former Deutsche Bank next to ground zero in Lower Manhattan, killing two firefighters who were responding to the blaze. 2007 – Rescuers say that a fourth hole in the Crandall Canyon mine near Huntington, Utah shows no sign of six trapped miners. 2007 – NASA shortens a spacewalk during the current Space Shuttle Endeavour mission so that the crew can prepare for a Tuesday landing to avoid Hurricane Dean. 2007 – Having learned from Katrina, President George W. Bush pre-approves an emergency declaration for Texas if Hurricane Dean hits the state. 2009 – Jesse Jackson is crowned prince of the Agni people during a three-day visit to Côte d’Ivoire, succeeding Michael Jackson. 2010 – The United States ends combat operations in Iraq as its last combat brigade departs for Kuwait. 2010 – Rupert Murdoch provides $1 million to the U.S. Republican Party ahead of an important election in November, more than doubling the party’s funds with one of the largest handouts by a media organization; critics declare Fox News is not impartial. 2010 – Governor David Paterson, New York, is to discuss relocating the controversial Park51 Islamic community centre and mosque near World Trade Center site in New York City. 2011 – The DAX, CAC 40, Nasdaq drop over 5%, the FTSE 100 index by 4.5%, the Dow Jones Industrial Average by 3.7%. Gold hits a high of US$1,826 an ounce. 2012 – A U.S. District Court judge declines Facebook’s $20 million offer to settle a lawsuit revolving around privacy, expressing among other concerns that up to half of that money would be paid to attorneys, and none to the victims. 2014 -The Governor of Missouri, Jay Nixon, dispatches the Missouri National Guard to the St. Louis suburb of Ferguson following a week of often violent protest after the shooting of Michael Brown. 1587 – Virginia Dare, first white child born in the American colonies on what is now Roanoke Island, North Carolina. 1774 – Meriwether Lewis, American explorer of Lewis & Clark. 1834 – Marshall Field, American department store mogul. 1904 – Max Factor, American cosmetic mogul. 1934 – Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican-born American baseball great. 1937 – Robert Redford, American actor, director. VIETNAM Rank and organization: Sergeant (then Cpl.), U .S. Marine Corps, Company 1, 3d Battalion, 3d Marine Regiment, 3d Marine Division (Rein). Place and date: Near An Cu’ong 2, South Vietnam, August 18th, 1965. Entered service at: New York, N.Y. Born: 3 June 1943, New York, N.Y. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the communist (Viet Cong) forces at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. While leading his squad in the assault against a strongly entrenched enemy force, his unit came under intense small-arms fire. With complete disregard for his personal safety, Sgt. O’Malley raced across an open rice paddy to a trench line where the enemy forces were located. Jumping into the trench, he attacked the Viet Cong with his rifle and grenades, and singly killed eight of the enemy. He then led his squad to the assistance of an adjacent Marine unit which was suffering heavy casualties. Continuing to press forward, he reloaded his weapon and fired with telling effect into the enemy emplacement. He personally assisted in the evacuation of several wounded marines, and again regrouping the remnants of his squad, he returned to the point of the heaviest fighting. Ordered to an evacuation point by an officer, Sgt. O’Malley gathered his besieged and badly wounded squad, and boldly led them under fire to a helicopter for withdrawal. Although three times wounded in this encounter, and facing imminent death from a fanatic and determined enemy, he steadfastly refused evacuation and continued to cover his squad’s boarding of the helicopters while, from an exposed position, he delivered fire against the enemy until his wounded men were evacuated. Only then, with his last mission accomplished, did he permit himself to be removed from the battlefield. By his valor, leadership, and courageous efforts in behalf of his comrades, he served as an inspiration to all who observed him, and reflected the highest credit upon the Marine Corps and the U.S. Naval Service. VIETNAM WAR Posthumously Rank and organization: Lance Corporal, U.S. Marine Corps, Company H, 2d Battalion, 4th Marines (Rein), 3d Marine Division (Rein). Place and date: near Chu Lai, Republic of Vietnam, August 18th, 1965. Entered service at: Dayton, Ohio. Born: 23 April 1946, Williamsburg, Ky. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. In violent battle, L/Cpl. Paul’s platoon sustained five casualties as it was temporarily pinned down, by devastating mortar, recoilless rifle, automatic weapons, and rifle fire delivered by insurgent communist (Viet Cong) forces in well entrenched positions. The wounded marines were unable to move from their perilously exposed positions forward of the remainder of their platoon, and were suddenly subjected to a barrage of white phosphorous rifle grenades. L/Cpl. Paul, fully aware that his tactics would almost certainly result in serious injury or death to himself, chose to disregard his safety and boldly dashed across the fire-swept rice paddies, placed himself between his wounded comrades and the enemy, and delivered effective suppressive fire with his automatic weapon in order to divert the attack long enough to allow the casualties to be evacuated. Although critically wounded during the course of the battle, he resolutely remained in his exposed position and continued to fire his rifle until he collapsed and was evacuated. By his fortitude and gallant spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of almost certain death, he saved the lives of several of his fellow Marines. His heroic action served to inspire all who observed him and reflect the highest credit upon himself, the Marine Corps and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the cause of freedom. WWII Posthumously Rank and organization: Major, U.S. Army Air Corps. Place and date: Near Wewak, New Guinea, August 18th, 1943. Entered service at: Brooklyn, N.Y. Birth: San Francisco, Calif. G.O. No.: 72, 28 October 1943. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy. While Maj. Cheli was leading his squadron in a dive to attack the heavily defended Dagua Airdrome, intercepting enemy aircraft centered their fire on his plane, causing it to burst into flames while still two miles from the objective. His speed would have enabled him to gain necessary altitude to parachute to safety, but this action would have resulted in his formation becoming disorganized and exposed to the enemy. Although a crash was inevitable, he courageously elected to continue leading the attack in his blazing plane. From a minimum altitude, the squadron made a devastating bombing and strafing attack on the target. The mission completed, Maj. Cheli instructed his wingman to lead the formation and crashed into the sea. Posthumously Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. Place and date: Japanese-held island of Makin on August 17th- August 18th, 1942 Born: 23 May 1914, Atlanta, Ga. Accredited to: Georgia. Citation: For conspicuous heroism and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty during the Marine Raider Expedition against the Japanese-held island of Makin on 17-18 August 1942. Leading the advance element of the assault echelon, Sgt. Thomason disposed his men with keen judgment and discrimination and, by his exemplary leadership and great personal valor, exhorted them to like fearless efforts. On one occasion, he dauntlessly walked up to a house which concealed an enemy Japanese sniper, forced in the door and shot the man before he could resist. Later in the action, while leading an assault on an enemy position, he gallantly gave his life in the service of his country. His courage and loyal devotion to duty in the face of grave peril were in keeping with the finest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. Bill Clinton and the Meaning of “Is” Timothy Noah Posted Sunday, Sept. 13, 1998, at 9:14 PM ET Slate.com Years from now, when we look back on Bill Clinton’s presidency, its defining moment may well be Clinton’s rationalization to the grand jury about why he wasn’t lying when he said to his top aides that with respect to Monica Lewinsky, “there’s nothing going on between us.” How can this be? Here’s what Clinton told the grand jury (according to footnote 1,128 in Starr’s report): Clinton speaking, “It depends on what the meaning of the word ‘is’ is. If the–if he–if ‘is’ means is and never has been, that is not–that is one thing. If it means there is none, that was a completely true statement….Now, if someone had asked me on that day, are you having any kind of sexual relations with Ms. Lewinsky, that is, asked me a question in the present tense, I would have said no. And it would have been completely true.” Doublespeak One of the theoretical insights of George Orwell’s “Nineteen Eighty-Four “ was the use of language to manipulate people groups. He called it “newspeak” and “doublethink,” and which we now call “doublespeak” and “Orwellian.” Orwell was alarmed by government propaganda and the seemingly rampant use of euphemisms and halftruths or what we now call misspeaks. This is not entirely different from Genesis 11, the account at the Tower of Babel. Even God said that these people who were building the tower could do anything because they all spoke the same language. The idea was to divide. This is what government is trying to do now, to divide and conquer. A people who all speak the same language are incredibly powerful. Despite our general awareness of the tactic, government officials routinely use doublespeak or PC- political correctness to expand their power. Reasonable people can honestly disagree about what needs to be done in America if they, first, can agree on their language and not necessarily the words but the meanings. How does one argue intelligently when, as in the beginning story, there cannot be any agreement on what “is” is. Doublespeak is language that deliberately disguises, distorts, or reverses the meaning of words. Examples include “revenue enhancement” instead of “taxes”. Joseph Story in his Commentaries on the Constitution, 1833, said “In a general sense, all contributions imposed by the government upon individuals for the service of the state, are called taxes, by whatever name they may be known, whether by the name of tribute, tythe, tallage, impost, duty, gabel, custom, subsidy, aid, supply, excise, or other name.” Doublespeak may take the form of euphemisms. Examples can include “downsizing”, “rightsizing”, or ”reductions in labor costs” for the word layoffs. These make the truth less unpleasant, without denying its nature. The end result, however , is one group creating a “different” language to defeat another group. Doublespeak can be used to simply confound people and prevent immediate questions from a generally informed electorate. An excellent example of this former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld when he said, “There are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns – the ones we don’t know we don’t know.” Some examples that have come to light include: The annual accounting of hunger in America reported no hunger in its last outing. Instead, it found “food insecurity.” In Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, Oceania is ruled by a political party simply called The Party. The individual is always subordinated to the state, and it is in part this philosophy which allows the Party to manipulate and control humanity. In the Ministry of Truth, protagonist Winston Smith is a civil servant responsible for perpetuating the Party’s propaganda by revising historical records to render the Party omniscient and always correct, yet his meager existence disillusions him to the point of seeking rebellion against Big Brother. In our most recent example Barack Hussein Obama made a claim that “our” Muslim brothers have always been involved in America’s growth and success. This is an absolute attempt to rewrite history. In Florida, the Department of Education wants to stop teaching American History prior to the Civil War. Some of the words from this work have moved into our normal speech such as “Big Brother”, “doublethink”, “thoughtcrime”, and “memory hole” – any mechanism for the alteration or disappearance of inconvenient or embarrassing documents, photographs, transcripts, or other records. Some examples that have come to light include: Retreating from a war zone is now called “redeployment.” Suicides are now called “self- injurious behavior incidents” The right to an abortion is the “right to choose.” Propaganda is a “struggle for hearts and minds.” “Using the facilities” instead of going to the bathroom, “Downsizing” instead of firing people, “Reducing costs” as opposed to cutting peoples’ salaries or the amount of supplies going into work, “Preowned” as opposed to used and possibly beaten up, “Well loved” as opposed to old and raggedy, “Senior citizen” in place of an old person, “Experienced” or “well experienced” in place of old “Not doing so well” instead of very sick or injured “Detainee” for a prisoner of war “Pre-emptive strike” instead of unprovoked attack, no more wars because they are now man-made disasters, “Enhanced interrogation” in place of torture, “Person of interest” instead of a suspect in a crime and “Capital punishment” instead of the death penalty, oh,don’t forget “Doublespeak” instead of euphemism. And the list goes on……… and any attempt to ignore this could cause “unintended consequences.” 1 Corinthians 15:33-34 King James Version (KJV) 33 Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners. 34 Awake to righteousness, and sin not; for some have not the knowledge of God: I speak this to your shame. Even though Abraham Lincoln was not a “Founding Father”, he was extremely aware of the path that our republic was taking. Since the days of the Founding Fathers, corporations kept getting bigger and bigger. To put it bluntly, corporations didn’t care about its workers or the people who bought their products. The only rule of the game was to make as much profit as possible, no matter what. As the 19th century ended and the 20th century began, corporations were getting bigger and bigger. Many began buying up smaller companies, becoming monopolies that controlled whole industries. This practice eliminated competition and as a result, prices had skyrocketed and no one could challenge them. That was, until Theodore Roosevelt became the President. Theodore Roosevelt did not hate corporations. He simply wanted them to treat workers how they deserved to be treated and to serve the public faithfully and honestly. He believed in honest competition and fair prices. Roosevelt believed that government had not only a duty, but a right to regulate corporations just as the founding generation had done, stating that,”The great corporations which we have grown to speak of rather loosely as trusts are the creatures of the State, and the State not only has the right to control them, but it is duty bound to control them wherever the need of such control is shown.” “Get into a line that you will find to be a deep personal interest, something you really enjoy spending twelve to fifteen hours a day working at, and the rest of the time thinking about.” ~ Earl Nightingale 1. Inanely foolish and unintelligent; stupid. 2. Illusory; delusive. 1590 – John White, the leader of 117 colonists sent in 1587 to Roanoke Island (North Carolina) to establish a colony, returned from a trip to England to find the settlement deserted. No trace of the settlers was ever found. 1790 – US capital moved from New York City to Philadelphia. In 1800, the government would again move, this time to its permanent location in Washington, D.C. 1805 – Sacagawea, while traveling with the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery, reunited with her brother Cameahwait, a Shoshoni Indian chief on the Lemhi River (Idaho). 1807 – The “Clermont”, Robert Fulton’s steamboat, started navigating the Hudson River. 1812 – War of 1812: The frigate “President” captures the British schooner “L’Adeline” in North Atlantic. 1833 – The first steam ship to cross the Atlantic entirely on its own power, the Canadian ship Royal William, began her journey from Nova Scotia to The Isle of Wight. 1835 – Solyman Merrick patented the wrench. 1846 – The US takes Los Angeles. The proclamation was that it was now the possession of the United States and California also said it would be governed like any other territory of the US. 1858 – The first bank in Hawaii opened. 1859 – A hot air balloon was used to carry mail for the first time. John Wise left Lafayette, IN for New York City with 100 letters. He had to land after only 27 miles. 1859 – Harry Colcord crossed over the Niagara Falls while strapped to the back of French tightrope walker Blondin. 1862- Indian Wars: The Dakota War of 1862 begins in Minnesota as Lakota warriors attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. 1862 – Civil War: Joint landing party from U.S.S. Ellis, Master Benjamin H. Porter, and Army boats destroyed Confederate salt works, battery, and barracks near Swansboro, North Carolina. 1863 – Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina, Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter. Bombardment did not end until December 31, 1863. 1864 – General Robert E. Lee, attempting to consolidate his position on the James River below Richmond, turned to the ships of Flag Officer Mitchell’s squadron for gunfire support. 1870 – First ascent of Mt Rainier, Washington was by Hazard Stevens and P. B. Van Trump. 1870 – Esther Morris was named a justice of the peace in South Pass City, the first woman to hold public office in the US. 1877 – Arizona blacksmith F.P. Cahill is fatally wounded by Billy the Kid. Cahill will die the next day, becoming the first person killed by the Kid. 1877 – Asaph Hall discovered the Mars moon Phobos. Hall of the US Naval Observatory discovered the moons around Mars and named them Deimos (anxiety) and Phobos (fear), Homer’s names for the attendant’s of the god of war. 1894 – Pitcher John Wadsworth of Louisville set a major league record when he gave up 28 base hits in a single game. 1903 – Joseph Pulitzer donated a million dollars to Columbia University. This started the Pulitzer Prizes in his name. 1907 – The longest continuously-running public farmers market, Pike Place Market , in the US, opened in Seattle. 1908 – The San Francisco Bank of Italy (US) opened a new HQ at Clay and Montgomery. It grew by a branch banking strategy to become the Bank of America, the world’s largest commercial bank with 493 branches in California and assets of $5 billion in 1945. 1915 – Charles F. Kettering of Detroit, Michigan patented an electric self-starter for automobiles. 1915 – Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager, was lynched by a mob of anti-Semites in Cobb County, Georgia. He had been convicted in the killing of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old girl who worked at his pencil factory. 1915 – A Category 4 hurricane hits Galveston, Texas with winds at 135 miles per hour. 1918 – GlenRiddle farm owner, Samuel D. Riddle, purchased Man O’War, known affectionately as “Big Red”, for $5,000. 1920 – Ray Chapman died after he was hit in the head by Yanks’ pitcher Carl Mays. 1929 – Horace Alderman, convicted of murdering two Coast Guardsmen and a Secret Service agent in 1927, was hanged at Coast Guard Base 10 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He was the only person ever executed on Coast Guard property. 1933 – Lou Gehrig breaks record by playing in his 1,308th straight game. 1939 – “Wizard of Oz” opens at Loew’s Capitol Theater in New York City. It premiered at Grauman’s Chinese Theater, Hollywood on August 15. 1940 – Wendell Willkie, a former Democrat, delivered his formal acceptance speech as the Republican nominee for president from his home in Elwood, Indiana. 1942 – World War II: The first bombing raid flown by a completely American squadron bombs Rouen in France. 1942 – World War II: U.S. Marines raid the Japanese-held Pacific island of Makin. They attacked from two submarines. 1943 – World War II: The USAAF bombs the ball-bearing manufacturing centers at Schweinfurt and Regensburg in a daylight raid. 1943 – World War II: The U.S. Seventh Army under General George S. Patton arrive in Messina, Italy, followed several hours later by the British 8th Army under Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery, thus completing the Allied conquest of Sicily. 1943 – World War II: A small number of Japanese reinforcements land on Vella Lavella. 1943 – World War II: U.S. General George S. Patton and his 7th Army arrive in Messina several hours before British Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery and his 8th Army, winning the unofficial “Race to Messina” and completing the Allied conquest of Sicily. 1944 – World War II: There is little German resistance to the Allied advance of US 7th Army. St. Raphael, St. Tropez, Frejus, Le Luq and St. Maxime are captured in one day. 1944 – World War II: The mayor of Paris, Pierre Charles Tattinger, met with the German commander Dietrich von Choltitz to protest the explosives being deployed throughout the city. Adolf Hitler had decreed that Paris should be left a smoking ruin, but Dietrich von Choltitz thought better of his Fuhrer’s order. 1944 – World War II: Near Aitape, American forces extend their line in a general advance against light Japanese resistance. On Numfoor, the last significant Japanese force is brought to battle by American forces and destroyed. “ Milkman, Keep Those Bottles Quiet ” by Ella Mae Morse and “ Is You is or is You Ain’t (Ma’ Baby) ” by Louis Jordan all topped the charts. 1948 – Former State Department official Alger Hiss faced his chief accuser, Whittaker Chambers, during a closed-door meeting in New York of the House Un-American Activities Committee, and repeated his denial that he’d ever been a Communist agent. 1950 – Korean War: The bodies of twenty mortar men of the 5th Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division were recovered near Hill 303 in the vicinity of Waegwan. North Korean soldiers murdered the soldiers after they had surrendered. 1950 – The First Marine Brigade battled North Koreans at Obong-ni Ridge. The ridge is located in the vicinity of Yongsan and the Naktong River in South Korea. 1952 – CHART TOPPERS – “ Walkin’ My Baby Back Home ” by Johnnie Ray, “Auf Wiedersehn, Sweetheart” by Vera Lynn, “ Half as Much ” by Rosemary Clooney and “ A Full Time Job ” by Eddy Arnold all topped the charts. 1953 – The first meeting of Narcotics Anonymous is held in Southern California. 1954 – The Newport Jazz Festival opened at the Newport Casino in Rhode Island. 1955 – Hurricane Diane followed hurricane Connie and flooded the Connecticut River killing 190 and doing $1.8 billion in damage. 1957 – “ Teddy Bear ” by Elvis Presley topped the charts. 1958 – World’s first Moon probe, US’s Thor-Able, exploded at T +77 sec. This is notable as one of the first attempted launches beyond Earth orbit by any country. 1959 – “ Kind of Blue ” by Miles Davis, the much acclaimed and highly influential best selling jazz recording of all time, is released. Full Album (45:25) 1959 – A 7.5 earthquake struck at Yellowstone National Park. Quake Lake is formed by earthquake near Hebgen Lake in Montana. The Ventures, “ Walking to New Orleans ” by Fats Domino and “ Please Help Me, I’m Falling ” by Hank Locklin all topped the charts. 1960 – Gary Francis Powers U-2 spy trial opens in Moscow. He was a Korean War veteran who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1960s. 1961 – Kennedy administration establishes Alliance for Progress. It was to be a Latin American version of the Marshall Plan, the United States planned to fund a cooperative, long-term program to rebuild Europe following World War II. 1961 – The Communist East German government completed the construction of the Berlin Wall. 1962 – Beatles replaces Pete Best with Ringo Starr. 1962 – 17-year-old Peter Fechter was shot by East German guards as he tried to escape from East Berlin. The incident occurred just a year after the communists constructed the wall. He was left laying in no-man’s zone until he bled to death. 1962 – Navy’s first hydrofoil patrol craft, USS High Point (PCH-1) launched at Seattle, WA. 1964 – The Kinks “ You Really Got Me ” was released. 1966 – Pioneer 7 launched into solar orbit. 1968 – CHART TOPPERS – “ People Got to Be Free ” by The Rascals, “ Born to Be Wild ” by Steppenwolf, “ Light My Fire ” by Jose Feliciano and “ Heaven Says Hello ” by Sonny James all topped the charts. 1968 – Deep Purple’s “ Hush ” was released. 1969 – Category 5 Hurricane Camille hit the Gulf Coast at Pass Christian, Miss., leaving 256 people killed in Louisiana and Mississippi. Damage was later estimated at $3.8 billion. 1969 – After three days, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair in New York came to an end. 1970 – Venera 7 launched. It will later become the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from the surface of another planet (Venus). 1973 – Lee Trevino won six majors: the US Open in 1968 and 1971; the Open in 1971 and 1972; and the USPGA in 1974 and 1984. Today he hit his very first hole-in-one. “ You Should Be Dancing ” by Bee Gees, “ Let ’Em In ” by Wings and “ Say It Again ” by Don Williams all topped the charts. 1977 – Florists Transworld Delivery (FTD) reported that in one day the number of orders for flowers to be delivered to Graceland had surpassed the number for any other event in the company’s history. 1978 – Maxie Anderson , Ben Abruzzo and Larry Newman completed the first transatlantic balloon flight in the Double Eagle II when it landed in a barley field near Paris, 137 hours after lifting off from Presque Isle, Maine. 1980 – The Viking 1 Mars Orbiter was powered down after over 1400 orbits. 1981 – In Florida James Dvorak was found bludgeoned to death at Indian Harbor Beach in what was described as a robbery gone wrong. In 1981 William Dillon was convicted and sentenced to prison. 1982 – The U.S. Senate approved an immigration bill that granted permanent resident status to illegal aliens who had arrived in the United States before 1977. 1982 – A jury in South Bend, Ind., acquitted self-avowed racist Joseph Paul Franklin, for the 1980 attempted assassination of Vernon Jordan Jr, National Urban League president. with It ” by Tina Turner, “ State of Shock ” by Jacksons and “ That’s the Thing About Love ” by Don Williams all topped the charts. 1985 – “ Shout ” by Tears for Fears topped the charts. 1985 – A year-long strike began when 1,400 Geo. A. Hormel and Co. meat packers walked off the job. 1986 – Forty-two people were beaten or stabbed at a Run D.M.C. concert in Long Beach, CA. 1986 – A bronze pig statue was unveiled at Seattle’s Pike Place Market. 1987 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed above 2,700 for the first time (2,700.57). 1987 – Rudolph Hess died after apparently committing suicide while still in prison but awaiting release. Hess was the last member of Adolf Hitler’s inner circle. 1987 – Charles Glass, American journalist, escaped his kidnappers and was rescued after being held for 62 days in Lebanon. 1988 – Vice President George Bush was nominated for president at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans. 1988 – Pakistani President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq (63) and U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel were killed in a mysterious plane crash. 1988 – The US FDA approved Minoxidil as a hair loss treatment. 1990 – The film “The Exorcist 3” premiered. 1990 – Phyllis Polaner, former aide to his ex-wife Robin Givens, sued Mike Tyson (b.1966) for sexual harassment. A New York City civil jury found Tyson committed battery but that his behavior was “not outrageous.” 1992 – Actor-director Woody Allen admitted being romantically involved with Soon-Yi Previn, the adopted daughter of Allen’s longtime companion, actress Mia Farrow. 1992 – President Bush arrived in Houston for the opening of the Republican National Convention, which featured an address by former President Reagan. 1993 – A patent was issued to Thomas Welsh for a platform steerable skateboard. 1993 – Jack Kevorkian was charged in Wayne County, MI with assisting in the suicide of Thomas Hyde. Kevorkian was later acquitted. 1995 – James B. McDougal, McDougal’s ex-wife, Susan H. McDougal, and Arkansas Governor Jim Guy Tucker were indicted by the Whitewater grand jury. 1996 – A military cargo plane (C-130) crashed in Wyoming killing eight crewmembers and a Secret Service employee. The plane was carrying gear for President Clinton. 1996 – Ross Perot was announced to be the Reform Party’s presidential candidate. It was the party’s first-ever candidate. 1997 – President Clinton urged both sides in the United Parcel Service strike to “redouble their efforts” to reach a deal, but hours later, negotiators recessed. 1998 -President Clinton admitted to having an improper relationship with Monica Lewinsky, a White House intern. On the same day he admits before the nation that he “misled people” about his relationship. He then delivered a TV address in which he denied previously committing perjury, admitted his relationship with Lewinsky was “wrong,” and criticized Kenneth Starr’s investigation. “I did have a relationship with Miss Lewinsky that was not appropriate… It was wrong.” 1998 – NationsBank and BankAmerica merge to create the largest U.S. bank. 1998 – It was reported that spy satellites had detected a secret underground complex in North Korea that was suspected of being involved in a nuclear weapons program. 2000 – Al Gore accepted the Democratic nomination for president, pledging a “better, fairer, more prosperous America” at the party’s convention in Los Angeles. 2000 – A “info leak” occurred that Independent Counsel Robert Ray was assembling a new grand jury to investigate President Clinton’s conduct in the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Democrats charged that Republicans were behind the release of information. Later a judge admitted that he had done it. 2001 – Balloonist Steve Fossett was forced down by bad weather in Brazil after traveling 12,695 miles. 2002 – In Santa Rosa, CA, the Charles M. Schulz Museum opened to the public. 2002 – The new $1 billion dollar Navy destroyer McCampbell was commissioned in San Francisco. It is an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer built at the Bath Iron Works in Maine. It is named named for the Navy’s leading ace in World War II, Captain David McCampbell (1910–1996). 2003 – A major blackout occurs in the Midwest and Northeast. Investigators believe the blackout began in Ohio. FirstEnergy Corporation, which services 1.4 million people in the state, released a statement Saturday that three of its transmission lines tripped off at Unit 5 of their Eastlake Plant hours before the blackout, and may have been its cause. 2005 – The governors of New Mexico and Arizona declare an emergency along their borders with Mexico citing recent violence, and inaction in both the US government and the Mexican government. 2005 – The Zotob computer worm causes fatal crashes of computers worldwide. The worm only crashes PCs running Windows 2000 and earlier versions of Windows XP, shutting down and rebooting the computer endlessly. Affected were CNN, ABC, Caterpillar, New York Times and Capitol Hill PCs. 2006 – A federal judge in Detroit ruled that President Bush’s warrantless surveillance program violated the rights to free speech and privacy, as well as the separation of powers enshrined in the Constitution. The administration said it would appeal. 2006 – In the Arctic ice Lt. Jessica Hill (31) and Boatswain’s Mate Steven Duque (22), divers on the US Coast Guard cutter Healy, died during a practice dive. 2006 – Several large California auto insurers said they will set premiums based on driving records rather than ZIP codes and reduce rates for most motorists. 2006 – Scientists believe they have found a key gene that helped the human brain evolve from our chimp-like ancestors. In just a few million years, one area of the human genome seems to have evolved about 70 times faster than the rest of our genetic code. 2007 – New Mexico’s Gov. Bill Richardson ordered the state Health Department to resume planning of a medical marijuana program despite the agency’s worries about possible federal prosecution. 2007 – Hurricane Dean intensifies into a Category 4 hurricane after hitting the Lesser Antilles. BP (British Petroleum) starts evacuating its oil and gas workers from the Gulf of Mexico ahead of it. The Governor of Louisiana, Kathleen Blanco, declares a state of emergency as a precaution. 2007 – Four Marines die as a US Marine Corps helicopter crashes on a training flight north of Yuma, Arizona. 2008 – In San Mateo, Ca., the final race was held at Bay Meadows after nearly 74 years of horse racing. 2008 – American swimmer Michael Phelps becomes the first person to win eight gold medals in one Olympic Games. This record beat Mark Spitz who won seven gold medals in 1972. 2009 – Albert Gonzalez (28) of Miami allegedly stole information from 130 million credit and debit card accounts in what federal prosecutors called the largest case of identity theft yet. He pled guilty and will serve up to 25 years in federal prison. 2010 – A federal jury in Chicago deadlocked on all but one of 24 charges against former Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich. He was convicted of lying to federal agents. Prosecutors pledged to retry the case as soon as possible. 2010 – In Texas, Patrick Gray Sharp (29) was killed in a shootout with police after he towed a trailer full of explosives in front of a suburban Dallas police station and opened fire in an apparent attempt to lure people out to kill them. 2010 – Texas executed Peter Anthony Cantu (35), a former gang member, for taking part in the rape and murder of two teenage girls in 1993. 2011 – Verizon Communications says that striking workers who do not return to work by the end of August will lose medical, prescription drug, and related benefits. 2012 – Arizona’s governor, Jan Brewer, has signed an executive order forbidding any state agency from treating illegal-alien recipients of the Obama amnesty as lawful residents for purposes of state benefits and public services. 2013 – A wildfire erupts near Yosemite National Park, growing to 25 square miles overnight. 2014 – Death of Michael Brown: A private autopsy shows that Michael Brown was shot six times as violent protests continue in Ferguson, Missouri. 2015 – Authorities charge a former police officer with second-degree murder, in connection with the on-duty shooting death of John Geer in Fairfax, Virginia. 2016 – Ford Motor Company started production of its F650 and F750 in Avon Lake, Ohio. They were being built in Mexico making this a good sign for American car building. 1786 – Davy Crockett, American frontiersman, soldier. 1882 – Samuel Goldwyn (Goldfish), American movie pioneer. 1893 – Mae West, American playwright, actress. 1914 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (d. 1988) 1920 – Maureen O’Hara (Fitzsimmons), American actress. 1929 – Francis Gary Powers, American U-2 pilot (d. 1977) 1936 – Floyd Red Crow Westerman, Native American musician-actor (d. 2007) 1943 – Robert De Niro, American actor 1952 – Kathryn C. Thornton, PhD, astronaut 1959 – David Koresh, American cult leader (d. 1993) 1967 – Kevin Max, American singer (dc talk) KOREA Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Marine Corps, Company F, 2d Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Rein.). Place and date: Korea, August 17th, 1952. Entered service at: Detroit, Mich. Born: 26 April 1930, Detroit, Mich. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with Company F, in action against enemy aggressor forces. While accompanying a patrol en route to occupy a combat outpost forward of friendly lines, Pfc. Simanek exhibited a high degree of courage and a resolute spirit of self-sacrifice in protecting the lives of his fellow Marines. With his unit ambushed by an intense concentration of enemy mortar and small-arms fire, and suffering heavy casualties, he was forced to seek cover with the remaining members of the patrol in a nearby trench line. Determined to save his comrades when a hostile grenade was hurled into their midst, he unhesitatingly threw himself on the deadly missile absorbing the shattering violence of the exploding charge in his body and shielding his fellow Marines from serious injury or death. Gravely wounded as a result of his heroic action, Pfc. Simanek, by his daring initiative and great personal valor in the face of almost certain death, served to inspire all who observed him and upheld the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. WW II Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company E, 7th Infantry, 3d Infantry Division. Place and date: Near La Lande, France, August 17th, 1944. Entered service at: Chicago, 111. Born: 31 October 1909, Carlisle, W. Va. G.O. No.: 7, 1 February 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. On 17 August 1944, near La Lande, France, he climbed on top of a knocked-out tank, in the face of withering machinegun fire which had halted the advance of his company, in an effort to locate the source of this fire. Although bullets ricocheted off the turret at his feet, he nevertheless remained standing upright in full view of the enemy for over two minutes. Locating the enemy machineguns on a knoll two hundred yards away, he ordered two squads to cover him and led his men down an irrigation ditch, running a gauntlet of intense machinegun fire, which completely blanketed fifty yards of his advance and wounded four of his men. While the Germans hurled hand grenades at the ditch, he stood his ground until his squad caught up with him, then advanced alone, in a wide flanking approach, to the rear of the knoll. He walked deliberately a distance of forty yards, without cover, in full view of the Germans and under a hail of both enemy and friendly fire, to the first machinegun and knocked it out with a single short burst. Then he made his way through the strong point, despite bursting hand grenades, toward the second machinegun, twenty-five yards distant, whose two-man crew swung the machinegun around and fired two bursts at him, but he walked calmly through the fire and, reaching the edge of the emplacement, dispatched the crew. Signaling his men to rush the rifle pits, he then walked thirty-five yards further to kill an enemy rifleman and returned to lead his squad in the destruction of the eight remaining Germans in the strong point. His audacity so inspired the remainder of the assault company that the men charged out of their positions, shouting and yelling, to overpower the enemy roadblock and sweep into town, knocking out two antitank guns, killing thirty-seven Germans and capturing twenty-six others. He had sparked and led the assault company in an attack which overwhelmed the enemy, destroying a roadblock, taking a town, seizing intact three bridges over the Maravenne River, and capturing commanding terrain which dominated the area. BOXER REBELLION Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Marine Corps. Place and date: Peking, China, July 21st to August 17th,1900. Born: 3 June 1876, Brooklyn, N.Y. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901. Citation: In the presence of the enemy during the action at Peking, China, 21 July to 17 August 1900. During this period, Murray distinguished himself by meritorious conduct. (Served as Henry W. Davis) PETERSEN, CARL EMIL BOXER REBELLION Rank and organization: Chief Machinist, U.S. Navy. Place and date: Peking, China, July 21st to August 17th, 1900. Entered service at: New Jersey. Born: 24 August 1875, Hamburg, Germany. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901. Citation: In the presence of the enemy during the action at Peking, China, 28 June to 17 August 1900. During this period Chief Machinist Petersen distinguished himself by meritorious conduct. BOXER REBELLION Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Marine Corps. Place and date: Peking, China, July 21st to August 17th, 1900. Born: 14 January 1871, Toledo, Ohio. Accredited to: Illinois. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901. Citation: In the presence of the enemy at Peking, China, 21 July to 17 August 1900. Although under a heavy fire from the enemy during this period, Upham assisted in the erection of barricades. WESTERMARK, AXEL BOXER REBELLION Rank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Place and date: Peking, China, June 28th to August 17th, 1900. Born: 8 April 1875, Finland. Accredited to: California. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901. Citation: In the presence of the enemy during the battle of Peking, China, 28 June to 17 August 1900. Throughout this period, Westermark distinguished himself by meritorious conduct.	i don't know
Nov 7, 1940 saw the original Tacoma Narrows bridge take a little dip. What alliterative nickname was it given?	2015 US OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP GUIDE - TacomaWeekly by John Weymer - issuu 2015 U.S. OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP Chambers Bay \| University Place, Washington MILTON • EDGEWOOD Table of Contents Interview with John Ladenburg and Robert Jones Jr....................3 Chambers Bay Golf Course Hole-by-Hole..............................9 A walk through the U.S. Open Media Day........................... 11 Chambers Bay: Before there was golf................................... 12 Hungry? Tacoma has an app(etizer) for that.......................... 13 Our local ‘culture’ comes from everywhere............................. 38 Nightclubs Roundup...................................................... 40 From the studio of Lee Wybranski...................................... 46 Tacoma’s ‘quirky’ nature started early................................. 48 Golf’s ties to Pierce County............................................. 49 Mar ijuana frequently asked questions................................. 50 BIG MAX Golf innovates push cart design........................... 51 Puyallup Tribe of Indians: Supporting community needs, economic growth and environmental protection for all people.....................52 Districts & Neighborhoods Map................................................59 Report Tacoma Crime: 1-800-222-TIPS (8477) All Callers will remain anonymous 2 www.TPCrimestoppers.com Welcome to Pierce County and beautiful Chambers Bay Golf Course. On behalf of more than 820,000 residents, it is an honor to host the first U.S. Open Championship in the Pacific Northwest. Chambers Bay has great stories to tell. First, it’s a story of reclamation. Pierce County worked with Robert Trent Jones II and the United States Golf Association to transform an empty, century-old gravel pit into a U.S. Open golf course, along with scenic public trails, Puget Sound shoreline and acres of parkland. The USGA is committed to environmentally sustainable golf management practices, and that message certainly resonates here, where we are known for our love of the land and water. Chambers Bay’s all-fescue layout uses less water and fertilizer than typical courses, and we are proud to set an example for the golf industry. Chambers Bay is just the third municipallyowned golf course to host our national championship. We are proud to play a role in supporting public access to this wonderful game. It was an honor to host the 2010 U.S. Amateur, and the community’s excitement has been building ever since. Chambers Bay is truly a celebration of what makes this such a beautiful place to live, work and play. From the rocky shores of Puget Sound to the snow-covered flanks of Mount Rainier, Pierce County is the perfect place to showcase a commitment to sustainability, reclamation and fun. Pat McCarthy Pierce County Executive Chair, 2015 U.S. Open Operating Committee Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 The road to Chambers Bay How a brilliant vision became a national treasure ed to do was to attract the golf industry and general tourism because that brings in a lot of money and it’s working.” This year the U.S. Open is set to bring $150-$170 million in economic development for Pierce County, King County and the state of Washington. Not only will this prestigious event generate a tremendous amount in sales tax, hotel/motel tax and car rental tax, it will provide admission taxes for University Place, as this year marks the first time the USGA has allowed the host city to charge an admission tax. The USGA alone has booked around 1,200 hotel rooms in the Pierce County area, along with more than 2,200 credentialed media from 89 countries – approximately double the amount of journalists than past U.S. Opens. That’s the level of interest in this event, one that is expected to be viewed by 100 million people globally. “People are beginning to realize this is a big, big deal worldwide and not just a local phenomenon,” Ladenburg said. “Cham- bers Bay is no longer a county thing. It is a statewide thing. It is a benefit to the entire state of Washington.” Among the more than 50 architectural firms that put in a bid to design the golf course, famed golf course creator Robert Trent Jones Jr. was chosen. In many ways Chambers Bay is Jones’ pièce de résistance among the more than 250 golf courses he has designed in his lifetime. He said he saw Ladenburg’s vision right from the start. “I like to say that I am the composer, John Ladenburg is the John W. Ladenburg patron of this work, Mike Davis (USGA executive director) is the conducalways be an Open city. There will be piltor and the players are the musicians and grimages here from golfers from all over we are going to give you some great muthe world for decades just to see Chamsic,” Jones said. bers Bay and just to play it. It’s like host“I’m not really sure the community ing the Olympics – you’re always known realizes what a major event this will be,” u See ladenburg / page 4 he continued. “Tacoma from now on will Let Us Help You McNiel Carlson Find The Home Of Your Dreams Michael PHOTO: DAVID PATTERSON When John Ladenburg began his first term as Pierce County Executive in 2001, little did he know that he would soon be embarking on his biggest accomplishment to date in terms of bringing significant economic development to the county and state – and it all started with a weed infested, deserted gravel mine the county owns in the city of University Place. Where others saw a gigantic mess that needed cleaning up, Ladenburg saw a unique and highly lucrative opportunity to do something never done before in the Pacific Northwest. It was going to take a persuasive vision and even some personal risk to get there, and that only made him more determined to keep his eyes on the prize and get others to see it too. The seeds of Chambers Bay had been planted. “That was my goal – it was an economic development project,” Ladenburg said, now an attorney in private practice. “People didn’t understand that but it wasn’t just about building a golf course. What I want- Lisa merging people with real estate 253.279.0072 PugetSoundNestFinders.com 253.363.6888 Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 3 t Ladenburg From page 3 for that.” Jones said he was intrigued by the Pacific Northwest’s maritime climate, as there are just two other golf courses in the world with similar weather patterns – the British Isles and New Zealand. “That means the rains come in squalls and sometimes strong winds, and that’s the nature of the game where it was invented in the British Isles,” he said, noting that it is a challenging course that will thoroughly test players’ acumen and physical endurance. “It will take every ounce of their professional ability.” The fact that Chambers Bay is countyowned is another big plus in Jones’ book in that everyone can enjoy its hiking trails and beautiful beaches. “It has so many elements of positive social benefits besides the game. This is a regional park – the golf course is a park within a park so it’s a peoples’ park. People who don’t play golf can go out there and enjoy walking their dog or jogging... That was the vision – to create something for the public, owned by the public, at the highest levels of our ability. We gave it our entire effort.” Looking back on the early days of his Chambers Bay dream, Ladenburg reflected on the opposition he faced by those convinced that he was creating a multi-million dollar boondoggle. “It cost me a lot of support and credibility in the community,” he said. Ladenburg had already been on Tacoma City Council for five years then got elected to four consecutive terms as Pierce County Prosecuting Attorney – the first person ever elected more than twice to this position – then he got in twice as Pierce County Executive. That’s seven straight elections in Pierce County that he won. However, when he ran for state attorney general in 2008, after Chambers Bay opened, he couldn’t win his own county. “The only thing that explains it was all the controversy over the golf course,” he said. Today, opinions have changed considerably. For example, Ladenburg was just awarded the 2015 Visionary Award from Travel Tacoma + Pierce County. “I went from ‘Ladenburg’s Folly’ to being a visionary,” he smiled. “I knew it would have opposition for a lot of reasons because people have never seen this here because this is the first one. After this is gone, hopefully people will want to get another. We could easily see an open here every 10 years if ev- R erybody pulls together and we pull this off right.” Now that Chambers Bay has been added among the exclusive list of U.S. Open hosts, opportunities are just beginning (there are more than 14,000 golf courses in America and less than 50 have ever hosted a U.S. Open). “The long-term goal is to continue to have U.S. Opens,” Ladenburg said, “maybe one every 10 years. I would like to see the U.S. Women’s Open here. The goal is to get a PGA tour event every year.” This year Chambers Bay is ranked as the #1 municipal golf course in America by Links magazine and the #1 public golf course in Washington State by Golf Digest, among other awards and accolades Chambers Bay has achieved. Now the U.S. Open crowning jewel is here, and Ladenburg and Jones are very much looking forward to it. Robert Trent Jones Jr. golfs at Chambers Bay. “I’ve been waiting for it for and protect it. And that it will be embraced seven years,” Ladenburg said. “I’m excited – that the essence of the place will speak to about seeing it in place and I’m just going the young, the old, the men, the women, to love walking around watching the whole the workers, the public, non-golfers – if that thing take place – and, hopefully, watch happens we will have fulfilled our mission.” our region understand the importance of Like Ladenburg, Jones is full of anticipathe golf industry itself and tourism related tion for thrilling and competitive golf at this to golf, which is going to bring us a lot of point in the long journey to the U.S. Open. money over the years.” “We spent 10 years preparing this great, Jones, too, has great hopes for Chambers green stage. This is not a melodrama; this Bay in the coming decades. “My hope is is a real drama. There will be triumph and that the community will realize they have tragedy and whatever happens will be very a national treasure – an international treasoul-wrenching not only for the participants sure – and that after John (Ladenburg) and I but for the audience as well. The heroes here are dead and gone, that they will recognize are yet to be crowned. Game on!” that it’s a great piece of art, fall in love with it South Sound CHASE GARDEN www.chasegarden.org LAKEWOLD GARDENS www.lakewoldgardens.org RHODODENDRON SPECIES BOTANICAL GARDEN www.rhodygarden.org POWELLSWOOD GARDEN www.powellswood.org Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 F RE E S H O W! JUNE 26 & 27 AT 7PM Join us as we welcome Grammy Award Winning Rose Royce to the stage at Muckleshoot Casino! Watch this R&B Funk group perform their multi-platinum sensations such as “Car Wash,” “Wishing on a Star” and many more in Club Galaxy! Simply reserve your seats at Coat Check with your Players Club card. Maximum of two reserved tickets per person per show. Entertainment subject to change without notice. Must be a Players Club member to participate. Membership is free! Management reserves all rights. itâ€™s a solution to your business. 2014 SBA Lender Division Champion UniBank became the SBA Lender Champion by lending the most loan amount among community banks in WA State. (Based on 2014 SBA Seattle District Office SBA Loan Volume Ranking) Tacoma Branch : 9104 S Tacoma Way, Ste A101 Lakewood, WA 98499 www.unibankusa.com 253-581-9700 Pouring Picasso Presented by OpenArts Studio & Art House Cafe The Pouring Picasso schedule and featured designs are available online at www.openartstudio.com/pouringpicasso.html Mon-Tues 8am-2pm Wed, Thurs, Sun 8am-9pm Fri-Sat 8am-11pm HAPPY HOUR Wed-Sun 3pm-6pm 253-212-2011 • 111 N Tacoma Ave, Tacoma www.arthousecafe.com Pour your Picasso! Join us for a fun-ﬁlled wine and painting experience! Expert instructors and your ﬁrst inspiring beverage provided. Take home your own masterpiece! DATE NIGHT • GIRLS NIGHT • TEAM BUILDING Mon-Fri 9am-6pm Weekends by Appointment 253-272-9033 • 109 N Tacoma Ave, Tacoma www.openartsstudio.com Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 7 Beverly Grant Law Firm P.S. Beverly Grant, Attorney Civil Rights Employment Litigation Sexual Harassment All the magic of fairies in one store! Over 35 years of legal experience \| Licensed in Washington and California 3929 Bridgeport Way West, Suite 208 University Place, WA 98466 \| 253-252-5454 www.BevGrantLaw.com www.SexualHarassmentLawyerWa.com 2202 84th St S, Lakewood, WA 98499 www.eFairies.com Mon-Fri 9am-5pm • Sat 10am-2pm • Closed Sundays For more info contact APCC at 253.383.3900 www.asiapacificculturalcenter.org We are also on Facebook. 8 Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 Chambers Bay Golf Course Hole-by-Hole While Robert Trent Jones II designed the fantastic course at Chambers Bay, the folks there came up with some great names to go along with each hole. Here’s their lowdown for every hole: ing and stiffening winds often add to the mystique of links golf. The name Blown Out pays tribute to the invisible hazard, as well as the style of bunkers incorporated at Chambers Bay. Hole 1 (Puget Sound) – While designed to be played as both par 4 and par 5 during the U.S. Open, the opening hole at Chambers Bay is a welcoming par 5 that provides a very manageable start to the round. Most tee shots will finish short of the crest of the hill in the fairway, leaving a partially blind second shot. Approach shots must favor the right side and can utilize the contours along that side of the fairway to find the putting surface. The first hole is named after perhaps the most important element of the site, Puget Sound. Like the North Sea at The Old Course or the Pacific Ocean at Cypress Point, Puget Sound provides a stunning backdrop to the golf and highlights the sense of place. Just hearing the name Puget Sound conjures images of beauty and grandeur. Hole 4 (Hazard’s Ascent) – The fairway on this medium-length, uphill par 5 slopes significantly from left to right. The green is reachable in two shots for long hitters, though tee shots must avoid the immense bunker on the right. The green complex, which can be accessed from a strong fairway slope left of the green, is framed by a large bunker front and right with three blowout bunkers behind. The large and heavily contoured green features a right hand hole location, bordered on three sides by sand. The name Hazard’s Ascent identifies one of the first climbers (Hazard Stevens) to successfully reach the peak of Mount Rainier in 1870. Rainier, situated in eastern Pierce County and rising to 14,411 feet, requires the same skill and thoughtfulness as the fourth at Chambers Bay. Hole 2 (Foxy) – The tee shot on this medium-length par 4 plays through the dunes to a narrowed fairway. The shortest approach is from the left side of the fairway, but that route brings a large bunker into play. Play down the right side to take advantage of an open entrance to the green, which slopes from right to left, and is bisected by a large ridge. The name Foxy pays tribute to one of the great links holes in the world, the 14th at Royal Dornoch in Scotland, which holds the same title. It also plays on the fact that Fox Island within Puget Sound provides the backdrop for the second shot. Hole 5 (Free Fall) – The elevated fifth tee offers players a panoramic view of Puget Sound and Chambers Bay. This long straightaway hole rewards a drive down the center. While the fairway is generous, massive bunker complexes protect either side. Tee shots that land left of center will chase toward the bunker and be faced with a semi blind approach. The green on this long par 4 is guarded by a deep fronting bunker. The name Free Fall is due to the dramatic elevation change from the tee to the fairway. Hole 3 (Blown Out) – The first of the short holes at Chambers Bay is a midiron for most players. The kidney-shaped green is guarded on the left by a deep bunker and a swale off the putting surface collects shots struck too long. A large kickslope on the right redirects shots toward the center of the green. Wind - The invisible hazard. Nowhere in golf is this element more important than on a links course. Not only will the wind change the way a hole plays from day to day and even hour by hour, but the swirl- Hole 6 (Deception Point) – Depending on the placement of the tee markers, the sixth hole is either a long, dogleg right or a short straightaway par 4. Regardless, favor the left side for an unobstructed view of a green perched between two bunkers. The slope from back to front encourages a low running approach. The name Deception is well-known throughout Western Washington geography. Most notorious is probably Deception Pass, where it is believed that in 1792, General Vancouver and his First Mate Whidbey were deceived into thinking a strong current during the change from high to low tide was a river and the opening to the fabled Northwest Passage. Since the designers unexpectedly found a new green site on this hole and since a golfer’s eye may be fooled by the bunker short of the green, the name fits well for Hole 6. Hole 7 (Humpback) - This long, uphill par 4 turns hard from left to right. Taking an aggressive line over the large bunker on the right invites a shorter approach to the green, but also brings trouble into play. Tee shots played safely to the left will face a blind approach over the hummocks fronting the green. The severely uphill approach plays much longer than the actual yardage. A player who is unable to reach the green can play left of the hummocks to a narrow landing area short of the green. The name Humpback is significant for three reasons; First, it identifies the two dominant outcroppings in the middle of the fairway. Second, the name describes a strong roll at the back of the green. Finally, Humpback whales have been known to visit the South Sound region from time to time. Hole 8 (High Road/Low Road) – This fairway is much wider than it appears from the tee, but does slope from left to right. A drive struck down the left side of the fairway will be redirected to the middle, offering an open view of a long and narrow green. Contours to the left and in the back of the green will move approach shots back toward the center of the green. Hole 9 (Olympus) – The teeing ground on this long par 3 is perched nearly 100 feet above the green. The oversized green slopes from left to right, providing assistance to players hoping to avoid the menacing bunker short and right of the putting surface. The contours on and around the green provide ample opportunity to get close to the hole. An alternate, lower tee has been installed to provide variety in setup for the U.S. Open. The name Olympus is appropriate since the ninth tee is the highest point on the course, and pays tribute to Mount Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 Olympus, the tallest and most prominent of the Olympic Mountains that are visible across the Puget Sound. Hole 10 (High Dunes) – This medium-length par 4 splits the two largest dunes on the golf course. The fairway narrows steadily the closer one comes to the green, making club selection off the tee crucial. A relatively flat green is nestled between the dunes and is flanked by deep bunkers front right and back left. Some of the wonderful elements of the site at Chambers Bay were the enormous stockpiles of sand left behind from the mining operations. These “leftovers” provide a unique scale and sense of place often affiliated with links golf. The designers plowed through one of the largest stockpiles in the area that occupies the tenth hole. The resulting form is a valley fairway played between two High Dunes. Hole 11 (Shadows) - This long par 4 plays straightaway, while the fairway curls in and around the dunes and waste areas. A tee shot over the central fairway dune leaves a middle-to long iron approach. The green is set into a slope from right to left and features a ridge bisecting the surface lengthwise. In the early evening, shadows can be seen dancing across the eleventh fairway. In fact, the name Shadows came about after an early evening walk-through just after grassing. The natural undulations of the fairway exploded in the rays of the falling sun. Hole 12 (The Narrows) – An uphill, drivable par 4, the 12th is the narrowest hole on course. Lay up short or challenge the blowout bunker fronting the green. A very large and undulating green set in a punchbowl requires an accurate approach or lag putt. Strong contours all around this green invite creativity and imagination into your short game. The name The Narrows quite literally refers to the tight quarters of the hole, but it also refers to the Tacoma Narrows Bridge and the Puget Sound passage just north of the hole. The Narrows Bridge is famous for having collapsed after a violent windstorm on Nov. 7, 1940 garnering the u See course / page 10 9 t Course From page 9 nickname Galloping Gertie. The Narrows passage is famous for producing strong swirling winds that will help enhance the golf experience at Chambers Bay. Hole 13 (Eagle Eye) – The placement of the tee shot is critical on this strong dogleg right par-4. Though the fairway is the widest on the course, a tee shot down the right significantly reduces the length of the approach. A central bunker requires players to carefully choose their line of attack on the approach. Shots struck off line will be rejected by the knob on the left of the green, or a slope falling away on the right. The name Eagle Eye refers to the abundance of majestic wildlife in the area. Spectacular bald eagles who typically reside on the islands were frequent onlookers during construction. As the shortest of the long holes, there is also an opportunity for golfing eagles at 13. Hole 14 (Cape Fear) – The first task on this dramatic, downhill par 4 is to decide how aggressive you wish to be off the tee. A large, deep waste area must be carried onto a fairway sloping from right to left. Mounding short and right of the putting surface will funnel shots onto a large green that tilts toward the fairway in front, but then slopes away toward a collection area beyond. The name Cape Fear plays upon the daunting tee shot the players face, as well as the “Cape” layout of the hole. A “Cape” hole is one that plays in a crescent-like shape around a hazard. The fifth at Mid-Ocean club in Bermuda and the 18th at Pebble Beach would be examples of “Cape” holes. Hole 15 (Lone Fir) – This short par 3 plays from an elevated tee and is fully exposed to the prevailing wind, making club selection critical. The welldefended green slopes from left to right. Standing watch in the distance, the Lone Fir is the only tree on the course. The name Lone Fir describes the iconic single fir tree located behind the green. The only tree on the golf course, like a lighthouse, provides a frame of reference throughout the course. The tree can be seen from numerous holes, but never is it more noticeable than at the short 15th. Hole 16 (Beached) – This medium-length par 4 curves gently around a long bunker that flanks the entire right side of the hole. Tee shots should favor the left side to account for slope toward the bunker. The tabletop green is the smallest on the course and also slopes dramatically from left to right. The enormous sandy area down the right side of the hole was the catalyst for the name Beached. Although finding a beached grey whale not far from the pier not long ago might also be a fitting explanation. Hole 17 (Derailed) – With two distinct teeing grounds, this picturesque par 3 plays into the prevailing breeze. The lower tee offers a level shot and requires a long carry over the waste bunker, while the upper tee provides a drop shot with full view of the green and its surrounds. The putting surface is split into obvious halves, allowing only accurately struck shots near the hole. The name Derailed came to life after Only 15 minutes from Chambers Bay 5928 N 26th St, Tacoma • 253.756.7072 Full Menu: Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner 6:00 a.m. till 2:00 a.m. Daily Food Specials Happy Hour from 4:00 p.m. to 7 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. till Midnight Outdoor Beer Garden Free WiFi Plenty of Big Screen TV’s and Lots of Free Parking See our Menu and Fun Stuff at www.westgatebarandgrill.com Come join us with the Island Lady for a beautiful cruise on the Puget Sound. Relax, sit back and enjoy!!! Possibilities are endless. We are located close to the Tacoma Glass Museum at Foss Harbor Marina. Contact us to schedule your cruise! Captain Gary Westby 253.592.4664 Ludie Westby 253.576.0516 PRIVATE PARTIES & EVENTS SIGHT SEEING CRUISES HALF OR FULL DAY ADVENTURES 10 [email protected] WWW.ISLANDLADYBOATCHARTERS.COM Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 some “dirt opens” or construction golf. It was at this hole that a good round was often sent awry. The presence of the active railroad, like many traditional Scottish links, along the entire right side of the hole made the fit. Hole 18 (Tahoma) – The home hole is a slightly uphill par 5, surrounded by dunes. The remnants of vast concrete sorting bins loom over the teeing grounds. After navigating a fairway dotted by bunkers and swales, built to accommodate play as a par 4 or par 5 during the U.S. Open, a large green featuring multiple levels and strong contours awaits. Imagination and a deft putting touch are required to pass the final exam in this championship test. Perhaps the most iconic natural landmark in Washington is Mount Rainier, which happens to reside in Pierce County. The Indian name is Mount Tahoma. In fact the name Tacoma is a derivative of Tahoma. Visit www.ChambersBayGolf.com for more information, tee times, packages and events. Got time to get in a round? Here are a few for you! Meadow Park Golf Course 7108 Lakewood Dr. W., Tacoma (253) 473-3033 Call for rates www.metroparkstacoma.org/MeadowPark-Golf-Course Open for business since 1915, Meadow Park’s full-championship course is fun and challenging. There are plenty of trees, undulating fairways and enough water to make you think twice about your club selections. A great way to spend a morning, afternoon or summer evening. The short “Williams 9” (also known as the Executive Nine) is a family friendly nine-hole course with five sets of tee boxes for all ages. If you’re a little pressed for time, the Williams is plenty fun and moves along quickly. In between nines or after the game, the grub at Foley’s on the Green will do you just right. Allenmore Golf Course 2013 So. Cedar St, Tacoma (253) 627-7211 Call for various rates and check out the online specials www.allenmoregolfcourse.com In the heart of Tacoma since 1931, Allenmore is a beautiful course that offers up enough of a challenge for any sort of golfer. The views of Mt. Rainier on the south end of the course are breathtaking. Even if you’re not golfing, Allenmore delivers one of Tacoma’s best restaurants in the recently-opened Smoke + Cedar. Allenmore is a Tacoma institution and favorite of many around town. Highlands Golf Course 1400 N. Highlands Pkwy., Tacoma (253) 759-3622 $12 – 9 Holes / $18 – 18 Holes $4 – Pull Cart / $6 – Club Rental www.highlandsgolf.net Accomplished players can finetune their short game, beginners aren’t intimidated, and women and seniors find the course “just-right” in length. Our “wow” factor is nine legitimate hole-in-one opportunities in a nine-hole round. One of Tacoma’s hidden gems and a delight to play. Just hard enough to make you work, and short enough to not let your score run away from you. A walk through the U.S. Open Media Day with a local duffer By Justin Gimse [email protected] The talking heads and sports scribes were in full force at a recent U.S. Open Media Day at Chambers Bay; and much of the feeling in the air was a sense of awe for the incredible golf course nestled next to the Puget Sound in University Place. With more than 200 media types at the United States Golf Association press conference, it felt a bit more like a seminar, instead of the Superbowl, but I didn’t really know what to expect. We’ve just never had anything quite like this around these parts. I showed up early to make sure I had a decent spot in what would be a packed event room at Chambers Environmental Services Building and watched as a very nervous looking man began unpacking the illustrious U.S. Open Championship Trophy. The silver beauty was set upon the stage, and as the lid was put on the top it didn’t seem to fit at first. The attendant looked worried for a second. A thrill ran up my spine. Perhaps the venerable trophy from 1947 was damaged and out of shape. This was going to be news. Alas, he was just putting it on the wrong way and the lid suddenly set correctly into place and my newsflash was dashed. Most media folk consider taking pictures with the athletes they are covering to be a bit of taboo. It’s just not professional to ask Tiger Woods a bunch of questions and then finish it up with a “how about a picture together Tiger?” This rule doesn’t hold up for pictures with the U.S. Open Championship Trophy however, as press members from all corners of the globe took turns getting a shot up on stage with the trophy. I’ll admit it. I took the first photo for a nice, little fellow from a country I couldn’t even begin to guess at. He didn’t speak a lick of English, but he was probably the happiest fellow in the room. After I took his shot, he returned the favor as I scrambled onto the stage and looked as important as possible next to the gorgeous hunk of silver. Once I was done, however, I was done. I sat back down to witness the press horde close in upon the trophy. The gentleman after me slipped up and put his hands on the trophy, and I thought the attendant was going to go into cardiac arrest. Hands were quickly off, the crowd made short work of their photo moment in time and we were ready to get a bevy of information from the head honchos of the USGA. As the press conference kicked off, Adam Barr, senior director of communications for the USGA led things off. Before anything though, he needed to inform the packed house about the location of all the fire extinguishers and exits in the area in case of fire. In the event of a heart attack, there was also a heart defibrillator on the premises. I almost let out a good laugh, twice, but the rest of the room didn’t make a peep. I thought it was lighthearted and in jest. However, in a room full of golf press, laughter was going to be at a premium. I did think about the trophy attendant for a second and how he might be candidate number one for that heart defibrillator. I’m pretty sure he had the toughest job of the day babysitting that hunk of silver. Several USGA dignitaries spoke warmly from the podium, expressing their view that this 2015 U.S. Open was going to be one of the best ever. Pierce County Executive Pat McCarthy also got up and gave a quick rundown of how the whole shebang originally got off the ground and pointed out many of the local officials who were instrumental in making it happen. McCarthy didn’t beat around the bush and bore the crowd. She’s obviously a professional and showed why she’s been a leader around these parts for quite some time now. Shortly after, the USGA’s Mike Davis got up to the podium and pretty much owned the rest of the press conference. As the executive director, Davis is obviously the USGA’s ace when it comes to answering questions and framing his responses with color, humor and a friendly manner. The guy knows what he’s talking about and was the most enjoyable part of the presser. Davis touched upon many subjects including how they expected to hear many of the U.S. Open players cry about how difficult the Chambers Bay course is. He wasn’t apologetic about it and basically said that it was a good thing. It was clear from all who spoke that Chambers Bay is unlike any golf course that has held the U.S. Open tournament in its 115 years. Let’s be clear on something. You Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 don’t have to be a golfer to know that Chambers Bay is a doozy of a golf course. Everybody has seen a course or a dozen in their lives, but once you’ve set eyes upon this course in University Place, you know there’s some crazy and special going on over there. As the U.S. Open week advances, believe me, I look forward to hearing the PGA players cry about their difficulties with this course after a couple of rounds. I want to see the best be thrown to the dogs and may the best man come out scratched up, bitten, limping and the undisputed winner. I’ve written it before. I know. I’m horrible. After the press conference, the media cluster advanced upon the lunch tent like it was Christmas morning, giddy with the prospects of a free lunch that wasn’t made up of hot dogs and potato chips. Let’s just say it was an exceptional meal and I thank the USGA and Chambers Bay for their generosity to us media hacks. We’re used to hot dogs, believe me. But enough about delicious beef tritip, clam chowder and salmon sliders; let’s talk about the golf course. The Tacoma Weekly’s esteemed photographer Rocky Ross and I loaded up into a golf cart piloted by a good friend of mine Chris Micone, who also happens to be part of the wonderful staff at Chambers Bay and is also fabulous drummer, as well as the karaoke host at the Oaktree in Lakewood. You can’t make this stuff up. Chris weaved us around and through the course, finding his select and possibly secret spots that Rocky will be dropping anchor at to shoot during U.S. Open week. No, I’m not dropping any hints. One thing is for certain, I’m glad I didn’t take my golf clubs with me and attempt to tackle 18 holes with much of the media types that did. Not having swung a golf club in over a year, the last thing on earth I needed to do was lose 34 golf balls and leave a minimum of 62 nasty divots throughout this beautiful course. I made this sacrifice for you, U.S. Open. For more information visit www. usga.org and www.usopen.com. A version of this story appeared in the May 1, 2015 edition of the Tacoma Weekly. 11 Chambers Bay: Before there was golf minister who married a cousin of Andrew Jackson and traveled to America in 1816 to serve as the overseer of Jackson’s tobacco and cotton plantation. Chambers then sought his fortune by “going West” in 1845, first stopping in Oregon’s Willamette Valley. He then went to Olympia, where his sons set up land donation claims to promote homesteading. In the fall of 1847, Chambers and his family arrived in Steilacoom, taking possession of the property surrounding Heath’s Creek, also known as Steilacoom Creek, through a donation land claim. Joseph Heath had been a Hudson’s Bay Co. farmer, and the company had an outpost in what is now DuPont, Washington. The land, after all, was part of the English empire. That fact clashed with the growing flood of American settlers coming to the area. Chambers was one of them. And he settled his land dispute with the British authorities in a very American way – with a gun. HBC officials had sent a letter to him warning of the dire consequences if he did not vacate the land. After Chambers ignored their threats, officials of the company paid a visit to his Chambers Bay home. Chambers “argued his point” by resting the barrel of his rifle on his fence while the Brits stated their case from the other side of his property. That made it quite clear he was going to stay. The Hudson’s Bay Company never bothered him again. In 1848, Chambers was appointed Justice of the Peace and County Commissioner of Lewis County, an office he held until the division of the Oregon Territory into the Oregon and Washington Territories. Then, in 1850, Chambers began to build his business empire By Steve Dunkelberger [email protected] Chambers Bay has seen more than its share of swings and drivers – but of the historical sort. Here is its story, from the beginning to now: There was no Puget Sound until 13,000 years ago, some 5,000 years after the first Native Americans called the area home. In fact, Native Americans have lived along the Puget Sound longer than the water has. So it only seems fitting that there are Native stories about how the hillside of Chambers Bay was the place they gathered when a great flood came. In any event, during the last Ice Age, Native Americans lived in the area when a massive ice dam that spanned what is now the Strait of Juan de Fuca suddenly broke loose, allowing millions and millions of gallons of seawater to rush into what is now Puget Sound. The valley between the Olympics and the Cascades flooded, which explains why backyard gardens today have bowling ball sized rocks just below the topsoil. When the ice finally retreated to the north, it left behind deeply gouged channels, northand-south oriented passages and bays. Puget Sound was born. Native American tribes, namely the Puyallup, Nisqually and Steilacoom, established villages on what is now the Chambers Bay Golf Course because it was centrally located along trade routes as well as close to the salmon-bearing Chambers Creek. Many decades later, the area got its name from Thomas McCutcheon Chambers. He was an Irish-born Presbyterian Voted Best Brunch in KING5 2014 Best of Western Washington Featured on “Diners, Drive-ins AND Dives!” 21+ Breakfast Served Fri-Sun at 8 a.m. Moonshine Bar & Eatery! LUNCH Served Mon-Fri 12 p.m.-4 p.m. Sat-Sun 2 p.m.-4 p.m. Dinner 4 p.m.-10 p.m. View our menu at www.dirtyoscarsannex.com 253-572-0588 2309 6th Avenue, Tacoma Food & Drinks served until 2am nightly! by opening the first three-story gristmill at Chambers Creek. A sawmill followed two years later. Besides Chambers’ business ambitions, his political career also expanded. In l854, when Pierce County was formed, he was appointed commissioner. Chambers became Judge Chambers by his election as Probate Judge. A news article that appeared in The Puget Sound Courier on Sept. 21, 1855, described a new flouring mill as “a highly necessary and important work, not only to the people of Pierce County but to those living in every county north of us and one that the wants of the community imperatively demanded has just been completed and is now in successful operation.” Everything Chambers did was seen as being of the best quality, including his The honorable Thomas Chambers was noted as being an attire. He was always well dressed. One honest man who was always well dressed. story has it that a Steilacoom resident was greeting his brother as he arrived at the docks. The brother was wearing a top hat. The Steilacoom brother quickly knocked it off his head and kicked it on the ground, saying that no one wore a top hat other than “Honorable Judge Chambers.” But Chambers’ reign would end. On Dec. 28, 1876, Judge Thomas M. Chambers died of old age and Gravel mining of what is now Chambers Bay. general debility. He for more than a century, even as owners was 81. He was buried with full fraternal changed. Lone Star Northwest operated honors at the nearby Masonic Cemetery. the site until 2003. His obituary, which appeared in the DaiPierce County, which had a wastely Pacific Tribune stated: “In every sense water treatment plant nearby, took over of the word, Judge Chambers was a piothe 650-acre property. It bought the site neer, an old settler, and a useful citizen, in the early 1990s, but allowed mining and of his kind it would be well for the for another decade. Pierce County’s tocountry were there more.” tal holdings top 950 acres that is home The Chambers Bay land was put to to the Irish-inspired 18-hole links golf use to build military forts along the West course, a wastewater treatment facility, Coast when the federal government sesports fields, a labyrinth and an environlected Pacific Bridge Co. in the 1890s mental services building. to construct Fort Casey, Fort Warden And now the land is home to the 2015 and Fort Flagler. Pacific Bridge operated U.S. Open, just another footnote to the a gravel mine at Chambers Bay for the land’s already storied history. projects. Gravel mining continued there Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 Hungry? Tacoma has an app(etizer) for that U.S. Open visitors looking to take in some casual Northwest dining while here have a wide choice of restaurants to choose from. Whether you’re looking for fresh seafood or international tastes, or perhaps a burger or pizza, Tacoma’s got you covered. Here is a sample plate of some City of Destiny delights you’re sure to enjoy. B Sharp Coffee House 706 Opera Alley B Sharp Coffee House, located at 706 Opera Alley, is a coffee house with an emphasis on performance. With a 1,900-square-foot building and a capacity of 94 people, B Sharp Coffee is definitely big enough to host some of Tacoma’s hottest young acts, but also intimate enough to create a charming connection between audience and performers. B Sharp regularly offers spoken word, poetry slams and open mic nights, ensuring that there is always something going on, and enhances the experience with “slow coffee,” defined as a “sit down, stay awhile” type of brew, making sure patrons savor the taste while checking out the act for the night. B Sharp has quickly made its mark in Tacoma, winning “Best Coffee Spot” from the Tacoma Weekly just five months after opening. Should hunger get in the way of enjoying the scene, B Sharp has you covered. Pizza isn’t traditionally thought of as a coffee shop staple, but B Sharp offers both seven-inch and 12- inch flatbread pizzas for $5.99 and $8.50 respectively. B Sharp Coffee House is open from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Monday through Thursday, 8 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. on Friday, 10 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. on Saturday and 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Sunday. Be sure to check out the venue’s next performance, singer Eugenie Jones, on July 12 at 8.p.m. For more information visit www.bsharpcoffeehouse.com or call (253) 292-9969. C.I. Shenanigans 3017 Ruston Way Those looking for the best view in Tacoma will be hard pressed to find a better site than C.I. Shenanigans, a staple of the Tacoma scene for over 30 years right above the Tacoma waterfront. Along with the view, great food is presented at the restaurant in the form of seafood, steak and a smattering of other breakfast, lunch and dinner options. One of these spectacular meals is the Pan Fried Pacific Oysters that come with slaw, spicy cocktail and fresh cut fries for $13.95. Shenanigans’ dinner menu includes a steak and seafood combination – an 8 oz. center-cut top sirloin paired with your choice of Coho salmon fillet for $31.95, coconut prawns for $33.95, half-pound; chilled Dungeness crab legs for $44.95; or Shenanigans’ prawns for $31.95. For those wanting just the seafood portion of the menu, dinner also includes smoked salmon stuffed ravioli with light lemon cream and Parmesan for $19.95. Shenanigans offers a Sunday brunch menu voted one of Washington’s 10 best brunches by Open Table Diners. Though the selection varies seasonally, there is always an oyster bar, offering the best seafood C.I. Shenanigans has to offer. C.I. Shenanigans is open for lunch Monday through Saturday 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., dinner Monday through Thursday from 3 p.m. to 10 p.m. and Friday and Saturday from 3 p.m. to 11 p.m. The Sunday brunch takes place from 9:30 a.m. to 1:45 p.m. Call (253) 752-8811 or visit www.cishenanigans.com. Herfy’s Burgers 823 Pacific Ave. For the past 35 years, Herfy’s Burgers has been an institution around Western Washington, offering delicious burgers with so many toppings you’ll feel like you’re putting an entire farm into your mouth. Herfy’s has a variety of traditional burgers as well as seafood. The classic fish and chips basket includes fish sticks and fries for $8.99. For just a taste of the famous Herfy’s burger, you can get a basic cheeseburger for $4.59, or a bacon burger for $5.89. Any burger can be made into a double patty for $2 more. Be sure to add an order of fries to your meal from $2.49 for a small basket or $3.89 for a large basket, and if you’re feeling adventurous try a small basket of curly fries for $3.69 or a large basket for $4.29. Herfy’s Burgers is open from 10:30 a.m. to 10 p.m. every day. fordable Asian food in an impressive environment need look no further than the Imperial Dragon. The Imperial Dragon has been in the Tacoma area for over 20 years and offers traditional Asian fare (Chinese, Vietnamese and more) in a friendly and spacious atmosphere, with owners who work hard to make customers feel at home. All orders are cooked to order, ensuring meals are as fresh as possible for the customer. The Imperial Dragon prides itself on its traditional chow mein with crispy noodles, something that is becoming increasingly rare at Chinese restaurants. Fresh spring rolls, potstickers, honey walnut prawns, seafood wonton soup and dinner combos are just some of what’s on the big menu. The Imperial Dragon is open from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. seven days a week. For more information or to set up reservations, call (253) 565-5477. Joeseppi’s Italian Ristorante 2207 North Pearl St. While the U.S Open may not be the most romantic of events, there is always ”Best of Western Washington 2014” winner Joeseppi’s Italian Ristorante. Joeseppi’s earned its “best of” accolade through a commitment to top quality service with top quality food that has been a staple of the Tacoma area since 2005. Joeseppi’s is known for its various weekly specials including Military Appreciation Sundays, which means 15 percent off meals with your military ID, and happy hour prices in the lounge all day. Tuesday features all-you-can-eat spaghetti, with marinara or meat sauce for $8, and Wednesday features all bottled wine half off. Thursday is Prime Rib Night, featuring the dish for low prices. Joeseppi’s is open Monday through Thursday 11:30 a.m to 9 p.m, Friday and Saturday 11:30 a.m to 10 p.m and Sunday for Dinner from noon to 8 p.m. For more information visit www.joeseppis. com or call (253) 761-5555. Imperial Dragon Washington visitors looking for af- Maxwell’s 454 St. Helens Ave. While downtown Tacoma is home to many great restaurants, few combine an intimate and casual atmosphere the way Maxwell’s does. Whether you are dressing up for a night on the town or just going out for a casual dinner, any attire is appropriate to enjoy Maxwell’s food. The restaurant offers a wide array of starters, including seared scallops for $17, chipotle hummus for $8 or chive and goat cheese tart for $10. Main course entrees include grilled filet mignon for $34, seared salmon for $26 and carbonara with fresh vermicelli pasta for $17, among many others. Maxwell’s is open Monday through Thursday from 4 p.m. to 10 p.m., Friday from 4 p.m. to 12 a.m. and Saturday from 5 p.m. to 12 a.m. Wednesdays are Wine Wednesdays with bottles under $65 half off, also stop by for happy hour Friday and Saturday after 9 p.m. and all day on Monday. For more information, call (253) 683-4115 or visit www.maxwells-tacoma.com. My Greek 2303 N. Pearl St. Johnny’s Dock 1900 E. D St. 6805 6th Ave. and a rich history. This combination has made Johnny’s a favorite in the Tacoma area such that the restaurant is celebrating its 60th anniversary this year. Johnny’s is renowned for its fresh seafood straight out of Puget Sound waters and steaks made tender through the chef’s magic touch. Johnny’s famous Grilled Pacific Razor Clams have been around ever since the restaurant had its grand opening, and today they pop up as a Tuesday special served with French fries and coleslaw for $18.95. Johnny’s Famous Dockburger will run you just $12.95, served with a green salad, with many other menu choices to satisfy any craving. For more information on Johnny’s Dock, including lunch and dinner hours, call (253) 6273186 or visit www.johnnysdock.com. Johnny’s Dock opened in 1964 and has stayed relevant in a competitive market through customer loyalty, good food Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 Finding a restaurant to take a large group to can be rough. Not everyone is going to agree on a thematic venue. Luckily, Nader Morco’s restaurant My u See Restaurants / page 14 13 t Restaurants From page 13 Greek offers a swath of Greek, Italian and American food sure to please anybody. The combination allows a wide variety of options for anyone to enjoy. The Greek pillar is held up by Classic Souvlaki, with your choice of chicken, beef or lamb, marinated, grilled and served with tzatziki; one skewer for $9.95 and two for $11.95. My Greek also offers gyros, a mix of lamb and beef roasted and thinly sliced, for $8.95. The American menu is highlighted by the Angus burger, an eight ounce patty grilled with American and Swiss cheese for $7.45. The beer-battered fish and chips is line-caught Alaskan cod in a crispy beer batter hand-dipped to order. Served with French fries, tartar sauce and fresh lemon for $9.95. The Italian pillar is held up by various pastas including Fettuccine Alfredo made with cream, garlic butter and Parmesan cheese for $9.95. The Italian pillar also houses the classic Chicken Parmesan, smothered in marinara, mozzarella and Parmesan cheese served over penne marinara for $11.95. My Greek offers a variety of pizzas, a small 10-inch for $8.95, 12-inch for $10.45 and 14-inch for $11.95, with your choice of traditional red, Alfredo or creamy pesto sauce. The My Greek location on Pearl Street is open from 11 a.m. 9 p.m. Sunday-Thursday and 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. Friday and Saturday. The restaurant can be reached at (253) 752-2700. Pomodoro 3819 N. 26th St In 2014, Pomodoro was voted “Best Italian” by readers of the Tacoma Weekly, and for good reason. Pomodoro backs up its fine Italian cuisine with a comforting atmosphere and a friendly serving staff. Its large array of Italian options is sure to please anyone – classics like Pomodoro’s to-die-for chicken linguine that combines chicken breast, broccoli and gorgonzola cheese in a garlic cream sauce topped with roasted almonds. Or try the spaghetti with the option of rich meat sauce or zesty marinara. Pomodoro offers its own brand of desserts, including Jack Daniels Bread Pudding: homemade bread pudding served warm with vanilla ice cream and 14 caramel sauce. Other sweets include lemon meringue pie ice cream and Tiramisu. Pomodoro packages these meals into a friendly, inviting atmosphere that includes a bar and sidewalk seating. The restaurant is open daily, Monday through Thursday from 11 a.m. to 9 p.m., Friday and Saturday 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. and only offers their dinner menu on Sunday from noon to 8. Visit www. pomodorproctor.com and for reservations, call (253) 752-1111. Puget Sound Pizza your size, ranging from 4 ounce to 24 ounce cups for $1.25 to $7.25, adding $1 for toppings. Froyo is not the only dessert The Melon Seed offers, with fresh cheesecake being served for $2.55. The Melon Seed has been recognized for their success, landing in the top 20 in KING 5 television’s “Best of Western Washington” for best sandwich shop, thanks the deli’s delectable creations that will fill your stomach up completely on their own. The Melon Seed Deli is open from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. seven days a week. Need it delivered? Call (253) 279-0029. 317 S. 7th St. A casual pizzeria also serving breakfast, sandwiches and craft beer in convivial digs with karaoke, Tacoma Weekly readers voted the Puget Sound Pizza “Best Pizza” in 2014. Whether you’re looking for drinks and appetizers (like garlic bread and hot wings), pizza, pasta, sandwiches or salads, you’ll find all that and more. Those hankerin’ for pizza can order special pies or create their own. The “Hipster” is a PSP classic, with grilled chicken, artichoke hearts, feta, minced garlic and sundried tomatoes for $22.75. Or try the “St. Helens” with pepperoni, Italian sausage, black olives and jalapenos. The build-your-own-pie option comes with a wide selection of cheeses, meats and veggies and there’s even a gluten free crust offered. Pasta, anyone? For just $10 there’s mac & cheese, marinara and meatballs or alfredo. Sandwiches run the gamut and all $10 or under – from the BLT and reuben to the turkey pesto melt and meatball. Puget Sound Pizza features a full bar and wide range of spirits – try their signature bloody mary and you’ll be back for more. PSP is open Sunday and Monday from 11 a.m. to 9 p.m., Tuesday through Saturday 11 a.m. to 2 a.m. Call (253) 383-4777 or visit www.psptacoma.com. The Melon Seed Deli 3807 S. Center St. If you’re looking for a delectable dessert after a day of watching the U.S Open, frozen yogurt is becoming an increasingly popular option. The Melon Seed Deli has exactly what you’re looking for along with some of the best handmade sandwiches your money can buy. The frozen yogurt is not weighed to calculate the price; instead, you pick The Office Bar & Grill 813 Pacific Ave. If you haven’t had your fill of sports yet, look no further than Tacoma’s own The Office Bar and Grill, a fun, casual sports bar in the city. Over the past four years, the bar has been able to build a loyal base of Seahawks and Sounders fans, with a little help from seven high-definition televisions. The Office offers a wide variety of food including pizza, sandwiches, housemade soups, burgers, tacos, steaks and desserts. Stopping by from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. will net you the lunch time menu, with 11 different items for $7 apiece, including the Portobello Mushroom Burger (charbroiled Portobello mushroom, roasted red peppers, provolone cheese, arcadian blend of lettuce and pesto mayo on a telera roll: the Roast Beef Dip (thinly sliced roast beef on a telera roll topped with provolone, creamy horseradish mayo and au jus for dipping); the Cobb Salad (chef’s blend of greens with bleu cheese crumbles, tomato, avocado, bacon, diced egg with house bleu cheese dressing and a side of warm garlic bread); and the Turkey Pesto Sandwich (sliced turkey breast on a telera roll topped with provolone, creamy pesto, arcadian greens, red onion and tomato). The Office’s happy hour runs from 3-6 p.m. and 9 p.m. to midnight Monday-Friday, 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. to midnight on Saturday and all day on Sunday. During this time, you can score $3.50 well pours, $1 off house drafts and $1 off wine. The Office is open from 11 a.m. to 2 a.m. Call (253) 572-3222 or visit www.TheOfficeOnPacific.com The Spar 2121 N. 30th St. In Old Town Tacoma, The Spar is Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 nearly synonymous with the City of Destiny. While The Spar has upgraded its menu over the past century, their famous chicken and jojos has always been a mainstay of the location, inspiring people to check out the great food for a low price. The Spar’s most famous meal can now be purchased for $10.95 and features half a southern-breaded chicken. Also on the menu: appetizers like fried zucchini chips, hummus and pita and calamari; salads (try the Mediterranean with Greek ingredients and hummus); burgers you can customize to your liking; classics and deli sandwiches like grilled ham and cheese, patty melt and veggie pita sandwich; and mouth-watering seafood including beer-battered Alaskan cod and prawns and steamer clams. And oh so much more – espresso drinks, fresh desserts… The Spar is open Monday through Thursday 11 a.m. to midnight, Friday from 11 a.m. to 2 a.m., Saturday from 9 a.m. to 2 a.m. and Sunday from 9 a.m. to midnight. For more information, call (253) 627-8215 or visit www.the-spar. com. True North Coffee House 1127 Broadway With the northwest being the coffee capital of the U.S, visitors are sure to want a taste of local coffee, and they have to look no further than True North Coffee House. Owner Graham Babbit buys whatever he can through local sources and he takes great pride in his coffee creations, perfecting a formula with a coffee maker that gives him an edge over other shops. “It’s the art of coffee – that’s what we want and they all taste distinctly different. Coffee should be delicate; it shouldn’t be bitter it should be sweet,” Babbit says. Edibles are to die for: fine French pastries made with organic Northwest ingredients; nut-free croissants; local, all natural bagels; gluten-free items, innovative artisan oatmeal cups, sandwiches, wraps and tasty soups. True North Coffee House is open Monday-Friday from 6:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. and Saturday from 7 a.m. to 2 p.m. For more information, call (253) 3537322 or visit www.TrueNorthCoffeeHouse.com. 2723 N. Pearl St., Tacoma 253.752.7675 www.flyingfishtacoma.com PARTY PLATES AVAILABLE $FMFCSBUJOHZFBSTPGTFSWJOHUIF4PVUI4PVOEGSPN JUTQSPNJOFOUQFSDIJO/PSUIFBTU5BDPNB UIF$MJGG )PVTFXFMDPNFTU.S. Open fans UPKPJOVTGPSUIFNPTU CSFBUIUBLJOHWJFXTBOEUIFCFTUTUFBLBOETFBGPPE PGGFSJOHTJOUIFBSFB0WFSMPPLJOH$PNNFODFNFOU #BZ UIFEPXOUPXO5BDPNBTLZMJOFBOE.U3BJOJFS XF QSPVEMZPGGFSPOMZ64%"1SJNFTUFBLTBOEUIFGSFTIFTU /PSUIXFTUTFBGPPE+PJOVTGPSBOFMFHBOUDVMJOBSZ FYQFSJFODFJOPVSEJOJOHSPPNPSDIFDLPVUFBSMZBOE MBUFIBQQZIPVSToQMVTGVMMEJOOFSTFSWJDFoJOPVSNPSF DBTVBM$MJGGIBOHFS.BSUJOJ-PVOHF XIJDIBMTPGFBUVSFT MJWFNVTJDPOTFMFDUFWFOJOHT MONDAY-THURSDAY LunchBNQN DinnerQNQN FRIDAY & SATURDAY LunchBNQN DinnerQNQN SUNDAY LunchBNQN DinnerQNQN MARTINI LOUNGE Monday-Sunday 0QFOBUQN t.BSJOF7JFX%S 5BDPNB8" www.cliffhousetacoma.com Bogey on down for some tasty beers that are sure to keep you below par! Craft beer bottle shop Growler fills to go outdoor patio family friendly tap room 5602 S Lawrence St Tacoma, WA 98409 (253) 301-3593 OPEN 7 days/week 11 a.m. - 11 p.m. Beach Tavern 8612 Sixth Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98465 cL@=:=9;@L9N=JF ;GE Pierce County Community Newspaper Group â€¢ www.tacomaweekly.com â€¢ (253) 922-5317 15 HUGO BOSS FASHIONS INC. Phone +1 800 484 6267 www.hugoboss.com THE WHOLE WORLD SHOULD SEE Gold Creek Unparalled beauty above the shores of the Tacoma Narrows, GOLD CREEK is the perfect example of â€œNorthwest Condominiumâ€? living! One visit and youâ€™ll never forget the expanse of nature at itâ€™s finest...spectacular water, mountain and territorial views that stretch as far as the eye can see!! Meet U.S. Open defending champion MARTIN KAYMER at Nordstrom Tacoma Mall on Monday, June 15, from 4:30-6:30 p.m. Receive an exclusive autographed BOSS Green hat with a BOSS Green purchase of $150 or more.* One per customer, while supply lasts. Security is paramount at GOLD CREEK; uniformed security guards register all visitors and your privacy is guaranteed. A swift elevator will deliver you to the 4th floor where you will find #415, a 2 bdrm/1.75 bath condo for $397,500; or gardens and views can be enjoyed from #101 with 3 bdrm/2 baths and all the privacy of a traditional home...priced at $549,000. Your private garage with storage loft provides the space for treasured possessions you can keep nearby. The Fitness Center with saunas, clubhouse, pool & hottub will be enjoyed all year long. Experience this glorious neighborhood for yourself! Call CHERYL RUSSELL 253-227-7131 or LUKE DANIEL 253-273-8807 for your personal showing of GOLD CREEK and/or other fine condominiums. ALSO NEW ON THE MARKET 2818 105TH AVE E, EDGEWOOD â€˘ 2.25 ACRES 1512 90TH ST E, TACOMA â€˘ 1.25 ACRES $359,950 1 MILE FROM CHAMBERS BAY! 6(2/6<:, , (#Y# 9!(, E LA# /$ ' 6(2)9662 =%$-#% , GOLF: 253-584-8770 \| RESTAURANT & BAR: 253-584-8888 RMG Club at Oakbrook: 8102 Zircon Dr. SW, Lakewood, WA 98498 - www.rmgclub.com 16 Pierce County Community Newspaper Group â€˘ www.tacomaweekly.com â€˘ (253) 922-5317 PUYALLUP For location, see map on page 59. BUY A LARGE “CREATE YOUR OWN ICE CREAM” AND GET A SMALL CYO FOR 99¢! 4102 S. Meridian, Ste E1 Puyallup, WA 98373 (253) 219-1128 9441 192nd Ave E Bonney Lake, WA 98391 (253) 219-2218 For more info, email [email protected] My Cheese Shoppe 202 S. Meridian Puyallup 98371 (253) 841-2011 Show your u.s. open pass for 10% off your check! open 11 a.m. to close daily 454 east main, puyallup, wa 98372 (253) 845-1370 presents Meeker Days Festival Pierce County’s largest street fair celebrating the 125th anniversary of the City of Puyallup! June 19-21, 2015 Friday noon-9 p.m. \| Saturday 10 a.m.-9 p.m. \| Sunday 10 a.m.-5 p.m. • Free live music on three stages • 50 food trucks and vendors • Wine and beer gardens • Hundreds of booths with artists and craftspeople • Puyallup Farmers Market on Saturday & Sunday • Classic car shows, a travelling farm, and more! • Rides and educational exhibits for the kids Entertainment line-ups and more info at puyallupmainstreet.com Tee off at an award-winning Bermuda golf course. Tee off at an award-winning Bermuda golf course. Enjoy an award-winning cruise from $599pp Enjoy an award-winning cruise from $599 pp Golf at Bermuda’s picturesque green cascading courses overlooking turquoise blue waters Golf at Bermuda’s greenofcascading courses overlooking waters noted by Golfpicturesque Digest as some the best in the world. Relax onturquoise a 7-Nightblue cruise noted by Golf as someMSC of the best at in our the world. Relax a 7-Night cruise onDigest the stunning Divina amazingly lowonprice! on the stunning MSC Divina at our amazingly low price! Two great cruise dates: 4/9/2016 Bermuda from only $599pp & 6/4/2016 Eastern Caribbean from only $479pp Two great cruise dates: 4/9/2016 Bermuda only $599pp & 6/4/2016 Eastern Caribbean from only $479pp Call Michelle book:235-576-8965 (253) 576-8965 Call nowfrom toto book! Call now to book! 235-576-8965 Learncationtravel.com Learncationtravel.com Package rates are USD, per person, double occupancy for new retail bookings for U.S. and Canadian residents. Rate listed is for inside stateroom I1 Bella category on Apr. 9 & June 4, 2016 MSC Divina. Other sailings and stateroom type rates are higher. Government fees and taxes (GFT) for all sailing guests are an additional $104.01 to $123.33 per person. Offer cannot be combined with any other discount or promotion and may be withdrawn without notice. Offer is capacity controlled, subject to availability and restrictions apply. Package rates are USD, per person, double occupancy for surcharge new retail without bookingsnotice for U.S. Canadian residents. listedthe is for inside stateroom I1 Bella on Apr.that 9 & are Juneerroneously 4, 2016 MSCprinted Divina.or Other sailings and stateroom type rates are higher. Government MSC Cruises reserves the right to pass on any fuel toand all guests. MSC CruisesRate reserves right to refuse to honor anycategory prices/sailings quoted. Ship’s registry: Panama. fees and taxes (GFT) for all sailing guests are an additional $104.01 to $123.33 per person. Offer cannot be combined with any other discount or promotion and may be withdrawn without notice. Offer is capacity controlled, subject to availability and restrictions apply. MSC Cruises reserves the right to pass on any fuel surcharge without notice to all guests. MSC Cruises reserves the right to refuse to honor any prices/sailings that are erroneously printed or quoted. Ship’s registry: Panama. PROCTOR DISTRICT For location, see map on page 59. It All Happens Here! Proctorâ€™s businesses stand out! The district is home to many of the cityâ€™s favorite businesses. www.proctorbusinessdistrict.com 2609 N. Proctor St., Tacoma (253) 761-8888 [email protected] Hair Care for Men & Women EN S P O DAY 7 Your Friendly Neighborhood Bowling Alley! Family Owned and Operated WE FEATURE THE LARGEST SELECTION OF â€œMADE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWESTâ€? MERCHANDISE IN THE REGION We ship for you! Complimentary Gift Wrap .0ROCTORs)N4ACOMAS(ISTORIC0ROCTOR$ISTRICT WWWPACIFICNORTHWESTSHOPCOM EN S P O DAY 7 Great gifts for Every Occasion! GIFT CARDS AVAILABLE! 3806 N. 26th St., Tacoma www.chaletbowl.com 2 5 3 . 7 5 2 . 52 00 Fiestaware Polish Pottery Skin Care Products Jewelry Nufoot Inspiration Coins Solmate Socks Root Candles .0ROCTORs 2614 North Proctor St., Tacoma, WA 98407 â€˘ (253) 761.5531 745 $-&"3 $)0$& .&/46401&/$)".10/4)1]+6/& (0'035)&(3&&/ 4)04.&345465&#]5"$0." 8" 888'/%$-&"3$)0$&$0. 5)4130%6$5)"4/509$"5/(&''&$54"/%.":#&)"#5'03./(."3+6"/"$"/.1"3$0/$&/53"50/ $003%/"50/ "/% +6%(.&/5%0/0501&3"5&"7&)$-&03."$)/&3:6/%&35)&/'-6&/$&0'5)4%36(5)&3&.":#&)&"-5)34,4"440$"5&%85) $0/46.150/0'5)4130%6$5'0364&0/-:#:"%6-54"/%0-%&3,&&10650'5)&3&"$)0'$)-%3&/ SALE M O els WRO SHO 014 Mod RY on 2 CCESSO se A a FREE ny Purch a with our 2015 of els Mod www.bigmaxusa.com Visit our US Headquarters and Showroom only minutes away from Chambers Bay: Big Max USA Inc. 7431 S. Madison St Tacoma, WA 98409 888-510-0560 [email protected] . $ #$1 1 + "& '/ INSIDE WITHHERE GLACIER$X,XXX BAY XX-DAY PASSAGE VOYAGE NAME "!* $% $" $X,XXX $X,XXX XXXXXXX PrincessÂŽ \| XXXXXXX XXXXXXX SATURDAY, JUNEto25, 2016 $X,XXX XX-DAY VOYAGE NAME HERE $X,XXX SHIPS: Crown Princess XXXXXXX PrincessÂŽ \| XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX PORTS: Seattle, Washington \| Juneau, Alaska \| Skagway, Alaska \| Glacier$X,XXX Bay National XX-DAY VOYAGE NAME HERE $X,XXX Park, Alaska (Scenic Cruising) \| Ketchikan, Alaska \| Victoria, British Columbia \| XXXXXXX PrincessÂŽ \| XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX Seattle, Washington $X,XXX XX-DAY VOYAGE NAME HERE $X,XXX INTERIOR STATEROOM STARTING FROM: $1,099.00* USD per person XXXXXXX PrincessÂŽ \| XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX $X,XXX XX-DAY VOYAGE NAME HERE GUESTS 3 & 4 - SAME STATEROOM: $549.00* $X,XXX TAXES, FEES & PORT XXXXXXX EXPENSES PrincessÂŽ ADDITIONAL: $219.00* \| XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX $X,XXX 7 Days PrincessÂŽ Roundtrip\| XXXXXXX from Seattle, Washington !&$ "$ XXXXXXX to XXXXXXX "!* XX-DAY VOYAGE NAME HERE Taxes, Fees & Port Expenses of up to $XXXare additional and subject to change Taxes, Fees & Port Expenses of up to $XXXare additional and subject to change Taxes, Fees & Port Expenses of up to $XXXare additional and subject to change Taxes, Fees & Port Expenses of up to $XXXare additional and subject to change Taxes, Fees & Port Expenses of up to $XXXare additional and subject to change Taxes, Fees & Port Expenses of up to $XXXare additional and subject to change $% $" $% $" TWO beautiful NEW communities in Lacey NEW homes starting in the mid $200s at Puget Meadows NEW homes starting in the high $200s Offering 3 and 4 bedroom homes with lofts, dens, bonus rooms and attic suite options. Both communities are a commuterâ€™s dream located only a few minutes from I-5 and close to Olympia and JBLM. Located just a few miles north of Olympia,The Golf Club at Hawks Prairie offers two of the most unique golf courses in the Pacific Northwest. Outstanding course conditions at both courses, The Links and The Woodlands, and exceptionally friendly golf team members make it one of the best values for golf in the greater Seattle area. BROOKFIELD MEADOWS IN PUYALLUP PICKERING ESTATES IN ISSQUAH CEDARBROOK IN KIRKLAND LAKECREST IN BELLEVUE CANYON TERRACE IN RENTON WOODRIDGE IN WOODINVILLE Visit us at summithomeswa.com Call Kristine for details and pricing 360-480-2121 www.summithomeswa.com for details and driving directions rainier ON PINE MAKE US A POINT OF DESTINATION DURING THE U.S. OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP! 21+ RECREATIONAL CANNABIS Ĺż 50+ Dry Flower Strains Ĺż Blown Glass Pipes Ĺż Snacks Ĺż Pre-rolled Joints Ĺż Topicals FYQFSJFODFSBJOJFSDPNĹżĹż41JOF 5BDPNB WARNING: This product has intoxicating effects and may be habit forming. Marijuana can impair concentration, coordination and judgment. Do not operate a vehicle or machinery under the influence of this drug. There may be health risks associated with consumption of this product. For use only by adults 21 and older. Keep out of reach of children. DOWNTOWN TACOMA For location, see map on page 59. restaurant & speakeasy Under New Ownership! Come in and say Hi to the Tarantinos... We would love to meet you! Come try Chef Hudsonâ€™s seasonally inspired, locally sourced menu and our amazing Mixologist Jackie Casellaâ€™s original spins on trends in Craft Cocktails. If you are in the need of a private location, we have our speakeasy rooms above the restaurant through a secret door awaiting your next affair. 454 St. Helens Ave â€˘ 253.683.4115 www.maxwells-tacoma.com Pierce Transit offers 38 routes to get you where $50.00 PURCHASE OR MORE you need to go. Adult fares are $2 a ride, or $5 for an All Day Pass, good on all Pierce Transit routes. Children 5 and younger ride free with a Monday-Saturday 10 am - 6 pm fare-paying passenger. Headed to Seattle? Visit piercetransit.org to plan your trip. Itâ€™s easy to plan trips in Pierce, Located inside Hotel Murano Gig Harbor PT Trolley, Route 101 King, and Snohomish counties, with our Trip Planner and interactive maps. Or, call Customer Service at 253.581.8000, Option 1, Mon-Fri 1320 Broadway Plaza, Tacoma 6:30am to 6:30pm. Weâ€™re here to help! FREE PARKING MARTINA MCBRIDE 1-888-831-7655 • www.emeraldqueen.com • OPEN 24 HOURS EQC I-5: 2024 E 29th St, Tacoma, WA 98404 • EQC Hotel in Fife: 5700 Pacific Hwy E, Fife, WA 98424 EQC I-5 IN TACOMA GAMING EQC I-5 has all of your favorite slots â€“ over 1,600 of the newest, hottest games as well as your classic favorites! If youâ€™re into tables, our 56 popular Vegas-style games are just for you. Our Non-Smoking section has a wide variety of games to play, too! ENTERTAINMENT DINING The EQC I-5 Showroom hosts legends like Tim Allen, Whitesnake, Willie Nelson and more! Check out our famous Battle at the Boat professional boxing series or CageSport MMA mixed martial arts. Plus, the Bridge Nightclub hosts your favorite local bands every Friday and Saturday night. Always a great time, never a cover charge! Check out the International Restaurant, featuring popular American and Chinese cuisines and daily specials. The International Buffet features a smorgasbord of delicious global fare. Want something quick? Emerald Queen Casino I-5 has two delis with enough variety to satisfy any craving! Management reserves the right to change any event or promotion. Must be 21 or older to enter the casino. Tickets available at the EQC Box Offices or through Ticketmaster. EQC is not responsible for third party ticket sales or purchases. EQC HOTEL IN FIFE BALLROOM & CONFERENCE CENTER The Ballroom & Conference Center is the picture-perfect venue to host your special engagement. The Center specializes in creating memorable events with accomodations as quaint as 20 people and as great as 1,000. GAMING HOTEL DINING If your true love is machine gaming, the Emerald Queen Hotel & Casino has more than 2,000 of the newest games in town including Progressive Jackpot machines! Our beautiful non-smoking section offers a vast array of choices as well. The award-winning Tatoosh Grill showcases the worldâ€™s finest natural Angus beef, wild seafood and authentic Chinese fare. With choices like Prime rib, sushi and cook-to-order pasta, everyone in the family will find their favorites at the Pacific Rim Buffet. Paradise Deli offers all of the old-fashioned favorites, espresso and wonderful sweets. The exceptional guest rooms are adorned with an inviting balance of classic and contemporary furnishings. Spacious suites come complete with luxuriously comfortable beds, sleeper sofas, and separate gathering areas. Itâ€™s easy to check in with our special concert rate! We even provide complimentary shuttle service between our two locations. Management reserves the right to change any event or promotion. Must be 21 or older to enter the casino. Tickets available at the EQC Box Offices or through Ticketmaster. EQC is not responsible for third party ticket sales or purchases. ENTERTAINMENT AT EQC I-5 UNDER THE SUN TOUR JULY 25 MARTINA MCBRIDE AUGUST 1 BATTLE AT THE BOAT 102 AUGUST 15 SINBAD SEPTEMBER 25 ARTHUR - $300,457 on Emperorâ€™s Challenge Pai Gow Poker Won with a royal flush without joker! MORE WINNERS, MORE OFTEN! %1#) %TH3Ts4ACOMA 7! %1#(OTELIN&IFE0ACIlC(WY%s&IFE 7! sEMERALDQUEENCOM Management reserves the right to change any event or promotion. Must be 21 or older to enter the casino. Tickets available at the EQC Box Offices or through Ticketmaster. EQC is not responsible for third party ticket sales or purchases. HAVE A BALL AFTER THE TOURNAMENT. Bring this to Salty’s 19th hole on Redondo Beach and get set for great fun and $20 off two entrées! Fresh Copper River Salmon. Alaska Halibut. Super Steaks. Great Bar. And a golf ball to remember us by. Take I-5 North, Exit 147, turn onto 272nd Street heading West; follow it all the way to the waterfront. We’re on the water, over the Sound. Waiting to serve you. (Expires 12/31/15.) Located just minutes from Sea-Tac Airport at 28201 Redondo Beach Dr S, Des Moines, WA Reservations recommended: 253-946-0636 WORLD-CLASS SEEFOOD,® STEAKS, SERVICE & SMILES!® SALTYS.COM 6TH AVENUE For location, see map on page 59. www.turntabletreasures.com WARNING: This product has intoxicating effects and may be habit forming. Marijuana can impair concentration, coordination and judgment. Do not operate a vehicle or machinery under the influence of this drug. There may be health risks associated with consumption of this product. For use only by adults 21 and older. Keep out of reach of children. Welcome US Open! We do mail orders! 6TH AVENUE For location, see map on page 59. IMPERIAL DRAGON RESTAURANT Take the Jackson Ave exit N Hawthorne Watch the U.S. Open in our lounge on our HD TVs! (253) 565-5477 6805 6th Avenue Tacoma, WA 98406 Only 5.4 miles from Chambers Bay! Jackson Welcome U.S. Open! Dine with us, 23 years of Chinese Cuisine! 7 GRAMS Guided Meditation 253-267-0553 WARNING: This product has intoxicating effects and may be habit forming. Marijuana can impair concentration, coordination and judgment. Do not operate a vehicle or machinery under the influence of this drug. There may be health risks associated with consumption of this product. For use only by adults 21 and older. Keep out of reach of children. PUYALLUP’S PIT STOP Puyallup On River Road FOOD & FUN! Monday-Friday 10:00 a.m. - 2:00 a.m. (253) 301-1647 Mary Mart on 3005 6th Ave, Tacoma 6th Avenue Sports 6108 6 th Ave, Tacoma 98406 GRAMS OVER 30 STRAINS TO CHOOSE FROM & the bod (New York Steak cooked to order) Served with Salad and Potato 6TH AVENUE For location, see map on page 59. The Melting Point of Your Favorite Southeast Asian Flavors! thefuzioncafe.com 6820 6th Ave. Tacoma 253-267-1566 4612 North Pearl St. Tacoma 253-761-2727 Tues.-Fri. 11am - 9pm Sat. & Sun. 12pm - 9pm Closed Monday Tues.-Thurs. 3pm - 9pm Fri. & Sat. 3pm - 9pm Sun. 3pm - 9pm Closed Monday TACOMA OFFICE 4427 6th Ave, #102 Tacoma, WA 98406 (253) 752-9742 SEATTLE OFFICE 1100 Dexter Ave N, #100 Seattle, WA 98109 (206) 319-5981 DUPONT OFFICE 1408 Palisade Blvd DuPont, WA 98327 (253) 207-5871 University Place Fourplex Available for $550,000 Check out our properties at www.REISinvest.com Ice Cream Social provides handcrafted ice cream made from quality, locally sourced ingredients. The ONLY handmade local ice cream in Tacoma! Wide variety of seasonally-inspired flavors for everyone! Sunday-Thursday 11 a.m. - 10 p.m. Friday-Saturday 11 a.m. - 11 p.m. 2914 6th Ave, Tacoma • (253) 327-1660 • [email protected] SHAKABRAH JAVA Coffee House Ã Serving Breakfast All Day Ã Vegetarian & Vegan Ã Sandwich Shop BEST BREAKFAST IN THE SOUTH SOUND 2014 RECEIVE 10% OFF WITH YOUR US OPEN TICKET STUB OR PASS! 2618 6th Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98406 Ã (253) 572-2787 HOURS: Monday-Saturday 7:00 am-4:00 pm, Sunday 8:00 am-4:00 pm LIKE US ON FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com/Shakabrah 41035/((3&"5'00% $&$0-%)"/%É¤$3"'5&%#&&3 $3&"5/(8"4)/(50/.&.03&4 FEATURINGâ€Ś (SJMMFE4UFBLTt"MBTLBO4BMNPOt#JH3FE3JCT (BSEFO'SFTI4BMBETt4BOEXJDIFT1JMFE)JHI )BOE'PSHFE#VSHFSTt,JET.FOV #&&350(0y Take out 64 oz. of pure goodness )"11:)063.0/%":ÉĽ'3%":ÉĽ1. P[3".'MBHTIJQ#FFSTt8FMMTt)PVTF8JOF Enjoy our shareable happy hour food & check out our late night features. #(4$3&&/57S Follow all the action here. turou www.theram.com 1VHFU4PVOE-PDBUJPOTJODMVEJOH -",&800%[-"$&:['&%&3"-8": ,&/5[5"$0."8"5&3'30/5[16:"--614065))--[16:"--6146/34& 44"26")[."3:47--&[4&"55-&/035)("5&[4&"55-&6/7&345:7--"(& s Mexicoâ€™s Sea of CortĂŠs Hawaiian Islands â—† ÂŽ Go for World-Class Golf, and add an Island-Hopping Adventure! INCLUSIVE 7 Nights â—† November â€“ April â—† 36 & 84 guests UP-CLOSE WILDLIFE â€”whales and whale sharks, turtles and mantas, birds and reptiles â—† GUIDED EXPLORATIONâ€”kayak, paddle board, snorkel, hike, and skiff â—† EXCLUSIVE ENCOUNTERSâ€”colorful culture and sharing stories with locals â—† UNSURPASSED VALUEâ€”included premium spirits, tours, port fees, taxes, and even a massage â—† www.learncationtravel.com Call Michelle, your Un-Cruise Adventures certified Adventurist! (253) 576-8965 Pierce County Community Newspaper Group â€˘ www.tacomaweekly.com â€˘ (253) 922-5317 253.576.8965 37 Our local ‘culture’ comes from everywhere By Steve Dunkelberger [email protected] Experts in the area of culture and tradition say that comparing Washington to communities found along the East Coast and the Midwest just isn’t really fair since the Evergreen State is just a baby compared to its grandparents to the east. The state has only been settled by white Americans for 150 years, which is far too young to have a distinct tradition and dialect of its own. Puget Sound only started developing into cities and towns just 100 years ago. That means roughly only five generations separate the current residents from their pioneer heritage. In the scheme of cultural development, that really isn’t a lot of time for a community to develop on its own. That means who Washingtonians are in terms of belief, practices, views and dialects is defined by who moves to the area. Whatever beliefs people brought with them became the prevailing culture of the area. Anthropologically speaking, Washington is still well into its pioneer stage of development. That means more openness to new ideas and new ways of doing things and, therefore, a lack of hard-held traditions. Playing into all this is the fact that not all the pioneers were white settlers from the East. Much like today, a large number of people immigrating into the area came from Asia. And that number is growing. In 1900, some 86 percent of Washington residents came from European ancestry. Now that rate is closer to one in four. Puget Sound, for example, has the largest concentration of people with Korean ancestry outside of Los Angeles. That is largely caused by the role Fort Lewis played in the Korean War. As soldiers returned, they brought home Korean war brides. They settled in the area and then brought their extended families to the area. All this immigration from areas around PACIFIC KUSH the globe doesn’t mean the area has been a model of racial tolerance. In fact, that demographic make-up has caused friction. Tacoma, for example, is the only city in the nation to have the unfortunate distinction of forcibly removing its Chinese residents in 1887, and it shocked the nation. This was the climax of growing anti-Chinese sentiment in the region and beyond in the 1880s, the era of the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) to stop Chinese immigration into the United States. The effects of Tacoma’s Chinese expulsion remain the reason the area has so few people with Chinese ancestry despite the fact that Tacoma was the end of the transcontinental railroad, a transportation system largely made in the West with Chinese hands. Another aspect of the area newcomers might find unusual is the Pacific Northwest’s standing as the most unchurched area in the nation. Fewer people go to church, per capita, in Washington and Oregon than in any other region of America. That is not to say that they aren’t spiritual, just not particularly followers of organized religion. Only one in three residents of the area consider themselves religious, compared to about two out of three for the rest of the nation. Utah has the highest number of churchgoers, apparently, at 76.5 percent – three out of four residents of that state. One of the reasons for the Northwest’s “unchurched” status, same as the area’s lack of a distinct dialect, deals with history. The Pacific Northwest grew from a flood of immigrants leaving the established churches of the East and Midwest starting in the 1850s. Waves of Asian immigrants later on added to that mix so no single religion dominated the landscape as in other areas such as California Catholics and Southern Baptists. That lack of a religious tradition was further affected by the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Establishments – governments in the Vietnam and Watergate era – were Tacoma cannabis deliveries s 20+ Dry Flower Strains s Meds s Infused Soda June hours 24 hours a day 7 days a week (253) 468-1538 s Concentrates While supplies last s Edibles 4002 Pacific Ave Tacoma, WA 98418 38 18+ 7 days a week 9am-11pm Mon-Thurs 9am-12am Fri-Sat 10am-10pm Sun 253-282-0975 Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 seen with suspicion and viewed as being self-serving, so the theory goes. Since churches are establishments, they too were considered to be self-serving and viewed with suspicion. Washingtonians make a distinction between their spiritual beliefs and their church attendance that people in other areas simply don’t make. Only one section of churchgoers has seen marked increases in attendance. Conservative Protestant churches are undergoing an influx of membership locally. And that shift adds to the level of religious tension, since part of that belief system calls for its members to actively seek ways to convert non-believers. That notion, therefore, clashes with this area’s tradition of individuality and tolerance. But also, religion is becoming less and less of an identifier of one’s personality. People are shedding their ethnic or cultural traditions as they move from place to place these days and are no longer identifying themselves as members of a geographic or ethnic community. Full Service Locksmiths Since 1978 Chip Keys • Remotes Transponder Keys 253-474-5855 Mon- Fri: 8:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. Sat-Sun: Closed 5424 S Tacoma Way www.SecurityRus.com BUY ONE RACE, GET ONE FREE! Up to $22 value. Good any day. Expires 9/30/2015. 11015 Pacific Hwy SW Lakewood, WA 98499 253-272-9000 www.grandprixraceway.com Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 39 Nightclubs Roundup By Josh Rizeberg Special to Tacoma Weekly A variety of musical big shots have called Tacoma home, from Bing Crosby to the Ventures, Robert Cray to Nirvana. Heck, you can still catch Moby Grape guitarist Jerry Miller playing somewhere several nights a week – and usually for free! What we’re saying is we know what we’re doing when it comes to music around these parts. So muster up a second wind after you hit the links, cool down with a tasty craft beer and get ready to enjoy some killer entertainment. Here is a small crosssection of what Pierce County has to offer in the way of nightlife with more options available in the Tacoma Weekly or online at www.tacomaweekly.com. Dawson’s 5443 S Tacoma Way, Tacoma, WA 98409 (253) 476-1421 • www.dawsonsbarandgrill.com Located right in the heart of South Tacoma – the place Neko Case pines for when she sings about “that dusty old jewel in the South Puget Sound” – Dawson’s is a slice of old-school Tacoma. The venue mixes a cozy dive-bar feel with quality live music, with an emphasis on blues, four days a week. There is no cover, which is a huge plus for the pockets. Their happy hour is from 3-6 p.m. Monday through Friday. They also offer breakfast all day and night, and this place is known for giving out large portions. Visit this establishment to catch some of the true, old-school, South Tacoma Way vibes while they are still here. Coming up: Free live music every Friday and Saturday, Tim Hall Band Sunday, Linda Myer’s Band Wednesdays and Billy Shew Thursdays. D.O.A. 2309 6th Ave, Tacoma, WA 98403 (253) 572-0588 • www.dirtyoscarsannex.com This popular stop on the Sixth Ave strip is known for its food and drinks. They have an eclectic, ever-changing menu and some impressive hand-crafted libations. Something unique this bar offers that others do not is they have a bar stocked with a large amount of home-made moonshines. This spot is open for lunch and dinner on the weekdays and even breakfast during the weekend. This place is worth checking out due to the fact that they have been featured on the Food Network and have won numerous local awards for quality food. Emerald Queen Casino 2024 E 29th St, Tacoma, WA 98404 (253) 594-7777 • www.emeraldqueen.com The Emerald Queen Casino is among biggest places to find live entertainment in Tacoma and the surrounding areas. It is filled with locals trying to hit it big and plenty of others who have driven to Tacoma from sleepier near-by cities and towns. Emerald Queen is a 24-hour center of gambling and food. They also have popular nightclubs on the premises, so there are plenty of opportunities to also hear some live music and dance. The establishment is so big that one can just go to watch the action and walk around. There is smoking inside so keep that in mind. There are at least 7 restaurants to choose from once you are there. Not to mention they have one the best seafood buffet in the area. Coming up: Gordon Lightfoot (June 26) Encore 1025 Pacific Ave, Tacoma, WA 98402 (206) 335-9139 • www.encoreboutiquenightclub.com At this nightclub one will experience a beautiful bar and top-notch service. They pack the class on in this joint. The D.J. plays a diverse mix of dance music. Thursdays the club offers a Latin-fusion night, salsa and other Latin music mixed into the normal rotation of EDM and top-40. Fridays and Saturday nights you will find a little more hip-hop mixed into the set list. This is the spot you want to go to if you are looking for that V.I.P. bottle-service experience. There is a dress-code at this establishment, so dress to impress: no hats, athletic gear, or baggy-clothes. The Forum 815 Pacific Ave, Tacoma, WA 98402 (253) 830-2151 208 S Meridian, Puyallup, WA 98371 (253) 445-6677 www.eatattheforum.com The Tacoma location is in the heart of downtown Tacoma, in the historic Olympus Hotel. It has a very old-world feel to FIRE SPRINKLERS INCORPORATED “To protect against the loss of property and life through the installation and maintenance of ﬁre sprinkler systems.” 1524 45th St E, Suite 102, Sumner, WA 98390 Ph: (253) 826-0099 • Fax: (253) 826-1033 WA CL# FIRESI988RJ 40 Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 it with a beautiful wood bar and classy yet homey seating. They have Trivia Tuesdays which can always be fun. The Puyallup location is known for the tasty food. The Puyallup Forum has Happy Hour every day from 2-6pm and Sunday through Thursday evenings from 9pm-close. Both locations are a solid choice for burgers, sandwiches, cocktails, appetizers, soups/ salads, entrées, and beer/cocktails. Jazzbones 2803 6th Ave, Tacoma, WA 98406 (253) 396-9169 • www.jazzbones.com Jazzbones is located in the heart of the Sixth Ave Entertainment District which is densely packed with restaurants, nightclubs, etc. that Tacoma has to offer. This venue offers food, drinks, a sushi-bar, music, and other entertainment. They have popular Rockaraoke nights, quality live music, stand-up comedy nights, and many weekends at midnight they have a D.J. for those who just need to dance! Jazzbones is one of the bigger music-venues in a nightclub setting located in Tacoma. You might hear rock, jazz, soul, electronica, pop, and Hip-Hop at this club. Check the website for what bands they have but they always have stand-up comedy on Tuesdays. Jazz- bones gets a good mix of locals, collegekids, and out-of-towners that are all looking to cut a rug. Coming up: Ha Ha Tuesday (June 16), Nolan Garrett (June 19), Doctor Funk (June 26) Johnny’s Dock 1900 E D St, Tacoma, WA 98421 (253) 627-3186 • www.johnnysdock.com You are here in the Pacific Northwest so you better eat some seafood. This would be the place to accomplish that, quality seafood and steaks a plenty here. Johnny’s is located in the Thea Foss Waterway area of downtown, right by the Museum of Glass, The Tacoma Art Museum, and the Washington State History Museum. Johnny’s is classic Tacoma and has been operating since the 50’s. Did you come to the U.S. Open by boat? Well if you did you can boat on over to Johnny’s. They have a marina for all your boat-docking needs. Johnny’s only offers excellent food and drinks and live music with an emphasis on jazz and blues. Coming up: Still Got It Band (June 13), Blues Redemption (June 14), Linda Belles (June 16), Tim Hall Band (June 20), At Five (June 21) The New Frontier Lounge 301 E 25th St, Tacoma, WA 98421 (253) 572-4020 • www.thenewfrontierlounge.com The New Frontier Lounge is easily accessible by all public-transportation. It is located right next door to the bus and train stations, a stone’s throw from historic Freight house Square and the Tacoma Dome in the Dome District. This place will give you a good reason to get out of the downtown core and venture to East downtown, where it is less crowded, but just as fun. The New Frontier has excellent bar-food and delicious pizza. This is a local favorite for catching live music. Don’t expect cover bands here, just unique, original music from creative musicians, everything from sludge-metal to some of the best alternative and indie-rock music this entire region has to offer. You will most likely never pay more than $5 for a show here, but it is always worth it. Coming up: Milk, Sun Thieves, Manson’s Girls (June 13), Bluegrass open jam (June 14), karaoke (June 16) The Odd Otter 716 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA (253) 209-7064 • www.oddotterbrewing.com The Odd Otter is another establish- Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 ment in the heart of downtown Tacoma’s nightlife. This is a local taproom and brewery so come here to experience and taste the large, robust, micro-brew scene the South Sound has to offer. The taproom is open Tuesday through Friday from 2pm2am and Saturday and Sunday from 11am2am. There are usually no less than 12 hand-crafted premium ales to choose from on tap. You can even purchase a growler or a keg and get some beer to go. I recommend visiting the website before you go so you can familiarize yourself with all the unique, local, micro-brews you will be able to choose from. The website has pictures and excellent, humorous descriptors of all the wonderful beers one can try. Steel Creek 1114 Broadway, Tacoma, WA 98402 (253) 627-1229 • www.steelcreekwhiskey.com On Friday and Saturday nights this popular steakhouse offers the premier, largest, country party in the South Sound, with D.J.’s playing country and rock until 2am. Tuesday through Saturday they have happy hour from 4:30-6:30pm. Kids under 12 also eat free off the kids menu with u See Nightclubs / page 42 41 t Nightclubs From page 41 the purchase of a regular priced entrĂŠe. The venue is also known for their Whiskey selection at the bar, offering over 100 types of the stuff. If you are looking to line dance, then this is your best bet. You can two-step and ride a mechanical-bull as well. Need to brush-up on your dance skills? Tuesday nights they offer Two-Step lessons and Thursdays they will teach you how to Line Dance, all for $5 (includes a well drink or domestic beer). Stonegate Pizza & Bar 5419 S Tacoma Way, Tacoma, WA 98409 (253) 473-2255 â€˘ www.stonegaterocks.com Stonegate is located in the colorful South Tacoma Way entertainment district, snugly in between other blue-collar bars, pawnshops, car mechanic garages, and medical marijuana dispensaries. This venue is known for its pizza, its rum selection and live local music. This is the spot to visit if you are looking for that classic rock sound. Nothing too experimental or garage going on in here. They have a well-liked open-mic night and there is a lot of interesting art all over the joint, from top to bottom. Monday through Friday, from 4-6 p.m., and Saturday and Sunday from 12-6pm, they have $1 domestic-drafts! Local Blues legend Jerry Miller still gigs here so definitely check the website for their calendar if you want to see some of the best the Tacoma Blues scene has to offer. Coming up: Led Zeppmen (June 12), Sass (June 19), Jerry Miller of Moby Grape fame (June 20) Tacoma Comedy Club 933 Market St, Tacoma, WA 98402 (253) 282-7203 â€˘ www.tacomacomedyclub.com Stand-up comedy shows are generally priced between $10-$20 a show. It might be more if they have a well-known national headliner in town. The 8pm shows are for 18+, the 10:30pm shows are for 21+. They also offer a full kitchen and bar so food and drink is a plenty. It is a good idea to call or visit the website for reservations, however it is not required. Wednesday is there openmic night; you have to email to get on the performerâ€™s list. Seating is first come first serve. Usually they sit 4-6 people at a table, so if you come as a couple you might get the opportunity to snuggle-up next to some other nice people for the show. Ladies are free Thursday nights. Friday bring your military id for a discount and Saturdays bring your college id for a student discount. 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Visit us at www.friendsplacelaundromat.com Amazingly Flavory! www.melonseeddeli.com See ouďż˝ menu on Facebook! $FOUFS4U 4UF%ĹŚ5BDPNBĹŚ Own A True Piece of American History U.S. Aerial Mail Service propeller Elko Nevada, Early1900â€™s Offered For Sale * Family Heirloom ** $1,000,000 Or Offer. 6â€™3 height, 11â€? width, 36â€? girth, 58 lbs 919 PaciďŹ c Ave. Tacoma WA (in the Historic Provident Building) (253) 472-3738 42 March 29to -4 July Hours: Wed.-Sat. 11 a.m. p.m. 11, 2015 Oakland / Madronaâ€™s Original Laundromat Since 1961 Interested parties Can contact us, at [email protected] Pierce County Community Newspaper Group â€˘ www.tacomaweekly.com â€˘ (253) 922-5317 Sa Roc Pl t., Ju k-N- ayin ne Ro g 20 ll M th @ agic 7:3 0p m �� Proudly Serving Our Veterans and Active Duty Members �� Come and enjoy Chappie’s Lounge We’re open Mon.-Thurs. 3:00pm to Midnight and Fri. 3:00pm-2:00am Sat. 1:00pm-2:00am and Sun. 1:00-10:00pm �� Live Music on Friday 8:00pm to Midnight �� Our Restaurant hours are 5:00-8:00pm on Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday �� Sunday’s BBQ on the Deck from 1:00��!��"��#�� – 4:00 pm �� &��#��'�� We’re looking forward to seeing $��%�� all Veterans and their guests �� (()�� �"+�,��-�.�� !��"��#��Location: �� AMVETS Post 1, 5717 S. Tyler Street, Tacoma, WA 98409 ��/��+�,��0�� //�1� �� $��%�� &��#��'�� Karaoke, Trivia, Darts, Music, Dancing and Drink��'�&6�6��/�� Specials �� '��"��'��3�7#.�7 ��"�2��3�14��5�� (()�� �"+�,��-�.�� /��+�,��0�� //�1� �� 8�9 � �� :��%�� Next to Moctezuma’s Restaurant ��"�2��3�14��5�� '�&6�6��/�� '��"��'��3�7#.�7 5��8��;��<�&�=.6��&&� 8�9 � �� :��%�� Phone Number: (253) 472-2552 �� 5��8��;��<�&�=.6��&&� �� !��"��#�� &��#��'�� Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday ��(()�� �"+�,��-�.�� +�,��0�� //�1� �� Start at 11:15am and 6:45pm �14��5�� '�&6�6��/�� '��"��'��3�7#.�7 Next to Moctezuma’s Restaurant 8�9 � �� :��%�� 5��8��;��<�&�=.6��&&� Bingo is open to the public Phone Number: (253) 472-2552 x3 (�� ;/�" ��'��'��'�� &��>�.&�� (�� ;/�" Salish Integrative Oncology Care Center Salish Integrative Oncology Care Center (SIOCC) focuses on each individual’s care by using an integrative approach to healing through a variety of treatments and services. SIOCC providers are committed to working closely with our patients on their journey to healing. Our staff consists of an experienced team of oncologists, naturopaths, acupuncturists and nurses, most of whom formerly worked at Seattle Cancer Treatment and Wellness Center. Upon request, traditional Native American healing services are also available. AA Personalized Approach Everyone is different. The way your body reacts to cancer. The way it responds to treatment. Your lifestyle. Your fears. Your hopes. Your choice. We believe that you always have a choice in your cancer care. That’s why we work individually with each patient who comes to Salish Integrative Oncology Care Center to determine the very best course of treatment to fight your cancer – body, mind and spirit. 3700 Pacific Highway \| Fife, WA 98424 253-382-6300 \| [email protected] SalishOncology.com Our Services Include: ȗ Medical oncology ȗ Naturopathic oncology ȗ The vitamin store ȗ Acupuncture ȗ Mind-body medicine ȗ Care coordination ȗ Traditional Native American healing services ȗ Alternative medicine The Puyallup Tribe is proud to offer HOPE to families in the Pacific Northwest who are in the fight against cancer. If you are exploring cancer treatment options for yourself or a loved one, contact us today. From the studio of Lee Wybranski – Reflections on Chambers Bay Since Torrey Pines in 2008, artist Lee Wybranski has painted the official commemorative poster for every U.S. Open. But this year is the first time Wybranski painted a course in a region that has never before held the national championship, giving him a true “clean canvas.” He answered some questions about the process of creating that poster and his relationship with the USGA. Why is Chambers Bay special to you? First, I love links golf. Not only for playing and looking at the course, but to me golf by the water on sandy turf is where the game makes the most sense. Second, this is the first time I’ve gotten to paint a train in any of my work, and the train is a wonderful, magical element. By coincidence, the train line is the same one that goes right through the center of town a block from my studio here in Flagstaff, Arizona. How did that affect the poster? I definitely wanted to include the water and the train, then there’s the crazy bunkering on the course, plus the lone fir that sits behind the 15th green and is visible near the 16th tee. Those elements were my bare minimums to include. I love diagonal compositions, because they provide a great deal of depth and drama and really pull your eyes in. Then I took a little artistic license and brought both the Olympic Mountains and the Tacoma Narrows Bridge into view: Neither of them is actually visible from this angle, but as I often say to clients, never ruin a good story with the facts. This isn’t supposed to be a photograph: I’m trying to create a mood, a feeling. I’ll never apologize for taking creative license to make a better image. How did you research the site? I’d been up to Chambers Bay a few years ago, when I was working on the championship logo. I toured the site and played the course. Then last May, I spent a few days doing fieldwork for the poster and got very lucky with the weather. I always want to be on a site long enough to get one great morning and one great evening of light, as these are the best times to shoot photographs. I typically walk the course in the midday hours to select my favorite views, which I then shoot when the light and shadow are Tacoma's Premiere Paint & Sip Studio! working their magic. My intention is always to find an original view of the course that hasn’t been done before — but also is recognizable. I want to create something iconic. I usually come to the client with three good scenes. I’ve learned that two aren’t enough and four is too many. The USGA is the final decision maker, but I’m pretty sure they’ve gone with my recommendations for the general composition every year. We have a very good working relationship, in part because I really value their input. I read recently someone in advertising said that “extraordinary clients get extraordinary results.” The USGA is very demanding, but as a result, they’ve gotten some of my best work out of me, which is great for everyone. What sorts of suggestions do clients like the USGA make? Most of the tweaking is to the type —where it’s placed, how large, the color and font. We try to find fonts that enhance the image. Sometimes they will suggest a slight shift of the view, usually to focus more FORZA COFFEE COMPANy WELCOMES attention on a particular element. We’re really happy with the Chambers Bay poster because it’s modern yet not too modern. It “feels” like the Pacific Northwest, which is what we really wanted to convey, since this is an historic occasion—the first time the U.S. Open has been hosted in the region. FORZA COFFEE WELCOMES GOLFERS AND SPECTATORS DURING THE U.S. OPEN! lemon front nine Join us at FORZA Coﬀee Company and taste our refreshing golf-themed drink specials!! Ask for a Special Tournament Punch Card to get the most bang for your buck! "So much fun! Great instructor. Awesome, fun atmosphere. Coming back soon!" FRAPPE M-Th 11:30-9pm F-Sat 11:30-10pm Sun 12-8pm Appetizers Tacoma’s Favorite Clam Chowder New England style cup 5.5 Three Oyster Shooters (Pacific) Cocktail sauce and lemon 6.75 Chinese BBQ Pork Char Sui Sesame seed , Coleman’s hot mustard, ketchup 9.5 Steamed Manila Clams (Hood Canal) One pound 11.5 Bay Shrimp Cocktail 7.75 From the Pantry The “Brown Derby” Cobb Salad Bleu cheese, crisp greens, bacon crumbles, roasted turkey, chopped tomato, creamy Italian dressing 16.5 With Sizzling Garlic Prawns 19.5 Baby Spinach and Shrimp Salad Johnny’s Jamaica Mistake dressing, sliced almonds, bacon, chopped egg, shredded black rind Parmesan Cheese and a mound of ocean shrimp 15.5 Bleu Cheese Wedge Crisp iceberg lettuce, bacon, tomato and chopped egg 8.5 Johnny’s Dock Calamari Fritti Garlic aioli, lemon 8.5 Tableside Caesar Salad* 11.5 Minimum 2 salads At Johnny’s since 1954 1900 East D St, Tacoma Ahi, Black and Blue* (a la carte) Cajun dusted yellow fin tuna, seared on our broiler and served rare. With sliced greens, avocado, shoyu and wasabi 27 Macadamia Crusted Northwest Sole Tartar sauce, lemon and house-made rice pilaf 22 Alaskan Cod and Chips Golden battered filets, Tacoma’s favorite clam chowder, coleslaw, Idaho fries 19 (253) 627-3186 www.johnnysdock.com Cantonese Egg Rolls Wasabi, teriyaki sauce, dressed greens 8.75 House Salad Field greens, Washington apple, Oregon hazelnuts, bleu cheese and creamy Parmesan dressing 8.5 Dungeness Crab Louie 24 House Favorites Slow Roasted Prime Rib* Herb crusted, served with au jus, horseradish sauce and Parmesan mashed potatoes Dockside cut 21 Commodore’s cut 28 Broiled Loin Lamb Chops* 3 Loin chops, mint jelly, garlic mashed potatoes 18.5 Bay Shrimp Louie 17 Seafood & Shellstock Charbroiled Salmon Fillet The best of the available seasonal catch, finished on our char-broiler, basted with our house seafood butter. With rice pilaf 24.5 (across from the Museum of Glass) Dungeness Crab, Shrimp and Artichoke Dip With Grilled Focaccia 12.5 Sirloin and Sizzling Prawns* Our top sirloin topped with 5 garlic prawns, garlic mashed potatoes 24 Pan Fried Oysters (From Hood Canal and Ocean Beaches) With tartar, lemon, sweet potato fries and coleslaw 23 Bleu Cheese Top Sirloin* Our center cut top sirloin loaded with our house-made bleu cheese sauce. Served with mashed potatoes 22.5 Seared Georges Bank Sea Scallops* With beurre blanc, Indian harvest pilaf and lemon 28 Angus Rib Steak* Seasoned with Johnny’s seasoning salt, of course, and our house-made steak butter, with Idaho baker 26 Seafood Fettuccine (a la carte) Scallops, manila clams, Puget Sound mussels, Gulf prawns, mushrooms and bay shrimp in an Alfredo sauce 23 Tenderloin Alaska* Charbroiled filet medallions, Dungeness crab, havarti cheese, bearnaise sauce, served with garlic mashed potaotes 36 Broiler Selections Charbroiled “Jamaica Mistake” Chicken Breast Grilled pineapple. Served with rice pilaf 19 Filet Mignon* Beef tenderloin, bearnaise sauce, with Idaho baker 37 Captain’s Platter Charbroiled, served with house rice pilaf, lemon and tartar 26 Chicken Fettuccine (a la carte) Grilled chicken breast, Oregon hazelnuts, mushrooms, folded into a bleu cheese cream sauce 19 Center Cut Top Sirloin* Certainly our most flavorful cut. With Idaho baker Large Cut 22 Petite 19 A la carte Lobster Tail (6-oz) 14.5 Chopped Steak and Sauteed Mushrooms* Ground chuck and sirloin, loads of mushrooms. Served with grilled tomato 19.5 Consuming raw or undercooked meats, poultry, seafood, shellfish or eggs, may increase you risk of foodborne illness. Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 47 Tacomaâ€™s â€˜quirkyâ€™ nature started early, including the man behind its nickname By Steve Dunkelberger [email protected] Tacomans are quirky stock. We relish that fact, especially since our city has a long history of embracing people with â€œuniqueness.â€? One of the biggest and earliest promoters of Tacoma was considered quite quirky. Okay, he was likely just insane by todayâ€™s terminology, but we love him. He is, after all, the man who gave Tacoma its â€œCity of Destinyâ€? moniker. He was George Francis Train, a man who was different from the start. Born on March 24, 1829 in Boston, his parents and three sisters died in a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans in 1833, when George was four. He was then raised by his strict Methodist grandparents in Boston. They hoped George would become a minister, but he attended common schools and did not go into the ministry, as he sought more adventure in his life. Train was what is known today as a â€œtrust fund kid.â€? His family had made millions in ship building and transportation projects. That wealth allowed Train to seek fun and adventure without worrying about expense. He did what he wanted to do, and he did it how he wanted it done, in true Tacoma style. Train was the Howard Hughes or Sir Richard Branson of his day. He was rich, he was quirky, and he was bold. He considered himself a Renaissance man of poetry, adventure and world culture. The native New Englander promoted himself around the nation by regaling packed opera halls and theaters with his talks of globe-trotting adventure. One of those talks was in Tacoma in 1869. It was a rough and tumble town he soon adopted as his own. This was a time when West Coast cities were battling to be the final destination of the yet-to-be-built transcontinental railroad. Train played a vital role in that battle. Tacoma would win that battle in 1887, but eventually lose the war to be the Manhattan of the West. But that is a story for a different time. Three years after his first visit to Tacoma, he ran for the position of â€œDictator of the United States,â€? charging admission to his campaign rallies. He drew record crowds that were willing to pay to see this unconventional millionaire ramble about his travels. He would end his rallies by greeting the crowds but would shake his own hand instead of those of potential voters, explaining that it was a custom he picked up in China. He supported temperance movements and womenâ€™s suffrage efforts, including helping Susan B. Anthony run her pro-voter newspaper, The Revolution. Train was also jailed for having defended Victoria Woodhull against obscenity charges for an issue her newspaper had published about an alleged adulterous affair. The story included such vivid details that brothel owners reportedly blushed. When his bid to be an American dictator failed, he promoted Tacoma as the â€œCity of Destinyâ€? because of its location by deep port waters and quick access to railroad services he helped fund. Train made millions in shipping and railroads, especially as a founder of Credit Mobilier, the investors of the Union Pacific Railroad that is the subject of the AMC network television show â€œHell on Wheels.â€? Promoting Tacoma promoted his railroad. Tacomaâ€™s success meant the railroadâ€™s success. And that meant money for Train. So Train linked Tacoma with success and prosperity at every event and speech he gave around the nation. He would have audiences follow him in a chant of â€œSeattle! Seattle! Death Rattle, Death Rattle; Tacoma! Tacoma! Aroma, Aroma.â€? That last bit would mean he also crafted â€œTacoma Aroma,â€? made infamous during its pulp-making era. He would take that Tacoma promotion to a new level on March 18, 1890. A cannon echoed through Commence- George Francis Train ment Bay as Train sailed toward Japan that day with the intent of breaking the around-the-world record. It was his third around the world trip. His first trip in 1870 was covered by many newspapers and inspired Jules Verneâ€™s 1873 novel â€œAround the World in Eighty Days.â€? His protagonist Phileas Fogg is believed to have been modeled after Train, who finished the trip in 80 days after all. Trainâ€™s 1890 trip was partly self-promotion and partly intended to put Tacoma on the map as the jumping off point for world travel. Train broke the record. He made it back to Tacoma in 67 days, 17 hours, 59 minutes and 55 seconds. The trip started and ended at Tacomaâ€™s Broadway, where a sidewalk marker outside the Knights of Pythias Temple honors the trip to this day. He was a living legend until he died of smallpox in 1903, gaining headlines with Photo courtesy of washington state history museum everything he did. â€œMr. Train was at one time one of the best known Americans on the face of the globe,â€? Publisherâ€™s Weekly wrote the year before his death. â€œHe organized the clipper ship line that sailed around Cape Horn to San Francisco; he organized the Credit Mobilier and the Union Pacific Railroad; he was one of the organizers of the French Commune; he built the first street-railway in England; he has been the business partner of queens, emperors, and grand dukes, and the familiar friend of some of the greatest people in the world. His story up to the present is one long romance.â€? The â€œNew Beginningsâ€? statue outside Tacomaâ€™s Federal Courthouse bears a striking resemblance to Train and provides a fitting tribute to Tacomaâ€™s quirky past and equally quirky present. We specialize in thinning hair. Call us for assistance with fuller, thicker, longer, healthier hair! .,* t 3VTUPO8BZ 5BDPNB 8" XXXNJLJTQBBOETBMPODPN 48 Pierce County Community Newspaper Group â€˘ www.tacomaweekly.com â€˘ (253) 922-5317 Golf’s ties to Pierce County what is now South Tacoma. Players would ride on the trolley lines that webbed through the area, play a quick round and return to their homes before dinner. The course was The history of golf in Pierce County shortly thereafter moved to the shores of dates back more than 150 years, with acAmerican Lake, where it operates to this counts of soldiers at Fort Steilacoom and day. It is the oldest private club west of the elsewhere in the region playing makeshift Mississippi River. But it should be noted games of golf as early as the 1850s. that the U.S. Navy had built a course at its It is, however, Tacoma Golf and CounMare Island, California shipyard in 1892. try Club that has the distinction of being the Six courses – Victoria Golf Club, Tafirst course in the Northwest. It dates back coma Golf Club, Waverley Country Club, to 1894. It was located on prairie land in Seattle Golf Club, Spokane Country Club and Butte Country Club – formed the Pacific Northwest Golf Association in 1899. The Tacoma Daily Ledger reported that the “Pacific Coast Golf Association” was formed in Tacoma on February 4, 1899, with C.B. Stahlschmidt of Victoria elected president and Stuart Rice of Tacoma as secretary. The first PNGA championship Photo courtesy of tacoma golf and county club tournament came that summer, Tacoma Golf and Country Club By Steve Dunkelberger [email protected] making it the fifth oldest golf association in North America. The association’s first presidents were Edwin Strout of Seattle, followed by H.S. Griggs and Chester Thorne of Tacoma, both noted Tacoma business giants. As for golf at Chambers Bay, the 950 acres of Chamber Bay Properties had been home to a paper mill, lumber companies, a railroad center, a sand and gravel mine and then a wastewater treatment plant. The course itself, technically called a “links course,” came when mining operations ceased and the land became part of Pierce County’s regional stock of recreational facilities. The course opened in 2007. It was designed by Robert Trent Jones, Jr. to be an 18-hole British Links-style course. It quickly began winning awards and rave reviews, which led up to its most recent honor of hosting the 2015 U.S. Open. SLEEP APNEA OR SNORING s Board Certified by the prestigious American Board of Dental Sleep Medicine ...one of only four in the State of Washington with this achievement! s Practice exclusively focused on Sleep Apnea and Snoring Issues s Over 17 years of experience in this field s Our clinic is accredited by the American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine ...the only one in Western Washington If you suffer from Snoring or Sleep Apnea and have not found a satisfactory treatment, please call our office for a FREE phone consultation by one of our highly trained staff. STEVE MARINKOVICH conveniently located near Tacoma Mall, just off of I-5 for the utmost in experience, expertise and integrity 4ACOMA-ALL"LVD 3UITE% s4ACOMA 7!s DDS, D.ABDSM Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 49 Marijuana frequently asked questions stuff, people. But, in the interest of keeping some knuckleheads out of trouble, weâ€™ve answered a few more surprising but frequently asked questions. Visitors to the U.S. Open are likely aware by now that Washington voters passed Initiative 502 in 2012, legalizing the recreational use of marijuana in our fine state. But hold on there, fella: That doesnâ€™t mean you get to go full Cheech Marin while youâ€™re in town. The rules are fairly simple. If you are 21 or older, you can legally posses an ounce of marijuana. But you arenâ€™t allowed to fire up the â€œwacky tobackyâ€? in public view. Doing so may result in getting a citation. You definitely should not get stoned and drive around in your rental car. This could result in having to take a field sobriety test and even having your blood drawn, plus all the messy jail time and legal fees that follow. Thatâ€™s assuming you donâ€™t run into something and get yourself or someone else killed. Seriously, download the app and summon a ride share. 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BU ood SIN E FIF UN ITI D brin aff gs a sen od se o i f sp l P ring a time amid ra d ove rcas e ts Your Community Newspapers Scandinavian Cultural Center Pacific Lutheran University Hours: Sun. 1 p.m.-4 p.m., Tue. and Wed. 11 a.m.-3 p.m. www.plu.edu/scancenter/ ES SS O / Pag ent lympic e6 Ban compa Banco Mik that k, ha ny for rp, pareN a de it ha s an no Kitsap elso s en n (ri fi to tere unced ght) ac nitiv and Fina quire e ag d into re nc wife Pu em who ial Se get en Ond Fife lly ow rvices Sound t rea ne offic an Foun Com d subs d its ially m by ded in ercial idiary cut the Exec Presiden 1998 Ban k. , ribbo Dav ut ive t and and led n fo rN Ban is, Fife Off ic Chief elso Polit nâ€™s akis gle k oper Com er Ji m new Hig locatio ates mercial Edge woo 17 inhway Ea n on a si nd of has dividu st, em Pacifi fice. c pl al be s. 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B1 out drove arbusiness rough maw kly B5 coup ound da See Cale ys ee ons, to kly Two DO Hor ndar ... offe varNAT Sec ring tions oscopes.................B ION a ...... / Pag \| 24 ....B 6 Pag e6 6 es OT Fort Nisqually Living History Museum Point Defiance Park, 5400 N. Pearl St. Wed.-Sun., 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. If I get too â€œturntâ€? in Washington, will it come back to haunt my eventual presidential run? A: Youâ€™ve obviously been in a coma the last two decades. TRA FIEL CK AN STR D HITS D Pg. IDE 12 VISI faceboT US ON ok.com FACEBO /fmen OK ews fife SU Vote RR rs OU $230 coul ND mill d deci ING ion de th Pi Serv erce e futu ices Cou re Bui nty G of the ldin g th eneral is fa ll. IC A (mid OT Insl dle, be ECTION S. Lind ee (sea hind ch (Top) Sen. quist, ted) w air) an New Mar Stev Attorn ith ad d su bi-par e di Jay k Lind Conawey Gen tiona pporte tisan d l su se Insl quis er pp by Se x of eeâ€™s t an ay. (A al B (sea d Rep bove ob Fe orters n. Je fender By ) (L an rg in te He le . d) Spec at sign Melan eft to uson, cludin nie Dar gislat ial to her So Rep g ie rig ing neill ion w PHOTOS CO Taco nger it in Stamba ht) D . Rog (from ma left) e (far ritten URTESY ep to la Wee er by inve left) kly w. ugh (in uty Pr Goo ov. R OF PIE St oran osec dman stigat was si ep. C RCE COUN am sign Jay In hris , an TY gn or ge) utor impo baugh. join Mik d (at Keith ed in tine K PROSECUT law, ed two slee prot rta â€œT e to mos nt ed hi in with Somm right) Barne law ilduff ORâ€™S OFFIC t vu differe s bill who ect our leader troduce bills inhas ln E othe erfe Rep. s, Pr by G citiz prey comm s, w d by lo to O The erable nce for will mak r ad ld, Pi Laur osec ov. Ja hi Pi on ci ens. un ca ff voca erce ie Ji utor y our ity fro ch w l as ice pr erce Cotizens.â€? many of e an The os te ill m m m our ec s of Count nkins Mark un ost Coun first an an vuln those as it di y elde uted ab ty Pros HB y and ty Pros bill, re erab 1316 Pros d r ab out ec d th in ut qu at le us th or Stam sponso ecutor ested for ecutor Publ elder ab 2011. Th e case ree tim â€™s Gov ic aw use s in aid baugh red by Mark by Pier es . is th is do in RV ADV E IS ON PORY VO COU IERCE TE HU NT COUB CLEAY Adv R R HURTROOMS is DLE hu ory EAS age 3 www.washingtonhistory.org Tacoma Art Museum 1701 Pacific Ave. Wed.-Sun., 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (Closed Mondays and Tuesdays) So Jay and Silent Bob saw this talking dog when they got stoned â€Ś A: Are you blazed already? Get outta here. Iâ€™m thinking about checking out Summer Jam while Iâ€™m in town. Can I smoke my legal chronic at the amphitheater? Frid ay, M ay 2 9, 20 15 INTROVERN OR S N BAL PRO ODU ANC TEC IGNS E, F TIO CED AIR NS NES SEC BY NEW 2 6 Y S R URE EST D F LOC LAW ORE OR A D T VUL L L O S NER S E EX OFFABLE ADE END ADU R ER LTS; S REL MM Should I smoke legal pot with that guy I met who reminds me of Denzel in â€œTraining Day?â€? A: What are you, stupid? Washington State History Museum 1911 Pacific Ave., Tacoma, WA 98402 Wed.- Sun., 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. What, not a Cheech and Chong flick? A: Kind of dated, but whatever melts your butter, bruh. ED PRSR DM T ST US ECRW D POST SS TACO AGE PA M PER MIT A, WA ID NO. 225 YO ES Which stoner comedy do Washingtonians prefer when theyâ€™re getting baked? A: â€œThe Big Lebowski,â€? duh. PostECRW al C SS Fife, ustom 984 WA er 24 FRE Es TAC OM G RRIV Will legal marijuana make me see hilarious talking dogs, like Jay and Silent Bob? A: Only if you donâ€™t read edible dosage labels, like Maureen Dowd. Or you are psychotic. You may need different legal drugs. ED PRSR DM T ST US ECRW D POST SS TACO AGE PA M PER MIT A, WA ID NO. 225 [email protected] A: At concerts, pot smoking is treated exactly the same as it was before I-502 passed. That is to say, youâ€™ll likely get a contact high just from being at Summer Jam. PostECRW a S Mil l Custo S ton m 983 , WA er 54 By Ernest A. Jasmin e6 Pierce County Community Newspaper Group â€˘ www.tacomaweekly.com â€˘ (253) 922-5317 Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum 407 S. G St. Tues.-Sat., 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. www.rain.org/~karpeles/taqfrm.html Foss Waterway Seaport 705 Dock St. Wed.-Sat., 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., Sun., noon-4 p.m. www.fosswaterwayseaport.org Buffalo Soldier Museum 1940 S. Wilkeson St. Wed. and Sat., 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. www.buffalosoldierstacoma.org LeMay Americaâ€™s Car Museum 2702 E. D St., Tacoma, WA 98421 Mon.-Sun., 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. www.lemaymuseum.org BIG MAX Golf innovates push cart design Photos courtesy of BIG MAX Golf The BIG MAX Blade Plus model has plenty of space and also uses unique technology to fold down into a form less than 5-inches thick. the American PGA Show last year. The philosophy at BIG MAX is “smaller space, bigger thinking,” and products like the Blade are the perfect example of that. Not only does this handy invention fold up ultra slim, but the company offers tons of extras to make the user experience unique. This includes several accessories, including umbrella holders, rain covers, GPS holders, storage bags, hand warmers and much more. Adding these items to your cart is easy with the BIG MAX Quick Lok system that allows players to change out accessories with the push of a button. The company has gained a large and loyal fan base with American golfers who prefer the sleek, lightweight and easy to use models, which are available in a variety of colors and prices. The company employs interesting techniques to keep their push-carts a cut above. Rather than having three wheels of the same size, BIG MAX makes the front wheel of By Derek Shuck [email protected] South Puget Sound is not only home to the 2015 U.S. Open, but also home to the originator of the golf push-cart, BIG MAX Golf, which is headquartered at 7431 S. Madison St., Tacoma. “Since our launch in the U.S., we’re eager to show active players how our innovative carts take walking to the next level,” says Kelly Walker, CEO of Big Max USA. Since its inception by Thomas Reiter in 1994, BIG MAX has been on the cutting edge of push-cart development in Europe. The company opened its American branch last year and unveiled its latest creations, the Blade and Blade Plus models, both of which fold to just 5-inches thick, making them the slimmest carts on the market and perfect for storing. The Blade won best new product at the European PGA show and took second at their carts smaller than the back two, giving the cart more downhill momentum and thus easier to push. Currently, five models are available in the United States, all representing BIG MAX’s commitment to innovation. “We’re really excited about the current line-up, but also the many, many products that we’ll be unveiling in the coming months,” Walker said. In the near future, BIG MAX will be introducing waterproof bags, new cart models and a variety of other accessories. Another advantage BIG MAX has over its competitors is a five-year warranty for all of its carts. Not only that, but the company makes it as easy as possible to repair any cart should something happen to it. Rather than shipping the damaged unit to BIG MAX, customers will receive a replacement part and instructions on how to change it out, free of charge. “Every cart is designed to be easily replaced and fixed by the customer, so they don’t have to worry about shipping it back to us. Of course anyone locally can come to the office and we will fix their cart on the spot,” Walker said. During the week of the U.S Open (June 15-21), BIG MAX will have deals on their current models at their Tacoma show room. “For years our carts have dominated the market among European players who prefer to walk. They’ve chosen BIG MAX because we offer innovative, reliable, fun and easy to use products,” Walker said. For more information on BIG MAX Golf, call 1 (888) 510-0560 and visit www.bigmaxusa.com. As the inventor of the push-cart, BIG MAX Golf has had the most time to innovate and create unique models. All of the BIG MAX push-carts have unique “quick fix” slots to attach accessories quickly and easily. Lifetime Massage Therapy Proud to be participants on the U.S. OPEN massage team! All experienced therapists specializing in treatment and relaxation CALL FOR AN APPOINTMENT: (253) 474-1234 2 locations for your convenience: 5213 Pacific Ave • 1310 Union St Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 51 PUYALLUP TRIBE OF INDIANS Supporting community needs, economic growth and environmental protections for all people Considered among the most urban of Native American tribes, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians (pronounced pew-ALLup) has grown to be a critical component of the South Sound economy. Situated along Interstate 5 between Seattle and the state capitol of Olympia, the tribe’s reservation lies squarely within the Seattle-TacomaBellevue metropolitan area (population 3.5 million). The reservation encompasses parts of Tacoma (Washington’s third largest city) and some or all of several smaller municipalities (Fife, Milton, Puyallup and Edgewood). Although the reservation’s boundaries encompass nearly 28 square miles, or more than 18,000 acres, the amount of on-reservation land actually controlled by the tribe is about 1,000 acres. The tribe owns approximately 1,300 acres outside those boundaries, most of which is dedicated to fish habitat restoration. The tribe’s economic renaissance has been quite recent. For generations, Puyallup tribal members’ health and education outcomes, employment status, income levels, and housing conditions were among the worst in the state – the result of wave after wave of opportunity-diminishing federal policies and outright resource takings. Virtually from the establishment of the Puyallup Indian Reservation in 1854, the U.S. Government allowed (and sometimes facilitated) the transfer of Puyallup lands to non-Indian ownership. By the middle of the 20th century, the tribe and its members owned only a few acres of the reservation – even though the federal government was required by treaty to protect the tribe’s land in perpetuity. In a 1978 court ruling concerning the Puyallups’ right to increase its trust land holdings, the judge described the tribe as “almost destitute” with its “landholding and activity… drastically declined to a point where the tribe’s continuity was threatened.” The tribe’s Land Claims Settlement Agreement, signed in 1990 by a variety of local governments, the state of Washington, and the U.S. Government, was an important turning point. State, local and Puyallup tribal officials held a groundbreaking ceremony on Feb. 18, 2015 for the next Interstate 5 project in Tacoma that will By returning some create a new bridge over the Puyallup River and reconstruct the I-5/SR-167 interchange, add HOV commuter lanes and increase access to tribal of the tribe’s land properties. Pictured here are (left to right): Puyallup tribal member David Duenas; State Representative Hans Zeigler (R-25); Tacoma Deputy and providing some Mayor David Boe; Puyallup Tribal Chairman Bill Sterud; State Secretary of Transportation Lynn Peterson; Hamilton Construction President Scott Williams; WSDOT Olympic Region Administrator Kevin Dayton; and Kierra Phifer with U.S. Senator Patty Murray’s office. of the resources it whom are non-Native – who work in the Puyallup Tribe gave Northwest Harvest needed to pursue business, social service, tribe’s businesses, police force, govern$250,000, the food bank’s biggest doand community development ventures, ment, economic development corporation, nation this year. This donation puts the the Settlement Agreement became the baschool, and health and housing authoriTribe at the $1 million mark in donations sis for improved economic conditions – for ties. Employees enjoy competitive wages to Northwest Harvest, Washington’s the tribe and for the surrounding region. and benefits. In 2013 the tribe spent over statewide hunger relief agency. Now in this 21st century, the Puyallup $461 million supporting communities by Continuing its longstanding tradition Tribe is Pierce County’s sixth largest emproviding good wages and generous benof supporting higher education, in 2014 ployer, a donor to a broad range of chariefits to individuals, and through purchases the tribe made its largest grant to date to table organizations, and a major funder of of goods and services from local suppliers, the University of Washington-Tacoma – housing, roads, education and environvendors, contractors, construction compa$275,000 that will go toward enhancing mental projects. The Puyallup Tribe stands nies and more. During the 2014 fiscal year, Native American education and research as a model for taking care of not only its the Puyallup Tribe contributed more than at the university. Christmastime donations own membership but sharing its wealth $2.5 million from its charity and general were given as well in 2014 – $125,000 to among the broader community as well. funds into the local community with donaToys for Tots and $125,000 to Crime The tribe has a payroll of more than tions to various charities and organizations Stoppers of Tacoma-Pierce County. The 3,200 people – approximately 70 percent of such as hospitals, healthcare and medical Tribe’s donation is the largest single gift research, schools, food banks, literacy proto these entities, marking the third year HAPPY HOUR 7 Days a Week! grams, job training…the list goes on. the Puyallups have given this amount of Monday-Saturday 3PM-7PM & 9-11:30PM Last summer the Puyallup Tribfinancial support. Sunday ALL DAY Happy Hour! al Council made its final payment of From sponsoring countless local chari$200,000 on a $1 million commitment ties, non-profit organizations, social welEXTENDED HAPPY HOUR DRINKS & APPETIZERS to MultiCare Health System. Thanks to fare projects and events that may otherwise the tribe’s contribution, the once oversuffer or cease to exist, to protecting the crowded emergency departments of Taenvironment, funding crime prevention, coma General Hospital and Mary Bridge city improvement projects and healthcare, Children’s Hospital expanded from a the Tribe maintains its commitment to small footprint to spanning the length honoring its well-deserved reputation as 5119 Paciﬁc Hwy E, Fife 98424 of an entire football field including both “the generous people,” a reflection of the end zones. And in December 2014, the meaning of the Tribe’s very name. Fife’s Original Sports Bar Family owned since 1973 GREAT BAR FOOD SPIRITS & ROTATING MICRO HANDLES 52 253.922.7371 Pierce County Community Newspaper Group • www.tacomaweekly.com • (253) 922-5317 Fine dining with fantastic service and amazing food, all with an unbeatable view! )"3#037&8%37& (()"3#03 8"t Pierce County Community Newspaper Group â€˘ www.tacomaweekly.com â€˘ (253) 922-5317 53 ENJOY DINING & DRINKS ON THE TACOMA WATERFRONT AT CIs OVERLOOKING COMMENCEMENT BAY Specializing in Fresh Northwest Seafood, Fine Steaks and Chops ENJOY BAGPIPERS ON OUR DECK AT SUNSET FRIDAY & SATURDAY DURING THE TOURNAMENT FRESH SALMON FRESH FISH & SEAFOOD DAILY BONE-IN NIMAN RANCH PORK CHOP EXTRAORDINARY WINES & COCKTAILS LOCAL MINTERBROOK OYSTERS FINE COLLECTION OF SPIRITS, WINE & LOCAL CRAFT BEER AMAZING NIGHTLY SUNSETS CI SHENANIGANS… FOR LUNCH, DINNER & SUNDAY BRUNCH SERVING TACOMA FOR OVER 30 YEARS! Reservations accepted but not required. LIVE MUSIC ON THE DECK WEDNESDAY EVENINGS CRAB & SHRIMP LOUIS SALAD WWW.CISHENANIGANS.COM ȏ 3017 RUSTON WAY ȏb A Proud Partner of USO Northwest Nestled on an expansive campus located just minutes from joint base Lewis-McChord, Patriots Landing offers you the breathtaking natural beauty of the Pacific Northwest, with convenient airport access and the rich cultural opportunities of nearby Seattle and Tacoma. Itâ€™s time to take charge and enjoy the rewards of your hard work! Call us today to find out how affordable freedom & luxury can be. W W W. PAT R I O T S L A N D I N G . C O M MORE THAN JUST A MUSEUM 19th HOLE \| JUNE 15 - 21 \| 5 - 8 pm Special golf cart display, complimentary beverage and commemorative gift 2702 East D Street, Tacoma, WA 98421 \| 253.779.8490 \| americascarmuseum.org City of Fife welcomes the 2015 U.S. Open Championship Your Fife City Council LEADING THE WAY IN RIVER CRUISING CALL MICHELLE: (253) 576-8965 LEADING THE WAY IN RIVER CRUISING LEADING THE WAY IN RIVER CRUISING '%#%) %$"')('+" %$(")( " $ (%$". (%$%"%&$. '%#%) %$('+" %'$, %%! $ ($#.$%)&&" ")%,''%&%%! $ ( 0 '('$%) %# $", ) Terms & Conditions: Promotional rates are valid on select sailings only, based on double occupancy. Promotions are valid for new bookings and may not be applicable toward Group bookings. Offers are not combinable with any promotions/ '%#%) %$"')('+" %$(")( " $ (%$". (%$%"%&$. '%#%) %$('+" %'$, %%! $ ($#.$%)&&" ")%,''%&%%! $ ( 0 '('$%) other %# $", ) $.%) '&'%#%) %$( (%$)( '" # ))% + " " ). ' & ).%$)'%""$'(* ))% $ %' '# $) %$, ) %)$%) ) ''()' ) %$(&&". discounts, are limited to availability, are capacity controlled and are subject to change or termination without notice. Other)restrictions apply. All rates are per person in USD for cruise only, based on double occupancy in a Category E stateroom unless $.%) '&'%#%) %$( (%$)( '" # ))% + " " ). '& ).%$)'%""$'(* ))% $ %')'# $) %$, ) %)$%) ) ''()' ) %$(&&". US Open Golf_Learncation_June2015.indd 1 stated otherwise. Rates reďŹ‚ect $750 discount off cruise fare per person or single supplement waived. Single supplement waived offer does not apply to Cat. A+, AA+ or Suites. Offer is valid until June 30, 2015 and is not combinable with group 4/29/15 discount.9:30 AM US Open Golf_Learncation_June2015.indd 1 4/29/15 9:30 AM Unless explicitly stated that single supplement is waived, solo travelers in a double occupancy stateroom must pay an additional single supplement amount. Port charges of $168 per person, stateroom upgrades, roundtrip airfare, and gratuities areLEADING additional. Registration as a seller of travel does not constitute approval by the State of California. AmaWaterways CST#2065452-40. THE '%#%) %$"')('+" %$(")( " $ (%$". (%$%"%&$. '%#%) %$('+" %'$,%%! $ ($#.$%)&&" ")%,''%&%%! $ ( US Open Golf_Learncation_June2015.indd 1 4/29/15 9:30 AM US Open$.%) '&'%#%) %$( (%$)( '" # ))% Golf_Learncation_June2015.indd 1 4/29/15 9:30 AM + " " ). '& ).%$)'%""$'( ))% $ %')'# $) %$, ) %*)$%) ) ''()' ) %$(&&". 5 7 S 84TH ST STEILACOOM BLVD SW 5 96TH ST districts & neighborhoods 6. oakland madrona Center St and S Proctor St 1. RUSTON 5. 6TH AVE 7. south tacoma 9. PACIFIC AVE 1. Ruston Point Defiance UNIVERSITY 6. OAKLAND/MADRONA 10.S LINCOLN N2. Pearl & N 51st St PLACE S Tacoma Way, from 47th to S 57th St 3. PROCTOR 7. SOUTH TACOMA 11. HILLTOP 2. University place 8. fern hill 27th from Grandview to 67th Ave W 4. St, OLD TOWN 8. FERN HILL S 84th & Park St 12. STADIUM 12. stadium N 1st St & N Tacoma Ave 13. 13. DOME dome 14. MCKINLEY E D St & 25th St 15. 14. PORTLAND mckinleyAVE E 34th St & McKinley Ave 3. proctor N 26th & N Proctor 9. pacific avenue Pacific Ave, from 46th St to 56th St 15. portland avenue E 32nd St & E Portland Ave 4. old town Between Starr St, Carr St & N 30th 10. lincoln S 38th & Yakima Ave 16. pUYALLUP	Galloping Gertie
The tomb of what Egyptian king, which later inspired a Top 20 hit by Steve Martin, was discovered by Howard Carter on Nov 4, 1922, in spite of the supposed curse?	Wednesday, July 1, 2015 by The Westfield News - issuu issuu Search for The Westfield News WEATHER TONIGHT Partly cloudy. Low of 60. The Westfield News Serving Westfield, Southwick, and the surrounding Hilltowns www.thewestfieldnews.com multiple and massive innovations, obsolescence becomes the major obsession.” — Marshall McLuhan WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 75 cents Council approves 2016FY budget OUR COMMUNITY FOOD PANTRY Pantry receives funds from predecessor By HOPE E. TREMBLAY Staff Writer SOUTHWICK – The Our Community Food Pantry received $50,690 last week when funds from its predecessor were released and approved by the Board of Selectmen. Chief Administrative Officer Karl Stinehart said when the former Southwick Coalition disbanded, the funds were held in an account for several years in case their was a need to pay any bills or any items related to that group. “It was held over a period of time and can now be transferred to the food pantry as their successor,” Stinehart said. Board Chairman Joseph Deedy told members of the Our Community Table “hopefully this helps.” Our Community Table, located at 220 College Highway, serves Southwick, Granville and Tolland. The pantry is open Mondays from 3-5 p.m., Tuesdays and Wednesdays from 10 a.m. to noon, and Thursdays from 5-6 p.m. except holidays and when schools are closed due to weather. Although the pantry does not turn away non-residents, they are limited in resources. Clients must provide proof of residence and income as well as dates of birth for everyone in the household. Food is distributed according to a family size chart. The current immediate needs include cereal, and non-perishable items such as peanut butter, tuna, pasta, juice and soup are always needed. Cash donations are also welcome to offset administrative costs. The pantry also accepts and distributes personal care items such as shampoo and soap. Much of the food provided is purchased through the Western Mass Food Bank where dollars are stretched to purchase dry goods as well as meats, fresh produce and dairy. Our Community Table’s latest venture is a mobile pantry to reach those in need of food in the hilltowns and cannot get to the pantry. Baystate announces completion of Noble takeover WESTFIELD – The trustees of Baystate Health and Noble Hospital are pleased to announce today that Noble and its affiliated entities will become part of Baystate Health, effective today, July 1. As of July 1, the hospital will be known as Baystate Noble Hospital and will join Baystate’s team of community hospitals in Greenfield, Palmer and Ware. Ronald Bryant, currently president and CEO of Noble Hospital, will accept the position of president of Baystate Noble Hospital, in accordance with Baystate Health’s structure for its community hospital leadership. Bryant will report to Dennis Chalke, senior vice president of Community Hospitals for Baystate Health. “We’re proud to welcome Noble and its team members to the Baystate family and to bring their proud tradition of outstanding, compassionate care into our organization,” said Dr. Mark A. Keroack, president and CEO of Baystate Health. “Now, we’ll move on to the most important part of this change: advancing the quality, access and value of care provided to the Westfield community.” As president of Baystate Noble, Bryant will continue to provide strategic, executive and operational leadership for the hospital, which offers a variety of inpatient and outpatient services including medical, surgical, pulmonary rehabilita- WESTFIELD – The United State Marine Corps is bringing the remains of Captain Richard Woytisek Vincent home for burial at Pine Hill Cemetery Thursday with full honors. Vincent, a graduate of Westfield High School and the University of Massachusetts, was assigned to Company d, 2nd Battalion, 18th Marines, 2nd Marine Division. He died on Nov. 20, 1943 and was listed as Killed In Action (KIA). Vincent was a 1st Lieutenant when he died in action and promoted to captain posthumously promoted. He was listed as missing in action (MIA) or buried at sea until Oct. 21, 2014 when his remains were identified. Vincent was one of 514 US Marines whose remains were See U.S. Marine, Page 3 See Noble, Page 3 The Westfield News Radio Show Thursday Line-Up 6am-8am This Thursday... Thursday... This 6am-8am: BOB McKEAN Pastor Merle Beal,Stanley Rev. Jason Executive Director Park Steel & Rev. Jordan Greeley Mark Boardman & Jennifer Gruzska Topic isRotary Religion Westfield Club Download WSKB from your Tune In Radio App or watch on Comcast Cable CH. 15 RADIO FOR THE WESTFIELD MASSES U.S. Marine is coming home to Westfield tion, cardiac and emergency services for over 100,000 local residents. “For me, this is a new phase and an extension of an already strong relationship,” said Bryant. “From heart-attack care to neurosciences to obstetrics, the Noble community has a longstanding and thriving relationship with Baystate Health. I’m honored to be able to play a part in this new relationship—and step forward—in service of the Westfield community’s health.” “Ron has led Noble to success in the most challenging of environments for community hospitals,” said Chalke. By DAN MORIARTY Staff Writer WESTFIELD – The City Council last night at a special session approved the 2016 fiscal year budget, which begins today, by a 9-3 vote and also made several transfers to erase the snow and ice deficit and fund the city’s health insurance trust fund. At-large Councilor Dan Allie, At-large Councilor David A. Flaherty and Ward 1 Councilor Christopher Keefe voted against adopting the new budget because they felt that deeper cuts were in order to better position the city for the year. The Council cut nearly $2 million Monday at a Finance Committee of the Whole, from the $120,649,353 budget submitted by Mayor Daniel M. Knapik in early June. The council approved a budget of $118,771,183.88. Knapik is also submitting a budget for revenue-generating departments of $14,377,390. State law requires that proposed budgets for those departments and revolving accounts not exceed the income revenue of the previous year, a mandate that cut an additional $4,019,077 from the budget proposed by those departments. The Council was unanimous in its support of Knapik’s request to return $146,000 to the Police Department budget for three school resource officers. That funding had been eliminated from the department’s proposed budget. The council balked at transferring $100,000 back to the school department and took no action on Knapik’s request to sweep any funds remaining in the free cash account into the city’s stabilization account, a typical transfer to keep those funds available. The free cash account will be frozen, as of today, until the state Department of Revenue certifies that the city has no encumbered debt remaining from the 2015 fiscal year. That certification usually comes several months into the new fiscal year, meaning that money is not available. See Budget, Page 3 Is there help? By TINA GORMAN Executive Director Westfield Council On Aging WESTFIELD — Frail, homebound adults aged 60 and older who are considered at risk of institutionalization are provided a variety of services through the Westfield Council On Aging Volunteer Companion Program so that they may age in place in their own homes. Services currently include grocery shopping, errands, companionship, hazardous weather check-ups, home assessments to determine the level of safety and convenience in the home for those who are most at-risk, low-cost transportation to medical appointments, Spanish-speaking volunteers for those clients who do not speak English, as well as fire and home safety checks and education. The Companion Program is funded through a variety of grants and each year the scope of services provided increases as the needs of the clients become more varied. The number of Spanishspeaking volunteers and clients has grown in recent years, necessitating more comprehensive information for them regarding local services. As this fiscal year draws to a close, the Council On Aging Companion Program in collaboration with the Westfield Spanish American Association (WSAA) announces the development of a community resource booklet in Spanish that includes agencies, programs, and services for older adults living in Westfield. With funding from the City’s Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) as well as a grant from Sarah Gillett Services for the Elderly, Inc., Companion See Is There Help?, Page 3 Happy 35th Anniversary, Westfield State Foundation It was 35 years ago that a group of committed business leaders and community volunteers came together with representatives of what was then Westfield State College to establish a place to serve all faiths and enhance the quality of life of students and the greater community. For more information about the Albert and Amelia Ferst Interfaith Center and the Westfield State Foundation, please contact Foundation Advancement Officer Lisa McMahon at (413) 485-7360 or [email protected]. and see our ad on the cover of this week’s PennySaver. Westfield State Foundation, Inc. • 2 Broad Street • P.O. Box 1630 • Westfield, MA 01086 • (413) 485-7357 • westfield.ma.edu/foundation • facebook.com/Westfield State Foundation PAGE 2 - WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM TOLLAND Submit your Around Town News to [email protected] Sarah Gillett Grant to aid Senior Center WESTFIELD — Sarah Gillett Services for the Elderly, Inc., a private foundation providing funding to meet the needs of older adults in the Greater Westfield community since 1900, has awarded $20,000 to the Friends of the Westfield Senior Center, Inc. to assist in the new Senior Center capital campaign. The Senior Center, now under construction on Noble Street, will house the offices and programs of the Westfield Council On Aging. “We welcome the financial commitment that Sarah Gillett Services has made to our new Senior Center,” said Tina Gorman, Executive Director of the Council On Aging and ex-officio member of the Board of Directors of the Friends of the Westfield Senior Center. “The Council on Aging has found Sarah Gillett Services to be a steadfast and reliable partner that, over the years, has provided funding for a variety of our programs.” This year, in addition to the funds made available for the Senior Center capital campaign, Sarah Gillett Services has also provided grants of $2,700 to the Council On Aging to help fund Alzheimer’s Awareness training for the volunteers in the Companionship Program and $370 to help Elaine Lees, art instructor, to purchase art supplies for the weekly ‘Art Unlimited’ class offered to seniors at the Council’s Main Street location. According to Robert Wilcox, long time Treasurer of Sarah Gillett Services, Sarah Gillett Services awarded a total of 18 grants in 2015, all designed to help non-profits and local charities to serve the needs of older adults in Westfield and the surrounding hill towns but this $20,000 commitment to the Senior Center, to be paid over three years, is the largest commitment in the organization’s history. “Our Board of Trustees looked into the project and saw that Westfield was building a state of the art facility designed to meet the needs of Westfield’s senior community for years to come. It only seemed appropriate that Sarah Gillett Services, an organization that has had an ongoing relationship with the Council On Aging going back 33 years, would step up to the plate for this once in a lifetime project.” Friends of the Westfield Senior Center Treasurer Kathy Millas accepts a contribution to the Capital Campaign from Bob Wilcox, Treasurer of Sarah Gillett Services for the Elderly, Inc. Also in the picture is Council On Aging Executive Director, Tina Gorman and Friends of the Westfield Senior Center Board member, Attorney Tom Keenan. (photo submitted) ODDS & ENDS THURSDAY SUNSET LENGTH OF DAY For sale: Former prison with mountain view, sleeps hundreds MOREAU, N.Y. (AP) — For sale: A 325-acre New York property containing more than 100 structures atop a mountain offering spectacular views. Sleeps hundreds. And one more thing: It’s a former prison. The economic development office says July 7 is the deadline to submit bids to turn the prison in the Adirondack foothills into a new enterprise. The state closed the medium-security Mount McGregor Correctional Facility last summer as part of a plan to shut down four prisons because of declining inmate populations. It’s located in the Saratoga County town of Moreau (MOHR’-oh), just north of Saratoga Springs. Some of the buildings date to 1915, when the site was home to a tuberculosis sanitarium. It was turned into a state prison in the 1970s. McGregor’s dormitories and cells could sleep more than 540 inmates. LOCAL LOTTERY LAST NIGHT’S NUMBERS MASSACHUSETTS MassCash 04-17-21-25-26 Mega Millions 11-17-34-43-50, Mega Ball: 15 Estimated jackpot: $74 million Megaplier 4 Numbers Evening 0-8-3-0 Numbers Midday 2-8-9-4 Powerball Estimated jackpot: $60 million CONNECTICUT 5 Card Cash 5C-10C-2S-3S-5S Cash 5 01-11-30-33-34 Lotto 13-14-18-22-25-37 Estimated jackpot: $3.2 million Lucky Links Day 01-05-07-11-14-18-21-22 Lucky Links Night 02-04-05-06-09-10-19-22 Play3 Day 1-1-7 Play3 Night 3-9-6 Play4 Day 9-9-7-6 Play4 Night 5-9-0-6 TODAY IN HISTORY Today is Wednesday, July 1, the 182nd day of 2015. There are 183 days left in the year. THIS IS CANADA DAY. O n July 1, 1940, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington state opened to traffic despite concerns over its tendency to “bounce” in windy conditions, inspiring the nickname “Galloping Gertie” (four months later, the suspension bridge’s main section collapsed into Puget Sound). ON THIS DATE: In 1535, Sir Thomas More went on trial in England, charged with high treason for rejecting the Oath of Supremacy. (More was convicted, and executed.) In 1863, the pivotal, three-day Civil War Battle of Gettysburg, resulting in a Union victory, began in Pennsylvania. In 1867, Canada became a self-governing dominion of Great Britain as the British North America Act took effect. In 1912, aviator Harriet Quimby, 37, was killed along with her passenger, William Willard, when they were thrown out of Quimby’s monoplane at the Third Annual Boston Aviation Meet. In 1934, Hollywood began enforcing its Production Code subjecting motion pictures to censorship review. In 1946, the United States exploded a 20-kiloton atomic bomb near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific. In 1965, “The Great Race,” Blake Edwards’ big-budget homage to oldtime slapstick comedy starring Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis and Natalie Wood, was released by Warner Bros. In 1974, the president of Argentina, Juan Peron, died; he was succeeded by his wife, Isabel Martinez de Peron. In 1980, “O Canada” was proclaimed the national anthem of Canada. In 1995, rock-and-roll disc jockey Wolfman Jack died in Belvidere, North Carolina, at age 57. In 2000, Vermont’s civil unions law, which granted gay couples most of the rights, benefits and responsibilities of marriage, went into effect. The Confederate flag was removed from atop South Carolina’s Statehouse (in a compromise, another Confederate flag was raised on the Statehouse grounds in front of a soldier’s monument). Actor Walter Matthau died in Santa Monica, California, at age 79. In 2004, actor Marlon Brando died in Los Angeles at age 80. Ten years ago: Justice Sandra Day O’Connor unexpectedly announced her retirement from the U.S. Supreme Court (she was succeeded by Samuel Alito). Rhythm-and-blues singer Luther Vandross died in Edison, New Jersey, at age 54. FIVE YEARS AGO: California lawmakers approved a $20 million settlement with the family of Jaycee Dugard, who was kidnapped as a girl and held captive in a secret backyard for 18 years by a paroled sex offender. At least two suicide bombers attacked a popular Muslim shrine in Pakistan’s second largest city, Lahore, killing some three dozen people. ONE YEAR AGO: David Greenglass, the star witness in the trial of his sister, Ethel Rosenberg, and her husband, Julius, died in New York City at age 92. (The Rosenbergs were executed in 1953 for conspiring to pass secrets about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union; Greenglass served 10 years in prison for espionage followed by years of living under an assumed name.) TODAY’S BIRTHDAYS: Actress Olivia de Havilland is 99. Actress-dancer Leslie Caron is 84. Actress Jean Marsh is 81. Actor Jamie Farr is 81. Bluesman James Cotton is 80. Actor David Prowse is 80. Cookiemaker Wally Amos is 79. Dancer-choreographer Twyla Tharp is 74. Actress Genevieve Bujold is 73. Rock singeractress Deborah Harry is 70. Movie-TV producer-director Michael Pressman is 65. Actor Daryl Anderson is 64. Actor Trevor Eve is 64. Actor Terrence Mann is 64. Rock singer Fred Schneider (B-52’s) is 64. Pop singer Victor Willis (Village People) is 64. Actor-comedian Dan Aykroyd is 63. Actress Lorna Patterson is 59. Actor Alan Ruck is 59. Rhythm-andblues singer Evelyn “Champagne” King is 55. Olympic gold medal track star Carl Lewis is 54. Country singer Michelle Wright is 54. Actor Andre Braugher is 53. Actor Dominic Keating is 53. Actress Pamela Anderson is 48. Rock musician Mark Pirro is 45. Rock musician Franny Griffiths (Space) is 45. Actor Henry Simmons is 45. Hip-hop artist Missy Elliott is 44. Actress Julianne Nicholson is 44. Actress Melissa Peterman is 44. Rock musician Bryan Devendorf (The National) is 40. Actress Liv Tyler is 38. Bluegrass musician Adam Haynes (Dailey & Vincent) is 36. Actress Hilarie Burton is 33. Actress Lynsey Bartilson is 32. Actress Lea Seydoux (LEE’-uh sayDOO’) is 30. Actor Evan Ellingson is 27. Actors Andrew and Steven Cavarno are 23. WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM THE WESTFIELD NEWS Noble Board of Trustees. Bryant served as chief operating officer for Noble, and spent over 10 years prior to that as a chief financial officer for several organizations. Noble has about 750 employees, who will join Baystate Health’s team of 11,500 across western Massachusetts. With the change, Noble Hospital Trustees Robert Bacon and Harriet DeVerry will join the Baystate Health Board of Trustees as representatives of Noble and its community. Baystate Noble will not retain a separate board of trustees. Noble Hospital has served the greater Westfield community since 1893, when Westfield native Reuben Noble bequeathed a large portion of his estate to establish a local hospital. The original Westfield Community Education offers HiSET prep classes WESTFIELD — Westfield Community Education is offering free, evening High School Equivalency Credential Preparation Classes for residents of the Greater Westfield Area that are committed to investing the necessary time and energy to prepare to take the “HiSET”- High School Equivalency Test, formerly called GED. On August 25, 2015 at 5:30pm at the Westfield Athenaeum - 6 Elm Street in Westfield, Ma -Lang Auditorium, we will hold our Information & Registration night. Please be prepared to complete registration paperwork and take an assessment test to determine class placement. Classes officially begin on September 1, 2015 at the Westfield Athenaeum. For additional information please call: 413.336.3100 or visit us online at www.westfieldcommunityeducation.org. Westfield Community Education is an initiative of Domus Inc. and is generously supported by: The Beveridge Family Foundation, Berkshire Bank Foundation, C & S Wholesale Grocers, United Bank, PeoplesBank, First Niagara Bank, Easthampton Savings Bank, Westfield Bank "The Future Fund", Shurtleff Childrens' Services, The City of Westfield CDBG, Kiwanis Club of Westfield, Dollar General, Horace A. Moses Charitable Trust and Charles H. Hall Foundation, Bank of America, N.A. Trustee, The Salvation Army, The Westfield Police Association, The Westfield Athenaeum and Western Mass Hospital. Budget GOVERNMENT MEETINGS Continued from Page 1 “We’re very pleased to work with him as we continue our efforts to provide as much care as possible close to home, effectively and efficiently, for our communities in western Massachusetts.” Baystate continues its tradition of upholding the histories of partner organizations that endure in their names. “We’re very pleased to honor the memory of Reuben Noble and continue to provide the outstanding care that patients have come to expect from Noble,” said Chalke. Bryant earned his undergraduate degree from Assumption College and he has a Master of Health Administration from St. Joseph’s College. He also is a licensed certified public accountant. Bryant is a member of the American College of Healthcare Executives and the Massachusetts Hospital Association hospital had 20 beds and was staffed by eight physicians. The Nurses’ Training School opened in 1905 and graduated 144 nurses before closing in 1936. In 1958, a new hospital was built featuring updated facilities and equipment. Noble Hospital has seen many changes in its 122 years, including new service lines, state-of-the-art medical enhancements, and facility additions and improvements. The new Baystate Noble Hospital name and logo will be integrated into all signage and materials after July 1. The Noble Visiting Nurse & Hospice logo has also been updated to reflect its connection to Baystate Health and will be used after July 1. Signage and names for Noble Medical Group physicians and Noble Express Care will not be changed at this time. PITTSFIELD, Mass. (AP) — Authorities say a customer was knocked unconscious and had to be taken to the hospital after he was struck by a section of decorative wooden trellis that fell from the ceiling of a western Massachusetts supermarket. Two other customers and three employees of the Pittsfield Price Chopper suffered minor injuries when the trellis tumbled in an area near the checkout area during remodeling work Tuesday morning. A spokeswoman for the Schenectady, New York-based supermarket chain said in a statement to The Berkshire Eagle that an electrician on a lift working on the lights bumped the trellis, causing the cable securing it to the ceiling to snap. As a precaution, several other similar trellises were taken down. Deputy Fire Chief Steven Peaslee says the trellises weighed about 50 pounds each. HUNTINGTON Selectboard at 5:30 pm THURSDAY, JULY 2 WESTFIELD Personnel Action Committee at 6:30 pm City Council at 7 pm WEDNESDAY, JULY 15 HUNTINGTON Conservation Commission at 7 pm discovered on Tarawa, an island in the Marshall Islands during excavation for a construction project. The Battle of Tarawa was won by the 2nd Marine Division in 72 hours, but at a horrible cost. Landing craft, intended to transport Marines to the shore, hit WESTFIELD a reef during low tide, forcing Marines to disembark 500 feet Planning Board at 7 pm from the shore line. The Marines came under heavy fire as they crossed that 500 feet devoid of cover and concealment. Tarawa, held by the Japanese from 1941 to 1943, was a strategic island 2,400 miles southwest of Hawaii that opened the Central Pacific and eventually the Philippines, to the US forces. Vincent’s parents, Walter Woytisek Vincent, who died in 1950 and Jennie C. Kitner Vincent who died in 1946, erected An article in yesterday's paper had an incorrect amount a memorial at the Pine Hill Cemetery. The memorial, which of a grant awarded to the Town of Southwick to purchase still stands today, reads “In Memory of Our Son, Richard, 1st a new salt shed. The amount received was $450,000. Lt, U.S.M.C. Gave his Life at Tarawa, We live by deeds, not years.” The graveside service is slated for 1 p.m. Thursday and will include full military honors presented by U.S. Marines and other veteran organizations. Vincent’s body is being flown WESTFIELD — The Westfield News Group into Bradley International and will be received by a US Marine Honor Guard and transported to the Firtion Adams office will be closed Friday, July 3. The Westfield News will not publish, Saturday, Funeral Home on Broad Street. July 4, in observance of Independence Day. TUESDAY, JULY 21 TO OUR READERS Continued from Page 1 Program staff at the Council On Aging developed a booklet with the names, addresses, contact information, and a brief description of local and State resources available for the City’s older adults. The booklet was then translated into Spanish by former Westfield City Councilor and WSAA member, Agma Sweeney. The translation was reviewed by WSAA members for accuracy and then printed for distribution. The following agencies are included in the booklet: Westfield Council On Aging; Alzheimer’s Association; Carson Center for Human Services; Elder Law Project; Highland Valley Elder Services; Massachusetts Commission for the Blind; Massachusetts Commission for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing; Mercy Adult Day Health of Westfield; Noble Hospital; Salvation Army; Stavros; Westfield Food Pantry; Westfield Housing Happy 102nd Birthday! Westfield Homeless Cat Project offers huge tage sale Customer hurt by falling trellis at Pittsfield supermarket BLANDFORD Fire Department Meeting at 7 pm Finance Committee at 7 pm Board of Health Meeting at 7 pm Planning Board Meeting at 7 pm Continued from Page 1 Is There Help? WESTFIELD — Huge tag Sale, July 2, 3, and 4 at 88 City View Rd., Westfield, 9-3; to benefit The Westfield Homeless Cat Project. Small furniture, lamps, antique sewing machine, antique typewriter, unique dolls, therapeutic massage table, massage chair, perennials, long handle garden tools, guy stuff, plus size women’s clothing and much, much more!!! A year’s worth of donations. WEDNESDAY, JULY 1 U.S. Marine Continued from Page 1 Council President Brian Sullivan said that the request to sweep the free cash account did not come in the proper form which the council needed to take action. The Council members also took no action on Knapik’s request to name City Treasurer Meghan Kane as the acting City Collector following the retirement of Michael McMahon later this week. Keefe said that under City Charter, the Collector is a council appointment, not the mayor’s. “This is about procedure, about authority under the City Charter,” Keefe said, then made a motion to put the acting appointment on the council’s July 2 agenda. The council approved the use of $264,613.34 for repairs at Bullens Field, including new facilities, such as handicap ramps, to bring the field into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. That funding is coming from the bond premium obtained when the city sold a 50 million bond and can only be spent on one-time capital projects and purchases. Flaherty said that the bond premium is about $550,000 and is not sufficient for the majority of the city’s capital improvement projects which typically cost millions. “We have to find small projects like this (Bullens Field improvement) to spend that money,” Flaherty said. Council President Brian Sullivan said the ADA component of the improvements “needs to be done” and that other components, such as lights, will be installed both at Bullens Field and the adjoining football fields “so it’s not just baseball.” WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 - PAGE 3 Dina Battistoni July 1, 1913! Authority; and Westfield Police Department. “Is There Help? A Booklet of Local Resources for Westfield’s Older Adults” is available in both Spanish and English at the Westfield Senior Center, 40 Main Street. Additional copies in Spanish are available at the office of the Westfield Spanish American Association located at 52 Court Street, Suite 1 in the Webster’s Flowers building. For more information on the booklet, please contact Fran Aguda at the Westfield Council On Aging, 562-6435. WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM PAGE 4 - WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 THE WESTFIELD NEWS COMMENT [email protected] Start a conversation at http://thewestfieldnews.com/pulseline-form LETTER TO THE EDITOR To the Editor Thank you to the staff, spectators, and participants of the Hot Rods for Heroes second annual event. Special thanks to State Senator, Don Humason for his participation and helping to make the show a complete success! Hope to see you next year! Commander, George Hallock American Legion, Post 356 New Clinton emails show expansive role of Blumenthal The liberal writer and family confidant peppered the secretary of state with advice on everything from internal turf battles to climate change. By JOSH GERSTEIN Politico.com In her early months in office, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was in contact with unofficial adviser Sidney Blumenthal more often and on a wider range of topics than was previously known, a set of about 3,000 Clinton emails released Tuesday night by the State Department revealed. While Blumenthal’s role as a provider of off-the-books intelligence reports on Libya has stirred controversy, the newly disclosed emails show he also acted as an intermediary with officials involved in the Northern Ireland peace process and shared advice with Clinton on issues from Iran to British politics to how to blame China for the breakdown of global climate talks. A series of emails show that in October 2009, Blumenthal sought to draw Clinton into efforts to elect former British Prime Minister Tony Blair to the presidency of the European Council. “Tony is somewhat downcast on his chances,” Blumenthal wrote in an Oct. 28, 2009, email suggesting that Clinton may want to “weigh in” with her European counterparts. “Your part in this may yet be important.” (The post eventually went to Belgian Prime Minister Herman Van Rompuy.) When Blumenthal sent Clinton notes on themes to strike in speeches she was to give in Germany, she passed them on to her most senior aides. “The speechwriting crew is taking Sid’s points below and massaging them into a set of remarks,” Director of Policy Planning Jake Sullivan assured Clinton. In a June 14, 2009, email on Iran’s elections “and CIA/torture,” Blumenthal forwarded Clinton two articles about rigged elections in the Middle Eastern nation — and a third about a yet-to-be-published New York Times story detailing the administration’s internal deliberations on torture. The author had interviewed CIA director Leon Panetta. But Blumenthal advised Clinton not to go that route. Don’t comment, he urged. “Jane Mayer’s piece details the many moving and uncontrolled parts of the torture debate, which has become chronic and will flare up again and again,” he said of the story. “The ‘distraction’ will not go away. I would avoid ever being drawn into commenting on any aspect.” A few days earlier, on June 12, 2009, he sent Clinton a note suggesting he may have had some sort of hand in a post criticizing National Security Adviser James Jones, written by Steve Clemons, top editor at The Atlantic and director of the American strategy program at the New America Foundation. “Your request is being processed…” was all Blumenthal wrote, linking to the story that summarizes Clemons’ critics calling him “plodding, slow-moving, out of touch retired general who was better prepared to think about the last era rather than the one we are moving into.” Blumenthal has been questioned by Republican Benghazi investigators about similar exchanges in which he wrote messages such as “got all this done,” then linked to Media Matters blog posts blasting the GOP’s reaction to the Benghazi attacks. Blumenthal has said he had no part in writing, editing or placing the posts — despite the fact that he seemed to take credit for them while passing them on to Clinton. Clinton has described Blumenthal’s advice as unsolicited. However, it’s clear from the emails that — at least in her first year in office — the two were in regular contact and Clinton sometimes sought Blumenthal’s counsel. “Are you still awake?” she wrote in an email to Blumenthal sent on Oct. 8, 2009, at 10:35 P.M. that does not provide details on the issue prompting the message. “I will call if you are.” Clinton even attempted to get Blumenthal a State Department The Westfield News A publication of the Westfield News Group LLC Jim McKeever Director of Content Dan Moriarty 62 School Street, Westfield , MA 01085 (413)562-4181 www.thewestfieldnews.com post in 2009, but aides to President Barack Obama blocked the appointment because of what they viewed as Blumenthal’s role in spreading rumors about Obama during the 2008 presidential primary fight with Clinton. However, the idea of a job at State for Blumenthal seemed to be a live one through June 2009, although aides to Clinton were nervous about Blumenthal’s role getting too much attention. “We have heard from an AP reporter that Sydney [sic] outed himself about coming to the Department, mentioning it without realizing he was talking to someone who actually covers our building,” State spokesman P.J. Crowley wrote to Clinton chief of staff Cheryl Mills on June 5, 2009. Within hours, Mills forwarded the message to Clinton’s personal email account. About two weeks later, Clinton wanted an update. “What is latest re Sid Blumenthal?” she asked Mills in a June 22, 2009, message. “Will see — he is doing the paperwork,” Mills replied early the next morning. While Blumenthal never got a State Department job, he was hired as a consultant for the Clinton Foundation at a rate of $10,000 a month,POLITICO reported in May. The emails appear to reflect some anxiety among Clinton and her top aides about her stature in the Obama administration in the early months of her tenure. In June 2009, Clinton complained that she had twice shown up for meetings at the White House organized by National Security Adviser James Jones only to be told they had been canceled some time before. “I arrived for the 10:15 mtg and was told there was no mtg,” Clinton wrote to her aides. “This is the second time this has happened. What’s up???” Earlier that month, Clinton emailed her aides to say she’d heard “on the radio” there was a Cabinet meeting that day. “Is there? Can I go?” she asked. The emails also show that aides kept Clinton informed when the White House highlighted Vice President Joe Biden’s role in Iraq policy in a way reporters interpreted to signal that Clinton might have been displaced. Sullivan told an inquiring State spokesman that Clinton would “be back in Iraq before long.” He sent the exchange to Mills, who immediately passed it to the secretary. “Read traffic all the way down,” Mills wrote. The bottom of the email chain consisted of White House spokesman Robert Gibbs’ comments that Biden would now “oversee” Iraq policy. The emails also provide the broadest look yet at who was in Clinton’s inner circle as a result of having access to her personal email address. Most of the exchanges involve mundane departmental matters and are between Clinton and her closest aides, Mills, Huma Abedin, and Jake Sullivan. But a host of outside correspondents also sought out favors from Clinton or passed along their regards. Among those in possession of the private address: Democratic pollster Mark Penn, Washington spinmeister Lanny Davis, wealthy socialite Lynn Forester De Rothschild, Tony Blair’s wife Cherie, former National Security Adviser Sandy Berger, retired General Wes Clark, White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel (though he, along with White House adviser David Axelrod, had to ask permission). Also trading emails with Clinton: Ambassador Scott Gration (later ousted from his post by Clinton’s team), Clinton childhood friend Voda Ebeling, Bill Clinton college roommate and newspaper publisher Brian Greenspun, education activist and philanthropist political donor Jill Iscol and former Hillary Clinton Senate chief of staff Tamera Luzzatto. Some of the emails contain references that are puzzling or downright odd. There are several mentions of appointments involving Clinton and someone referred to as “Santa.” In one message, Clinton urges Center for American Progress chief John Podesta to “please wear socks to bed to keep your feet warm.” There are also some not-so-funny jokes Clinton received after injuring her elbow by falling outside the White House in June 2009. “When I wanted you to trip the light fantastic. I didn’t mean that literally,” Sen. Barbara Mikulski (D-Md.) wrote. Former Secretary of State Colin Powell also had a quip. “Hillary, Is it true that Holbrooke tripped you? Just kidding,” he wrote. The roughly 3,000 pages of emails went public Tuesday night as the State Department complied with a court order mandating monthly releases of the trove of messages she sent or received on a private server and returned to her former agency in December. While Clinton insisted earlier this year that all of the messages were unclassified, the State Department concluded that about two dozen of the emails released Tuesday warrant classification because they contain sensitive diplomatic or foreign government information. “Portions of 25 emails were subsequently upgraded” to classified, State spokesman Alex Gerlach said late Tuesday. “It is routine to upgrade information to classified status during the FOIA process. … The information that has been classified today through our FOIA review was sent in 2009. The occurrence of a subsequent upgrade does not in itself mean that anyone did something wrong or violated the law when they sent or received this information.” It’s not the first time State decided some of the information on Clinton’s private account should be classified. When State released about 850 pages of Benghazi-related emails in May, the FBI asked that portions of one email be classified “secret.” All of the larger volume of information declared classified in the new release was classified at the lowest level: “confidential.” State Department officials insisted that the unusual 9 p.m. release was the result of the complexity of organizing and publishing the large volume of records online — and not an effort to dampen press coverage of Clinton’s correspondence. “This is really a function of physics for us. We have a lot of emails to get through. … That’s what’s driving the time,” State Department spokesman John Kirby told reporters at a daily news briefing at the agency’s headquarters. “The 9 o’clock release date [sic] is not deliberately intended to make your life harder. … I recognize that it’s inconvenient for you in the media. I can assure you this is not an attempt or an effort to be less than forthcoming or to try and steer away from news coverage of this.” Kirby sounded resigned to the fact that many in the media and elsewhere would not believe him on that point. “I know that’s going to be the going assumption,” he said. He pointed to an order in May in which a federal judge instructed the State Department to make releases of some of the 55,000 pages of emails by the end of each month, starting Tuesday. U.S. District Court Judge Rudolph Contreras told the agency to “aspire” to put 7 percent of the records in the first monthly release. “We all recognize that turning in our homework at 9 o’clock the night before is probably not ideal,” Kirby quipped in front of a room of journalists griping about the nighttime release. “I certainly apologize for the inconvenience that is going to cause.” After a request from the State Department last October, Clinton returned in December about 30,000 printed emails from her personal email account. She also said she had instructed her aides to delete a slightly larger number of emails her lawyers deemed private or personal. The State Department, which Kirby insisted Tuesday is committed to transparency, initially proposed releasing the bulk of the available Clinton emails under the Freedom of Information Act next January—more than a year after Clinton turned them over. Contreras, however, insisted on monthly releases. Kirby noted Tuesday that most of the 55,000 total pages of Clinton emails are unrelated to Libya or Benghazi. “The vast majority have nothing to do with the work of the select committee,” he said. However, in a separate development, the State Department on Tuesday turned over to the House Benghazi Committee another 3,600 pages of Libya-related documents involving three top officials under Clinton, according to a spokesman for the panel’s Democratic members. Included in the newly provided records are emails to or from former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice, former Director of Policy Planning Jake Sullivan and Mills, the spokesman said. A court filing Tuesday in a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit seeking records related to talking points for Rice’s early public comments on the 2012 Benghazi attack indicates that at least some of the records turned over to the committee were not actually in the State Department’s possession until Friday. Justice Department lawyers handling the suit by the conservative group Judicial Watch said State indicated in April that it “might receive additional potentially responsive documents from three individuals whose state.gov email accounts had been searched.” “On June 26, 2015 … Defendant did receive some such documents,” the Justice lawyers wrote. The court filing did not elaborate on how or from whom the State Department received the records. A State spokesman confirmed the new handover of documents to the House Benghazi panel, but — citing a policy of not commenting on ongoing litigation — declined to say where the records came from. A Republican staffer on the Benghazi panel also confirmed receipt of the new set of documents from State, but had no further comment. The State Department confirmed in March that it had asked former staffers to return any official emails they had in their possession. The agency has not disclosed whether any of the aides forked over records in response to that request. In a letter accompanying the documents sent to Capitol Hill on Tuesday, Assistant Secretary of State Julia Frifield noted that State has “provided the Benghazi Committee with over 50,000 pages of documents” and that “many” records in the new set are duplicates of ones previously given to the panel. However, Frifield also said State is holding back some records. “A small number of documents implicate important Executive Branch institutional interests and are therefore not included in this production,” she wrote. Rachael Bade, Blake Hounshell, Annie Karni and Karey Van Hall contributed reporting to this story. THE WESTFIELD NEWS Obituaries 2 brothers arrested in fatal Springfield shooting http://thewestfieldnews.com/category/obituaries James J. Walsh BLANDFORD — James J. Walsh, 94, died Tuesday, June 30, 2015 at home, surrounded by his family. He was born in Brooklyn, NY on March 15, 1921 to the late James and Rose (Saunderson) Walsh. He was educated in N.Y City and was a U.S. Army Veteran of WW-2. He entered in the U.S. Army in 1942 and served in 5 campaigns in the South Pacific on navigator and convoy commander small craft commissioned in 1946. He was president of Abbott Air Freight and Air Freight Handlers Inc. James was a 25 year Deputy Sheriff and commanding officer of the Law Enforcement Division, Hampden County. He is survived by his wife of 51 years Catharine (Symington) Walsh, his sons James J. Walsh of Crystal River, FL, John R. Walsh of Blandford, his grandchildren Jennifer Panniello and her husband Jay of Montgomery, Mary Ciavola and her husband Bryan of East Otis, James J. Walsh and his wife Morgan of Westfield, Joseph T. Walsh and his fiancé Amy of Russell. He also leaves his grandchildren Riley, Jordan, Ayden and Lexi, his brother and sister-in-law Clifford and Barbara Symington of Manchester, CT. James was pre-deceased by his daughter Jeanne P. Walsh. The funeral service will be held on Friday July 3rd at 11 am from the Firtion-Adams Funeral Service, 76 Broad Street, Westfield. Burial will be private. A calling hour will precede the service on Friday from 10-11am. Donations may be made to American Legion Post 356, Main Street, Blandford, MA 01008. Bessie M. Tryon Home H Business 37 N. ELM ST. WESTFIELD We Accept EBT Cards. REG. STORE HOURS: Thur 9-6 • Fri 9-6:30 • Sat 8-4 Prices Valid THU FRI SAT SUN MON TUE WED JULY Sun 8-1 • Mon 10-5 • Tues 10-5:30 • Wed Closed ~ ZIGGY’S GARDEN ~ Have It Delivered For Only $10!! Model # • YTH 18542 • YTH 18K46 • YTH 22V46 • YTH 22V42 • YTH 24V48 • YT 42S • YT 46LS HP/Width 18.5/42 HYDRO BRIGGS 18/46 HYDRO TWIN BRIGGS 22/46 HYDRO BRIGGS TWIN 22/42 HYDRO TWIN BRIGGS 24/48 HYDRO BRIGGS TWIN 22/42 KOHLER ENGINE 21.5/46 HYDRO KAWASAKI TWIN LS Reg. $1599.95 $1899.95 $1799.95 $1899.95 $2099.95 $2299.95 $2399.95 SALE PRICE $1499.95 $1799.95 $1699.95 $1799.95 $1999.95 $2099.95 $2299.95 CHAIN SAW SALE 2 Year Warranty Model SALE 240 w/14" bar ........... 199.95 240 w/16” bar ........... 209.95 240E w/18" bar......... 249.95 435 w/16" bar ........... 269.95 440E w/16" bar ........ 299.95 445 w/16" bar ........... 309.95 445 w/18" bar ........... 339.95 450 w/18" bar ........... 369.95 455 w/18" bar ........... 419.95 455 w/20” bar ........... 429.95 460 w/20" bar ........... 489.95 460 w/24” bar ........... 499.95 550XP Autotone 20" ... 619.95 576XP w/20" bar ...... 899.95 372XP w/24" bar ...... 899.95 T435 w/14” bar Top Handle .. 339.95 SALE ENDS 7-5-15 81 Springfield Rd. (Rte. 20) • WESTFIELD, MA • (413) 568-3388 www.westfieldhomeandgarden.com HOURS: Sun 8-5 • Mon-Sat 8-6 Not responsible for typographical errors HHHH 15995 $ 28cc, 425 cfm, 170 mph, 9.4 lbs. Auto return stop switch, in-line outlet and cruise control. • Baker nominates Kafker to lead state appeals court Pig Roasts • BBQs Weddings Special Occasions HH Hbe H CLOSED H H HSat. HH We will July 4th • NEW SUMMER H H HOURS: H HSun H8-5 H• Mon-Sat H H 8-6 H HHHHHHHHH NORTHAMPTON, Mass. (AP) — A judge has delayed sentencing for a Springfield man who pleaded guilty in the deaths of father and daughter whose motorcycle he struck while driving high on heroin. Forty-five-year-old James Ainsworth was charged with motor vehicle homicide and manslaughter in the 2014 deaths of 62-year-old Edward McGrath of Holyoke and his daughter 29-year-old Brittany McGrath, of Brooklyn, New York. The father and daughter were riding a motorcycle in Easthampton. McGrath family members asked the judge to sentence Ainsworth to consecutive maximum terms that would keep him in prison for life. Judge Bertha Josephson asked for a presentencing report. Ainworth's plea bargain called for a sentence of 15 to 20 years. She said he could withdraw it and ask for a trial if she proposes a stiffer sentence. Ainsworth's lawyer said his client is remorseful. (413) 562-6759 H WE CATER H SPRINGFIELD, Mass. (AP) — Two brothers have been arrested in connection with a double shooting in Springfield that left one man dead and another in the hospital with gunshot wounds. Police say 25-year-old Erik Rivera and 27-year-old Yeyson Rivera face charges including murder in connection with the shooting at about 4:30 p.m. Tuesday in the city's North End. The deceased victim was described as a 20-year-old man, but his name was not made public. The other victim suffered gunshot wounds to his hand and back and is expected to survive. The suspects are being held without bail pending their arraignment scheduled for Wednesday. It was unclear if they had lawyers. Police Sgt. John Delaney says the shooting was not random, but the motive wasn't disclosed. It was the city's 13th homicide of the year. WESTFIELD — Bessie M. Tryon, 88, of Westfield died Monday, June 29 2015 in Westfield. She was born in Coventry, CT on December 16, 1926 daughter of the late James and Anna (Johnson) Rutherford. Bessie attended local schools and graduated from Westfield High School in 1944. She was predeceased by her husband Donald C. Tryon Sr. in 1995. Bessie is survived by a stepson, Donald C. Tryon Jr. and his wife Linda of Westfield, a brother, Raymond Rutherford of Houston, TX, two grandchildren, Christopher Tryon of Burnville, MN and Michael Tryon of Westfield. At her request the funeral and burial in Pine Hill Cemetery will be at the convenience of the family. Calling hours are omitted. Donations in Bessie’s memory may be made to the Westfield Athenaeum,6 Elm St. Westfield MA 01085. firtionadams.com Springfield man pleads guilty in double motorcycle fatal WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 - PAGE 5 WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM PAGE 6 - WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM THE WESTFIELD NEWS FOODTRAVEL 7 LAYER SALAD 1 head lettuce 1 cup onions, finely chopped 1 cup celery, finely chopped 1 cup frozen peas,thawed 1 cup Miracle Whip 2-4 tablespoons sugar 1 pound of bacon cooked and crumbled 1 cup shredded Cheddar cheese Tear up lettuce and place in a 9 “ X13” pan Layer peas, onions, and celery. Cover with Miracle Whip and sprinkle with sugar. Sprinkle with bacon and cheese. DO NOT stir. Cover and refrigerate for at least 3 hours for flavors to blend. 4TH OF JULY CROWD FAVORITES EASY 4TH OF JULY PIE 1- 9 inch frozen pie crust thawed 1 8 ounce package of cream cheese, softened 1/3 cup sugar 1 cup fresh strawberries 1/2 to 1 cup fresh blueberries DIP FOR ALMOST ANYTHING Roll pie crust into a 11 inch circle. Lay flat on a baking sheet and make square. Prick several times with a fork. Bake at 400 degrees for 15 minutes or until light brown. Remove and let cool completely In a small bowl beat together cream cheese and sugar until creamy. Arrange fruit to reflect a American Flag. Chill until ready to serve. 1 pint mayonnaise 1 pint sour cream 3 tablespoons dried onion 1 tablespoon dill weed 1 1/2 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce 3 tablespoons parsley 1 1/2 teaspoon seasoned salt 6-8 drops Tabasco SPECIALTY ITEMS O N BE E F 1 $ 49 Pepper Burgers 3 A INSP • FRES H USD WHOLE In a blender mix 1/3 of the cream cheese with the lemon juice,1 tablespoon corn syrup, and sugar and set aside. Mix half of the remaining ingredients with the blueberries Mix the other half with the strawberries Freeze the blueberry mixture for two hours, then the cream cheese and lemon juice mixture for 2 hours, then the strawberry mixture. STORE MADE - FRESH A INSP • FRES H USD WHOLE H PORK & CHICKEN USDA INSP. - FRESH 98 1 Top Sirloin Butt $ 47 $ 99 4 Pork Chops 1 H H $ 49 $ 55 Beef Patties 3 Beef Tenderloin Spare Ribs 1 $ 98 7 $ 98 H H Butt Steaks 1 $ 49 Chickens 1 $ 99 London Broil Chicken $ 29 Leg 1/4’s 2 $ 98 2 Breast 3 HH ¢ London $ 99 H 79 Chicken Breast 5 Top Blade Steak Broil Skirt $ 74 $ 99 1 $ 98 7 Steak Wings 3 ALL VARIETES OPEN Mon.-Fri. 8am-4pm Sat. 8am-1pm CURRENT SPECIALS GOOD THUR. 7/2/15 thru WED. 7/8/15 CALABRESE FARMS FRESH FROM OUR FIELDS: Squash, Peas, Strawberries, Radishes, Lettuce, Beets, Greenhouse Tomatoes and Cukes PLANT SALE CLEARANCE 257 Feeding Hills Road, (Rt. 57) Southwick, MA • (413) 569-6417 (Across from Moolicious Ice Cream) CHEESE STUFFED BRATS 5 bratwursts fully cooked 2 ounces of Monterey Jack Cheese (with caraway seeds if desired) 5 slices of bacon 5 French style rolls or frankfurter buns halved lengthwise 1/4 cup thinly sliced green onions Cut a lengthwise slit in each bratwurst about 1/2 inch deep. Cut cheese into 5 2 1/2 x 1/4 inch strips Insert a cheese strip into the Bratwurst and add a little green onion. Wrap a slice of bacon around each. Fasten the bacon with a wooden toothpick. Place brats on the grill cheese side up and grill for 5-10 minutes (until cheese is melted and bacon is crisp). Place brats on rolls and serve with ketchup, mustard, or relish. COUPONS ONLY VALID AT THE ORIGINAL Gourmet Westfield llC 568-9698 36 Southwick Rd., Westfield, MA 01085 568-9698 DINNER COMBO Buy 2 Dinner Combos and Get the 3rd for Valid at the ORIGINAL $ 00 3 OFF Valid with coupon only. 1 coupon per customer. Cannot be combined with any other offers. EXP. 7/31/15 BUY an ORDER of GENERAL TSO CHICKEN From our House Specialty Menu and receive ONE of the following: Pt. Chicken Fried Rice $4.25 Value Pt. Chicken LoMein $5.25 Value Pt. Chicken Broc. $5.65 Value Valid at the ORIGINAL FREE Valid with coupon only. 1 coupon per customer. Cannot be combined with any other offers. EXP. 7/31/15 LUNCH COMBO Buy 2, $ Get 3rd for Valid at the ORIGINAL 200 OFF Valid with coupon only. 1 coupon per customer. Cannot be combined with any other offers. EXP. 7/31/15 AFTER 3:00 PM Spend $40 or more, get 10% OFF Valid at the ORIGINAL Valid with coupon only. 1 coupon per customer. Cannot be combined with any other offers. EXP. 7/31/15 WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 - PAGE 7 WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM THE WESTFIELD NEWS 7 2. CIndY’S dRIvE-In 3. ELSIE’S CREAMERY 201 East Gooseberry Rd • West Springfield, MA 01089 • 413-739-7985 9AM-8:30PM • 7 Days a week! Hard Scooped, premium grade ice cream. Hershey’s and Gifford’s! 5. GooSEBERRY FARMS Corner of North Rd & RTE. 202 Holyoke/Westfield town Line 32 Flavors of All Star Dairy Hard Packed Ice Cream Fini’s Fantastic Homemade French Fries, full grill menu available! 4. FInI’S at Randall’s Farm & Greenhouse 631 Center St., Rt.21 • Ludlow, MA 01056 MA Turnpike, Exit 7, turn right 413-589-7071 • Open Daily 11am to 9pm The Best Homemade Premium Hard Ice Cream “Made Fresh” at the Creamery. Sundaes, Shakes, Soft Serve & Razzles too! 455 E. State St • Granby, MA 01033 413-467-YUMM • Open Daily 11am-9pm www.Cindysdrivein.com “Home of the Famous Long Dog” 100+ Flavors of Creamy Soft Serve and Yogurt, Premium Hard Ice Cream, Homemade Whipped Cream! 585 Enfield St • Enfield, CT 06082 860-573-6745 • Mon-Wed:1pm-9pm Thurs-Sun: 1pm-10pm 10 Flavors of Frozen Yogurt • 54 Toppings! Bring in this Sundae Drives Ad and Receive $1.00 OFF your purchase! 6. GRAn-vAL SCoop 223 Granby Rd • Granville, MA (413) 357-0164 • www.gran-valscoop.com Homemade Ice Cream, Petting Zoo, Gourmet Ice Cream, Maple Syrup, Blueberries! 7. GRASSRooTS CREAMERY Granby, CT 06035 • 860-653-6303 Mon-Thurs. 12N-9pm • Fri. 12N-10pm Sat. 11am-10pm • Sun. Closed Wickedly creative flavors made on site in small batches. NO artificial colors or extracts. Local Dairy Products. Natural and Organic toppings. Cakes made to order. 8. HUnTInGTon CoUnTRY SToRE 70 Worthington Rd • Huntington, MA 01050 413-667-3232 • “ Home of The Wrapple” Sat. 9am-7pm • Sun 9-6 • M-W 7am-6pm Thurs-Fri 7am-7pm • Extra Rich Hard Ice Cream, Homemade Hot Fudge, Toppings, Cookie Cones, Root Beer Floats! 9. ICE CREAM SHoppE 495 Springfield St., Feeding Hills, MA (Partners Plaza) • 413-786-5960 www.icecreamshoppefeediinghills.com OPEN YEAR ROUND! • Sun-Thur 12-9pm Fri & Sat 12-9:30pm • Wedneday Nights CRUISE NIGHT 6-9pm • Chocolate Chip Ice Cream Sandwiches, Daily Hot Dog Specials, Milkshakes, Ice Cream Pies made to order, 100+ Flavors of Soft Serve & Frozen Yogurt, Hershey’s Premium Ice Cream, Popping Boboas • MILITARY ID 10% OFF • 10. MEAdoWS MARKET 45 Meadow Street • Westfield, MA 01085 413-568-4336 • Convenience Store OPEN 7 DAYS - 7am-10pm Soft Serve Ice Cream, Sundaes, Milkshakes, Deli Sandwiches, Wraps, Cold Drinks & more! Since 1921 255 Farms Village Road, Ct. Rt.309 West Simsbury, Ct. 06092 • 860-658-1430 OPEN EVERYDAY! • Ice Cream Window 12-8pm Fabulous Ice Cream straight from our farm. Over 50 flavors of award winning hard ice cream. Cones, Sundaes, Milkshakes, and Many Other Local Products! 17. TULMEAdoW FARM SToRE & ICE CREAM 67 Springfield St • Agawam, MA 01001 413-317-7915 • Mon. 12-10pm, Tues.-Sat. 12-10pm, Sun. 12-9pm A variety of self-serve Frozen Yogurts, an Assortment of Toppings, Shaved Ice, Crepes, Bubble Waffles & More! Family Atmosphere with board games & music • Have your Birthday Party Here! 16. TRAFFIC LIGHT dESSERT STop 552 College Hwy • Southwick, MA (413) 569-3581 • Open Daily at 11:00am www.summerhouserestaurant.net Ice Cream, Soft Serve, Frozen Yogurt, Burgers, Wraps, Soups, Gluten Free Options! 15. THE SUMMER HoUSE 1016 Chicopee St • Chicopee, MA 01013 413-478-0512 • 12PM- 9PM Daily Soft Serve, flavorburst, food and more! 14. RoGER’S pLACE 519 Southampton Rd • Westfield, MA 413-642-6354 • Open 7 days a week www.northsidecreamery.com • like us on Facebook •Ice Cream Shop & Hot Dog Joint! 13. noRTHSIdE CREAMERY 1597 Northampton St. • Holyoke, MA 01040 413-532-5229 • OPEN 11am-9pm Featuring” 24 Flavors” of Soft Serve Cones, Shakes, Sundaes, Frappes, Hot Dogs, Clam Chowder, Baked Beans, Popcorn! 12. nICK’S nEST 1 11. Moo-LICIoUS FARM 258 Feeding Hills Rd • Southwick, MA 01077 (across from Calabrese Farm) www.mooliciousfarm.com Open Daily @ 11AM • Like us on Facebook • Soft serve & hard packed ice cream, ice cream made fresh daily on-site, fresh made pies, burgers, dogs & more. Kid Friendly, Small Farm Animals. Both inside & outdoor seating! PAGE 8 - WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM THE WESTFIELD NEWS Happy 35th Anniversary, Westfield State Foundation I t was 35 years ago that a group of committed business leaders and community volunteers came together with representatives of what was then Westfield State College to establish a place to serve all faiths and enhance the quality of life of students and the greater community. In order to successfully raise funding for the Center, they formed the Westfield State Foundation as a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization through the IRS. For more information about the Albert and Amelia Ferst Interfaith Center and the Westfield State Foundation, please contact Foundation Advancement Officer Lisa McMahon at (413) 485-7360 or [email protected]. Class wit g Nursing n ti a u d ra First G bulance donated am h Hoot Day 2014 To the Greater Westfield Community, On July 1, 1980, the Westfield State Foundation was incorporated under the General Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to serve a public-private partnership for raising funds to support Westfield State University. Today, we celebrate our 35th Anniversary! Our all-volunteer Board of Directors and Corporators, comprised of respected community professionals and alumni, are engaged in important initiatives that support philanthropic giving through active fundraising and advocacy. As we look back on three-and-a-half decades of providing scholarships and resources for the students, faculty, and staff at Westfield State, we thank you for all of your support and assistance in accomplishing our mission. Founded in 1839, Westfield State University has called Westfield home since 1844 (relocated from Barre, MA) and is among Westfield’s oldest and most enduring institutions. Our Foundation is proud to have supported a record amount in scholarship assistance for the past academic year and the next. We funded nearly half a million dollars in paid internship opportunities in the community over the past three years, have assisted in the purchase of 21st Century equipment and will lead fundraising efforts for our new Science and Innovation Building, currently under construction. The Greater Westfield Community and our 35,000 world-wide Alumni have been central to our success. Whether supporting our Pathways to Excellence Gala, donating to a scholarship, attending a University function, listening to WSKB 89.5FM, your engagement has been critical to our University. As we look forward to our next milestone, we must thank the original founders of our organization whom we feted at our annual Interfaith Breakfast in April. We are grateful for those past and those still with us, among them, Donald Carignan, Joseph DeLeo, Robert Goyette, Joseph Houser, James Huffmire, John MacKay, and Donald Ouimet. Their hard work, dedication, and commitment to Westfield State in our early days provide the inspiration for all we do. Our warmest wishes and most sincere thanks, Robin Jensen, Chair Original fo unders with Fr. Dean, Bishop Mit chell Rozan ski and President E lizabeth Pre ston Michael Knapik, Executive Director larship Reception Sweet Success Scho Bre Interfaith akfast 2014 Stewardship Award recipients, the Kareta family Westfield State Foundation Westfield State Foundation, Inc. Board of Directors Robin Jensen, Chair James Leahy ‘99, 1st Vice Chair John Torrone ‘00, 2nd Vice Chair Roland Joyal ‘61, Treasurer Gina Barry ‘96, Clerk Edward Marth ‘69, Past Chair Sheridan Carey ‘65 Matthew Carlin ‘17, Student Representative Patricia Conant, Faculty Representative John Davies James Huffmire Hon. Michael R. Knapik, Executive Director Mark Lambert ‘85 Mary Larrivee ‘70 Hon. Kenneth Lemanski, Vice President, Advancement & University Relations Andrew Melendez Andrew Oleksak ‘69 Hon. Joseph Pellegrino 2015 Calendar of Events September 1 HOOT Day - Westfield State Day of Service September 17 5:30 pm Foundation Annual Meeting September 28 Foundation Golf Classic Springfield Country Club October 14 Sweet Success Scholarship Reception Scanlon Banquet Hall October 17 Homecoming November 17 Horace Mann Awards Scanlon Banquet Hall December 5 Breakfast with Santa Scanlon Banquet Hall For more information contact Mike Knapik at 485-7353 Robert Piper ‘61 Kevin Queenin ‘70, University Trustee Representative Eileen Swan Rockwal ‘91, Alumni Representative Westfield State Foundation, Inc. • 2 Broad Street • P.O. Box 1630 • Westfield, MA 01086 • (413) 485-7357 • westfield.ma.edu/foundation THE WESTFIELD NEWS WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 - PAGE 9 THE WESTFIELD NEWSSPORTS Gody Garwacki winds up for the Westfield Little League Senior All-Stars baseball team Tuesday night. (Photo by Chris Putz) Westfield Little League Baseball Senior All-Stars' Matt Collier swings the bat Tuesday night against Agawam at Hampton Ponds Field. (Photo by Chris Putz) Westfield Senior All-Stars pitcher Jaden Gillespie tosses a pitch Tuesday night. (Photo by Chris Putz) Agawam escapes Westfield, staves off elimination By CHRIS PUTZ Staff Writer WESTFIELD – The celebration is on ice. Agawam halted Westfield’s district tournament clinching win, uncorking for a 17-2 mercy-induced victory Tuesday night in a Little League Baseball All-Stars district tournament game Tuesday night at Hampton Ponds Field. John Carmel tossed a one-hitter for Agawam before being lifted for the final (5th) inning. Fueled by two Westfield errors, Agawam jumped out a 4-0, first-inning lead. The score ballooned to 8-0 in the second inning following a Jason Couture solo homer, bases-loaded single, and a screaming two-run liner from Rick Jagodowski that caught the grass just inside the left outfield line. Agawam manufactured two more runs in the third when Jimmy Amaya Adams reached on an error, swiped second and third base, and scored on a wild pitch. A two-out sac RBI made it 10-0. Westfield’s Cam Sporbert broke up Carmel’s no-hit bid in the top of the fourth inning with a towering one-out double to left center field. Sporbert scored on an RBI from Joey Dintzner. Agawam quelled Westfield’s rallying cries with a sevenrun fourth inning. The big hits for Agawam in the fourth included: a two-run single to shallow center field from Matthew Blain, a soaring hit from Couture that smacked high upon the fence in center field and resulted in a two-run double, and Collin Pelchat’s two-run double. A wild pitch resulted in Agawam’s final run. Connor McDowell beat out a ball that died in the dirt just inside the edge of the outfield grass on the left side of the infield. McDowell stole second base, advanced to third on a wild pitch and scored on a two-out RBI single from Cam Garfield. Westfield, despite losing for the first time in the best-of-5 series, will seek to end the series when it shifts to Agawam Thursday at 5:30 p.m. Westfield Little League Baseball Senior All-Stars' Cam Sporbert gets a lead at second base after breaking up a nohitter against Agawam with a double in the top of the fourth inning Tuesday during a district tournament game at Hampton Ponds Field. (Photo by Chris Putz) Westfield Little League Senior All-Stars catcher Cam Sporbert attempts to place the tag on Agawam's Jimmy Adams (9) at home plate. Adams was ruled "safe." (Photo by Chris Putz) Westfield Little League Senior All-Stars' players line the fence as they watch teammates attempt to get the offense going. (Photo by Chris Putz) WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.SMUGMUG.COM More LOCAL SPORTS photos available at ... PAGE 10 - WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM SHELL’S TEKOA TUESDAY GOLF LEAGUE 2015 RESULTS FROM JUNE 23, 2015 1ST PLACE HARPO CZARNECKI & RAY WEST 118.5 POINTS 2ND PLACE ED WEST & HARRY PEASE 117.0 POINTS 3RD PLACE DICK WILLIAMS & RON SENA 103.5 POINTS 4TH PLACE DON FIORONI & JACK KENNEDY 102.0 POINTS 5TH PLACE BILL WALLINOVICH & FRAN SISKA 100.0 POINTS 6TH PLACE RON BONYEAU & MIKE RIPA 99.0 POINTS 6TH PLACE DAVE LIBERTY & JIM FRENCH 99.0 POINTS 6TH PLACE ANGELO MASCADRELLI & FRANK KAMLOWSKI 99.0POINTS 7TH PLACE JOHN KIDRICK & MILT HOLMES 98.0 POINTS 7TH PLACE BARRY SLATTERY & BOB MCCARTHY 98.0 POINTS 8TH PLACE BILL MURPHY & CHRIS OLSEN 97.0 POINTS 9TH PLACE BOB BERNICHE & FRED ROGERS 96.5 POINTS 10TH PLACE BUTCH RINES & GARY MARCOULIER 95.5 POINTS 11H PLACE AL SZENDA & JIM JOHNSON 94.0 POINTS 12TH PLACE ED HARRINGTON & JIM CRAWFORD 84.0 POINTS 13TH PLACE BILL FROTHINGHAM & CARL HAAS 83.5 POINTS 14TH PLACE ERROLL NICHOLS & MARK DUNN 80.5 POINTS 15TH PLACE MIKE CLARK & TERRY CLARK 77.5 POINTS 16TH PLACE JACK LEARY & JIM LIPTAK 76.0 POINTS 17TH PLACE JOE HEBDA & TOM BAKER 71.5 POINTS LOW GROSS ANGELO MASCADRELLI & RON SENA @ 42 LOW NET RON SENA @ 27 CLOSEST TO PIN ON 11TH HOLE MARK DUNN CLOSEST TO PIN ON 16TH HOLE BILL WALLINOVICH CLOSEST TO PIN ON 18TH HOLE GARY MARCOULIER SHELL FAUNCE PLEASE VISIT US ON THE COURSE TOURNAMENT RESULTS 16TH ANNUAL JOHN DINAPOLI MEMORIAL GOLF OUTING JUNE 8, 2015 EAST MOUNTAIN COUNTRY CLUB WESTFIELD, MA 57 P. WANAT, J. BRODERICK, A. ROGERS, N. WANAT, D. BLANCHETTE 58 G. WAGNER, M. MCCOY, E. MOSKEL, B. LEDOUX, K. MCCOY MAJOR LEAGUE SOCCER THE WESTFIELD NEWS HOLE-IN-ONE KEVIN LANCTO, OF WESTFIELD -- 12th Hole, 139 yards, 6-Iron / June, 14, 2015 Witnesses: Bill Melo, Jason Adams, Tom Daley Shaker Farms Country Club FRIDAY COUPLES LEAGUE @ EMCC RESULTS FOR JUNE 26, 2015 23 COUPLES PARTICIPATED ON A PERFECT SUMMER EVENING FRONT-9 POINTS: BRYAN CANDIANO AND MISSY CANDIANO 42 POINTS DICK PICARD AND JOANNE PICARD 40 POINTS NET: MARK FELSENTREGER AND CHERIE FELSENTREGER 67 DENNIS DESMARAIS AND LINDA DESMARAIS 69 BACK-9 POINTS: STEVE HOEY AND SUSAN HOEY 36 POINTS BRIAN ZYCH AND SANDY ZYCH 36 POINTS DAN HARRIS AND NANCY HARRIS 36 POINTS NET: MIKE MULLIGAN AND SUE WOODBURY 69 PIORIA RESULTS: MIKE FOSTER AND PATTY DUSHANE 70 ED NORMAND GOLF LEAGUE @ EMCC SINCE 1964 NEW MEMBERS WELCOME WEEK 10 6/25/15 STANDINGS DIVISON 1 120 119 112 110 109.5 103.5 101.5 101 94.5 T. LARAMEE- D. LARAMEE M. GRENIER- J. LAROSE R. ANDERSON- B. GENEREUX D. HARRIS- S. BRADLEY J. SULLIVAN- R. BROWN T. MASSIMINO- A. NUBILE D. DUBOIS- J. ELKINS L. COURNOYER- B. BIHLER M. TESSIER- J. CARTWRIGHT DIVISON 2 EASTERN CONFERENCE W L T Pts GF GA D.C. United 10 5 5 35 23 17 New England 6 7 6 24 25 26 Toronto FC 7 6 2 23 22 19 New York 6 5 5 23 22 20 Orlando City 6 6 5 23 22 21 Columbus 5 6 6 21 25 25 Philadelphia 5 10 4 19 22 32 Montreal 5 6 3 18 19 23 New York City FC 4 8 5 17 18 22 Chicago 4 9 2 14 17 23 WESTERN CONFERENCE W L T Pts GF GA Vancouver 10 6 2 32 22 17 Seattle 9 7 2 29 24 18 Portland 8 6 4 28 21 20 Los Angeles 7 6 7 28 27 23 Sporting Kansas City 7 3 6 27 25 17 FC Dallas 7 5 5 26 21 23 San Jose 7 5 4 25 19 16 Real Salt Lake 5 6 7 22 17 22 Houston 5 7 5 20 21 23 Colorado 2 6 9 15 12 17 NOTE: Three points for victory, one point for tie. Friday’s Games FC Dallas 2, Houston 0 Saturday’s Games Toronto FC 0, D.C. United 0, tie Philadelphia 2, Montreal 2, tie Vancouver 2, New England 1 Sporting Kansas City 2, Colorado 0 Real Salt Lake 2, Columbus 2, tie San Jose 3, Los Angeles 1 Sunday’s Games New York 3, New York City FC 1 Portland 4, Seattle 1 Friday, July 3 Chicago at Houston, 9 p.m. D.C. United at Seattle, 11 p.m. Saturday, July 4 New York at Columbus, 7:30 p.m. New York City FC at Montreal, 8 p.m. Vancouver at Colorado, 9 p.m. New England at FC Dallas, 9 p.m. Orlando City at Real Salt Lake, 10 p.m. Toronto FC at Los Angeles, 10:30 p.m. Sunday, July 5 San Jose at Portland, 5 p.m. WESTERN MASS WOMENS GOLF ASSOCIATION 113.5 D. COLLIER- B. COLLIER JR. 111 M. LOGAN- J. GAUDETTE 108.5 E. BIELONKO- B. BIELONKO Gross: L. Williams 92 Net: C. Border 76 L. Perrott 77 2ND DIVISION Gross: D. Whittaker 102 Net: D. Shepard 73 Marcia Jemiolo 78 3RD DIVISION Gross: K.Sanville 110 Net: J. Ferriter 75 Lucille Theroux 79 Low Putts: Denise Manfredi 30 Claire Christopherson 9’6” C. LEWIS- B. GRISE D. CLARKE- F. DWYER J. O’SULLIVAN- R. BURKE M. MAHAN- J. HEBDA J. CONROY- F. COMO T. HUBER- G. MCQUILLAN DIVISON 3 120 112.5 110 109.5 107.5 105 99 75 M. MULLIGAN-M. SOVEROW G. GRABOWSKI- J. BERGER J. HAAS- A. HAAS K. MURPHY- J. FERRITER J. BOUTIN- H. SMITH J. STRYCHARZ- R. ROY R. BARTON- B. REINHAGEN C. FENTON-S. TOMAINO TEKOA C.C. OPEN SINGLES Sunday May 31st 2015 Low Gross 2nd Gross Tied Low Net Women’s Division Kristen Cragg 77 Taylor Schmidt 83 Sue Sendlenski 71 Cheryl Salva 71 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Blue Tee Division Todd Ezold 65 Lee Albertson 71 Sebastian Sondergaard 73 Joe Groth 75 Robert Wichowski 75 Low Gross 2nd Gross Low Net 2nd Net 3rd Net Bird Leal John Vurovecz Keven Slyne Bob Lareau Tom Garvin 1st Division 72 75 66 68 68 Low Gross Low Net 2nd Net 3rd Net Ken Wright Jim Tinker Chris Hourihan Dylan Rickles 2nd Division 79 69 69 70 $80 $80 $60 $40 Low Gross Low Net 2nd Net 3rd Net Phil Cameron Clem Fucci Jeff Martin Russ Wheeler 3rd Division 84 71 71 72 $80 $80 $60 $40 108 107.5 104 100 96.5 93 $60 $60 $120 $80 $60 $40 $80 $60 $80 $60 $20 SHAKER FARMS C.C.: SILVER FOX TOURNAMENT BLUE DIVISIONGross-M. Consolini-C. Strycharz 69 B. Melo-G. Strycharz 71 Net- L. Noury-J. Thibault 63 M. Krokokov- L.Krokov 65 WHITE DIVISIONGross- C. St. Amand-D. Sheedy 70 T. Daley- P. Miles 73 Net- D. Bleau-K. Lancto 59 D. Kotowitz- G. Pollard 62 LADIESGross- N. Lancto-K. Warner 90 Net- F. Masciadrelli- R. Leger 66 M. Barthelette- A. Serrenho 82 N. Kotowitz- S. Sorel 84 thewestfieldnews.com WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM/SPORTS WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 - PAGE 11 Jacob Wagner went 1-for-2 from the plate, scoring two runs and smacking a double in the second inning to help lead the Westfield American charge. W.A. have scored 66 runs in their first two games. (Photos by Robby Veronesi) W.A. runs wild on Southampton By ROBBY VERONESI Correspondent WESTFIELD – Nearly a week after their District 2 pool play opening win against Gateway, the Westfield American 9-and-10-year-old All-Stars continued their offensive potency, using aggressive base running to fuel their offense for the second consecutive game. Westfield scored its first six runs against Southampton via wild pitches and batted around their lineup in the second inning to win their second game in a mercy rule, 15-3, in four innings at Cross Street Tuesday evening. “They came into the game flat, so we had to get them ready to play,” said Westfield head coach Tom Flaherty. “They played well defensively and made a couple mistakes, but all the kids got the chance to play. We had a lot of hits, and we were able to take advantage of passed balls to score a lot of runs.” Designated as the home team for the first time during the 2015 tournament, Westfield jumped out to a 4-0 lead after one inning, then went on to generate five runs in the second inning and six innings in the third inning. They scored 10 runs on 16 Southampton wild pitches, drew nine walks and conjured up nine hits to remain in control throughout the four innings. Nine different Westfield batters recorded one hit to help spread the offensive threat. Westfield also stole nine bases, leading to two more runs in the second inning to take an 8-0 lead. No. 9 batter Connor Sagan produced the first RBI of the game for Westfield, shooting a single to score Alex Provost and increase the Westfield margin to nine runs. Substitutes Caden Matuszczak and Colby LaPoint provided the only other RBIs in the third inning on a single and a walk respectively. “It has built their confidence and as they take a delayed steal or coming off of first base, they’re doing everything textbook,” said Flaherty. “They’re learning a lot. The 9-year-olds are looking up to the 10-year-olds and the 10-year-olds are taking leadership roles. They’re learning a whole different level of baseball which is a great part of what All-Stars is about and that’s what makes it fun.” Scott Hepburn earned the victory for the Westfield pitching staff, throwing three innings while allowing three runs on three hits and striking out five Southampton batters, including striking Jay Scherpa (13) scored the first run of the game for Westfield American in the first inning on one of nine wild pitches thrown in the opening frame. W.A scored their first six runs of the game on six wild pitches, and plated 10 of their 15 runs via an errant pitch. Nick Lenfest finished the first inning for Westfield American, retiring Nick Smith on a groundball to second base. The W.A. defense had a relatively quiet Tuesday evening, recording six of the 12 total outs. Scotty Hepburn earned the win for Westfield American, pitching three innings and striking out five Southampton batters Tuesday evening. (Photos by Robby Veronesi) out the side in the second inning. Luke Poole closed out the game by retiring the side in the fourth inning on nine pitches. “This was Scotty’s first chance to pitch for us,” said Flaherty. “He pitched well during the year for Sons of Erin and he throws well and over the top. You know it’s coming down straight and he’s snapping down. He’s a big, strong kid and he’s fast. He’s a smart player and doesn’t mess around. Liam closed it out for us and that was his first time pitching for us. He’s a strong performer.” Westfield American will enjoy a bye this week before returning to action Sunday night at 6 p.m. for the lone Whip City derby at this age level. The kids from Cross Street will head north to Papermill Road to take on Westfield National. “We’re a strong hitting team,” said Flaherty. “We did it a lot better against their faster pitchers than they did against their slower pitchers. We’re ready for National and I’m sure they’re ready for us on Sunday night.” WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM PAGE 12 - WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 Annie’s Mailbox By KATHY MITCHELL and MARCY SUGAR Not Right Dear Annie: My father passed away many years ago and my mother remarried and moved to a vacation home. However, she still owns the house we grew up in and two of my siblings now live there for free. My sister is 60, and my brother is 46. Neither has worked for years. I talk to my mother about it all the time, telling her she is not doing them any favors by allowing this to go on. Can you tell her what a horrible thing it is to enable two perfectly capable grown adults this way? My mother is 82. What will they do when she is gone? I have two other siblings and the three of us don’t take advantage of our mother this way. -- Not Right Dear Not: We agree that this type of financial enabling is a huge liability. But a good work ethic and accountability need to be instilled when young. Your mother may consider these two children to be incapable of working, and that her support is all that keeps them off the streets. She does it out of compassion and guilt. She isn’t asking us for advice, nor is she likely to take it, even if we point out the problems this will create when she is no longer in the picture. Your mother should have a legal will to minimize disputes about her property and money. It’s her decision, whether or not you agree. Your focus should be on forgiving all of them for what they are not, and then doing what you need to do in order to be sure that these siblings don’t become too great a financial burden on the rest of you. Dear Annie: I would like to respond to “Pat,” who spends up to 12 hours a day helping her elderly mother at the nursing home and gets frustrated because other residents don’t receive as many visits from their family members. My 82-year-old mother is in an assisted living residence in Florida. I am a young, widowed working mother, living 700 miles away. I am also an only child. I do what I can for my mom, calling several times a week, sending cards, packages and flowers, and following up with the staff and her medical providers to ensure that she is well taken care of. I visit when I can, but it is an expensive flight or a 13-hour drive. Of course I wish I could visit more, but that is not possible. Suggesting that absent family members “don’t care” simplifies the reality for many of us. Not everyone has the luxury of time and proximity that Pat does, and she should consider herself fortunate for her arrangement. -- Sandwich Generation Dear Sandwich: You are obviously a caring child. We don’t think “Pat” meant to castigate those relatives who cannot come more often, only those who could do so easily, but make no effort. And it’s not only children. Anyone can visit a person in a nursing home or assisted living facility. And parents who choose to retire and move far away from their family members should consider what’s down the road. Happy Canada Day to all of our readers north of the border. Annie’s Mailbox is written by Kathy Mitchell and Marcy Sugar, longtime editors of the Ann Landers column. Please email your questions to [email protected], or write to: Annie’s Mailbox, c/o Creators Syndicate, 737 3rd Street, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254. HINTS FROM HELOISE NO SPRAY NEEDED Dear Heloise: My husband insists on spraying NONSTICK SPRAY in the nonstick skillet when he cooks eggs. They get soggy and fall apart. I say the nonstick skillet does NOT need any nonstick spray. What’s the scoop? -- Tina D., Lubbock, Texas I hate to get in the middle of this! But here goes. Nonstick pans are supposed to be just that -- NONSTICK! However, there are many brands, some better and some worse. They are not all alike. A lot depends on when you use the spray. Spray a cold pan, then turn on the heat -- that’s OK. You should NOT spray a nonstick pan while it’s hot. If you do, the lecithin (which is in many aerosol-type sprays) pretty much melts and sticks to the pan. It’s near impossible to get off. If the pan is not cleaned well each time the spray is used, it builds up, and then food sticks to the pan. Tell your husband to do a Heloise test: Use one nonstick pan without the spray, the other with the spray, and see how the eggs turn out. -- Heloise P.S.: Read the instructions -- one light spray can be from 1/3 of a second to a minute. Not very long! SEND A GREAT HINT TO: Heloise P.O. Box 795000 San Antonio, TX 78279-5000 Fax: 210-HELOISE Email: Heloise(at)Heloise.com DEHYDRATE BREAD Dear Heloise: I recently started reading your column daily in the Waterbury (Conn.) Republican-American. This past Easter, I had turkey for dinner, since my hubby doesn’t like ham. I forgot to break up the breads for the stuffing and leave them out to dry early enough. I took my dehydrator and put all the bread in there. Twenty minutes later, I had perfectly dried bread cubes. -- Lisa H., Watertown, Conn. Lisa, thanks for writing. I visited your beautiful city a while back, and it’s just charming. -- Heloise TVHighlights those responsible for a new synthetic drug. FX 8:00 p.m. Bullseye Jonah Hill and Channing Tatum star in this big-screen comedy adaptation of the ‘80s crime drama. Two young police officers go undercover at a high school in the hopes of busting (40.2) 6 $50,000. Kellan Lutz hosts. participate in the Bullseye Car Roll, Semi Spin and Corkscrewed challenges. In the end, the winning contestant walks away with Halle Berry stars in “Extant” today 7 JULY 1, 2015 Operation Wild An ingenious idea could help save giant pandas. (N) Enterta- Big Brother A inment group of strangers Tonight live together in one house. ..Be a ABC Family Middle The Million- 'ValenWorld GoldbFeud ergs 'Just tine's News aire? Say No' Day VI' 22 News NBC Wheel of Jeopar- Talent 'Audition Nightly Fortune dy! Cutdown 2' A look 5 back at the season News so far. (N) Family Family Modern Modern Masterchef 'Happy Guy 'It's 'Planes, Family Birthday Guy 6 a Trap!' Trains 'Disney- Masterchef' (N) and Cars' land' NBC CT NBC Extra Access Talent 'Audition News at Nightly HollyCutdown 2' A look 10 6 p.m. back at the season News wood so far. (N) CW AM First Peoples 'Asia' Discover the ancient humans living across Asia. (N) Criminal Minds 'Hero Worship' Peoples 'Australia' Charlie Rose (N) Tavis Tavis Learn how Homo Smiley Smiley sapiens managed to (N) survive. (N) Extant 'Change Western (:35) CSI 'Dead (:35) Late Mass Woods' The team James Scenario' (SP) (N) News on reopens a 10-year- Corden CBS3 old murder/suicide. Modern Black-ish Celebrity Wife Western (:35) Jimmy Kimmel (:35) ABC Swap 'Margaret Live Features 'Rash News Mass DecisioCho/ Holly celebrity guests, Nightline News ns' Robinson-Peete' (N) bands and comedy. American Ninja Warrior 'Orlando 22 News (:35) The Tonight (:35) Seth Qualifying' Veteran competitors take on Show The talk show Meyers Paddle Boards, the Tire Swing, and other features guests and new obstacles. comedy segments. Western Mother Dead 'The Suicide The Walking Dead Bullseye Mass 'Everyt- King' Rick tries to 'Home' Rick 'Corkscrewed' rescue a member of wanders after a lost News on hing Must Go' his group. friend. FOX6 American Ninja Warrior 'Orlando NBC CT (:35) The Tonight (:35) Seth Qualifying' Veteran competitors take on News at Show The talk show Meyers Paddle Boards, the Tire Swing, and other 11 p.m. features guests and new obstacles. comedy segments. Noticiero (:35) Tierra de reyes de PR Titulares Tierra de reyes El señor de los cielos First Peoples 'Asia' Discover the ancient humans living across Asia. (N) The Walking Dead 'Home' Rick wanders after a lost friend. Super. 'Ask Jeeves' Bobby is named as a beneficiary in an heiress' will. Peoples 'Australia' Nature 'Cracking Learn how Homo the Koala Code' sapiens managed to survive. (N) Seinfeld Seinfeld WBZ News 'The 'The Boyfrie- Sponge' nd' Seinfeld Seinfeld Cougar T Cougar 'The 'The 'I Should Town Boyfrie- Sponge' Have 'Wake Up nd' Known It' Time' Mother 'World's Greatest Couple' Raising Hope 'Tarot Cards' Road to BETX Kate Plus Eight 'Birthday #11' Born Without Limbs Diagnose Me 'Hungry to Death' To Be Announced Diagnose Me 'Hungry to Death' DISC Alaskan Bush 'Now Bush People 'A or Never' Wolfpack Divided' Bush People 'Rise of Browntown' Bush People 'Bloodlines' (N) Bush People 'Rise of Browntown' Alaskan Bush People 'Bloodlines' TRUTV 40 Carbona- Carbona- Carbona- Carbona- Carbona- Carbona- Carbona- Carbona- Carbona- Carbona- Carbona- CarbonaTop Funniest 'Hilarious Moments' ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect ro Effect FNC Special Report With Bret Baier On the Record The O'Reilly Factor The Kelly File with Hannity Megyn Kelly CNN DOG EAT DOUG Brian Anderson HAPPY BIRTHDAY for Wednesday, July 1, 2015: This year you often find that you are on the fence, defending an opinion or an action. If you jump off the fence, you can see how you can merge opposing ideas by focusing on the root of the issue. There will be a push and pull in relationships, and you will need to establish your boundaries and deal with issues like resentment and guilt when relating. You will appreciate the process when you look at the results. If you are single, you will meet someone of importance after August. Get ready! If you are attached, you will be sharing more of yourselves with each other. You also might act as if you are a couple who just fell in love. CAPRICORN tests your mettle. The Stars Show the Kind of Day You’ll Have: 5-Dynamic; 4-Positive; 3-Average; 2-So-so; 1-Difficult SCARY GARY DOGS of C-KENNEL Mick and Mason Mastroianni B.C. Mastroianni and Hart ONE BIG HAPPY Rick Detorie ANDY CAPP Mahoney, Goldsmith and Garnett ZACK HILL John Deering and John Newcombe ARIES (March 21-April 19) HHH You’ll find that pressure builds no matter which way you turn. You know what is happening with an older relative, but others might not. Use your discretion here. Your fiery temperament goes a long way in getting a project done. Tonight: Juggle all your different possibilities. TAURUS (April 20-May 20) HHHH You could be far more tired than you realize when you wake up, but the Full Moon will energize you as the day goes on. Be careful with your choice of words, because you still might be a little off-kilter. Take a walk if need be. Tonight: Juggle friends, calls and conversations. GEMINI (May 21-June 20) HHH You might not want to have a discussion with a close loved one about money or your long-term direction right now. If you try to fight city hall, the outcome could be explosive. Discuss the situation with someone you respect before mouthing off. Tonight: Go with the flow. CANCER (June 21-July 22) HHHHH As a child of the Moon, handling a Full Moon will feel natural to you. You could be deciding how much you want to give in a relationship and what is too much. You might want to revise your opinion about a key person in your life. Detach if you can. Tonight: Easy works. LEO (July 23-Aug. 22) HHH You could be taken aback by what is being placed on your shoulders. Others count on you. Still, a sense of frustration is likely to emerge. Perhaps you need to say “no” more often. Your resentment will lessen, and others will not take you for granted so easily. Tonight: Rest up. VIRGO (Aug. 23-Sept. 22) HHHHH You might be surprised by all the potential opportunities available to you. Your self-confidence is peaking. Use this moment to go for what you want, especially in the relationship realm. You might be juggling more than you can handle. Tonight: Add romance to the moment. LIBRA (Sept. 23-Oct. 22) HHH Stay anchored despite feeling pulled in two or three different directions. Remember your priorities. A matter involving real estate or your home life might emerge. You could feel somewhat overwhelmed by a choice you need to make. Tonight: Make it fun. SCORPIO (Oct. 23-Nov. 21) HHHH Communication seems to be overwhelming and conflicting. Do your best to avoid making decisions or passing judgment right now. Enjoy hearing from each person, but don’t decide anything just yet; otherwise, someone at a distance could get angry. Tonight: Hang out. SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22-Dec. 21) HHHHH You’ll be in tune with others, but communicating could be challenging, especially if the topic is finances. You might witness tension around those to whom you are financially tied. Avoid any reactions for now. Tomorrow you will see the situation differently. Tonight: At home. CAPRICORN (Dec. 22-Jan. 19) HHHHH The Full Moon is focusing on you and what you want. Though it might sound delightful to be in the limelight, you might get some flak here. Maintain your sense of humor and head in the direction that feels right to you. A loved one will seek you out. Tonight: Out and about. AQUARIUS (Jan. 20-Feb. 18) HHH You might be uncomfortable with today’s Full Moon. Some of you could be depressed; others might be plotting an interesting scenario or project. Try not to take comments too personally. Cryptoquip Crosswords Know that everyone is under pressure right now. Tonight: Make it an early night. PISCES (Feb. 19-March 20) HHHH You might feel as if you are walking in a dream, as you seem to notice a haze surrounding your ideas. A friend will break through it and be able to share good news that will positively affect you. Be careful with an emotional involvement. No risks! Tonight: Join your friends. PAGE 14 - WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 SUMMER SCHEDULE Wednesday, July 1 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS Westfield National vs. Agawam, Papermill Field, 6 p.m. Westfield American vs. Longmeadow, Cross Street Field, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 11-12-YEAR-OLDS Gateway vs. Amherst, 6 p.m. Westfield American at Southampton, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS JUNIORS Westfield vs. Northampton, Hampton Ponds Field, 5:30 p.m. BABE RUTH BASEBALL ALL-STARS 15-YEAR-OLDS Westfield at Pittsfield, Demming Field, 5:30 p.m. AMERICAN LEGION BASEBALL Westfield Post 124 at Greenfield, Veterans Field, 7 p.m. Thursday, July 2 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 7-9-YEAR-OLDS Westfield American vs. Southampton, Cross Street Field, 6 p.m. Westfield National at Easthampton, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS Westfield National vs. Easthampton, Papermill Field, 6 p.m. Gateway at Southampton, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS SENIORS (Best-of-5) Agawam at Westfield, 5:30 p.m. (If necessary) BABE RUTH BASEBALL ALL-STARS 13-YEAR-OLDS Westfield vs. Amherst, Bullens Field, 7 p.m. BABE RUTH BASEBALL ALL-STARS 14-YEAR-OLDS Westfield at Pittsfield, Demming Field, 5:30 p.m. Friday, July 3 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 11-12-YEAR-OLDS Westfield American at Agawam, 6 p.m. Westfield National vs. Southampton, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS JUNIORS Westfield at Agawam, 5:30 p.m. Saturday, July 4 NO GAMES SCHEDULED Sunday, July 5 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS Gateway vs. Easthampton, 10 a.m. Westfield National vs. Westfield American, Papermill Field, 6 p.m. BABE RUTH BASEBALL ALL-STARS 13-YEAR-OLDS Westfield vs. Franklin Country, Bullens Field, 3 p.m. BABE RUTH BASEBALL ALL-STARS 15-YEAR-OLDS Westfield vs. North Adams, Bullens Field, 6 p.m. Monday, July 6 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 7-9-YEAR-OLDS Westfield National vs. Longmeadow, 6 p.m. Westfield American vs. Agawam, Cross Street Field, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 11-12-YEAR-OLDS Gateway at Belchertown, 7:30 p.m. Westfield National at Longmeadow, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS JUNIORS District Championship Teams/Site TBD, 5:30 p.m. BABE RUTH BASEBALL ALL-STARS 14-YEAR-OLDS Westfield vs. Pittsfield, Bullens Field, 7 p.m. AMERICAN LEGION BASEBALL Westfield Post 124 vs. Springfield Post 21, Jachym Field, 5:45 p.m. Tuesday, July 7 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS Westfield National at Southampton, 6 p.m. Westfield American at Easthampton, 6 p.m. BABE RUTH BASEBALL ALL-STARS 13-YEAR-OLDS Westfield at North Adams, Alcombright Field, 7 p.m. Wednesday, July 8 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS Westfield National vs. Westfield American, Papermill Field, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 11-12-YEAR-OLDS Westfield American vs. Gateway, Cross Street Field, 6 p.m. Westfield National at Easthampton, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE SOFTBALL ALL-STARS MAJORS Sectionals Begin BABE RUTH BASEBALL ALL-STARS 15-YEAR-OLDS Westfield at Franklin County, Abercrombie Field, 5:30 p.m. AMERICAN LEGION BASEBALL Westfield Post 124 at East Springfield, Forest Park, Field #1, 5:45 p.m. Thursday, July 9 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 7-9-YEAR-OLDS Westfield American at Easthampton, 6 p.m. Westfield National at Agawam, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS District Semifinals Teams/Site/Times TBD BABE RUTH BASEBALL ALL-STARS 13-YEAR-OLDS Westfield at Pittsfield, Demming Field, 5:30 p.m. Friday, July 10 NO GAMES SCHEDULED Saturday, July 11 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 7-9-YEAR-OLDS Westfield National at Southampton, noon Westfield American at Longmeadow, Time TBA LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS District Championship Teams/Site/Time TBD LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS Westfield National vs. Longmeadow, Papermill Field, 12:30 p.m. Westfield American vs. Agawam, Cross Street Field, 1 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS flues, cables, conduits, public utility lines, and other Common Elements located in any of the other units or elsewhere in the Condominium serving the Unit. Rights and easements in common with other unit owners as described in the Master Deed. Said Unit is conveyed subject to: 1. Basements in favor of adjoining units and in favor of the Common Elements for the continuance of all encroachments of Available online 24/7 at http://thewestfieldnews.com/classifieds such adjoining units or Common Elements on the Unit, now existing as a result of construction of the Condominium, or which may come into existence hereafter as LEGAL NOTICES a result of settling or shifting of any buildings within the ConJuly 1, 8, 15, 2015 dominium, or as a result of repairs or restoration of the ConMORTGAGEE’S NOTICE dominium or of any adjoining OF SALE OF REAL ESTATE unit or of the Common Elements after damage or destrucBy virtue and in execution of the tion by fire or other casualty, or Power of Sale contained in a after a taking in condemnation or certain Mortgage given by An- eminent domain proceedings, or drew R. Johnson to Mortgage by reason of an alteration or reElectronic Registration Systems, pair to the Common Elements Inc. as nominee for, Sovereign made by or with the consent of Bank, its successors and as- the Board of Directors. 2. An signs, dated March 10, 2011 and easement in favor of the other recorded with the Hampden units to use the pipes, wires, , County Registry of Deeds at ducts, flues, conduits, cables, Book 18701, Page 437 sub- public utility lines, and other sequently assigned to Santand- Common elements located in er Bank, N.A. by Mortgage Elec- the Unit or elsewhere in the tronic Registration Systems, Inc. Condominium and serving such as nominee for, Santander other units. 3. The provisions of Bank, N.A., formerly known as this Unit Deed, the Master Deed Sovereign Bank, by assignment and the easements and restricrecorded in said Hampden tions mentioned therein, the ByCounty Registry of Deeds at Laws of Stoney Hill Unit Owners Book 20276, Page 317; of which Association, Inc., and the Plans, Mortgage the undersigned is the as the same may be amended present holder for breach of the from time to time by instrument conditions of said Mortgage and r e c o r d e d i n t h e H a m p d e n for the purpose of foreclosing County Registry of Deeds, which same will be sold at Public Auc- provisions, together with any tion at 1:00 PM on July 22, 2015 amendments thereto, shall conat 419 Southwick Road, Unit B6, stitute covenants running with Westfield, MA, all and singular the land and shall bind any perthe premises described in said son having at any time any interest or estate in the Unit, his Mortgage, to wit: family, employees, and visitors, The unit ("Unit ") known as No. as though such provisions were B -6 in the STONEY HILL CON- recited and stipulated at length DOMINIUMS, a condominium herein. 4. All easements, agree("Condominium") established by ments, restrictions and condithe Grantor in Westfield, Hamp- tions of record, insofar as the den County, Massachusetts, same are now in force and appursuant to Massachusetts Gen- plicable. 5. Rights of other Unit eral Laws, Chapter 183A by Owners as to parking spaced, Master Deed dated July 13, walkways, steps, bulkheads, 1984 recorded with the Hamp- chimneys as provided in the den County Registry of Deeds in 15-000126/484/NOTOP_DR Book 5650, Page 461, ("Master Master Deed. The Unit is intenDeed"), which Unit is shown on ded only for residential purthe floor plans ("Plans") recor- poses, and no other use may be ded simultaneously with the made of the Unit. BEING THE Master Deed (see Book of Plans SAME PREMISES conveyed to 217, Pages 124-129 inclusive) the grantor by deed of Jacand is shown on the copy of a queline S. Reichart, Executrix of portion of the plans as recorded the Estate of Olga L. Stopa, in the Master Deed, to which is Hampden County Probate Dockaffixed the verified statement of et No. 07P0487, dated August a registered land surveyor in he 13,207 and recorded in the form required by Section 9 of Hampden County Registry of Chapter 183A. The post office Deeds in Book 16868, Page address of the Condominium is 418. 419 Southwick Road, Westfield, The premises are to be sold MA 01085. The Unit is con- subject to and with the benefit of veyed together with: An undi- all easements, restrictions, buildvided interest of the percentage ing and zoning laws, liens, attorlisted in Schedule D of the Mas- ney’s fees and costs pursuant to ter Deed in the common areas M.G.L.Ch.183A, unpaid taxes, and facilities ("Common Ele- tax titles, water bills, municipal liments") of the Condominium de- ens and assessments, rights of scribed in the Master Deed, at- tenants and parties in possestributable to the Unit. In the sion. event (as provided in the Master Deed) subsequent phases are TERMS OF SALE: added to the Condominium by A deposit of FIVE THOUSAND amendment of the Master Deed, DOLLARS AND 00 CENTS the undivided interest of the Unit ($5,000.00) in the form of a certiin the Common Elements shall fied check or bank treasurer’s be and become that specified in check will be required to be deSchedule D of the Master Deed. livered at or before the time the An exclusive right and ease- bid is offered. The successful ment applicable to Units as bidder will be required to exprovided in the Master Deed. An ecute a Foreclosure Sale Agreeeasement for the continuance of ment immediately after the close all encroachments by the Unit on of the bidding. The balance of any adjoining units or Common the purchase price shall be paid Elements existing as a result of within thirty (30) days from the construction of the Condomini- sale date in the form of a certium, or which may come into ex- fied check, bank treasurer’s istence hereafter as a result of check or other check satisfactsettling or shifting of the build- ory to Mortgagee’s attorney. The ings as a result of repair or res- Mortgagee reserves the right to toration of the buildings or of the bid at the sale, to reject any and Unit after damage or destruction all bids, to continue the sale and by fire or other casualty, or after to amend the terms of the sale a taking in condemnation or em- by written or oral announcement inent domain proceedings, or by made before or during the forereason of an alteration or repair closure sale. If the sale is set to the Common Elements made aside for any reason, the Purby or with the consent of the chaser at the sale shall be enBoard of Directors of Stoney Hill titled only to a return of the deUnit Owners Association, Inc. posit paid. The purchaser shall The Unit is further described in have no further recourse against Rider C of the aforesaid Master the Mortgagor, the Mortgagee or Deed and the aforesaid floor the Mortgagee’s attorney. The plans. An easement in common description of the premises conwith the owners of other units to tained in said mortgage shall use any pipes, wires, ducts, control in the event of an error in flues, cables, conduits, public this publication. TIME WILL BE utility lines, and other Common OF THE ESSENCE. Elements located in any of the other units or elsewhere in the Other terms if any, to be anCondominium serving the Unit. nounced at the sale. Rights and easements in common with other unit owners as Santander Bank, N.A. described in the Master Deed. Said Unit is conveyed subject to: Present Holder of 1. Basements in favor of adjoinsaid Mortgage, By Its Attorneys, ing units and in favor of the ORLANS MORAN PLLC Common Elements for the conPO Box 540540 tinuance of all encroachments of Waltham, MA 02454 such adjoining units or Common Phone: (781) 790-7800 Elements on the Unit, now exist15-000126 ing as a result of construction of the Condominium, or which may come into existence hereafter as a result of settling or shifting of any buildings within the Condominium, or as a result of repairs or restoration of the Condominium or of any adjoining unit or of the Common Elements after damage or destrucm tion by fire or other casualty, or p.co u o after a taking in condemnation or r sg eminent domain proceedings, or new roup d l by reason of an alteration or ree i estf News G t pair to the Common Elements w e e h made by or with the consent ofl@t ield ol Stre f e t r the Board of Directors. 2. An s o e o s eW h easement in favor ofathe ndy other 2 Sc 085 Th, 6 : s wires, : units to use thel tpipes, o 1 o t i ilcables, ipes , MA 0 ducts, flues, a c maconduits, e m e R ll : ld or andttnother public utility lines, tf ie A fo ca t. 103 s Common elements located in n e i x e the Unit or elsewhere in W the mor -4181 e Condominium and serving suchFor 2 other units. 3. The provisions of 3-56 this Unit Deed, the Master Deed 41 and the easements and restrictions mentioned therein, the ByLaws of Stoney Hill Unit Owners WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM 11-12-YEAR-OLDS (Double Elimination Pool Play) 4th Seed at 1st Seed, Site/Time TBA 3rd Seed at 2nd Seed, Site/Time TBA LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS JUNIORS Sectional Championship Teams/Site/Time TBD Sunday, July 12 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS Westfield National at Agawam, 1 p.m. Westfield American at Longmeadow, noon Monday, July 13 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 11-12-YEAR-OLDS (Double Elimination Pool Play) Teams/Sites TBD, 6 p.m. Tuesday, July 14 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 7-9-YEAR-OLDS Westfield National vs. Westfield American, Papermill Field, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 11-12-YEAR-OLDS (Double Elimination Pool Play) Teams/Sites TBD, 6 p.m. Wednesday, July 15 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 11-12-YEAR-OLDS (Double Elimination Pool Play) Teams/Sites TBD, 6 p.m. Thursday, July 16 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS Sectional Championship (Best-of-3) LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS District Championship Teams/Site TBD, 6 p.m. LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 11-12-YEAR-OLDS (Double Elimination Pool Play) Teams/Sites TBD, 6 p.m. Friday, July 17 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS Sectional Championship (Best-of-3) Saturday, July 18 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 7-9-YEAR-OLDS District Semifinals Teams/Site/Time TBD LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS Sectional Championship* (Best-of-3/*If necessary) Sunday, July 19 NO GAMES SCHEDULED Monday, July 20 NO GAMES SCHEDULED Tuesday, July 21 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 7-9-YEAR-OLDS District Championship Teams/Site/Time TBD Wednesday, July 22 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS Sectionals Teams/Site/Times TBD Thursday, July 23 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS State Tournament (Pool Play) Teams/Site/Times TBD LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS Sectionals Teams/Site/Times TBD Friday, July 24 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS State Tournament (Pool Play) Teams/Site/Times TBD LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS Sectionals Teams/Site/Times TBD Saturday, July 25 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS State Tournament (Pool Play) Teams/Site/Times TBD LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS Sectionals Teams/Site/Times TBD LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS JUNIORS State Semifinals Teams/Site/Time TBD Sunday, July 26 LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 9-10-YEAR-OLDS State Championship Teams/Site/Times TBD LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS Sectionals Teams/Site/Times TBD LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL ALL-STARS JUNIORS State Championship Teams/Site/Time TBD Monday, July 27 NO GAMES SCHEDULED Tuesday, July 28 NO GAMES SCHEDULED Wednesday, July 29 LITTLE LEAGUE ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS State Semifinals Teams/Site/Times TBD Thursday, July 30 NO GAMES SCHEDULED Friday, July 31 NO GAMES SCHEDULED Saturday, August 1 LITTLE LEAGUE ALL-STARS 10-11-YEAR-OLDS State Championship Teams/Site/Times TBD Sunday, August 2 NO GAMES SCHEDULED CLASSIFIED R E M E! Sh M SU CIP RE o y e r a or v a f ur THE WESTFIELD NEWS LEGAL NOTICES July 1, 2015 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS THE TRIAL COURT PROBATE AND FAMILY COURT Hampden Division 50 State Street Springfield, MA 01103 (413)748-8600 Docket No. HD15P1175EA INFORMAL PROBATE PUBLICATION NOTICE Estate of: Laurene M.Belisle Date of Death: May 14, 2015 To all persons interested in the above-captioned estate, by Petition of Nicole E. Santley of Brookfield, MA a Will has been admitted to informal probate. Nicole E. Santley of Brookfield, MA has been informally appointed as the Personal Representative of the estate to serve without surety on the bond. The estate is being administered under informal procedure by the Personal Representative under the Massachusetts Uniform Probate Code without supervision by the Court. Inventory and accounts are not required to be filed with the Court, but interested parties are entitled to notice regarding the administration from the Personal Representative and can petition the Court in any matter relating to the estate, including distribution of assets and expenses of administration. Interested parties are entitled to petition the Court to institute formal proceedings and to obtain orders terminating or restricting the powers of Personal Representatives appointed under informal procedure. A copy of the Petition and Will, if any, can be obtained from the Petitioner. July 1, 2015 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS THE TRIAL COURT PROBATE AND FAMILY COURT Hampden Probate and Family Court 50 State Street Springfield, MA 01103 Docket No. HD15P0805GD NOTICE AND ORDER PETITION FOR APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN OF A MINOR In the interests of: Sean Robert Barrett of Westfield, MA Minor NOTICE TO ALL INTERESTED PARTIES 1. Hearing Date/Time: A hearing on a Petition for Appointment of Guardian of a Minor filed on 05/06/2015 by Ellen Brosnan of Westfield, MA; will be held 07/08/2015 01:15 PM Guardianship of Minor Hearing Located Probate and Family Court, 50 State Street, 4th Floor, Springfield, MA 01103. 2. Response to Petition: You may respond by filing a written response to the Petition or by appearing in person at the hearing. If you choose to file a written response, you need to: File the original with the Court; and Mail a copy to all interested parties at least five (5) business days before the hearing. 3. Counsel for the Minor: The minor (or an adult on behalf of the minor) has the right to request that counsel be appointed for the minor. 4. Presence of the Minor at Hearing: A minor over age 14 has the right to be present at any hearing, unless the Court finds that it is not in the minor’s best interests. THIS IS A LEGAL NOTICE: An important court proceeding that may affect your rights has been scheduled. If you do not understand this notice or other court papers, please contact an attorney for legal advice. Date: June 10, 2015 Suzanne T. Seguin Register of Probate AUTO FOR SALE 1988 FORD TRUCK Needs brake job. $500. 262-0964 THE WESTFIELD NEWS WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 - PAGE 15 WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM CLASSIFIED Available online 24/7 at http://thewestfieldnews.com/classifieds DEADLINE: 2PM THE DAY BEFORE Email [email protected] To Advertise call 413-562-4181 Ext, 118 The Westfield News AUTO FOR SALE Classified Department • 62 School Street • Westfield, MA 01085 Call: 413-562-4181 ext. 118 [email protected] CUSTOMIZE YOUR COVERAGE and SAVE! CLASSIFIED RATES 15¢ each addt’l word over 15 words PLAN 4 - Longmeadow/Enfield PLAN 1 $14.45 1x Pennysaver 3x Westfield News Circle your selection. To Advertise Call (413) 562-4181 Interested candidates must apply online to: Adeccousa.com ❏ Check r DRIVERS: Hartford, CT Openings! 4 Day work week & 1 on-call day. $1,200/week + Comprehensive Benefits! 2 yrs CDL-A Experience Call Penske Logistics 855-200-4631 C&C Zoning New Installations Heating & Cooling, INC Replacements Air Filtration Fully EPA Duct WorkCleaning Insured Certified Tune-Ups Steve Burkholder, Owner - License #GF5061-J Maintenance 18 Years Experience Gas Piping FREE (413) 575-8704 ESTIMATES Humidifiers ❄ Pioneer Valley Property Services One Call Can Do It All! 413-454-3366 Complete Home Renovations, Improvements, Repairs and Maintenance Kitchens \| Baths \| Basements \| Siding \| Windows \| Decks \| Painting \| Flooring and more... RENTAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, TURNOVERS AND REPAIR SERVICES CSL & HIC Licensed - Fully Insured - Free Estimates & References CUSTOM HOMES • Material Handlers • Packaging Inspectors • Machine Operators or in person Telephone: Bold Type (add $1.95) Adecco in East Windsor, CT has immediate openings for the following positions in West Springfield and Chicopee, MA: Class A CDL Truck Drivers Windsor, CT Shuttle and Relay Routes $24/HR - HOME DAILY Full Time or Part Time Flex Schedules Available Call Corey @ 1-855-420-0149 (413) 569-3172 (413) 599-0015 MA Lic: 262 / CT Lic: 9 C.E. PRATT & SONS Est. 1923 Well Drilling - Water Pumps Sales & Service WELL POINT SPECIALIST COMPLETE PUMP SERVICE 237 Sheep Pasture Road • SOUTHWICK, MA ard BoBc Y k c Ba (413) 562-6502 at Serving Westfield and surrounding communities • Debris, shrub & thick brush removal • All types of home landscaping considered • Mulch, Stone, Fill and Loam MIKE SHAKER J.H. Painting Painting J.H. Commercial & Residential Commercial & Residential IntErIor & ExtErIor IntErIor ExtErIor AIrlEss &sprAYIng Airless R E N O VAT I O N S Call (413) 562-4181 Ext. 118 Brick-Block-Stone Simplicity Engineering (N.E.), Inc. is the exclusive distributor of Komptech Shredders, Trommel Screens, Starscreens & Air Separators in the Northeast. We are a fast growing Company and have a great opportunity for the right candidate to grow their career with us. We are a “customer focused” Company and we have a strong customer service ethic. Our customers include Contractors, Municipal & large National Companies in the composting, landfill, recycling, incinerators and wood waste recycling businesses. Primary responsibility is to demonstrate and test machinery for prospective customers and to assist with the sale of these large heavy machines. Must have knowledge of mechanical & electrical machinery along with the ability to repair & maintain mechanical systems. Perform hydraulic & electrical troubleshooting on a variety of our machines. This person must have knowledge of heavy machinery and experience with material handling equipment. May also visit with customers and potential customers and help evaluate their needs and if our Komptech machinery would be beneficial for their operations. Deliver, set up and train customers on new machinery. Assist with scheduled service, repair and maintenance of our Komptech machinery. Follow up with the training of new customers. Actively promote new machine & spare part sales. Overnight travel is necessary 50% of the time. Good IT skills and an ability to apply training to new systems. We offer excellent pay for the right person. All training on Komptech machinery will be provided. We offer a secure, dynamic & progressive work environment working with a range of products with a reputation for innovation and engineering excellence. We also offer bonuses, Company vehicle, 401K, medical, etc. Please remit resume to: [email protected] Simplicity Engineering (N.E.), Inc. 249 Union Street Westfield, MA 01085 www.SimplicityEngineeringNE.com 413-562-8653 Connect with us! Visit us online at Lot/Land Clearing Stump Grinding thewestfieldnews.com Landscaping To advertise on our website call Fire Wood Buying Wood Lots (413) 562-4181 Nick OrlukThe Westfield Westfield, MA News 62 School St. Westfield (413) 562-3312 / Cell (413) 250-0352 www.greattreeservice.net PERRY’STree/Limb Removal Lot/Land Clearing PLUMBING & HEATING Stump Grinding 16 North Elm Street • Westfield, MA (413) 568-1618 Landscaping Sewer & Drain Cleaning Fire Wood 413-782-7322BuyingNoWood JobLots Lic. #26177 GAWAM, MA Nick Orluk • AWestfield, MA Too Small! (413) 562-3312 / Cell (413) 250-0352 www.greattreeservice.net PAGE 16 - WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 2015 WWW.THEWESTFIELDNEWS.COM DEADLINE: 2PM THE DAY BEFORE Email [email protected] To Advertise call 413-562-4181 Ext, 118 Available online 24/7 at http://thewestfieldnews.com/classifieds FIREWOOD HELP WANTED 100% HARDWOOD, GREEN 3 year season. 1/2 & 1/4 cords also available. Outdoor furnace wood also available, cheap. CALL FOR DAILY SPECIALS!! Wholesale Wood Products (304)851-7666 FARM HELP WANTED to harvest broadleaf tobacco. Must be 14 or older and have own transportation to Westfield/Southwick area. Call Tom (413)569-6340. SALES PROFESSIONAL WANTED PAYING CASH FOR COINS, stamps, medals, tokens, paper money, diamonds and jewelry, gold and silver scrap. Broadway Coin & Stamp, 144 Broadway, Chicopee Falls, MA. (413)5949550. TAG SALES The Westﬁeld News Group is looking for a sales associate to market our four publications and web sites to businesses in the Pioneer Valley. PART-TIME EXPERIENCED OFFICE ADMINISTRATOR Needed for small construction office. Flexible hours. 8am-12pm. Job duties to include answering phones, typing, and general office duties. Call Ed or Sherry: 527-0044 KEY RESPONSIBILITIES: • Prospect and develop new client relationships • Develop and increase current client base to drive increased market share • Achieve and exceed assigned sales revenue goals • Develop innovative proposals and deliver strategic sales presentations MUSIC INSTRUCTION ALICE'S PIANO STUDIO. Piano, organ and keyboard lessons. All ages, all levels. Call (413)5682176. SILO DRIED FIREWOOD. (128cu.ft.) guaranteed. For p r i c e s c a l l K e i t h L a r s o n WESTFIELD: 88 City View (413)537-4146 or 413-569-4132 Road July 2,3,4. 9am-3pm. HUGE! To benefit the Westfield Homeless Cat Project. Small furniture, lamps, antique sewing machine, unique dolls, theraWANTED TO BUY peutic massage table and massage chair, perinnials, long$$ AUTOS WANTED $$ handled garden tools, "guy stuff", plus-size women's clothTop Dollar paid for your uning and much, much more! 1 wanted cars, trucks, vans. Running or not. We pay and tow year's worth of donations. away. Sell your car TODAY. 413-534-5400 All interested should submit their resume to: A STEP ABOVE THE REST! JMF CHIMNEY SERVICE Repair your chimney before winter wreaks havoc. We do brick repair, crown seals and repairs. We also do stainless steel liner installs, as well as stainless rain caps. We sweep all flues. Free estimates provided. Call: 413-330-2186 HENTNICK CHIMNEY SWEEPS. Chimney repairs and rebuilds. Stainless steel caps and liner systems. Inspections, masonry work and gutter cleaning. Free estimates. Insured. Quality work from a business you can trust. (413)848-0100, (800)793-3706. DRYWALL T-BEST DRYWALL. Complete professional drywall at amateur prices. Our ceilings are tops! Call Mike 413-821-8971. Free estimates. ELECTRICIAN ALEKSANDR DUDUKAL ELECTRICAL • WESTFIELD 1&2 bedroom apartments, rent includes heat and hot water. Excellent size and location. No dogs. Call weekdays (413)786-9884. WESTFIELD: 1 Bedroom, 2nd floor. Includes stove, refrigerator, microwave, washer/dryer. Off-street parking. No utilities. No pets, no smoking. 1st & Last required. $750 p/month. 413-427-5541 MOVING SALE! Dresser, chest of drawers, 2 night stands, coffee table, end table, baker's rack, miscellaneous. Call for appointment. 562-5548 DIRECTORY HAULING HOUSE PAINTING A.R.A. Junk, Furniture & Appliance Removal Full house clean-outs. Basements, attics & garages. Demolition: Patios, sheds and swing-sets. You name it...we take it! Senior discounts. Free estimates on phone. 7 days a week. Emergency, same day service. Call Pete 413-433-0356 ALWAYS CALL FIRST!!! M&M SERVICES 20 Years serving the Westfield area. Painting, staining, house washing, interior/exterior. Wall coverings. Commercial/residential. Free estimates. Insured. References. Mass Reg. #121723. Call (413)568-9731. No job too small !! #1 PHIL'S DUMP RUNS/ DEMOLITION Removal of any items in cellars, attics, etc... Also brush removal and small demolition (sheds, decks, fences, one car garages). Fully insured. Free estimate Phil (413)525-2892 or (413)265-6380 JOHNSON'S PAINTING SERVICES 25 years experience. Interior & Exterior, including aluminum siding. Commercial & Residential. Water damage repairs, ceiling, wall and exterior repairs. Power washing. HOME IMPROVEMENT FOR FREE ESTIMATE call: Ken 568-5146 DELREO HOME IMPROVEMENT All your exterior home improvement needs. Roofing, siding, windows, decks and gutters. Free quotes. Extensive references, fully licensed & insured in MA/CT. HOME/OFFICE CLEANING www.delreohomeimprovement.com FLEUR DE LIS HOUSEKEEPING Honest, Professional and Reliable Call Suzanne for Free Estimate Bonded and Insured Call Gary Delcamp (413)569-3733 413-258-4070 & 860-309-6598 Residential, Commercial, Indus- DAVE DAVIDSON: Bathroom trial. Licensed and insured. & Kitchen Remodeling Lic. #11902. Service and emergency calls. Call (413)519-8875. "GET IT RIGHT THIS TIME" [email protected] Complete Bath Renovations. electricianaleksandr.com Now serving CT. Insured. Quality Work on Time on Budget Since 1984. MA. License JIM FERRIS ELECTRIC #072233, MA.Registration Senior discount. No job too #144831. CT. HIC. #0609568 small! Insured, free estimates. 569-9973. www.davedavidson40 years experience. Lic. remodeling. com #16303. Call (413)330-3682. POEHLMAN ELECTRIC All types of wiring. Free estimates, insured. SPECIALIZING IN PORTABLE AND WHOLE HOUSE KOHLER GENERATORS, SERVICE UPGRADES, SMALL JOBS, POOLS. Gutter de-icing cables installed. All calls answered! Best prices, prompt service. Lic. #A-16886. (413)562-5816. WESTFIELD 1 bedroom apartments, large closets, free heat and hot water included, laundry, parking. Possible pet. $800/month. (413)562-2266. WESTFIELD: 2 room efficiency. $170 p/week. All Utilities. Call for appointment. 413-262-3398. Business & Professional Services CHIMNEY SWEEPS BEAUTIFUL 2 BEDROOM TOWNHOUSE Westfield: Clean, quiet, 1-1/2 bath, carpeting, appliances, hot water included. Very reasonable heat cost. Sorry no pets. From $875. (860)485-1216. Equal Housing Opportunity WESTFIELD: 3 BEDROOM, Living Room, Kitchen and Bath, 3rd floor. $950/month plus utilities. First, last and security. 413-250-4811 3-WHEEL HANDICAPP SCOOTER New batteries, excellent condition. Price Reduced to $350! (or BO) 413-562-4895 [email protected]	i don't know
Due to various sulfur compounds, the ingestion of what green vegetable causes urine to take on a very distinctive aroma within 30 minutes of eating it?	Glossaries \| Nutrition Review Nutrition Review 1. Amino Acids Amino acids are the basic chemical building blocks of life. The body uses twenty-nine dietary amino acids to synthesize over 50,000 unique proteins and 20,000 enzymes necessary for optimal health. As long as the body has a reliable source of dietary essential amino acids it can adequately meet most of its needs for new protein synthesis. Conversely, if depleted or cut off from dietary sources of amino acids, protein synthesis is affected and serious health problems arise. Amino Acids Alanine Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that can be manufactured by the body from other sources as needed. Alanine is one of the simplest of the amino acids and is involved in the energy-producing breakdown of glucose. In conditions of sudden anaerobic energy need, when muscle proteins are broken down for energy, alanine acts as a carrier molecule to take the nitrogen-containing amino group to the liver to be changed to the less toxic urea, thus preventing buildup of toxic products in the muscle cells when extra energy is needed. Because the body easily constructs alanine from other sources, no deficiency state is known. Alanine is found in a wide variety of foods, but is particularly concentrated in meats. Arginine Arginine is an amino acid which becomes an essential amino acid when the body is under stress or is in an injured state. Depressed growth results from lack of dietary arginine. Arginine is indispensable for certain adult mammals. When mammals who ordinarily consume an arginine-rich diet are deprived of arginine, death ensues. Arginine deficiency syndrome is observed in human babies born with a phosphate synthetase deficiency. Normal growth and development in these infants are achieved by adding arginine to their diet. Arginine deficiency leads to carbamyl phosphate overproduction in the mitochondria due to inadequate ornithine supply. Arginine-deficient diets in males causes decreased sperm counts. Free and bound arginine are found in abundance in human male sperm and arginine has been found to stimulate sperm motility. There are two sources of arginine; arginine in the food chain and free-form arginine from supplements. Food-source arginine is found in abundance in turkey, chicken, and other meats. Non-food-source arginine is called L-arginine and is created through a fermentation process which separates arginine from all other proteins. In the presence of food and other amino acids, L-arginine will act like food-source arginine but when L-arginine is separated from its nutrient boundaries by the removal of all other amino acids, then L-arginine undertakes a different role, becoming capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and stimulating growth hormone release secreted by the anterior pituitary. Growth hormone serum levels peak during adolescence and begin to drop after age 23. Aging reduces natural growth hormone production, which results in added body fat, reduced muscle tissue, slowed healing, lack of elasticity in the skin, and reduced immune function. Human pituitary growth hormone secretion is evidenced in human males, females, and children following intravenous administration of 30 grams of arginine (in 30 minutes) in adults and 0.5 grams/kilogram of bodyweight in children. Female response is somewhat higher than male response. Oral administration of L-arginine also results in the release of Human Growth Hormone. Oral ingestion of another amino acid, Ornithine, results in growth hormone release, but since arginine turns into ornithine, and ornithine does not replace arginine for growth, arginine is the superior growth hormone releasing agent. Additionally, arginine has very low toxicity. Doses of 0.5 grams per kilogram up to 30 grams total given within 20 to 30 minutes has caused no untoward reactions and is considered safe. Patients diagnosed with renal or hepatic insufficiency and those with insulin-dependent diabetes should avoid large doses of arginine, or be medically monitored. Normal persons can tolerate 30 to 60 grams per day arginine. While food-source arginine is necessary for growth in children, free-form L-arginine is not recommended for anyone under the age of 23. The body’s demand for dietary arginine is increased by physical trauma (of any type). Dietary supplementation of arginine: Increases collagen; the protein providing the main support for bone, cartilage, tendons, connective tissue, and skin. Increases wound breaking strength. Improves the rate of wound healing. Inhibits cellular replication of tumors. Increases sperm count and motility by over 100%. Detoxifies ammonia (The urea cycle is the metabolic detoxification process utilized by the body to eliminate toxic ammonia in which ammonia is turned into urea and excreted in the urine). Minimizes thymic involution that occurs with injury. Decreases nitrogen losses after trauma. The demand for arginine in humans and animals occurs in response to: Physical trauma, Physical pain registered by the skin, Blood transfusions (pinprick reactions as well as foreign substance reaction), Tumor burden and malignancies, Dental procedures (pinprick reaction, pain, and blood loss), Malnutrition, Muscle and bone growth spurts. Tumor suppression is evidenced in the presence of L-arginine. In the Barbul study, tumors recurred in 100% of the control animals. But in the arginine-supplemented group, only about 60% of the tumors recurred and the animals with tumors survived longer Supplementation of arginine in the diet inhibits development and increase in size of cancerous tumors, both chemically induced and naturally occurring. Insulin can block growth hormone release, so high serum insulin levels are counterproductive to GH release. Insulin itself is capable of stimulating muscle growth, but it also strongly stimulates fat storage. Muscle growth stimulation from insulin is minuscule compared to muscle growth stimulated by growth hormone. Adults who choose to take L-arginine supplements for growth hormone release should observe the following guidelines. The product: Should not be in capsule form – you cannot fit enough L-arginine in capsules to elicit a GH response. Should not contain Lysine. L-arginine and Lysine should not be taken together as Lysine is a direct antagonist of arginine. L-arginine taken near food can interfere with Lysine metabolization thus causing potential reactivation of an already existing herpes virus. Should not contain competing proteins or amino acids. Should not contain insulin stimulating (high glycemic) ingredients. Should contain the correct synergists. Should include explicit directions in regard to timing and contraindications (ie diabetics) Arginine Pyroglutamate In Italy, Arginine Pyroglutamate is used to treat senility, mental retardation, and alcoholism. Arginine pyroglutamate is simply an arginine molecule combined with a pyroglutamate molecule. Arginine alone does not produce cognitive enhancing effects. It is likely that pyroglutamate is the active ingredient of arginine pyroglutamate. No serious adverse effects from the use of pyroglutamate, or from the use of arginine pyroglutamate, have been reported. Arginine and pyroglutamate are amino acids found commonly in natural foods and consumed by most people on a daily basis. Asparaginine Asparaginine is a non-essential amino acid that was first isolated from sprouting soybeans. Structurally similar to aspartic acid, with an additional amino group on the main carbon skeleton, Asparaginine aids in the metabolic functioning of brain and nervous system cells. When the extra amino group is removed by the brain, the resulting aspartic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter. Aspartic acid has been used to help with fatigue and depression, and may be a mild immune stimulant as well. In the body, removal of asparaginines extra amino group allows it to be used interchangeably with aspartic acid in basic protein building. It is easily supplied in normal diets and no toxic effects are known. Aspartic Acid Aspartic acid a non-essential amino acid that the body can make from other sources in sufficient amounts to meet its needs. It is a critical part of the enzyme in the liver that transfers nitrogen-containing amino groups, either in building new proteins and amino acids, or in breaking down proteins and amino acids for energy and detoxifying the nitrogen in the form of urea. Recent studies have shown aspartate and arginine supplements either alone or in combination may help relieve chronic fatigue. Both amino acids are also helpful in treating decreased fertility in men caused by decreased sperm count or mobility. Aspartic acid and potassium aspartate were also helpful in treating heart attacks and preventing irregular rhythms. Its ability to increase endurance is thought to be a result of its role in clearing ammonia from the system. In one study, 85% of 145 patients with chronic fatigue who were given the potassium and magnesium salts of aspartic acid, felt significantly more energetic. Athletes also use it to promote stamina and endurance. It helps form the ribonucleotides that assist in the production of RNA and DNA, and assists in energy production from carbohydrate metabolism. Aspartic acid is one of two major excitatory amino acids within the brain (The other is glutamic acid). At small doses these amino acids stimulate nerve cells to higher levels of activity. At higher doses they may overexcite these nerve cells, causing cell damage or death. This is thought to happen in strokes, when large amounts of excitatory neurotransmitters are released by the damage and may contribute to further damage. Some research has shown that aspartic acid might be useful in opiate withdrawal. It was found more useful in this context than some major tranquilizing drugs. Depleted levels of aspartic acid may occur temporarily within certain tissues under stress, but, because the body is able to make its own aspartic acid to replace any depletion, deficiency states do not occur. Aspartic acid is abundant in plants, especially in sprouting seeds. In protein, it exists mainly in the form of its amide, asparagine. The popular sweetener Aspartame is a combination of aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Aspartic acid is considered nontoxic. L-Carnitine Carnitine is a dipeptide – an amino acid made from two other aminos, methionine and lysine. It can be synthesized in the liver if sufficient amounts of lysine, B1, B6 and iron are available. Muscle and organ meat, fish and milk products are the best sources of carnitine in the diet. Vegetarians are more likely to be deficient in carnitine because they don’t eat meat and their diets are often low in lysine. Carnitine has been shown to have a major role in the metabolism of fat and in the reduction of triglycerides by increasing fat utilization. It transfers fatty acids across the membranes of the mitochondria where they can be utilized as sources of energy. It also increases the rate at which the liver uses fats. By preventing fatty build-up, this amino acid aids in weight loss and decreases the risk of heart disease. Carnitine has been shown to be deficient in hearts of patients who have died of acute myocardial infections. Supplements have recently been found to improve exercise tolerance in people with angina, possibly by increasing the ability to utilize fatty acids for energy. Carnitine was also found to block atrial fibrillation after initial atropine administration about as well as quinidine, without many of quinidine’s side effects. It may be deficient, and supplementation may help in mitral valve prolapse and immune system depression. Muscular dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy have been shown to lead to carnitine loss in the urine, and therefore higher requirements for it. Carnitine is stored primarily in the skeletal muscles and heart, where it is needed to transform fatty acids into energy for muscular activity. It is also concentrated in sperm and the brain. Many athletes have noted increased endurance and muscle building with carnitine supplementation. The Physicians Desk Reference has recommended l-carnitine in the treatment of ischemic heart disease and Type IV hyperlipidema. Carnitine has been shown to be beneficial for heart problems such as angina, ischemia or arrhythmia, and poor endurance, muscle weakness or obesity. Deficiencies may increase symptoms of fatigue, angina, muscle weakness or confusion. A low level of Vitamin c will also result in apparent Carnitine deficiency. It is contraindicated for people with liver or kidney disease or diabetes It has proven helpful in improving lipid metabolism and reducing elevated total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides in people with cardiac problems and diabetes, but should only be taken with medical supervision in these conditions. Citruline Citruline is synthesized in the body from ornithine by the addition of carbon dioxide and ammonia, and is a precursor of arginine. It is found primarily in the liver and is a major component of the urea cycle. Therapeutically it is used for the detoxification of ammonia, a byproduct of protein breakdown, and in the treatment of fatigue. It is also thought to stimulate the immune system. Onions and garlic contain an abundance of citruline. Cysteine Cysteine is a sulphur-bearing amino acid and a precursor to Glutathione, one of the body’s most effective antioxidants and free radical destroyers. Free radicals are toxic waste products of faulty metabolism, radiation and environmental pollutants which oxidize and damage body cells. Glutathione also protects the liver and brain from the damaging effects of cigarettes and alcohol, protects red blood cells from oxidative damage and aids in amino acid transport. Glutathione specifically helps neutralize the aldehydes produced by the liver as a by-product in the metabolism of fats, alcohol, air pollutants and some drugs. It works most effectively when taken in conjunction with vitamin E and selenium. Through this antioxidant enzyme process, cysteine may contribute to a longer life span, as deterioative aging is thought to be mainly due to oxidation and free radical damage. Cysteine has been shown to be effective in preventing and the treatment of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, cancer, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It has immune enhancing properties, promotes fat burning and muscle growth and also tissue healing after surgery or burns. Hair is 8% cysteine by weight, and cysteine supplements have been shown to be helpful in reducing hair loss and stimulating hair growth. It is important to take vitamin C at the same time and in three times the amount of cysteine, in order to prevent cysteine from being converted to cystine which may form damaging stones in the kidney or bladder. Cysteine can be found in sulphur containing foods such as egg yolks, red peppers, garlic, onions, broccoli and brussels sprouts. It can be helpful in hypoglycemia as it can block the harmful effects of excess insulin. Use of Cysteine is contraindicated for diabetics. Cystine Cystine is a stable form of the amino acid cysteine. The body is capable of converting one to the other as required and in metabolic terms they can be thought of as the same. Both cystine and cysteine are rich in sulphur and can be readily synthesized by the body. Cystine is found abundantly in hair keratin, insulin and certain digestive enzymes. As a detoxification agent Cystine has been shown to protect the body against damage induced by alcohol and cigarette smoking. One study showed its effectiveness in preventing the side effects of drinking, such as hangover, and that it prevented liver and brain damage as well. Cystine or cysteine is needed by the body for proper utilization of vitamin B6. The metabolic steps in the formation of these two amino acids is from methionine to cystathionine to cysteine to cystine. In chronic diseases it appears that the formation of cysteine from methionine is prevented. One element in correction of the biochemistry of the chronic disease could be the restoration of adequate levels of cysteine or cystine. Cysteine is more soluble than cystine and contributes sulphur more readily and thus achieves better results in some patients. No single nutrient should be seen as curative for any condition. By reducing the body’s absorption of copper, cystine protects against copper toxicity, which has been linked to behavioral problems. It is also found helpful in the healing of burns and wounds, and is used to break down mucus deposits in illnesses such as bronchitis and cystic fibrosis. Cysteine also assists in the supply of insulin to the pancreas, which is needed for the assimilation of sugars and starches. However, supplements of cysteine and cystine are readily utilized carbon sources that may actually enhance Candida growth in its more pathogenic yeast form. GABA GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), is an important amino acid which functions as the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Supplemental GABA can be useful in producing a state of relaxation. GABA works in partnership with a derivative of Vitamin B-6, pyridoxine, to cross from the axons to the dendrites through the synaptic cleft, in response to an electrical signal in the neuron and inhibits message transmission. This helps control the nerve cells from firing too fast, which would overload the system. The action of GABA decreases epileptic seizures and muscle spasms by inhibiting electrical signals in this manner. Studies have shown that the site of action in the brain of benzodiazepams, including Valium, is directly coupled to the brain receptor for GABA. GABA itself can be taken instead of a tranquilizer to calm the body without the fear of addiction. Taken with the B-vitamins niacinamide and inositol, it prevents anxiety messages from reaching the motor centers of the brain by filling its receptor site. Glutathione Glutathione is a tri-peptide composed of three amino acids: Cysteine, Glutamic Acid and Glycine. Glutathione and the enzymes it forms, such as GTH peroxidase, are essential to all life and are found in tissues of virtually all plants and animals. GTH is present in all human cells, with the highest levels found in the liver, the lenses of the eyes, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. Glutathione acts as a powerful antioxidant, a key protector against all types of pollution and is effective in preventing aging. Glutathione also protects against cellular peroxidation caused by exposure to pesticides, plastics, benzene and carbon tetrachloride, as well as heavy metals, cigarette smoke, smog, drugs, solvents, dyes, phenols and nitrates. Glutathione works to inhibit the formation of free radicals, dangerous agents that suppress the immune system and promote the formation of mutagens and carcinogens. Free radicals also speed up the aging process, and it is due to this antioxidant activity that Glutathione is considered useful in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of degenerative diseases. Studies at the Louisville School of Medicine have clearly shown that Glutathione possesses unique ability to slow the aging process. While Glutathione aids in the protection of all cells and membranes, a study at Harvard Medical School found that glutathione is especially able to enhance immune system cells, protecting against damage from radiation and helping to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and x-rays and alcohol. As a detoxifier of metals and drugs, glutathione also aids in the treatment of blood and liver disorders. Glutamine Glutamine is an amino acid widely used to maintain good brain functioning. Glutamine is a derivative of glutamic acid which is synthesized from the amino acids arginine, ornithine and proline. Glutamine improves mental alertness, clarity of thinking and mood. It is found abundantly in animal proteins and needed in high concentrations in serum and cerebro-spinal fluid. When glutamic acid combines with ammonia, a waste product of metabolic activity, is converted into glutamine. Glutamic acid is also a precursor of GABA, an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamic acid helps transport potassium into the spinal fluid and is itself an excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamic acid has been used to treat mental retardation, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophy and alcoholism. Because glutamic acid cannot cross the blood brain barrier, where most of the metabolism takes place, glutamine, which can cross this barrier, works better in supplement form. Glutamine can also be used by cells like glucose for metabolic energy. It helps to raise blood sugar and is therefore valuable in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Research has also shown that supplementation of glutamine reduces the craving for alcohol and is now commonly used in alcoholism clinics. It also seems to reduce the craving for sugar and carbohydrates. Other noted areas of usefulness are treatment of depression, peptic ulcers, schizophrenia and senility, and behavioral problems and autism in children. Glycine Glycine is an amino acid that is a major part of the pool of amino acids which aid in the synthesis of non essential amino acids in the body. Glycine can be easily formed in the liver or kidneys from Choline and the amino acids Threonine and Serine. Likewise, Glycine can be readily converted back into Serine as needed. Glycine is also one of the few amino acids that can spare glucose for energy by improving glycogen storage. Glycine is also readily converted into creatine, which is utilized to make RNA and DNA. Glycine is required by the body for the mainainence of the central nervous system, and in men glycine plays an essential role in maintaining healthy prostate functions. Glycine also plays an important function in the immune system were it is used in the synthesis of other non-essential amino acids. Studies have shown that glycine can be beneficial in cases of chronic spasticity, including multiple sclerosis, and its inhibitory action can help to prevent epileptic seizures. Glycine has also been used in treating manic psychological states and has a calming effect on the brain. Glycine can reduce gastric acidity, and in higher doses, can stimulate growth hormone release and contribute to wound healing Glycine comprises up to a third of the collagen in the human body and is required for the synthesis of the porphyrin core of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in the blood. Glycine is also a constituent of a vital bile acid, and together with cysteine and glutamic acid, makes up glutathione, a major liver detoxifier and free radical fighter. Histidine Histidine is intricately involved in a large number of critical metabolic processes, ranging from the production of red and white blood cells to regulating antibody activity. Histidine also helps to maintain the myelin sheaths which surround and insulate nerves. In particular, Histidine has been found beneficial for the auditory nerves, and a deficiency of this vital amino acid has been noted in cases of nerve deafness. Histidine is required for the production of histamine, and is often used in the treatment of anemia, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory reactions. Histidine also possesses vasodilating and hypotensive actions, and has an vital role in sexual responses. Research shows that the release of histamine from the mast cells is necessary for the physical action of orgasm. Women who are unable to achieve orgasm may be low in histamine and can possibly benefit from histidine supplementation. Premature ejaculation is also attributed to excess histamine and may be regulated by using methionine and calcium. Studies show that histidine boosts the activity of suppressor T cells. One researcher reporting the finding of abnormally low levels of Histidine in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Histidine is also used as a chelating agent in some cases of arthritis and to treat tissue overload from copper, iron or other heavy metals, to remove them from the body Histidine also acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, boosting the activity of soothing alpha waves in the brain and suporting resistant to the effects of anxiety and stress. In cases of histidine deficiency, there is an unbalancing effect on alpha rhythms, leading to greater beta wave production. Beta waves are responsible for brain activity leading to anger and tension. Histidine is naturally found in most animal and vegetable proteins, and is especially high in pork, poultry, cheese and wheat germ. Supplements of histidine should not be larger than 1.5 grams per day, except under a doctors supervision. Isoleucine Isoleucine is a essential branched chain amino acid found abundently in most foods. Isoleucine is found in especially high amounts in meats, fish, cheese, most seeds and nuts, eggs, chickens and lentils. In the human body Isoleucine is concentrated in the muscle tissues. Isoleucine is necessary for hemoglobin formation and in stabilizing and regulating blood sugar and energy levels. A deficiency of isoleucine can produce symptoms similar to those of hypoglycemia. It has been identified as one of a group of amino acids deficient in amino acid profiles run on mentally and physically ill patients. Isoleucine is frequently deficient in the elderly, and may contribute to muscle wasting, twitching and tremors. The branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are Isoleucine, Leucine and Valine. BCAAs are popular with body builders looking to restore muscle mass traumatized from excessive overtraining. BCAAs are also used to treat injuries and physical stress conditions , such as surgery and liver disease. The ability of these amino acids to help in abnormal conditions does not imply that they will help in healthy individuals, and no studies indicate that extra intake will help in muscle building. Since the body cannot make this amino acid from other sources, maintaining sufficient amounts in the diet IS important. Jeffery Bland, author of Medical Applications of Clinical Nutrition, gives the range of isoleucine requirement in normal adults as being between 250 and 700 milligrams daily. The isoleucine content of animal protein is 42 milligrams per gram of protein. Leucine Leucine is an essential amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the body but must always be acquired from dietary sources. Leucine is available in good concentrations in meat and dairy products, and to a lesser degree in wheat germ, brown rice, soybeans, almonds, cashews and brazil nuts, chickpeas, lentils and corn. Leucine stimulates protein synthesis in muscles, and is essential for growth. Leucine also promotes the healing of bones, skin and muscle tissue. Leucine, and the other branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), Isoleucine and Valine, are frequently deficient in the elderly, and increased body requirements can occur after trauma or surgery. These branched-chain amino acids may prevent muscle wasting in these conditions, but no studies have been done to determine if extra intake will help in muscle building in healthy individuals. Because leucine cannot be made by the body from other sources, it IS important to maintain adequate amounts in the diet. Leucine, in conjunction with two other amino acids, isoleucine and valine, appear to be quite helpful in treating and in some cases even reversing hepatic encephalopathy, a form of liver damage in alcoholics. They also help curb muscle wasting in this disease and through their actions on brain neurotransmitters, help prevent some adverse neurological effects of chronic liver disease. A recent study shows that leucine, isoleucine and valine may be helpful in ALS, known as Lou Gehrig disease. This is a potentially fatal disease for which no other effective treatment has been found. This pilot study involved nine ALS patients, of whom eight benefitted from supplementation with these amino acids, top the extent that over the one year period of the study, they retained their muscle strength and their ability to walk. Five of the nine control subjects, who received placebos, lost their ability to walk over this period. A study reported in the British Journal of Nutrition found that a dietary excess of leucine may be a precipitating factor in causing pellagra. This effect was only apparent when the diet also provided less than adequate amounts of nicotinamide. The right handed, or D form of leucine, has been shown to have a similar effect to that of d-phenylalanine in retarding the breakdown of the natural pain killers of the body, the endorphins and enkephalins. Lysine Lysine is one of the essential amino acids that cannot be manufactured by the human body, but must be acquired from food sources. The best food sources for Lysine are lean meats, fish, potatoes and milk. In the early 1980’s lysine became well known for its ability to fight the Herpes Simplex-1 virus, mouth blisters and cold sores. Since then it has been shown to have broader immune enhancing effects. Some studies have shown it effective in relieving genital herpes. High doses of Lysine stop viral growth and reproduction, and aids in the production of antibodies, hormones and enzymes. In children lysine is needed for proper growth and bone development. Its aids calcium absorption and maintains nitrogen balance in adults. It is also instrumental in the formation of collagen, which is the basic matrix of the connective tissues, skin, cartilage and bone. According to Linus Pauling, lysine may also help reduce angina pectoris, chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen in the heart muscle. Pauling recommends 5 grams divided throughout the day for this condition. Lysine aids in collagen formation, in the repair of tissue, and helps to build muscle protein, all of which are important for recovery from surgery and injuries. It also lowers high serum triglycerides. Lysine supplements stimulate the liver to produce higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Lysine deficiencies can result in lowered immune function, loss of energy, bloodshot eyes, irritability, hair loss, retarded growth, and reproductive disorders, increases urinary excretion of calcium, and increases the risk of kidney stones in susceptible people. Lysine has no known toxicity. Methionine Methionine is an essential amino acid that is not synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food. It is one of the sulphur containing amino acids and is important in many body functions. Through its supply of sulphur, it improves the tone and pliability of the skin, conditions the hair and strengthens nails. The mineral sulphur also protects the cells from airborne pollutants, such as smog, slows down the aging process in the cells, and is involved with the production of protein. Methionine is essential for the absorption and transportation and bioavailability of selenium and zinc in the body. It also acts as a lipotropic agent to prevent excess fat buildup in the liver, and is an excellent chelator of heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium and mercury, binding them and aiding in their excretion from the body. It can help fatigue and may be useful in some cases of allergy because it reduces histamine release. It has also been used in the treatment of rheumatic fever and toxemia resulting from pregnancy. Recent studies show methionine deficiencies may be associated with the development of age related cataracts, and supplements may delay their development. In Parkinson’s disease patients taking L-Dopa, it was found that additional supplements with L-Methionine may further decrease the tremors and rigidity that limit normal activities. The best food sources are beef, chicken, fish, pork, soybeans, eggs, cottage cheese, liver, sardines, yogurt, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds and lentils. The range of human need for methionine is estimated at between 800 and 3,000 milligrams per day. This represents a 3.7 fold variation, based on a sample of 29 individuals. Ornithine Ornithine is made from the amino acid arginine and in turn is a precursor to form glutamic acid, citruline, and proline. Ornithine’s chief therapeutic value lies in its involvement in the urea cycle and its ability to enhance liver function, protect the liver and detoxify harmful substances. It has been used in the treatment of hepatic coma states. It also helps release a growth hormone that metabolizes excess body fat when combined with arginine. This growth hormone is also an immune stimulant. In animal studies arginine and ornithine have improved immune responses to bacteria, viruses and tumor cells. One study on mice showed both of these amino acids were able to block formation of tumors in mice inoculated with a cancer causing virus. A one percent arginine or ornithine supplement to their food increased the animals thymus weights and lymphocytes in both the inoculated mice and the non inoculated control group, and markedly extended the life span in the animals receiving the virus. Ornithine has been shown to aid in wound healing and support liver regeneration. It is found in milk products and meat, especially chicken. It may cause insomnia, and is contraindicated for schizophrenics. Growth hormone releasers should not be used by anyone who has not grown to their full height unless advised by their physicians. Excess growth hormone will cause the skin to become coarser and thicker, this is reversed when excess GH is withdrawn. Very excessive growth hormone over an extended period of time can cause irreversible enlargement of the joints and lowering of voice pitch due to larynx growth, and may cause a pituitary form of diabetes. Phenylalanine Phenylalanine is one of the amino acids which the body cannot manufacture itself, but must acquire from food. It is abundant in meats and cheese. Phenylalanine is a precursor of tyrosine, and together they lead to the formation of thyroxine or thyroid hormone, and of epinephrine and norepinephrine which is converted into a neurotransmitter, a brain chemical which transmits nerve impulses. This neurotransmitter is used by the brain to manufacture norepinephrine which promotes mental alertness, memory, elevates mood, and suppresses the appetite very effectively. In one study, 100-500 milligrams of phenylalanine taken every day for two weeks completely eliminated patients depression. These people where depressed from a variety of causes, including drug abuse and schizophrenia and some from no apparent cause, and the amino acid seemed to work especially well for them all. Along with another amino acid, tryptophan, phenylalanine governs the release of an intestinal hormone called cholecystokinin, known as CCK. This hormone signals the brain to feel satisfied after eating. People given CCK stop eating and feel full sooner. Various studies have shown Phenylalanine’s ability to decrease chronic back and dental pain and the pain associated with migraines and menstruation in a non-toxic and non-addictive manner. Phenylalanine comes in two forms which are mirror images of each other: L-phenylalanine which has a nutritional value, and D-phenylalanine which has painkilling and depression alleviating properties which are attributed to its ability to block the breakdown of enkephalins, the brains natural pain killers. A third form, DL-phenylalanine, is a 50/50 mixture of these two forms. Phenylalanine activity is enhanced by additional Vitamin B 6, especially in studies on depression. Phenylalanine deficiency can cause bloodshot eyes, cataracts and behavioral changes. Nutritional researchers recommend keeping intake of supplemental forms of phenylalanine to no more than 2.4 grams per day. Overuse of phenylalanine supplements can cause anxiety, headaches and hypertension, and are contraindicated for pregnant woman, those who suffer from anxiety attacks, high blood pressure, PKU, pigmented melanoma, or anyone taking an anti-depressant containing MAO inhibitors. Proline Proline is synthesized by the body from the amino acids glutamine or ornithine. The best food sources for Proline are dairy products and eggs, and in lesser amounts meats and wheat germ. It is one of the main components of collagen, the connective tissue structure that binds and supports all other tissues. It is most effective in this regard when combined with vitamin C supplementation. Proline improves skin texture and studies have shown that collagen is neither properly formed or maintained if Vitamin C is lacking, so proline is most effective when adequate Vitamin C is supplied at the same time. Pyroglutamate Pyroglutamate is an amino acid naturally found in vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and meat. It is also normally present in large amounts in the human brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. After oral administration, pyroglutamate passes into the brain through the blood-brain barriers and helps stimulate cognitive functions. Pyroglutamate improves memory and learning in rats, and has anti-anxiety effects in rats. Pyroglutamate has also been shown to be effective in alcohol-induced memory deficits in humans2, and more recently, in people affected with multi-infarct dementia3. In these patients, the administration of pyroglutamate brought about a significant increase of attention and an improvement on psychological tests investigating short-term retrieval, long-term retrieval, and long-term storage of memory. A statistically significant improvement was observed also in the consolidation of memory. In human subjects, pyroglutamate was compared with a placebo in a randomized double-blind trial for assessing its efficacy in treating memory deficits in 40 aged subjects. Twenty subjects were treated with pyroglutamate and 20 with a placebo over a period of 60 days. Memory functions were evaluated at baseline and after 60 days of treatment by means of a battery made up of six memory tasks. The results show that pyroglutamate is effective in improving verbal memory functions in subjects affected by age-related memory decline. In Italy, arginine pyroglutamate is used to treat senility, mental retardation, and alcoholism. Arginine pyroglutamate is simply an arginine molecule combined with a pyroglutamate molecule. Arginine alone does not produce cognitive enhancing effects. It is likely that pyroglutamate is the active ingredient of arginine pyroglutamate. No serious adverse effects from the use of pyroglutamate, or from the use of arginine pyroglutamate, have been reported. Arginine and pyroglutamate are amino acids found commonly in natural foods and consumed by most people on a daily basis. Serine Serine is synthesized by the body from the amino acids glycine or threonine. Its production requires adequate amounts of B-7 (niacin), B-6, and folic acid. It is needed for the metabolism of fats and fatty acids, muscle growth and a healthy immune system. It aides in the production of immunoglobulins and antibodies. It is a constituent of brain proteins and nerve coverings. It is important in the formation of cell membranes, involved in the metabolism of purines and pyrimidines, and muscle synthesis. It is also used in cosmetics as a skin moisturizer. Serine is abundant in meats and dairy products, wheat gluten, peanuts and soy products, all of which are common allergens. There is some concern that elevated serine levels can cause immune suppression and psychological symptoms as in cerebral allergies. Taurine Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the body. It is found in the central nervous system, skeletal muscle and is very concentrated in the brain and heart. It is synthesized from the amino acids methionine and cysteine, in conjunction with vitamin B6. Animal protein is a good source of taurine, as it is not found in vegetable protein. Vegetarians with an unbalanced protein intake, and therefore deficient in methionine or cysteine may have difficulty manufacturing taurine. Dietary intake is thought to be more important in women as the female hormone estradiol depresses the formation of taurine in the liver. Taurine seems to inhibit and modulate neurotransmitters in the brain. There have been reports on the benefits of taurine supplementation for epileptics. It has also been found to control motor tics, such as uncontrollable facial twitches. Taurines’ effectiveness in epilepsy has been limited by its poor diffusion across the blood-brain barrier. In Japan, taurine therapy is used in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Low taurine and magnesium levels have been found in patients after heart attacks . Like magnesium, taurine affects cell membrane electrical excitability by normalizing potassium flow in and out of heart muscle cells. Supplements decrease the tendency to develop potentially lethal abnormal heart arrythmias after heart attacks.. People with congestive heart failure have also responded to supplementation with improved cardiac and respiratory function. Another role played by taurine is maintaining the correct composition of bile, and in maintaining the solubility of cholesterol. It has been found to have an effect on blood sugar levels similar to insulin. Taurine helps to stabilize cell membranes and seems to have some antioxidant and detoxifying activity. It helps the movement of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in and out of cells, which helps generate nerve impulses. Taurine is necessary for the chemical reactions that produce normal vision, and deficiencies are associated with retinal degeneration. Besides protecting the retina, taurine may help prevent and possibly reverse age-related cataracts. Low levels of taurine and other sulphur containing amino acids are associated with high blood pressure, and taurine supplements have been shown to lower blood pressure in some studies. Other possible uses for Taurine supplementation include eye disease, cirrhosis, depression and male infertility due to low sperm motility and hypertension. Possible symptoms of toxicity include diarrhea and peptic ulcers. For those considering taurine supplements, taurine is known to have a calming or depressant effect on the central nervous system, and may impair short term memory. Taurine is present in meats and animal products, but not in plant products. Threonine Threonine, an essential amino acid, is not manufactured by the body and must be acquired from food. It is an important constituent in many body proteins and is necessary for the formation of tooth enamel protein, collagen and elastin. It is a precursor to the amino acids glycine and serine. It acts as a lipotropic in controlling fat build-up in the liver. One researcher considers Threonine, along with B vitamins, magnesium, ascorbic acid, iodine, potassium, tryptophan, lysine, inositol and glutamic acid, as being essential in the treatment and prevention of mental illness. Another states that Threonine “is very useful in indigestion and intestinal malfunctions and prevents excessive liver fat. Nutrients are more readily absorbed when threonine is present.” Preliminary studies in patients with the degenerative neuromuscular disease ALS showed definite symptom improvement with L-threonine supplements. Since there is no other treatment for this disease, it may prove useful in allowing these people a better quality of lifestyle. There are good levels of threonine in most meats, dairy foods and eggs and moderate levels in wheat germ, many nuts, beans and seeds and some vegetables. Threonine is an immune stimulant-it promotes thymus growth and activity. L-threonine deficiency in rats has been associated with weakened cellular response and antibody formation. In humans, deficiency results in irritability and generally difficult personality, according to one researcher. The range of human requirements is stated to be between 103 milligrams and 500 milligrams daily . Tryptophan Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is one of the amino acids which the body cannot manufacture itself, but most acquire from food. It is the least abundant in proteins and also easily destroyed by the liver. Tryptophan is necessary for the production of the B-vitamin niacin, which is essential for your brain to manufacture the key neurotransmitter serotonin. Scientists have linked low serotonin levels with insomnia, anxiety and depression. It helps control hyperactivity, relieves stress, suppresses the appetite and enhances the release of growth hormones. More than forty studies have shown the effectiveness of Tryptophan for insomnia. It has been shown to enable people to fall asleep more quickly, and to increase sleep time without the hangover effect of regular sleeping pills. Studies have also found it effective for jet lag. In one study at the University of California School of Medicine, fifty one marines were flown across eight time zones. Half received tryptophan and the other half placebos. Those who got the amino acid were able to sleep more and responded better on performance tests and reaction times. Other studies show tryptophan to have anti-anxiety effects and control aggressive behavior in some individuals. Used in combination with drug therapy, Tryptophan has helped previously unresponsive depressed patients. Another study showed it’s anti-depressant effect to be of longer duration than the popular anti-depressant drug Imipramine. Some evidence shows that this amino acid may also be effective for people suffering from chronic pain. Sensitivity to pain is partly affected by the serotonin levels in your brain. People taking Tryptophan in addition to their standard pain medications, reported fewer painful, debilitating symptoms than when they used the pain drugs alone. Tryptophan decreases amphetamine craving in animal studies and it may also have a role in alcohol withdrawal. Preliminary studies of combined Vitamin B-6 and tryptophan show that they may reduce the severity of hyperventilation and the panic attacks it may produce. The best food sources of Tryptophan are pineapple, turkey, chicken, yogurt, bananas and unripened cheese. Combining these foods with some carbohydrates, such as pasta, cereal or bread etc., will enable your brain to absorb the tryptophan more effectively, where it is used to manufacture serotonin. Although Tryptophan has a long history of safe use, in December 1989 the FDA reported over 600 cases of a flu-like syndrome associated with a blood abnormality in those taking the amino acid. Although the problem was traced to a contaminated batch, Tryptophan is no longer available in supplement form. Because of potential adverse reactions, tryptophan supplements are not recommended in pregnant women, asthmatics or people with auto-immune disorders like Lupus or Scleroderma. Tyrosine Tyrosine is an amino acid synthesized from phenylalanine in the body. It is a precursor of the important brain neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, which transmit nerve impulses and are essential to prevent depression. Dopamine is vital to mental function and seems to play a role in sex drive. Tyrosine is also used by the thyroid gland to produce one of the major hormones, Thyroxin. This hormone regulates growth rate, metabolic rate, skin health and mental health. It is used in the treatment of anxiety, depression, allergies and headaches. Animals subjected to stress in the laboratory have been found to have reduced levels of the brain neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Doses of tyrosine prior to stressing the animals prevents reduction of norepinephrine. Human trials have been performed with soldiers placed in various forms of stress. Those soldiers receiving Tyrosine were found to perform better on a variety of tests. They were more efficient, alert and had fewer complaints. Clinical studies have shown that tyrosine can be helpful in reducing the irritation, tiredness and depression of PMS sufferers, as well as being an effective antidepressant in some more major forms of depression. Tyrosine is used with the amino acid Tryptophan, to aid in the treatment of cocaine abuse, with some success. In one study the two amino acids were used in conjunction with the anti-depressant Imipramine to treat chronic cocaine abuse with a reported 75-80% success rate. Most of the people in the study reported that this combination blocked the cocaine high and warded off the severe depression that typically accompanies withdrawal. Intake of Tyrosine is contraindicated for people taking antidepressants containing monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, people with high blood pressure or skin cancer. It may trigger migraine headaches. The main sources of tyrosine in the diet are meats, dairy products and eggs. Valine Valine is one of the amino acids which the body cannot for manufacture itself but must acquire from food sources. Valine is found in abundant quantities in most food. Valine has a stimulant effect. Healthy growth depends on it. A deficiency results in a negative hydrogen balance in the body. Valine is used by bodybuilders, in conjunction with leucine and isoleucine, for muscle growth, tissue repair and as an energizer. There is little scientific evidence to support these claims, though studies have shown that these three substances might be able to help restore muscle mass in people with liver disease, injuries, or who have undergone surgery, but no studies have shown them to be effective for healthy people. Because valine cannot be produced by the body, healthy people should ensure that they are obtaining at least the recommended amount in their diet. Valine can be metabolized to produce energy, which spares glucose. A deficiency may affect the myelin covering of the nerves. Recent studies indicate that valine, as well as leucine and isoleucine, may be effective in treating or reversing hepatic encephalopathy, or alcohol related brain damage. It may also be useful in degenerative neurological conditions. Main food sources of valine are soy flour, raw brown rice, cottage cheese, fish, beef, lamb, chicken, almonds, brazil nuts cashews, peanuts, sesame seed, lentils, chickpeas and mushrooms. L-Theanine For centuries green tea has been highly valued as a soothing drink to calm the body and soothe the soul. Now new research has discovered the biochemical key to green tea’s deeply soothing effects—the amino acid L-theanine, which is found almost exclusively in the leaves of green tea (Camellia sinensis). L-theanine has been shown to have a deeply relaxing effect, reducing stress and anxiety, but without the sedating effects of other relaxing agents. In fact, many people find L-theanine actually increases energy levels while reducing anxiety. Researchers have found that L-theanine works by supporting the formation of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that blocks the release of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin to promote a state of deep relaxation and calm, while increasing sensations of pleasure. L-theanine has also been found to directly stimulate the production of alpha brain waves, which are associated with deep states of relaxation and enhanced mental clarity. In a recent study, Japanese researchers also revealed that—in addition to promoting a deep state of relaxation—L-theanine may also support healthy blood pressure levels, enhance concentration and learning, promote mental clarity and strengthen the immune system. In human studies L-theanine has been shown to exert profound relaxing effects, 30 to 40 minutes after ingestion, including: Relaxation without drowsiness Enhanced sensations of contentment and pleasure 2. Vitamins Vitamins are natural organic substances essential for the proper regulation of reproduction, growth, health, and energy production. Humans are unable to manufacture most of the necessary vitamins and these must be obtained from dietary sources, either as whole foods or supplements. Vitamins Beta Carotene Beta Carotene, a naturally occurring orange pigment found in plants such as carrots, squash, and pumpkins, is a powerful fat-soluble antioxidant that heps neutralize free radicals, prevents cancer, and fights infectious diseases. Beta carotene, referred to as provitamin A, is transformed into vitamin A in the body. This unique feature means that beta carotene is non-toxic at doses ranging as high as 500,000 iu, whereas vitamin A retinol can produce toxic effects in relatively low doses. Adequate intake of beta carotene has been shown to help prevent Xerophthalmia (night blindness). In addition to promoting good vision, beta carotene also protects the heart and cardiovascular system, boosts immune functions, speeds recovery from respiratory infections such as colds and flu, and promotes wound healing. Researchers are now focused on beta carotene’s impressive ability to quench singlet oxygen free radicals, leading to a greater understanding of its role in slowing down the aging process, preventing the formation of tumors, and possibly reversing the course of certain forms of cancer. A recent study presented at an American Cancer Society seminar found that beta carotene was able to reduce by half the number of precancerous mouth lesions in over 53% of test subjects diagnosed with precancerous mouth lesions. NEW RESEARCH: Beta carotene is a nutrient found in the most abundance in yellow and dark green fruit and vegetables-foods like apricots, squash, cantaloupe, broccoli, spinach, and sweet potatoes. Its ability to prevent heart attacks came as a surprise to Dr. Charles Hennekens of Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital, who was really interested in studying beta carotene’s cancer-fighting capacity. In 1990, nearly halfway through a 10-year study, Hennekens looked specifically at the data from 333 of the 22,000 men in this Physicians’ Health Study. These men were selected because they all had evidence of coronary artery disease, including angina, (the chest pain that occurs when the arteries that serve the heart are obstructed) at the start of the study. After 6 years, 27 of the 333 men had suffered heart attacks: 10 in the group taking 50 mg (83,350 IU) of beta carotene every other day, and 17 in the group taking the placebo, representing an almost 40% lower risk for the beta carotene group. Among the men taking both beta carotene and aspirin, there were no heart attacks at all. In fact, Hennekens reported, those men taking the 50-mg dose of beta carotene had about half the number of heart attacks, strokes, cardiac arrests, or operations to open or bypass clogged arteries.1 It seems to be beta carotene’s antioxidant capacity — specifically its ability to prevent the oxidation of cholesterol — that explains its protective role in heart disease. Recent evidence has shown that cholesterol is most dangerous after it has been oxidized or damaged, thus releasing free radicals into the bloodstream, where they can damage delicate arteries. These sites of damage attract the fatty deposits that eventually clog the arteries. Free radicals may also oxidize low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol), which makes the macrophages transporting the LDL turn into foam cells that form atherosclerotic plaques. Folic Acid Folic Acid is a water soluble nutrient belonging to the B-complex family. The name folic acid is derived from the latin word “folium”, so chosen since this essential nutrient was first extracted from green leafy vegetables, or foliage. Sometimes referred to as vitamin M, folic acid was originally extracted from spinach in 1941 and was found to be an effective treatment for macrocytic anemia. Among its various important roles, folic acid is a vital coenzyme required for the proper synthesis of RNA and DNA, the nucleic acids that maintain our genetic codes and insure healthy cell division. Adequate levels of folic acid are essential for energy production and protein metabolism, for the formulation of red blood cells, and for the proper functioning of the intestinal tract. Of great import are recent studies connecting folic acid intake with the incidence of spinal closure problems in newborn babies. Health workers have long known that folic acid is required for the proper regulation and development of embryonic fetal nerve cells during the early stages of pregnancy. Now researchers have found an almost complete reduction in the incidence of spinal closure problems such as spina bifida in babies born to women with a daily folic acid intake of at least 400 micrograms. Folic acid may also prove to be effective in the prevention and treatment of uterine cancer. A deficiency of folic acid causes cellular damage resembling the initial stages of uterine cervical dysplasia. Researchers discovered that women taking folic acid supplements have fewer precancerous cervical cells compared to women with low intake of folic acid. Evidence suggests that folic acid works by inhibiting the progression of abnormal cells into cancer cells and may even help return the damaged tissues to healthy condition. Folic acid deficiency affects all cellular functions, but most importantly it reduces the body’s ability to repair damaged tissues and grow new cells. Tissues with the highest rate of cell replacement, such as red blood cells, are affected first, leading to anemia. Folic acid deficiency symptoms include a sore tongue, cracking at the corners of the mouth, gastro-intestinal distress, diarrhea, and poor nutrient absorption and malnutrition leading to stunted growth, weakness and apathy. The current Recommended Daily Allowance for folic acid is 180 to 200 micrograms per day. This allowance is controversial as it is based more on politics than science. Studies have consistently shown that the average American gets less then half the previously recommended RDA of 400 micrograms per day for adults and 800 micrograms per day for pregnant women. Unable to make the great leap to suggest that people should take supplements to confer the protection offered by folic acid, government officials instead simply decided to lower the RDA. Folic acid deficiency is a common vitamin deficiency that can develop within a few weeks to months of lowered dietary intake. Those with the greatest need for increased folic acid intake include people under mental and physical stress, including disease, alcoholics, and people taking oral contraceptives, aspirin, and anticonvulsants. Foods highest in folic acid include barley, beans, beef, bran, brewers yeast, brown rice, cheese, chicken, tuna, milk, salmon, wheat germ, whole grains, and green leafy vegetables. Though not generally regarded as toxic, large doses of folic acid can cause allergic skin reactions, and should be avoided by people being treated for hormone related cancers. High doses of folic acid can also cause problems convulsions in people taking the drug phytoin for a convulsive disorder. Biotin (Vit. B-7) Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin and member of the B-complex family. Originally isolated in 1901, over the years numerous researchers attached different names to this nutrient, referring to it alternately as bios, vitamin H, protective factor X, and coenzyme R. Today the scientific name for this sulfur-bound vitamin is biotin. Biotin is an essential nutrient that is required for cell growth and for the production of fatty acids. Biotin also plays a central role in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and is essential for the proper utilization of the other B-complex vitamins. Biotin contributes to healthy skin and hair, and may play a role in preventing hair loss. A biotin deficiency of is rare, as biotin is easily synthesized in the intestines by bacteria, usually in amounts far greater than are normally require for good health. Those at highest risk for biotin deficiency are people with digestive problems that can interfere with normal intestinal absorption, and those taking antibiotics or sulfa drugs, which can inhibit the growth of the intestinal bacteria that produce biotin. Consuming raw eggs in large amounts over a prolonged period can contribute to biotin deficiency, as eggs whites contain a protein called avidin, that binds to biotin and interfere with its absorption. This is not a problem when consuming cooked eggs, which are a good dietary source of biotin. Some symptoms of biotin deficiency are depression, lethargy, eczema, dermatitis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, inflammation of the tongue, and muscle pain. Infants with seborrheic dermatitis, evidenced by dry and scaly face and scalp, may also be suffering from a biotin deficiency. The adult Recommended Daily Allowance for biotin is 300 micrograms. Natural sources highest in biotin include liver, egg yolks, brewer’s yeast, salt-water fish, milk, soybeans, and rice. Biotin is also found in virtually all B-complex supplements in doses ranging from 25 micrograms to 300 micrograms. There are no known toxic levels or symptoms for biotin. Vitamin A Vitamin A is a vital fat-soluble nutrient and antioxidant that can prevent night blindness, maintain healthy skin, and confer protection against cancer and other diseases. Vitamin A is commonly found in two forms; as preformed vitamin A, also referred to as retinol, and as provitamin A, or beta carotene. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to Xerophthalmia or night blindness, a deficiency disease that most commonly affects children in third-world countries. Early signs of Vitamin A deficiency are gradual loss of night vision, roughened skin and defective formation of bones and teeth. If left untreated Xerophthalmia can result in complete blindness. In addition to promoting good vision, other recognized major benefits of vitamin A include its ability to protect the heart and cardiovascular system, boost the immune system, speed recovery from respiratory infections, promote wound healing, slow down the aging process, and prevent and possibly reverse the course of certain forms of cancer. Vitamin A also plays an important role in maintain healthy skin. Most current popular acne and psoriasis treatments on the market, such as Retinol and Accutane, are based on vitamin A or its derivatives. Retinol is derived from animal sources, primarily fish liver oils, and is easily destroyed by exposure to heat, light, and oxygen. When examining your vitamin formula to determine Vitamin A levels expect to see vitamin A referred to in its palmitate or acetate forms, which are preferred by manufacturers. The Recommended Daily Intake of vitamin A is 5,000 International Units or 1,000 Retinol Units. As a supplement, vitamin-A is available in capsules ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 iu or International Units. Excessive intake of vitamin A can lead to dangerous toxic symptoms, including hair loss, nausea, scaly skin, bone pain, fatigue, blurred vision, and liver enlargement. For this reason many prefer to take Beta Carotene, also referred to as provitamin A, which offers all the proven benefits of vitamin A with none of the adverse side effects. Vitamin B-1 Vitamin B-1, also called thiamine, is a nutrient critical for maintaining a healthy central nervous system. Addequate thiamine levels can dramatically affect mental functions by helping us maintain a positive mental attitude and by enhancing our learning abilities. Conversely, inadequate levels of B1 can lead to eye weakness, mental confusion, and loss of physical coordination. Vitamin B1 is required for the production of hydrochloric acid, for forming blood cells, and for maintianing healthy circulation. It also plays a key role in converting carbohydrates into energy, and in maintaining good muscle tone of the digestive system and the heart. Like all the B-vitamins, B-1 is a water soluble nutrient that cannot be stored in the body, but must be replenished on a daily basis. B-1 is also synergistic, meaning that it is most effective when taken in a balanced complex of the other B vitamins. A chronic deficiency of thiamin will lead to a beriberi, a devastating and potentially deadly disease of the central nervous system. Due to improved diets and widespread use of inexpensive supplements, beriberi is extremely rare in the developed nations, with one important exception. Beriberi symptoms are frequently found in chronic alcoholics due to the destructive effect alcohol has on B1. Thiamine levels can also be affected by ingestion of antibiotics, sulfa drugs, caffeine, antacids, and oral contraceptives. A diet high in carbohydrates can also increase ones need for B1. Food sources high in thiamin include dried beans, eggs, brewers yeast, whole grains, brown rice, and seafood. In supplemental form, B-1 is generally found in a combination with vitamins B-2, B-3, B-6, pantothenic acid, and folic acid. There are no known toxic effects from vitamin B-1, and any excess is simply excreted from the body. The Recommended Daily Amount for B-1 is 1.5 milligrams, though more typical daily intake ranges from 50 to 500 milligrams per day. Vitamin B-2 Vitamin B-2, also known as Riboflavin, is an easily absorbed, water-soluble micronutrient with a key role in maintaining human health. Like the other B vitamins, riboflavin supports energy production by aiding in the metabolization of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Vitamin B-2 is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. Riboflavin is known to alleviate eye fatigue, prevent and treat cataracts, increase energy levels, and aid in boosting immune system functions. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy hair, skin and nails, and in combination with vitamin B-6, forms part of an effective treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. A deficiency of vitamin B-2 may be indicated by the appearance of cracks and sores at the corners of the mouth, a swollen and sore tongue, reddening of the lips, and the appearance of scaly, oily, inflamed skin. Use of oral contraceptives can dramatically increase the need for riboflavin, as does strenuous exercise. Pregnant women need to pay particular attention to assure they have adequate levels of B2 which are critical for the proper growth and development of the baby. Foods high in vitamin B2 include beans, cheese, eggs, fish, meat, milk, poultry, spinach, and yogurt. In supplement form, B-2 is usually found in a complex combined with vitamins B-1, B-3, B-6, pantothenic acid, and folic acid. Recommended Daily Intake for B2 is 1.2 mg. to 1.7 mg. per day. For pregnant women, the RDA is 1.6 mg per day, and 1.8 mg. per day for the first 6 months of nursing. RDA’s aside, the common doses available on the market range from 100 to 300 mg per day. There are no known toxic effects for B-2, but large doses can lead to tingling in the extremities and an increased sensitivity to sunlight. Vitamin B-3 (Niacin) Vitamin B-3, also called Niacin, Niacinamide, or Nicotinic Acid, is an essential nutrient required by all humans for the proper metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, as well as for the production of hydrochloric acid for digestion. B3 also supports proper blood circulation, healthy skin, and aids in the functioning of the central nervous system. Because of its role in supporting the higher functions of the brain and cognition, vitamin B3 also plays an important role in the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. Lastly, adequate levels of B-3 are vital for the proper synthesis of insulin, and the sex hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone. A deficiency in vitamin B-3 can result in pellagra, a disorder characterized by malfunctioning of the nervous system, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dementia, depression, and severe dermatitis and skin leasions. Recently Niacin has been embraced by the medical community for its ability to safely lower elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels without harmful side-effects. Due to the large amounts of niacin used, it is best to undertake such a proram only in close partnership with your physician. High doses of niacin may result in a niacin flush, a natural allergic reaction that is harmless, but can be uncomfortable if inexpected. A niacin flush will generally result in a burning, tingling, and itching sensation, accompanied by a reddening flush, that spreads across the skin of the face, arms and chest. This effect is harmless and will pass within 20 minutes to an hour. Drinking a glass of water will also speed relief if too much niacin has been consumed. High amounts should be used with caution by those who are pregnant and megadoses of pure niacin may aggravate health problems, such as stomach ulcers, gout, glaucoma, diabetes mellitus, and liver disease. Again, check with your physician before taking doses of niacin greater than 1,000 mg. per day. Natural food sources for Vitamin B3 include beef, broccoli, carrots, cheese, corn flour, eggs, fish, milk, potatoes and tomatoes. Vitamin B-5 (Pantothenic Acid) Vitamin B-5 (Pantothenic Acid) is a B vitamin named after the Greek word pantos, meaning “everywhere” because it is found in both plant and animal food sources. Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that cannot be stored in the body but must be replaced daily, either from diet or from supplements. Pantothenic acids’ most important function is as an essential component in the production of coenzyme A, a vital catalyst that is required for the conversion of carbohydrates, fats, and protein into energy. Pantothenic acid is also referred to as an antistress vitamin due to its vital role in the formation of various adrenal hormones, steroids, and cortisone, as well as contributing to the production of important brain neuro-transmitters such as acetylcholine. In addition to helping to fight depression Pantothenic acid also supports the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and is required for the production of cholesterol, bile, vitamin D, red blood cells, and antibodies. There is no specific deficiency disease associated with inadequate intake of pantothenic acid, though under severe dietary conditions a lack of B5 can lead to a variety of symptoms including hypoglycemia, skin disorders, fatigue, depression, digestive problems, lack of coordination and muscle cramps. The current RDA for pantothenic acid is 10 mg. Pantothenic acid is found in a wide variety of foods including beans, beef, liver, salt-water fish, chicken, cheese, eggs, whole grain breads and cereals, avocados, cauliflower, green peas, beans , nuts, dates, and potatoes. Most common B-complex formulas contain from 10 to 100 mg. of B5, though daily doses up to 1000 mg are not uncommon, especially for treatment of arthritis and allergies. Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine) Vitamin B-6, also called Pyridoxine, refers to a family of closely related water soluble substances that include pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is a water soluble nutrient that cannot be stored in the body, but must be obtained daily from either dietary sources or supplements. Vitamin B6 is an important nutrient that supports more vital bodily functions than any other vitamin. This is due to its role as a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Vitamin B6 is also responsible for the manufacture of hormones, red blood cells, neurotransmitters, enzymes and prostaglandins. Vitamin B6 is required for the production of serotonin, a brain neurotransmitter that controls our moods, appetite, sleep patterns, and sensitivity to pain. A deficiency of vitamin B6 can quickly lead to insomnia and a profound malfunctioning of the central nervous system. Among its many benefits, vitamin B6 is recognized for helping to maintain healthy immune system functions, for protecting the heart from cholesterol deposits, and for preventing kidney stone formation. B6 is also effective in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, premenstrual syndrome, night leg cramps, allergies, asthma and arthritis. Common symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency can include depression, vomiting, anemia, kidney stones, dermatitis, lethargy and increased susceptibility to diseases due to a weakened immune system. Infants suffering from vitamin B6 deficiency can be anxious and irritable, and in extreme cases may develop convulsions. Supplemental B6 is a commonly used as a treatment for nausea, morning sickness and depression. Pregnant women have an increased need for supplemental vitamin B6, as do patients suffering from heart disease or those undergoing radiation treatment. Persons on high protein diets require extra vitamin B6, as do those taking antidepressants, amphetamines, oral contraceptives, and estrogen. Natural foods highest in vitamin B6 include brewers yeast, carrots, chicken, eggs, fish, avocados, bananas, brown rice, and whole grains. The RDA for vitamin B6 is 2 mg per day. Most B-complex formulas contain between 10 to 75 mg. of vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 is one of the few vitamins that can be toxic. Doses up to 500 mg per day are uncommon but safe, but doses above 2 grams per day can lead to irreversible neurological damage unless under the treatment of a physician. Vitamin B6 supplements should not be taken by Parkinson’s disease patients being treated with L-dopa as vitamin B6 can diminish the effects of L-dopa in the brain. Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamin) Vitamin B-12, also referred to as cobalamin and cyanocobalamin, is a water-soluble compound of the B vitamin family with an unique difference — unlike other B-vitamins that must be replaced daily, vitamin B12 can be stored for long periods in the liver and kidneys. Vitamin B12 is a particularly important coenzyme that is required for the proper synthesis of DNA which controls the healthy formation of new cells throughout the body. B12 also supports the action of vitamin C, and is necessary for the proper digestion and absorption of foods, for protein synthesis, and for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Additionally, vitamin B12 prevents nerve damage by contributing to the formation of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells. B12 also maintains fertility, and helps promotes normal growth and development in children. A deficiency of vitamin B-12 can result in a potentially fatal form of anemia called pernicious anemia. Since vitamin B12 can be easily stored in the body, and is only required in tiny amounts, symptoms of severe deficiency usually take five years or more to appear. When symptoms do surface, usually in mid-life, it is likely that deficiency was due to digestive disorders or malabsorption rather than to poor diet. The exception to this would be strict vegetarians who do not consume any foods of animal origin, since B12 only comes from animal sources. Due to its role in healthy cell formation, a deficiency of B12 disrupts the formation of red blood cells, leading to reduced numbers of poorly formed red cells, leading to a anemia. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea and moodiness. B12 deficiency can lead to improper formation of nerve cells, resulting in irreversible neurological damage, with symptoms ranging from disorientation, delusions, eye disorders, dizziness, confusion and memory loss. The RDA for vitamin B12 is 2 micrograms for adults, 2.2 micrograms for pregnant women, and 2.6 micrograms for nursing mothers. Vitamin B12 is not found in vegetables, but can be found in pork, blue cheese, clams, eggs, herring, kidney, liver, seafood, and milk. Vitamin B12 is available in supplement. Due to poor absorption in the stomach, B12 isusually taken as a sublingual or in injection form. Supplements range in strength from 50 micrograms to 2 milligrams. There are virtually no known toxic symptoms for megadoses of vitamin B12, and any excess is simply excreted from the body. Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid) While often referred to as Vitamin B15, pangamic acid is not generally recognized as a vitamin, since there is neither an established essential need nor a well defined deficiency model for this natural water soluble compound. Originally introduced into the American nutritional market based upon research conducted by Soviet sports scientists, little if any research has been conducted in the U.S. Consequently, pangamic acid has come under scrutiny due to the controversial claims made for its effectiveness in the treatment for a wide range of diseases such as cancer, alcoholism, heart disease, drug addiction, diabetes, glandular and central nervous system disorders. What research does exist suggests that pangamic acid acts as an antioxidant that acts synergistically when taken with vitamins A and E. This purported antioxidant property may help explain why pangamic acid is so highly touted for its ability to confer protection against urban air pollutants, extend cell life, stimulate increased immune system response, lower blood cholesterol levels, protect the liver from the ravages of alcohol, cure fatigue, ward off hangovers, and assist in the regulation of hormones. Natural sources for pangamic acid include brewers yeast, whole brown rice, sesame seeds and pumpkin seeds. Supplemental pangamic acid obtained from apricot pits is commercially available, though FDA analysis of many commercial products claiming to contain vitamin B15 indicate that many contained no pangamic acid at all. Common use is 50 to 150 milligrams per day. There are no known toxic effects from pangamic acid, though some users report experiencing nausea initially. This can be avoided by taking with food, preferably the largest meal of the day. Vitamin B17 (Amygdalin) Vitamin B17, also called amygdalin, and more commonly laetrile, is one of the most controversial vitamins of the last few decades. Laetrile was originally developed in 1952 by biochemist Ernst Krebs. Krebs originally isolated laetrile from apricot pits, and with his son, began to promote it as a cancer preventative and a wonder cure, Extensive testing of laetrile by the National Cancer Institute found laetrile to be of no value as a cancer treatment, and it was further rejected by the Food and Drug Administration on the grounds it might be poisonous due to its cyanide content. This led to bitter charges by Krebs that the medical establishment and the FDA conspired in a campaign to keep his miracle compound out of the public domain. Later reclassified by Krebs as vitamin B-17, chemically, laetrile is a compound of two sugar molecules called an amygdalin. Though it is referred to as vitamin B17, laetrile falls short of meeting established standards for consideration as a vitamin, as there there is no established metabolic need for laetrile, and there are no known deficiency symptoms when laetrile is absent from the diet. Laetrile is a naturally occurring compound that can be found in small amounts in the seeds and pits of apricots, apples, cherries, peaches, plums, and nectarines. Laetrile contains approximately 6% cyanide, which is an extremely toxic substance. Taking excessive amounts of laetrile is dangerous, and used improperly, can be lethal. While there is ongoing research, to date, there has been no effective proof that laetrile helps prevent or cure cancer. The main medical criticism commonly directed at laetrile is that people with potentially curable cancer may choose to take laetrile while avoiding conventional treatments, waiting until it is too late to gain benefit from effective therapy. Vitamin C Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is powerful water-soluble antioxidant that is vital for the growth and maintenance of all body tissues. Though easily absorbed by the intestines, vitamin C cannot be stored in the body, and is excreted in the urine within two to four hours of ingestion. Humans, along with apes and guinea pigs, are the only species on the planet incapable of synthesizing vitamin C, and must therefore have access to sufficient amounts from adequate dietary sources or supplements in order to maintain optimal health. One of vitamin C’s most vital roles is in the production of collagen, an important cellular component of connective tissues, muscles, tendons, bones, teeth and skin. Collagen is also required for the repair of blood vessels, bruises, and broken bones. This easily destroyed nutrient also protects us from the ravages of free radicals, dangerous unpaired oxygen fragments that are produced in huge numbers as a normal byproduct of human metabolic processes. Left unchecked, free radicals can roam the body, destroying cell membranes on contact and damaging DNA strands, leading to degenerative diseases and contributing to accelerated aging. The antioxidant activity of vitamin C can also protect us from the damaging effects of air pollution and radiation, and aid in preventing cancers. Vitamin C also inhibits the conversion of nitrites, chemicals found in foods and processed meats, into nitrosamines, dangerous cancer causing compounds that can lead to cancers of the stomach, bladder, and colon. Vitamin C helps regulate blood pressure, contributes to reduced cholesterol levels, and aids in the removal of cholesterol deposits from arteriel walls, thus preventing atherosclerosis. Vitamin C also aids in the metabolization of folic acid, regulates the uptake of iron, and is required for the conversion of the amino acids L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine into noradrenaline. The conversion of tryptophan into seratonin, the neurohormone responsible for sleep, pain control and well being, also requires adequate supplies of vitamin C. A deficiency of ascorbic acid can impair the production of collagen and lead to joint pain, anemia, nervousness, retarded growth, reduced immune response, and increased susceptibility to infections. The most extreme form of vitamin C deficiency is called scurvy, a condition evidenced by swelling of the joints, bleeding gums, and the bursting, or hemorrhaging, of tiny blood vessels just below the surface of skin. If untreated scurvy is fatal. Before the discovery of lemons and limes as convenient sources of ascorbic acid, seafarers setting out on long ocean voyages could expect to lose up to two-thirds of a ships crew to scurvy. In acknowledgement of the the historical import of this well known and dreaded deficiency disease, in latin, the word ascorbic means “without scurvy”. A recent important epidemiologic study showed that men who took vitamin C supplements lived, on average, 6 years longer than men who relied on normal dietary sources of vitamin C. This increase in life span seems to be due to a sharp reduction in heart disease. It has been estimated that if the epidemiology study is correct and everyone took just several hundred milligrams of vitamin C a day, it would save 100,000 lives and $100 billion a year in health care costs in the U.S. The recommended daily intake for vitamin c is 60 milligrams, but most health care professionals recognize that this tiny amount is barely enough to prevent the onset of scurvy, let alone confer any of the many well documented benefits of this amazing nutrient. Based on countless medical studies the therapeutic intake of ascorbic acid can be said to safely range from 500 to 4000 milligrams per day. Since this water-soluble vitamin is completely excreted from the body within 2 to 4 hours, and since the idea is to maintain stable serum levels for best results, the desired total daily dose should be divided into three separate doses and be taken throughout the day. Foods highest in vitamin C include citrus fruits, potatoes, peppers, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, and berries. Vitamin C is also available as a supplement in a wide range of forms such as pills, tablets, powders, wafers, and syrups. Generally doses range from 500 milligrams to 5000 milligrams depending upon the delivery system. Vitamin C activity is enhanced when taken with natural bioflavanoids such as hesperidn and rutin. Ascorbic acid works synergistically with vitamin E, meaning that both nutrients work more effectively together to extend their antioxidant effects. Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat soluble form of vitamin C that is available only in supplement form. It is a very powerful antioxidant that works to protect fats from peroxidation, and it can be stored in the body in small amounts. Ascorbyl palmitate works best when taken in combination with ascorbic acid. The topical application of vitamin C inhibits tumor promotion in mouse skin, according to a recent study. Moreover, ascorbyl palmitate, the fat-soluble form of vitamin C, was found to be at least 30 times more effective than water-soluble vitamin C in tumor reduction in the presence of a known tumor promoter. While the study also demonstrated that it was possible to increase levels of ascorbic acid in the skin via dietary means, that increase did not result in tumor inhibition in this study Only topically applied vitamin C (both the watersoluble and, especially, the fat-soluble forms) resulted in enhanced protection. Mice, unlike humans, can synthesize vitamin C in their bodies. The mice did not do better at the lowest dose of vitamin C, which apparently down-regulated their natural production. At higher doses, however, supplemented mice did better than unsupplemented mice. The ability to inhibit tumor-promotion in skin via dietary supplemen-tation with ascorbyl palmitate is under investigation. (Smart RC, Crawford CL. Effect of ascorbic acid and its synthetic lipophilic derivative ascorbyl palmitate on phorbol ester-induced skin-tumor promotion in mice.Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:1266S-12735.) Mice that had high dietary intakes of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) light had fewer malignant skin lesions than those with lower levels of vitamin C. In a 20-week study, those mice receiving the lowest levels of dietary ascorbate developed serious malignant lesions at five times the rate of those mice fed the highest amounts of supplemental ascorbate. With a high statistical correspondence, the study showed that vitamin C was able to delay the formation of tumors induced by UV light. No toxic side effects of any sort were found with regard to the levels of vitamin C. (Pauling L. Effect of ascorbic acid on incidence of spontaneous mammal tumors and UV-light-induced skin tumors in mice. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:1252S-1255S.) While generally nontoxic, even in very large amounts, consuming vitamin C in large doses can lead to oxalic acid and uric acid stone formation unless consumed with plenty of water and supplemented with extra magnesium and vitamin B6. Taking large doses without slowly working up to the desired level can also cause temporary side effects such as diarrhea and skin rashes. VITAMIN C AND HIV SUPPRESSION: Suppression of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) was found to take place in the presence of vitamin C. The near two-fold inhibition of HIV growth in Vitro required a continuous presence of non-cytotoxic amounts of either ascorbic acid or calcium ascorbate. When vitamin C was combined with NAC (N-acetyl L-cysteine), the result was a synergistic eight-fold inhibition of HIV replication. NAC is a mucolytic agent (mucous liquefier) that is structurally and functionally related to L-cysteine. This trial suggests the potential for the antiviral activity of vitamin C, especially in combination with thiol compounds such as L-cysteine, for improved control of HIV infections. (Harakeh S, Jariwalla R.J. Comparative study of the anti-HIV activities of ascorbate and thiol-containing reducing agents in chronically HlV-infected cells. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:S1231-1235S.) Vitamin D Vitamin D is actually a family of related essential compounds, referred to as vitamins D-1, D-2, and D-3. Vitamin D is required for the proper regulation and absorption of the essential minerals calcium and phosphorus. Available primarily from animal sources, vitamin D is also commonly called the sunshine vitamin because of the body’s unique ability to synthesize Vitamin-D from brief but regular exposure to sunlight. Adequate levels of Vitamin D are required for the proper absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestines. Vitamin D further supports and regulates the use of these minerals for the growth and development of the bones and teeth. Because of this vital link, adequate intake of Vitamin D is critically important for the proper mineralization of bones and teeth in developing children. Vitamin D also aids in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemia in adults. A prolonged Vitamin D deficiency may result in rickets, an early childhood bone disease that can produce such conditions as bowlegs and knock-knees. Common early symptoms of rickets include restlessness, profuse sweating, poor muscle tone, delayed tooth formation, and impaired development of basic motor skills such as crawling and walking. Rickets is a relatively rare disease due to the modern practice off supplementing dairy foods, such as milk, with vitamin D-2. Osteomalacia, the adult version of vitamin D deficiency disease, can resemble osteoporosis, a bone condition characterized by an increased tendency of the bones to fracture. One important difference between these two diseases is that osteomalacia is easily treated with vitamin D supplements. Common food sources of vitamin-D include Fish liver oil, sardines, tuna, salmon, liver, and eggs. Vitamin D is also available in its supplement or food form, as vitamin D-2, called ergocalciferol, and as vitamin D-3, or cholecalciferol. Ultra violet rays acting directly upon the skin can synthesis vitamin D, so exposure to sunlight 2 to 4 times per week is usually an effective way to for assure adequate levels of Vitamin D. This process can be limited for those who live in high-smog areas, who wear sun blocking agents, or by those with naturally dark or tanned skin. The current Recommended Daily Allowance of Vitamin-D is 400 iu, or international units per day. Common current supplemental doses of Vitamin D range from 400 to 1,000 iu per day, and are extremely safe at this level. High levels of vitamin D can be toxic. Children begin to show toxic effects when dosages exceed 1,800 iu per day. Adults can show toxic effects with dosages ranging from 10,000 to 20,000 iu per day over extended periods. Symptoms of vitamin D toxicity can include weakness, loss of appetite, unusual thirst, nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, and elevated calcium levels in the blood. Toxic effects are easily corrected by simply cutting back on the daily intake of vitamin-D. Prolonged exposure to sunlight, while unsafe for other reasons, cannot lead to vitamin D toxicity. VITAMIN D AS AN ADJUVANT FOR CANCER TREATMENT: There is increasing evidence that vitamin D and its analogs help to prevent and treat several forms of cancer. In a study in the Feb 1994 issue of Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, vitamin D-3 analogs were less toxic and more effective than fish oil derived vitamin D in normalizing malignant Iymphoma and leukemia cell lines. In the April 1, 1994 issue of Cancer Research, vitamin D analogs effectively prevented and treated breast cancer in rats, significantly enhancing the ability of tamoxifen to render the rats tumor free by the end of the experiment. In the Feb 1994 issue of Leukemia, vitamin D-3 significantly enhanced the effect of Bryostatin 5 in treating human leukemia cell lines. In the Feb. 1994 issue of Pathologie Biologie, vitamin D analogs were shown to be important in regulating the immune system by enhancing immune function against cancer cells and infectious agents, and by preventing autoimmune diseases such as lupus and diabetes. In a study from The Netherlands in the Feb 1994 issue of Breast Cancer Research and Development, relatively low doses of vitamin D analogs combined with tamoxifen produced “potent inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation…and indicated a benefit of combining these agents as a treatment for breast cancer.” Some of these vitamin D analogs are available in Europe and are slowly being accepted by oncologists in the United States as effective adjuvants to conventional cancer therapy. The advantage of using vitamin D analogs is that they do not cause the body to absorb too much calcium, which is one of the toxic effects of ingesting too much vitamin D. For breast and prostate cancer patients, researchers often suggest adding about 3,000 IU of vitamin D-3 based upon the latest findings. Vitamin E Vitamin E is composed of a group of eight compounds (four tocopherols and four tocotrienols) that were first discovered in the 1920s. Alpha tocopherol is the most potent and most commonly used form of this fat-soluble nutrient. Vitamin E functions as a powerful antioxidant to protect human cells and fatty tissues from free radical damage. Free radicals are extremely dangerous and reactive oxygen compounds that are constantly being produced from a variety of natural sources such as radiation, air pollution, and the breakdown of proteins in the body. Left unchecked, free radicals course throughout the body, rupturing cell membranes, causing massive damage to skin and connective tissues, and damage cellular DNA which gives rise to various cancers and degenerative diseases. Free radical damage also accumulates in the brain, leading to age-related memory impairment. Vitamin E, in combination with other antioxidants, works to quench free radicals and prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids that make up cell membranes. By neutralizing free radicals and stabilizing fatty cell membranes, vitamin E helps to prevent cancer, arthritis, immune disorders such as lupus, and premature aging. Working with vitamin A and beta carotene, vitamin E protects the lungs from air pollution. Vitamin E also protects the cells lining blood vessels walls from free radical damage, thus preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. By protecting red blood cells from damage, vitamin E also prevents a special form of anemia called hemolytic anemia. Vitamin E also plays an important role in the production of prostaglandins, vital hormone-like substances that regulate blood pressure, reproduction, and muscle contractions. By acting as a antithrombin agent vitamin E can help prevent heart attacks by controlling the formation of potentially fatal blood clots. Vitamin E is also used in the treatment of fibrocystic breasts and premenstrual syndrome, promotes healing while reducing scarring, and prevents the formation of cataracts in the eyes. Recently, researchers reported that men taking vitamin E supplements experience 34% few cases of prostate cancer, and 16% fewer cases of colorectal cancer. A deficiency of Vitamin E can cause hemolytic anemia in infants, wherein red blood cells are destroyed. Adults rarely experience symptoms of vitamin E deficiency unless afflicted with fat malabsorption syndromes such as cystic fibrosis, sprue and celiac disease. Symptoms are easily treated with alleviated with vitamin E supplementation. The male sex gland, the testis, is responsible for the production of sperm and the secretion of testosterone. Testosterone, the hormone responsible for sexual desire, is dependent on vitamin E to produce sperm and to provide strong masculine features. The female sex glands, the ovaries, produce estrogen and progesterone. For these hormones to function properly, they require adequate amounts of both vitamin E and niacin. Two recent studies of vitamin E and its ability to significantly reduce the risk of heart failure clearly show that, at higher levels than can be obtained from vitamin-rich foods, vitamin E supplementation was found to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by as much as 33% to 50%. The impact of the antioxidant vitamin E on women and men was examined in a pair of studies presented at the annual scientific meeting of the American Heart Association in New Orleans.1 Over 87,000 female nurses between the ages of 34 and 59, who were free of coronary heart disease when the study began in 1980, were followed for 8 years. Of the 17% who took vitamin E supplements at the rate of 100 international units (IU) per day, clear benefit accrued in proportion to how long the regimen continued. In assessing the risks, those who took vitamin E for less than 2 years had a 36% reduction in coronary heart disease, and those who took it for more than 2 years had nearly a 50% reduction in cardiovascular disease. In the study involving male healthcare workers (more than 45,000 were followed from a disease-free baseline established in 1986), vitamin E supplementation in excess of 100 IU for more than 2 years resulted in a 26% reduction in CHD. Meir Stampfer, MD, an investigator in both studies, was amazed by the results, even though he knew that there was a sound scientific basis for the antioxidant hypothesis. This mechanism holds that the “bad” LDL cholesterol is oxidized when not protected, which makes it rancid and thus susceptible to promoting the buildup of fatty lesions on the walls of arteries. Called atherosclerosis, this accumulation is responsible for diminished blood flow and, if allowed to continue, eventual heart attack. Vitamin E is thought to help prevent the oxidation that initiates this disease. 1. Weeks J Lewis Hl.. New studies suggest vitamin E reduces heart disease risk in men and women (abstracts 1847 1848).Amercan Heart Association News Release. November 17, 1992. Recent studies suggest that as an active blood lipid antioxidant, vitamin E can go a long way toward reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque, which congests arteries and contributes to heart attacks and strokes, is thought to be caused by LDL cholesterol altered through the process of free-radical auto-oxidation. The immune system’s macrophages gobble up the oxidized LDLs and expand to form unrecognizable “foam” cells which adhere to artery walls and initiate atherosclerotic plaque. One recent study conducted at the University of Texas demonstrated considerably reduced oxidative damage (over 50%) in the blood of men given 800 IU of vitamin E per day for 12 weeks. 1 An Austrian study of shorter duration found a similar effect when levels of vitamin E up to 1,200 IU were given.2 Additionally, the same study showed that the total level of antioxidants, rather than vitamin E alone, had a higher correspondence with the inhibitory effects. Other studies since published have continued to establish the free-radical auto-oxidation of LDL and heart-disease relationship.3,4 FOOTNOTES 1. Jialal 1, Crundy SM. Effect of dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res. 1992;33:899-906. 2. Dieber-Rotheneder M, Puhl H, Waeg G, Striegl G, Esterbauer H. Effect of oral supplementation with D-alpha-tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. J Lipid Res. 1991;32:1325-1332. 3. Steinberg D. Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis. Summary of the proceedings of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop: September 5-6, 1991, Bethesda, Maryland. Circulation. 1992;85:2337-2344 4. Regnstrom J, Nilsson J, Tornvall P, Landou C, Hamsten A. Susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein oxidation and coronary atherosclerosis in man. Lancet. 1992;339:1183-1186.) VITAMIN E AND ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE: Vitamin E researchers Mohsen and Simin Nikbin Meydani, working at Tufts University’s Department of Agriculture’s Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, have shown that vitamin E may be able to reduce the damage to muscles caused by rigorous excercise. (1, 2) Certain athletes and especially long-distance runners have the need to inhibit and limit the kind of muscle damage that would cause them to fall and (perhaps) not to rise to the occasion of their next sporting event. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 21 males, representing two ranges of age (22-29 and 55-74 yr), took 800 IU/day of vitamin E supplements and, for 48 days, ran downhill on an inclined treadmill to accentuate damaging eccentric muscular contractions . It had been thought that several host defense responses and metabolic reactions that occur during infection also occur after exercise. These reactions, known as the “acute phase response,” contribute to the breakdown and clearance of damaged tissue after exercise. When the subjects were monitored and examined for 12 days, the deleterious effects of exercise related changes were reduced in those taking vitamin E and the age-related differences were eliminated by increasing the response mechanisms of the older group. 1. Cannon JG, Orencole S et al. ATn J Physiol Dec 1990, 259 (6 Pt 2),pR1214-9. 2. 2. Cannon JG, Meydani SN, et a!. Am J Physl Jun 1991, i60 (6 Pt 2), pR1235-40) The Daily Recommended Intake for vitamin E is 30 iu or international units, though commonly, daily doses range from 200 to 1200 iu. Foods high in vitamin E include wheat germ, whole grains, cold-pressed vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, dark green leafy vegetables, eggs, sweet potatoes, brussels sprouts and whole wheat. Vitamin E supplements are available in both dry form and oil capsules. Vitamin E is also available in the natural or D-alpha-tocopherol form, and as a synthetic or DL-alpha-tocopherol form. Vitamin K (Menadione) Vitamin K, also called Menadione, is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that is required for the regulation of normal blood clotting functions. Dietary vitamin K is found primarily in the form of dark leafy vegetables, but most of our needs for this micronutrient are met by microorganisms that synthesize vitamin k in our intestinal tract. Vitamin K’s main function is in the synthesize of prothrombin, a protein vital for blood clotting. Vitamin K also aids in converting glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver, and may also play a role in forming bone formation and preventing osteoporosis. Cancer researchers are also looking into vitamin K’s potential to inhibit development of cancers of the breast, ovary, kidney, colon, stomach, bladder, and liver. Vitamin K deficiency is rare except in the case of newborn infants. Most vitamin K is synthesized by microorganisms in our intestines. It can take several weeks for this bacteria to get established in newborns, so injections are generally given to the newborns immediately after birth. Vitamin K is often included in prenatal supplements for expecting mothers. Vitamin K deficiency, though relatively uncommon in adults, can result in impaired blood clotting and internal bleeding. A deficiency of vitamin K can be caused by chronic use of antibiotics which can inhibit the growth of the intestinal microorganisms required for the synthesis of vitamin K. Serious liver disorders can also inhibit vitamin K’s function in the production of prothrombin, and any condition or syndrome that inhibits the digestion and absorption of fats in the intestines can also lead to deficiency symptoms. The 1989 RDAs for vitamin K is 5 micrograms for newborn babies, and between 65 and 80 micrograms for adults. Vitamin K supplements are only available by prescription due to the danger of toxicity. Foods high in natural Vitamin K include alfalfa, broccoli, dark green leafy vegetables, and soybeans, blackstrap molasses, egg yolks, oats, liver, cheese, and wheat. 3. Minerals Minerals can be broken down into two basic groups: bulk, or macro, minerals, and trace, or micro, minerals. The macro minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium (salt) potassium and phosphorus are needed in fairly substantial amounts for proper health. By comparison, the trace minerals are needed in far smaller quantities and include substances such as zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, selenium, and iodine. Minerals Boron Boron is an important trace mineral required for the proper absorption and utilization of calcium for healthy bones. Boron has recently been in the headlines due to studies indicating that it may help women prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis, or loss of bone mass. A recent study of postmenopausal women, aged 48 to 82, showed that those taking daily supplements of 3 mg. boron retained higher levels of dietary calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. This study offers hope that boron supplementation can aid in preventing calcium loss and bone demineralization in postmenopausal women. Researchers have also found that boron significantly increase production of estrogen and testosterone, leading to interest in boron use in the athletic community, especially among body-builders looking to safely promote muscle growth. Boron is found in leafy vegetables, nuts, grains, apples, raisins, and grapes. Boron supplements are available in 3 mg. capsules, which is the dosage generally recommended. Calcium Calcium is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body, accounting for between 2 to 3 pounds of total body mass. Adequate dietary sources of calcium are necessary throughout life for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth and regulating muscle growth. In conjunction with magnesium, calcium also plays a vital role in regulating electrical impulses in the central nervous system and activating hormones and enzymes required for digestion and metabolism. Calcium is also necessary for healthy blood pressure and blood clotting. Inadequate intake of calcium can aggravate hypertension, and calcium supplements are known to lower blood pressure in some cases. There is also strong evidence that calcium plays a role in colon cancer, and those with low intake of calcium and vitamin D are more prone to this disease. Inadequate calcium levels can also result in tetany, a condition that commonly results in leg cramps and muscular spasms. Inadequate intake of this mineral can also result in osteoporosis, a bone disorder caused by loss of calcium in the bones. Osteoporosis results in brittle, porous bones which can be easily fractured or broken. Contrary to popular belief, bones are very much alive, and are constantly losing and replacing calcium. Inadequate intake can result in a slow and dangerous loss of this mineral, leading to osteoporosis. Half of America’s adults are not getting enough calcium according to a panel of experts assembled by the National Institutes Of Health (NIH). The federal committee estimates that calcium deficiencies, resulting in brittle bones and fractures, are costing the health care system $10 billion a year. The report said the recommended daily allowance for calcium was too low, leading to weakened bones for children, adults and, especially, elderly women. “Calcium is an essential nutrient for developing and maintaining strong bones,” the committee said. Without proper levels of calcium, children enter adulthood with a weakened skeleton, increasing their risk later for osteoporosis. Inadequate calcium intake in later years further aggravates the problem. New studies show that recommended levels of calcium now carried on most food labels are far below what nature requires for strong bones. “Recent nutrition surveys have shown that the average diet of Americans has a calcium intake considerably below the recommended daily allowance.” according to Dr. John Bilezikian, professor of medicine at Columbia University and chairman of the committee. The Dr. Bilezikian also emphasized the importance of getting the recommended levels of vitamin D, which is important for proper calcium absorption. Half of the recommended vitamin D dose of 400 international units (iu) are contained in two cups of milk, and the rest can be manufactured by the body with just a few minutes exposure to sunlight. Calcium absorption takes place in the small intestines, and requires adequate amounts of vitamin D. The current Recommended Daily Allowance of calcium is 800 mg. for adults, 1,200 mg. for premenopausal women, and 1,500 mg for postmenopausal women unless taking estrogen. Those with kidney disorders should not take calcium supplements unless directed to do so by a health care professional. Good dietary sources of calcium include all dairy foods, green leafy vegetables, and seafood . Absorption of dietary calcium can be drastically reduced by consuming large amounts of foods such as cocoa, spinach, kale, rhubarb, almonds, and whole wheat products which are high in oxalic acid, and are known to interfere with calcium absorption. Taking antibiotics such as tetracycline, or aluminum-containing antacids can also result in lower absorption of calcium. Alcohol, sugar, and coffee can also effect the body’s levels of this mineral. Chromium Chromium is an essential mineral required for optimal health. Adequate levels of chromium are required by the body to produce enzymes, proteins, fats, and cholesterol. Chromium is also a vital component of GTF, or glucose tolerance factor. Glucose tolerance factor works in concert with insulin to stabilize blood sugar levels and to support the metabolism of glucose in cells. Currently the average American diet is low chromium. Scientists estimate that 90% of all Americans don’t get enough chromium from their diet, and that over 60% are hypogylcemin or diabetic. Chromium levels can also depleted by consuming high amounts of sugar or engaging in strenuous exercise. A key indicator of coronary artery disease is dangerously low levels of chromium in blood plasma. Inadequate intake of chromium can impair the production of GTF, limiting insulin activity. This results in high blood sugar levels, glucose intolerance, and can lead to symptoms similar to adult-onset diabetes. Conversely, low chromium intake can also result in hypoglycemia, a condition marked by higher than normal insulin levels and dropping blood sugar after consuming carbohydrates. In both cases, supplemental chromium can improve symptoms in most people. Good dietary sources of chromium include: brewers yeast, whole grain breads and cereals, molasses, brown rice, cheese, and lean meats. Studies indicate the for optimal benefits adults should take between 200 to 400 micrograms per day, and up to 600 micrograms if engaged in strenuous exercise programs. Chromium supplements are available, usually in 100 to 200 microgram capsules either as niacin-bound chromium or chromium picolinate. Chromium works best if taken before meals to help stabilize blood sugar levels and increase energy output. Blood sugar levels play a significant role in the storage and metabolism of fat. Chromium is an essential nutrient which plays an important role in the proper regulation of blood sugar in the body. Sex hormones are made from cholesterol. Cholesterol is dependent on chromium for its correct synthesis. Since chromium body stores decrease with age, it is important to replace chromium on a daily basis. In males, the organ most affected by chromium reduction due to aging are the testes. For men who exercise or whose job entails physical exertion, the Journal of Applied Physiology reports that chromium losses are twice as high on a workout day versus a non-workout day, and increase five-fold by a six-mile run. They also demonstrated that “strenuous exercise produces increased urinary loss of chromium in trained athletes.” Copper Copper is an essential trace mineral involved in a wide range of vital human bodily functions. Copper is a major component of hemoglobin, the protein resposible for oxygen transport in blood cells. Copper, along with vitimin C, forms elastin, a protein required to keep skin, blood vessels, and lungs supple and elastic. As an antioxidant, copper plays a strong dual role. First as a central component of both the superoxide dismutase molecule, which protects us from cellular free-radical damage. Secondly, copper helps form the protein ceruloplasmin, which protects us against free-radical damage caused by iron. Copper is also required by the central nervous system as a component in the production of noradrenaline, the brain’s version of adrenaline and the neurotransmitter that keeps us alert. Copper is also involved in the production of prostaglandins, hormonelike chemicals that regulate blood pressure, pulse, and healing. Current research is looking into deeper aspects of the role copper plays in human health, from protecting against cancer and heart disese, to boosting the immune system. Copper deficiency is generally evidenced as anemia, edema, and arthritis. Menkes syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects proper copper absorption, resulting in stunted growth, abnormal skin pigmentation, arrested development of the arteries and bones, and mental deterioration. Wilson’s disease is an inherited genetic disorder characterized by the body’s inability to properly excrete copper, leading to accumulation of copper in the tissues which can cause liver disease and mental retardation. Persons with Wilsons disease should not consume copper-containing supplements. Though there is no established RDA, the National Research Council recommends 1.5 to 3 mg of copper per day for adults to avoid copper deficiency. There are few toxic effects from copper, though people with ulcerative colitis may tend to accumulate copper, aggravating the disorder. Daily intake over 20 milligrams of copper can cause vomiting. Some recommend that persons taking zinc supplements should increase copper intake to a 10 to one ratio (for instance for every 10 milligrams of zinc, take 1 milligram of copper). Copper can be found in dried beans, almonds, broccoli, garlic, soybeans, peas, whole wheat products, and seafood. Flouride Flouride is a naturally occurring element found in the soil, water, plants, and animals. Sodium flouride is regularly added to drinking water supplies, usually as 1 part per million parts of water, for its proven ability to reduce the formation of dental cavities by up to 70%. Flouride , along with adequate levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D is required to maintain strong bones and teeth. When dietary levels of flouride are inadequate , bones can loss calcium and weaken, leading to a condition known as osteoporosis. Currently researchers are looking into the role of flouride in preventing osteoporosis, protecting against cancer and heart disease, and boosting the immune system. Patients have been found to excrete decreased levels of calcium, stronger bones, and reduced symptoms of osteoporosis, though there is concern of a increased tendency for form hairline fractures. Flouride is not generally available as a supplement, though tablets are sometimes used in areas where the water is not flouridated. Good natural sources of include drinking water, seafood, and teas. There is no current RDA for flouride, but estimates are that most people get from 1 to 2 mg. per day from food sources, and .2 to .6 mg per day from drinking flouridated water. Too much flouride can lead to discoloration and pitting of teeth. In amounts above 20 milligrams per day flouride can be toxic. The amount of this mineral found in water supplies poses no health risk, and carries benefits in the form of reduced incidence of tooth decay and gum disease. Germanium (GE-132) Organic germanium is the common name for the chemical biscarboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide (also called organo germanium, germanium-132 or Ge-132.) Organic germanium has recently sparked interest following the publication of numerous papers on its therapeutic effects. Less than fifty years ago many essential minerals were believed to be irrelevant to human health, including zinc, manganese, and chromium. Today scientists recognize that all three are vitally important to proper metabolic functioning and health. Now researchers are devoting their attention to a number of ultra-trace minerals, including cobalt, silicon, gold, and germanium. Originally discovered in 1886, germanium received little attention until the electron-transfer properties of inorganic germanium lead to its use in the creation of the first semiconductor transistor 1948. Shortly thereafter, a Japanese engineer, Dr. Kuzihiko Asai, discovered that coal deposits, the fossilized remains of plants, contained large amounts of germanium. Since very little germanium occurs in the earths crust, averaging only about 7 parts per million, until Dr. Asai’s research scientists hadn’t suspected that plants contained germanium. Dr. Asai recognized the potential benefits of organic germanium in human health when he discovered that medicinal plants such as ginseng, shiitake mushrooms, aloe vera, comfrey, garlic, and chlorella contained very high natural concentrations of this rare mineral, leading to speculation that germanium accounted for much of their therapeutic activity. Dr. Asai experimented with organic germanium, in doses ranging from 100-300 mg. of a day, and found them to be effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis, food allergies, elevated cholesterol levels, Candida albicans, chronic viral infections, and cancer. Germanium also evidenced impressive activity in helping to control pain. Organic vs. Inorganic Germanium: It must be stressed that organic germanium is not to be confused with inorganic germanium, which is used as a semi-conductor to conduct electricity efficiently, and is highly toxic in even minute concentrations. By comparison, organic germanium has been thoroughly studied in extensive toxicological (acute, sub-acute, chronic, and reproductive) and pharmacological studies and has been found to be virtually non-toxic. Activity and Function: Germanium seems to function by attaching itself to oxygen to improve cellular oxygenation. The body requires more oxygen to support the immune system and to help the body excrete toxins. Other researcher has supported germaniums’ role in helping to increasing oxygenation of tissues, and further medically supervised studies of germanium are in progress in American and Japanese institutions. Under medical supervision numerous patients with a broad range of symptoms have been treated with germanium at doses from 500 to 1000 mg. per day. The Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine also reported that germanium was found to be a dramatic immunostimulant capable of raising immune functions and maintaining them within optimal ranges. Germanium has also been shown to possesses antiviral activity, and is able to activate macrophages and natural killer cells. Evidence also suggests that organic germanium increases interferon production, making it an immuno-stimulant. In one study of healthy, arthritic, or cancer subjects, organic germanium normalized T and B Iymphocyte function while stimulating natural killer (NK) cell activity. These and other results closely correlate with interferon production (i.e. proliferation of antibody-generating cells, etc.). These findings in humans are similar to the observed increases in both numbers and activity of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes seen in laboratory animals receiving organic germanium. Cancer: Twelve in vivo and in vitro animal carcinogenicity studies of organic germanium have been reported in the scientific literature. In none of these studies was any evidence of organic germanium’s carcinogenicity reported. Most striking were the consistent findings reporting that organic germanium arrested the growth of experimentally induced cancers, including leukemia, sarcomas, Iymphomas, and adenocarcinomas. Besides enhancing the survival time of these animals, organic germanium also retarded metastatic spreading of their cancers. This suggests that organic germanium may be a new anticancer agent in humans. Researchers in Japan have begun double-blind placebo (phase lll) studies of organic germanium’s effectiveness against certain cancers. Further support for organic germanium’s safety comes from the finding that it has no direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells in vitro, thereby preventing surrounding noncancerous tissue from damage. It also further supports the prevailing theory that organic germanium works as an anticancer agent by stimulating the host’s natural anticancer defense system. Heart Disease: Animal experiments suggest a role for organic germanium in hypertension and heart disease. However, unlike the numerous cancer studies, supportive findings are limited. One study gave organic germanium to rats with induced hypertension, and their blood pressure levels dropped to normal. Of particular interest was the failure of organic germanium to force the blood pressure to drop too low. Unlike so many anti-hypertensive drugs, organic germanium administration restored blood pressure to normal levels only. This may give organic germanium considerable advantage over many other anti-hypertensive drugs if similar results are reported following both human clinical and experimental trials. Toxicology – Pharmacology: Multi-dimensional behavioral observation by Irwin’s method of mice given organic germanium intraperitoneally showed no abnormalities. A careful review of the published literature, including Japanese citations, found organic germanium virtually free of any side effects with the exception of occasional complaints in postsurgical and other patients receiving high therapeutic doses who complained of loose stools. However, these complaints subsided after discontinuation of organic germanium. Anecdotal reports of adverse effects in a single diabetic could not be substantiated through published sources. Animal studies have found no influence of organic germanium on respiration, blood pressure, or electrocardiogram (ECG). Pharmacokinetic (absorption, excretion, distribution, and metabolism) studies of organic germanium have found it to rapidly disappear in both blood, tissues and organs after oral administration to laboratory animals. These studies also show that organic germanium is almost totally excreted within 1 to 1.5 days after administration. This suggests no accumulation occurring in the body if taken in recommended daily doses. A review of the literature found no reports of allergic reactions to organic germanium. However, it is always possible that such a reaction can occur in susceptible persons, suggesting that administration of organic germanium should be monitored. There is no recommended dosage for germanium. Food tolerance has been improved with doses as low as 100-200 mg., while candida-associated symptoms have been known to respond to less than 100 mg. per day. Germanium is safe and is totally secreted intact from the body within 48 hours. Iodine Elemental Iodine is found in varying amounts in the earths crust and soils, and, in larger amounts, in the oceans. Iodine, as iodide or iodate salts, is therefore especially concentrated in sea foods, both plant and animal. Human nutritional needs of iodine are minisclue, requiring only trace amounts for metabolizing fats, producing energy, and supporting thyroid function. 60% of consumed iodine is stored in the thyroid gland and used for manufacturing thyroid hormones. These hormones, in turn, regulate metabolism, energy, and the oxidizing (burning) of fats. Among reported claims for the use of iodine are to relieve pain associated with fibrocystic breast Too little Iodine can result in hypothyroidism weight gain, lack of energy, and reduced mental focus. Iron Since 1983, researchers have warned us to avoid supplements that contain iron. This recommendation is based upon hundreds of studies showing that iron may be a primary cause of free radical induced degenerative disease. In a study in the March 29,1994 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Japanese researchers found that iron caused tubular necrosis (kidney damage), leading to a high incidence of renal adenocarcinoma (kidney cancer). This is not an isolated study, just another of the multitude of studies showing that iron is a cause of the diseases that kill us. The FDA requires that food companies fortify many products with iron, which causes most Americans to get too much iron from their diet. A brief excerpt from a Wall Street Journal article shows just how easy it is to get too much iron in your diet, which reinforces the need to avoid iron in your supplements. What Are Iron Filings Doing in My Bowl Of Total Cereal? At one popular table, a boy uses a magnet to attract tiny iron particles from crushed Total cereal. “Yuck!” he says, horrified at what looks like iron filings collected at the end of his magnet. “We eat that?” The boy’s father seems equally fascinated. General Mills Inc., which makes Total, isn’t at all astonished. Yes, indeed, a spokeswoman says proudly, “Total provides~ 100% of your iron needs for a day.” It’s a food safe iron, she hastens to point out. Wall Street Journal-May 17,1994 Magnesium Magnesium is a mineral that is required for the proper growth and formation of human bones, muscle tissues, and enzymes. It is used to convert carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. It is involved in the transmission of nervous system impulses, assist in the uptake of calcium and potassium. Higher intake of magnesium has also been linked to lung function, according to a study published recently in England. Researchers found that adults consuming an average of 380 milligrams of magnesium per day exhibited increased lung function, and benefits were consistent regardless of whether or not the subjects smoked. The body’s relative balance of magnesium and calcium has a profound impact on health as these two minerals must work smoothly together to insure proper muscle control. Calcium is involved in stimulating muscle contraction, and magnesium is required to allow the muscles to relax. Both an excess intake of calcium or a magnesium deficiency can result in poor muscle coordination, irritability and nervousness. Magnesium also helps to prevent depression, muscle weakness and twitching, heart disorders, and high blood pressure. In the U.S. the Recommended Daily Allowance for magnesium is 400 mg. per day. Foods high in magnesium include fish, dairy products, lean meat, whole grains, seeds, and vegetables. Consumption of large amounts of zinc and vitamin D increase the body’s requirement for magnesium as does alcohol, fats, proteins, and diuretics. The body’s uptake of magnesium can also be inhibited by consuming foods high in oxalic acid, such as spinach, cocoa and tea. Manganese Manganese is a mineral that is required in small amounts to manufacture enzymes necessary for the metabolism of proteins and fats. It also supports the immune system, regulates blood sugar levels, and is involved in the production of cellular energy, reproduction, and bone growth. Manganese works with vitamin K to support blood clotting, aids in digestion, and as antioxidant, is a vital component of Sodium Oxide Dismutase, a large molecule that is the body’s main front-line defense against damaging free-radicals. Working with the B-complex vitamins, manganese help control the effects of stress while contributing to ones sense of well being. deficiency in intake of manganese can retard growth, cause seizures, lead to poor bone formation, impair fertility, and cause birth defects. Researchers are also looking at new links between manganese deficiency and skin cancers. While there is no RDA for manganese, the average intake of manganese is between 2 to 9 milligrams per day. Foods high in manganese include avocados, blueberries, nuts and seeds, seaweed, egg yolks, whole grains, legumes, dried peas, and green leafy vegetables. Molybdenum Molybdenum is an essential mineral found in highest concentrations in the liver, kidneys, skin, and bones. This mineral is required by the body to properly metabolize nitrogen. It is also a vital component of the enzyme xanthine oxidase which is required to convert purines to uric acid, a normal byproduct of metabolism. Molybdenum also supports the bodys’ storage of iron and other cellular functions such as growth. A deficiency of molybdenum is associated with mouth and gum disorders and cancer. A diet high in refined and processed foods can lead to a deficiency of molybdenum, resulting in anemia, loss of appetite and weight, and stunted growth in animals. While these deficiencies have not been observed directly in humans, it is known that a molybdenum deficiency can lead to impotence in older males. While there is no strict Daily Recommended Intake for molybdenum, the estimated safe range for intake of this essential mineral range from 15 micrograms per day for infants, and up to 250 micrograms per day for adults. It has been estimated that most Americans receive between 25 and 500 micrograms per day from normal diet. Daily intake of over 10 to 15 milligrams daily may produce goutlike symptoms such as swollen, painful joints, and can interfere with the body’s ability to metabolize copper. Good dietary sources of molybdenum include lean meats, beans, whole grain cereals and breads, legumes, peas, and dark green leafy vegetables. Phosphorus Phosphorus is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body, second only to calcium. This essential mineral is required for the healthy formation of bones and teeth, and is necessary for the metabolism of fats, protein, and carbohydrates. It is also a part of the body’s energy storage system, and helps with maintaining health blood sugar levels. The regular contractions of the heart are dependant upon phosphorus as are normal cellular growth and repair. The human body must maintain a balance between magnesium phosphorus, and calcium. Excess intake of phosphorus can occur in people with diets high in processed foods, soft drinks, and meats, leading to osteoporosis. Since phosphorus is found in almost all plant and animal food sources, a deficiency of this mineral is rarely seen, and only in cases where antacids or anticonvulsant drugs are consumed in excessive amounts over extended periods of time. The Recommended Dietary Allowances for phosphorus is 300 milligrams for infants, and between 800 and 1,200 milligrams for adults. It is estimated that Americans ingest on average between 1,500 and 1,600 milligrams of phosphorus per day, almost twice the recommended amount. Foods highest in phosphorus include asparagus, brewers yeast, dairy products, eggs, fish, dried fruit, meats, garlic, legumes, nuts and seeds, and whole grains. Potassium Potassium is an important mineral that plays a vital role in the transmission of electrical impulses through the central nervous system, and in regulating the smooth, natural rhythms of the beating heart. It mediates important cellular chemical reactions required for nutrients to pass into cells, and it helps to maintain the body’s water balance. Potassium also helps regulate stable blood pressure levels and may help in the prevention of strokes. Persons with higher intake of potassium evidence fewer cases of hypertension, and when potassium-rich foods are consumed, blood pressure rates drop. Diurectics and laxatives can lead to a deficiency of potassium, resulting in retarded growth and development, muscle weakness, heart and kidney damage, mental confusion, and apathy. Potassium deficiency can also be the result of excess vomiting, chronic diarrhea, diabetic acidosis, and kidney disease. Extreme cases of deficiency can lead to dehydration, heart failure and even death. The minimum daily requirement for potassium ranges from 120 milligrams for a baby, and up to 500 milligrams for an adult. In the United States, the average adult intake of potassium is approximately 1200 milligrams per day. Persons on low-calorie diets may develop abnormal levels of blood sugar which may be helped by taking potassium supplements. Foods high in potassium include dairy products, fish, apricots, avocados, bananas, blackstrap molasses, brewers yeast, brown rice, raisins, potatoes, legumes, meat, poultry, vegetables and whole grains. Selenium Selenium is an essential mineral that possess strong antioxidant properties. It’s primary role in the human body is as a component of glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme that protects blood cells from the ravages of highly reactive free-radicals. Working synergistically with vitamin E, selenium aids in the production of antibodies, and in protecting the immune system. Selenium is required to maintain tissue elasticity, and to support the healthy functioning of the pancreas and the heart. Children suffering from Keshan’s disease, a rare heart disorder, respond well to selenium supplements, as may many adults suffering from a common form of heart disease called cardiomyopathy. A deficiency of this vital trace element has been linked to the development of leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibrocystic breast disease. Researchers have also found that the lower the concentration of selenium in the blood stream, the higher the risk of developing cancers of the breast, lungs, ovaries, pancreas, cervix, uterus, colon and rectum. Children with Down’s Syndrome also evidence lower serum levels of selenium which is thought to result in increased free radical damage to the nerves. The Recommended Daily Intake of selenium is 10 micrograms for infants, 70 micrograms for adults, and 75 micrograms for lactating women. Foods high in selenium include meats, seafood, brewers yeast, broccoli, grains, chicken, garlic and onions. Selenium can be toxic in amounts as little as 750 micrograms per day, causing the loss of teeth and hair, painful swelling of the fingers, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. SELENIUM RESEARCH UPDATE: Consumers often receive less selenium in their supplements than they think they are getting. Two hundred mcg of sodium selenate only provides about 96 mg of elemental selenium. Selenium can be toxic, but only in very high doses. Many people underdose on selenium because of unfounded fears of toxicity. In a review of the scientific literature, selenium is one of the most well documented disease preventing nutrients. In an Italian study in the Mar. 1994 issue of Biological Trace Element Research, it was shown that when high levels of selenium were present in the drinking water there was only 1 death from coronary artery disease in males and 2 in females among 4,419 subjects studied. When selenium levels in the drinking water were reduced seven-fold, however, the death rates from coronary artery disease increased to 21 in males and 10 in females over a similar time period! The authors of the study concluded that their results are consistent with the hypothesis that selenium exerts a beneficial effect on coronary disease mortality. In a study in the April 1994 issue of Carcinogenesis, selenium and garlic produced significant anticancer activity that was superior to sodium selenite alone. Silicon Silicon is a common mineral required, along with calcium, for the development and maintenance of strong bones. Silicon also plays an important role in the formation of collagen and connective tissues, as well as the hair, skin and nails. The relationship between silicon and heart disease is not clear at this point. Researchers know that silicon is required for maintaining flexible arteries, but they have also noticed that persons with atherosclerosis have high serum levels of this mineral. It is well known that silicon reduces the effect of aluminum, and that it plays a role in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and osteoporosis. Generally the American diet is abundant in silicon and deficiencies are extremely rare. Foods rich in silicon include whole grain breads and cereals, alfalfa, beets, bell peppers, beans, and peas. Sodium Sodium is a vital though often over consummed mineral found throughout the body, usually in the form of sodium chloride or table salt. In liquied solution along with the minerals potassium and chloride, it forms part of the blood, lymph and intracellular fluids that bath and feed all human cells. Together these nutrients maintaining the body’s proper water balance and blood chemistry. Sodium is also required for digestion, muscular functions, and smooth functioning of the nervous system. The human body maintains strict control of the concentration of sodium within a very narrow range. When sodium levels become elevated, as in the case of eating a salty meal, the body’s first response is to stimulate thirst. This leads to the increased consumption of water, which then dilutes the sodium levels back to normal, allowing the kidneys to excrete the excess. Edema, or water retention, is often caused by a lack of adequate intake of water, forcing the cells of the body to retain excess water to keep sodium levels in check. Conversely, consuming too much water can lead to extremely low concentrations of this mineral, resulting in headaches, mental confusion, and general weakness. Due to the high levels of sodium in natural and processed foods, a deficiency of sodium is rare, and is usually caused by excessive fasting, starvation, or loss of fluids due to perspiration, vomiting, or diarrhea. Deficiency symptoms include dehydration, weakness, lethargy, low blood sugar, muscle tremors, heart palpitations, and mental confusion. Of greater concern are the dangers of consuming too much sodium, which can cause high blood pressure, edema, liver disease, kidney disease, and potassium deficiency. The estimated minimum requirement for sodium is between 200 and 500 milligrams per day. Researchers estimate that the average American consumes between 2,300 to 20,000 milligrams per day, depending upon personal tastes and habit. Scientists now recommend that sodium intake be regulated to no more that 2,000 milligrams, or the equivalent of a teaspoon, per day from all sources. Sulfur Sulfur is an important nutrient that forms an intergal part of virtually all human tissues, and especially those highest in protein, such as red blood cells, muscles, skin and hair. While trace amounts come directly from foods we eat, most of the sulfur in our body is in the form of four sulfur-bound non-essential amino acids, taurine, methionine, cystine, and cystine. Sulfur is also an important component of insuline, vitamin B1, and biotin. Sulfur protects our cells from the damaging effects of radiation and air pollution, thereby slowing down the cellular aging process. It also aids in the conversion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into energy, and as a component of collagen, helps to keep skin cells supple and elastic. Sulfur is also required for the digestion of fats, activates enzymes, and helps regulate blood clotting. There is no recommended daily intake for sulfur, and deficiencies are extremely rare due to the abundance of this nutrient in the diet. Toxic effects are nonexistent due to the body’s ability to excrete excess sulfur in the urine. Foods particularly high in sulfur include meat and poultry, fish, eggs, beans and peas, Brussels sprouts, onions, cabbage, garlic, wheat germ, and dairy products. Vanadium Vanadium is a non-essential mineral that plays a role in the formation of bones and teeth, and in the regulation of cellular metabolism It is also involved in the production of hormones, in cholesterol metabolism, and in normal growth and reproduction. Scientists suspect that a deficiency of this mineral may play a role in kidney and heart disease. Recent studies have also indicated that vanadium may slow the growth of tumors and confer protection against the development of breast cancer, but more research is needed to determine its full role in human health. There is no recommended daily intake for vanadium, though it is estimated that most people consume between 2 and 4 milligrams per day from a normal diet. While not easily absorbed by humans, vanadium is found in foods such as olives, whole grain breads, liver, root vegetables, fish, and vegetable oils. Zinc Zinc is an essential mineral involved in anumber of enzymatic reactions, ranging from protein and collagen synthesis to cellular energy production. This vital metal also supports immune function by regulating the production of T cells by the thymus glands. Adequate amounts of this nutrient metal are also required for manufacturing Sodium Oxide Dismutase (SOD), a large antioxidant enzyme that serves as the main line of defense against free radical damage. Zinc also helps in protect the liver and promotes the rapid healing of wounds. Because it’s involved in the production of prostaglandins — special hormone-like substances that regulate the reproductive functions — zinc also plays an important role in maintaining healthy prostate function. After about age 40, the thymus gland begins to shrink and blood serum levels of zinc begin to slide, falling by about 3 percent every 10 years thereafter. This decline is mirrored in the thymus glands declining output of thymulin, the hormone responsible for stimulating the production of immune-system T cells, the killer cells responsible for keeping tumors in check and protecting us from infections. By age 65 the thymus gland shrinks so much that it can only release about10 percent of the thymulin it did in our youth, greatly impairing our ability to stave of diseases. Recently researchers gave zinc supplements to animals and found that the thymus gland returned to 80 of normal size, and most importantly, thymulin output and T cell counts returned to youthful levels. Human studies soon followed, with similar results. Persons aged 65 and older, taking 15 milligrams of zinc per day soon evidenced the same restoration of youthful levels of thymulin and T cell activity. Similar studies with Downs Syndrome patients who are very prone to infections showed similar results, cutting the number of new infections by over 50 percent after treatment with zinc supplements. A study conducted at Dartmouth college has reported that college students where able to recover from colds in half the normal time when given zinc lozenges. Those taking the zinc recovered from their symptoms in 4 days, while those students taking a placebo took over 9 days to fully recover from the illness. Carl C. Pfeiffer, MD, PhD, thought the whole human population was borderline deficient in the mineral zinc, which could account for our sensitivity to the common cold. Now, a new study shows that the common cold can be shortened significantly when ample zinc gluconate is made available. While in vitro studies have long shown that zinc inhibits the common cold rhino-viruses, the experimental data has been mixed when the zinc studies have used throat lozenges. Scientists have now identified a flaw in the studies that used hard-candy zinc lozenges containing citric acid. It seems the low pH produced by the acidic formulation inhibited zinc delivery. 3 Building on this knowledge, the new study, conducted at Dartmouth College, found that college students given non-acidic throat lozenges one day into their cold had colds that were more than 50% shorter. For those students taking look-alike, taste-alike placebo candies, colds lasted 9.2 days on average versus 4.3 days for those taking zinc. 1. Pfeiffer, Carl C. Mental and elemental nutrients. Keats Publishing, Inc. New Canaan, CT. 1975. 2. Godfrey JC et al. “Zinc gluconate and the common cold: a controlled clinical study.” JInt Med Rs. 1992;20:234-246. 3. Zarembo JE, Godfrey JC, Godfrey NJ. “Zinc (11) in saliva: determination of concentrations produced by different formulations of zinc gluconate lozenges containing common excipients.” J Pharm Sci. 1992;81(2):128-130. Zinc serum levels can be reduced by diarrhea, kidney disease, cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes and overconsumption of fiber. The adult recommended daily intake for zInc is 15 mg. per day. Daily dosages above 150 milligrams may actually depress the immune system and increase susecptability to disease. Continued intake of 25 milligrams per day can also interfere with the body’s absorption of copper. Foods highest in zinc include fish, legumes, meats, oysters, poultry, seafood, whole grains, egg yolks and brewers yeast. 4. Herbs Herbs have been the source of many of mankind’s most basic medicinal therapies, and form the foundation of the modern pharmaceutical industry. Herbs Alfalfa Alfalfa is a plant commonly cultivated by farmers around the world for use as an animal feedstock. Known by its latin name, Medicago sativa, alfalfa is also a popular herb belonging to the legume family, closely related to beans and peas. Called the great healer by legions of natural herbalists, the health benefits attributed to alfalfa are broad, with attributes ranging from the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis to the ability to cure stomach disorders; from stimulating the appetite to being an effective curative for diabetes. Alfalfa is also promoted as a detoxifier, able to cleanse the liver and bloodstream. Claims link alfalfa with enhanced pituitary functions, as well as treating high fevers, inflamed prostate, and alleviating allergic reactions related to plants and grasses. While there are few if any valid scientific studies supporting these claims, alfalfa is generally recognized as a healthy and nutritious source of chlorophyll, beta carotene, calcium, and the vitamins D, E and K. Alfalfa leaves and sprouts are consumed around the world, and alfalfa tea is widely touted as a health tonic. Alfalfa in tablet and capsule forms are available at most health food stores. Pertaining to the claims for alfalfas curative powers, researchers have found that the alfalfa root, a part of the plant not generally used, contains saponins, a family of chemicals that have been shown to lower cholesterol levels in monkeys. To date this research has not been repeated with human subjects. Other studies have found that alfalfa can inhibit the growth of some viruses such as herpes simplex, supporting the claims for its antibacterial and antiviral activity. This ability seems to be associated with a non-protein amino acid called L-canaverine, which is found in alfalfa leaves and roots. L-canaverine has also been shown to be effective in controlling leukemia and cancer cells in animal studies, again possibly accounting for some of alfalfa’s health claims. Generally recognized as a safe, if somewhat undocumented health supplement, researchers have raised some specific health concerns relating to the excessive consumption of alfalfa or alfalfa containing products. Studies have noted an link between consumption of high doses of alfalfa with the onset or aggravation of existing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), a disease affecting connective tissues. The likely culprit is the previously mentioned amino acid L-canavanine. Since one may be predisposed to Lupus and not be aware of it, it would be prudent to limit one’s intake of alfalfa products. Those diagnosed with Lupus should avoid alfalfa products entirely. Aloe Vera Aloe vera is an exceptional healing plant with an extensive history of use covering 18 centuries. World-wide there exist hundreds of species of this succulent, yucca-like plant, but those most often used are Aloe barbandensis, Aloe perryi, Aloe ferros, and the ever-popular houseplant Aloe vera, whose fresh leaves can serve as an effective treatment for minor burns, abrasions and cuts. Aloe vera gel, derived from the mucilaginous cells contained inside the leaves, is widely used in a variety of forms such as lotions, moisturizers, cosmetics, and shampoos. Aloe powder, derived from the tough outer leaf of the plant, is a strong cathartic consumed internally as a cleanser and often touted as a treatment for a variety of conditions ranging from liver disease to AIDS. Clinical evidence supports many of the health claims attributed to Aloe vera. Researchers have found that fresh Aloe gel promotes wound healing by speeding up the growth of skin cells and aiding recovery from surgery. Aloe has also proved effective in treating pressure sores, chronic leg ulcers, and frostbite. Aloe vera has also been shown to have strong antibacterial and antifungal properties against a broad range of microbes. Carrisyn, an extract of aloe, has shown recent evidence of being able to inhibit a number of viruses in vitro, including the strains responsible for herpes simples, measles, and HIF. Carrisyn appears to work by stimulating the immune system to trigger the production of T cells, thereby increasing immune function. Other active ingredients of the aloe plant include salicylates, which control inflammation and pain, and an enzyme that inhibits bradykinin, the chemical messenger responsible for transmitting pain signals through the nerves. Aloe also contains magnesium lactate, a chemical known to inhibit the release of histimines responsible for skin irritation and itching. While generally regarded as safe, some people using aloe products may experience a form of hypersensitivity evidenced by skin rash which disappears soon after discontinuing use of the product. When choosing an aloe vera product for topical application, look for a product high in aloe content, which should appear as the first item listed on the ingredients panel. As for internal consumption, long-term studies have not been performed to determine safety or effectiveness, and the guidance of a knowledgeable professional is highly recommended. Angelica Angelica, from the plant Angelica archangelica, is similar to the Chinese herb Dong Quai, which is derived from the closely related plant Angelica sinensis. Other species of angelica are commonly used as flavoring agents for wines, liqueurs, and perfumes. Angelica has recently become a very popular herb in the United States, and is often recommended by herbalists as a treatment for flatulence and stomach pains, and as a stimulant to invigorate circulation and warm the body. By far the most common use of Angelica is as an emmanagogic agent to promote menstrual flow and help regulate irregular menstrual cycles. In some cases large doses have been consumed in an attempt to induce abortion, but such use runs the risk of inducing severe poisoning. Angelica contains a number of compounds called furocoumarins that are photosensitizers, which upon direct contact with the skin may lead to a skin rash after being exposed to the sun. Researchers have also found several of these compounds to be extremely toxic carcinogens in laboratory animals, though no human studies are currently available. Angelica should not be used by pregnant women or diabetics, as it has a tendency to elevate blood sugar levels. Artichoke Artichokes contain cynarin and scolymoside which have been shown to stimulate bile production and secretion. This supports the traditional use of Artichoke for creating support for sluggish livers and digestive irregularities. Cynarin creates support for lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood. Artichokes also possess some diuretic activity, helping with kidney disease and protein in the urine. Astragalus Astragalus is a traditional Chinese herb derived from the root of the perennial Astragalus membranaceus. In China astragalus enjoyed a long history of use in traditional medicine to strengthen the Wei Ch’i or “defensive energy” or as we call it, the immune system. Regarded as a potent tonic for increasing energy levels and stimulating the immune system, astragalus has also been employed effectively as a diuretic, a vasodilator and as a treatment for respiratory infections. Astragalus has recently become popular with western herbalist and alternative health care providers. Recent studies in China led researchers to report that astragalus can be part of an effective treatment for supporting the immune systems of cancer patients. Two separate studies followed cancer patients receiving traditional western chemotherapy and radiation treatment. These forms of treatment typically ravage the body’s immune system and leave patients weak and susceptible to new opportunistic infections. Researchers reported that cancer patients receiving astragalus extracts had twice the survival rate of those only receiving standard therapies. U.S. studies have further confirmed that astragalus possesses unique immunity boosting qualities. Researchers at the University of Texas found that astragalus exhibited strong immunity response on in-vitro cancer cells. Scientists have isolated a number of active ingredients contained in astragalus, including bioflavanoids, choline, and a polysaccharide called astragalan B. Animal studies have shown that astragalan B is effective at controlling bacterial infections, stimulating the immune system, and protecting the body against a number of toxins. Astragalan B seems to work by binding to cholesterol on the outer membranes of viruses, destabilizing their defenses and allowing for the body’s immune system to attack the weakened invader. Astragalus also increases interferon production and enhances NK and T cell function, increasing resistance to viral conditions such as hepatitis, AIDS and cancer. Astragalus shows support for peripheral vascular diseases and peripheral circulation. Barberry Barberry, which is also called Oregon grape root, is derived from Mahonia Aquifolium, a small evergreen that grows wild on mountains in the Pacific Northwest. Early settlers first learned of the therapeutic use of Barberry from native American Indians who made a bitter brew from the yellow root or rhizome of this small shrub. Used in small doses Barberry tonic was believed to be an effective treatment for heartburn, stomach upset, ulcers, and to stimulate appetite. Current herbal literature commonly recommends barberry tincture as a treatment for liver problems such as hepatitis and jaundice. It is also considered effective in lowering blood pressure, reducing heart rate and respiration, reducing bronchial constriction, and as a palative for menstrual irregularities. It is also used as a topical antiseptic. Researchers studying Barberry have determined that does contains a number of physiologically active alkaloids, chief among them berberine, berbamine, and oxyacanthine. Berberine has been found to exhibit some antibacterial activity, accounting for its traditional uses as an antiseptic when applied to the skin. Berberine is also known to possess sedative qualities, and can act to lower blood pressure and stimulate the uterus. Bayberry Bayberry is a traditional folk medicine herb derived from the bark of a small evergreen shrub that grows throughout a wide portion of the Eastern and Southern United States. Also referred to as wax myrtle or candleberry, the Bayberry plant also produces small waxy berries that have been used since colonial times to make fragrant candles popular at Christmas time. Bayberry bark, brewed into a spicy tea or infusion, is a popular folk remedy and was a favorite of Native Americans. It has been used as a tonic and stimulant to support the body’s defense against a range of ailments such as coughs, colds, flu, fevers, headache, and sore throat. It was also considered an effective remedy for diarrhea, bloody stools, and excessive menstrual bleeding. As an astringent this herb helps to dry up and protect exposed membranes, and is often applied to the skin as poltice to heal boils, cankers and skin ulcers. Bayberry is also prepared as a gargle for treatment for early symptoms of colds and sore throat. Current data on Bayberry list a number of compounds such as tannic acid, gallic acid and acrid resins that function as astringents. Researchers have raised some concern about the carcinogenic effects of tannin, but no human studies have been conducted to date. Bayberry is also known to contains the triterpene Myricitrin which is effective in stimulating the flow of bile and exhibits antibacterial activity. xThough generally considered safe, in large doses Bayberry serves as an emetic agent to produce vomiting. Betony Betony, also known as Wood Betony, was once held in high regard by ancient folk healers. Used as a herbal treatment for a host of human ills ranging from the common cold to warding off supernatural spirits, Betony is still used by herbal practitioners, though for a much more limited set of maladies. Current use of the dried herb of Betony involves the use of a tincture or infusion as a remedy for chronic headaches and to treat anxiety and nervousness. Like most herbs, Betony possesses mild astringent properties, for which it is occasionally recommended as a the treatment for diarrhea, or as a mouthwash to soothe mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Betony contains relatively high amounts of tannin, explaining its astringent activity. It also contains choline, alkaloids and glycosides. One glycoside has been shown to lower blood pressure, possibly supporting its use as a treatment for anxiety and headaches. Betony is nontoxic, though excess consumption may lead to mild stomach upset. Bilberry The Bilberry plant is closely related to blueberries and currants, all of which belong to the genus Vaccinium. The whole fruits from these plants contain important tannins as well as vitamins A and C. The specific activity of Bilberry comes from concentrated fruit pigments called anthocyanins which have a specific strengthening effect on the walls of the vascular system. Collagen protein in the vascular wall becomes stronger in the presence of Bilberry and the fine capillaries become less susceptible to leakage. Hemorrhoids and varicose veins are both examples of the weakened vascular tissues that can manifest during pregnancy and under stress. The Bilberry fruit extract also possesses strong antibacterial and antiviral activity, mainly from the tannin compounds. The usual application of Bilberry is for reducing eyestrain and improving night vision. In addition to helping the capillaries supply blood to the eyes, Bilberry pigment helps produce visual purple, an important chemical that helps convert light into electrical signals for the brain. Bilberry enhances vision in low light conditions often encountered by truck drivers, pilots, law enforcement and military personnel. Bilberry also reduces general eye strain which makes it particularly beneficial for students, computer operators, and anyone who must use their eyes for long periods without rest. Black Cohosh The popular herb Black cohosh comes from the root of the North American forest plant Cimicifuga racemosa. Also known as black snakeroot, bugbane, bugwort and squawroot, Black cohosh has an extensive history of safe use by Native Americans who revered it as a remedy for a host of common ailments. Native Americans employed Black cohosh as an effective treatment for fatigue, neuralgia, rheumatism, sore throat, asthma, bronchial spasms, bronchitis, and whooping cough. Mixed with chamomile, ginger and raspberry leaf, black cohosh has been used for centuries by women to stimulate menstrual flow, ease the strains of childbirth, and confer relief from the symptoms of menopause. In Europe Black cohosh products are regularly used in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome and menopause. Contemporary herbalists also hold Black cohosh in high regard as an antispasmodic for relief from cramps, muscle pains, and menstrual pains. With its mildly sedative and relaxing effect, black cohosh is used also to treat anxiety and nervousness. Modern herbalists also recommend black cohosh as a cough suppressant and expectorant, a diaphoretic for eliminating toxins, and consider it to be an excellent treatment for lowering high blood pressure. Researchers studying Black cohosh have isolated chemical derivatives mimicking the effects of estrogen, supporting the use of the herb in the treatment of female conditions. Black cohosh was found to contain the glycoside acetein, a steroidal derivative that is effective in lowering blood pressure in animals. While adherents claim the same effect in humans, no research is available to verify this. Researchers have also determined that black cohosh contains compounds that support its uses as a sedative and an anti-inflammatory agent. There are few known health concerns regarding Black cohosh, but consuming large amounts are known to cause nausea, dizziness and vomiting. Expectant mothers should only use black cohosh under the supervision of a health professional, since black cohosh has a reputation of stimulating the uterus to speed childbirth, and large doses could lead to premature birth. Blessed Thistle Blessed thistle is a plant found primarily in Aisia and Europe. Blessed thistle is also referred to as St. Benedict thistle and holy thistle, names that reflect the fact that Blessed thistle was a popular folk remedy and tonic appreciated by monastic monks in the Middle ages. Blessed Thistle should not be confused with Milk Thistle (also known as Marian, St. Mary’s, or Our Lady’s thistle). In Europe blessed thistle is regarded as an excellent appetite stimulant, and is used in the manufacture of bitters to be taken before meals to stimulate stomach and intestinal activity and aid in digestion and circulation. It is also used in the treatment of constipation and flatulence, and is considered an excellent heart tonic and blood purifyer. The flowers of the Blessed thistle are commonly brewed to make a slightly bitter and sweet tea that has a mild diuretic activity. Blessed thistle tea is used by contemporary herbalists for the treatment of a variety of liver problems such as jaundice and hepatitis. Because painful menstruation can involve the liver, Blessed thistle is a common component of herbal formulas used to relieve menstrual symptoms. While generally safe, if taken in excess, Blessed thistle can act as an emetic and lead to nausea and vomiting. Blue Cohosh Blue cohosh, latin name Caulophyllum thalictroides, is an herb derived from the rhizome and roots of a small North American perennial. Blue cohosh is also referred to by names such as papoose root or sqaw root, reflecting on the use of this herb by Native American women who brewed a bitter tea from Blue cohosh to relieve menstrual cramps and ease the pains associated with childbirth. Blue cohosh tea was also found to be a parturifacient that could induce uterine contractions to speed delivery, and was widely used by native Americans and early settlers to treat common maladies such as sore throat, rheumatism, anxiety, bronchitis, and colic. Modern herbalists often recommend blue cohosh as a emmenagogue to induce menstruation, and as uterine stimulant and antispasmodic. It is also frequently employed as a diuretic to eliminate excess fluids, as a expectorant to treat congestion, and as a diaphoretic to eliminate toxins by inducing sweating. Traditional herbalists will often combine Blue cohosh and black cohosh to effect a more balanced treatment for nerves and to enhance the herbs antispasmodic effects. It is combined with other herbs to promote their effects in treating bronchitis, nervous disorders, urinary tract ailments and rheumatism. Researchers studying Blue cohosh isolated an alkaloid, methylcytisine, which closely resembles nicotine in its ability to stimulate intestinal activity, raise respiration, and elevate blood pressure. Blue cohosh also contains caulosaponin, a glycoside which can act as a coronary blood vessel constrictor and is thought responsible for stimulating uterine contractions and inducing childbirth. While generally considered a safe and effective herb, Blue cohosh should not be used by expectant mothers except during the last month of pregnancy, preferably under the guidance of an experienced herbalists or health care professional. Broccoli Broccoli is a dark green vegetable in the cruciferous family. It is rich in fiber, provitamin A carotenoids, vitamin C and vitamin K. Cruciferous vegetables contain phytochemical which help create immune and antioxidant support in the body by inducing extra protecion of the enymes (Phase II) involved in detoxifying carcinogens and flushing them out of the body. These important enzymes include quinone reductase and glutathione S-transferase, with Sulforaphane as a major and potent Phase II enzyme inducer. Broccoli is an important source of Vitamin K, which helps prevent stomach and colon cancer. Buchu Buchu, Latin name Agathosma betulina, is a small shrub native to South Africa where it is used as a popular flavoring agent to impart a peppermint-like flavor to brandies and wines. First used by the Hottentot tribe, it gained wide use in Europe and Africa where the dried leaves of buchu have long been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of almost every known affliction. Employed as a diuretic and antiseptic, the long leaves of this herb are brewed for use in treatment of inflammation of the urethra, blood in the urine, bladder infections and other chronic urinary tract disorders. It is also said to be an effective remedy for kidney stones, cystitis, and rheumatism. Buchu contains barosma champhor and other volatile oils which account for its mild diuretic and antiseptic activity. Buchu is considered to be an extremely safe herb and there are no reported toxic effects. If using for treatment of a urinary tract infection the only caution would be to be sure of have a proper diagnosis of the ailment, since Buchu is completely ineffective in treating sexually transmitted diseases, for which is was once widely thought to be a remedy. Burdock Burdock, latin name Arctium lappa, is a carrot-like root from the plant Arctium lappa, a biennial herb grown in China, Europe and the United States. Employed as a popular folk medicine around the world, burdock is also consumed as a vegetable in Japan, where it is called gobo. Burdock seeds are crushed to make a popular tincture used to purify the blood, to treat gout and ulcers, arthritis, rheumatism, and cure skin diseases such as acne and psoriasis. In India and Russia the root is a popular anti-cancer remedy , and in China it is believed to be an effective aphrodisiac, useful in treating impotence and sterility. The volatile oils of burdock seed are said to be an effective diaphoretic, used to inducing sweating as an aid in neutralizing and eliminating toxins from the body. This activity is widely utilized by herbal practitioner’s in the treatment of liver problems, gallstones, flu, and to support the kidneys in filtering acids from the blood stream. Studies of burdock show that it is high in minerals, being a good source of iron. Data also indicate that the root is a good source of the carbohydrate inulin which can account for 45% of the plant mass. Burdock is also a good source of essential oils and other compounds that exhibit bacteriostatic and anitfungul activity. Burdock is an effective diuretic and is considered a very safe herb and food product, though there have been cases where the purity of the root has raised some concern. Reported cases involving toxic effects were first thought to be caused by the consumption of burdock tea but were later determined to be caused by contamination of the burdock root with belladonna root which contains atropine. In light of such issues, when using burdock root determine the of the source and quality of root before purchase. Butcher's Broom Butcher’s broom, also referred to as knee holly, box holly and sweet broom, comes from the plant Suscus aculaetus, a short evergreen shrub that grows throughout southern Europe and the Mediterranean. Butchers once used the leaves and twigs of this member of the lily family to scrub their chopping blocks clean, thus conferring the name Butchers broom. The use of this herb as a tonic was recorded by the early Greeks, but fell into disuse until the 1950’s when new research popularized the properties of this herb in the west. Modern herbalists now commonly use the leaves of Butcher’s broom as a circulatory tonic and antiinflammatory agent for a wide range of vascular problems. Consumed as a mildly bitter tea it is used to increase circulation to the limbs and acts to reduce the incidence of post-surgical thrombosis or blood clotting. Due to its mild diuretic action it is also employed to reduce swelling of the legs and is believed useful in the treatment of varicose veins and phlebitis. Applied as a topical ointment butchers broom is also used to ease the swelling and pains of arthritis and rheumatism, and formed into suppositories it is often employed as a treatment of hemorrhoids. Researchers have confirmed that extracts of butcher’s broom contain several steroidal saponin compounds that work as vasoconstrictors by activating alpha-adrenergic receptors. The main glycosides in butchers broom are called ruscogenins, which are known to possess anti-inflammatory properties in addition to being vasoconstricive agents. These active ingredients reduce the fragility and permeability of capillaries and constrict the veins. Human clinical trials have supported the extracts effectiveness in treating vascular disorders, as well as its uses as an antiinflammatory agent. Contemporary Herbals refer to butcher’s broom to support venous circulatory disorders (heavy legs) as well as hemorrhodal ailments. Practicioners also recommend butcher’s broom for supporting women experiencing menstrual problems and troubles associated with the use of estrogens and pregnancy related cramps. Butcher’s broom is generally considered a safe herb when taken as a diuretic, though it may cause blood pressure to rise. Those under treatment for hypertension should use this herb under the supervision of a competent health care professional. Those currently taking anticoagulation medications should also check with their physician or health care provider before taking butchers broom to avoid problems. Capsicum Capsicum, or hot red chili peppers, have come into their own recently, both as a culinary spice and as a hot new medical remedy. Long used as a food spice and an aid to digestion, red chilis or cayenne peppers were once thought to aggravate stomach ulcers. This fear has been discounted by researchers who became excited by studies that indicated that capsicum could help prevent the formation of dangerous blood clots. Now new research is focusing on this spices ability to act as an anti-inflammatory agent and aid in controlling pain. Researchers in Thailand first noticed that people who consume large amounts of red chili peppers experienced a lower incidence of thromboembolism, or potentially dangerous blood clots. Scientists then looked at the medical records of countries where hot spicy foods where regularly consumed and found that people who eat a diet high in red peppers experience a much lower incidence of blood clotting disease. Scientists have now concluded that capsicum does indeed possess fibrinolytic activity, meaning that it is able to break down blood clots. In addition to preventing the formation of blood clots, researchers have also discovered that a topically applied cream containing capsicum could help control some types of chronic skin pains. Now available in the form of a prescription drug called Zostrix, capsicum ointment is applied to the skin to aid in controlling the pain associated with herpes zoster, also known as shingles, as well as neuralgia and postoperative amputation trauma. The active ingredient in capsicum is a compound called capsaicin that functions to deplete substance P, which is involved in the transmission of pain from the skin to the spinal cord. By blocking substance P, capsaicin acts as a dramatic and long-lasting anesthetic bringing relief to almost 75 percent of patients tested with the cream. It can take as long as three days from first application to begin to deplete substance P from the peripheral nerves. Taken internally to aid digestion, red peppers should be consumed slowly to avoid distress. Capsicum and cayenne can also be taken in capsules. Be careful to avoid getting capsicum products in the eyes, as this can be extremely painful. Cascara Sagrada Cascara Sagrada, also called Sacred bark and Chittem bark, is an herb derived from the year old bark of Rhamnus purshiana. Native American Indians commonly used Cascara sagrada to treat constipation and upset stomachs. Taken as an extremely bitter tasting tonic, or in tablet or capsule form, Cascara sagrada is regarded to be a safe laxative that is often employed as a remedy for mild and chronic constipation. Modern herbalists also recommend it as a tonic for the digestive system and to stimulate the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and stomach. It is also considered to be useful in the treatment of jaundice, hemorrhoids and colic. Clinical researchers have isolated several anthraquinone glycosides as the active principles in cascara. These glycosides are hydrolyzed by bacteria in the colon, resulting in its laxative activity. Free anthraquinone and hydroxyanthracene derivative (HAD) are the main active glycosides responsible for the laxative effects of Cascara sagrada. These active substances cause an increased peristalsis locally in the large intestine. HAD also helps by circulating in the bloodstream and stimulating a nerve center to trigger a laxative effect. Cascara sagrada is considered one of the safest laxatives and can be used to restore tone to the colon, as well as being useful in detoxifying and cleansing programs. Cascara sagrada can also be used in small doses as a liver tonic and a chelating agent to prevent the occurrence of calcium-based urinary stones. Taken at night or shortly before sleep, Cascara sagrada is an effective agent for treating mild constipation, though it should not be used on a regular basis. While it is normal for Cascara sagrada to temporarily turn urine a reddish color, if diarrhea should result, discontinue use immediately. Supportive agents commonly used with Cascara sagrada include: Laxative-Butternut root bark, Frangula, Licorice Root, Irish Moss, Dandelion, Milk Thistle, Schisandra and Wild Yam. Catnip Catnip is undoubtedly best recognized as an intoxicating herb that cats find to be irresistible. Also commonly called catnep and catmint, this relative of the mint family is also a well regarded herbal calmative with numerous applications for a number of human ailments. Use of catnip as a mildly relaxing tea dates back to old England were it was a popular drink prior to the importation of teas from Asia. In folk medicine, catnip leaves and flowers are usually steeped to make a pleasant tasting tea. Consumed prior to bedtime catnip tea is widely believed to hasten slumber and aid in achieving a restful nights sleep. It is also employed as a remedy in the treatment of tension and anxiety, and is mentioned as being a useful calmative for hyperactive children. Catnip is also listed as a mild diaphoretic, helpful in eliminating toxins from the body, as well as acting as a carminative to support digestion, relieve upset stomach, and control the symptoms of diarrhea. The claimed effects of this mild herb are generally acknowledged in contemporary literature which lists the principal active agent in catnip as nepetalactone, a volatile oil similar in structure to the sedative ingredient found in valerian root, another well known sedative herb. In recent years the smoking the dried leaves of this herb has been mistakenly popularized in certain circles in the belief that one can attain intoxicating high similar to that produced by marijuana. This is now generally recognized as untrue, and was based upon a confusing similarity in the physical appearance of the two plants. Catnip is an extremely safe herb, and there are no listed warnings or contraindications. Cat's Claw Cat’s Claw (Una de Gato) is a wood vine that grows in Peru and has been used by the Peruvian Indians for years for the treatment of a wide range of health problems. Cat’s Claw helps create support for the intestinal and immune systems of the body., and creates intestinal support by its ability to cleanse the entire intestinal tract. This cleansing helps create support for people experiencing different stomach and bowel disorders, including: colitis, crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and leaky bowel syndrome. Cat’s Claw contains seven different alkaloids that are credited with having a variety of different medicinal and healing properties. The most immunilogically active alkaloid is believed to be Isopteropodin (Isomer A), which increases the immune response in the body. In additon, the presence of glycosides, proanthocyanidins and beta sitosterol help provide anti-viral, anti-tumor and anti-imflammatory support for the body. Catuaba Catuaba, of the family Erythroxylaceae, is undoubtedly the most famous of all Brazilian aphrodisiac plants, and has been appreciated by the local populations for generations. This valued herb from the Brazilian rainforest is praised by the Tupi Indians of Brazil as being an excellent nervous system fortifier and male libido enhancer. The Tupi Indians first discovered the qualities of the plant and composed many songs praising it “. . the bark of Catuaba (functions) as a stimulant of the nervous system, above all when one deals with functional impotence of the male genital organs it is an innocent aphrodisiac, used without any ill side effects at all.” Historical uses include its use as a male aphrodisiac and a tonic to the male organs. It is also used for male impotency. It is a strong tonic and fortifier of the nervous system, capable of giving strength to people with general fatigue. It helps eliminate restless sleep and insomnia from hypertension, and has been known to help failing memories. Catuaba is usually consumed as a tea made from the bark of this small schrub. After drinking 3-4 cups of tea steadily over a period of time the first symptoms are usually erotic dreams, and then increased sexual desire. Chamomile Chamomile has been described as meaning “capable of anything,” a good description for this popular herb that is used extensively in Europe and the United States as a soothing and calming tea. Historically chamomile has been a favored natural herbal remedy, with records of its use as a treatment for skin conditions, cramps and digestion dating back to the early Romans. In Europe chamomile products are used extensively as carminatives to aid digestion, and in the form of bitters to stimulate ones appetite before meals. Chamomile is also an effective anti-inflammatory agent commonly used to treat skin disorders, and as an antispasmodic remedy for menstrual cramps. There are two primary types of chamomile: Roman chamomile and German chamomile. Roman chamomile has long been used as an appetite stimulant and aid for digestion, but the vast majority of chamomile on the market comes from the flowertops of what is commonly called German chamomile. Cultivated in Germany, the flowering tops of this plant are used to prepare a mild tea enjoyed as a mild sedative, as a remedy for insomnia, and as an aid for indigestion. Researchers documenting the effectiveness of this herb have found that subjects ingesting chamomile tea can fall asleep in as little as 10 minutes The active ingredients in chamomile are found in the essential oils derived from the flowers. Scientists have found that chamomile contains many active compounds, though the principal ingredients are the volatile oil alpha bisabolol and the flavonoid apigenin. Apigenin is responsible for the calming, anti-anxiety effects. Apigenin also supports alpha bisabolol, which is responsible for chamomiles anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects. Researchers have also developed topical ointments containing alpha bisabolol and found them to be more effective than hydrocortisone in treating skin inflammation. Chamomile tea is extremely safe, though ingestion of large amounts can lead to stomach upset. Some people, especially those allergic to asters, chrysanthemums and ragweed may experience hypersensitivity to chamomile products. Though these reactions are exceedingly rare, they can lead to sneezing, congestion, anaphylaxis or contact dermatitis. Chaparral Chaparral, also referred to as greasewood and creosote bush, is an herb derived from the common desert shrub Larrea tridentata. Native to the Southwestern United States, the leaves of this desert plant have been used for centuries by Native American healers as a tonic for the treatment of cancer, snake bites, infections, arthritis, tuberculosis and venereal disease. Modern herbalists had come to view chaparral as an effective herbal antibiotic and as a treatment for intestinal parasites. Chaparral was also widely employed as a remedy for the treatment of colds, flu, cancer, and diarrhea. Chaparral contains a compound called nordihydroguaiaretic acid or NDGA for short. NDGA is a powerful antioxidant, that is widely used in the food industry as a preservative for lard and animal shortenings. Early studies had raised hopes that NDGA might prove to be an effective treatment for cancer when it was revealed that NDGA was able to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in animals. Human studies were disappointing, and raised new concerns about NDGA’s toxicity after researchers reported finding lesions on the kidneys and lymph nodes of animals. Subsequently chapparal was removed from the FDA’s list of products that are generally recognized as safe, or GRAS. In 1990 a women suffered liver damage that was believed to be the result of consuming large amounts of chapparal tablets to treat a non-malignant breast lump. Though the woman recovered in time, the incident led to the widespread removal of all chapparal products from the shelves of health stores around the country. Many medical researchers currently feel that while chapparal is an intriguing product worthy of further research, it is too toxic to be recommended for human consumption at this time. Chickweed Chickweed, latin name Stellaric media, is a small herbal plant which grows wild throughout the world. Often used in salads, the leaves and flowers of this small weed are also used by herbalists in a wide variety of treatments. Mixed with oil to make a poltice, chickweed is employed as a treatment for skin disorders such as eczema, psoriasis, boils, ulcers, and a variety of rashes. As an infusion to be taken internally, chickweed is used to treat blood disorders, gout, fevers, asthma, arthritis, constipation, lung disease, cancer, and aid in weight control. Researchers give the plant credit for being a source of vitamin C and for being a tasty addition to salads. Beyond this, clinical support for the use of chickweed as a herbal remedy runs out. Chickweed is known to contain several glycosides and plant acids, but not in amounts to support the claimed effects of this plant. There are no reported toxic effects from consumption of chickweed. Further review of the literature show more interest in controlling the growth of this rapid growing weed than in supporting weak claims for its efficacy as a herbal remedy. Coltsfoot Coltsfoot, also called Horsehoof and coughwort, is a traditional herbal remedy employed around the world in the treatment of coughs and respiratory problems. Made from the flowers and hoof-shaped leaves of the plant Tussilago farfara, coltsfoot has been employed by traditional herbalists in the form of a tea to treat the persistent cough associated with bronchitis, silicosis and emphysema. Other practitioners have used the herb in blends intended to be smoked to relieve coughs, though the logic behind this use is highly questionable, and could lead to more respiratory irritation. Widely believed to be a safe compound, researchers in Japan have discovered that the dried flowers and leaves commonly used in Coltsfoot tea contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can cause severe liver damage and cancer. While some herbalists think the danger relatively minor when compared to the positive activities of this herb, other practitioners no longer consider coltsfoot an appropriate remedy in light of other effective herbal alternatives. Cucurbita Seeds of several species of the genus Cucurbira have long enjoyed a considerable reputation as teniafuges (agents which paralyze and expel intestinal worms). Chief among these are pumpkin seeds or pepo, obtained from C. Pepo L., but the seeds of the auturnn squash (C.Maxima Duchesne) and of the Canada pumpkin or crookneck squash [C. Moschata (Duchesne) Poir.] have similar properties. All are large edible fruits produced by herbaceous, running (vinelike) plants of the family Cucurbitaceae. Numerous cultivated varieties exist. When used as a teniafuge or anthelmintic, cucurbita seeds are ordinarily administered in the form of the ground seeds themselves, as an infusion (tea), or as an emulsion made by beating the seeds with powdered sugar and milk or water. Usually three divided doses are given, representing a total weight of seeds ranging from 60 to as much as 500 grams. Such treatment is said to be effective in expelling both tapeworms and roundworms. Another traditional use of the seeds is in the prevention and treatment of chronic prostatic hypertrophy (enlargement of the prostate gland) in males. A handful of the seeds eaten daily is supposed to be a very popular remedy for this condition in Bulgaria, Turkey, and the Ukraine. Cucurbitin, an unusual amino acid identified chemically as (-)-3amino-3-carboxypyrrolidine, is the active principle responsible for the anthelmintic (worrn-expelling) effects of the drug. It occurs only in the seeds of Cucurbita species, but its concentration is quite variable even in seeds of the same species. This variability probably accounts for reports in the literature that cucurbita seeds are either unreliable or ineffective as a teniafuge. Damiana Damiana leaves are harvested from the plant Turnera diffusa, a small shrub native to Mexico. Besides being used in the production of a popular Mexican liqueur called Damiana, this herb has enjoyed a long and unwarranted history of use as an aphrodisiac, supposedly able to stimulate the libido of men and women alike. It is also regarded as an important folk medicine in Mexico, often used to treat sterility, impotence, diabetes, bladder infection and asthma. Damiana is also said to possess mild sedative qualities, able to induce a state of relaxation and to aid in falling asleep. Modern studies of the chemical composition of damiana list tannin, resin, and volatile oils, which, while considered relatively safe for consumption, offer no evidence to support the host of claims for this plant. Indeed, the data suggests that it is the high alcohol content of damiana liquor and its tinctures that is the responsible agent for most if not all of its perceived effects. Devil's Claw Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) has been used as an herbal tea ingredient in Europe, a folk remedy in Africa and recently has entered the health food marketplace in the United States. The British Herbal Pharmacopoea recognizes Devil’s claw as possessing analgesic, sedative and diuretic properties Devil’s claw consists of the secondary storage roots of arpagophyum procumbens DC., a South African plant belonging to the family Pedaliaceae. The common name is derived from the plant’s peculiar fruits which seem to be covered with miniature grappling hooks. Devil’s claw is the name commonly used in the United States, though other names for this plant include wood spider and grapple plant. Africans have used the herb for centuries to treat skin cancer, fever, malaria and indigestion. In Europe, the tea is recommended for arthritis, diabetes, allergies, senility and is widely utilized as an appetite stimulant and a digestive aid. In the west, Devil’s claw has been recommended for treating a wide variety of conditions including diseases of the liver, kidneys, and bladder, as well as allergies, arteriosclerosis, lumbago, gastrointestinal disturbances, menstrual difficulties, neuralgia, headache, climacteric (change of life) problems, heartburn, nicotine poisoning, and above all, rheumatism and arthritis. There are few clinical studies to refute or verify the many claims made for Devil’s claw, but extracts of the plant do appear to have anti-inflammatory activity in experimental animals. A clinical study carried out in Germany in 1976 reported that devil’s claw exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, comparable in many respects to the well-known anti-arthritic drug, phenylbutazone. Analgesic effects were also observed along with reductions in abnormally high cholesterol and uric-acid blood levels. The main active ingredients in Devil’s claw are Harpogoside and Beta sitosterol, which possess anti-inflammatory properties and create support for joint, ligament and tendon problems. Devil’s claw is reported to help with joint pain while improving vitality in the joints. Dong Quai Dong quai is a Chinese herb derived from the root of Angelica sinensis or Angelica plymorpha maxim. A staple of eastern medicinal practice for thousands of years, dong quai has been used in the treatment of female disorders such as menstrual cramps, premenstrual syndrome, and to relieve symptoms associated with menopause. Angelica sinensis is also an important flavoring agent used in liqueurs such as Chartreuse and Benedictine, and with juniper berries is used in flavoring gin. Modern herbalists commonly recommend dong quai as a uterine tonic to treat irregular menstrual flow and weakness during menstrual periods. As an antispasmodic it is considered a remedy for menstrual cramps and nervousness. It is also said to purify the blood and act as a mild laxative. Researchers have identified several coumarin derivatives that are known to act as antispasmodics and vasodilators. Dong quai’s key ingredients include Ligustilide, butylene phthalide and butyl phthalide found in the aromatic oil. Ferulic acid and various polysaccharides are found in the non-aromatic fractions. Research suggests that both ferulic acid and ligustilide are responsible for preventing spasms, relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood clotting in peripheral vessels. Dong quai also contains compounds that act to stimulate the central nervous system, supporting its use as a mild energizer. Certain people may experience a form of dermatitis caused by compounds that promote photosensitivity. Pregnant women, and women with excessive menstrual flow should avoid using this herb altogether. Echinacea One of the most exciting therapeutic herbs available today is echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea) a unique herb related to the Asteraceae (sunflower) plant family. Echinacea has been widely used by Native Americans, particularly the Plains Indians, for hundreds of years as an antiseptic, an analgesic (pain killer) and for the treatment of snakebites. Echinacea is also used extensively by herbalists and alternative health care providers to boost the immune system, help speed wound healing, reduce inflammations, treat colds and flu, and fight infections. A growing collection of scientific evidence supports echinaceas important contribution to stimulating the immune system. Researchers have found that echinaceas immune-stimulating properties are due to a rich host of polysaccharides and phytosterols unique to this plant. Most American use of this herb has been with fresh Echinacea angustifolia, while European research has been conducted with the fresh Echinacea purpurea. Researchers have identified a number of important active ingredients, including glycosides (especially echinacoside), eichloric acid, chlorogenic acid, polysaccharides (echinacin B, inulin, arabinogalactans, xyloglucans), isobutylamines (echinacein), alkylamides, phytosterols, (Z)-1, 8-pentadecadiene, sesquiterpene esters (in E. purpurea) and many other valuable compounds. Scientists have found that Echinacea helps to activate macrophages, key immune system elements that are directly involved in the destruction of bacteria, viruses, other infectious agents and cancer cells. Macrophages produce much of their lethal effect by generating free oxygen radicals as well as producing a key protein called interleukin-l. A report in the December 1984 issue of Infection and Immunity demonstrated that a polysaccharide fraction derived from Echinacea purpurea significantly increased the killing effect of macrophages on tumor cells. The polysaccharides also increased the production of free oxygen radicals and interleukin-1. The echinacea polysaccharide had no effect on T-lymphocytes (involved in cellular immunity) and only a modest effect on B-lymphocytes (involved in humoral immunity-making antibodies). Another report indicated that echinacea enhances natural killer cell activity, another important component in the immune system. Echinacea is recommended for use periodically for one or two weeks at a time, rather than continuously, because the body seems to become accustomed to it and it loses effectiveness. This effectiveness is restored in a week or two. If you are pregnant or nursing, consult your health care provider before using this product. If you have kidney disease, restrict usage to ten days to avoid a possible imbalance in excreted minerals. Feverfew Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), also known as Bachelor’s Button, is a common flowering aromatic plant. Feverfew was known to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks who regarded it as a valuable remedy to alleviate headaches, joint pain, stomach aches, menstrual pains and fever. For centuries it has also been employed as an emmenagogue to promote menstrual flow. Modern researchers confirm that feverfew is a valuable herbal remedy that is especially effective in treating migraine headaches and arthritis. Feverfew contains a number of lactones, among them parthenolide, michefuscalide and chrysanthenyl. The main active sesquiterpene lactone, parthenolide, is known to inhibit the production and secretion of prostaglandins, substances released by blood platelets and white blood cells that contribute to migraines. White blood cells secrete substances believed to contribute to the kind of inflammatory processes seen in arthritis and possibly some other autoimmune disorders. Another substance, Serotonin, is also secreted by blood platelets and can constrict blood vessels and contribute to migraine pain. This inhibition of prostaglandins results in reduction in inflammation, decreased secretion of histamine, and a reduction of fevers, thus the name Feverfew. Researchers conducting placebo-controlled studies have discovered that taking daily supplements of feverfew resulted in a 24% reduction in the the overall number of migraines, and the headaches that did occur were measurably milder and resulted in less vomiting. Feverfew has also been useful in relaxing smooth muscles in the uterus, promoting menstrual flow and inhibiting platelet aggregation and excessive blood clotting. Feverfew also helps stimulate digestion and improves liver function. Forskolin Forskolin is an important traditional Ayurvedic herb that has been a part of Indian medicine for centuries. Derived from roots of the plant Coleus forskohili, this herb is known to be a potent bronchodilator, able to relax the airways in the lungs and ease breathing. In this capacity it has been employed to treat imbalances resulting in asthma and other lung disorders. It has also been shown to relieve internal eye pressure, and may lead to new treatments for glaucoma. The effects of forskolin last for only a short period, and there are concerns that use may lead to possible cardiovascular complications. Forskolin would best be used under the supervision of a competent healthcare professional trained in its use. Fo-Ti Fo-Ti is an herb derived from the dried roots of a Japanese evergreen called Polygonum multiflorum. In China, where it is called Ho shou wu, Fo-Ti is said to possess almost magical rejuvenating properties and it is especially popular with the elderly who believe it can help one maintain hair color, preserve youthfulness, and restore fertility. Traditional Chinese herbalists place great emphasis on the shape and age of the roots, with the older roots being in great demand. Made into a tea or infusion for oral ingestion, Eastern and Western herbalists recommend Fo-Ti as a tonic to maintain youthful vigor, increase energy, tone the kidneys and liver, and purify the blood. It is also employed as a remedy for insomnia, stomach upset, and diabetes. Fo-Ti contains a number of glycosides that account for the herbs use as a remedy for stomach disorders and constipation. Researchers suspect that the roots may contain compounds with mild cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory effects, but this has yet to be proved. Fo-Ti should not be confused with Fo-Ti Tieng, which is a trademarked formula containing Gotu Kola. Garlic Garlic is a member of the lily family closely related to onions and leeks. Garlic has been cultivated for thousands of years for its therapeutic benefits by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Indians and Chinese. Primary use of garlic was as a treatment for tumors, headaches, weakness and fatigue, wounds, sores and infections. It was regarded as a physically enhancing tonic, and was used by the first Olympic athletes as an energizer. The scientific community has long respected garlic as a plant possessing impressive therapeutic activity. Louis Pasteur first demonstrated garlic’s anti-bacterial properties in 1858, and later Albert Schweitzer used garlic to treat amoebic dysentery. More recently, researchers have demonstrated that garlic helps protect against heart disease and cancer, and possess remarkable antibiotic effects. Garlic juice and its constituents can slow or kill more than sixty fungi and twenty types of bacteria, including some of the most virulent known to man. Researchers really began studying garlic after results of an epidemiologic study were published about ten years ago. The long-term study compared three groups of vegetarians in India who: 1. Consumed little or no garlic at all; 2. Consumed moderate amounts (10 grams per week) of garlic, or; 3. Consumed large amounts (50 grams of garlic per week). The mean fasting cholesterol levels for those ingesting large amounts of garlic was 159 mg/100 ml of serum. For those ingesting moderate amounts, the level was 172 mg/100 ml of serum, and those ingesting no garlic serum cholesterol levels were 208 mg/100 ml of serum. The diet of all three groups was virtually identical except for the difference in garlic intake. Researchers also reported that those who abstained completely from garlic and onions had blood that clotted more quickly than did those who consumed garlic and onions. In a another study, two sets of patients suffering with coronary-artery disease were enlisted in a ten-month study. One group got garlic supplements while the other group did not. Those who received garlic had steadily declining levels of lipoproteins associated with heart disease, while the group that didn’t get garlic showed no decline in these lipoproteins. Researchers concluded: “The positive reports appear to be overwhelming. The reviewers were surprised by the scarcity of negative reports.” Scientists also reviewed a variety of animal studies, many well controlled, in which garlic clearly exhibited a statistically significant lowering effect on cholesterol. The effect in most studies was found to be “dose-related,” meaning that the higher the daily dose of garlic, the greater the reduction in cholesterol. Various sulfur compounds contained in garlic appear to account for this favorable effect on cardiovascular health. Some of these are known to have significant impact on the biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. Ajoene, a garlic compound, has a potent anti-clotting effect and appears to be the crucial component in a number of garlic’s therapeutic actions. Other compounds in garlic have exhibited anti-tumor effects in animals. Epidemiologic studies in China show that eating a lot of garlic can protect against stomach cancer. Those who ate an average of seven garlic cloves a day had an incidence of gastric cancer ten times lower than those who rarely, if ever, ate garlic. The garlic, in this case, seemed to work, at least in part, by preventing dietary nitrites from converting to cancer-causing nitrosamines. Animal cancer research with garlic is impressive. Researchers recently proved that a garlic compound, diallyl sulfide, given to mice prior to exposure to a colon-cancer-inducing agent, has a potent protective effect. The garlic-treated animals got 75 percent fewer tumors than control animals not given garlic. In a similar experiments garlic completely protected mice against esophageal cancer. In other animal research, sulphur compounds of garlic have inhibited stomach and skin cancers. These compounds seem to work by enabling the liver to detoxify cancer causing chemicals before they can do harm. Additionally, garlic contains bioflavonoids and antioxidants, both known anti-carcinogens. Allicin is another of the active sulfur compounds in garlic, and is the substance that gives garlic its antibiotic qualities. There is one study which suggests that high doses of garlic might also increase physical endurance. Researchers wanted to see if garlic could protect heart muscles against a toxic drug. They injected rats with the heart-damaging drug isoproterenol. One group of these rats got garlic in their diet for a week prior to the injection with the drug. Another group got the drug, too, but no garlic. The garlic-fed rats withstood the effects of the drug far better than the rats that didn’t get garlic. The garlic-protected rats showed their greater physical endurance by swimming an average of 840 seconds before and 560 seconds after the drug injection. The rats that didn’t get garlic could swim only an average of 480 seconds before and only 78 seconds after injection. At autopsy, far fewer lesions were found in the heart muscles of the garlic-supplemented rats than in the muscles of the control rats. Ginger Ginger is derived from the tuberous rhizome (underground root) of the perennial plant Zingiber officinale of the family Zingiberaceae. Also referred to as Jamaica ginger, African ginger, or Cochin ginger, ginger has been used as a spice, condiment and flavoring agent. For nearly 2,500 years ginger has also played an important role in Asian medicine as a folk remedy to promote cleansing of the body through perspiration, to calm nausea, and to stimulate the appetite. Ginger tea was also used as a carminative (agent which expels gas from the intestines) and in the symptomatic treatment of colds when given at their onset. It has been used in China and other countries for many years as a tonic. Ginger contains gingerol, a ginger oleoresin (combination of volatiles oils and resin) that accounts for the characteristic aroma of ginger, and explain its theraputic properties. Components of gingerol (zingiberone, bisabolene, camphene, geranial, linalool and borneol) have recently been studied and found to possess beneficial properties for the treatment of poor digestion, heartburn, vomiting and preventing motion sickness. A report appearing in the English medical journal Lancet in 1982 concluded that powdered ginger helped with motion sickness. Researchers conducted a double-blind study on 36 college students with a high susceptibility to motion sickness. Reporting on ginger’s ability to control motion sickness and aleviate neausea, they concluded that 940 mg. of powdered ginger was superior to 100 mg. of dimenhydrinate in reducing symptoms when consumed 25 minutes prior to tests in a tilted rotating chair. On the basis of this and other studies German health authorities have concluded that ginger, at an average daily dose level of 2 to 4 grams, is effective for preventing motion sickness and is also useful as a digestive aid. Any antiemetic effects of ginger are due to its local action in the stomach, and not to any central nervous system activity. Ginger is ordinarily taken in the form of capsules, each containing 250 to 500 mg. of powdered herb. It may also be consumed as a tea or in the form of candied ginger that is readily available in Oriental food markets. There are no reports of severe toxicity in humans from eating ginger, but recent pharmacological studies indicate that very large overdoses might carry the potential for causing depression of the central nervous system and cardiac atrhythmias. Additionally, the whole ginger plant has been found to cause liver damage in animals. It is interesting to note that an alcoholic beverage prepared from Jamaican ginger, popular in some parts of the U.S. in the 1930s, caused a serious neurologic problem called “the Jake Walk.” CAUTION: If suffering from gallstones, or if pregnant or nursing, consult a health care professional before taking large amounts of ginger. The German Commission E monograph opposes use for morning sickness during pregnancy. Daily consumption of ginger root may interfere with the absorption of dietary iron and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as tetracycline derivatives, oral anticholinergics, phenothiazines, digoxin, isoniazid, pheytoin, warfarin, lincomycin, digitalis, nalidixic acid, sulfonamides, and phenothiozines or other psychoactive agents which are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Ginger may mask the ototoxicity caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics such as neomycin. It may inhibit urinary excretion of alkaline drugs, such as amphetamines or quinidine. Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest living tree species, dating back over 300 million years, and individual trees can live for over 1,000 years. In China extracts of the fruit and leaves of the ginkgo tree have been used for over 5,000 years to treat lung ailments such as asthma and bronchitis, and as a remedy for cardiovascular diseases. Recently western researchers have been studying ginkgo biloba as a treatment for senility, hardening of the arteries, and as a treatment for oxygen deprivation. More than 34 human studies on ginkgo have been published since 1975, showing, among other things, that ginkgo can increases the body’s production of the universal energy molecule adenosine triphosphate, commonly called ATP. This activity has been shown to boost the brains energy metabolism of glucose and increase electrical activity. Scientists also discovered that ginkgo contains an abundance of useful compounds including the antioxidants Vitamin C and carotenoids, but it is the flavonoid compounds collectively known as “ginkgolides” that are the most remarkable. The ginkgo flavonoids act specifically to dilate the smallest segment of the circulatory system, the micro-capillaries, which has a widespread affect on the organs, especially the brain. Researchers have also reported that Ginkgo extracts effectively increase blood circulation and increase oxygen levels in brain tissues. Ginkgo is also a powerful antioxidant that prevents platelet aggregation inside arterial walls, keeping them flexible and decreasing the formation of arteriosclerositic plaque. Ginkgo’s ability to improve blood flow has been shown in numerous studies with the elderly, leading German researchers to study ginkgo as a treatment for atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. This condition can cause a condition marked by decreased blood flow to the limbs caused by hardening of the arteries. One indicator of this condition is severe pain felt in the legs when attempting to walk even short distances, referred to as intermittent claudication. German researchers found that treatment with ginkgo extracts improved circulation to the extremities and made it possible for patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease to walk further with much less pain. Ginkgo biloba extracts are relatively considered safe and free of side effects, though taking very large doses may lead to diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, which can be controlled by reducing the amount consumed. Ginseng (American) American Ginseng has been traditionally used by the American Indians as a general tonic, as a natural restorative for the weak and wounded and to help the mind American Ginseng is now used as a natural preventative and restorative remedy, and is valued for its adaptagenic properties. American Ginseng is more sedative and relaxing, and increases “yin” energy, in contrast to Korean Ginseng (Panax) which is more stimulating and increases the “yang” energy. The main active ingredients of Ginseng (American and Korean) are the more than 20 saponin triterpenoid glycosides called “ginsenosides”. Another major difference between American and Korean Ginseng is that the American Ginseng is rich in the Rb1 group of ginsenosides, which have a more sedative and metabolic effect on the central nervous system. Korean Ginseng is higher in the Rg1 group of ginsenosides, which are more arousing and stimulating. American Ginseng (Rb1 ginsenosides) also increases stamina, learning ability, and has been used for stress, fatigue characterized by insomnia, poor appetite, nervousness and restlessness. Ginseng (Korean) Ginsenosides (Rg1) are the active ingredients that trigger the over-all benefits of Korean Ginseng. Ginseng has been shown to reduce the intensity of the body’s response to stresses. Ginseng is the first bioactive compound to be termed “adaptogenic”, which indicates a balancing effect to restore or counter the effects of stress. Ginseng has been proven effective in assisting prolonged mental tasks and in improving intellectual performance. Overtraining in athletics is harmful to athletic gains and the body in general, with immune suppression a common result of going too far, too fast. Ginseng has been shown to be effective in restoring muscle glycogen (carbohydrate) and high energy phosphate compounds to normal levels. Research has shown specific effects which support the central nervous system, liver circulatory system, immune and glandular systems. Ginseng (Siberian) Siberian Ginseng comes from the woody roots and not the typical fleshy rootstocks of the other ginsengs. The active ingredients, eleuthrerosides (B & E), are glycosides which provide the adaptogenic properties. Siberian Ginseng helps the body handle stressful conditions while enhancing mental and athletic abilities. The glycosides appear to act on the adrenal glands, helping to prevent adrenal hypertrophy and excess corticosteroid production in response to stress. Siberian Ginseng has been shown to increase energy, stamina, help the body resist viral infections, environmental toxins, radiation and chemotherapy. Siberian Ginseng is used to restore memory, concentration and cognitive abilities which may be impaired by improper blood supply to the brain. Goldenseal Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) a member of the family Ranunculaceae, is a native American medicinal drug introduced to early settlers by Cherokee Indians who used it as a wash for skin diseases and sore eyes. Goldenseal extract, derived from the rhizome and roots of this small forest plant, has acquired a considerable reputation as a general bitter tonic and as a remedy for various gastric and genitourinary disorders. Goldenseal’s benefits can be attributed to its alkaloids, especially hydrastine and berberine. The latter is also responsible for the drug’s characteristic golden color. These alkaloids are strongly astringent and help reduce inflammation of mucous membranes. Hydrastine has also been reported to lower blood pressure and stimulate peristalsis, along with being an anti-tussive (relieves coughs). Berberine and its sulfate, berberine sulfate, have been demonstrated to have anti-cancer activity in vitro and also have been shown to have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and immunostimulatory activity, as well. Berberine has shown marked effects on acute diarrhea and its antibacterial qualities interfere with the ability of micro-organisms to adhere to the walls of host cells. Goldenseal has been recommended for a variety of inflamed mucous membranes, including stomach, intestinal, vaginal and rectal. It has been reported that the plant relieves pains and helps heal wounds and stop bleeding. In addition, the antibacterial action helps reduce or prevent infection of open sores. Recently, a “detox” tea made from comfrey, goldenseal, orange peel, mullein and spearmint has been used to help addicts kick their cocaine, heroin, and methadone habits. This would be great if it worked, but without scientific testing we can’t say one way or the other. Besides, one of the ingredients, comfrey, may be quite toxic. High doses of goldenseal may cause nausea, vomiting, a decrease in the white blood count and feelings of pins and needles in the hands and feet. Gotu kola Gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban), of the Apiaceae family, is also known as centella and pennywort. Native to areas such as Sri Lanka and South Africa, the leaves of this swamp plant have been used around the world for centuries to treat leprosy, cancer, skin disorders, arthritis, hemorrhoids, and tuberculosis. Gotu kola has also been employed as an energy tonic, an aphrodisiac, and as a treatment for high blood pressure and mental disorders. Gotu kola is a vital herb in Ayurveda, the traditional science of health in India, where it is used to “strengthen both the white and grey matter of the brain”, stimulate learning, memory and alertness, and calm or sedate anxiety when necessary. Traditional Chinese medicinal believed Gotu kola provided longevity, and thus called it the “fountain of youth” herb in China. In the United States gotu kola is found in countless energy formulas and tonics. A common misconception is that gotu kola contains caffeine, which is simply not true. Researchers have found that gotu kola contains several glycosides that exhibit wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities, and in large doses it can act as a sedative. Other researchers have shown that fresh leaves of the gotu kola plant are effective in healing chronic skin ulcers and other wounds. Gotu kola contains a group of triterpenes called asiaticosides that possess strong antioxidant properties. In modern health care Gotu Kola is used primarily for venous insufficiency, localized inflammation and infection, and post-surgery recovery. Gotu kola is also used for the following: * SKIN: Open wounds, sores, ulcers, other infections and radiation ulcers. * CONFINEMENT: Bed sores, phlebitis, tingling, night cramps. * VEIN PROBLEMS: Phlebitis, varicose veins, cellulite and edema. * GYNECOLOGY: Lesions during pregnancy, delivery and obstetric manipulations, and episiotomy tears. Gotu kola affects various stages of tissue development, including keratinization (the process of replacing skin after sores or ulcers). Asiaticosides stimulate the formation of lipids and proteins necessary for healthy skin. Gotu Kola has been found to have significant results in healing of skin, other connective tissues, lymph tissue, blood vessels (decreasing capillary fragility), and mucous membranes. Grape Seed Grape Seed Extract (along with Pycnogenol, an extract derived from maritime pine bark) is an important source of one of nature’s most potent antioxidants, the proanthocyanidins. These nutritionally valuable substances have been utilized to treat deteriorating diseases and conditons with great success. Research has shown that proanthocyanidins (bioflavonoids) serve as anti-inflammatories, antihistamines, atniallergenics and are major free radical scavengers. The proanthocyandins possess up to 50 times stronger antioxidant activity than Vitamin C&E, Beta Carotene or Selenium. Proanthocyanidins also help promote tissue elasticity, help heal injuries, reduce swelling and edema, restore collagen and improve peripheral circulation. Proanthocyanidins also prevent bruising, strengthen weak blood vessels, protect agains atherosclerosis, and reduce histamine production. For years, those who could afford the high price of pycnogenol supplements derived significant antioxidant protection against free radicals. Pycnogenol, which is derived from pine bark, contains 85% proanthocyanidin. Grapeseed extract contains 95% proanthocyanidin and is far more affordable than pycnogenol. Green Tea Green tea extract comes from the natural dried leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Black tea is derived from oxidized green tea leaves. Both Green and Black tea have been used for thousands of years in Asia, both as a beverage and a herbal medicine. Researchers studying green tea have found it to be an excellent source of potent, bioflavonoid-rich compound that is high in polyphenols, a special class of bioflavonoids. The most important of the polyphenols isolated from green tea are the catechins, and in particular (-)Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), a strong antioxidant that is used in food production and antioxidant research. The phenol groups in green tea polyphenols are extremely active, easily able to capture and neutralize free radicals and other pro-oxidants. Researchers have found that EGCG is over 200 times more powerful than vitamin E in neutralizing pro-oxidants and free radicals that attack lipids (oils and fats). EGCE is also 20 times more potent than vitamin E in reducing the formation of dangerous and potentially mutagenic peroxides that form in rancid fats and lard. EGCE is also known to confer protection against respiratory and digestive infections and food poisoning, while encouraging acidophilus growth and regularizing bowel habits. In laboratory studies, 500 mg. of green tea catechins per day have been shown to significantly lower blood pressure and possess anti-mutagenic activity. Additionally, at very high levels (0.5% to 1% of daily diet) green tea catechins reduced high total- and LDL-cholesterol levels in animal studies. Green tea blocks the attachment of bacteria to the teeth, protecting against cavities. Green tea extract is non-toxic, both in acute doses and high long-term doses. There is no potential for causing mutation or birth defects, and no adverse effect on fertility, pregnancy or nursing. Guarana Guarana (Paullinia Cupana) is a climbing shrub that grows wild in the Amazon regions of Brazil and Uruguay. Most modern commercial Guarana is grown on government plantations where the highest quality plants are harvested. The Guarana fruit is havested when ripe, after turning a bright red or yellow. The gathered fruit yields a small round black seed which is crushed to form a paste containing 10% Guaranine (caffeine). Guarana has been used for hundreds of years by Brazilian Indians as a general tonic for the body and as a source of energy. Guarana acts on the central nervous system to prevent fatigue and break down lactic acid from muscle stress. Besides caffeine, Guarana contains a host of other xanthines. Theobromine and Theophylline are the primary xanthines, acting as muscle relaxants and possessing diuretic properties. Hawthorne Hawthorne berries are gathered from the small tree Crataegus laevigata of the family Rosaceae. Also known as Mayblossom and Whitehorn, Hawthorne was known to Dioscorides in the first century A.D., but was not widely used until recent times. The edible berries are often made into marmalade, and herbal preparations made from the flowers, fruits, and leaves are very prominent in contemporary European medicine. Currently about three dozen different preparations containing extracts of Hawthorne are marketed in Germany. Hawthorne is described in most modern herbals as a valuable treatment for various heart ailments and circulatory disorders, as well acting as a mild astringent to be used for treating sore throats. Hawthorne is most often used to protect against the beginning stages of heart disease, for mild heart muscle weakness, for pressure and tightness of the chest, and for mild arrhythmia. It is also used as a tonic for an aging heart. Standardized extracts improve myocardial and coronary circulation, raising the myocardial tolerance for oxygen deficiency. Hawthorne is also used for hypertension, nervous disorders and insomnia. It may potentiate the action of digitalis, and does potentiate cardiotonic glycosides. Hawthorne should not be used as a substitute for medical care when an “organic cause” for one of the conditions listed is present, so cause should be diagnosed prior to use. Modern researchers have revealed some interesting properties of hawthorne and confirmed that hawthorne contains compounds which support the heart and circulatory system. Hawthorn works to dilate the blood vessels, especially the coronary vessels, reducing peripheral resistance and thus lowering blood pressure and reducing the tendency to angina attacks. Though hawthorne’s action is not immediate, but develops very slowly, apparently it has a direct effect on the heart itself, especially in cases of heart damage. Its toxicity is low as well, becoming evident only in large doses. It’s therefore a relatively harmless heart tonic which apparently yields good results in many conditions where this kind of therapy is required. Hawthorne contains leucoanthocyanins, flavonoids, hyperoside, vitexin 2-rhamnoside, glycosylflavones, amines, catechols, phenolcarboxylic acids, triterpene acids, sterols, inositol, PABA, saponins and purines. The main activity of hawthorne is derived from the potent mixture of pigment bioflavonoids, as well as oligomeric procyanidins (dehydrocatechins) that seem to be particularly active. Some of the flavonoid glycosides are thought to work in a similar way to digitoxin, having a vasodilating effect that could be helpful in the treatment of angina. They also produce marked sedative effects which indicate an action on the central nervous system. A combination of several constituents seems to be directly responsible for the increase in heart muscle contraction force, by blocking whatever is reducing the contraction, for example, beta-blockers. The flavones help control the intracellular Calcium ion concentration. Hawthorne berries also contain inositol, PABA, purines, saponins, and B vitamins. Hops The hop plant, Humulus lupuius, is a a perennial climbing vine and hedgerow that twines around trees. Belonging to the family Cannabidaceae, hops are extensively cultivated in England, Germany, the United States, South America, and Australia. The hop plants bear a female strobile (fruit) shaped like a scaly cone, covered with glandular hairs containing the resinous bitter principles which make hops so popular in brewing and in medicine. Hops have been used since Roman times in brewing beer and as a nerve tonic and sedative. It has also been used to control diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn’s disease, where spasms of the smooth muscles play a role. Although hops have been used for brewing beer for over 1,000 years, their medicinal properties have also been valued from very early times. Hop pickers used to tire easily, apparently as a result of transferring some hop resin from their hands to their mouths, gaining hops a reputation as a safe sedative. Later, pillows filled with hops were used for insomnia and nervousness. Small bags of hops, wetted with alcohol and placed on the skin, were also said to reduce local inflammation. Experiments have shown that Hops relaxes the smooth muscles and acts as a sedative. It has been used to increase breast milk for irritable infants (and probably pass along its soothing effects). The main constituent chemicals are unstable polyphenolic principles, primarily lupulin, which contains a bitter acid complex (2-Methyl-3-butonol, humulone, lumulone, lupulone and valeronic acid) and a volatile oil complex (humulene, myrcene, b-carophyllene and farnescene). The bitter acids humulone and lupulone have been associated with sedative properties. Hops also contain tannins, flavonoid glycosides (rutin, quercetin and astragalin), and asparagine. CAUTION: If you are pregnant or nursing, consult your health care professional before using hops products. Not recommended for people suffering from depressive illness. Horsetail Horsetail (Equisetum Arvense) is a rush-like perennial related to ferns. The hollow, jointed stems of this flowerless plant contain large amounts of silica and silicic acids (5-8%). Silica is used by the body in the production and repair of connective tissues while accelerating the healing of broken bones. Our bodies use silica to maintain and repair the nails, hair, skin, eyes and cell walls. Horsetail is also used for its diuretic and astrigent properties, making it a useful treatment for cystitis, bladder and prostate problems, and kidney stones. Horsetail (silica) reduces the risk of excessive bleeding and contributes to the building of healthy blood cells. Research has shown that Horsetail increases the number of phagozytes (enzymes that kill germs and other foreign substances), which improves the functioning of the entire immune system. Bronchitis, lung and respiratory tract disorders have been shown to be helped by Horsetail, which increases the functioning and elasticity of lung tissues. Horsetail contains 5% of the saponin equisetonin, and several flavone glycosides, including isoquercitrin, galuteolin, and equisetrin, which most likely account for its diuretic activity. Horsetail also contains Aconitic acid, calcium, PABA, fatty acids, fluorine, vitamin B-5 and zinc. Juniper Juniper, latin name Juniperus communis, is a short evergreen shrub whose fruit and oil provides a flavoring agent used extensively in the food, perfume and soap industries. Juniper berry is probably best known as the unique flavoring agent of gin, an important component of the dry martini, a popular intoxicant and putative calmative revered by western culture for over 300 years. As a medicinal remedy, juniper has a long history of use employed as a treatment for numerous diseases by ancient Greek and Arab healers, as well as native American Indians. Juniper berries contain a volatile oil, terpinen-4, that acts as a kidney irritant to stimulate increased kidney filtration and output. For this reason Juniper is commonly utilized as a diuretic to treat conditions involving the kidneys and bladder, to increase urine output, and for relief from symptoms of gout and kidney stones. Juniper berries, consumed raw, are also believed to act as a stimulant to increase appetite, and also serve as a remedy for rheumatism and arthritis. Lastly, Juniper berries, either eaten raw or brewed as a spicy sweet tea, are used as an effective remedy to relieve gas, stimulate digestion, and relieve colic. While generally recognized as a safe herb, pregnant women are cautioned to avoid consuming Juniper products due to the likelyhood of increased contractions of the uterus. Those suffering from kidney ailments should also avoid Juniper products which can irritate the kidneys and bladder. When taking Juniper, if excessive urination or kidney irritation occur, cease using the product immediately. Kava Kava Kava Kava (Piper Methysticum), also known as kava pepper, is an exciting botanical that has gained recent popularity in United States due to its availability. Though Kava is relatively new to the U.S., it is certainly not a new herb. Kava has been used in Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia in the South Pacific for over 3,000 years. Kava is a relaxant and sleep aid, able to induce a feeling of relaxation, peace and contentment, along with a sharpening of the senses. Kava was the beverage of choice during important meetings involving conflicts, inducing a state of relaxation and goodwill among parties trying to reconcil differences. More recently, in the past few hundred years, Kava has also gained popularity with the natives of Hawaii, Australia and New Guinea where it is used medicinally as well as recreationally. Kava was first mentioned in the scientific records in 1886, and by 1993 the active ingredients, Kavalactones, were detected by mass spectrometry. Over the past 100 years extensive analytical investigation of the Kava root has revealed that the active ingredients in Kava, the kavalactones, comprise 15% of the root. Of the fifteen lactones isolated from Kava, there are six major lactones (kavalactones) known to provide psychoactive activity: kawain, methysticin, demethoxy-yangonin, dihydrokawain, dihydomethysicin, and yongonin. All kavalactones are physiologically active, though it is the fat-soluble kavalactones derived from kava resin that convey the main psychoactive activity. Absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is remarkably rapid, so the effects are felt almost immediately. The kavaclones are pharmacologically effective and differences in their actions are qualitative as well as quantitative. According to Singh (1983), “Kavalactones act less by inhibition of neuromuscular transmission than by a direct effect on muscular contractibility. The postsynaptic depression is similar to that caused by lignocain and other local anesthetics”. Kava’s muscle-relaxant properties are similar to those of potent tranquilizers as they both act on the central nervous system. Double-blind, placebo controlled studies conducted in 1991 show Kava to be a modern means of achieving relaxed states without side effects. Increased cognitive function has been observed with Kava use according to a 1993 article in Neuropsychobiology. Unlike sedatives, Kava improves mental function instead of dulling the brain. And unlike alcohol or sedatives, it would be extremely difficult to build up a tolerance to Kava (Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, 1992, 18:571). A dose of 100 to 150 ml of Kava can induce sleep within 30 minutes. No aftereffects are noted at this dose. Kava root is primarily used as a natural sedative and sleep inducer. It is also effective in reducing menstrual cramps. Kava is obviously not recommended for those who intend to drive or conduct any activity which requires fast reaction time. Pharmaceutical grades of natural Kava root are available from reputable companies in the United States. Synthetic Kava can be produced but does not possess the same soothing qualities of naturally extracted kavalactones from the Kava plant. Correctly extracted Kava will contain all six kavalactones in high concentrations (25-30%). CAUTION: Driving or operating heavy or dangerous equipment is not recommended while under the influence of Kava Kava, as drowsiness is likely to occur. Kava Kava use is contraindicated during pregnancy or nursing, and in cases of depression. Do not take for more than 3 months, nore more than 1,000 mg. per day without medical advice. Extended continuous intake can cause a temporary yellow discoloration of skin, hair and nails, in which case it must be discontinued. Discontinue use if dilation of pupils or disturbances of coordination between vision and movement occur. INTERACTION: Use of Kava Kava may increase the effects of alcohol, barbiturates and psychopharmacological agents. Kola Nut Kola Nut is also known as Cola Nut and Cola. Kola Nut is the seed kernel of a large African tree grown commercially around the world. It is extremely popular in the tropics as a caffeine containing stimulant. Key constituents are caffeine, theobromine, tannins and phenolics, including d-catechin, l-epicatechin, kolatin, and kolanin. Also contains phlobaphens, the antocyanin pigment kola red, betaine, protein and starch. Kola Nut is a central nervous system stimulant, antidepressant, diuretic and astringent. Because of its caffeine content, Kola Nut may relieve some migraine headaches. The phenolics and anthrocyanin are likely to provide antioxidant activity. Historical uses of Kola Nut include increasing the capacity for physical exertion and for enduring fatigue without food; stimulating a weak heart; and treating nervous debility, weakness, lack of emotion, nervous diarrhea, depression, despondency, brooding, anxiety, and sea sickness. Licorice While commonly thought of as a popular candy, the herb Licorice is derived from the from the roots and stems of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, and is never used in candies. Licorice is one of the mainstays of traditional Chinese medicine, and has been used for over 3,000 years as a tonic to rejuvenate the heart and spleen, and as a treatment for ulcers, cold symptoms, and skin disorders. Modern herbalists commonly utilize licorice in treating adrenal insufficiencies such as hypoglycemia and Addison’s disease, counteracting stress, and in purifying the liver and bloodstream. In combination with other herbs it is recommended as a demulcent to soother mucous membranes, and as an expectorant useful in treating flu, colds, respiratory disorders and bronchitis. Medical researchers have isolated several active substances in licorice root including glycosides, flavonoids, asparagine, isoflavonoids, chalcones and coumarins. Primary of these is Glycyrrhetinic acid, a natural anti-inflammatory compound that led to the successful development of drugs used in the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as ulcers of the mouth and genitals. Another licorice compound, glycyrrhizin, has been shown to possess anti-viral properties effective against the polio virus, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, and the HIV virus. Both compounds have also been found to inhibit cancer cells in vitro, though clinical studies on humans have not been conducted. Other derivatives of licorice have elicited a host of active ingredients that seem to act as anti-depressants and, if that weren’t enough, inhibit the enzymes that cause tooth decay. All in all licorice is a very impressive herb that is well supported by medical research and clinical data. Persons with a history of congestive heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disorders should not use licorice compounds. If you are pregnant or nursing, consult your health care professional before using this product. People with a history of renal failure or those currently using cardiac glycosides may wish to avoid use of Licorice as a precautionary measure. Mura Puama One of the best herbs to use for erectile dysfunction is Mura puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides). This shrub is native to Brazil and has long been used as a powerful aphrodisiac and nerve stimulant in South American folk medicine. A recent clinical study has validated its safety and effectiveness in improving libido and sexual function in some patients. Marap uama has been used in tonifying the nervous system and for cases of mild exhaustion. It helps with gastrointestinal and reproductive disorders. It has antirheumatic properties and can be used for treating stress and trauma. Because of neurosexual stimulation it can enhance the libido. It can enhance blood chi and balance yin and yang in the triple warmer. It has been considered to be useful in prevention of some types of baldness. It is also used for neuromuscular problems At the Institute of Sexology in Paris, France, under the supervision of one of the world’s foremost authorities on sexual function, Dr. Jacques Waynberg, a clinical study with 262 patients complaining of lack of sexual desire and the inability to attain or maintain an erection demonstrated Muira puama extract to be effective in many cases. Within 2 weeks, at a daily dose of 1 to 1.5 grams of the extract, 62 percent of patients with loss of libido claimed that the treatment had dynamic effect while 51 percent of patients with “erection failures” felt that Muira puama was of benefit. Presently, the mechanism of action of Muira puama is unknown. From the preliminary information, it appears that it works on enhancing both psychological and physical aspects of sexual function. Future research will undoubtably shed additional light on this extremely promising herb for erectile dysfunction. Milk Thistle Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn), is a member of the family Asteraceae. Also known as the Marian, St. Mary’s, and Our Lady’s thistle, Milk Thistle should not be confused with the blessed or holy thistle (Cnicus benedictus), an entirely different species. Milk Thistle is a tall herb with prickly leaves and a milky sap that is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe. Milk thistle is among the most ancient of all known herbal medicines, having been used as a folk remedy for centuries for liver complaints. Recent research has demonstrated that extracts of milk thistle do indeed protect against some very nasty liver toxins. Research has uncovered a host of antihepatotoxic (liver protectant) compounds commonly referred to as silymarin. Silymarin has been shown to consist of a large number of flavonolignans, including silybin, isosilybin, dehydrosilybin, silydianin and silychristin. Animal studies have shown that silymarin exerts a liver protective effect against a variety of toxins, including the phallo toxins of the deadly Amanita phalloides mushroom. Amanita phalloides is one of the most poisonous mushrooms in the world, containing toxins that are particularly destructive to the liver. Ingestion of this mushroom can lead to severe liver damage and death if untreated. The active ingredient of the herb is a bioflavonoid mixture called silymarin, the principal component of which is silybin. In animal experiments, when silymarin was given before poisoning by the Amanita phalloides mushroom, it was found to be 100 percent effective in preventing liver damage. Silymarin was also found to be completely effective if given to animals within ten minutes of exposure to the poison. When given within twenty-four hours it still prevented death and greatly reduced the amount of liver damage. Silymarin also confers protection against the liver damage from dangerous solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and ethanol (alcohol). Silymarin has been used in the treatment of hepatic disorders in humans, and a German medical study found that liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis improved after three months of therapy with silymarin. A later study reported on the use of 420 milligrams of silymarin daily in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Of twenty followed up for six to thirty-six months, ten were definitely improved and four had deteriorated. The results of numerous studies suggest that silymarin not only protects liver cells by preventing the actions of toxic substances but that it also stimulate protein synthesis to accelerate the regeneration and production of liver cells. Silymarin and component silybin function as antioxidants, protecting cell membranes from free-radical-mediated oxidative damage. This type of damage is known as lipid peroxidation. Most liver toxins produce their damaging effects by free radical mechanisms. Both silymarin and silybin protect red blood cell membranes against lipid peroxidation and hemolysis (breaking down of the red blood cells) caused by certain red blood cell poisons. Milk thistle is presently available in the United States in concentrations that contain up to 80% silymarin. Silymarin is not soluble in water, and is therefore ineffective when taken in the form of a tea. Oral use requires a concentrated product. Milk thistle is marketed in the United States as a food supplement in the form of capsules containing 200 to 250 mg. of a concentrated extract representing 160 to 200 mg. of silymarin. Though relatively free from adverse affects, those with liver problems who wish to use milk thistle should be monitored by a health care professional to determine the products effectiveness. Nettles Nettles, (Urtica dioica) from the family Urticaceae is also referred to as Stinging Nettle, Common Nettle and Greater Nettle. Nettle plants grow 2 to three feet tall, bearing dark green leaves with serrated margins and small flowers covered with tiny hairs on the leaves and stems. When brushed, Nettles can inject an irritant into any skin that comes into contact with the plant. This stinging reaction is caused by the plant hairs injecting a compound containing formic acid, histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and other irritants. This stinging activity is lost when the plant is dried or cooked, and the tender tops of young first-growth nettles are especially delicious and nutritious. Found all over the world, Nettles have been used as a vegetable and folk remedy for centuries. Collected before flowering, Nettles were thought useful as a treatment for asthma, as an expectorant, antispasmodic, diuretic, astringent, and tonic. Applying an extract of Nettles to the scalp was said to stimulate hair growth, and chronic rheumatism was treated by placing nettle leaves directly on the afflicted area. This usually led to local irritation, which could be relieved by vigorously rubbing the area. No evidence exist for the belief in Nettles ability to treat baldness. Likewise, Nettles have also been historically used to treat cancer, liver disease, constipation, asthma, worms, arthritis, gout, tuberculosis and gonorrhea, with little if any effectiveness. The diuretic properties of nettles are well recognized, and several pharmaceutical preparations incorporating Nettles are marketed in Europe for this purpose. In addition, an extract of nettle root has become quite popular in recent years for the treatment of urinary retention brought on by benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Some clinical studies attests to its effectiveness, and German health authorities now allow it to be used for this condition. The German Commission E monograph indicates use of Nettles for secondary (not primary) treatment for rheumatic complaints, and for irrigation (flushing) in cases of inflammation of the urinary tract and in prevention and treatment of kidney gravel, noting that abundant fluid intake must be assured. Nettles are rich in chlorophyll and young cooked nettle shoots, when cooked, are not only edible but are an excellent source of beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and minerals, especially silica. Adverse effects from consuming nettle tea can range from upset stomach to burning sensations in the skin, difficulty in urination and bloating. Parsley Most often found in fresh salads and as an uneaten garnish in restaurants, Parsley, latin name Petroselinum sativum, has been used in classical folk medicine for over 2,000 years, and traditional folk healers have discovered applications for virtually every part of this carrot-like plant. Parsley seeds have been used as a carminative to relieve gas and stimulate digestive action, while the root has been employed for its mild diuretic activity, helping to increase urine output and rid the body of excess fluids. The leaves and root have been recommended for treating urinary tract infections, and the entire plant is claimed to stimulate digestion and to act as an expectorant to aid in the elimination of mucus, thus aiding congestion. Folk healers have also found parsley to be an effective emmenagogue to stimulate the uterus and aid menstrual flow. As a food, parsley is an excellent breath freshener, and nutritionally it is a good source of iron, beta carotene and vitamins B1, B2 and C. Laboratory research has supported many of the healing claims of parsley. Essential oils extracted from parsley have been shown to lower of blood pressure and to act as a mild sedative. Volatile oils contained in parsley seeds have also proven to support claims for aiding digestion and increasing urine output. Parsley also contains apiol and myristicin, mildly toxic terpenes known to stimulate the uterus. Folk healers have also used parsley as an abortifactant, and under no circumstances should parsley volatile oils be administered to pregnant women. Otherwise, parsley is not toxic and appears free of adverse effects. Passiflora Passiflora (Edulis) is a Brazilian herb that is rich in Alkaloids (harmine & harmaline) and Flavone Glycosides. These ingredients have a sedative and tranquilizing effect. Passiflora may aid the transition into a restful sleep without any narcotic hangover. Historically, Passiflora was used by North American Indians, where it was applied to earaches, boils and inflammation. Passiflora enters the heart, liver and lung meridians; influencing the cardiovascular and central nervous system. Passiflora is also said to have an anti-spasmodic effect especially when there is associated tension. Passion Flower Passion Flower is also known as Wild Passion Flower and Maypop. It is a woody vine with flowers that reminded early pilgrims of the passion and suffering of Christ. Passion Flower bears small berry-like fruit called granadilla or water lemon. Passion Flower is used as a sedative in nervous disorders (including gastrointestinal complaints of nervous origin), difficulties in sleeping, and anxiety or restlessness, especially in children. Also used to treat female anxiety during menses, childbirth and menopause. Passion Flower reduces spasms and depresses the central nervous system. Passion Flower contains flavonoids such as isovitexin, vitexin, saponarin, orientin, glycosides, gynocardin, and alkaloids. Supportive agents include: Valerian, Hops, Chamomile, Skullcap, Kava Kava, Wood Betony, Hawthorne Berries, L-Tryptophan and GABA. Pennyroyal Pennyroyal, latin name Mentha pulegium, is a member of the mint family. A mildly spicy tea brewed from the leaves of the pennyroyal plant is often recommended as a diaphoretic to inducing sweating to aid in eliminating toxins from the body. It also serves as a carminative to relieve gas, stimulate digestive action and to relieve nausea. Pennyroyal, when brewed together with yarrow and elder flowers, results in a tea that is recommended by herbal healers as a treatment for releif of symptoms during the early stages of colds and flu. It is also consumed before retiring to bed for its mild sedative action. Pennyroyal tea has also been traditionally employed as an emmenagogue to promote menstrual flow, and as an abortifacient to initiate self-abortion. These activities are initiated by highly volatile oils contained in the plant. These oils are high in pulegone, a highly toxic volatile, which can stimulate uterine activity. While pennyroyal tea may safely stimulate mild increase in menstrual flow, the effects of the oil are very different. When employed to induce abortion the effects of pennyroyal oil are extremely dangerous and can be lethal. In one case, despite immediate emergency hospital treatment, an expectant mother died within hours of consuming just two tablespoonfuls of pennyroyal oil in an attempt to initiate self-abortion. Other cases have resulted in coma and convulsions after consuming much smaller amounts of this extremely toxic oil. Such dangers do not pertain to normal consumtion of pennyroyal tea. Pennyroyal oil can only be recommended for external application to repel flying insects, and it is often found in flea collars for dogs and cats. Pumpkin Pumpkin seeds of the genus Cucurbita have enjoyed a long history in folk medicine for use as teniafuges, or agents with the ability to rid the body of intestinal parisites such as roundworms and tapeworms. Derived from such species as autumn squash, crookneck squash, and the Canada pumpkin, cucurbita seeds can be consumed plain, or be administered in the form of an infusion or tea. Usually taken in three separate doses ranging in size from 20 to 150 grams of seeds, the treatment is believed to paralize the worms, causing them to loosen their grasp and then allowing for them to be an effectively expelled from the body. Researchers have isolated an amino acid called cucurbitin that is found only in pumpkin seeds and is thought to be responsible for the worm-expelling effects. Pumpkin seeds are also a good source of two unsaturated fatty acids oleic and linoleic acid which may account for claims that pumpkin seeds can releive symptoms of enlarge prostate. There are no known side effects or reports of toxicity regarding pumpkin seeds. Pycnogenol Grape Seed Extract (along with Pycnogenol, an extract derived from maritime pine bark) is an important source of one of nature’s most potent antioxidants, the proanthocyanidins. These nutritionally valuable substances have been utilized to treat deteriorating diseases and conditons with great success. Research has shown that proanthocyanidins (bioflavonoids) serve as anti-inflammatories, antihistamines, atniallergenics and are major free radical scavengers. The proanthocyandins possess up to 50 times stronger antioxidant activity than Vitamin C&E, Beta Carotene or Selenium. Proanthocyanidins also help promote tissue elasticity, help heal injuries, reduce swelling and edema, restore collagen and improve peripheral circulation. Proanthocyanidins also prevent bruising, strengthen weak blood vessels, protect agains atherosclerosis, and reduce histamine production. For years, those who could afford the high price of pycnogenol supplements derived significant antioxidant protection against free radicals. Pycnogenol, which is derived from pine bark, contains 85% proanthocyanidin. Grapeseed extract contains 95% proanthocyanidin and is far more affordable than pycnogenol. Pygeum Pygeum is also known as African Pygeum. It is a large evergreen tree that grows in the high plateaus of southern Africa. The bark is traditionally powdered and drunk as a tea for genito-urinary complaints. Double-blind clinical trials have shown efficacy for many parameters of prostatic hypertrophy, including failure to urinate, nocturnal urination, frequent urination, residual urine, abdominal heaviness, voiding volume, prostate volume and peak flow. Results included significant reduction of symptoms and prostate size, and clearance of bladder neck urethra obstruction. The bark contains three groups of active constituents: phytosterols (including beta-sitosterol), pentacyclic triterpenoids (including ursolic and oleaic acids) and ferulic esters of long-chain fatty alcohols (including ferulic esters of docosanol and tetracosanol). Royal Jelly Royal jelly is a viscous, milky white secretion produced by the pharyngeal glands of worker bee (Apis mellifera L.), belonging to the insect family Apidae. During the first three days of life all bee larvae feed exclusively on this special and highly concentrated food. Future queens continue to be nourished by this product, making the Queen Bee 50% larger than the other female worker bees, and contribuing to her incredible stamina and longevity. Queen Bees typically live 4 or 5 years, compared to the workers, who live only about 40 days. Because the resulting queens are much larger than worker bees, live thirty to forty times longer, and are highly fertile (worker bees are sterile), enthusiasts have long believed that royal jelly may have beneficial effects when consumed by human beings. Various herbalist claim that royal jelly is especially effective in halting or controlling the aging process, nourishing the skin and erasing facial blemishes and wrinkles. Royal Jelly has also been used to treat cases of fatigue, depression, convalescence from illness, the “growing pains” of adolescence; and in preventing the signs of normal aging or even premature senility. As a general tonic for treating the menopause or male climacteric and to improve sexual performance, royal jelly supposedly has a general systemic action rather than any specific biological function. Chinese herbalists also advocate Royal Jelly for use in cases of liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, phlebitis, gastric ulcer, degenerative conditions, and general mental or physical weakness. The chemistry of royal jelly has been extensively studied and found to be a rich source of complete protein, containing all the essential amino acids, unsaturated fats, natural sugars, minerals and the B-vitamins (B-5 and B-6) The B vitamins were especially prominent, with pantothenic acid predominating. Tests have shown that royal jelly does possess some slight antibacterial activity and can have an affect on the adrenal cortex, stimulating the adrenal glands to produce a positive reaction on increased metabolism, enhanced energy, greater sexual capability and appetite. An antitumor effect in mice has also been noted, but there is no evidence that the product has any estrogenic (female sex hormonal) activity, or that it affects the growth, longevity, or fertility of animals. As for its topical effectiveness in rejuvenating the skin the results from one three-month clinical study of 24 female patients are of interest; ten women showed improvement, ten experienced no change, and four showed symptoms of skin irritation. Saw Palmetto Almost half the male population over age 50 suffers from enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH), with symptoms ranging from inflammation (prostatitis), to swelling, painful and frequent urination, and nocturnal urination. One in seven men over age 50 will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime. Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer among men (next to skin cancer) and the second most common cause of cancer death (next to lung cancer). The most common treatment for prostate disease is surgical removal of the prostate. About 400,000 prostatectomies are performed every year in the United States. Unfortunately, surgical removal of the prostate can lead to impotence and incontinence and is linked to increased risk of death from heart disease. Research has shown that enlargement of the prostate gland is caused mainly by the action of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) a powerful male hormone which is converted from the primary male hormone (testosterone) under the influence of the enzyme testosterone 5-alpha-reductase. The FDA recently approved a drug (Proscar) that counters the action of DHT as a treatment for BPH, but Proscar is very expensive ($60 a month) and sometimes causes severe side effects such as sexual impotence. Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens has recently gained widespread use by doctors and alternative health practitioners alike as a safe alternative for treating BHP. Saw Palmetto is a small palm tree with large leaves and deep red-black berries. Native Americans used the berries as a food and a therapeutic herbal treatment for enuresis, nocturia, atrophy of the testes, impotence, inflammation of the prostate and low libido in men. Women also used the Saw Palmetto berries to treat infertility, painful periods and problems with lactation. Saw Palmetto has other traditional uses as a tonic and expectorant for mucous membranes, particularly the bronchial tubes. Saw Palmetto Berry contains an oil with a variety of fatty acids, including capric, caprylic, caproic, lauric, palmitic and oleic acid, and their ethyl esters. Saw Palmetto oil is also high in phytosterols (beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cycloartenol, lupeol, lupenone and 24-methyl-cycloartenol), as well as other volatile oils, resins, and tannin. Saw Palmetto is a “multi-site” inhibitor of the hormone DHT, which plays a major role in the development of prostate disorders. Saw palmetto inhibits 50% of the binding of DHT to receptor sites in the prostate. It also blocks the uptake of DHT into the nucleus of prostate cells, and strongly inhibits the action of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase, which reduces the conversion of testosterone to DHT. In modern research, fat-soluble extracts of Saw Palmetto have been shown to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydro-testosterone (DHT), and to block the binding of DHT to prostate cells, thus reducing prostate enlargement and inflammation. In a controlled clinical trial with patients with enlarged prostate glands, 50 patients who received saw palmetto (320 mg per day – 4 tablets taken in two separate doses with meals) were compared to 44 patients receiving placebo. Patients treated with saw palmetto urinated less frequently, produced a better flow rate and amount of urine, and had less pain and discomfort in urinating than control subjects. There were actually fewer adverse side effects in patients receiving saw palmetto than in controls. Schisandra Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) of the family Schisandraceae is a creeping vine with small red berries that is native to Northern China. In ancient China Schisandra was used as a staple food for hunting and gathering tribes. As a traditional medicinal herb, Schisandra, called Wu-wei-tzu in China, has been used as an astringent for a treatment for dry cough, asthma, night sweats, nocturnal seminal emissions and chronic diarrhea It is also used as a tonic for the treatment of chronic fatigue. During the early 1980’s Chinese doctors began researching Schisandra as a treatment for hepatitis, based on its potential for liver-protective effects and the nature of its active constituents. Schisandra is now a recognized “adaptogen,” capable of increasing the body’s resistance to disease, stress, and other debilitating processes. In Asia, this adaptogenic property is said to “stimulate immune defenses, balance body function, normalize body systems, boost recovery after surgery, protect against radiation, counteract the effects of sugar, optimize energy in times of stress, increase stamina, protect against motion sickness, normalize blood sugar and blood pressure, reduce high cholesterol, shield against infection, improve the health of the adrenals, energize RNA-DNA molecules to rebuild cells and produces energy comparable to that of a young athlete.” Studies conducted on Schisandra’s effects have noted that the drug has a stimulating effect in low doses, but this effect disappeared with larger doses. The compounds thought responsible for the liver-protective effects of Schisandra are lignans composed of two phenylpropanoid. More than 30 of these have been isolated in Schisandra and some 22 of which were tested in 1984 by the Japanese scientist H. Hikino for their ability to reduce the cytotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride and galactosamine on cultured rat liver cells. Most lignans were found to be effective, and some were extremely active (schisandrins A and B, gomisin A, B-bisabolne). Subsequent Japanese studies have found that two of the lignans, wuweizisu C and gomisin A, exert their liver protective effects by functioning as antioxidants to prevent the lipid peroxidation produced by harmful substances such as carbon tetrachloride. Since lipid peroxidation leads to the formation of liver damage the two compounds did indeed exert a protective influence. Western herbalists commonly recommend Schisandra for the lungs, liver and kidneys, and to help with depression due to andrenergic exhaustion. In Russia Schisandra is used to treat eye fatigue and increase acuity. CAUTION: Schisandra should not be used during pregnancy except under medical supervision to promote uterine contractions during labor. Schisandra should be avoided by persons with peptic ulcers, epilepsy and high blood pressure. Saint John's Wort Saint John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum), also known as Goatweed, Hypericum and Klamath Wee, belongs to a group of about two hundred herbs of the family Hypericaceae. This aromatic perennial herb is found throughout Europe and the United States, producing golden yellow flowers that seem particularly abundant on June 24, the traditional birthday of John the Baptist. Ergo the name in honor of St. John. St. John’s wort was popular with ancient medical authorities and was commonly recommended as a folk remedy for the treatment of infectious diseases such as colds, syphilis, tuberculosis, dysentery, whooping cough and worms. St. John’s wort has also been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of depression, anxiety, mania, hypochondriasis, fatigue, hysteria and insomnia. Over time, with the advent of modern pharmaceutical science, St. John’s wort was nearly forgotten as a medicinal herb. Only recently has St. John’s wort gained a new reputation, particularly in Europe, as an effective nerve tonic for treatment of anxiety, depression, and unrest. A report in a leading German medical journal in 1984 demonstrated significant improvement in depression, anxiety and insomnia in nine people taking oral extracts of St. John’s wort. Recent studies have linked the antidepressant effects of St. John’s wort to various contained xanthones and flavonoids that act as monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors. Tests on small animals and preliminary tests in humans have confirmed this activity. In a study published in the Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1988, researchers from The New York University Medical Center and The Weizmann Institute of Science reported the discovery of two substances in St. John’s Wort, hypericin and pseudohypericin, that displayed anti-viral activity against some retroviruses. Retroviruses include the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the authors suggested that these herbal products could be useful in the treatment of AIDS. Extracts of St. John’s wort are now known to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the most common cause of tuberculosis, as well as the bacteria staphylococci, shigella and Escherichia coli. Researchers have also shown that St. John’s wort inhibits the growth of some strains bacteria that are highly resistant to antibiotics, such as Staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. St. John’s wort has also been reported to have anti-viral activity against herpes simplex virus, influenza virus and hepatitis B virus. Hypericin and pseudohypericin appear to be the active therapeutic components of St. John’s wort, though other substances, including protein, fat, tannin, vitamins A and C, carotenoids, rutin and pectin support it’s activies. The presence of hypericin and pseudohypericin distinguish St. John’s wort from other herbs, and both compounds are promising candidates for the treatment of HIV disease, including ARC and AIDS, as noted above. The mechanism of viral inhibition by these substances is not known, but their chemical structures suggest that they may interact with viruses membranes, leading to increased fluidization which would would essentially inactivate the virus. Chemical investigations have detected a number of other constituents in St. John’s wort, including about 1% of a volatile oil and approximately 10% of tannin. The tannin probably exerts some wound-healing effects through its astringent and protein-precipitating actions. Unfortunately, hypericin may exert a much less desirable side effect, a form of photosensitivity characterized by dermatitis of the skin and inflammation of the mucous membranes on exposure to direct sunlight. There is evidence that the photosensitizing caused by St. John’s wort is due to the fluorescent pigment hypericin. Purified hypericin, when given orally, can produce photosensitization in rats. It is the reaction of this substance with the ultraviolet rays of the sun that causes the problem. The photosensitization reaction is known as hvpericism or St. John’s wort poisoning. It is important to point out that photosensitization reactions have not been described in humans participating in studies using Hypericum extracts. This is most likely due to the fact that these subjects were not receiving doses high enough to cause the reaction. The photosensitizing dose for humans is not known. Those taking St. John’s wort for extended periods should be aware of the possibility of inducing a photosensitization reaction and be prepared to discontinue use if symptoms occur. Suma Suma, also called Para toda, is the dried root of Pfaffia Paniculata, a plant found in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. First introduced to the United States as Brazilian Ginseng, Suma is one of the most highly regarded herbs in South America, and is considered to be a true adaptogen. Used by native peoples for centuries, Suma is advocated as an effective adaptogen to support the immune system, adapt the body to external stresses, relieve pain, fight chronic fatigue syndrome, and accelerate wound healing. Herbalists using Suma often refer to research conducted by Dr. Milton Brazzach, head of the pharmaceutical department at the University of Sao Paulo. Dr. Brazzach originally become interested in suma when his wife was cured of breast cancer after ingesting the root. Dr. Brazzach has since gone on to test suma on thousands of patients suffering from serious diseases such as cancer, leukemia, and diabetes. He reportedly found suma to have great healing and preventative powers, yet has never published his clinical findings. Researchers have isolated several active compounds in suma, including Beta Ecdysterone, a plant sterol which has an anabolic and immune boosting effect in the body. Suma is also rich in a broad spectrum of vitamins, minerals (particularly the rare mineral germanium), amino acids, Allantoin (a cell building compound) and 6 pfaffic acids. Recent studies have shown that five of the pfaffosides found in Suma have been able to inhibit growth of cultured melanoma tumor cells, supporting at least some of the claims made for this herb. To date there are no reports regarding the toxicity and there are no known side effects. Turmeric Turmeric is an essential flavoring spice of Indian and other cuisines. The Turmeric rhizome provides the typical yellow color of many curry dishes and helps to make the food more digestible. Turmeric has been used for arthritis, high cholesterol, digestion, liver protection, and obesity. Turmeric also possesses antifungal and antibacterial properties. Turmeric contains curcumin and an essential oil (turmerone, zingiberins). Curcumin increases the secretion of bile by stimulating the bile duct. Curcumin also protects the liver by detoxification, stimulating the gall bladder and scavenging free radicals. In conjunction with the adrenal glands, it inhibits both platelet aggregation and the enzymes which induce inflammatory prostaglandins. Curcumin may also help break down fats and reduce cholesterol Caution: Large doses not recommended in cases of painful gallstones, obstructive jaundice, acute bilious colic and extremely toxic liver disorders. Uva Ursi Uva ursi is also referred to as bearberry, kinnickinick, whortleberry, bear’s grape, mountain cranberry and mealberry. The leaves of this small shrub have been used as an herbal folk medicine for centuries as a mild diuretic and astringent, and in the treatment of urinary tract infections such as cystitis, urethritis and nephritis. Uva-ursi contains a plant glycoside, Arbutin, which breaks down in the body to form hydroquinone, a chemical compound that serves as an effective urinary antiseptic and astringent. Uva-ursi contains other compounds, among them ursolic acid, which are also known to be effective diuretics. Uva-ursi is extremely high in tannin, which can lead to stomach distress if taken in large quantities. The tannin content of uva ursi tea can be easily minimized by soaking the leaves in cold water rather than by brewing in hot water, which would release more of the tannin. Uva ursi is generally considered a safe herb, but large doses or prolonged use of hydroquinone can have toxic effects, including ringing in the ears, nausea, vomiting, and delirium. Uva ursi should not be used by children or pregnant women, and should never be used for prolonged periods of time or in high doses unless under the supervision of health care professional. Cautions: Nausea and vomiting may occur in sensitive adults and children. Uva-Ursi requires alkaline urine (pH 8) to work; urine can be made alkaline by taking a heaping teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda. Uva-Ursi should not be taken with drugs that lead to the formation of acid urine. Do not take for extended periods of time without consulting a knowledgeable physician or health care provider. Only for oral use. Contraindicated in acute cystitis. Can cause gastric irritation if over-used. Should not be used in pregnancy. Will temporarily turn the urine green, a harmless effect. Valerian Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) of the family Valerianaceae, is a tall perennial herb with hollow stems that bear white or reddish flowers. The vertical rhizome and attached rootlets are harvested in the autumn of the second year’s growth. These plant parts possess an unpleasant aroma due to the contained volatile oils. Valerian extract, derived from the dried rhizomes and roots of the plant, has been used for thousands of years as a folk remedy, tranquilizer and calmative for several disorders such as restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, hysteria, menstrual problems, and as a sedative for “nervous” stomach. Valerian extracts are currently used in scores of compounds and teas in Europe. Most current treatments for insomnia work by disrupting natural sleep rhythms and risk psychologically addiction. Natural sedatives, free of side effects, are constantly being sought. In the early 80’s many people turned to L-tryptophan (no longer available – see article) as a sleep aid. More recently western consumers have become aware of the benefits of low-dose melatonin. Now health conscious consumers in Europe and United States are discovering that valerian root has a calming effect and helps them fall asleep more easily. The German Commission E monograph for health authorities indicates that valerian is a safe and effective anti-anxiety agent and sedative for treatment of restlessness and sleep disturbances resulting from nervous conditions. Valerian is perhaps best characterized as a minor tranquilizer when administered in the form of a tea, a tincture or an extract. During the past three decades extensive studies on Valerian have identified several unstable esters called valepotriates believed to be the primary source of the plants sedative effects. Researchers have found that although Valerian is effective in producing depression of the central nervous system, neither the tested valepotriates, nor the sesquiterpenes valerenic acid or valeranone, nor the volatile oil itself displayed any such activity. This has led to speculation that it is a combination of volatile oil components, valepotriates or their derivatives that is responsible for Valerians calmative actions. For example, a 1985 study conducted in the Netherlands showed no anxiety-reducing activity by an extract of valerian root or purified valepotriates. However the study did find that didrovaltrate, a valepotriate, as well as valeranon, an essential oil component from the herb, were able to produce a pronounced smooth-muscle relaxant effect on the intestines. The researchers concluded that certain valerian preparations may produce a calming effect indirectly through local spasmolytic activity. A another study conducted in Russia, researchers reported that valepotriates inhibited caffeine-stimulated motor activity and prolonged barbiturate-induced sleeping time in mice and rats. This translates to anti-anxiety and sedative activities. In other research, valerenic acid and related sesquiterpens have been found to inhibit the breakdown of the neurotransmitter, aminobutyric acid. Overall, Valerian is relatively safe and no significant side effects or contraindications are noted, though those with impaired kidney or liver functions should not take valerian except under a physician’s supervision. Valerian can interact with alcohol, certain antihistimines, muscle relaxants, psychotropic drugs and narcotics. Those taking any of these drugs should take valerian only under the supervision of a health care provider. Willow Bark The bark of the common Willow tree, also known as the Pussy Willow, is the source of a wide range of phenolic glycosides, of which the most important is is salicin. Like Aspirin, indications for Willow bark include mile feverish colds and infections (influenza), acute and chronic rheumatic disorders, mild headaches, and pain caused by inflammation. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), a synthetic replacement for salicin, has potentially dangerous gastrointestinal side effects. In its natural form, salicin passes harmlessly through the gastrointestinal tract, becoming saligenin and glucose. The saligenin is then converted to salicylic acid in the blood and the liver. The conversion process takes a few hours, so results will not be felt immediately, but are usually sustained for several hours. Caution: If you are pregnant or nursing please check with your health care professional before using Willow bark. Individuals who are allergic to salycylates should avoid Willow bark. Wood Betony Betony, also known as Wood Betony, was once held in high regard by ancient folk healers. Used as a herbal treatment for a host of human ills ranging from the common cold to warding off supernatural spirits, Betony is still used by herbal practitioners, though for a much more limited set of maladies. Current use of the dried herb of Betony involves the use of a tincture or infusion as a remedy for chronic headaches and to treat anxiety and nervousness. Like most herbs, Betony possesses mild astringent properties, for which it is occasionally recommended as a the treatment for diarrhea, or as a mouthwash to soothe mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Betony contains relatively high amounts of tannin, explaining its astringent activity. It also contains choline, alkaloids and glycosides. One glycoside has been shown to lower blood pressure, possibly supporting its use as a treatment for anxiety and headaches. Betony is nontoxic, though excess consumption may lead to mild stomach upset. Yellow Dock Yellow dock is small, leafy plant that grows wild in Europe and the United State. Also called curly dock, and closely related to rhubarb, the green leaves are commonly used in salads, while the yellow root has been used as a herbal folk-remedy for hundreds of years. Ground up and brewed, yellow dock root makes a bitter-sweet tea or infusion that has been used by herbalists in the treatment of a variety of disorders, primarily to treat enlarged liver and to purify the blood. It was also thought a good remedy for syphilis, tuberculosis, gum disease and leprosy, but is no longer recommended for these serious disorders. Modern herbalists will still occasionally recommend yellow dock tea as a treatment for the liver and gallbladder, though its mainly employed in the treatment of skin disorders and digestive ailments. There is virtually no research to support the use of yellow dock as an effective treatment for psoriasis or acne. Yellow dock is known to contain tannin which is an astringent is mildly useful in the treatment of diarrhea and stomach distress, though in large enough doses it may actually cause diarrhea. The root also contain several anthraquinone glycosides that researchers recognize as being responsible for its undisputed laxative effect. Yellow dock is generally considered to be mildly effective as a laxative, and not very effective for much more. Side effects of excess consumption of yellow dock include excessive urination, nausea and diarrhea. Yohimbe Yohimbe is an herb derived from the inner bark of the yohimbe tree which grows wild throughout Africa. Long considered an a effective aphrodisiac, able to stimulate sexual desire and performance, yohimbe has been available by prescription as a pill. Recently yohimbe containing products have become popular as over the counter herbal preparations. The active component of yohimbe bark is yohimbine, an alkaloid monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor that blocks adrenergic receptors. This leads to an increase in dilation of blood vessels and a lowering of blood pressure. This enlargment of blood vessels, particularly in the sexual organs, is the generally accepted explanation of the physiological effects of the herb. Yohimbe also seems effective in elevating mood and reducing depression and anxiety, further contributing to its aphrodisiac activity. Animal studies have shown that yohimbe does indeed increase sexual arousal and performance. Researchers conducting double-blind, placebo-controlled studies reported measurable improvements in sexual libedo and performance in men receiving the yohimbe versus those on placebo. Clearly in some cases yohimbe can improve sexual performance in those suffering from physiological and psychological impotence. Scientists have also recently found evidence that yohimbe may aid in weight loss by suppressing the body’s ability to store fat. Yohimbe is not without side-effects, which can include sweating, nausea and vomiting. Those taking MAO inhibitors such as tranquilizers, antidepressants or blood-pressure medications should not take yohimbe or any compounds containing yohimbine. Use of yohimbe is also contraindicated for pregnant women as well as persons with kidney disease, heart disease, liver disease, diabetes or ulcers. Persons with a history of psychoses should also avoid yohimbe as it has been known to trigger new episodes of psychic reaction. Yucca Yucca has a long history of use as a folk remedy employed for treatment of arthritis and rheumatism and is cultivated as an important medicine plant and staple food in South America. The yucca root commonly used by herbal healers comes from the flowering yucca plant, a member of the lily family that can grow to heights of 40 feet or more. The yucca root is rich in steroid-like saponins that elevate the body’s production of cortisone, possibly explaining the herbs reported ability to aid in managing arthritic pains. Currently researchers are debating the merits of various studies to determine the efficacy of using yucca in the treatment of various forms of arthritis. No study to date supports the use of yucca root at the expense of more traditional and effective therapies in the management of arthritis. Though known to occasionally induce stomach distress, yucca is generally regarded as a harmless and maybe beneficial herb. Acetyl L-Carnitine ALC, also known as Acetyl L-Carnitine, is a naturally occuring substance normally found in small amounts in milk and the human body. As a nutrional supplement ALC has recently become popular based upon compelling evidence of its ability to slow the degredation of mental functions suffered by Alzheimer’s patients. ALC has also grown in popularity as a nutrient taken by healthy people looking to increase mental functions while slowing the loss of memory normally associated with the aging process. Much of the excitement surrounding ALC has been generated by scientific tests on human patients conducted in Italy, where Alberto Spagnoli, M.D., of the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research in Milan reported that the drug slowed cognitive decline in 63 patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In fact, these patients had significantly better results than untreated Alzheimer’s patients in 13 of 14 measures of mental functioning, including memory, attention, verbal capacity and daily-living activities. Alzheimers researchers working in the United States and Europe have conducted scores of human studies with ALC, with doses ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 milligrams per day. The results of several double-blind, placebo-controlled studies indicate that ALC is effective in slowing the deterioration of cognitive functions of patients with Alzheimers disease. In several studies the progression of the disease was markedly reduced, and researchers noted increases in memory, attention span, and alertness. Scientists also found that ALC often improved moods and seemed to aleviate depression Researchers have reported that ALC seems to work by preventing normal age-dependent cell changes in the brain, as well as slowing the loss of neurons in the hippocampus. Scientists have also found that ALC is able to increase levels of NGF, also known as nerve growth factor. NGF levels normally decline with increased aging, and their loss has been associated with a subsequent loss of brain functions. Evidence also points to ALC’s ability to increase levels of choline acetyltransferase, a vital brain enzyme that plays an important role in learning and memory. Scientists have also found that ALC can aid in the repair of damaged DNA strands in white blood cells, suggesting that this nutrient can help to prevent age-related decline of immune system functions. Effective DNA repair is at the very heart of all life functions and it is theorized that with increasing age, diminished DNA repair capacity may play an important role in determining one’s risk of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. While regarded as a relatively safe substance, ALC should not be taken by pregnant or lactating women. ALC should be taken with food to prevent stomach upset. Other than slightly increased agitation, no major adverse side effects were reported in the Italian study. Choline Choline, while closely related to the B complex family of vitamins, is not truely considered a vitamin since researchers cannot agree on any common definitions of deficiency symptoms. Choline is found in all living cells, and is known to play a vital role in maintaining the central nervous system and in numerous metabolic functions. Choline is a component of lecithin and is used in the manufacture of cell membranes. It is also required for the production and metabolization of fats and cholesterol, and helps to protect the liver from the accumulation of excess fatty deposits. Choline’s most vital role may lie in its activity in the brain and central nervous system. Choline is a precursor of the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical used in the transmission of brain impulses between nerves, muscles and organs. In this role it is involved directly with cognition, long and short term memory, stimulus response, and mental energy. Since acetylcholine levels increase rapidly after consuming choline, researchers have employed choline supplements in the treatment of various disorders marked by lowered levels of acetylcholine in the brain, including Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and tardive dyskinesia. There is no recommended daily intake for choline. A deficiency of choline can result in increased fatty deposits in the liver, memory loss, and poor muscle coordination. While not toxic, excess consumption of choline can lead to over-stimulation of muscles, leading to tightening of the shoulders and neck, resulting in a tension headache. Foods highest in choline include egg yolks, liver, meats, brewers yeast, milk, legumes and whole grain cereals. Choline can be manufactured in the human body with the help of vitamin Bl2, folic acid, and the amino acid called methionine, although not necessarily in optimal amounts. Choline is also available as a dietary supplement, in such forms as phosphatydil choline, choline chloride, or choline bitartrate. Choline supplements should be avoided by persons who suffer from manic depression, as they may deepen the depressive phase of this disorder. Coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10) Coenzyme Q-10, also called ubiquinone, is a natural fat-soluble substance produced in the body and found in throughout nature in plants and animals. Similar to vitamin K, CoQ10 is classified as a non-vitamin nutrient that acts as an antioxidant to protect cell membranes from free radical activity. While long overlooked by the medical community, recent research has just begun to outline the role coenzyme Q-10 plays in maintaining life. Early in the 60’s scientists had already found that CoQ10 played an essential role in cell respiration and electron transfer. Then researchers began to notice that they only found coenzyme Q-10 deficiencies in patients suffering cardiovascular disease. They soon discovered that when coenzyme Q-10 levels fell below 25 percent of normal they began to notice major symptoms of disease. When coenzyme Q-10 fell to 75 percent below normal levels, all life activity stopped and death was inevitable. New research has also discovered coenzyme Q-10 depletion in those suffering from diabetes mellitus, periodontal disease, and muscular dystrophy. A recent study published in The Journal of Optimal Nutrition documented the life-enhancing effects of co-enzyme Q-10 as a treatment for patients suffering from heart failure so severe that no further conventional therapy was available, except possibly heart transplants. The study compared the blood levels of 154 patients for levels of co-enzyme Q-10, and several other nutrients. At the beginning of the study almost 50% of the patients were close to dying, yet after only 12 months of treatment with coenzyme Q-10, 97% of the patients were alive. Monitoring the patients evidenced high long-term survival rates of 96% of all patients still alive after 24 months, and 95% alive after 36 months. This survival data on co-enzyme Q-10 must be compared to traditional data that report survival rates of 35-65% after 12 months of treatment with conventional drugs. This extraordinary survival rate for patients taking coenzyme Q-10 is clearly superior to conventional drug treatments and provides evidence of coenzyme Q-10’s indispensable role as a mandatory energy cofactor of myocardial function and contractility. Patients with less severe heart disease were treated with 100-150 mg. a day of CoQ10, while dying patients were given 150-225 mg. a day. Dosages for patients increased whenever blood levels failed to reach 2 micrograms per milliliter and whenever new medications were added. All patients were followed for up to 58 months. These 154 cases included coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, rheumatic cardiomyopathy, chemotherapy induced cardiomyopathy, and congenital cardiomyopathy. 94% of these patients improved by one class when treated with dosages of Co-Q-10 ranging from 100 to 255 mg. a day. In studies published in the major medical journals, FDA approved cardiac drugs produce only 50% improvements after 12 months and these studies are the basis for which cardiologists prescribe these medications. Yet none of these FDA approved drugs addresses the underlying cause of these various forms of heart disease, and none of these FDA approved drugs compares to the 97% success rate using high doses of Co-Q-10. There are no known contraindications for use of Coenzyme Q-10 is available as a supplement. Foods highest in coenzyme Q-10 include beef, spinach, sardines, albacore tuna, and peanuts. Coenzyme Q-10 is also available as a supplement, generally in capsules ranging in size from 10 to 60 milligrams. DMAE DMAE, (Dimethylaminoethanol) is a nutritional supplement that supports the old wives’ tale that fish is a great brain food. DMAE is normally present in small amounts in our brains, and is known for its mental stimulation and enhancement. Because fish is naturally abundant in DMAE, a diet high in sardines and anchovies will provide higher than average levels of DMAE and choline to the brain, which serve as raw materials for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain, and by accelerating the brain’s synthesis of this important neurotransmitter, DMAE may aid in improving memory and learning, as well as preventing loss of memory in adults. DMAE helps elevate mood, improve memory and learning, increase intelligence and physical energy, and extends the life span of laboratory animals1. It is used by many people for its mild, safe stimulant effect, yet DMAE also makes it easier for most people to get to sleep. Many people report less fatigue in the day and sounder sleep at night, as well as needing less sleep when taking DMAE. The stimulant effect of DMAE is significantly different from the stimulation produced by coffee, amphetamines, or other stimulant drugs. DMAE does not have a drug-like quick up and down. People who take DMAE have reported that they feel a mild stimulation continually, without side effects. Many athletes using DMAE report an improved energy output in addition to better concentration on form and technique. Also, when DMAE use is discontinued, no depression or let-down occurs. SMART Basics DMAE includes 150 mg B-5, along with other B vitamins to support the activity of DMAE. Essential Fatty Acids, (EFAs) Essential Fatty Acids, (EFAs) are fatty acids that researchers now regard to be as vital to human health as vitamins and minerals. Reflecting this new perspective, many nutritionists now refer to this class of polyunsaturates as Vitamin K, and commonly recommend EFAs for lowering blood pressure and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. EFAs may also play an important role in reducing the risks of heart disease and strokes. EFAs are major components of all cell membranes, and without adequate levels of EFAs, cellular membranes become stiff and loss their ability for function properly. EFAs are found in particularly high concentrations in the brain where they support the transmissions of nerve impulses. Researchers have documented the importance of EFAs in brain functions, and have found that a deficiency of essential fatty acids rapidly leads to an impairment in ones ability to learn and recall information. One of the most important functions of essential fatty acids can be found in a process called the Prostaglandin Cascade. Prostaglandins (PGE1 & PGE2) are vital biochemicals that regulate a number of important body processes such as blood pressure and heart and muscle contractions. Prostaglandin production begins when a gland secretes a chemical message in the form of hormones that are released into the bloodstream. After traveling through the body and arriving at the intended cells, these hormones then attach themselves to the outer cellular membranes of the target cells. Rather than entering the intended cell directly, once attached to a cell, hormones initiate the formation of prostaglandins from fatty acids extracted from the outer cellular membrane. It is these prostaglandins that then enter the cell to begin to direct intracellular activity. In this manner prostaglandins affect cells by directing them to carry out the instructions of the gland releasing the original hormone messenger molecules. This process occurs in a fraction of a second, and immediatly after the prostaglandins have delivered the message they are destroyed. The continual extraction and destruction of fatty acids from the outer cell membranes puts a demand on the body to constantly replenish its supplies of the essential fatty acids. If this process is blocked by a shortage of essential fatty acids, prostaglandin production is impaired, leading to health problems. LINOLEIC ACID: The most important Essential Fatty Acid is Linoleic Acid which is used in the synthesis of other essential fatty acids such as Gamma Linolenic Acid. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturate which can be obtained from dietary sources such as seeds, oils, vegetables and grains. Unfortunately many dietary and lifestyle factors can seriously reduce the body’s ability to properly utilize linoleic acid for the synthesis into other EFAs. A deficiency of linoleic acid can produce a form of dermatitis characterized by red, dry, scaly skin that resembles eczema. The blotchy areas appear first on the face, clustered near the oil-secreting glands, and in the folds of the nose, lips, forehead, eyes and cheeks. Dry, rough areas also appear on the forearms, thighs and buttocks. GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID: Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) is part of the Omega 6 series of essential fatty acids and is a precursor to Series 1 prostaglandins (PGE1) and other hormones in the body. GLA is a key regulator of T-lymphocyte function in the immune system and is involved in cell metabolism and growth. GLA can also help relieve the symptoms of PMS. Although a healthy body can make GLA from dietary Linoleic Acid (the most common fatty acid found in foods), its production can be blocked by a variety of factors. Conversion of linoleic acid to GLA can be impaired if the body is deficient in zinc, magnesium and vitamins C, B-6, B-3 and A. Conversion can also be blocked if ones diet is high in fats and hydrogenated vegetable oils and margarine. GLA is frequently deficient in people with Eczema, Atherosclerosis and Diabetes Mellitus. Good sources of pre-formed GLA include Black Current Oil, Borage Oil and Evening Primrose Oil. Glucosamine Glucosamine is a natural compound normally formed in the human body from glucose. Glucosamine is required by the body for the synthesis of an important family of macromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These long chains of modified sugars (mucopolysaccharides) make up many body tissues, including tendons, ligaments, cartilage, synovial fluid, mucus membranes in the digestive and respiratory tracts, and structures in the eyes, blood vessels, and heart valves. Researchers have found that glucosamine is the key precursor for all the various sugars found in GAGs, and further, that glucosamine occupies the pivotal position in connective tissue synthesis, acting to stimulate collagen production, and connective tissue. As humans age the amount of glucosamine normally synthesized by the body declines, leading to a deficiency in the production of these important biological chemicals that form the major cushioning ingredients of the joint fluids and surrounding tissues. This further leads to specific tissue weakness as tissues in the joints become damaged and the lubricating synovial fluids in the joint spaces become thin and watery. The normal cushioning is lost leaving the bones and the cartilage to scrape against each other inside the joint space. These problems also occur in the spinal column where the individual vertebrae are stacked on top of each other, separated only by the cushioning disc. The space between the vertebrae is where many nerves leave the spinal cord. Any injury to this part of the back can cause the gelatinous cartilage to soften, putting pressure on the nerves, causing damage and loss of nerve function. Glucosamine Sulfate has been shown to help increase the thickness of the gelatinous material, creating more support for the joints and vertebrae. Inositol Inositol is a water soluble nutrient often associated with B vitamins. While its role in human nutrition is a source of ongoing debate, it was finally recognized as a vitamin in 1940. Chemically inositol is a sugar which is metabolized slowly and without the involvment of insulin. Inositol is found in cell membranes throughout the brain and central nervous system, the muscles, heart tissues, reproductive organs, and bones. It is also involved in the transportation and metabolism of fatty acids and cholesterol, and is a component of lecithin and several enzymes. This nutrient is also a hydroxyl free-radical scavenger that may aid in treating arthritis. Animals fed a diet deficient in inositol evidence symptoms such as fatty liver deposits, intestinal disorders, and nerve damage similar to diabetes. Though such symptoms have never been observed in humans, researchers are studying this nutrient as a possible treatment for diabetes related nerve disorders. There is no recommended daily intake, nor are there any recognized toxicity symptoms for inositol. Found in a wide range of foods, those highest in inositol include fruits, whole grains, vegetables, meats, and dairy products. Melatonin Melatonin is an important neurohormone that plays a role in regulating the neuroendocrine system, controlling such essential functions as metabolism, sex drive, reproduction, appetite, sleep, balance, and muscular coordination. Melatonin also helps control the immune system in fighting off diseases triggered by bacteria, viruses, chemical pollutants, and excessive free radical activity. Melatonin is normally released by the pituitary gland in response to environmental changes in light levels. The amount of melatonin circulating in the blood has been shown to rise and fall, being relatively low during daylight hours and rising substantially during darkness. Melatonin levels normally reach their peak sometime after midnight. One of the keys to maintaining good health is to maintain normal, youthful patterns of melatonin secretion and activity within the body. Unfortunately, the body’s supply of melatonin declines progressively with advancing age, which renders us increasingly vulnerable to physiological malfunctions such as sleep disorders and lethal diseases. Studies at MIT have shown that melatonin can quickly and safely hasten slumber, and that it may also be effective in treating jet lag. Taking melatonin at appropriate sleep times allows the body to naturally adapt to altered day and night patterns. Another important function of melatonin appears to be to protect women against breast cancer. There is a correlation between the decline in the synthesis of melatonin with advancing age, and the progressive increase in the risk of breast cancer in women. Moreover, research studies have demonstrated that melatonin can prevent chemically induced mammary tumors in laboratory rats and can also inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cells in tissue culture. Among the health benefits of taking low doses of melatonin on a nightly basis, which have been reported both by physicians and by those taking the hormone, have been improved sleep, increased sex drive, better resistance to viral infections, increased energy levels, and prevention of the side effects of jet lag and other types of time disorientation. Because of melatonin’s regulatory timing effects on the neuroendocrine and immune systems, which control virtually all our life functions, it is clearly associated with the aging process. Deficiencies of melatonin have been implicated in such diseases as cirrhosis of the liver, Kline-felter’s syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, and haemochromatosis, as well as the potentially dangerous side effects of excessive exposure to microwave radiation and electro-magnetic fields. Evidence suggests that taking daily doses of supplemental melatonin, in the range of 3 to 9 milligrams per day, taken just before bedtime, can serve as a means of protection against breast cancer, other diseases, and the ravages of aging. Melatonin has been taken by thousands of people without any evidence of harmful side effects. There are people who should not take melatonin. These include women seeking to become pregnant or who are already pregnant and people suffering from immune system cancers such as leukemia, Iymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, multiple myeloma, etc. Melatonin’s antineoplastic effect does not seem to effect prostate cancer, so we advise prostate cancer patients to avoid taking any more than 3 mg a night. For those suffering from metastasized prostate cancer which has become hormone refractory, melatonin/lnterleukin-2 could be beneficial, but there are no studies to rely on yet. N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is the pre-acetylized form of the simple amino acid Cysteine. N-Acetyl Cysteine is a powerful antioxidant and a premier antitoxin and immune support substance. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, which are produced by normal metabolic activity. When free radicals are left unchecked they cause damage to cells and DNA and are considered by scientists to be a major factor in the aging process. N-Acetyl Cysteine has been shown to provide protection against free radicals as well as a broad range of toxic hazards such as: acrolein (found in barbecue and cigarette smoke and auto exhaust), bromobenzene, paraquat (a toxic herbicide), overdoses of acetaminophen, and the side-effects of cyclophosphamide and adrimycin (anti-cancer drugs). The key to this protection may be the sulfur and sulfhydryl groups contained in N-Acetyl Cysteine and its derivative, Glutathione. Both Cysteine and Methionine are good precursors of glutathione, but N-Acetyl Cysteine is better. L-cysteine loses approximately 85% of its sulfur group (which becomes the active part of glutathione) in the digestion process, while N-Acetyl Cysteine, a more stable compound, loses only 15%. This means that N-Acetyl Cysteine has almost six times more effective sulfur groups left after digestion. N-Acetyl Cysteine is also a better source of glutathione than taking glutathione itself, because less than half of supplementalt glutathione gets out of the digestive system and into the body. This greater efficiency is important since cellular glutathione levels tend to drop 30% to 35% with age. Supplemental N-Acetyl Cysteine may have an anti-aging effect by increasing glutathione levels in the liver, lungs, kidneys and bone marrow. NAC is currently the dietary supplement of choice for building up or conserving the body’s stores of glutathion, cysteine, and other sulfhydryl antioxidant resources. NAC is well tolerated, is well absorbed, resists enzymatic breakdown, and has been proven to raise internal GSH and cysteine levels when taken orally. PABA PABA (para-amiobenzoic acid) is another nutrient that is often classified with the B-complex family of vitamins due to its similarity in functions. PABA is an integral component of folic acid, and works to support the body’s use of pantothenic acid. PABA is a potent antioxidant and cell stabilizer that contributes to keep red blood cells intact. PABA also absorbs ultraviolet rays, and is often included in sunscreen products to protect the skin against the damages of sunburn and help protect against skin cancer. PABA is also a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of proteins, and is required in the production of red blood cells. There is no recommended daily intake for PABA, nor are there any known toxic symptoms. Supplemental PABA should not be taken by those taking sulfa drugs. Foods containing PABA include liver, whole grains, and molasses. Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a compound that could become a key weapon in the battle against mental aging, perhaps helping to restore memory and learning capacity in older people. Phosphatidylserine is found on the surface of membranes in brain cells and synapses (the connections between nerve cells). Among the most important of its many effects is activation of protein-kinase C, an important enzyme whose brain levels are known to decline with age. It also stimulates the production of acetylcholine, a brain messenger chemical that helps regulate memory. Scientists have been conducting animal experiments with phosphatidylserine since the mid-1970s. These tests show that the substance increased the availability of glucose in the brain, stimulated the production of a number of important brain chemicals (including protein-kinase C, acetylcholine and dopamine). More recent tests show that phosphatidylserine protected against stress-induced behavioral changes and improved learning and memory in old rats. Perhaps the most eye-opening evidence regarding phosphatidylserine comes from studies of human patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In a 1988 Italian trial in which scientists gave phosphatidylserine to 70 Alzheimer’s patients for three months, the researchers found that memory improved in all patients, and the improvement was maintained three months after the drug was withdrawn. In a more recent American test at the National Institute of Mental Health, 150 otherwise healthy people who suffered from age-related memory impairment showed memory improvement of 15 to 20 percent, perhaps indicating that even healthy people can reap the restorative benefits of this drug. As further evidence, a previously unreported 1991 study by an international team of researchers showed that people who took the drug scored better on memory and concentration tests than people who didn’t. “The results,” concluded the study’s authors, “suggest that phosphatidylserine may be a promising candidate for treating memory loss later in life.” No serious side effects have been noted. Phosphyatidylserine is often prescribed in Europe for patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of cognitive impairment. Pregnenolone Pregnenolone is a naturally occurring metabolite of cholesterol that acts as a precursor to DHEA and other steroid hormones. Animal research indicates that pregnenolone possesses memory enhancing activity approximately 100 times higher than that of other compounds with similar effects. Used in the 1940’s for the treatment of arthritis, pregnenolone has a long history of use in humans without toxic side effects. Quercetin Quercetin, a cousin of Rutin, is a unique bioflavonoid that has been extensively studied by researchers around the world. Bioflavonoids are found as the pigments in leaves, barks, rinds, seeds, and flowers, usually in close association with Vitamin C. Together the two compounds seem to provide antioxidant protection to plants, helping them withstand exposure to climatic variations in wind, rainfall, temperature and sunlight. Bioflavonoids are also important for human health, but unfortunately cannot be manufactured by the body and must be supplied either from supplements or foods. Bioflavonoids were first discovered by Nobel Prize Laureate Albert Szent-Gyorgy in the 1930’s. Bioflavonoids act to protect and preserve the structure of capillary blood vessels, promote circulation, stimulate bile production and lower cholesterol levels. Since his groundbreaking work researchers have been able to isolate Quercetin from blue-green algae. Quercetin has been the subject of dozens of scientific reports over the past 30 years. Quercetin has a unique synergistic relationship with Vitamin C, and taken together both improve the efficacy of the other. Aniracetam Aniracetam, another chemical cousin of piracetam, is also known as Draganon, Ro 13-5057, and Sarpul. It is considered even more powerful, and is used to treat more conditions. Aniracetam has much the same effect as piracetam without problems of toxicity or side effects. Its use as a smart drug is less common. The U.S. patent holder, Hoffman-LaRoche, has had problems gaining FDA approval for treating Alzheimer’s disease. So far the drug has not been officially approved in any country. Though it has great potential, aniracetam is primarily used in research, and is not yet widely available as a smart drug. Centrophenoxine One of the most venerable of the anti-aging compounds, centrophenoxine is a combination of dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), a natural substance found in the human body, and auxin, a plant growth hormone. Although new research on centrophenoxine is limited, many experts feel that its potential anti-aging benefits may stem from its proven ability to combat free radicals, highly reactive molecules that damage cells and that many experts regard as a central feature of aging. Centrophenoxine has also been shown in some studies to boost memory and mental acuity in humans, and to combat cellular aging and increase life span in lab animals. An experiment by Kalidas Nandy, Ph.D., of the Boston University School of Medicine found that centrophenoxine reduced buildup of lipofuscin, a pigment that accumulates in aging cells and can interfere with their functioning. Other research indicates that centrophenoxine can shore up cell membranes and increase cellular manufacture of RNA and certain proteins, which tend to decline with age. But the real eye-opener is a study by Imre Zs.-Nagy, M.D., of the Hungarian-Italian Verzar Laboratory for Experimental Gerontology, in which centrophenoxine extended life span in lab rats by as much as 33 percent. Among the most promising of the human trials of centrophenoxine is a 1989 study in which the drug improved memory and learning in 50 elderly demented patients by as much as 48 percent. Although centrophenoxine has not been shown to be toxic in animal tests, it should not be used by nursing mothers, or by people with high blood pressure, convulsions or involuntary musculoskeletal movements caused by such conditions as Parkinson’s disease. A strong indication of the potency of centrophenoxine comes from Europe, where it is used in hospitals to revive patients in alcoholic or post-traumatic coma. Some European doctors routinely prescribe it to treat memory disorders or dementia. Although not marketed in the US, it is obtainable by mail order, and is among the most reliable-and certainly the most praised-of the “smart drugs” that are taken by people seeking to boost mental performance. Excerpted from BRAIN BOOSTERS: Foods & Drugs That Make You Smarter Commonly known by its trade name, Lucidril, centrophenoxine rejuvenates brain cells and reverses the aging process by getting rid of lipofuscin deposits, which are cellular garbage created by the buildup of toxic waste by-products of cellular metabolism. You might think of centrophenoxine as the “garbage man of the brain.” Lipofuscin deposits in the skin are the brown age spots or liver spots commonly seen in older people. Lipofuscin deposits build up in brain cells, causing neurons to die, which results in a decline in mental functioning. Animal studies indicate an inverse relationship between lipofuscin deposits and learning. That is, the greater the lipofuscin in the brain cells, the less the learning ability; the less lipofuscin, the greater the learning ability. After taking centrophenoxine people report greater alertness and increased feelings of stimulation. Animal studies show improvements in learning. The rejuvenating effects in humans is believed to be produced by regeneration of parts of the neurons. Centrophenoxine breaks down into dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) in the blood stream. DMAE is normally found in small quantities in the brain. It is a free-radical scavenger, and has a variety of beneficial brain-boosting effects, including improving mood, intelligence, memory, and learning ability. Centrophenoxine stimulates energy production. The uptake of glucose or sugar, which is essential for energy production, is increased by centrophenoxine. In the process of producing energy, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide created as a by-product. Both oxygen consumption and CO2 production are increased by centrophenoxine. The side effects are similar to those experienced by people taking too much of the nutrient choline. These symptoms are eliminated by reducing the dosage. People on an anti-cholinergic diet should not use centrophenoxine. Centrophenoxine is not currently available in the U.S. It is sold in Europe, however. Deprenyl Scientific evidence from laboratories around the world suggests that deprenyl, also known as selegiline, may have broad anti-aging benefits, both mental and physical. Among other things, this compound inhibits monoamine oxidase-B, a natural substance which at increased levels has been associated with brain aging, senescence and Alzheimer’s disease. Long known as an antidepressant (although its role in alleviating depression is controversial), deprenyl has recently come into its own as an adjunct to L-dopa treatment for Parkinson’s disease. There are even impressive hints from animal studies that deprenyl lengthens life. In 1988 Joseph Knoll, M.D., of Semmelweis University of Medicine in Budapest found that the average life span of rats treated with deprenyl was 34 percent longer than that of untreated rats. He also noted that while untreated rats lost their sexual vitality with age, 64 of 66 of the deprenyl-treated animals retained sexual vigor. More recently, in 1991, a team from the Israeli Institute for Biological Research in Ness-Ziona, reported that deprenyl significantly improved learning and memory in elderly rats. Although deprenyl’s effectiveness as an antidepressant remains controversial, a 1988 study by J. John Mann, M.D., of the University of Pittsburgh Medical School, reported in our earlier article, concluded that deprenyl was three times better than placebo in alleviating depression. In a number of preliminary tests of deprenyl as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, patients showed some improvement in mental functioning, especially memory, verbal communication and daily-living skills. The consensus among experts is that deprenyl is relatively free of adverse side effects. However, it can induce mild overstimulation similar to that from caffeine. Because deprenyl is approved by the FDA for treatment of Parkinson’s disease (it is widely used for that purpose in both Europe and the US), it can be obtained with a doctor’s prescription and is thus among the more readily available of the anti-aging drugs. It may be well worth discussing with your doctor as a potential sexual invigorator or even as a general antiaging therapy. DEPRENYL PROTECTS AGAINST DEATH OF NEURONS Researchers have written a great about the benefits of deprenyl over the past few years, presenting evidence that deprenyl, in doses ranging from .5 mg every other day to 1.O mg per day, reverses the age-related increase in the enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), which degrades the neurotransmitter dopamine, the loss of which dampens our mood, throttles our sex drive, and unhinges our coordination. It’s also been reported evidence that deprenyl combats the free radical mediated damage to neurons that plays an important role in pathologies associated with brain aging. But, perhaps, the most impressive evidence of deprenyl’s ability to fight brain aging is its ability to rescue dying neurons in tissue culture. This finding suggests that deprenyl can prevent the most critical event in brain aging-the death of irreplaceable neurons. EFFECTS OF DEPRENYL ON BRAIN MICROANATOMY A variety of degenerative changes occur in the brain’s microanatomy both in normal aging and senile dementia. A recent study at the University of La Sapienza in Rome, Italy (Mech Of Aging & Devel, 73:113126:1994) was designed to determine the effects of long-term administration of deprenyl on microanatomical changes in the aging rat brain, especially in areas of the brain involved in cognition, such and the frontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as the cerebellar cortex. The Italian scientists used male Sprague-Dawley rats of 11 and 19 months of age. Twenty 1 9-month-old rats were randomly allotted to two groups of 10 animals each, which were injected with either 0.25 mg/kg of deprenyl or saline every other day. Another group of 11-month-old untreated rats was used to compare the effects of deprenyl in aging animals to healthy normal adult animals. Both the experimental and control groups were sacrificed at 24 months of age and their brains examined for age dependent changes. DEPRENYL SLOWS MICROANATOMICAL BRAIN CHANGES The scientists found that deprenyl was able to counteract, to some degree, all four of the age-dependent microanatomical changes in the rat brain examined in the study. The first is density of nerve cell profiles-a measure of the ability of the nervous system to receive, analyze, and store information-which is reduced progressively with advancing age in the rat brain. Less of a reduction in the density of nerve cell profiles was found in the rats given deprenyl, but this change was not statistically significant, except for the Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum. The second parameter studied was the density of Nissl’s staining in the cytoplasm of pyramidal and Purkinje neurons, which is believed to be a measure of the ribonucleic acid content of nerve cells. Treatment with deprenyl restored the intensity of Nissl’s staining in nerve cell populations of the hippocampus and the cerebellar cortex in aged rats. Third was age-dependent lipofuscin accumulation, which is believed to be a by-product of the peroxidative action of free radicals on membrane lipids. It was found that deprenyl decreased lipofuscin (aging pigment) accumulation in neurons, suggesting that it may have reduced oxidative stress on these cells. Last was sulphide-silver staining within the hippocampus, which is related to the density of zinc-containing synaptic junctions, which are critical in learning, memory, and information processing within the brain. The administration of deprenyl countered, in part, the reduction of sulphide silver staining, which the scientists believe may be related to the improvement of cognitive function produced by deprenyl treatment in aged rats. (Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 39:297304:1 991). These findings showing that deprenyl can slow important microanatomical changes in the aging rat brain provide further evidence to explain the ability of the drug to improve cognitive and behavioral function in both normally aging and demented humans by preventing the premature death of brain cells. NEW STUDIES ON DEPRENYL Every month, we see new studies on deprenyl showing it to be even more effective for aging than previously thought. Some of these new studies have duplicated the successful research conducted in Japan showing that one mechanism by which deprenyl extends lifespan is by boosting antioxidant enzyme levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. A new study has shown that oral doses of deprenyl given to dogs for only three weeks produced a dose-dependent increase of both SOD and catalase in the striatum, but not the hippocampus region of the brain (Life Sciences 54:201994). These results are in accordance with previously published results in rats. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes are more effective in preventing free radical damage than supplemental antioxidants. Deprenyl is well known to boost brain levels of dopamine by inhibiting monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). Dopamine elevation conferred life extension benefits in an early study and is known to boost cognitive function and improve sexual performance. Raising base levels of SOD and catalase helps explain further the underlying mechanisms of deprenyl’s antiaging effects. In a study in the Feb 1994 issue of Mechanisms of Aging and Development, long term treatment with deprenyl was investigated on age dependent changes in the rat brain. Deprenyl treated rats (they were given the drug in their drinking water) were shown to have decreased levels of lipofuscin (aging pigment) in certain brain regions. Increased brain levels of lipofuscin have been linked to senile dementia in humans. The loss of density of certain neuronal fibers (especially in the hippocampus region of the brain) was reduced in animals receiving deprenyl (compared to the placebo group), which helps to explain deprenyl’s ability to improve memory in Alzheimer’s patients. Loss of neuronal fibers also occurs in “normal” aging. Based upon recent studies suggesting the benefits of higher oral doses of deprenyl, the following are commonly used doses for deprenyl: * Age 40-50: 5 mg of Deprenyl three to four times a week; * Age 50-60: 5 mg of Deprenyl four to six times a week; * Age 60-70: 5 mg of Deprenyl daily; * Over 70: 5 to 10 mg of Deprenyl daily. Every decade over age 40-45 results in the death of 13% of the dopamine producing neurons in humans. If you suffer from an accelerated decline in your dopamine producing neurons, you are said to have Parkinson’s disease. Deprenyl protects against the death of dopamine producing neurons and for this reason alone, should be part of your life extension program if you are over 40 years of age. Dilantin (Phenytoin) Dilantin is a remarkable multipurpose drug that has been the subject of more than 8,000 published papers. It is the most common treatment for epilepsy, and is prescribed under the generic name phenytoin and its trade name, Dilantin. It normalizes and improves mental functioning in general and improves concentration, learning, and thinking in particular. Discovered in 1938, Dilantin was used as an anticonvulsant and is still heralded as the most effective drug for this purpose ever discovered. Although scientists are just beginning to understand the electrical nature of humans and other animals, most people know that our nerves are electrical in nature. Thinking, memory, and pain are all electrically generated. Dilantin stabilizes the electrical activity in the body at the level of the cell membrane. Dilantin stops convulsions, which are electrical in nature. When cells show too much or too little electrical activity, phenytoin brings them back into balance. In addition, when the brain cells are functioning normally, the drug can calm the individual and increase energy levels. So phenytoin acts as a kind of medical equivalent to meditation, promoting calm and harmony. Because Dilantin influences electric currents, it can affect thinking and recall. Scientists don’t really understand how phenytoin works; however, they postulate that it influences electromagnetic fields, which polarize the electrically charged elements in the cells. This results in a more effective organizational structure, so that cell and brain functioning is improved. One of the major advantages of Dilantin is it stabilizes and normalizes the nervous system without acting as either a stimulant or a depressant. The result is that one can concentrate, learn, and remember better. Prolonged concentration can be exhausting. One effect of Dilantin is that it delays the onset of fatigue and thereby reduces errors that accompany fatigue. In this regard, phenytoin’s effect is similar to that of stimulants, but it is not a stimulant and has none of the side effects common to stimulants. Generally Dilantin’s effectiveness for a wide variety of disorders is unknown to most doctors. Most doctors think it is useful only in maintaining epilepsy, and are not knowledgeable about its tremendous impact on general cognitive functioning, mood moderation, and concentration. Dilantin does have some significant but infrequent side effects when taken in regular dosages. Some people report tremors, insomnia, headaches. dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Dr. Pelton indicates that phenytoin can occasionally cause liver toxicity during the first few weeks of use. Some people, mostly children with epilepsy, report gum problems. A major consideration for most people using Dilantin is that it can disturb absorption of vitamin D and folic acid, which are essential for health. Dr. Pelton recommends that people on phenytoin therapy take supplements of vitamin D, calcium, and folic acid. Dilantin is available, by prescription, in capsule, tablet, and liquid forms. The original patent has expired, so it is available under its generic name, phenytoin, as well as under its trade name Dilantin in the United States, and Epanutin, Epamin, Eplin, Idantoin, and Aleviatan in other countries. Fipexide So far, little is known about the effects of this cognitive enhancer, which is also known by the names Attentil, BP 662, and Vigilor. Whereas most nootropics improve both learning and recall, fipexide helps learning but not recall. Nootropics in the pyrrolidone family work by affecting the parts of the nervous system that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. Fipexide works by slightly increasing the amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. With more dopamine, there is better motor coordination, an improved immune system, more motivation to act, and a better emotional balance, all of which might contribute to the kind of mental fine tuning that promotes learning. Gerovital (GH-3) Dr. Ana Aslan, director of the Institute of Geriatrics in Romania, developed Gerovital (GH-3) in the early 1950s. GH-3 has been hailed as a miraculous youth formula that combats the ravages of aging and makes people feel more energetic and youthful. It is claimed to reverse the aging process, and to improve thinking and memory by providing the nutrients needed to repair damaged cells and membranes. Procaine hydrochloride can pass through the damaged membranes of diseased cells. It increases the cell’s consumption of oxygen, and provides nutrients that help the damaged cells repair or renew membranes. Chemically, GH-3, which is an injectable treatment, is made of procaine hydrochloride mixed with potassium metabisulfate, disodium phosphate, and benzoic acid. Procaine breaks down in the body into PABA (paraminobenzoic acid), a B vitamin, and DEAE (diethylaminoethanol), which is chemically similar to DMAE and is converted in the cells into choline. PABA aids the body in blood-cell formation, protein metabolism, and skin functions. A deficiency of PABA can cause constipation, depression, digestive disorders, stress, infertility, fatigue, gray hair, headaches, and irritability. PABA stimulates the intestinal bacterial system to produce the B vitamins folic acid, pantothenic, and biotin, and vitamin K. PABA is rapidly disposed of by the liver, so ingesting it alone can get disappointing results. However, when combined with the procaine hydrochloride molecule, PABA is more effective. DEAE has an antidepressant effect. DEAE comprises choline and acetylcholine, which make up important neurotransmitters that facilitate brain functioning. Ana Aslan experimented with the rejuvenative effects of procaine through the late 1940s and well into the 1950s. Out of this research she developed an improved formula, in which she buffered and stabilized the basic procaine hydrochloride, which she called Gerovital H-3 or GH-3. Dr. Aslan presented her results from treatment of more than 2,500 people using GH-3 to the Karlsruhe Therapy Congress. She claimed GH-3 relieved depression, arthritis, angina pectoris, and hypertension, produced muscular vigor, and had a rejuvenative effect at the cellular level. Her results were confirmed in the l970’s on 15,000 people aged 40 to 62. People taking GH-3 claim relief from a host of ailments and pains. They say it is an antidepressant and brain tonic that makes people more alert and cheerful. It is reported to arrest aging symptoms, hair loss, graying, wrinkling, and hardened skin. Depression in the elderly was researched by an NIMH team, who concluded that it was c caused by a buildup of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MA0) in the brain. Typically this process begins around age 45 and continues with age. Dr. Alfred Sapse, who had interned under Ana Aslan, showed that GH-3 is an MA0 inhibitor that gave rapid improvement in depression and insomnia patients. They also reported a general improved sense of well-being. Patients with high cholesterol showed reduced serum cholesterol after four weeks’ treatment. Sapse’s results were replicated at UCLA and Duke University. Even though numerous impressive studies were conducted in the United States, Sapse was frustrated in his many attempts to gain FDA approval to market GH-3 in the United States as a treatment for depression and aging. The Dr. Ana Aslan Institute in Miami, Florida, provides treatment using Aslan’s original formula. The treatment consists of Gerovital administered by injection three times a week for four weeks, followed by a ten-day rest period and another four-week treatment period. GH-3 also comes in tablet form. The dose is one tablet a day for twenty-five days, then no GH-3 for a five-day rest period. Human Growth Hormone Of all the substances with potential anti-aging properties, none has aroused such widespread excitement or generated such widespread controversy as Human Growth Hormone. Secreted by the pituitary gland, human growth hormone (also known as hGH or somatotropin) was shown in a widely reported 1990 study by Daniel Rudman, M.D., and his colleagues at the Medical College of Wisconsin to trim fat, build muscle and improve skin tone in a dozen elderly men. In the wake of Rudman’s report, headlines around the country trumpeted hGH as a rejuvenator and age-reverser. Since then, medical journals around the world have bulged with new reports of hGH’s many potential benefits, including the possibility that it may help the body fight off infectious diseases and cancer. Of the many animal experiments using hGH, perhaps the most exciting has been a 1991 study by Michael Torosian, M.D., and Robert Donoway, M.D., of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia, in which hGH significantly slowed the spread of lung cancer in rats. The researchers now hope to apply for permission to do human tests. In addition to hGH’s ability to trim fat and increase muscle mass, newer studies are beginning to show that it may play an important role in combating age-related diseases. In 1991, a team led by Christian Wiedermann of the University of Innsbruck Medical School in Austria reported that hGH had stimulated the functioning of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, immune-system cells that fight off bacterial infections. (Age-related declines in the activity of these cells leave older people more vulnerable to infectious diseases.) In 1992, Fran Kaiser, M.D., of the St. Louis University School of Medicine reported that injections of synthetic growth hormone stimulated appetite, induced weight gain and increased muscle mass in five elderly patients who were suffering from chronic malnutrition. Since other studies have shown that up to 65 percent of older people in hospitals and nursing homes may be malnourished, Kaiser suggests that hGH be further considered and tested as a possible treatment for age-related malnutrition. Taking large doses of hGH may result in acromegaly, a condition in which the bones of the face are grotesquely enlarged, and which has been associated with high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Some experts fear that hGH may stimulate tumor growth in people with cancer, although this has not been scientifically established. Human growth hormone is approved by the FDA for the physician-supervised treatment of unusually short children, meaning that it is available by doctor’s prescription. Because of its muscle-building propensities, hGH is in considerable demand among athletes, many of whom consider it a legal and relatively safe alternative to anabolic steroids. Hydergine The granddaddy of the so-called smart drugs, hydergine has a long history as a mental de-ager. An extract of ergot, a fungus that grows on rye, hydergine (also known as dihydroergotoxine) was developed in the 1940s as a treatment for hypertension. Since then, hydergine has undergone scores of tests in patients with varying forms of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. Although the results have been equivocal, the Physicians’ Desk Reference lists hydergine as offering “some” relief for age-related declines in mental acuity. In old rats, hydergine has been shown to increase metabolism and uptake of glucose in the brain. It also helps rejuvenate connections between brain cells, protect the brain against damage due to oxygen starvation and improve learning capabilities. Although a 1990 study at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia concluded that hydergine was ineffective as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, Longevity reported in 1991 that exhaustive testing in a number of laboratories in the US of more than 1,000 patients with various kinds of senile disorders indicates that those treated with hydergine had consistently higher scores in such cognitive functions as mental alertness, clarity and mood. Hydergine is nontoxic and relatively safe. Its potential side effects include mild nausea and gastric disturbance. It should not be taken by people with psychosis, or those with low blood pressure or abnormally slow heartbeat. One of the most exciting things about hydergine is its availability. It has FDA approval as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, but some doctors may prescribe it to combat brain aging in healthy people. Excerpt from BRAIN BOOSTERS: Foods & Drugs That Make You Smarter Hydergine is considered by some to be an all-purpose brain booster . It increases mental abilities, prevents brain cells from being damaged by free radicals or by too little oxygen (hypoxia), and reverses brain-dell damage. Hydergine increases learning, memory, and recall in several ways. It speeds up the level of metabolism in the brain cells and increases the amount of blood and oxygen getting to the brain. Hydergine reduces brain damage when oxygen is insufficient, as during a stroke. Hydergine slows down lipofuscin deposits associated with brain-cell aging, and acts as a prophylactic against damage from free radicals. The only FDA-approved uses of hydergine are senility and cerehrovascular insufficiency, which is caused by poor blood circulation to the brain. Hydergine’s effectiveness in reducing symptoms of senility have been well-established. Hydergine increases the oxygen supply in the brain, which keeps production of free radicals in check. When oxygen is in short supply because of smoking, cerebral insufficiency, strokes, or heart attacks, free radicals are rapidly produced, resulting in brain-cell damage. In Europe, hydergine is regularly given in hospital emergency rooms to victims of strokes, heart attacks, hemorrhage, drug overdoses, drowning, and electrocution. Because brain damage can occur from emergencies during surgery where oxygen and blood can be cut off, European hospitals routinely administer hydergine pre-surgery as an extra measure of caution. In spite of the volumes of research demonstrating the effectiveness of hydergine in these cases, use with accident victims or as a preventive measure is not approved in the United States by the FDA. Hydergine has been studied extensively, with more than 3,000 research papers published on it to date, making it one of the most widely studied and prescribed drugs. Hydergine was originally produced and distributed by Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, and later by Dorsey Pharmaceuticals, a division of Sandoz. Because the original patent has expired, numerous generic versions are now available in various strengths through prescription. According to FDA guidelines, prescription is permitted for anti-senility only. However, in practice it is often used for improving intelligence and combating aging, and is prescribed for higher doses than those usually approved in the U.S. Hydergine is available in the U.S. by prescription only. Hydergine may have even better effects when used in conjunction with piracetam; researchers suggest taking smaller doses of both to get the best effect. KH3 Another procaine formulation similar to Gerivital is KH3, which is a gelatin capsule containing procaine and hematoporphyrin. Hematoporphyrin boosts the procaine action. It is claimed to help alertness, concentration, and recall as well as improve a number of health problems. The benefits are attributed to improved circulation to the brain. The only state where KH3 is sold legally is Nevada. It is also available over the counter in Europe. Metformin Two of the most common denizens of aging are atherosclerosis, a clogging of the arteries that can lead to life-shortening heart disease, and a declining immune system, which can mean decreased resistance to infectious diseases and even cancer. Metformin, a drug used for years in Europe to treat adult-onset diabetes, may also have some anti-aging properties-lowering cholesterol, for example, and boosting the immune system. New evidence from the University of Milan suggests that metformin may also help treat atherosclerosis. Over the past 25 years, tests in rats and rabbits have shown that metformin reduces the ability of very low density lipoprotein, a form of “bad” cholesterol, to bind to blood vessel walls, while making blood platelets less likely to coagulate and form dangerous clots. There’s exciting recent news concerning what may turn out to be one of metformin’s most important anti-aging properties: its ability to treat patients whose blood vessels are constricted by atherosclerosis. In 1992, a research team led by C.R. Sirtori of the Institute of Pharmacological Sciences at the University of Milan tested metformin on 11 patients with peripheral vascular disease. Their blood vessels were so clogged that they could not walk normally for more than about 550 yards. After treatment with metformin, however, the patients’ blood flow increased by 30 percent, and their exercise capacity increased by anywhere from 53 percent to 105 percent. At the low doses (two 500 mg doses per day) used in the Italian study, no side effects were noted. Higher doses can produce lactic acidosis, a condition in which the blood becomes acidic, and which can lead to nausea and vomiting. Because it helps normalize the metabolism of glucose, metformin is widely used in western Europe to treat adult-onset diabetes. Oxiracetam Chemically, oxiracetam is similar to piracetam, though stronger in effect. It is one of the more commonly used smart drugs, and known by a number of names, including CT-848, hydroxypiracetam, ISF-2522, Neuractiv, and Neuromet. Oxiracetam has had the most widespread use in Italy, where it was developed in 1988 by ICF, an Italian drug company. In the U.S., use has not been approved by the FDA. Smith Kline Beckman Corporation is trying to get the drug approved for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Some research indicates that the effects of oxiracetam may be greater than those of piracetam in improving elderly subjects ability to remember things. Oxiracetam has been shown to be nontoxic, like other nootropics, as well as safe in dosages that far exceed what the average person takes. Piracetam Piracetam, also called nootropil, is the most commonly taken nootropic. It helps boost intelligence without being toxic or addictive. Piracetam is very similar in chemical structure to the amino acid pyroglutamate, present in meat, vegetables, fruits, and dairy products. Piracetam stimulates the cerebral cortex and increases the rate of metabolism and energy level of brain cells. It does not have the side effects associated with other stimulants. The primary clinical use is to protect the brain from damage caused by hypoxia, which is oxygen starvation, and to help recover from it. Brain cells can be starved for oxygen by drinking too much alcohol, for example. Another clinical use is stemming memory loss caused by physical injury and chemical poisoning. Piracetam seems to help step up the flow of messages between the two hemispheres or halves of the brain, which is sometimes called the interhemispheric flow of information. Dean and Morgenthaler speculate that the increased communication between right and left brains is associated with flashes of creativity. They believe that piracetam may actually have a regenerative effect on the nervous system. Piracetam may improve learning by increasing the brain’s ability to synthesize new proteins. The specific chain of events is complicated and beyond the scope of this book, but the upshot of the research is that piracetam is a powerful nootropic that seems to contribute to improved memory and learning through several different types of chemical changes that it triggers in the brain. Research shows significant improvements in memory and mental performance. Piracetam has a synergistic effect, such as helping the individual remember things better, when taken with DMAE, centrophenoxine, choline, Deaner, lecithin, or hydergine. Reports show it works three to four times better when acetylcholine-enhancing nutrients or drugs are used. Studies suggest that when taken in combination, Piracetam and choline are much more effective both in improving memory and in preventing the mental decline that comes with aging than when either substance is used by itself. The research indicates that either by itself or with choline, piracetam is one of the most effective nootropic drugs in its impact on memory and learning. Piracetam is most easily obtained over the counter in Mexico and in various European countries. Up until recently it could be obtained through the mail from an off-shore pharmacy. Phenytoin (Dilantin) Phenytoin is a remarkable multipurpose drug that has been the subject of more than 8,000 published papers. It is the most common treatment for epilepsy, and is prescribed under the generic name phenytoin and its trade name, Phenytoin. It normalizes and improves mental functioning in general and improves concentration, learning, and thinking in particular. Discovered in 1938, Phenytoin was used as an anticonvulsant and is still heralded as the most effective drug for this purpose ever discovered. Although scientists are just beginning to understand the electrical nature of humans and other animals, most people know that our nerves are electrical in nature. Thinking, memory, and pain are all electrically generated. Phenytoin stabilizes the electrical activity in the body at the level of the cell membrane. Phenytoin stops convulsions, which are electrical in nature. When cells show too much or too little electrical activity, phenytoin brings them back into balance. In addition, when the brain cells are functioning normally, the drug can calm the individual and increase energy levels. So phenytoin acts as a kind of medical equivalent to meditation, promoting calm and harmony. Because Phenytoin influences electric currents, it can affect thinking and recall. Scientists don’t really understand how phenytoin works; however, they postulate that it influences electromagnetic fields, which polarize the electrically charged elements in the cells. This results in a more effective organizational structure, so that cell and brain functioning is improved. One of the major advantages of Phenytoin is it stabilizes and normalizes the nervous system without acting as either a stimulant or a depressant. The result is that one can concentrate, learn, and remember better. Prolonged concentration can be exhausting. One effect of Phenytoin is that it delays the onset of fatigue and thereby reduces errors that accompany fatigue. In this regard, phenytoin’s effect is similar to that of stimulants, but it is not a stimulant and has none of the side effects common to stimulants. Generally Phenytoin’s effectiveness for a wide variety of disorders is unknown to most doctors. Most doctors think it is useful only in maintaining epilepsy, and are not knowledgeable about its tremendous impact on general cognitive functioning, mood moderation, and concentration. Phenytoin does have some significant but infrequent side effects when taken in regular dosages. Some people report tremors, insomnia, headaches. dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Dr. Pelton indicates that phenytoin can occasionally cause liver toxicity during the first few weeks of use. Some people, mostly children with epilepsy, report gum problems. A major consideration for most people using Phenytoin is that it can disturb absorption of vitamin D and folic acid, which are essential for health. Dr. Pelton recommends that people on phenytoin therapy take supplements of vitamin D, calcium, and folic acid. Phenytoin is available, by prescription, in capsule, tablet, and liquid forms. The original patent has expired, so it is available under its generic name, phenytoin, as well as under its trade name Phenytoin in the United States, and Epanutin, Epamin, Eplin, Idantoin, and Aleviatan in other countries. Pramiracetam Pramiracetam, also known as CI-879, is another chemical relative to piracetam, and has a similar effect in improving the operations of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Like oxiracetam, pramiracetam appears to be more potent than piracetam. Although pramiracetam seems to be more potent and effective, it is less common than piracetam. Pramiracetam is newer, less tested, and less available. Parke Davis is working through the maze of FDA approval of pramiracetam to treat Alzheimer’s disease. If pramiracetam becomes legally available, it will probably be used not only for Alzheimer’s disease but for cognitive enhancement as well. Tacrine Tacrine or THA (tetrahydroaminoacridine) has been demonstrated in research by Dr. Mohs and by Dr. Summers to consistently improve memory in Alzheimer’s patients. Dr. Summers has had very hopeful results treating Alzheimer’s with a combination of deprenyl and THA plus the nutrient lecithin. Deprenyl increases availability of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and phenylethylamine, which play a critical role in motor, behavior, and cognitive functions. THA helps to preserve acetylcholine in the brain, and lecithin is a nutrient from which the body manufactures acetylcholine. Although deprenyl and THA plus lecithin work according to different mechanisms, it is believed the combination of the two is more effective in improving memory in Alzheimer’s patients. Summers used THA plus lecithin extensively with patients with good success until July 1990, when the FDA forced him to stop his project. Unfortunately, THA is hard to obtain, and deprenyl has been approved only for treating Parkinson’s disease. As a result, research into improving this treatment is slow, and approval doesn’t look likely, which has lead to an outcry by Summers and the families of Alzheimer’s sufferers. In 1991, they filed a class-action suit against the FDA. Under pressure from the lawsuit, the FDA decided to allow “expanded access” to THA under its “treatment IND program.” However, Saul Kent, publisher of Life Extension Report, points out that the promised access is, in fact, limited by many restrictions. As an alternative, Summers’s group established an Alzheimer’s Buyer’s Club in Costa Rica. Vasopressin Vasopressin has memory-enhancing effects and is widely known as the prescription drug manufactured by Sandoz Pharmaceutical Company under the trade name Diapid. Vasopressin is a brain hormone produced in the pituitary gland, and acts to imprint new information into the brain’s memory centers. Without vasopressin you can’t learn or acquire new information. Similarly, it helps in memory retrieval by drawing information into conscious thought. Earliest research was conducted in the Netherlands in the mid-’60s by Dr. de Wied, who found that vasopressin acts directly on brain cells and the central nervous system to improve the imprinting system by which electric impulses with information became encoded into longterm memories. During this process new proteins are synthesized and deposited into the memory centers of the brain. Research on humans using vasopressin revealed similar memory enhancing results. Patients with memory problems showed improved attention span, concentration, recall, and ability to learn. Stimulants like LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, and Cylert cause the pituitary to release vasopressin. Frequent use of these drugs can lead to sluggish mental performance and depression resulting from vasopressin depletion. On the other hand, marijuana and alcohol, which are depressants, inhibit the release of vasopressin This explains why regular users, especially of marijuana, often complain of memory loss. These problems can be reversed, almost immediately, by inhaling Diapid, because it is absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nose and goes quickly to the brain results are often evident in less than a minute. Diapid, which is a nasal spray manufactured by Sandoz, has been approved by the FDA only to treat the frequent urination associated with diabetes insipidus and bedwetting in children. The FDA has not approved its use in healthy people for memory and learning enhancement. Diapid is considered to be very safe, with no major side effects. However, some people experience mild symptoms such as nose irritation, headaches, abdominal cramps, and an increased desire to move the bowels. Pregnant women should avoid it, since safety during pregnancy has not been established. Vasopressin can be obtained in the United States by prescription. It is available over the counter in Mexico.	Asparagus
What is the name of the documentary movie of the rehearsals for Michael Jackson's last tour, before his timely death, which is the highest grossing concert movie in history?	Glossaries \| Nutrition Review Nutrition Review 1. Amino Acids Amino acids are the basic chemical building blocks of life. The body uses twenty-nine dietary amino acids to synthesize over 50,000 unique proteins and 20,000 enzymes necessary for optimal health. As long as the body has a reliable source of dietary essential amino acids it can adequately meet most of its needs for new protein synthesis. Conversely, if depleted or cut off from dietary sources of amino acids, protein synthesis is affected and serious health problems arise. Amino Acids Alanine Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that can be manufactured by the body from other sources as needed. Alanine is one of the simplest of the amino acids and is involved in the energy-producing breakdown of glucose. In conditions of sudden anaerobic energy need, when muscle proteins are broken down for energy, alanine acts as a carrier molecule to take the nitrogen-containing amino group to the liver to be changed to the less toxic urea, thus preventing buildup of toxic products in the muscle cells when extra energy is needed. Because the body easily constructs alanine from other sources, no deficiency state is known. Alanine is found in a wide variety of foods, but is particularly concentrated in meats. Arginine Arginine is an amino acid which becomes an essential amino acid when the body is under stress or is in an injured state. Depressed growth results from lack of dietary arginine. Arginine is indispensable for certain adult mammals. When mammals who ordinarily consume an arginine-rich diet are deprived of arginine, death ensues. Arginine deficiency syndrome is observed in human babies born with a phosphate synthetase deficiency. Normal growth and development in these infants are achieved by adding arginine to their diet. Arginine deficiency leads to carbamyl phosphate overproduction in the mitochondria due to inadequate ornithine supply. Arginine-deficient diets in males causes decreased sperm counts. Free and bound arginine are found in abundance in human male sperm and arginine has been found to stimulate sperm motility. There are two sources of arginine; arginine in the food chain and free-form arginine from supplements. Food-source arginine is found in abundance in turkey, chicken, and other meats. Non-food-source arginine is called L-arginine and is created through a fermentation process which separates arginine from all other proteins. In the presence of food and other amino acids, L-arginine will act like food-source arginine but when L-arginine is separated from its nutrient boundaries by the removal of all other amino acids, then L-arginine undertakes a different role, becoming capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and stimulating growth hormone release secreted by the anterior pituitary. Growth hormone serum levels peak during adolescence and begin to drop after age 23. Aging reduces natural growth hormone production, which results in added body fat, reduced muscle tissue, slowed healing, lack of elasticity in the skin, and reduced immune function. Human pituitary growth hormone secretion is evidenced in human males, females, and children following intravenous administration of 30 grams of arginine (in 30 minutes) in adults and 0.5 grams/kilogram of bodyweight in children. Female response is somewhat higher than male response. Oral administration of L-arginine also results in the release of Human Growth Hormone. Oral ingestion of another amino acid, Ornithine, results in growth hormone release, but since arginine turns into ornithine, and ornithine does not replace arginine for growth, arginine is the superior growth hormone releasing agent. Additionally, arginine has very low toxicity. Doses of 0.5 grams per kilogram up to 30 grams total given within 20 to 30 minutes has caused no untoward reactions and is considered safe. Patients diagnosed with renal or hepatic insufficiency and those with insulin-dependent diabetes should avoid large doses of arginine, or be medically monitored. Normal persons can tolerate 30 to 60 grams per day arginine. While food-source arginine is necessary for growth in children, free-form L-arginine is not recommended for anyone under the age of 23. The body’s demand for dietary arginine is increased by physical trauma (of any type). Dietary supplementation of arginine: Increases collagen; the protein providing the main support for bone, cartilage, tendons, connective tissue, and skin. Increases wound breaking strength. Improves the rate of wound healing. Inhibits cellular replication of tumors. Increases sperm count and motility by over 100%. Detoxifies ammonia (The urea cycle is the metabolic detoxification process utilized by the body to eliminate toxic ammonia in which ammonia is turned into urea and excreted in the urine). Minimizes thymic involution that occurs with injury. Decreases nitrogen losses after trauma. The demand for arginine in humans and animals occurs in response to: Physical trauma, Physical pain registered by the skin, Blood transfusions (pinprick reactions as well as foreign substance reaction), Tumor burden and malignancies, Dental procedures (pinprick reaction, pain, and blood loss), Malnutrition, Muscle and bone growth spurts. Tumor suppression is evidenced in the presence of L-arginine. In the Barbul study, tumors recurred in 100% of the control animals. But in the arginine-supplemented group, only about 60% of the tumors recurred and the animals with tumors survived longer Supplementation of arginine in the diet inhibits development and increase in size of cancerous tumors, both chemically induced and naturally occurring. Insulin can block growth hormone release, so high serum insulin levels are counterproductive to GH release. Insulin itself is capable of stimulating muscle growth, but it also strongly stimulates fat storage. Muscle growth stimulation from insulin is minuscule compared to muscle growth stimulated by growth hormone. Adults who choose to take L-arginine supplements for growth hormone release should observe the following guidelines. The product: Should not be in capsule form – you cannot fit enough L-arginine in capsules to elicit a GH response. Should not contain Lysine. L-arginine and Lysine should not be taken together as Lysine is a direct antagonist of arginine. L-arginine taken near food can interfere with Lysine metabolization thus causing potential reactivation of an already existing herpes virus. Should not contain competing proteins or amino acids. Should not contain insulin stimulating (high glycemic) ingredients. Should contain the correct synergists. Should include explicit directions in regard to timing and contraindications (ie diabetics) Arginine Pyroglutamate In Italy, Arginine Pyroglutamate is used to treat senility, mental retardation, and alcoholism. Arginine pyroglutamate is simply an arginine molecule combined with a pyroglutamate molecule. Arginine alone does not produce cognitive enhancing effects. It is likely that pyroglutamate is the active ingredient of arginine pyroglutamate. No serious adverse effects from the use of pyroglutamate, or from the use of arginine pyroglutamate, have been reported. Arginine and pyroglutamate are amino acids found commonly in natural foods and consumed by most people on a daily basis. Asparaginine Asparaginine is a non-essential amino acid that was first isolated from sprouting soybeans. Structurally similar to aspartic acid, with an additional amino group on the main carbon skeleton, Asparaginine aids in the metabolic functioning of brain and nervous system cells. When the extra amino group is removed by the brain, the resulting aspartic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter. Aspartic acid has been used to help with fatigue and depression, and may be a mild immune stimulant as well. In the body, removal of asparaginines extra amino group allows it to be used interchangeably with aspartic acid in basic protein building. It is easily supplied in normal diets and no toxic effects are known. Aspartic Acid Aspartic acid a non-essential amino acid that the body can make from other sources in sufficient amounts to meet its needs. It is a critical part of the enzyme in the liver that transfers nitrogen-containing amino groups, either in building new proteins and amino acids, or in breaking down proteins and amino acids for energy and detoxifying the nitrogen in the form of urea. Recent studies have shown aspartate and arginine supplements either alone or in combination may help relieve chronic fatigue. Both amino acids are also helpful in treating decreased fertility in men caused by decreased sperm count or mobility. Aspartic acid and potassium aspartate were also helpful in treating heart attacks and preventing irregular rhythms. Its ability to increase endurance is thought to be a result of its role in clearing ammonia from the system. In one study, 85% of 145 patients with chronic fatigue who were given the potassium and magnesium salts of aspartic acid, felt significantly more energetic. Athletes also use it to promote stamina and endurance. It helps form the ribonucleotides that assist in the production of RNA and DNA, and assists in energy production from carbohydrate metabolism. Aspartic acid is one of two major excitatory amino acids within the brain (The other is glutamic acid). At small doses these amino acids stimulate nerve cells to higher levels of activity. At higher doses they may overexcite these nerve cells, causing cell damage or death. This is thought to happen in strokes, when large amounts of excitatory neurotransmitters are released by the damage and may contribute to further damage. Some research has shown that aspartic acid might be useful in opiate withdrawal. It was found more useful in this context than some major tranquilizing drugs. Depleted levels of aspartic acid may occur temporarily within certain tissues under stress, but, because the body is able to make its own aspartic acid to replace any depletion, deficiency states do not occur. Aspartic acid is abundant in plants, especially in sprouting seeds. In protein, it exists mainly in the form of its amide, asparagine. The popular sweetener Aspartame is a combination of aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Aspartic acid is considered nontoxic. L-Carnitine Carnitine is a dipeptide – an amino acid made from two other aminos, methionine and lysine. It can be synthesized in the liver if sufficient amounts of lysine, B1, B6 and iron are available. Muscle and organ meat, fish and milk products are the best sources of carnitine in the diet. Vegetarians are more likely to be deficient in carnitine because they don’t eat meat and their diets are often low in lysine. Carnitine has been shown to have a major role in the metabolism of fat and in the reduction of triglycerides by increasing fat utilization. It transfers fatty acids across the membranes of the mitochondria where they can be utilized as sources of energy. It also increases the rate at which the liver uses fats. By preventing fatty build-up, this amino acid aids in weight loss and decreases the risk of heart disease. Carnitine has been shown to be deficient in hearts of patients who have died of acute myocardial infections. Supplements have recently been found to improve exercise tolerance in people with angina, possibly by increasing the ability to utilize fatty acids for energy. Carnitine was also found to block atrial fibrillation after initial atropine administration about as well as quinidine, without many of quinidine’s side effects. It may be deficient, and supplementation may help in mitral valve prolapse and immune system depression. Muscular dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy have been shown to lead to carnitine loss in the urine, and therefore higher requirements for it. Carnitine is stored primarily in the skeletal muscles and heart, where it is needed to transform fatty acids into energy for muscular activity. It is also concentrated in sperm and the brain. Many athletes have noted increased endurance and muscle building with carnitine supplementation. The Physicians Desk Reference has recommended l-carnitine in the treatment of ischemic heart disease and Type IV hyperlipidema. Carnitine has been shown to be beneficial for heart problems such as angina, ischemia or arrhythmia, and poor endurance, muscle weakness or obesity. Deficiencies may increase symptoms of fatigue, angina, muscle weakness or confusion. A low level of Vitamin c will also result in apparent Carnitine deficiency. It is contraindicated for people with liver or kidney disease or diabetes It has proven helpful in improving lipid metabolism and reducing elevated total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides in people with cardiac problems and diabetes, but should only be taken with medical supervision in these conditions. Citruline Citruline is synthesized in the body from ornithine by the addition of carbon dioxide and ammonia, and is a precursor of arginine. It is found primarily in the liver and is a major component of the urea cycle. Therapeutically it is used for the detoxification of ammonia, a byproduct of protein breakdown, and in the treatment of fatigue. It is also thought to stimulate the immune system. Onions and garlic contain an abundance of citruline. Cysteine Cysteine is a sulphur-bearing amino acid and a precursor to Glutathione, one of the body’s most effective antioxidants and free radical destroyers. Free radicals are toxic waste products of faulty metabolism, radiation and environmental pollutants which oxidize and damage body cells. Glutathione also protects the liver and brain from the damaging effects of cigarettes and alcohol, protects red blood cells from oxidative damage and aids in amino acid transport. Glutathione specifically helps neutralize the aldehydes produced by the liver as a by-product in the metabolism of fats, alcohol, air pollutants and some drugs. It works most effectively when taken in conjunction with vitamin E and selenium. Through this antioxidant enzyme process, cysteine may contribute to a longer life span, as deterioative aging is thought to be mainly due to oxidation and free radical damage. Cysteine has been shown to be effective in preventing and the treatment of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, cancer, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It has immune enhancing properties, promotes fat burning and muscle growth and also tissue healing after surgery or burns. Hair is 8% cysteine by weight, and cysteine supplements have been shown to be helpful in reducing hair loss and stimulating hair growth. It is important to take vitamin C at the same time and in three times the amount of cysteine, in order to prevent cysteine from being converted to cystine which may form damaging stones in the kidney or bladder. Cysteine can be found in sulphur containing foods such as egg yolks, red peppers, garlic, onions, broccoli and brussels sprouts. It can be helpful in hypoglycemia as it can block the harmful effects of excess insulin. Use of Cysteine is contraindicated for diabetics. Cystine Cystine is a stable form of the amino acid cysteine. The body is capable of converting one to the other as required and in metabolic terms they can be thought of as the same. Both cystine and cysteine are rich in sulphur and can be readily synthesized by the body. Cystine is found abundantly in hair keratin, insulin and certain digestive enzymes. As a detoxification agent Cystine has been shown to protect the body against damage induced by alcohol and cigarette smoking. One study showed its effectiveness in preventing the side effects of drinking, such as hangover, and that it prevented liver and brain damage as well. Cystine or cysteine is needed by the body for proper utilization of vitamin B6. The metabolic steps in the formation of these two amino acids is from methionine to cystathionine to cysteine to cystine. In chronic diseases it appears that the formation of cysteine from methionine is prevented. One element in correction of the biochemistry of the chronic disease could be the restoration of adequate levels of cysteine or cystine. Cysteine is more soluble than cystine and contributes sulphur more readily and thus achieves better results in some patients. No single nutrient should be seen as curative for any condition. By reducing the body’s absorption of copper, cystine protects against copper toxicity, which has been linked to behavioral problems. It is also found helpful in the healing of burns and wounds, and is used to break down mucus deposits in illnesses such as bronchitis and cystic fibrosis. Cysteine also assists in the supply of insulin to the pancreas, which is needed for the assimilation of sugars and starches. However, supplements of cysteine and cystine are readily utilized carbon sources that may actually enhance Candida growth in its more pathogenic yeast form. GABA GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), is an important amino acid which functions as the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Supplemental GABA can be useful in producing a state of relaxation. GABA works in partnership with a derivative of Vitamin B-6, pyridoxine, to cross from the axons to the dendrites through the synaptic cleft, in response to an electrical signal in the neuron and inhibits message transmission. This helps control the nerve cells from firing too fast, which would overload the system. The action of GABA decreases epileptic seizures and muscle spasms by inhibiting electrical signals in this manner. Studies have shown that the site of action in the brain of benzodiazepams, including Valium, is directly coupled to the brain receptor for GABA. GABA itself can be taken instead of a tranquilizer to calm the body without the fear of addiction. Taken with the B-vitamins niacinamide and inositol, it prevents anxiety messages from reaching the motor centers of the brain by filling its receptor site. Glutathione Glutathione is a tri-peptide composed of three amino acids: Cysteine, Glutamic Acid and Glycine. Glutathione and the enzymes it forms, such as GTH peroxidase, are essential to all life and are found in tissues of virtually all plants and animals. GTH is present in all human cells, with the highest levels found in the liver, the lenses of the eyes, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. Glutathione acts as a powerful antioxidant, a key protector against all types of pollution and is effective in preventing aging. Glutathione also protects against cellular peroxidation caused by exposure to pesticides, plastics, benzene and carbon tetrachloride, as well as heavy metals, cigarette smoke, smog, drugs, solvents, dyes, phenols and nitrates. Glutathione works to inhibit the formation of free radicals, dangerous agents that suppress the immune system and promote the formation of mutagens and carcinogens. Free radicals also speed up the aging process, and it is due to this antioxidant activity that Glutathione is considered useful in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of degenerative diseases. Studies at the Louisville School of Medicine have clearly shown that Glutathione possesses unique ability to slow the aging process. While Glutathione aids in the protection of all cells and membranes, a study at Harvard Medical School found that glutathione is especially able to enhance immune system cells, protecting against damage from radiation and helping to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and x-rays and alcohol. As a detoxifier of metals and drugs, glutathione also aids in the treatment of blood and liver disorders. Glutamine Glutamine is an amino acid widely used to maintain good brain functioning. Glutamine is a derivative of glutamic acid which is synthesized from the amino acids arginine, ornithine and proline. Glutamine improves mental alertness, clarity of thinking and mood. It is found abundantly in animal proteins and needed in high concentrations in serum and cerebro-spinal fluid. When glutamic acid combines with ammonia, a waste product of metabolic activity, is converted into glutamine. Glutamic acid is also a precursor of GABA, an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamic acid helps transport potassium into the spinal fluid and is itself an excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamic acid has been used to treat mental retardation, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophy and alcoholism. Because glutamic acid cannot cross the blood brain barrier, where most of the metabolism takes place, glutamine, which can cross this barrier, works better in supplement form. Glutamine can also be used by cells like glucose for metabolic energy. It helps to raise blood sugar and is therefore valuable in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Research has also shown that supplementation of glutamine reduces the craving for alcohol and is now commonly used in alcoholism clinics. It also seems to reduce the craving for sugar and carbohydrates. Other noted areas of usefulness are treatment of depression, peptic ulcers, schizophrenia and senility, and behavioral problems and autism in children. Glycine Glycine is an amino acid that is a major part of the pool of amino acids which aid in the synthesis of non essential amino acids in the body. Glycine can be easily formed in the liver or kidneys from Choline and the amino acids Threonine and Serine. Likewise, Glycine can be readily converted back into Serine as needed. Glycine is also one of the few amino acids that can spare glucose for energy by improving glycogen storage. Glycine is also readily converted into creatine, which is utilized to make RNA and DNA. Glycine is required by the body for the mainainence of the central nervous system, and in men glycine plays an essential role in maintaining healthy prostate functions. Glycine also plays an important function in the immune system were it is used in the synthesis of other non-essential amino acids. Studies have shown that glycine can be beneficial in cases of chronic spasticity, including multiple sclerosis, and its inhibitory action can help to prevent epileptic seizures. Glycine has also been used in treating manic psychological states and has a calming effect on the brain. Glycine can reduce gastric acidity, and in higher doses, can stimulate growth hormone release and contribute to wound healing Glycine comprises up to a third of the collagen in the human body and is required for the synthesis of the porphyrin core of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in the blood. Glycine is also a constituent of a vital bile acid, and together with cysteine and glutamic acid, makes up glutathione, a major liver detoxifier and free radical fighter. Histidine Histidine is intricately involved in a large number of critical metabolic processes, ranging from the production of red and white blood cells to regulating antibody activity. Histidine also helps to maintain the myelin sheaths which surround and insulate nerves. In particular, Histidine has been found beneficial for the auditory nerves, and a deficiency of this vital amino acid has been noted in cases of nerve deafness. Histidine is required for the production of histamine, and is often used in the treatment of anemia, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory reactions. Histidine also possesses vasodilating and hypotensive actions, and has an vital role in sexual responses. Research shows that the release of histamine from the mast cells is necessary for the physical action of orgasm. Women who are unable to achieve orgasm may be low in histamine and can possibly benefit from histidine supplementation. Premature ejaculation is also attributed to excess histamine and may be regulated by using methionine and calcium. Studies show that histidine boosts the activity of suppressor T cells. One researcher reporting the finding of abnormally low levels of Histidine in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Histidine is also used as a chelating agent in some cases of arthritis and to treat tissue overload from copper, iron or other heavy metals, to remove them from the body Histidine also acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, boosting the activity of soothing alpha waves in the brain and suporting resistant to the effects of anxiety and stress. In cases of histidine deficiency, there is an unbalancing effect on alpha rhythms, leading to greater beta wave production. Beta waves are responsible for brain activity leading to anger and tension. Histidine is naturally found in most animal and vegetable proteins, and is especially high in pork, poultry, cheese and wheat germ. Supplements of histidine should not be larger than 1.5 grams per day, except under a doctors supervision. Isoleucine Isoleucine is a essential branched chain amino acid found abundently in most foods. Isoleucine is found in especially high amounts in meats, fish, cheese, most seeds and nuts, eggs, chickens and lentils. In the human body Isoleucine is concentrated in the muscle tissues. Isoleucine is necessary for hemoglobin formation and in stabilizing and regulating blood sugar and energy levels. A deficiency of isoleucine can produce symptoms similar to those of hypoglycemia. It has been identified as one of a group of amino acids deficient in amino acid profiles run on mentally and physically ill patients. Isoleucine is frequently deficient in the elderly, and may contribute to muscle wasting, twitching and tremors. The branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are Isoleucine, Leucine and Valine. BCAAs are popular with body builders looking to restore muscle mass traumatized from excessive overtraining. BCAAs are also used to treat injuries and physical stress conditions , such as surgery and liver disease. The ability of these amino acids to help in abnormal conditions does not imply that they will help in healthy individuals, and no studies indicate that extra intake will help in muscle building. Since the body cannot make this amino acid from other sources, maintaining sufficient amounts in the diet IS important. Jeffery Bland, author of Medical Applications of Clinical Nutrition, gives the range of isoleucine requirement in normal adults as being between 250 and 700 milligrams daily. The isoleucine content of animal protein is 42 milligrams per gram of protein. Leucine Leucine is an essential amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the body but must always be acquired from dietary sources. Leucine is available in good concentrations in meat and dairy products, and to a lesser degree in wheat germ, brown rice, soybeans, almonds, cashews and brazil nuts, chickpeas, lentils and corn. Leucine stimulates protein synthesis in muscles, and is essential for growth. Leucine also promotes the healing of bones, skin and muscle tissue. Leucine, and the other branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), Isoleucine and Valine, are frequently deficient in the elderly, and increased body requirements can occur after trauma or surgery. These branched-chain amino acids may prevent muscle wasting in these conditions, but no studies have been done to determine if extra intake will help in muscle building in healthy individuals. Because leucine cannot be made by the body from other sources, it IS important to maintain adequate amounts in the diet. Leucine, in conjunction with two other amino acids, isoleucine and valine, appear to be quite helpful in treating and in some cases even reversing hepatic encephalopathy, a form of liver damage in alcoholics. They also help curb muscle wasting in this disease and through their actions on brain neurotransmitters, help prevent some adverse neurological effects of chronic liver disease. A recent study shows that leucine, isoleucine and valine may be helpful in ALS, known as Lou Gehrig disease. This is a potentially fatal disease for which no other effective treatment has been found. This pilot study involved nine ALS patients, of whom eight benefitted from supplementation with these amino acids, top the extent that over the one year period of the study, they retained their muscle strength and their ability to walk. Five of the nine control subjects, who received placebos, lost their ability to walk over this period. A study reported in the British Journal of Nutrition found that a dietary excess of leucine may be a precipitating factor in causing pellagra. This effect was only apparent when the diet also provided less than adequate amounts of nicotinamide. The right handed, or D form of leucine, has been shown to have a similar effect to that of d-phenylalanine in retarding the breakdown of the natural pain killers of the body, the endorphins and enkephalins. Lysine Lysine is one of the essential amino acids that cannot be manufactured by the human body, but must be acquired from food sources. The best food sources for Lysine are lean meats, fish, potatoes and milk. In the early 1980’s lysine became well known for its ability to fight the Herpes Simplex-1 virus, mouth blisters and cold sores. Since then it has been shown to have broader immune enhancing effects. Some studies have shown it effective in relieving genital herpes. High doses of Lysine stop viral growth and reproduction, and aids in the production of antibodies, hormones and enzymes. In children lysine is needed for proper growth and bone development. Its aids calcium absorption and maintains nitrogen balance in adults. It is also instrumental in the formation of collagen, which is the basic matrix of the connective tissues, skin, cartilage and bone. According to Linus Pauling, lysine may also help reduce angina pectoris, chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen in the heart muscle. Pauling recommends 5 grams divided throughout the day for this condition. Lysine aids in collagen formation, in the repair of tissue, and helps to build muscle protein, all of which are important for recovery from surgery and injuries. It also lowers high serum triglycerides. Lysine supplements stimulate the liver to produce higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Lysine deficiencies can result in lowered immune function, loss of energy, bloodshot eyes, irritability, hair loss, retarded growth, and reproductive disorders, increases urinary excretion of calcium, and increases the risk of kidney stones in susceptible people. Lysine has no known toxicity. Methionine Methionine is an essential amino acid that is not synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food. It is one of the sulphur containing amino acids and is important in many body functions. Through its supply of sulphur, it improves the tone and pliability of the skin, conditions the hair and strengthens nails. The mineral sulphur also protects the cells from airborne pollutants, such as smog, slows down the aging process in the cells, and is involved with the production of protein. Methionine is essential for the absorption and transportation and bioavailability of selenium and zinc in the body. It also acts as a lipotropic agent to prevent excess fat buildup in the liver, and is an excellent chelator of heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium and mercury, binding them and aiding in their excretion from the body. It can help fatigue and may be useful in some cases of allergy because it reduces histamine release. It has also been used in the treatment of rheumatic fever and toxemia resulting from pregnancy. Recent studies show methionine deficiencies may be associated with the development of age related cataracts, and supplements may delay their development. In Parkinson’s disease patients taking L-Dopa, it was found that additional supplements with L-Methionine may further decrease the tremors and rigidity that limit normal activities. The best food sources are beef, chicken, fish, pork, soybeans, eggs, cottage cheese, liver, sardines, yogurt, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds and lentils. The range of human need for methionine is estimated at between 800 and 3,000 milligrams per day. This represents a 3.7 fold variation, based on a sample of 29 individuals. Ornithine Ornithine is made from the amino acid arginine and in turn is a precursor to form glutamic acid, citruline, and proline. Ornithine’s chief therapeutic value lies in its involvement in the urea cycle and its ability to enhance liver function, protect the liver and detoxify harmful substances. It has been used in the treatment of hepatic coma states. It also helps release a growth hormone that metabolizes excess body fat when combined with arginine. This growth hormone is also an immune stimulant. In animal studies arginine and ornithine have improved immune responses to bacteria, viruses and tumor cells. One study on mice showed both of these amino acids were able to block formation of tumors in mice inoculated with a cancer causing virus. A one percent arginine or ornithine supplement to their food increased the animals thymus weights and lymphocytes in both the inoculated mice and the non inoculated control group, and markedly extended the life span in the animals receiving the virus. Ornithine has been shown to aid in wound healing and support liver regeneration. It is found in milk products and meat, especially chicken. It may cause insomnia, and is contraindicated for schizophrenics. Growth hormone releasers should not be used by anyone who has not grown to their full height unless advised by their physicians. Excess growth hormone will cause the skin to become coarser and thicker, this is reversed when excess GH is withdrawn. Very excessive growth hormone over an extended period of time can cause irreversible enlargement of the joints and lowering of voice pitch due to larynx growth, and may cause a pituitary form of diabetes. Phenylalanine Phenylalanine is one of the amino acids which the body cannot manufacture itself, but must acquire from food. It is abundant in meats and cheese. Phenylalanine is a precursor of tyrosine, and together they lead to the formation of thyroxine or thyroid hormone, and of epinephrine and norepinephrine which is converted into a neurotransmitter, a brain chemical which transmits nerve impulses. This neurotransmitter is used by the brain to manufacture norepinephrine which promotes mental alertness, memory, elevates mood, and suppresses the appetite very effectively. In one study, 100-500 milligrams of phenylalanine taken every day for two weeks completely eliminated patients depression. These people where depressed from a variety of causes, including drug abuse and schizophrenia and some from no apparent cause, and the amino acid seemed to work especially well for them all. Along with another amino acid, tryptophan, phenylalanine governs the release of an intestinal hormone called cholecystokinin, known as CCK. This hormone signals the brain to feel satisfied after eating. People given CCK stop eating and feel full sooner. Various studies have shown Phenylalanine’s ability to decrease chronic back and dental pain and the pain associated with migraines and menstruation in a non-toxic and non-addictive manner. Phenylalanine comes in two forms which are mirror images of each other: L-phenylalanine which has a nutritional value, and D-phenylalanine which has painkilling and depression alleviating properties which are attributed to its ability to block the breakdown of enkephalins, the brains natural pain killers. A third form, DL-phenylalanine, is a 50/50 mixture of these two forms. Phenylalanine activity is enhanced by additional Vitamin B 6, especially in studies on depression. Phenylalanine deficiency can cause bloodshot eyes, cataracts and behavioral changes. Nutritional researchers recommend keeping intake of supplemental forms of phenylalanine to no more than 2.4 grams per day. Overuse of phenylalanine supplements can cause anxiety, headaches and hypertension, and are contraindicated for pregnant woman, those who suffer from anxiety attacks, high blood pressure, PKU, pigmented melanoma, or anyone taking an anti-depressant containing MAO inhibitors. Proline Proline is synthesized by the body from the amino acids glutamine or ornithine. The best food sources for Proline are dairy products and eggs, and in lesser amounts meats and wheat germ. It is one of the main components of collagen, the connective tissue structure that binds and supports all other tissues. It is most effective in this regard when combined with vitamin C supplementation. Proline improves skin texture and studies have shown that collagen is neither properly formed or maintained if Vitamin C is lacking, so proline is most effective when adequate Vitamin C is supplied at the same time. Pyroglutamate Pyroglutamate is an amino acid naturally found in vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and meat. It is also normally present in large amounts in the human brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. After oral administration, pyroglutamate passes into the brain through the blood-brain barriers and helps stimulate cognitive functions. Pyroglutamate improves memory and learning in rats, and has anti-anxiety effects in rats. Pyroglutamate has also been shown to be effective in alcohol-induced memory deficits in humans2, and more recently, in people affected with multi-infarct dementia3. In these patients, the administration of pyroglutamate brought about a significant increase of attention and an improvement on psychological tests investigating short-term retrieval, long-term retrieval, and long-term storage of memory. A statistically significant improvement was observed also in the consolidation of memory. In human subjects, pyroglutamate was compared with a placebo in a randomized double-blind trial for assessing its efficacy in treating memory deficits in 40 aged subjects. Twenty subjects were treated with pyroglutamate and 20 with a placebo over a period of 60 days. Memory functions were evaluated at baseline and after 60 days of treatment by means of a battery made up of six memory tasks. The results show that pyroglutamate is effective in improving verbal memory functions in subjects affected by age-related memory decline. In Italy, arginine pyroglutamate is used to treat senility, mental retardation, and alcoholism. Arginine pyroglutamate is simply an arginine molecule combined with a pyroglutamate molecule. Arginine alone does not produce cognitive enhancing effects. It is likely that pyroglutamate is the active ingredient of arginine pyroglutamate. No serious adverse effects from the use of pyroglutamate, or from the use of arginine pyroglutamate, have been reported. Arginine and pyroglutamate are amino acids found commonly in natural foods and consumed by most people on a daily basis. Serine Serine is synthesized by the body from the amino acids glycine or threonine. Its production requires adequate amounts of B-7 (niacin), B-6, and folic acid. It is needed for the metabolism of fats and fatty acids, muscle growth and a healthy immune system. It aides in the production of immunoglobulins and antibodies. It is a constituent of brain proteins and nerve coverings. It is important in the formation of cell membranes, involved in the metabolism of purines and pyrimidines, and muscle synthesis. It is also used in cosmetics as a skin moisturizer. Serine is abundant in meats and dairy products, wheat gluten, peanuts and soy products, all of which are common allergens. There is some concern that elevated serine levels can cause immune suppression and psychological symptoms as in cerebral allergies. Taurine Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the body. It is found in the central nervous system, skeletal muscle and is very concentrated in the brain and heart. It is synthesized from the amino acids methionine and cysteine, in conjunction with vitamin B6. Animal protein is a good source of taurine, as it is not found in vegetable protein. Vegetarians with an unbalanced protein intake, and therefore deficient in methionine or cysteine may have difficulty manufacturing taurine. Dietary intake is thought to be more important in women as the female hormone estradiol depresses the formation of taurine in the liver. Taurine seems to inhibit and modulate neurotransmitters in the brain. There have been reports on the benefits of taurine supplementation for epileptics. It has also been found to control motor tics, such as uncontrollable facial twitches. Taurines’ effectiveness in epilepsy has been limited by its poor diffusion across the blood-brain barrier. In Japan, taurine therapy is used in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Low taurine and magnesium levels have been found in patients after heart attacks . Like magnesium, taurine affects cell membrane electrical excitability by normalizing potassium flow in and out of heart muscle cells. Supplements decrease the tendency to develop potentially lethal abnormal heart arrythmias after heart attacks.. People with congestive heart failure have also responded to supplementation with improved cardiac and respiratory function. Another role played by taurine is maintaining the correct composition of bile, and in maintaining the solubility of cholesterol. It has been found to have an effect on blood sugar levels similar to insulin. Taurine helps to stabilize cell membranes and seems to have some antioxidant and detoxifying activity. It helps the movement of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in and out of cells, which helps generate nerve impulses. Taurine is necessary for the chemical reactions that produce normal vision, and deficiencies are associated with retinal degeneration. Besides protecting the retina, taurine may help prevent and possibly reverse age-related cataracts. Low levels of taurine and other sulphur containing amino acids are associated with high blood pressure, and taurine supplements have been shown to lower blood pressure in some studies. Other possible uses for Taurine supplementation include eye disease, cirrhosis, depression and male infertility due to low sperm motility and hypertension. Possible symptoms of toxicity include diarrhea and peptic ulcers. For those considering taurine supplements, taurine is known to have a calming or depressant effect on the central nervous system, and may impair short term memory. Taurine is present in meats and animal products, but not in plant products. Threonine Threonine, an essential amino acid, is not manufactured by the body and must be acquired from food. It is an important constituent in many body proteins and is necessary for the formation of tooth enamel protein, collagen and elastin. It is a precursor to the amino acids glycine and serine. It acts as a lipotropic in controlling fat build-up in the liver. One researcher considers Threonine, along with B vitamins, magnesium, ascorbic acid, iodine, potassium, tryptophan, lysine, inositol and glutamic acid, as being essential in the treatment and prevention of mental illness. Another states that Threonine “is very useful in indigestion and intestinal malfunctions and prevents excessive liver fat. Nutrients are more readily absorbed when threonine is present.” Preliminary studies in patients with the degenerative neuromuscular disease ALS showed definite symptom improvement with L-threonine supplements. Since there is no other treatment for this disease, it may prove useful in allowing these people a better quality of lifestyle. There are good levels of threonine in most meats, dairy foods and eggs and moderate levels in wheat germ, many nuts, beans and seeds and some vegetables. Threonine is an immune stimulant-it promotes thymus growth and activity. L-threonine deficiency in rats has been associated with weakened cellular response and antibody formation. In humans, deficiency results in irritability and generally difficult personality, according to one researcher. The range of human requirements is stated to be between 103 milligrams and 500 milligrams daily . Tryptophan Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is one of the amino acids which the body cannot manufacture itself, but most acquire from food. It is the least abundant in proteins and also easily destroyed by the liver. Tryptophan is necessary for the production of the B-vitamin niacin, which is essential for your brain to manufacture the key neurotransmitter serotonin. Scientists have linked low serotonin levels with insomnia, anxiety and depression. It helps control hyperactivity, relieves stress, suppresses the appetite and enhances the release of growth hormones. More than forty studies have shown the effectiveness of Tryptophan for insomnia. It has been shown to enable people to fall asleep more quickly, and to increase sleep time without the hangover effect of regular sleeping pills. Studies have also found it effective for jet lag. In one study at the University of California School of Medicine, fifty one marines were flown across eight time zones. Half received tryptophan and the other half placebos. Those who got the amino acid were able to sleep more and responded better on performance tests and reaction times. Other studies show tryptophan to have anti-anxiety effects and control aggressive behavior in some individuals. Used in combination with drug therapy, Tryptophan has helped previously unresponsive depressed patients. Another study showed it’s anti-depressant effect to be of longer duration than the popular anti-depressant drug Imipramine. Some evidence shows that this amino acid may also be effective for people suffering from chronic pain. Sensitivity to pain is partly affected by the serotonin levels in your brain. People taking Tryptophan in addition to their standard pain medications, reported fewer painful, debilitating symptoms than when they used the pain drugs alone. Tryptophan decreases amphetamine craving in animal studies and it may also have a role in alcohol withdrawal. Preliminary studies of combined Vitamin B-6 and tryptophan show that they may reduce the severity of hyperventilation and the panic attacks it may produce. The best food sources of Tryptophan are pineapple, turkey, chicken, yogurt, bananas and unripened cheese. Combining these foods with some carbohydrates, such as pasta, cereal or bread etc., will enable your brain to absorb the tryptophan more effectively, where it is used to manufacture serotonin. Although Tryptophan has a long history of safe use, in December 1989 the FDA reported over 600 cases of a flu-like syndrome associated with a blood abnormality in those taking the amino acid. Although the problem was traced to a contaminated batch, Tryptophan is no longer available in supplement form. Because of potential adverse reactions, tryptophan supplements are not recommended in pregnant women, asthmatics or people with auto-immune disorders like Lupus or Scleroderma. Tyrosine Tyrosine is an amino acid synthesized from phenylalanine in the body. It is a precursor of the important brain neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, which transmit nerve impulses and are essential to prevent depression. Dopamine is vital to mental function and seems to play a role in sex drive. Tyrosine is also used by the thyroid gland to produce one of the major hormones, Thyroxin. This hormone regulates growth rate, metabolic rate, skin health and mental health. It is used in the treatment of anxiety, depression, allergies and headaches. Animals subjected to stress in the laboratory have been found to have reduced levels of the brain neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Doses of tyrosine prior to stressing the animals prevents reduction of norepinephrine. Human trials have been performed with soldiers placed in various forms of stress. Those soldiers receiving Tyrosine were found to perform better on a variety of tests. They were more efficient, alert and had fewer complaints. Clinical studies have shown that tyrosine can be helpful in reducing the irritation, tiredness and depression of PMS sufferers, as well as being an effective antidepressant in some more major forms of depression. Tyrosine is used with the amino acid Tryptophan, to aid in the treatment of cocaine abuse, with some success. In one study the two amino acids were used in conjunction with the anti-depressant Imipramine to treat chronic cocaine abuse with a reported 75-80% success rate. Most of the people in the study reported that this combination blocked the cocaine high and warded off the severe depression that typically accompanies withdrawal. Intake of Tyrosine is contraindicated for people taking antidepressants containing monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, people with high blood pressure or skin cancer. It may trigger migraine headaches. The main sources of tyrosine in the diet are meats, dairy products and eggs. Valine Valine is one of the amino acids which the body cannot for manufacture itself but must acquire from food sources. Valine is found in abundant quantities in most food. Valine has a stimulant effect. Healthy growth depends on it. A deficiency results in a negative hydrogen balance in the body. Valine is used by bodybuilders, in conjunction with leucine and isoleucine, for muscle growth, tissue repair and as an energizer. There is little scientific evidence to support these claims, though studies have shown that these three substances might be able to help restore muscle mass in people with liver disease, injuries, or who have undergone surgery, but no studies have shown them to be effective for healthy people. Because valine cannot be produced by the body, healthy people should ensure that they are obtaining at least the recommended amount in their diet. Valine can be metabolized to produce energy, which spares glucose. A deficiency may affect the myelin covering of the nerves. Recent studies indicate that valine, as well as leucine and isoleucine, may be effective in treating or reversing hepatic encephalopathy, or alcohol related brain damage. It may also be useful in degenerative neurological conditions. Main food sources of valine are soy flour, raw brown rice, cottage cheese, fish, beef, lamb, chicken, almonds, brazil nuts cashews, peanuts, sesame seed, lentils, chickpeas and mushrooms. L-Theanine For centuries green tea has been highly valued as a soothing drink to calm the body and soothe the soul. Now new research has discovered the biochemical key to green tea’s deeply soothing effects—the amino acid L-theanine, which is found almost exclusively in the leaves of green tea (Camellia sinensis). L-theanine has been shown to have a deeply relaxing effect, reducing stress and anxiety, but without the sedating effects of other relaxing agents. In fact, many people find L-theanine actually increases energy levels while reducing anxiety. Researchers have found that L-theanine works by supporting the formation of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that blocks the release of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin to promote a state of deep relaxation and calm, while increasing sensations of pleasure. L-theanine has also been found to directly stimulate the production of alpha brain waves, which are associated with deep states of relaxation and enhanced mental clarity. In a recent study, Japanese researchers also revealed that—in addition to promoting a deep state of relaxation—L-theanine may also support healthy blood pressure levels, enhance concentration and learning, promote mental clarity and strengthen the immune system. In human studies L-theanine has been shown to exert profound relaxing effects, 30 to 40 minutes after ingestion, including: Relaxation without drowsiness Enhanced sensations of contentment and pleasure 2. Vitamins Vitamins are natural organic substances essential for the proper regulation of reproduction, growth, health, and energy production. Humans are unable to manufacture most of the necessary vitamins and these must be obtained from dietary sources, either as whole foods or supplements. Vitamins Beta Carotene Beta Carotene, a naturally occurring orange pigment found in plants such as carrots, squash, and pumpkins, is a powerful fat-soluble antioxidant that heps neutralize free radicals, prevents cancer, and fights infectious diseases. Beta carotene, referred to as provitamin A, is transformed into vitamin A in the body. This unique feature means that beta carotene is non-toxic at doses ranging as high as 500,000 iu, whereas vitamin A retinol can produce toxic effects in relatively low doses. Adequate intake of beta carotene has been shown to help prevent Xerophthalmia (night blindness). In addition to promoting good vision, beta carotene also protects the heart and cardiovascular system, boosts immune functions, speeds recovery from respiratory infections such as colds and flu, and promotes wound healing. Researchers are now focused on beta carotene’s impressive ability to quench singlet oxygen free radicals, leading to a greater understanding of its role in slowing down the aging process, preventing the formation of tumors, and possibly reversing the course of certain forms of cancer. A recent study presented at an American Cancer Society seminar found that beta carotene was able to reduce by half the number of precancerous mouth lesions in over 53% of test subjects diagnosed with precancerous mouth lesions. NEW RESEARCH: Beta carotene is a nutrient found in the most abundance in yellow and dark green fruit and vegetables-foods like apricots, squash, cantaloupe, broccoli, spinach, and sweet potatoes. Its ability to prevent heart attacks came as a surprise to Dr. Charles Hennekens of Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital, who was really interested in studying beta carotene’s cancer-fighting capacity. In 1990, nearly halfway through a 10-year study, Hennekens looked specifically at the data from 333 of the 22,000 men in this Physicians’ Health Study. These men were selected because they all had evidence of coronary artery disease, including angina, (the chest pain that occurs when the arteries that serve the heart are obstructed) at the start of the study. After 6 years, 27 of the 333 men had suffered heart attacks: 10 in the group taking 50 mg (83,350 IU) of beta carotene every other day, and 17 in the group taking the placebo, representing an almost 40% lower risk for the beta carotene group. Among the men taking both beta carotene and aspirin, there were no heart attacks at all. In fact, Hennekens reported, those men taking the 50-mg dose of beta carotene had about half the number of heart attacks, strokes, cardiac arrests, or operations to open or bypass clogged arteries.1 It seems to be beta carotene’s antioxidant capacity — specifically its ability to prevent the oxidation of cholesterol — that explains its protective role in heart disease. Recent evidence has shown that cholesterol is most dangerous after it has been oxidized or damaged, thus releasing free radicals into the bloodstream, where they can damage delicate arteries. These sites of damage attract the fatty deposits that eventually clog the arteries. Free radicals may also oxidize low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol), which makes the macrophages transporting the LDL turn into foam cells that form atherosclerotic plaques. Folic Acid Folic Acid is a water soluble nutrient belonging to the B-complex family. The name folic acid is derived from the latin word “folium”, so chosen since this essential nutrient was first extracted from green leafy vegetables, or foliage. Sometimes referred to as vitamin M, folic acid was originally extracted from spinach in 1941 and was found to be an effective treatment for macrocytic anemia. Among its various important roles, folic acid is a vital coenzyme required for the proper synthesis of RNA and DNA, the nucleic acids that maintain our genetic codes and insure healthy cell division. Adequate levels of folic acid are essential for energy production and protein metabolism, for the formulation of red blood cells, and for the proper functioning of the intestinal tract. Of great import are recent studies connecting folic acid intake with the incidence of spinal closure problems in newborn babies. Health workers have long known that folic acid is required for the proper regulation and development of embryonic fetal nerve cells during the early stages of pregnancy. Now researchers have found an almost complete reduction in the incidence of spinal closure problems such as spina bifida in babies born to women with a daily folic acid intake of at least 400 micrograms. Folic acid may also prove to be effective in the prevention and treatment of uterine cancer. A deficiency of folic acid causes cellular damage resembling the initial stages of uterine cervical dysplasia. Researchers discovered that women taking folic acid supplements have fewer precancerous cervical cells compared to women with low intake of folic acid. Evidence suggests that folic acid works by inhibiting the progression of abnormal cells into cancer cells and may even help return the damaged tissues to healthy condition. Folic acid deficiency affects all cellular functions, but most importantly it reduces the body’s ability to repair damaged tissues and grow new cells. Tissues with the highest rate of cell replacement, such as red blood cells, are affected first, leading to anemia. Folic acid deficiency symptoms include a sore tongue, cracking at the corners of the mouth, gastro-intestinal distress, diarrhea, and poor nutrient absorption and malnutrition leading to stunted growth, weakness and apathy. The current Recommended Daily Allowance for folic acid is 180 to 200 micrograms per day. This allowance is controversial as it is based more on politics than science. Studies have consistently shown that the average American gets less then half the previously recommended RDA of 400 micrograms per day for adults and 800 micrograms per day for pregnant women. Unable to make the great leap to suggest that people should take supplements to confer the protection offered by folic acid, government officials instead simply decided to lower the RDA. Folic acid deficiency is a common vitamin deficiency that can develop within a few weeks to months of lowered dietary intake. Those with the greatest need for increased folic acid intake include people under mental and physical stress, including disease, alcoholics, and people taking oral contraceptives, aspirin, and anticonvulsants. Foods highest in folic acid include barley, beans, beef, bran, brewers yeast, brown rice, cheese, chicken, tuna, milk, salmon, wheat germ, whole grains, and green leafy vegetables. Though not generally regarded as toxic, large doses of folic acid can cause allergic skin reactions, and should be avoided by people being treated for hormone related cancers. High doses of folic acid can also cause problems convulsions in people taking the drug phytoin for a convulsive disorder. Biotin (Vit. B-7) Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin and member of the B-complex family. Originally isolated in 1901, over the years numerous researchers attached different names to this nutrient, referring to it alternately as bios, vitamin H, protective factor X, and coenzyme R. Today the scientific name for this sulfur-bound vitamin is biotin. Biotin is an essential nutrient that is required for cell growth and for the production of fatty acids. Biotin also plays a central role in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and is essential for the proper utilization of the other B-complex vitamins. Biotin contributes to healthy skin and hair, and may play a role in preventing hair loss. A biotin deficiency of is rare, as biotin is easily synthesized in the intestines by bacteria, usually in amounts far greater than are normally require for good health. Those at highest risk for biotin deficiency are people with digestive problems that can interfere with normal intestinal absorption, and those taking antibiotics or sulfa drugs, which can inhibit the growth of the intestinal bacteria that produce biotin. Consuming raw eggs in large amounts over a prolonged period can contribute to biotin deficiency, as eggs whites contain a protein called avidin, that binds to biotin and interfere with its absorption. This is not a problem when consuming cooked eggs, which are a good dietary source of biotin. Some symptoms of biotin deficiency are depression, lethargy, eczema, dermatitis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, inflammation of the tongue, and muscle pain. Infants with seborrheic dermatitis, evidenced by dry and scaly face and scalp, may also be suffering from a biotin deficiency. The adult Recommended Daily Allowance for biotin is 300 micrograms. Natural sources highest in biotin include liver, egg yolks, brewer’s yeast, salt-water fish, milk, soybeans, and rice. Biotin is also found in virtually all B-complex supplements in doses ranging from 25 micrograms to 300 micrograms. There are no known toxic levels or symptoms for biotin. Vitamin A Vitamin A is a vital fat-soluble nutrient and antioxidant that can prevent night blindness, maintain healthy skin, and confer protection against cancer and other diseases. Vitamin A is commonly found in two forms; as preformed vitamin A, also referred to as retinol, and as provitamin A, or beta carotene. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to Xerophthalmia or night blindness, a deficiency disease that most commonly affects children in third-world countries. Early signs of Vitamin A deficiency are gradual loss of night vision, roughened skin and defective formation of bones and teeth. If left untreated Xerophthalmia can result in complete blindness. In addition to promoting good vision, other recognized major benefits of vitamin A include its ability to protect the heart and cardiovascular system, boost the immune system, speed recovery from respiratory infections, promote wound healing, slow down the aging process, and prevent and possibly reverse the course of certain forms of cancer. Vitamin A also plays an important role in maintain healthy skin. Most current popular acne and psoriasis treatments on the market, such as Retinol and Accutane, are based on vitamin A or its derivatives. Retinol is derived from animal sources, primarily fish liver oils, and is easily destroyed by exposure to heat, light, and oxygen. When examining your vitamin formula to determine Vitamin A levels expect to see vitamin A referred to in its palmitate or acetate forms, which are preferred by manufacturers. The Recommended Daily Intake of vitamin A is 5,000 International Units or 1,000 Retinol Units. As a supplement, vitamin-A is available in capsules ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 iu or International Units. Excessive intake of vitamin A can lead to dangerous toxic symptoms, including hair loss, nausea, scaly skin, bone pain, fatigue, blurred vision, and liver enlargement. For this reason many prefer to take Beta Carotene, also referred to as provitamin A, which offers all the proven benefits of vitamin A with none of the adverse side effects. Vitamin B-1 Vitamin B-1, also called thiamine, is a nutrient critical for maintaining a healthy central nervous system. Addequate thiamine levels can dramatically affect mental functions by helping us maintain a positive mental attitude and by enhancing our learning abilities. Conversely, inadequate levels of B1 can lead to eye weakness, mental confusion, and loss of physical coordination. Vitamin B1 is required for the production of hydrochloric acid, for forming blood cells, and for maintianing healthy circulation. It also plays a key role in converting carbohydrates into energy, and in maintaining good muscle tone of the digestive system and the heart. Like all the B-vitamins, B-1 is a water soluble nutrient that cannot be stored in the body, but must be replenished on a daily basis. B-1 is also synergistic, meaning that it is most effective when taken in a balanced complex of the other B vitamins. A chronic deficiency of thiamin will lead to a beriberi, a devastating and potentially deadly disease of the central nervous system. Due to improved diets and widespread use of inexpensive supplements, beriberi is extremely rare in the developed nations, with one important exception. Beriberi symptoms are frequently found in chronic alcoholics due to the destructive effect alcohol has on B1. Thiamine levels can also be affected by ingestion of antibiotics, sulfa drugs, caffeine, antacids, and oral contraceptives. A diet high in carbohydrates can also increase ones need for B1. Food sources high in thiamin include dried beans, eggs, brewers yeast, whole grains, brown rice, and seafood. In supplemental form, B-1 is generally found in a combination with vitamins B-2, B-3, B-6, pantothenic acid, and folic acid. There are no known toxic effects from vitamin B-1, and any excess is simply excreted from the body. The Recommended Daily Amount for B-1 is 1.5 milligrams, though more typical daily intake ranges from 50 to 500 milligrams per day. Vitamin B-2 Vitamin B-2, also known as Riboflavin, is an easily absorbed, water-soluble micronutrient with a key role in maintaining human health. Like the other B vitamins, riboflavin supports energy production by aiding in the metabolization of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Vitamin B-2 is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. Riboflavin is known to alleviate eye fatigue, prevent and treat cataracts, increase energy levels, and aid in boosting immune system functions. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy hair, skin and nails, and in combination with vitamin B-6, forms part of an effective treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. A deficiency of vitamin B-2 may be indicated by the appearance of cracks and sores at the corners of the mouth, a swollen and sore tongue, reddening of the lips, and the appearance of scaly, oily, inflamed skin. Use of oral contraceptives can dramatically increase the need for riboflavin, as does strenuous exercise. Pregnant women need to pay particular attention to assure they have adequate levels of B2 which are critical for the proper growth and development of the baby. Foods high in vitamin B2 include beans, cheese, eggs, fish, meat, milk, poultry, spinach, and yogurt. In supplement form, B-2 is usually found in a complex combined with vitamins B-1, B-3, B-6, pantothenic acid, and folic acid. Recommended Daily Intake for B2 is 1.2 mg. to 1.7 mg. per day. For pregnant women, the RDA is 1.6 mg per day, and 1.8 mg. per day for the first 6 months of nursing. RDA’s aside, the common doses available on the market range from 100 to 300 mg per day. There are no known toxic effects for B-2, but large doses can lead to tingling in the extremities and an increased sensitivity to sunlight. Vitamin B-3 (Niacin) Vitamin B-3, also called Niacin, Niacinamide, or Nicotinic Acid, is an essential nutrient required by all humans for the proper metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, as well as for the production of hydrochloric acid for digestion. B3 also supports proper blood circulation, healthy skin, and aids in the functioning of the central nervous system. Because of its role in supporting the higher functions of the brain and cognition, vitamin B3 also plays an important role in the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. Lastly, adequate levels of B-3 are vital for the proper synthesis of insulin, and the sex hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone. A deficiency in vitamin B-3 can result in pellagra, a disorder characterized by malfunctioning of the nervous system, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dementia, depression, and severe dermatitis and skin leasions. Recently Niacin has been embraced by the medical community for its ability to safely lower elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels without harmful side-effects. Due to the large amounts of niacin used, it is best to undertake such a proram only in close partnership with your physician. High doses of niacin may result in a niacin flush, a natural allergic reaction that is harmless, but can be uncomfortable if inexpected. A niacin flush will generally result in a burning, tingling, and itching sensation, accompanied by a reddening flush, that spreads across the skin of the face, arms and chest. This effect is harmless and will pass within 20 minutes to an hour. Drinking a glass of water will also speed relief if too much niacin has been consumed. High amounts should be used with caution by those who are pregnant and megadoses of pure niacin may aggravate health problems, such as stomach ulcers, gout, glaucoma, diabetes mellitus, and liver disease. Again, check with your physician before taking doses of niacin greater than 1,000 mg. per day. Natural food sources for Vitamin B3 include beef, broccoli, carrots, cheese, corn flour, eggs, fish, milk, potatoes and tomatoes. Vitamin B-5 (Pantothenic Acid) Vitamin B-5 (Pantothenic Acid) is a B vitamin named after the Greek word pantos, meaning “everywhere” because it is found in both plant and animal food sources. Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that cannot be stored in the body but must be replaced daily, either from diet or from supplements. Pantothenic acids’ most important function is as an essential component in the production of coenzyme A, a vital catalyst that is required for the conversion of carbohydrates, fats, and protein into energy. Pantothenic acid is also referred to as an antistress vitamin due to its vital role in the formation of various adrenal hormones, steroids, and cortisone, as well as contributing to the production of important brain neuro-transmitters such as acetylcholine. In addition to helping to fight depression Pantothenic acid also supports the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and is required for the production of cholesterol, bile, vitamin D, red blood cells, and antibodies. There is no specific deficiency disease associated with inadequate intake of pantothenic acid, though under severe dietary conditions a lack of B5 can lead to a variety of symptoms including hypoglycemia, skin disorders, fatigue, depression, digestive problems, lack of coordination and muscle cramps. The current RDA for pantothenic acid is 10 mg. Pantothenic acid is found in a wide variety of foods including beans, beef, liver, salt-water fish, chicken, cheese, eggs, whole grain breads and cereals, avocados, cauliflower, green peas, beans , nuts, dates, and potatoes. Most common B-complex formulas contain from 10 to 100 mg. of B5, though daily doses up to 1000 mg are not uncommon, especially for treatment of arthritis and allergies. Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine) Vitamin B-6, also called Pyridoxine, refers to a family of closely related water soluble substances that include pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is a water soluble nutrient that cannot be stored in the body, but must be obtained daily from either dietary sources or supplements. Vitamin B6 is an important nutrient that supports more vital bodily functions than any other vitamin. This is due to its role as a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Vitamin B6 is also responsible for the manufacture of hormones, red blood cells, neurotransmitters, enzymes and prostaglandins. Vitamin B6 is required for the production of serotonin, a brain neurotransmitter that controls our moods, appetite, sleep patterns, and sensitivity to pain. A deficiency of vitamin B6 can quickly lead to insomnia and a profound malfunctioning of the central nervous system. Among its many benefits, vitamin B6 is recognized for helping to maintain healthy immune system functions, for protecting the heart from cholesterol deposits, and for preventing kidney stone formation. B6 is also effective in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome, premenstrual syndrome, night leg cramps, allergies, asthma and arthritis. Common symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency can include depression, vomiting, anemia, kidney stones, dermatitis, lethargy and increased susceptibility to diseases due to a weakened immune system. Infants suffering from vitamin B6 deficiency can be anxious and irritable, and in extreme cases may develop convulsions. Supplemental B6 is a commonly used as a treatment for nausea, morning sickness and depression. Pregnant women have an increased need for supplemental vitamin B6, as do patients suffering from heart disease or those undergoing radiation treatment. Persons on high protein diets require extra vitamin B6, as do those taking antidepressants, amphetamines, oral contraceptives, and estrogen. Natural foods highest in vitamin B6 include brewers yeast, carrots, chicken, eggs, fish, avocados, bananas, brown rice, and whole grains. The RDA for vitamin B6 is 2 mg per day. Most B-complex formulas contain between 10 to 75 mg. of vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 is one of the few vitamins that can be toxic. Doses up to 500 mg per day are uncommon but safe, but doses above 2 grams per day can lead to irreversible neurological damage unless under the treatment of a physician. Vitamin B6 supplements should not be taken by Parkinson’s disease patients being treated with L-dopa as vitamin B6 can diminish the effects of L-dopa in the brain. Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamin) Vitamin B-12, also referred to as cobalamin and cyanocobalamin, is a water-soluble compound of the B vitamin family with an unique difference — unlike other B-vitamins that must be replaced daily, vitamin B12 can be stored for long periods in the liver and kidneys. Vitamin B12 is a particularly important coenzyme that is required for the proper synthesis of DNA which controls the healthy formation of new cells throughout the body. B12 also supports the action of vitamin C, and is necessary for the proper digestion and absorption of foods, for protein synthesis, and for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Additionally, vitamin B12 prevents nerve damage by contributing to the formation of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells. B12 also maintains fertility, and helps promotes normal growth and development in children. A deficiency of vitamin B-12 can result in a potentially fatal form of anemia called pernicious anemia. Since vitamin B12 can be easily stored in the body, and is only required in tiny amounts, symptoms of severe deficiency usually take five years or more to appear. When symptoms do surface, usually in mid-life, it is likely that deficiency was due to digestive disorders or malabsorption rather than to poor diet. The exception to this would be strict vegetarians who do not consume any foods of animal origin, since B12 only comes from animal sources. Due to its role in healthy cell formation, a deficiency of B12 disrupts the formation of red blood cells, leading to reduced numbers of poorly formed red cells, leading to a anemia. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea and moodiness. B12 deficiency can lead to improper formation of nerve cells, resulting in irreversible neurological damage, with symptoms ranging from disorientation, delusions, eye disorders, dizziness, confusion and memory loss. The RDA for vitamin B12 is 2 micrograms for adults, 2.2 micrograms for pregnant women, and 2.6 micrograms for nursing mothers. Vitamin B12 is not found in vegetables, but can be found in pork, blue cheese, clams, eggs, herring, kidney, liver, seafood, and milk. Vitamin B12 is available in supplement. Due to poor absorption in the stomach, B12 isusually taken as a sublingual or in injection form. Supplements range in strength from 50 micrograms to 2 milligrams. There are virtually no known toxic symptoms for megadoses of vitamin B12, and any excess is simply excreted from the body. Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid) While often referred to as Vitamin B15, pangamic acid is not generally recognized as a vitamin, since there is neither an established essential need nor a well defined deficiency model for this natural water soluble compound. Originally introduced into the American nutritional market based upon research conducted by Soviet sports scientists, little if any research has been conducted in the U.S. Consequently, pangamic acid has come under scrutiny due to the controversial claims made for its effectiveness in the treatment for a wide range of diseases such as cancer, alcoholism, heart disease, drug addiction, diabetes, glandular and central nervous system disorders. What research does exist suggests that pangamic acid acts as an antioxidant that acts synergistically when taken with vitamins A and E. This purported antioxidant property may help explain why pangamic acid is so highly touted for its ability to confer protection against urban air pollutants, extend cell life, stimulate increased immune system response, lower blood cholesterol levels, protect the liver from the ravages of alcohol, cure fatigue, ward off hangovers, and assist in the regulation of hormones. Natural sources for pangamic acid include brewers yeast, whole brown rice, sesame seeds and pumpkin seeds. Supplemental pangamic acid obtained from apricot pits is commercially available, though FDA analysis of many commercial products claiming to contain vitamin B15 indicate that many contained no pangamic acid at all. Common use is 50 to 150 milligrams per day. There are no known toxic effects from pangamic acid, though some users report experiencing nausea initially. This can be avoided by taking with food, preferably the largest meal of the day. Vitamin B17 (Amygdalin) Vitamin B17, also called amygdalin, and more commonly laetrile, is one of the most controversial vitamins of the last few decades. Laetrile was originally developed in 1952 by biochemist Ernst Krebs. Krebs originally isolated laetrile from apricot pits, and with his son, began to promote it as a cancer preventative and a wonder cure, Extensive testing of laetrile by the National Cancer Institute found laetrile to be of no value as a cancer treatment, and it was further rejected by the Food and Drug Administration on the grounds it might be poisonous due to its cyanide content. This led to bitter charges by Krebs that the medical establishment and the FDA conspired in a campaign to keep his miracle compound out of the public domain. Later reclassified by Krebs as vitamin B-17, chemically, laetrile is a compound of two sugar molecules called an amygdalin. Though it is referred to as vitamin B17, laetrile falls short of meeting established standards for consideration as a vitamin, as there there is no established metabolic need for laetrile, and there are no known deficiency symptoms when laetrile is absent from the diet. Laetrile is a naturally occurring compound that can be found in small amounts in the seeds and pits of apricots, apples, cherries, peaches, plums, and nectarines. Laetrile contains approximately 6% cyanide, which is an extremely toxic substance. Taking excessive amounts of laetrile is dangerous, and used improperly, can be lethal. While there is ongoing research, to date, there has been no effective proof that laetrile helps prevent or cure cancer. The main medical criticism commonly directed at laetrile is that people with potentially curable cancer may choose to take laetrile while avoiding conventional treatments, waiting until it is too late to gain benefit from effective therapy. Vitamin C Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is powerful water-soluble antioxidant that is vital for the growth and maintenance of all body tissues. Though easily absorbed by the intestines, vitamin C cannot be stored in the body, and is excreted in the urine within two to four hours of ingestion. Humans, along with apes and guinea pigs, are the only species on the planet incapable of synthesizing vitamin C, and must therefore have access to sufficient amounts from adequate dietary sources or supplements in order to maintain optimal health. One of vitamin C’s most vital roles is in the production of collagen, an important cellular component of connective tissues, muscles, tendons, bones, teeth and skin. Collagen is also required for the repair of blood vessels, bruises, and broken bones. This easily destroyed nutrient also protects us from the ravages of free radicals, dangerous unpaired oxygen fragments that are produced in huge numbers as a normal byproduct of human metabolic processes. Left unchecked, free radicals can roam the body, destroying cell membranes on contact and damaging DNA strands, leading to degenerative diseases and contributing to accelerated aging. The antioxidant activity of vitamin C can also protect us from the damaging effects of air pollution and radiation, and aid in preventing cancers. Vitamin C also inhibits the conversion of nitrites, chemicals found in foods and processed meats, into nitrosamines, dangerous cancer causing compounds that can lead to cancers of the stomach, bladder, and colon. Vitamin C helps regulate blood pressure, contributes to reduced cholesterol levels, and aids in the removal of cholesterol deposits from arteriel walls, thus preventing atherosclerosis. Vitamin C also aids in the metabolization of folic acid, regulates the uptake of iron, and is required for the conversion of the amino acids L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine into noradrenaline. The conversion of tryptophan into seratonin, the neurohormone responsible for sleep, pain control and well being, also requires adequate supplies of vitamin C. A deficiency of ascorbic acid can impair the production of collagen and lead to joint pain, anemia, nervousness, retarded growth, reduced immune response, and increased susceptibility to infections. The most extreme form of vitamin C deficiency is called scurvy, a condition evidenced by swelling of the joints, bleeding gums, and the bursting, or hemorrhaging, of tiny blood vessels just below the surface of skin. If untreated scurvy is fatal. Before the discovery of lemons and limes as convenient sources of ascorbic acid, seafarers setting out on long ocean voyages could expect to lose up to two-thirds of a ships crew to scurvy. In acknowledgement of the the historical import of this well known and dreaded deficiency disease, in latin, the word ascorbic means “without scurvy”. A recent important epidemiologic study showed that men who took vitamin C supplements lived, on average, 6 years longer than men who relied on normal dietary sources of vitamin C. This increase in life span seems to be due to a sharp reduction in heart disease. It has been estimated that if the epidemiology study is correct and everyone took just several hundred milligrams of vitamin C a day, it would save 100,000 lives and $100 billion a year in health care costs in the U.S. The recommended daily intake for vitamin c is 60 milligrams, but most health care professionals recognize that this tiny amount is barely enough to prevent the onset of scurvy, let alone confer any of the many well documented benefits of this amazing nutrient. Based on countless medical studies the therapeutic intake of ascorbic acid can be said to safely range from 500 to 4000 milligrams per day. Since this water-soluble vitamin is completely excreted from the body within 2 to 4 hours, and since the idea is to maintain stable serum levels for best results, the desired total daily dose should be divided into three separate doses and be taken throughout the day. Foods highest in vitamin C include citrus fruits, potatoes, peppers, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, and berries. Vitamin C is also available as a supplement in a wide range of forms such as pills, tablets, powders, wafers, and syrups. Generally doses range from 500 milligrams to 5000 milligrams depending upon the delivery system. Vitamin C activity is enhanced when taken with natural bioflavanoids such as hesperidn and rutin. Ascorbic acid works synergistically with vitamin E, meaning that both nutrients work more effectively together to extend their antioxidant effects. Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat soluble form of vitamin C that is available only in supplement form. It is a very powerful antioxidant that works to protect fats from peroxidation, and it can be stored in the body in small amounts. Ascorbyl palmitate works best when taken in combination with ascorbic acid. The topical application of vitamin C inhibits tumor promotion in mouse skin, according to a recent study. Moreover, ascorbyl palmitate, the fat-soluble form of vitamin C, was found to be at least 30 times more effective than water-soluble vitamin C in tumor reduction in the presence of a known tumor promoter. While the study also demonstrated that it was possible to increase levels of ascorbic acid in the skin via dietary means, that increase did not result in tumor inhibition in this study Only topically applied vitamin C (both the watersoluble and, especially, the fat-soluble forms) resulted in enhanced protection. Mice, unlike humans, can synthesize vitamin C in their bodies. The mice did not do better at the lowest dose of vitamin C, which apparently down-regulated their natural production. At higher doses, however, supplemented mice did better than unsupplemented mice. The ability to inhibit tumor-promotion in skin via dietary supplemen-tation with ascorbyl palmitate is under investigation. (Smart RC, Crawford CL. Effect of ascorbic acid and its synthetic lipophilic derivative ascorbyl palmitate on phorbol ester-induced skin-tumor promotion in mice.Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:1266S-12735.) Mice that had high dietary intakes of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) light had fewer malignant skin lesions than those with lower levels of vitamin C. In a 20-week study, those mice receiving the lowest levels of dietary ascorbate developed serious malignant lesions at five times the rate of those mice fed the highest amounts of supplemental ascorbate. With a high statistical correspondence, the study showed that vitamin C was able to delay the formation of tumors induced by UV light. No toxic side effects of any sort were found with regard to the levels of vitamin C. (Pauling L. Effect of ascorbic acid on incidence of spontaneous mammal tumors and UV-light-induced skin tumors in mice. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:1252S-1255S.) While generally nontoxic, even in very large amounts, consuming vitamin C in large doses can lead to oxalic acid and uric acid stone formation unless consumed with plenty of water and supplemented with extra magnesium and vitamin B6. Taking large doses without slowly working up to the desired level can also cause temporary side effects such as diarrhea and skin rashes. VITAMIN C AND HIV SUPPRESSION: Suppression of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) was found to take place in the presence of vitamin C. The near two-fold inhibition of HIV growth in Vitro required a continuous presence of non-cytotoxic amounts of either ascorbic acid or calcium ascorbate. When vitamin C was combined with NAC (N-acetyl L-cysteine), the result was a synergistic eight-fold inhibition of HIV replication. NAC is a mucolytic agent (mucous liquefier) that is structurally and functionally related to L-cysteine. This trial suggests the potential for the antiviral activity of vitamin C, especially in combination with thiol compounds such as L-cysteine, for improved control of HIV infections. (Harakeh S, Jariwalla R.J. Comparative study of the anti-HIV activities of ascorbate and thiol-containing reducing agents in chronically HlV-infected cells. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:S1231-1235S.) Vitamin D Vitamin D is actually a family of related essential compounds, referred to as vitamins D-1, D-2, and D-3. Vitamin D is required for the proper regulation and absorption of the essential minerals calcium and phosphorus. Available primarily from animal sources, vitamin D is also commonly called the sunshine vitamin because of the body’s unique ability to synthesize Vitamin-D from brief but regular exposure to sunlight. Adequate levels of Vitamin D are required for the proper absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestines. Vitamin D further supports and regulates the use of these minerals for the growth and development of the bones and teeth. Because of this vital link, adequate intake of Vitamin D is critically important for the proper mineralization of bones and teeth in developing children. Vitamin D also aids in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemia in adults. A prolonged Vitamin D deficiency may result in rickets, an early childhood bone disease that can produce such conditions as bowlegs and knock-knees. Common early symptoms of rickets include restlessness, profuse sweating, poor muscle tone, delayed tooth formation, and impaired development of basic motor skills such as crawling and walking. Rickets is a relatively rare disease due to the modern practice off supplementing dairy foods, such as milk, with vitamin D-2. Osteomalacia, the adult version of vitamin D deficiency disease, can resemble osteoporosis, a bone condition characterized by an increased tendency of the bones to fracture. One important difference between these two diseases is that osteomalacia is easily treated with vitamin D supplements. Common food sources of vitamin-D include Fish liver oil, sardines, tuna, salmon, liver, and eggs. Vitamin D is also available in its supplement or food form, as vitamin D-2, called ergocalciferol, and as vitamin D-3, or cholecalciferol. Ultra violet rays acting directly upon the skin can synthesis vitamin D, so exposure to sunlight 2 to 4 times per week is usually an effective way to for assure adequate levels of Vitamin D. This process can be limited for those who live in high-smog areas, who wear sun blocking agents, or by those with naturally dark or tanned skin. The current Recommended Daily Allowance of Vitamin-D is 400 iu, or international units per day. Common current supplemental doses of Vitamin D range from 400 to 1,000 iu per day, and are extremely safe at this level. High levels of vitamin D can be toxic. Children begin to show toxic effects when dosages exceed 1,800 iu per day. Adults can show toxic effects with dosages ranging from 10,000 to 20,000 iu per day over extended periods. Symptoms of vitamin D toxicity can include weakness, loss of appetite, unusual thirst, nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, and elevated calcium levels in the blood. Toxic effects are easily corrected by simply cutting back on the daily intake of vitamin-D. Prolonged exposure to sunlight, while unsafe for other reasons, cannot lead to vitamin D toxicity. VITAMIN D AS AN ADJUVANT FOR CANCER TREATMENT: There is increasing evidence that vitamin D and its analogs help to prevent and treat several forms of cancer. In a study in the Feb 1994 issue of Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, vitamin D-3 analogs were less toxic and more effective than fish oil derived vitamin D in normalizing malignant Iymphoma and leukemia cell lines. In the April 1, 1994 issue of Cancer Research, vitamin D analogs effectively prevented and treated breast cancer in rats, significantly enhancing the ability of tamoxifen to render the rats tumor free by the end of the experiment. In the Feb 1994 issue of Leukemia, vitamin D-3 significantly enhanced the effect of Bryostatin 5 in treating human leukemia cell lines. In the Feb. 1994 issue of Pathologie Biologie, vitamin D analogs were shown to be important in regulating the immune system by enhancing immune function against cancer cells and infectious agents, and by preventing autoimmune diseases such as lupus and diabetes. In a study from The Netherlands in the Feb 1994 issue of Breast Cancer Research and Development, relatively low doses of vitamin D analogs combined with tamoxifen produced “potent inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation…and indicated a benefit of combining these agents as a treatment for breast cancer.” Some of these vitamin D analogs are available in Europe and are slowly being accepted by oncologists in the United States as effective adjuvants to conventional cancer therapy. The advantage of using vitamin D analogs is that they do not cause the body to absorb too much calcium, which is one of the toxic effects of ingesting too much vitamin D. For breast and prostate cancer patients, researchers often suggest adding about 3,000 IU of vitamin D-3 based upon the latest findings. Vitamin E Vitamin E is composed of a group of eight compounds (four tocopherols and four tocotrienols) that were first discovered in the 1920s. Alpha tocopherol is the most potent and most commonly used form of this fat-soluble nutrient. Vitamin E functions as a powerful antioxidant to protect human cells and fatty tissues from free radical damage. Free radicals are extremely dangerous and reactive oxygen compounds that are constantly being produced from a variety of natural sources such as radiation, air pollution, and the breakdown of proteins in the body. Left unchecked, free radicals course throughout the body, rupturing cell membranes, causing massive damage to skin and connective tissues, and damage cellular DNA which gives rise to various cancers and degenerative diseases. Free radical damage also accumulates in the brain, leading to age-related memory impairment. Vitamin E, in combination with other antioxidants, works to quench free radicals and prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids that make up cell membranes. By neutralizing free radicals and stabilizing fatty cell membranes, vitamin E helps to prevent cancer, arthritis, immune disorders such as lupus, and premature aging. Working with vitamin A and beta carotene, vitamin E protects the lungs from air pollution. Vitamin E also protects the cells lining blood vessels walls from free radical damage, thus preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. By protecting red blood cells from damage, vitamin E also prevents a special form of anemia called hemolytic anemia. Vitamin E also plays an important role in the production of prostaglandins, vital hormone-like substances that regulate blood pressure, reproduction, and muscle contractions. By acting as a antithrombin agent vitamin E can help prevent heart attacks by controlling the formation of potentially fatal blood clots. Vitamin E is also used in the treatment of fibrocystic breasts and premenstrual syndrome, promotes healing while reducing scarring, and prevents the formation of cataracts in the eyes. Recently, researchers reported that men taking vitamin E supplements experience 34% few cases of prostate cancer, and 16% fewer cases of colorectal cancer. A deficiency of Vitamin E can cause hemolytic anemia in infants, wherein red blood cells are destroyed. Adults rarely experience symptoms of vitamin E deficiency unless afflicted with fat malabsorption syndromes such as cystic fibrosis, sprue and celiac disease. Symptoms are easily treated with alleviated with vitamin E supplementation. The male sex gland, the testis, is responsible for the production of sperm and the secretion of testosterone. Testosterone, the hormone responsible for sexual desire, is dependent on vitamin E to produce sperm and to provide strong masculine features. The female sex glands, the ovaries, produce estrogen and progesterone. For these hormones to function properly, they require adequate amounts of both vitamin E and niacin. Two recent studies of vitamin E and its ability to significantly reduce the risk of heart failure clearly show that, at higher levels than can be obtained from vitamin-rich foods, vitamin E supplementation was found to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by as much as 33% to 50%. The impact of the antioxidant vitamin E on women and men was examined in a pair of studies presented at the annual scientific meeting of the American Heart Association in New Orleans.1 Over 87,000 female nurses between the ages of 34 and 59, who were free of coronary heart disease when the study began in 1980, were followed for 8 years. Of the 17% who took vitamin E supplements at the rate of 100 international units (IU) per day, clear benefit accrued in proportion to how long the regimen continued. In assessing the risks, those who took vitamin E for less than 2 years had a 36% reduction in coronary heart disease, and those who took it for more than 2 years had nearly a 50% reduction in cardiovascular disease. In the study involving male healthcare workers (more than 45,000 were followed from a disease-free baseline established in 1986), vitamin E supplementation in excess of 100 IU for more than 2 years resulted in a 26% reduction in CHD. Meir Stampfer, MD, an investigator in both studies, was amazed by the results, even though he knew that there was a sound scientific basis for the antioxidant hypothesis. This mechanism holds that the “bad” LDL cholesterol is oxidized when not protected, which makes it rancid and thus susceptible to promoting the buildup of fatty lesions on the walls of arteries. Called atherosclerosis, this accumulation is responsible for diminished blood flow and, if allowed to continue, eventual heart attack. Vitamin E is thought to help prevent the oxidation that initiates this disease. 1. Weeks J Lewis Hl.. New studies suggest vitamin E reduces heart disease risk in men and women (abstracts 1847 1848).Amercan Heart Association News Release. November 17, 1992. Recent studies suggest that as an active blood lipid antioxidant, vitamin E can go a long way toward reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque, which congests arteries and contributes to heart attacks and strokes, is thought to be caused by LDL cholesterol altered through the process of free-radical auto-oxidation. The immune system’s macrophages gobble up the oxidized LDLs and expand to form unrecognizable “foam” cells which adhere to artery walls and initiate atherosclerotic plaque. One recent study conducted at the University of Texas demonstrated considerably reduced oxidative damage (over 50%) in the blood of men given 800 IU of vitamin E per day for 12 weeks. 1 An Austrian study of shorter duration found a similar effect when levels of vitamin E up to 1,200 IU were given.2 Additionally, the same study showed that the total level of antioxidants, rather than vitamin E alone, had a higher correspondence with the inhibitory effects. Other studies since published have continued to establish the free-radical auto-oxidation of LDL and heart-disease relationship.3,4 FOOTNOTES 1. Jialal 1, Crundy SM. Effect of dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res. 1992;33:899-906. 2. Dieber-Rotheneder M, Puhl H, Waeg G, Striegl G, Esterbauer H. Effect of oral supplementation with D-alpha-tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. J Lipid Res. 1991;32:1325-1332. 3. Steinberg D. Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis. Summary of the proceedings of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop: September 5-6, 1991, Bethesda, Maryland. Circulation. 1992;85:2337-2344 4. Regnstrom J, Nilsson J, Tornvall P, Landou C, Hamsten A. Susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein oxidation and coronary atherosclerosis in man. Lancet. 1992;339:1183-1186.) VITAMIN E AND ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE: Vitamin E researchers Mohsen and Simin Nikbin Meydani, working at Tufts University’s Department of Agriculture’s Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, have shown that vitamin E may be able to reduce the damage to muscles caused by rigorous excercise. (1, 2) Certain athletes and especially long-distance runners have the need to inhibit and limit the kind of muscle damage that would cause them to fall and (perhaps) not to rise to the occasion of their next sporting event. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 21 males, representing two ranges of age (22-29 and 55-74 yr), took 800 IU/day of vitamin E supplements and, for 48 days, ran downhill on an inclined treadmill to accentuate damaging eccentric muscular contractions . It had been thought that several host defense responses and metabolic reactions that occur during infection also occur after exercise. These reactions, known as the “acute phase response,” contribute to the breakdown and clearance of damaged tissue after exercise. When the subjects were monitored and examined for 12 days, the deleterious effects of exercise related changes were reduced in those taking vitamin E and the age-related differences were eliminated by increasing the response mechanisms of the older group. 1. Cannon JG, Orencole S et al. ATn J Physiol Dec 1990, 259 (6 Pt 2),pR1214-9. 2. 2. Cannon JG, Meydani SN, et a!. Am J Physl Jun 1991, i60 (6 Pt 2), pR1235-40) The Daily Recommended Intake for vitamin E is 30 iu or international units, though commonly, daily doses range from 200 to 1200 iu. Foods high in vitamin E include wheat germ, whole grains, cold-pressed vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, dark green leafy vegetables, eggs, sweet potatoes, brussels sprouts and whole wheat. Vitamin E supplements are available in both dry form and oil capsules. Vitamin E is also available in the natural or D-alpha-tocopherol form, and as a synthetic or DL-alpha-tocopherol form. Vitamin K (Menadione) Vitamin K, also called Menadione, is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that is required for the regulation of normal blood clotting functions. Dietary vitamin K is found primarily in the form of dark leafy vegetables, but most of our needs for this micronutrient are met by microorganisms that synthesize vitamin k in our intestinal tract. Vitamin K’s main function is in the synthesize of prothrombin, a protein vital for blood clotting. Vitamin K also aids in converting glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver, and may also play a role in forming bone formation and preventing osteoporosis. Cancer researchers are also looking into vitamin K’s potential to inhibit development of cancers of the breast, ovary, kidney, colon, stomach, bladder, and liver. Vitamin K deficiency is rare except in the case of newborn infants. Most vitamin K is synthesized by microorganisms in our intestines. It can take several weeks for this bacteria to get established in newborns, so injections are generally given to the newborns immediately after birth. Vitamin K is often included in prenatal supplements for expecting mothers. Vitamin K deficiency, though relatively uncommon in adults, can result in impaired blood clotting and internal bleeding. A deficiency of vitamin K can be caused by chronic use of antibiotics which can inhibit the growth of the intestinal microorganisms required for the synthesis of vitamin K. Serious liver disorders can also inhibit vitamin K’s function in the production of prothrombin, and any condition or syndrome that inhibits the digestion and absorption of fats in the intestines can also lead to deficiency symptoms. The 1989 RDAs for vitamin K is 5 micrograms for newborn babies, and between 65 and 80 micrograms for adults. Vitamin K supplements are only available by prescription due to the danger of toxicity. Foods high in natural Vitamin K include alfalfa, broccoli, dark green leafy vegetables, and soybeans, blackstrap molasses, egg yolks, oats, liver, cheese, and wheat. 3. Minerals Minerals can be broken down into two basic groups: bulk, or macro, minerals, and trace, or micro, minerals. The macro minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium (salt) potassium and phosphorus are needed in fairly substantial amounts for proper health. By comparison, the trace minerals are needed in far smaller quantities and include substances such as zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, selenium, and iodine. Minerals Boron Boron is an important trace mineral required for the proper absorption and utilization of calcium for healthy bones. Boron has recently been in the headlines due to studies indicating that it may help women prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis, or loss of bone mass. A recent study of postmenopausal women, aged 48 to 82, showed that those taking daily supplements of 3 mg. boron retained higher levels of dietary calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. This study offers hope that boron supplementation can aid in preventing calcium loss and bone demineralization in postmenopausal women. Researchers have also found that boron significantly increase production of estrogen and testosterone, leading to interest in boron use in the athletic community, especially among body-builders looking to safely promote muscle growth. Boron is found in leafy vegetables, nuts, grains, apples, raisins, and grapes. Boron supplements are available in 3 mg. capsules, which is the dosage generally recommended. Calcium Calcium is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body, accounting for between 2 to 3 pounds of total body mass. Adequate dietary sources of calcium are necessary throughout life for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth and regulating muscle growth. In conjunction with magnesium, calcium also plays a vital role in regulating electrical impulses in the central nervous system and activating hormones and enzymes required for digestion and metabolism. Calcium is also necessary for healthy blood pressure and blood clotting. Inadequate intake of calcium can aggravate hypertension, and calcium supplements are known to lower blood pressure in some cases. There is also strong evidence that calcium plays a role in colon cancer, and those with low intake of calcium and vitamin D are more prone to this disease. Inadequate calcium levels can also result in tetany, a condition that commonly results in leg cramps and muscular spasms. Inadequate intake of this mineral can also result in osteoporosis, a bone disorder caused by loss of calcium in the bones. Osteoporosis results in brittle, porous bones which can be easily fractured or broken. Contrary to popular belief, bones are very much alive, and are constantly losing and replacing calcium. Inadequate intake can result in a slow and dangerous loss of this mineral, leading to osteoporosis. Half of America’s adults are not getting enough calcium according to a panel of experts assembled by the National Institutes Of Health (NIH). The federal committee estimates that calcium deficiencies, resulting in brittle bones and fractures, are costing the health care system $10 billion a year. The report said the recommended daily allowance for calcium was too low, leading to weakened bones for children, adults and, especially, elderly women. “Calcium is an essential nutrient for developing and maintaining strong bones,” the committee said. Without proper levels of calcium, children enter adulthood with a weakened skeleton, increasing their risk later for osteoporosis. Inadequate calcium intake in later years further aggravates the problem. New studies show that recommended levels of calcium now carried on most food labels are far below what nature requires for strong bones. “Recent nutrition surveys have shown that the average diet of Americans has a calcium intake considerably below the recommended daily allowance.” according to Dr. John Bilezikian, professor of medicine at Columbia University and chairman of the committee. The Dr. Bilezikian also emphasized the importance of getting the recommended levels of vitamin D, which is important for proper calcium absorption. Half of the recommended vitamin D dose of 400 international units (iu) are contained in two cups of milk, and the rest can be manufactured by the body with just a few minutes exposure to sunlight. Calcium absorption takes place in the small intestines, and requires adequate amounts of vitamin D. The current Recommended Daily Allowance of calcium is 800 mg. for adults, 1,200 mg. for premenopausal women, and 1,500 mg for postmenopausal women unless taking estrogen. Those with kidney disorders should not take calcium supplements unless directed to do so by a health care professional. Good dietary sources of calcium include all dairy foods, green leafy vegetables, and seafood . Absorption of dietary calcium can be drastically reduced by consuming large amounts of foods such as cocoa, spinach, kale, rhubarb, almonds, and whole wheat products which are high in oxalic acid, and are known to interfere with calcium absorption. Taking antibiotics such as tetracycline, or aluminum-containing antacids can also result in lower absorption of calcium. Alcohol, sugar, and coffee can also effect the body’s levels of this mineral. Chromium Chromium is an essential mineral required for optimal health. Adequate levels of chromium are required by the body to produce enzymes, proteins, fats, and cholesterol. Chromium is also a vital component of GTF, or glucose tolerance factor. Glucose tolerance factor works in concert with insulin to stabilize blood sugar levels and to support the metabolism of glucose in cells. Currently the average American diet is low chromium. Scientists estimate that 90% of all Americans don’t get enough chromium from their diet, and that over 60% are hypogylcemin or diabetic. Chromium levels can also depleted by consuming high amounts of sugar or engaging in strenuous exercise. A key indicator of coronary artery disease is dangerously low levels of chromium in blood plasma. Inadequate intake of chromium can impair the production of GTF, limiting insulin activity. This results in high blood sugar levels, glucose intolerance, and can lead to symptoms similar to adult-onset diabetes. Conversely, low chromium intake can also result in hypoglycemia, a condition marked by higher than normal insulin levels and dropping blood sugar after consuming carbohydrates. In both cases, supplemental chromium can improve symptoms in most people. Good dietary sources of chromium include: brewers yeast, whole grain breads and cereals, molasses, brown rice, cheese, and lean meats. Studies indicate the for optimal benefits adults should take between 200 to 400 micrograms per day, and up to 600 micrograms if engaged in strenuous exercise programs. Chromium supplements are available, usually in 100 to 200 microgram capsules either as niacin-bound chromium or chromium picolinate. Chromium works best if taken before meals to help stabilize blood sugar levels and increase energy output. Blood sugar levels play a significant role in the storage and metabolism of fat. Chromium is an essential nutrient which plays an important role in the proper regulation of blood sugar in the body. Sex hormones are made from cholesterol. Cholesterol is dependent on chromium for its correct synthesis. Since chromium body stores decrease with age, it is important to replace chromium on a daily basis. In males, the organ most affected by chromium reduction due to aging are the testes. For men who exercise or whose job entails physical exertion, the Journal of Applied Physiology reports that chromium losses are twice as high on a workout day versus a non-workout day, and increase five-fold by a six-mile run. They also demonstrated that “strenuous exercise produces increased urinary loss of chromium in trained athletes.” Copper Copper is an essential trace mineral involved in a wide range of vital human bodily functions. Copper is a major component of hemoglobin, the protein resposible for oxygen transport in blood cells. Copper, along with vitimin C, forms elastin, a protein required to keep skin, blood vessels, and lungs supple and elastic. As an antioxidant, copper plays a strong dual role. First as a central component of both the superoxide dismutase molecule, which protects us from cellular free-radical damage. Secondly, copper helps form the protein ceruloplasmin, which protects us against free-radical damage caused by iron. Copper is also required by the central nervous system as a component in the production of noradrenaline, the brain’s version of adrenaline and the neurotransmitter that keeps us alert. Copper is also involved in the production of prostaglandins, hormonelike chemicals that regulate blood pressure, pulse, and healing. Current research is looking into deeper aspects of the role copper plays in human health, from protecting against cancer and heart disese, to boosting the immune system. Copper deficiency is generally evidenced as anemia, edema, and arthritis. Menkes syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects proper copper absorption, resulting in stunted growth, abnormal skin pigmentation, arrested development of the arteries and bones, and mental deterioration. Wilson’s disease is an inherited genetic disorder characterized by the body’s inability to properly excrete copper, leading to accumulation of copper in the tissues which can cause liver disease and mental retardation. Persons with Wilsons disease should not consume copper-containing supplements. Though there is no established RDA, the National Research Council recommends 1.5 to 3 mg of copper per day for adults to avoid copper deficiency. There are few toxic effects from copper, though people with ulcerative colitis may tend to accumulate copper, aggravating the disorder. Daily intake over 20 milligrams of copper can cause vomiting. Some recommend that persons taking zinc supplements should increase copper intake to a 10 to one ratio (for instance for every 10 milligrams of zinc, take 1 milligram of copper). Copper can be found in dried beans, almonds, broccoli, garlic, soybeans, peas, whole wheat products, and seafood. Flouride Flouride is a naturally occurring element found in the soil, water, plants, and animals. Sodium flouride is regularly added to drinking water supplies, usually as 1 part per million parts of water, for its proven ability to reduce the formation of dental cavities by up to 70%. Flouride , along with adequate levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D is required to maintain strong bones and teeth. When dietary levels of flouride are inadequate , bones can loss calcium and weaken, leading to a condition known as osteoporosis. Currently researchers are looking into the role of flouride in preventing osteoporosis, protecting against cancer and heart disease, and boosting the immune system. Patients have been found to excrete decreased levels of calcium, stronger bones, and reduced symptoms of osteoporosis, though there is concern of a increased tendency for form hairline fractures. Flouride is not generally available as a supplement, though tablets are sometimes used in areas where the water is not flouridated. Good natural sources of include drinking water, seafood, and teas. There is no current RDA for flouride, but estimates are that most people get from 1 to 2 mg. per day from food sources, and .2 to .6 mg per day from drinking flouridated water. Too much flouride can lead to discoloration and pitting of teeth. In amounts above 20 milligrams per day flouride can be toxic. The amount of this mineral found in water supplies poses no health risk, and carries benefits in the form of reduced incidence of tooth decay and gum disease. Germanium (GE-132) Organic germanium is the common name for the chemical biscarboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide (also called organo germanium, germanium-132 or Ge-132.) Organic germanium has recently sparked interest following the publication of numerous papers on its therapeutic effects. Less than fifty years ago many essential minerals were believed to be irrelevant to human health, including zinc, manganese, and chromium. Today scientists recognize that all three are vitally important to proper metabolic functioning and health. Now researchers are devoting their attention to a number of ultra-trace minerals, including cobalt, silicon, gold, and germanium. Originally discovered in 1886, germanium received little attention until the electron-transfer properties of inorganic germanium lead to its use in the creation of the first semiconductor transistor 1948. Shortly thereafter, a Japanese engineer, Dr. Kuzihiko Asai, discovered that coal deposits, the fossilized remains of plants, contained large amounts of germanium. Since very little germanium occurs in the earths crust, averaging only about 7 parts per million, until Dr. Asai’s research scientists hadn’t suspected that plants contained germanium. Dr. Asai recognized the potential benefits of organic germanium in human health when he discovered that medicinal plants such as ginseng, shiitake mushrooms, aloe vera, comfrey, garlic, and chlorella contained very high natural concentrations of this rare mineral, leading to speculation that germanium accounted for much of their therapeutic activity. Dr. Asai experimented with organic germanium, in doses ranging from 100-300 mg. of a day, and found them to be effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis, food allergies, elevated cholesterol levels, Candida albicans, chronic viral infections, and cancer. Germanium also evidenced impressive activity in helping to control pain. Organic vs. Inorganic Germanium: It must be stressed that organic germanium is not to be confused with inorganic germanium, which is used as a semi-conductor to conduct electricity efficiently, and is highly toxic in even minute concentrations. By comparison, organic germanium has been thoroughly studied in extensive toxicological (acute, sub-acute, chronic, and reproductive) and pharmacological studies and has been found to be virtually non-toxic. Activity and Function: Germanium seems to function by attaching itself to oxygen to improve cellular oxygenation. The body requires more oxygen to support the immune system and to help the body excrete toxins. Other researcher has supported germaniums’ role in helping to increasing oxygenation of tissues, and further medically supervised studies of germanium are in progress in American and Japanese institutions. Under medical supervision numerous patients with a broad range of symptoms have been treated with germanium at doses from 500 to 1000 mg. per day. The Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine also reported that germanium was found to be a dramatic immunostimulant capable of raising immune functions and maintaining them within optimal ranges. Germanium has also been shown to possesses antiviral activity, and is able to activate macrophages and natural killer cells. Evidence also suggests that organic germanium increases interferon production, making it an immuno-stimulant. In one study of healthy, arthritic, or cancer subjects, organic germanium normalized T and B Iymphocyte function while stimulating natural killer (NK) cell activity. These and other results closely correlate with interferon production (i.e. proliferation of antibody-generating cells, etc.). These findings in humans are similar to the observed increases in both numbers and activity of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes seen in laboratory animals receiving organic germanium. Cancer: Twelve in vivo and in vitro animal carcinogenicity studies of organic germanium have been reported in the scientific literature. In none of these studies was any evidence of organic germanium’s carcinogenicity reported. Most striking were the consistent findings reporting that organic germanium arrested the growth of experimentally induced cancers, including leukemia, sarcomas, Iymphomas, and adenocarcinomas. Besides enhancing the survival time of these animals, organic germanium also retarded metastatic spreading of their cancers. This suggests that organic germanium may be a new anticancer agent in humans. Researchers in Japan have begun double-blind placebo (phase lll) studies of organic germanium’s effectiveness against certain cancers. Further support for organic germanium’s safety comes from the finding that it has no direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells in vitro, thereby preventing surrounding noncancerous tissue from damage. It also further supports the prevailing theory that organic germanium works as an anticancer agent by stimulating the host’s natural anticancer defense system. Heart Disease: Animal experiments suggest a role for organic germanium in hypertension and heart disease. However, unlike the numerous cancer studies, supportive findings are limited. One study gave organic germanium to rats with induced hypertension, and their blood pressure levels dropped to normal. Of particular interest was the failure of organic germanium to force the blood pressure to drop too low. Unlike so many anti-hypertensive drugs, organic germanium administration restored blood pressure to normal levels only. This may give organic germanium considerable advantage over many other anti-hypertensive drugs if similar results are reported following both human clinical and experimental trials. Toxicology – Pharmacology: Multi-dimensional behavioral observation by Irwin’s method of mice given organic germanium intraperitoneally showed no abnormalities. A careful review of the published literature, including Japanese citations, found organic germanium virtually free of any side effects with the exception of occasional complaints in postsurgical and other patients receiving high therapeutic doses who complained of loose stools. However, these complaints subsided after discontinuation of organic germanium. Anecdotal reports of adverse effects in a single diabetic could not be substantiated through published sources. Animal studies have found no influence of organic germanium on respiration, blood pressure, or electrocardiogram (ECG). Pharmacokinetic (absorption, excretion, distribution, and metabolism) studies of organic germanium have found it to rapidly disappear in both blood, tissues and organs after oral administration to laboratory animals. These studies also show that organic germanium is almost totally excreted within 1 to 1.5 days after administration. This suggests no accumulation occurring in the body if taken in recommended daily doses. A review of the literature found no reports of allergic reactions to organic germanium. However, it is always possible that such a reaction can occur in susceptible persons, suggesting that administration of organic germanium should be monitored. There is no recommended dosage for germanium. Food tolerance has been improved with doses as low as 100-200 mg., while candida-associated symptoms have been known to respond to less than 100 mg. per day. Germanium is safe and is totally secreted intact from the body within 48 hours. Iodine Elemental Iodine is found in varying amounts in the earths crust and soils, and, in larger amounts, in the oceans. Iodine, as iodide or iodate salts, is therefore especially concentrated in sea foods, both plant and animal. Human nutritional needs of iodine are minisclue, requiring only trace amounts for metabolizing fats, producing energy, and supporting thyroid function. 60% of consumed iodine is stored in the thyroid gland and used for manufacturing thyroid hormones. These hormones, in turn, regulate metabolism, energy, and the oxidizing (burning) of fats. Among reported claims for the use of iodine are to relieve pain associated with fibrocystic breast Too little Iodine can result in hypothyroidism weight gain, lack of energy, and reduced mental focus. Iron Since 1983, researchers have warned us to avoid supplements that contain iron. This recommendation is based upon hundreds of studies showing that iron may be a primary cause of free radical induced degenerative disease. In a study in the March 29,1994 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Japanese researchers found that iron caused tubular necrosis (kidney damage), leading to a high incidence of renal adenocarcinoma (kidney cancer). This is not an isolated study, just another of the multitude of studies showing that iron is a cause of the diseases that kill us. The FDA requires that food companies fortify many products with iron, which causes most Americans to get too much iron from their diet. A brief excerpt from a Wall Street Journal article shows just how easy it is to get too much iron in your diet, which reinforces the need to avoid iron in your supplements. What Are Iron Filings Doing in My Bowl Of Total Cereal? At one popular table, a boy uses a magnet to attract tiny iron particles from crushed Total cereal. “Yuck!” he says, horrified at what looks like iron filings collected at the end of his magnet. “We eat that?” The boy’s father seems equally fascinated. General Mills Inc., which makes Total, isn’t at all astonished. Yes, indeed, a spokeswoman says proudly, “Total provides~ 100% of your iron needs for a day.” It’s a food safe iron, she hastens to point out. Wall Street Journal-May 17,1994 Magnesium Magnesium is a mineral that is required for the proper growth and formation of human bones, muscle tissues, and enzymes. It is used to convert carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. It is involved in the transmission of nervous system impulses, assist in the uptake of calcium and potassium. Higher intake of magnesium has also been linked to lung function, according to a study published recently in England. Researchers found that adults consuming an average of 380 milligrams of magnesium per day exhibited increased lung function, and benefits were consistent regardless of whether or not the subjects smoked. The body’s relative balance of magnesium and calcium has a profound impact on health as these two minerals must work smoothly together to insure proper muscle control. Calcium is involved in stimulating muscle contraction, and magnesium is required to allow the muscles to relax. Both an excess intake of calcium or a magnesium deficiency can result in poor muscle coordination, irritability and nervousness. Magnesium also helps to prevent depression, muscle weakness and twitching, heart disorders, and high blood pressure. In the U.S. the Recommended Daily Allowance for magnesium is 400 mg. per day. Foods high in magnesium include fish, dairy products, lean meat, whole grains, seeds, and vegetables. Consumption of large amounts of zinc and vitamin D increase the body’s requirement for magnesium as does alcohol, fats, proteins, and diuretics. The body’s uptake of magnesium can also be inhibited by consuming foods high in oxalic acid, such as spinach, cocoa and tea. Manganese Manganese is a mineral that is required in small amounts to manufacture enzymes necessary for the metabolism of proteins and fats. It also supports the immune system, regulates blood sugar levels, and is involved in the production of cellular energy, reproduction, and bone growth. Manganese works with vitamin K to support blood clotting, aids in digestion, and as antioxidant, is a vital component of Sodium Oxide Dismutase, a large molecule that is the body’s main front-line defense against damaging free-radicals. Working with the B-complex vitamins, manganese help control the effects of stress while contributing to ones sense of well being. deficiency in intake of manganese can retard growth, cause seizures, lead to poor bone formation, impair fertility, and cause birth defects. Researchers are also looking at new links between manganese deficiency and skin cancers. While there is no RDA for manganese, the average intake of manganese is between 2 to 9 milligrams per day. Foods high in manganese include avocados, blueberries, nuts and seeds, seaweed, egg yolks, whole grains, legumes, dried peas, and green leafy vegetables. Molybdenum Molybdenum is an essential mineral found in highest concentrations in the liver, kidneys, skin, and bones. This mineral is required by the body to properly metabolize nitrogen. It is also a vital component of the enzyme xanthine oxidase which is required to convert purines to uric acid, a normal byproduct of metabolism. Molybdenum also supports the bodys’ storage of iron and other cellular functions such as growth. A deficiency of molybdenum is associated with mouth and gum disorders and cancer. A diet high in refined and processed foods can lead to a deficiency of molybdenum, resulting in anemia, loss of appetite and weight, and stunted growth in animals. While these deficiencies have not been observed directly in humans, it is known that a molybdenum deficiency can lead to impotence in older males. While there is no strict Daily Recommended Intake for molybdenum, the estimated safe range for intake of this essential mineral range from 15 micrograms per day for infants, and up to 250 micrograms per day for adults. It has been estimated that most Americans receive between 25 and 500 micrograms per day from normal diet. Daily intake of over 10 to 15 milligrams daily may produce goutlike symptoms such as swollen, painful joints, and can interfere with the body’s ability to metabolize copper. Good dietary sources of molybdenum include lean meats, beans, whole grain cereals and breads, legumes, peas, and dark green leafy vegetables. Phosphorus Phosphorus is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body, second only to calcium. This essential mineral is required for the healthy formation of bones and teeth, and is necessary for the metabolism of fats, protein, and carbohydrates. It is also a part of the body’s energy storage system, and helps with maintaining health blood sugar levels. The regular contractions of the heart are dependant upon phosphorus as are normal cellular growth and repair. The human body must maintain a balance between magnesium phosphorus, and calcium. Excess intake of phosphorus can occur in people with diets high in processed foods, soft drinks, and meats, leading to osteoporosis. Since phosphorus is found in almost all plant and animal food sources, a deficiency of this mineral is rarely seen, and only in cases where antacids or anticonvulsant drugs are consumed in excessive amounts over extended periods of time. The Recommended Dietary Allowances for phosphorus is 300 milligrams for infants, and between 800 and 1,200 milligrams for adults. It is estimated that Americans ingest on average between 1,500 and 1,600 milligrams of phosphorus per day, almost twice the recommended amount. Foods highest in phosphorus include asparagus, brewers yeast, dairy products, eggs, fish, dried fruit, meats, garlic, legumes, nuts and seeds, and whole grains. Potassium Potassium is an important mineral that plays a vital role in the transmission of electrical impulses through the central nervous system, and in regulating the smooth, natural rhythms of the beating heart. It mediates important cellular chemical reactions required for nutrients to pass into cells, and it helps to maintain the body’s water balance. Potassium also helps regulate stable blood pressure levels and may help in the prevention of strokes. Persons with higher intake of potassium evidence fewer cases of hypertension, and when potassium-rich foods are consumed, blood pressure rates drop. Diurectics and laxatives can lead to a deficiency of potassium, resulting in retarded growth and development, muscle weakness, heart and kidney damage, mental confusion, and apathy. Potassium deficiency can also be the result of excess vomiting, chronic diarrhea, diabetic acidosis, and kidney disease. Extreme cases of deficiency can lead to dehydration, heart failure and even death. The minimum daily requirement for potassium ranges from 120 milligrams for a baby, and up to 500 milligrams for an adult. In the United States, the average adult intake of potassium is approximately 1200 milligrams per day. Persons on low-calorie diets may develop abnormal levels of blood sugar which may be helped by taking potassium supplements. Foods high in potassium include dairy products, fish, apricots, avocados, bananas, blackstrap molasses, brewers yeast, brown rice, raisins, potatoes, legumes, meat, poultry, vegetables and whole grains. Selenium Selenium is an essential mineral that possess strong antioxidant properties. It’s primary role in the human body is as a component of glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme that protects blood cells from the ravages of highly reactive free-radicals. Working synergistically with vitamin E, selenium aids in the production of antibodies, and in protecting the immune system. Selenium is required to maintain tissue elasticity, and to support the healthy functioning of the pancreas and the heart. Children suffering from Keshan’s disease, a rare heart disorder, respond well to selenium supplements, as may many adults suffering from a common form of heart disease called cardiomyopathy. A deficiency of this vital trace element has been linked to the development of leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibrocystic breast disease. Researchers have also found that the lower the concentration of selenium in the blood stream, the higher the risk of developing cancers of the breast, lungs, ovaries, pancreas, cervix, uterus, colon and rectum. Children with Down’s Syndrome also evidence lower serum levels of selenium which is thought to result in increased free radical damage to the nerves. The Recommended Daily Intake of selenium is 10 micrograms for infants, 70 micrograms for adults, and 75 micrograms for lactating women. Foods high in selenium include meats, seafood, brewers yeast, broccoli, grains, chicken, garlic and onions. Selenium can be toxic in amounts as little as 750 micrograms per day, causing the loss of teeth and hair, painful swelling of the fingers, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. SELENIUM RESEARCH UPDATE: Consumers often receive less selenium in their supplements than they think they are getting. Two hundred mcg of sodium selenate only provides about 96 mg of elemental selenium. Selenium can be toxic, but only in very high doses. Many people underdose on selenium because of unfounded fears of toxicity. In a review of the scientific literature, selenium is one of the most well documented disease preventing nutrients. In an Italian study in the Mar. 1994 issue of Biological Trace Element Research, it was shown that when high levels of selenium were present in the drinking water there was only 1 death from coronary artery disease in males and 2 in females among 4,419 subjects studied. When selenium levels in the drinking water were reduced seven-fold, however, the death rates from coronary artery disease increased to 21 in males and 10 in females over a similar time period! The authors of the study concluded that their results are consistent with the hypothesis that selenium exerts a beneficial effect on coronary disease mortality. In a study in the April 1994 issue of Carcinogenesis, selenium and garlic produced significant anticancer activity that was superior to sodium selenite alone. Silicon Silicon is a common mineral required, along with calcium, for the development and maintenance of strong bones. Silicon also plays an important role in the formation of collagen and connective tissues, as well as the hair, skin and nails. The relationship between silicon and heart disease is not clear at this point. Researchers know that silicon is required for maintaining flexible arteries, but they have also noticed that persons with atherosclerosis have high serum levels of this mineral. It is well known that silicon reduces the effect of aluminum, and that it plays a role in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and osteoporosis. Generally the American diet is abundant in silicon and deficiencies are extremely rare. Foods rich in silicon include whole grain breads and cereals, alfalfa, beets, bell peppers, beans, and peas. Sodium Sodium is a vital though often over consummed mineral found throughout the body, usually in the form of sodium chloride or table salt. In liquied solution along with the minerals potassium and chloride, it forms part of the blood, lymph and intracellular fluids that bath and feed all human cells. Together these nutrients maintaining the body’s proper water balance and blood chemistry. Sodium is also required for digestion, muscular functions, and smooth functioning of the nervous system. The human body maintains strict control of the concentration of sodium within a very narrow range. When sodium levels become elevated, as in the case of eating a salty meal, the body’s first response is to stimulate thirst. This leads to the increased consumption of water, which then dilutes the sodium levels back to normal, allowing the kidneys to excrete the excess. Edema, or water retention, is often caused by a lack of adequate intake of water, forcing the cells of the body to retain excess water to keep sodium levels in check. Conversely, consuming too much water can lead to extremely low concentrations of this mineral, resulting in headaches, mental confusion, and general weakness. Due to the high levels of sodium in natural and processed foods, a deficiency of sodium is rare, and is usually caused by excessive fasting, starvation, or loss of fluids due to perspiration, vomiting, or diarrhea. Deficiency symptoms include dehydration, weakness, lethargy, low blood sugar, muscle tremors, heart palpitations, and mental confusion. Of greater concern are the dangers of consuming too much sodium, which can cause high blood pressure, edema, liver disease, kidney disease, and potassium deficiency. The estimated minimum requirement for sodium is between 200 and 500 milligrams per day. Researchers estimate that the average American consumes between 2,300 to 20,000 milligrams per day, depending upon personal tastes and habit. Scientists now recommend that sodium intake be regulated to no more that 2,000 milligrams, or the equivalent of a teaspoon, per day from all sources. Sulfur Sulfur is an important nutrient that forms an intergal part of virtually all human tissues, and especially those highest in protein, such as red blood cells, muscles, skin and hair. While trace amounts come directly from foods we eat, most of the sulfur in our body is in the form of four sulfur-bound non-essential amino acids, taurine, methionine, cystine, and cystine. Sulfur is also an important component of insuline, vitamin B1, and biotin. Sulfur protects our cells from the damaging effects of radiation and air pollution, thereby slowing down the cellular aging process. It also aids in the conversion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into energy, and as a component of collagen, helps to keep skin cells supple and elastic. Sulfur is also required for the digestion of fats, activates enzymes, and helps regulate blood clotting. There is no recommended daily intake for sulfur, and deficiencies are extremely rare due to the abundance of this nutrient in the diet. Toxic effects are nonexistent due to the body’s ability to excrete excess sulfur in the urine. Foods particularly high in sulfur include meat and poultry, fish, eggs, beans and peas, Brussels sprouts, onions, cabbage, garlic, wheat germ, and dairy products. Vanadium Vanadium is a non-essential mineral that plays a role in the formation of bones and teeth, and in the regulation of cellular metabolism It is also involved in the production of hormones, in cholesterol metabolism, and in normal growth and reproduction. Scientists suspect that a deficiency of this mineral may play a role in kidney and heart disease. Recent studies have also indicated that vanadium may slow the growth of tumors and confer protection against the development of breast cancer, but more research is needed to determine its full role in human health. There is no recommended daily intake for vanadium, though it is estimated that most people consume between 2 and 4 milligrams per day from a normal diet. While not easily absorbed by humans, vanadium is found in foods such as olives, whole grain breads, liver, root vegetables, fish, and vegetable oils. Zinc Zinc is an essential mineral involved in anumber of enzymatic reactions, ranging from protein and collagen synthesis to cellular energy production. This vital metal also supports immune function by regulating the production of T cells by the thymus glands. Adequate amounts of this nutrient metal are also required for manufacturing Sodium Oxide Dismutase (SOD), a large antioxidant enzyme that serves as the main line of defense against free radical damage. Zinc also helps in protect the liver and promotes the rapid healing of wounds. Because it’s involved in the production of prostaglandins — special hormone-like substances that regulate the reproductive functions — zinc also plays an important role in maintaining healthy prostate function. After about age 40, the thymus gland begins to shrink and blood serum levels of zinc begin to slide, falling by about 3 percent every 10 years thereafter. This decline is mirrored in the thymus glands declining output of thymulin, the hormone responsible for stimulating the production of immune-system T cells, the killer cells responsible for keeping tumors in check and protecting us from infections. By age 65 the thymus gland shrinks so much that it can only release about10 percent of the thymulin it did in our youth, greatly impairing our ability to stave of diseases. Recently researchers gave zinc supplements to animals and found that the thymus gland returned to 80 of normal size, and most importantly, thymulin output and T cell counts returned to youthful levels. Human studies soon followed, with similar results. Persons aged 65 and older, taking 15 milligrams of zinc per day soon evidenced the same restoration of youthful levels of thymulin and T cell activity. Similar studies with Downs Syndrome patients who are very prone to infections showed similar results, cutting the number of new infections by over 50 percent after treatment with zinc supplements. A study conducted at Dartmouth college has reported that college students where able to recover from colds in half the normal time when given zinc lozenges. Those taking the zinc recovered from their symptoms in 4 days, while those students taking a placebo took over 9 days to fully recover from the illness. Carl C. Pfeiffer, MD, PhD, thought the whole human population was borderline deficient in the mineral zinc, which could account for our sensitivity to the common cold. Now, a new study shows that the common cold can be shortened significantly when ample zinc gluconate is made available. While in vitro studies have long shown that zinc inhibits the common cold rhino-viruses, the experimental data has been mixed when the zinc studies have used throat lozenges. Scientists have now identified a flaw in the studies that used hard-candy zinc lozenges containing citric acid. It seems the low pH produced by the acidic formulation inhibited zinc delivery. 3 Building on this knowledge, the new study, conducted at Dartmouth College, found that college students given non-acidic throat lozenges one day into their cold had colds that were more than 50% shorter. For those students taking look-alike, taste-alike placebo candies, colds lasted 9.2 days on average versus 4.3 days for those taking zinc. 1. Pfeiffer, Carl C. Mental and elemental nutrients. Keats Publishing, Inc. New Canaan, CT. 1975. 2. Godfrey JC et al. “Zinc gluconate and the common cold: a controlled clinical study.” JInt Med Rs. 1992;20:234-246. 3. Zarembo JE, Godfrey JC, Godfrey NJ. “Zinc (11) in saliva: determination of concentrations produced by different formulations of zinc gluconate lozenges containing common excipients.” J Pharm Sci. 1992;81(2):128-130. Zinc serum levels can be reduced by diarrhea, kidney disease, cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes and overconsumption of fiber. The adult recommended daily intake for zInc is 15 mg. per day. Daily dosages above 150 milligrams may actually depress the immune system and increase susecptability to disease. Continued intake of 25 milligrams per day can also interfere with the body’s absorption of copper. Foods highest in zinc include fish, legumes, meats, oysters, poultry, seafood, whole grains, egg yolks and brewers yeast. 4. Herbs Herbs have been the source of many of mankind’s most basic medicinal therapies, and form the foundation of the modern pharmaceutical industry. Herbs Alfalfa Alfalfa is a plant commonly cultivated by farmers around the world for use as an animal feedstock. Known by its latin name, Medicago sativa, alfalfa is also a popular herb belonging to the legume family, closely related to beans and peas. Called the great healer by legions of natural herbalists, the health benefits attributed to alfalfa are broad, with attributes ranging from the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis to the ability to cure stomach disorders; from stimulating the appetite to being an effective curative for diabetes. Alfalfa is also promoted as a detoxifier, able to cleanse the liver and bloodstream. Claims link alfalfa with enhanced pituitary functions, as well as treating high fevers, inflamed prostate, and alleviating allergic reactions related to plants and grasses. While there are few if any valid scientific studies supporting these claims, alfalfa is generally recognized as a healthy and nutritious source of chlorophyll, beta carotene, calcium, and the vitamins D, E and K. Alfalfa leaves and sprouts are consumed around the world, and alfalfa tea is widely touted as a health tonic. Alfalfa in tablet and capsule forms are available at most health food stores. Pertaining to the claims for alfalfas curative powers, researchers have found that the alfalfa root, a part of the plant not generally used, contains saponins, a family of chemicals that have been shown to lower cholesterol levels in monkeys. To date this research has not been repeated with human subjects. Other studies have found that alfalfa can inhibit the growth of some viruses such as herpes simplex, supporting the claims for its antibacterial and antiviral activity. This ability seems to be associated with a non-protein amino acid called L-canaverine, which is found in alfalfa leaves and roots. L-canaverine has also been shown to be effective in controlling leukemia and cancer cells in animal studies, again possibly accounting for some of alfalfa’s health claims. Generally recognized as a safe, if somewhat undocumented health supplement, researchers have raised some specific health concerns relating to the excessive consumption of alfalfa or alfalfa containing products. Studies have noted an link between consumption of high doses of alfalfa with the onset or aggravation of existing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), a disease affecting connective tissues. The likely culprit is the previously mentioned amino acid L-canavanine. Since one may be predisposed to Lupus and not be aware of it, it would be prudent to limit one’s intake of alfalfa products. Those diagnosed with Lupus should avoid alfalfa products entirely. Aloe Vera Aloe vera is an exceptional healing plant with an extensive history of use covering 18 centuries. World-wide there exist hundreds of species of this succulent, yucca-like plant, but those most often used are Aloe barbandensis, Aloe perryi, Aloe ferros, and the ever-popular houseplant Aloe vera, whose fresh leaves can serve as an effective treatment for minor burns, abrasions and cuts. Aloe vera gel, derived from the mucilaginous cells contained inside the leaves, is widely used in a variety of forms such as lotions, moisturizers, cosmetics, and shampoos. Aloe powder, derived from the tough outer leaf of the plant, is a strong cathartic consumed internally as a cleanser and often touted as a treatment for a variety of conditions ranging from liver disease to AIDS. Clinical evidence supports many of the health claims attributed to Aloe vera. Researchers have found that fresh Aloe gel promotes wound healing by speeding up the growth of skin cells and aiding recovery from surgery. Aloe has also proved effective in treating pressure sores, chronic leg ulcers, and frostbite. Aloe vera has also been shown to have strong antibacterial and antifungal properties against a broad range of microbes. Carrisyn, an extract of aloe, has shown recent evidence of being able to inhibit a number of viruses in vitro, including the strains responsible for herpes simples, measles, and HIF. Carrisyn appears to work by stimulating the immune system to trigger the production of T cells, thereby increasing immune function. Other active ingredients of the aloe plant include salicylates, which control inflammation and pain, and an enzyme that inhibits bradykinin, the chemical messenger responsible for transmitting pain signals through the nerves. Aloe also contains magnesium lactate, a chemical known to inhibit the release of histimines responsible for skin irritation and itching. While generally regarded as safe, some people using aloe products may experience a form of hypersensitivity evidenced by skin rash which disappears soon after discontinuing use of the product. When choosing an aloe vera product for topical application, look for a product high in aloe content, which should appear as the first item listed on the ingredients panel. As for internal consumption, long-term studies have not been performed to determine safety or effectiveness, and the guidance of a knowledgeable professional is highly recommended. Angelica Angelica, from the plant Angelica archangelica, is similar to the Chinese herb Dong Quai, which is derived from the closely related plant Angelica sinensis. Other species of angelica are commonly used as flavoring agents for wines, liqueurs, and perfumes. Angelica has recently become a very popular herb in the United States, and is often recommended by herbalists as a treatment for flatulence and stomach pains, and as a stimulant to invigorate circulation and warm the body. By far the most common use of Angelica is as an emmanagogic agent to promote menstrual flow and help regulate irregular menstrual cycles. In some cases large doses have been consumed in an attempt to induce abortion, but such use runs the risk of inducing severe poisoning. Angelica contains a number of compounds called furocoumarins that are photosensitizers, which upon direct contact with the skin may lead to a skin rash after being exposed to the sun. Researchers have also found several of these compounds to be extremely toxic carcinogens in laboratory animals, though no human studies are currently available. Angelica should not be used by pregnant women or diabetics, as it has a tendency to elevate blood sugar levels. Artichoke Artichokes contain cynarin and scolymoside which have been shown to stimulate bile production and secretion. This supports the traditional use of Artichoke for creating support for sluggish livers and digestive irregularities. Cynarin creates support for lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood. Artichokes also possess some diuretic activity, helping with kidney disease and protein in the urine. Astragalus Astragalus is a traditional Chinese herb derived from the root of the perennial Astragalus membranaceus. In China astragalus enjoyed a long history of use in traditional medicine to strengthen the Wei Ch’i or “defensive energy” or as we call it, the immune system. Regarded as a potent tonic for increasing energy levels and stimulating the immune system, astragalus has also been employed effectively as a diuretic, a vasodilator and as a treatment for respiratory infections. Astragalus has recently become popular with western herbalist and alternative health care providers. Recent studies in China led researchers to report that astragalus can be part of an effective treatment for supporting the immune systems of cancer patients. Two separate studies followed cancer patients receiving traditional western chemotherapy and radiation treatment. These forms of treatment typically ravage the body’s immune system and leave patients weak and susceptible to new opportunistic infections. Researchers reported that cancer patients receiving astragalus extracts had twice the survival rate of those only receiving standard therapies. U.S. studies have further confirmed that astragalus possesses unique immunity boosting qualities. Researchers at the University of Texas found that astragalus exhibited strong immunity response on in-vitro cancer cells. Scientists have isolated a number of active ingredients contained in astragalus, including bioflavanoids, choline, and a polysaccharide called astragalan B. Animal studies have shown that astragalan B is effective at controlling bacterial infections, stimulating the immune system, and protecting the body against a number of toxins. Astragalan B seems to work by binding to cholesterol on the outer membranes of viruses, destabilizing their defenses and allowing for the body’s immune system to attack the weakened invader. Astragalus also increases interferon production and enhances NK and T cell function, increasing resistance to viral conditions such as hepatitis, AIDS and cancer. Astragalus shows support for peripheral vascular diseases and peripheral circulation. Barberry Barberry, which is also called Oregon grape root, is derived from Mahonia Aquifolium, a small evergreen that grows wild on mountains in the Pacific Northwest. Early settlers first learned of the therapeutic use of Barberry from native American Indians who made a bitter brew from the yellow root or rhizome of this small shrub. Used in small doses Barberry tonic was believed to be an effective treatment for heartburn, stomach upset, ulcers, and to stimulate appetite. Current herbal literature commonly recommends barberry tincture as a treatment for liver problems such as hepatitis and jaundice. It is also considered effective in lowering blood pressure, reducing heart rate and respiration, reducing bronchial constriction, and as a palative for menstrual irregularities. It is also used as a topical antiseptic. Researchers studying Barberry have determined that does contains a number of physiologically active alkaloids, chief among them berberine, berbamine, and oxyacanthine. Berberine has been found to exhibit some antibacterial activity, accounting for its traditional uses as an antiseptic when applied to the skin. Berberine is also known to possess sedative qualities, and can act to lower blood pressure and stimulate the uterus. Bayberry Bayberry is a traditional folk medicine herb derived from the bark of a small evergreen shrub that grows throughout a wide portion of the Eastern and Southern United States. Also referred to as wax myrtle or candleberry, the Bayberry plant also produces small waxy berries that have been used since colonial times to make fragrant candles popular at Christmas time. Bayberry bark, brewed into a spicy tea or infusion, is a popular folk remedy and was a favorite of Native Americans. It has been used as a tonic and stimulant to support the body’s defense against a range of ailments such as coughs, colds, flu, fevers, headache, and sore throat. It was also considered an effective remedy for diarrhea, bloody stools, and excessive menstrual bleeding. As an astringent this herb helps to dry up and protect exposed membranes, and is often applied to the skin as poltice to heal boils, cankers and skin ulcers. Bayberry is also prepared as a gargle for treatment for early symptoms of colds and sore throat. Current data on Bayberry list a number of compounds such as tannic acid, gallic acid and acrid resins that function as astringents. Researchers have raised some concern about the carcinogenic effects of tannin, but no human studies have been conducted to date. Bayberry is also known to contains the triterpene Myricitrin which is effective in stimulating the flow of bile and exhibits antibacterial activity. xThough generally considered safe, in large doses Bayberry serves as an emetic agent to produce vomiting. Betony Betony, also known as Wood Betony, was once held in high regard by ancient folk healers. Used as a herbal treatment for a host of human ills ranging from the common cold to warding off supernatural spirits, Betony is still used by herbal practitioners, though for a much more limited set of maladies. Current use of the dried herb of Betony involves the use of a tincture or infusion as a remedy for chronic headaches and to treat anxiety and nervousness. Like most herbs, Betony possesses mild astringent properties, for which it is occasionally recommended as a the treatment for diarrhea, or as a mouthwash to soothe mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Betony contains relatively high amounts of tannin, explaining its astringent activity. It also contains choline, alkaloids and glycosides. One glycoside has been shown to lower blood pressure, possibly supporting its use as a treatment for anxiety and headaches. Betony is nontoxic, though excess consumption may lead to mild stomach upset. Bilberry The Bilberry plant is closely related to blueberries and currants, all of which belong to the genus Vaccinium. The whole fruits from these plants contain important tannins as well as vitamins A and C. The specific activity of Bilberry comes from concentrated fruit pigments called anthocyanins which have a specific strengthening effect on the walls of the vascular system. Collagen protein in the vascular wall becomes stronger in the presence of Bilberry and the fine capillaries become less susceptible to leakage. Hemorrhoids and varicose veins are both examples of the weakened vascular tissues that can manifest during pregnancy and under stress. The Bilberry fruit extract also possesses strong antibacterial and antiviral activity, mainly from the tannin compounds. The usual application of Bilberry is for reducing eyestrain and improving night vision. In addition to helping the capillaries supply blood to the eyes, Bilberry pigment helps produce visual purple, an important chemical that helps convert light into electrical signals for the brain. Bilberry enhances vision in low light conditions often encountered by truck drivers, pilots, law enforcement and military personnel. Bilberry also reduces general eye strain which makes it particularly beneficial for students, computer operators, and anyone who must use their eyes for long periods without rest. Black Cohosh The popular herb Black cohosh comes from the root of the North American forest plant Cimicifuga racemosa. Also known as black snakeroot, bugbane, bugwort and squawroot, Black cohosh has an extensive history of safe use by Native Americans who revered it as a remedy for a host of common ailments. Native Americans employed Black cohosh as an effective treatment for fatigue, neuralgia, rheumatism, sore throat, asthma, bronchial spasms, bronchitis, and whooping cough. Mixed with chamomile, ginger and raspberry leaf, black cohosh has been used for centuries by women to stimulate menstrual flow, ease the strains of childbirth, and confer relief from the symptoms of menopause. In Europe Black cohosh products are regularly used in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome and menopause. Contemporary herbalists also hold Black cohosh in high regard as an antispasmodic for relief from cramps, muscle pains, and menstrual pains. With its mildly sedative and relaxing effect, black cohosh is used also to treat anxiety and nervousness. Modern herbalists also recommend black cohosh as a cough suppressant and expectorant, a diaphoretic for eliminating toxins, and consider it to be an excellent treatment for lowering high blood pressure. Researchers studying Black cohosh have isolated chemical derivatives mimicking the effects of estrogen, supporting the use of the herb in the treatment of female conditions. Black cohosh was found to contain the glycoside acetein, a steroidal derivative that is effective in lowering blood pressure in animals. While adherents claim the same effect in humans, no research is available to verify this. Researchers have also determined that black cohosh contains compounds that support its uses as a sedative and an anti-inflammatory agent. There are few known health concerns regarding Black cohosh, but consuming large amounts are known to cause nausea, dizziness and vomiting. Expectant mothers should only use black cohosh under the supervision of a health professional, since black cohosh has a reputation of stimulating the uterus to speed childbirth, and large doses could lead to premature birth. Blessed Thistle Blessed thistle is a plant found primarily in Aisia and Europe. Blessed thistle is also referred to as St. Benedict thistle and holy thistle, names that reflect the fact that Blessed thistle was a popular folk remedy and tonic appreciated by monastic monks in the Middle ages. Blessed Thistle should not be confused with Milk Thistle (also known as Marian, St. Mary’s, or Our Lady’s thistle). In Europe blessed thistle is regarded as an excellent appetite stimulant, and is used in the manufacture of bitters to be taken before meals to stimulate stomach and intestinal activity and aid in digestion and circulation. It is also used in the treatment of constipation and flatulence, and is considered an excellent heart tonic and blood purifyer. The flowers of the Blessed thistle are commonly brewed to make a slightly bitter and sweet tea that has a mild diuretic activity. Blessed thistle tea is used by contemporary herbalists for the treatment of a variety of liver problems such as jaundice and hepatitis. Because painful menstruation can involve the liver, Blessed thistle is a common component of herbal formulas used to relieve menstrual symptoms. While generally safe, if taken in excess, Blessed thistle can act as an emetic and lead to nausea and vomiting. Blue Cohosh Blue cohosh, latin name Caulophyllum thalictroides, is an herb derived from the rhizome and roots of a small North American perennial. Blue cohosh is also referred to by names such as papoose root or sqaw root, reflecting on the use of this herb by Native American women who brewed a bitter tea from Blue cohosh to relieve menstrual cramps and ease the pains associated with childbirth. Blue cohosh tea was also found to be a parturifacient that could induce uterine contractions to speed delivery, and was widely used by native Americans and early settlers to treat common maladies such as sore throat, rheumatism, anxiety, bronchitis, and colic. Modern herbalists often recommend blue cohosh as a emmenagogue to induce menstruation, and as uterine stimulant and antispasmodic. It is also frequently employed as a diuretic to eliminate excess fluids, as a expectorant to treat congestion, and as a diaphoretic to eliminate toxins by inducing sweating. Traditional herbalists will often combine Blue cohosh and black cohosh to effect a more balanced treatment for nerves and to enhance the herbs antispasmodic effects. It is combined with other herbs to promote their effects in treating bronchitis, nervous disorders, urinary tract ailments and rheumatism. Researchers studying Blue cohosh isolated an alkaloid, methylcytisine, which closely resembles nicotine in its ability to stimulate intestinal activity, raise respiration, and elevate blood pressure. Blue cohosh also contains caulosaponin, a glycoside which can act as a coronary blood vessel constrictor and is thought responsible for stimulating uterine contractions and inducing childbirth. While generally considered a safe and effective herb, Blue cohosh should not be used by expectant mothers except during the last month of pregnancy, preferably under the guidance of an experienced herbalists or health care professional. Broccoli Broccoli is a dark green vegetable in the cruciferous family. It is rich in fiber, provitamin A carotenoids, vitamin C and vitamin K. Cruciferous vegetables contain phytochemical which help create immune and antioxidant support in the body by inducing extra protecion of the enymes (Phase II) involved in detoxifying carcinogens and flushing them out of the body. These important enzymes include quinone reductase and glutathione S-transferase, with Sulforaphane as a major and potent Phase II enzyme inducer. Broccoli is an important source of Vitamin K, which helps prevent stomach and colon cancer. Buchu Buchu, Latin name Agathosma betulina, is a small shrub native to South Africa where it is used as a popular flavoring agent to impart a peppermint-like flavor to brandies and wines. First used by the Hottentot tribe, it gained wide use in Europe and Africa where the dried leaves of buchu have long been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of almost every known affliction. Employed as a diuretic and antiseptic, the long leaves of this herb are brewed for use in treatment of inflammation of the urethra, blood in the urine, bladder infections and other chronic urinary tract disorders. It is also said to be an effective remedy for kidney stones, cystitis, and rheumatism. Buchu contains barosma champhor and other volatile oils which account for its mild diuretic and antiseptic activity. Buchu is considered to be an extremely safe herb and there are no reported toxic effects. If using for treatment of a urinary tract infection the only caution would be to be sure of have a proper diagnosis of the ailment, since Buchu is completely ineffective in treating sexually transmitted diseases, for which is was once widely thought to be a remedy. Burdock Burdock, latin name Arctium lappa, is a carrot-like root from the plant Arctium lappa, a biennial herb grown in China, Europe and the United States. Employed as a popular folk medicine around the world, burdock is also consumed as a vegetable in Japan, where it is called gobo. Burdock seeds are crushed to make a popular tincture used to purify the blood, to treat gout and ulcers, arthritis, rheumatism, and cure skin diseases such as acne and psoriasis. In India and Russia the root is a popular anti-cancer remedy , and in China it is believed to be an effective aphrodisiac, useful in treating impotence and sterility. The volatile oils of burdock seed are said to be an effective diaphoretic, used to inducing sweating as an aid in neutralizing and eliminating toxins from the body. This activity is widely utilized by herbal practitioner’s in the treatment of liver problems, gallstones, flu, and to support the kidneys in filtering acids from the blood stream. Studies of burdock show that it is high in minerals, being a good source of iron. Data also indicate that the root is a good source of the carbohydrate inulin which can account for 45% of the plant mass. Burdock is also a good source of essential oils and other compounds that exhibit bacteriostatic and anitfungul activity. Burdock is an effective diuretic and is considered a very safe herb and food product, though there have been cases where the purity of the root has raised some concern. Reported cases involving toxic effects were first thought to be caused by the consumption of burdock tea but were later determined to be caused by contamination of the burdock root with belladonna root which contains atropine. In light of such issues, when using burdock root determine the of the source and quality of root before purchase. Butcher's Broom Butcher’s broom, also referred to as knee holly, box holly and sweet broom, comes from the plant Suscus aculaetus, a short evergreen shrub that grows throughout southern Europe and the Mediterranean. Butchers once used the leaves and twigs of this member of the lily family to scrub their chopping blocks clean, thus conferring the name Butchers broom. The use of this herb as a tonic was recorded by the early Greeks, but fell into disuse until the 1950’s when new research popularized the properties of this herb in the west. Modern herbalists now commonly use the leaves of Butcher’s broom as a circulatory tonic and antiinflammatory agent for a wide range of vascular problems. Consumed as a mildly bitter tea it is used to increase circulation to the limbs and acts to reduce the incidence of post-surgical thrombosis or blood clotting. Due to its mild diuretic action it is also employed to reduce swelling of the legs and is believed useful in the treatment of varicose veins and phlebitis. Applied as a topical ointment butchers broom is also used to ease the swelling and pains of arthritis and rheumatism, and formed into suppositories it is often employed as a treatment of hemorrhoids. Researchers have confirmed that extracts of butcher’s broom contain several steroidal saponin compounds that work as vasoconstrictors by activating alpha-adrenergic receptors. The main glycosides in butchers broom are called ruscogenins, which are known to possess anti-inflammatory properties in addition to being vasoconstricive agents. These active ingredients reduce the fragility and permeability of capillaries and constrict the veins. Human clinical trials have supported the extracts effectiveness in treating vascular disorders, as well as its uses as an antiinflammatory agent. Contemporary Herbals refer to butcher’s broom to support venous circulatory disorders (heavy legs) as well as hemorrhodal ailments. Practicioners also recommend butcher’s broom for supporting women experiencing menstrual problems and troubles associated with the use of estrogens and pregnancy related cramps. Butcher’s broom is generally considered a safe herb when taken as a diuretic, though it may cause blood pressure to rise. Those under treatment for hypertension should use this herb under the supervision of a competent health care professional. Those currently taking anticoagulation medications should also check with their physician or health care provider before taking butchers broom to avoid problems. Capsicum Capsicum, or hot red chili peppers, have come into their own recently, both as a culinary spice and as a hot new medical remedy. Long used as a food spice and an aid to digestion, red chilis or cayenne peppers were once thought to aggravate stomach ulcers. This fear has been discounted by researchers who became excited by studies that indicated that capsicum could help prevent the formation of dangerous blood clots. Now new research is focusing on this spices ability to act as an anti-inflammatory agent and aid in controlling pain. Researchers in Thailand first noticed that people who consume large amounts of red chili peppers experienced a lower incidence of thromboembolism, or potentially dangerous blood clots. Scientists then looked at the medical records of countries where hot spicy foods where regularly consumed and found that people who eat a diet high in red peppers experience a much lower incidence of blood clotting disease. Scientists have now concluded that capsicum does indeed possess fibrinolytic activity, meaning that it is able to break down blood clots. In addition to preventing the formation of blood clots, researchers have also discovered that a topically applied cream containing capsicum could help control some types of chronic skin pains. Now available in the form of a prescription drug called Zostrix, capsicum ointment is applied to the skin to aid in controlling the pain associated with herpes zoster, also known as shingles, as well as neuralgia and postoperative amputation trauma. The active ingredient in capsicum is a compound called capsaicin that functions to deplete substance P, which is involved in the transmission of pain from the skin to the spinal cord. By blocking substance P, capsaicin acts as a dramatic and long-lasting anesthetic bringing relief to almost 75 percent of patients tested with the cream. It can take as long as three days from first application to begin to deplete substance P from the peripheral nerves. Taken internally to aid digestion, red peppers should be consumed slowly to avoid distress. Capsicum and cayenne can also be taken in capsules. Be careful to avoid getting capsicum products in the eyes, as this can be extremely painful. Cascara Sagrada Cascara Sagrada, also called Sacred bark and Chittem bark, is an herb derived from the year old bark of Rhamnus purshiana. Native American Indians commonly used Cascara sagrada to treat constipation and upset stomachs. Taken as an extremely bitter tasting tonic, or in tablet or capsule form, Cascara sagrada is regarded to be a safe laxative that is often employed as a remedy for mild and chronic constipation. Modern herbalists also recommend it as a tonic for the digestive system and to stimulate the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and stomach. It is also considered to be useful in the treatment of jaundice, hemorrhoids and colic. Clinical researchers have isolated several anthraquinone glycosides as the active principles in cascara. These glycosides are hydrolyzed by bacteria in the colon, resulting in its laxative activity. Free anthraquinone and hydroxyanthracene derivative (HAD) are the main active glycosides responsible for the laxative effects of Cascara sagrada. These active substances cause an increased peristalsis locally in the large intestine. HAD also helps by circulating in the bloodstream and stimulating a nerve center to trigger a laxative effect. Cascara sagrada is considered one of the safest laxatives and can be used to restore tone to the colon, as well as being useful in detoxifying and cleansing programs. Cascara sagrada can also be used in small doses as a liver tonic and a chelating agent to prevent the occurrence of calcium-based urinary stones. Taken at night or shortly before sleep, Cascara sagrada is an effective agent for treating mild constipation, though it should not be used on a regular basis. While it is normal for Cascara sagrada to temporarily turn urine a reddish color, if diarrhea should result, discontinue use immediately. Supportive agents commonly used with Cascara sagrada include: Laxative-Butternut root bark, Frangula, Licorice Root, Irish Moss, Dandelion, Milk Thistle, Schisandra and Wild Yam. Catnip Catnip is undoubtedly best recognized as an intoxicating herb that cats find to be irresistible. Also commonly called catnep and catmint, this relative of the mint family is also a well regarded herbal calmative with numerous applications for a number of human ailments. Use of catnip as a mildly relaxing tea dates back to old England were it was a popular drink prior to the importation of teas from Asia. In folk medicine, catnip leaves and flowers are usually steeped to make a pleasant tasting tea. Consumed prior to bedtime catnip tea is widely believed to hasten slumber and aid in achieving a restful nights sleep. It is also employed as a remedy in the treatment of tension and anxiety, and is mentioned as being a useful calmative for hyperactive children. Catnip is also listed as a mild diaphoretic, helpful in eliminating toxins from the body, as well as acting as a carminative to support digestion, relieve upset stomach, and control the symptoms of diarrhea. The claimed effects of this mild herb are generally acknowledged in contemporary literature which lists the principal active agent in catnip as nepetalactone, a volatile oil similar in structure to the sedative ingredient found in valerian root, another well known sedative herb. In recent years the smoking the dried leaves of this herb has been mistakenly popularized in certain circles in the belief that one can attain intoxicating high similar to that produced by marijuana. This is now generally recognized as untrue, and was based upon a confusing similarity in the physical appearance of the two plants. Catnip is an extremely safe herb, and there are no listed warnings or contraindications. Cat's Claw Cat’s Claw (Una de Gato) is a wood vine that grows in Peru and has been used by the Peruvian Indians for years for the treatment of a wide range of health problems. Cat’s Claw helps create support for the intestinal and immune systems of the body., and creates intestinal support by its ability to cleanse the entire intestinal tract. This cleansing helps create support for people experiencing different stomach and bowel disorders, including: colitis, crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and leaky bowel syndrome. Cat’s Claw contains seven different alkaloids that are credited with having a variety of different medicinal and healing properties. The most immunilogically active alkaloid is believed to be Isopteropodin (Isomer A), which increases the immune response in the body. In additon, the presence of glycosides, proanthocyanidins and beta sitosterol help provide anti-viral, anti-tumor and anti-imflammatory support for the body. Catuaba Catuaba, of the family Erythroxylaceae, is undoubtedly the most famous of all Brazilian aphrodisiac plants, and has been appreciated by the local populations for generations. This valued herb from the Brazilian rainforest is praised by the Tupi Indians of Brazil as being an excellent nervous system fortifier and male libido enhancer. The Tupi Indians first discovered the qualities of the plant and composed many songs praising it “. . the bark of Catuaba (functions) as a stimulant of the nervous system, above all when one deals with functional impotence of the male genital organs it is an innocent aphrodisiac, used without any ill side effects at all.” Historical uses include its use as a male aphrodisiac and a tonic to the male organs. It is also used for male impotency. It is a strong tonic and fortifier of the nervous system, capable of giving strength to people with general fatigue. It helps eliminate restless sleep and insomnia from hypertension, and has been known to help failing memories. Catuaba is usually consumed as a tea made from the bark of this small schrub. After drinking 3-4 cups of tea steadily over a period of time the first symptoms are usually erotic dreams, and then increased sexual desire. Chamomile Chamomile has been described as meaning “capable of anything,” a good description for this popular herb that is used extensively in Europe and the United States as a soothing and calming tea. Historically chamomile has been a favored natural herbal remedy, with records of its use as a treatment for skin conditions, cramps and digestion dating back to the early Romans. In Europe chamomile products are used extensively as carminatives to aid digestion, and in the form of bitters to stimulate ones appetite before meals. Chamomile is also an effective anti-inflammatory agent commonly used to treat skin disorders, and as an antispasmodic remedy for menstrual cramps. There are two primary types of chamomile: Roman chamomile and German chamomile. Roman chamomile has long been used as an appetite stimulant and aid for digestion, but the vast majority of chamomile on the market comes from the flowertops of what is commonly called German chamomile. Cultivated in Germany, the flowering tops of this plant are used to prepare a mild tea enjoyed as a mild sedative, as a remedy for insomnia, and as an aid for indigestion. Researchers documenting the effectiveness of this herb have found that subjects ingesting chamomile tea can fall asleep in as little as 10 minutes The active ingredients in chamomile are found in the essential oils derived from the flowers. Scientists have found that chamomile contains many active compounds, though the principal ingredients are the volatile oil alpha bisabolol and the flavonoid apigenin. Apigenin is responsible for the calming, anti-anxiety effects. Apigenin also supports alpha bisabolol, which is responsible for chamomiles anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects. Researchers have also developed topical ointments containing alpha bisabolol and found them to be more effective than hydrocortisone in treating skin inflammation. Chamomile tea is extremely safe, though ingestion of large amounts can lead to stomach upset. Some people, especially those allergic to asters, chrysanthemums and ragweed may experience hypersensitivity to chamomile products. Though these reactions are exceedingly rare, they can lead to sneezing, congestion, anaphylaxis or contact dermatitis. Chaparral Chaparral, also referred to as greasewood and creosote bush, is an herb derived from the common desert shrub Larrea tridentata. Native to the Southwestern United States, the leaves of this desert plant have been used for centuries by Native American healers as a tonic for the treatment of cancer, snake bites, infections, arthritis, tuberculosis and venereal disease. Modern herbalists had come to view chaparral as an effective herbal antibiotic and as a treatment for intestinal parasites. Chaparral was also widely employed as a remedy for the treatment of colds, flu, cancer, and diarrhea. Chaparral contains a compound called nordihydroguaiaretic acid or NDGA for short. NDGA is a powerful antioxidant, that is widely used in the food industry as a preservative for lard and animal shortenings. Early studies had raised hopes that NDGA might prove to be an effective treatment for cancer when it was revealed that NDGA was able to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in animals. Human studies were disappointing, and raised new concerns about NDGA’s toxicity after researchers reported finding lesions on the kidneys and lymph nodes of animals. Subsequently chapparal was removed from the FDA’s list of products that are generally recognized as safe, or GRAS. In 1990 a women suffered liver damage that was believed to be the result of consuming large amounts of chapparal tablets to treat a non-malignant breast lump. Though the woman recovered in time, the incident led to the widespread removal of all chapparal products from the shelves of health stores around the country. Many medical researchers currently feel that while chapparal is an intriguing product worthy of further research, it is too toxic to be recommended for human consumption at this time. Chickweed Chickweed, latin name Stellaric media, is a small herbal plant which grows wild throughout the world. Often used in salads, the leaves and flowers of this small weed are also used by herbalists in a wide variety of treatments. Mixed with oil to make a poltice, chickweed is employed as a treatment for skin disorders such as eczema, psoriasis, boils, ulcers, and a variety of rashes. As an infusion to be taken internally, chickweed is used to treat blood disorders, gout, fevers, asthma, arthritis, constipation, lung disease, cancer, and aid in weight control. Researchers give the plant credit for being a source of vitamin C and for being a tasty addition to salads. Beyond this, clinical support for the use of chickweed as a herbal remedy runs out. Chickweed is known to contain several glycosides and plant acids, but not in amounts to support the claimed effects of this plant. There are no reported toxic effects from consumption of chickweed. Further review of the literature show more interest in controlling the growth of this rapid growing weed than in supporting weak claims for its efficacy as a herbal remedy. Coltsfoot Coltsfoot, also called Horsehoof and coughwort, is a traditional herbal remedy employed around the world in the treatment of coughs and respiratory problems. Made from the flowers and hoof-shaped leaves of the plant Tussilago farfara, coltsfoot has been employed by traditional herbalists in the form of a tea to treat the persistent cough associated with bronchitis, silicosis and emphysema. Other practitioners have used the herb in blends intended to be smoked to relieve coughs, though the logic behind this use is highly questionable, and could lead to more respiratory irritation. Widely believed to be a safe compound, researchers in Japan have discovered that the dried flowers and leaves commonly used in Coltsfoot tea contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can cause severe liver damage and cancer. While some herbalists think the danger relatively minor when compared to the positive activities of this herb, other practitioners no longer consider coltsfoot an appropriate remedy in light of other effective herbal alternatives. Cucurbita Seeds of several species of the genus Cucurbira have long enjoyed a considerable reputation as teniafuges (agents which paralyze and expel intestinal worms). Chief among these are pumpkin seeds or pepo, obtained from C. Pepo L., but the seeds of the auturnn squash (C.Maxima Duchesne) and of the Canada pumpkin or crookneck squash [C. Moschata (Duchesne) Poir.] have similar properties. All are large edible fruits produced by herbaceous, running (vinelike) plants of the family Cucurbitaceae. Numerous cultivated varieties exist. When used as a teniafuge or anthelmintic, cucurbita seeds are ordinarily administered in the form of the ground seeds themselves, as an infusion (tea), or as an emulsion made by beating the seeds with powdered sugar and milk or water. Usually three divided doses are given, representing a total weight of seeds ranging from 60 to as much as 500 grams. Such treatment is said to be effective in expelling both tapeworms and roundworms. Another traditional use of the seeds is in the prevention and treatment of chronic prostatic hypertrophy (enlargement of the prostate gland) in males. A handful of the seeds eaten daily is supposed to be a very popular remedy for this condition in Bulgaria, Turkey, and the Ukraine. Cucurbitin, an unusual amino acid identified chemically as (-)-3amino-3-carboxypyrrolidine, is the active principle responsible for the anthelmintic (worrn-expelling) effects of the drug. It occurs only in the seeds of Cucurbita species, but its concentration is quite variable even in seeds of the same species. This variability probably accounts for reports in the literature that cucurbita seeds are either unreliable or ineffective as a teniafuge. Damiana Damiana leaves are harvested from the plant Turnera diffusa, a small shrub native to Mexico. Besides being used in the production of a popular Mexican liqueur called Damiana, this herb has enjoyed a long and unwarranted history of use as an aphrodisiac, supposedly able to stimulate the libido of men and women alike. It is also regarded as an important folk medicine in Mexico, often used to treat sterility, impotence, diabetes, bladder infection and asthma. Damiana is also said to possess mild sedative qualities, able to induce a state of relaxation and to aid in falling asleep. Modern studies of the chemical composition of damiana list tannin, resin, and volatile oils, which, while considered relatively safe for consumption, offer no evidence to support the host of claims for this plant. Indeed, the data suggests that it is the high alcohol content of damiana liquor and its tinctures that is the responsible agent for most if not all of its perceived effects. Devil's Claw Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) has been used as an herbal tea ingredient in Europe, a folk remedy in Africa and recently has entered the health food marketplace in the United States. The British Herbal Pharmacopoea recognizes Devil’s claw as possessing analgesic, sedative and diuretic properties Devil’s claw consists of the secondary storage roots of arpagophyum procumbens DC., a South African plant belonging to the family Pedaliaceae. The common name is derived from the plant’s peculiar fruits which seem to be covered with miniature grappling hooks. Devil’s claw is the name commonly used in the United States, though other names for this plant include wood spider and grapple plant. Africans have used the herb for centuries to treat skin cancer, fever, malaria and indigestion. In Europe, the tea is recommended for arthritis, diabetes, allergies, senility and is widely utilized as an appetite stimulant and a digestive aid. In the west, Devil’s claw has been recommended for treating a wide variety of conditions including diseases of the liver, kidneys, and bladder, as well as allergies, arteriosclerosis, lumbago, gastrointestinal disturbances, menstrual difficulties, neuralgia, headache, climacteric (change of life) problems, heartburn, nicotine poisoning, and above all, rheumatism and arthritis. There are few clinical studies to refute or verify the many claims made for Devil’s claw, but extracts of the plant do appear to have anti-inflammatory activity in experimental animals. A clinical study carried out in Germany in 1976 reported that devil’s claw exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, comparable in many respects to the well-known anti-arthritic drug, phenylbutazone. Analgesic effects were also observed along with reductions in abnormally high cholesterol and uric-acid blood levels. The main active ingredients in Devil’s claw are Harpogoside and Beta sitosterol, which possess anti-inflammatory properties and create support for joint, ligament and tendon problems. Devil’s claw is reported to help with joint pain while improving vitality in the joints. Dong Quai Dong quai is a Chinese herb derived from the root of Angelica sinensis or Angelica plymorpha maxim. A staple of eastern medicinal practice for thousands of years, dong quai has been used in the treatment of female disorders such as menstrual cramps, premenstrual syndrome, and to relieve symptoms associated with menopause. Angelica sinensis is also an important flavoring agent used in liqueurs such as Chartreuse and Benedictine, and with juniper berries is used in flavoring gin. Modern herbalists commonly recommend dong quai as a uterine tonic to treat irregular menstrual flow and weakness during menstrual periods. As an antispasmodic it is considered a remedy for menstrual cramps and nervousness. It is also said to purify the blood and act as a mild laxative. Researchers have identified several coumarin derivatives that are known to act as antispasmodics and vasodilators. Dong quai’s key ingredients include Ligustilide, butylene phthalide and butyl phthalide found in the aromatic oil. Ferulic acid and various polysaccharides are found in the non-aromatic fractions. Research suggests that both ferulic acid and ligustilide are responsible for preventing spasms, relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood clotting in peripheral vessels. Dong quai also contains compounds that act to stimulate the central nervous system, supporting its use as a mild energizer. Certain people may experience a form of dermatitis caused by compounds that promote photosensitivity. Pregnant women, and women with excessive menstrual flow should avoid using this herb altogether. Echinacea One of the most exciting therapeutic herbs available today is echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea) a unique herb related to the Asteraceae (sunflower) plant family. Echinacea has been widely used by Native Americans, particularly the Plains Indians, for hundreds of years as an antiseptic, an analgesic (pain killer) and for the treatment of snakebites. Echinacea is also used extensively by herbalists and alternative health care providers to boost the immune system, help speed wound healing, reduce inflammations, treat colds and flu, and fight infections. A growing collection of scientific evidence supports echinaceas important contribution to stimulating the immune system. Researchers have found that echinaceas immune-stimulating properties are due to a rich host of polysaccharides and phytosterols unique to this plant. Most American use of this herb has been with fresh Echinacea angustifolia, while European research has been conducted with the fresh Echinacea purpurea. Researchers have identified a number of important active ingredients, including glycosides (especially echinacoside), eichloric acid, chlorogenic acid, polysaccharides (echinacin B, inulin, arabinogalactans, xyloglucans), isobutylamines (echinacein), alkylamides, phytosterols, (Z)-1, 8-pentadecadiene, sesquiterpene esters (in E. purpurea) and many other valuable compounds. Scientists have found that Echinacea helps to activate macrophages, key immune system elements that are directly involved in the destruction of bacteria, viruses, other infectious agents and cancer cells. Macrophages produce much of their lethal effect by generating free oxygen radicals as well as producing a key protein called interleukin-l. A report in the December 1984 issue of Infection and Immunity demonstrated that a polysaccharide fraction derived from Echinacea purpurea significantly increased the killing effect of macrophages on tumor cells. The polysaccharides also increased the production of free oxygen radicals and interleukin-1. The echinacea polysaccharide had no effect on T-lymphocytes (involved in cellular immunity) and only a modest effect on B-lymphocytes (involved in humoral immunity-making antibodies). Another report indicated that echinacea enhances natural killer cell activity, another important component in the immune system. Echinacea is recommended for use periodically for one or two weeks at a time, rather than continuously, because the body seems to become accustomed to it and it loses effectiveness. This effectiveness is restored in a week or two. If you are pregnant or nursing, consult your health care provider before using this product. If you have kidney disease, restrict usage to ten days to avoid a possible imbalance in excreted minerals. Feverfew Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), also known as Bachelor’s Button, is a common flowering aromatic plant. Feverfew was known to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks who regarded it as a valuable remedy to alleviate headaches, joint pain, stomach aches, menstrual pains and fever. For centuries it has also been employed as an emmenagogue to promote menstrual flow. Modern researchers confirm that feverfew is a valuable herbal remedy that is especially effective in treating migraine headaches and arthritis. Feverfew contains a number of lactones, among them parthenolide, michefuscalide and chrysanthenyl. The main active sesquiterpene lactone, parthenolide, is known to inhibit the production and secretion of prostaglandins, substances released by blood platelets and white blood cells that contribute to migraines. White blood cells secrete substances believed to contribute to the kind of inflammatory processes seen in arthritis and possibly some other autoimmune disorders. Another substance, Serotonin, is also secreted by blood platelets and can constrict blood vessels and contribute to migraine pain. This inhibition of prostaglandins results in reduction in inflammation, decreased secretion of histamine, and a reduction of fevers, thus the name Feverfew. Researchers conducting placebo-controlled studies have discovered that taking daily supplements of feverfew resulted in a 24% reduction in the the overall number of migraines, and the headaches that did occur were measurably milder and resulted in less vomiting. Feverfew has also been useful in relaxing smooth muscles in the uterus, promoting menstrual flow and inhibiting platelet aggregation and excessive blood clotting. Feverfew also helps stimulate digestion and improves liver function. Forskolin Forskolin is an important traditional Ayurvedic herb that has been a part of Indian medicine for centuries. Derived from roots of the plant Coleus forskohili, this herb is known to be a potent bronchodilator, able to relax the airways in the lungs and ease breathing. In this capacity it has been employed to treat imbalances resulting in asthma and other lung disorders. It has also been shown to relieve internal eye pressure, and may lead to new treatments for glaucoma. The effects of forskolin last for only a short period, and there are concerns that use may lead to possible cardiovascular complications. Forskolin would best be used under the supervision of a competent healthcare professional trained in its use. Fo-Ti Fo-Ti is an herb derived from the dried roots of a Japanese evergreen called Polygonum multiflorum. In China, where it is called Ho shou wu, Fo-Ti is said to possess almost magical rejuvenating properties and it is especially popular with the elderly who believe it can help one maintain hair color, preserve youthfulness, and restore fertility. Traditional Chinese herbalists place great emphasis on the shape and age of the roots, with the older roots being in great demand. Made into a tea or infusion for oral ingestion, Eastern and Western herbalists recommend Fo-Ti as a tonic to maintain youthful vigor, increase energy, tone the kidneys and liver, and purify the blood. It is also employed as a remedy for insomnia, stomach upset, and diabetes. Fo-Ti contains a number of glycosides that account for the herbs use as a remedy for stomach disorders and constipation. Researchers suspect that the roots may contain compounds with mild cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory effects, but this has yet to be proved. Fo-Ti should not be confused with Fo-Ti Tieng, which is a trademarked formula containing Gotu Kola. Garlic Garlic is a member of the lily family closely related to onions and leeks. Garlic has been cultivated for thousands of years for its therapeutic benefits by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Indians and Chinese. Primary use of garlic was as a treatment for tumors, headaches, weakness and fatigue, wounds, sores and infections. It was regarded as a physically enhancing tonic, and was used by the first Olympic athletes as an energizer. The scientific community has long respected garlic as a plant possessing impressive therapeutic activity. Louis Pasteur first demonstrated garlic’s anti-bacterial properties in 1858, and later Albert Schweitzer used garlic to treat amoebic dysentery. More recently, researchers have demonstrated that garlic helps protect against heart disease and cancer, and possess remarkable antibiotic effects. Garlic juice and its constituents can slow or kill more than sixty fungi and twenty types of bacteria, including some of the most virulent known to man. Researchers really began studying garlic after results of an epidemiologic study were published about ten years ago. The long-term study compared three groups of vegetarians in India who: 1. Consumed little or no garlic at all; 2. Consumed moderate amounts (10 grams per week) of garlic, or; 3. Consumed large amounts (50 grams of garlic per week). The mean fasting cholesterol levels for those ingesting large amounts of garlic was 159 mg/100 ml of serum. For those ingesting moderate amounts, the level was 172 mg/100 ml of serum, and those ingesting no garlic serum cholesterol levels were 208 mg/100 ml of serum. The diet of all three groups was virtually identical except for the difference in garlic intake. Researchers also reported that those who abstained completely from garlic and onions had blood that clotted more quickly than did those who consumed garlic and onions. In a another study, two sets of patients suffering with coronary-artery disease were enlisted in a ten-month study. One group got garlic supplements while the other group did not. Those who received garlic had steadily declining levels of lipoproteins associated with heart disease, while the group that didn’t get garlic showed no decline in these lipoproteins. Researchers concluded: “The positive reports appear to be overwhelming. The reviewers were surprised by the scarcity of negative reports.” Scientists also reviewed a variety of animal studies, many well controlled, in which garlic clearly exhibited a statistically significant lowering effect on cholesterol. The effect in most studies was found to be “dose-related,” meaning that the higher the daily dose of garlic, the greater the reduction in cholesterol. Various sulfur compounds contained in garlic appear to account for this favorable effect on cardiovascular health. Some of these are known to have significant impact on the biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. Ajoene, a garlic compound, has a potent anti-clotting effect and appears to be the crucial component in a number of garlic’s therapeutic actions. Other compounds in garlic have exhibited anti-tumor effects in animals. Epidemiologic studies in China show that eating a lot of garlic can protect against stomach cancer. Those who ate an average of seven garlic cloves a day had an incidence of gastric cancer ten times lower than those who rarely, if ever, ate garlic. The garlic, in this case, seemed to work, at least in part, by preventing dietary nitrites from converting to cancer-causing nitrosamines. Animal cancer research with garlic is impressive. Researchers recently proved that a garlic compound, diallyl sulfide, given to mice prior to exposure to a colon-cancer-inducing agent, has a potent protective effect. The garlic-treated animals got 75 percent fewer tumors than control animals not given garlic. In a similar experiments garlic completely protected mice against esophageal cancer. In other animal research, sulphur compounds of garlic have inhibited stomach and skin cancers. These compounds seem to work by enabling the liver to detoxify cancer causing chemicals before they can do harm. Additionally, garlic contains bioflavonoids and antioxidants, both known anti-carcinogens. Allicin is another of the active sulfur compounds in garlic, and is the substance that gives garlic its antibiotic qualities. There is one study which suggests that high doses of garlic might also increase physical endurance. Researchers wanted to see if garlic could protect heart muscles against a toxic drug. They injected rats with the heart-damaging drug isoproterenol. One group of these rats got garlic in their diet for a week prior to the injection with the drug. Another group got the drug, too, but no garlic. The garlic-fed rats withstood the effects of the drug far better than the rats that didn’t get garlic. The garlic-protected rats showed their greater physical endurance by swimming an average of 840 seconds before and 560 seconds after the drug injection. The rats that didn’t get garlic could swim only an average of 480 seconds before and only 78 seconds after injection. At autopsy, far fewer lesions were found in the heart muscles of the garlic-supplemented rats than in the muscles of the control rats. Ginger Ginger is derived from the tuberous rhizome (underground root) of the perennial plant Zingiber officinale of the family Zingiberaceae. Also referred to as Jamaica ginger, African ginger, or Cochin ginger, ginger has been used as a spice, condiment and flavoring agent. For nearly 2,500 years ginger has also played an important role in Asian medicine as a folk remedy to promote cleansing of the body through perspiration, to calm nausea, and to stimulate the appetite. Ginger tea was also used as a carminative (agent which expels gas from the intestines) and in the symptomatic treatment of colds when given at their onset. It has been used in China and other countries for many years as a tonic. Ginger contains gingerol, a ginger oleoresin (combination of volatiles oils and resin) that accounts for the characteristic aroma of ginger, and explain its theraputic properties. Components of gingerol (zingiberone, bisabolene, camphene, geranial, linalool and borneol) have recently been studied and found to possess beneficial properties for the treatment of poor digestion, heartburn, vomiting and preventing motion sickness. A report appearing in the English medical journal Lancet in 1982 concluded that powdered ginger helped with motion sickness. Researchers conducted a double-blind study on 36 college students with a high susceptibility to motion sickness. Reporting on ginger’s ability to control motion sickness and aleviate neausea, they concluded that 940 mg. of powdered ginger was superior to 100 mg. of dimenhydrinate in reducing symptoms when consumed 25 minutes prior to tests in a tilted rotating chair. On the basis of this and other studies German health authorities have concluded that ginger, at an average daily dose level of 2 to 4 grams, is effective for preventing motion sickness and is also useful as a digestive aid. Any antiemetic effects of ginger are due to its local action in the stomach, and not to any central nervous system activity. Ginger is ordinarily taken in the form of capsules, each containing 250 to 500 mg. of powdered herb. It may also be consumed as a tea or in the form of candied ginger that is readily available in Oriental food markets. There are no reports of severe toxicity in humans from eating ginger, but recent pharmacological studies indicate that very large overdoses might carry the potential for causing depression of the central nervous system and cardiac atrhythmias. Additionally, the whole ginger plant has been found to cause liver damage in animals. It is interesting to note that an alcoholic beverage prepared from Jamaican ginger, popular in some parts of the U.S. in the 1930s, caused a serious neurologic problem called “the Jake Walk.” CAUTION: If suffering from gallstones, or if pregnant or nursing, consult a health care professional before taking large amounts of ginger. The German Commission E monograph opposes use for morning sickness during pregnancy. Daily consumption of ginger root may interfere with the absorption of dietary iron and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as tetracycline derivatives, oral anticholinergics, phenothiazines, digoxin, isoniazid, pheytoin, warfarin, lincomycin, digitalis, nalidixic acid, sulfonamides, and phenothiozines or other psychoactive agents which are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Ginger may mask the ototoxicity caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics such as neomycin. It may inhibit urinary excretion of alkaline drugs, such as amphetamines or quinidine. Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest living tree species, dating back over 300 million years, and individual trees can live for over 1,000 years. In China extracts of the fruit and leaves of the ginkgo tree have been used for over 5,000 years to treat lung ailments such as asthma and bronchitis, and as a remedy for cardiovascular diseases. Recently western researchers have been studying ginkgo biloba as a treatment for senility, hardening of the arteries, and as a treatment for oxygen deprivation. More than 34 human studies on ginkgo have been published since 1975, showing, among other things, that ginkgo can increases the body’s production of the universal energy molecule adenosine triphosphate, commonly called ATP. This activity has been shown to boost the brains energy metabolism of glucose and increase electrical activity. Scientists also discovered that ginkgo contains an abundance of useful compounds including the antioxidants Vitamin C and carotenoids, but it is the flavonoid compounds collectively known as “ginkgolides” that are the most remarkable. The ginkgo flavonoids act specifically to dilate the smallest segment of the circulatory system, the micro-capillaries, which has a widespread affect on the organs, especially the brain. Researchers have also reported that Ginkgo extracts effectively increase blood circulation and increase oxygen levels in brain tissues. Ginkgo is also a powerful antioxidant that prevents platelet aggregation inside arterial walls, keeping them flexible and decreasing the formation of arteriosclerositic plaque. Ginkgo’s ability to improve blood flow has been shown in numerous studies with the elderly, leading German researchers to study ginkgo as a treatment for atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. This condition can cause a condition marked by decreased blood flow to the limbs caused by hardening of the arteries. One indicator of this condition is severe pain felt in the legs when attempting to walk even short distances, referred to as intermittent claudication. German researchers found that treatment with ginkgo extracts improved circulation to the extremities and made it possible for patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease to walk further with much less pain. Ginkgo biloba extracts are relatively considered safe and free of side effects, though taking very large doses may lead to diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, which can be controlled by reducing the amount consumed. Ginseng (American) American Ginseng has been traditionally used by the American Indians as a general tonic, as a natural restorative for the weak and wounded and to help the mind American Ginseng is now used as a natural preventative and restorative remedy, and is valued for its adaptagenic properties. American Ginseng is more sedative and relaxing, and increases “yin” energy, in contrast to Korean Ginseng (Panax) which is more stimulating and increases the “yang” energy. The main active ingredients of Ginseng (American and Korean) are the more than 20 saponin triterpenoid glycosides called “ginsenosides”. Another major difference between American and Korean Ginseng is that the American Ginseng is rich in the Rb1 group of ginsenosides, which have a more sedative and metabolic effect on the central nervous system. Korean Ginseng is higher in the Rg1 group of ginsenosides, which are more arousing and stimulating. American Ginseng (Rb1 ginsenosides) also increases stamina, learning ability, and has been used for stress, fatigue characterized by insomnia, poor appetite, nervousness and restlessness. Ginseng (Korean) Ginsenosides (Rg1) are the active ingredients that trigger the over-all benefits of Korean Ginseng. Ginseng has been shown to reduce the intensity of the body’s response to stresses. Ginseng is the first bioactive compound to be termed “adaptogenic”, which indicates a balancing effect to restore or counter the effects of stress. Ginseng has been proven effective in assisting prolonged mental tasks and in improving intellectual performance. Overtraining in athletics is harmful to athletic gains and the body in general, with immune suppression a common result of going too far, too fast. Ginseng has been shown to be effective in restoring muscle glycogen (carbohydrate) and high energy phosphate compounds to normal levels. Research has shown specific effects which support the central nervous system, liver circulatory system, immune and glandular systems. Ginseng (Siberian) Siberian Ginseng comes from the woody roots and not the typical fleshy rootstocks of the other ginsengs. The active ingredients, eleuthrerosides (B & E), are glycosides which provide the adaptogenic properties. Siberian Ginseng helps the body handle stressful conditions while enhancing mental and athletic abilities. The glycosides appear to act on the adrenal glands, helping to prevent adrenal hypertrophy and excess corticosteroid production in response to stress. Siberian Ginseng has been shown to increase energy, stamina, help the body resist viral infections, environmental toxins, radiation and chemotherapy. Siberian Ginseng is used to restore memory, concentration and cognitive abilities which may be impaired by improper blood supply to the brain. Goldenseal Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) a member of the family Ranunculaceae, is a native American medicinal drug introduced to early settlers by Cherokee Indians who used it as a wash for skin diseases and sore eyes. Goldenseal extract, derived from the rhizome and roots of this small forest plant, has acquired a considerable reputation as a general bitter tonic and as a remedy for various gastric and genitourinary disorders. Goldenseal’s benefits can be attributed to its alkaloids, especially hydrastine and berberine. The latter is also responsible for the drug’s characteristic golden color. These alkaloids are strongly astringent and help reduce inflammation of mucous membranes. Hydrastine has also been reported to lower blood pressure and stimulate peristalsis, along with being an anti-tussive (relieves coughs). Berberine and its sulfate, berberine sulfate, have been demonstrated to have anti-cancer activity in vitro and also have been shown to have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and immunostimulatory activity, as well. Berberine has shown marked effects on acute diarrhea and its antibacterial qualities interfere with the ability of micro-organisms to adhere to the walls of host cells. Goldenseal has been recommended for a variety of inflamed mucous membranes, including stomach, intestinal, vaginal and rectal. It has been reported that the plant relieves pains and helps heal wounds and stop bleeding. In addition, the antibacterial action helps reduce or prevent infection of open sores. Recently, a “detox” tea made from comfrey, goldenseal, orange peel, mullein and spearmint has been used to help addicts kick their cocaine, heroin, and methadone habits. This would be great if it worked, but without scientific testing we can’t say one way or the other. Besides, one of the ingredients, comfrey, may be quite toxic. High doses of goldenseal may cause nausea, vomiting, a decrease in the white blood count and feelings of pins and needles in the hands and feet. Gotu kola Gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban), of the Apiaceae family, is also known as centella and pennywort. Native to areas such as Sri Lanka and South Africa, the leaves of this swamp plant have been used around the world for centuries to treat leprosy, cancer, skin disorders, arthritis, hemorrhoids, and tuberculosis. Gotu kola has also been employed as an energy tonic, an aphrodisiac, and as a treatment for high blood pressure and mental disorders. Gotu kola is a vital herb in Ayurveda, the traditional science of health in India, where it is used to “strengthen both the white and grey matter of the brain”, stimulate learning, memory and alertness, and calm or sedate anxiety when necessary. Traditional Chinese medicinal believed Gotu kola provided longevity, and thus called it the “fountain of youth” herb in China. In the United States gotu kola is found in countless energy formulas and tonics. A common misconception is that gotu kola contains caffeine, which is simply not true. Researchers have found that gotu kola contains several glycosides that exhibit wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities, and in large doses it can act as a sedative. Other researchers have shown that fresh leaves of the gotu kola plant are effective in healing chronic skin ulcers and other wounds. Gotu kola contains a group of triterpenes called asiaticosides that possess strong antioxidant properties. In modern health care Gotu Kola is used primarily for venous insufficiency, localized inflammation and infection, and post-surgery recovery. Gotu kola is also used for the following: * SKIN: Open wounds, sores, ulcers, other infections and radiation ulcers. * CONFINEMENT: Bed sores, phlebitis, tingling, night cramps. * VEIN PROBLEMS: Phlebitis, varicose veins, cellulite and edema. * GYNECOLOGY: Lesions during pregnancy, delivery and obstetric manipulations, and episiotomy tears. Gotu kola affects various stages of tissue development, including keratinization (the process of replacing skin after sores or ulcers). Asiaticosides stimulate the formation of lipids and proteins necessary for healthy skin. Gotu Kola has been found to have significant results in healing of skin, other connective tissues, lymph tissue, blood vessels (decreasing capillary fragility), and mucous membranes. Grape Seed Grape Seed Extract (along with Pycnogenol, an extract derived from maritime pine bark) is an important source of one of nature’s most potent antioxidants, the proanthocyanidins. These nutritionally valuable substances have been utilized to treat deteriorating diseases and conditons with great success. Research has shown that proanthocyanidins (bioflavonoids) serve as anti-inflammatories, antihistamines, atniallergenics and are major free radical scavengers. The proanthocyandins possess up to 50 times stronger antioxidant activity than Vitamin C&E, Beta Carotene or Selenium. Proanthocyanidins also help promote tissue elasticity, help heal injuries, reduce swelling and edema, restore collagen and improve peripheral circulation. Proanthocyanidins also prevent bruising, strengthen weak blood vessels, protect agains atherosclerosis, and reduce histamine production. For years, those who could afford the high price of pycnogenol supplements derived significant antioxidant protection against free radicals. Pycnogenol, which is derived from pine bark, contains 85% proanthocyanidin. Grapeseed extract contains 95% proanthocyanidin and is far more affordable than pycnogenol. Green Tea Green tea extract comes from the natural dried leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Black tea is derived from oxidized green tea leaves. Both Green and Black tea have been used for thousands of years in Asia, both as a beverage and a herbal medicine. Researchers studying green tea have found it to be an excellent source of potent, bioflavonoid-rich compound that is high in polyphenols, a special class of bioflavonoids. The most important of the polyphenols isolated from green tea are the catechins, and in particular (-)Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), a strong antioxidant that is used in food production and antioxidant research. The phenol groups in green tea polyphenols are extremely active, easily able to capture and neutralize free radicals and other pro-oxidants. Researchers have found that EGCG is over 200 times more powerful than vitamin E in neutralizing pro-oxidants and free radicals that attack lipids (oils and fats). EGCE is also 20 times more potent than vitamin E in reducing the formation of dangerous and potentially mutagenic peroxides that form in rancid fats and lard. EGCE is also known to confer protection against respiratory and digestive infections and food poisoning, while encouraging acidophilus growth and regularizing bowel habits. In laboratory studies, 500 mg. of green tea catechins per day have been shown to significantly lower blood pressure and possess anti-mutagenic activity. Additionally, at very high levels (0.5% to 1% of daily diet) green tea catechins reduced high total- and LDL-cholesterol levels in animal studies. Green tea blocks the attachment of bacteria to the teeth, protecting against cavities. Green tea extract is non-toxic, both in acute doses and high long-term doses. There is no potential for causing mutation or birth defects, and no adverse effect on fertility, pregnancy or nursing. Guarana Guarana (Paullinia Cupana) is a climbing shrub that grows wild in the Amazon regions of Brazil and Uruguay. Most modern commercial Guarana is grown on government plantations where the highest quality plants are harvested. The Guarana fruit is havested when ripe, after turning a bright red or yellow. The gathered fruit yields a small round black seed which is crushed to form a paste containing 10% Guaranine (caffeine). Guarana has been used for hundreds of years by Brazilian Indians as a general tonic for the body and as a source of energy. Guarana acts on the central nervous system to prevent fatigue and break down lactic acid from muscle stress. Besides caffeine, Guarana contains a host of other xanthines. Theobromine and Theophylline are the primary xanthines, acting as muscle relaxants and possessing diuretic properties. Hawthorne Hawthorne berries are gathered from the small tree Crataegus laevigata of the family Rosaceae. Also known as Mayblossom and Whitehorn, Hawthorne was known to Dioscorides in the first century A.D., but was not widely used until recent times. The edible berries are often made into marmalade, and herbal preparations made from the flowers, fruits, and leaves are very prominent in contemporary European medicine. Currently about three dozen different preparations containing extracts of Hawthorne are marketed in Germany. Hawthorne is described in most modern herbals as a valuable treatment for various heart ailments and circulatory disorders, as well acting as a mild astringent to be used for treating sore throats. Hawthorne is most often used to protect against the beginning stages of heart disease, for mild heart muscle weakness, for pressure and tightness of the chest, and for mild arrhythmia. It is also used as a tonic for an aging heart. Standardized extracts improve myocardial and coronary circulation, raising the myocardial tolerance for oxygen deficiency. Hawthorne is also used for hypertension, nervous disorders and insomnia. It may potentiate the action of digitalis, and does potentiate cardiotonic glycosides. Hawthorne should not be used as a substitute for medical care when an “organic cause” for one of the conditions listed is present, so cause should be diagnosed prior to use. Modern researchers have revealed some interesting properties of hawthorne and confirmed that hawthorne contains compounds which support the heart and circulatory system. Hawthorn works to dilate the blood vessels, especially the coronary vessels, reducing peripheral resistance and thus lowering blood pressure and reducing the tendency to angina attacks. Though hawthorne’s action is not immediate, but develops very slowly, apparently it has a direct effect on the heart itself, especially in cases of heart damage. Its toxicity is low as well, becoming evident only in large doses. It’s therefore a relatively harmless heart tonic which apparently yields good results in many conditions where this kind of therapy is required. Hawthorne contains leucoanthocyanins, flavonoids, hyperoside, vitexin 2-rhamnoside, glycosylflavones, amines, catechols, phenolcarboxylic acids, triterpene acids, sterols, inositol, PABA, saponins and purines. The main activity of hawthorne is derived from the potent mixture of pigment bioflavonoids, as well as oligomeric procyanidins (dehydrocatechins) that seem to be particularly active. Some of the flavonoid glycosides are thought to work in a similar way to digitoxin, having a vasodilating effect that could be helpful in the treatment of angina. They also produce marked sedative effects which indicate an action on the central nervous system. A combination of several constituents seems to be directly responsible for the increase in heart muscle contraction force, by blocking whatever is reducing the contraction, for example, beta-blockers. The flavones help control the intracellular Calcium ion concentration. Hawthorne berries also contain inositol, PABA, purines, saponins, and B vitamins. Hops The hop plant, Humulus lupuius, is a a perennial climbing vine and hedgerow that twines around trees. Belonging to the family Cannabidaceae, hops are extensively cultivated in England, Germany, the United States, South America, and Australia. The hop plants bear a female strobile (fruit) shaped like a scaly cone, covered with glandular hairs containing the resinous bitter principles which make hops so popular in brewing and in medicine. Hops have been used since Roman times in brewing beer and as a nerve tonic and sedative. It has also been used to control diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn’s disease, where spasms of the smooth muscles play a role. Although hops have been used for brewing beer for over 1,000 years, their medicinal properties have also been valued from very early times. Hop pickers used to tire easily, apparently as a result of transferring some hop resin from their hands to their mouths, gaining hops a reputation as a safe sedative. Later, pillows filled with hops were used for insomnia and nervousness. Small bags of hops, wetted with alcohol and placed on the skin, were also said to reduce local inflammation. Experiments have shown that Hops relaxes the smooth muscles and acts as a sedative. It has been used to increase breast milk for irritable infants (and probably pass along its soothing effects). The main constituent chemicals are unstable polyphenolic principles, primarily lupulin, which contains a bitter acid complex (2-Methyl-3-butonol, humulone, lumulone, lupulone and valeronic acid) and a volatile oil complex (humulene, myrcene, b-carophyllene and farnescene). The bitter acids humulone and lupulone have been associated with sedative properties. Hops also contain tannins, flavonoid glycosides (rutin, quercetin and astragalin), and asparagine. CAUTION: If you are pregnant or nursing, consult your health care professional before using hops products. Not recommended for people suffering from depressive illness. Horsetail Horsetail (Equisetum Arvense) is a rush-like perennial related to ferns. The hollow, jointed stems of this flowerless plant contain large amounts of silica and silicic acids (5-8%). Silica is used by the body in the production and repair of connective tissues while accelerating the healing of broken bones. Our bodies use silica to maintain and repair the nails, hair, skin, eyes and cell walls. Horsetail is also used for its diuretic and astrigent properties, making it a useful treatment for cystitis, bladder and prostate problems, and kidney stones. Horsetail (silica) reduces the risk of excessive bleeding and contributes to the building of healthy blood cells. Research has shown that Horsetail increases the number of phagozytes (enzymes that kill germs and other foreign substances), which improves the functioning of the entire immune system. Bronchitis, lung and respiratory tract disorders have been shown to be helped by Horsetail, which increases the functioning and elasticity of lung tissues. Horsetail contains 5% of the saponin equisetonin, and several flavone glycosides, including isoquercitrin, galuteolin, and equisetrin, which most likely account for its diuretic activity. Horsetail also contains Aconitic acid, calcium, PABA, fatty acids, fluorine, vitamin B-5 and zinc. Juniper Juniper, latin name Juniperus communis, is a short evergreen shrub whose fruit and oil provides a flavoring agent used extensively in the food, perfume and soap industries. Juniper berry is probably best known as the unique flavoring agent of gin, an important component of the dry martini, a popular intoxicant and putative calmative revered by western culture for over 300 years. As a medicinal remedy, juniper has a long history of use employed as a treatment for numerous diseases by ancient Greek and Arab healers, as well as native American Indians. Juniper berries contain a volatile oil, terpinen-4, that acts as a kidney irritant to stimulate increased kidney filtration and output. For this reason Juniper is commonly utilized as a diuretic to treat conditions involving the kidneys and bladder, to increase urine output, and for relief from symptoms of gout and kidney stones. Juniper berries, consumed raw, are also believed to act as a stimulant to increase appetite, and also serve as a remedy for rheumatism and arthritis. Lastly, Juniper berries, either eaten raw or brewed as a spicy sweet tea, are used as an effective remedy to relieve gas, stimulate digestion, and relieve colic. While generally recognized as a safe herb, pregnant women are cautioned to avoid consuming Juniper products due to the likelyhood of increased contractions of the uterus. Those suffering from kidney ailments should also avoid Juniper products which can irritate the kidneys and bladder. When taking Juniper, if excessive urination or kidney irritation occur, cease using the product immediately. Kava Kava Kava Kava (Piper Methysticum), also known as kava pepper, is an exciting botanical that has gained recent popularity in United States due to its availability. Though Kava is relatively new to the U.S., it is certainly not a new herb. Kava has been used in Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia in the South Pacific for over 3,000 years. Kava is a relaxant and sleep aid, able to induce a feeling of relaxation, peace and contentment, along with a sharpening of the senses. Kava was the beverage of choice during important meetings involving conflicts, inducing a state of relaxation and goodwill among parties trying to reconcil differences. More recently, in the past few hundred years, Kava has also gained popularity with the natives of Hawaii, Australia and New Guinea where it is used medicinally as well as recreationally. Kava was first mentioned in the scientific records in 1886, and by 1993 the active ingredients, Kavalactones, were detected by mass spectrometry. Over the past 100 years extensive analytical investigation of the Kava root has revealed that the active ingredients in Kava, the kavalactones, comprise 15% of the root. Of the fifteen lactones isolated from Kava, there are six major lactones (kavalactones) known to provide psychoactive activity: kawain, methysticin, demethoxy-yangonin, dihydrokawain, dihydomethysicin, and yongonin. All kavalactones are physiologically active, though it is the fat-soluble kavalactones derived from kava resin that convey the main psychoactive activity. Absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is remarkably rapid, so the effects are felt almost immediately. The kavaclones are pharmacologically effective and differences in their actions are qualitative as well as quantitative. According to Singh (1983), “Kavalactones act less by inhibition of neuromuscular transmission than by a direct effect on muscular contractibility. The postsynaptic depression is similar to that caused by lignocain and other local anesthetics”. Kava’s muscle-relaxant properties are similar to those of potent tranquilizers as they both act on the central nervous system. Double-blind, placebo controlled studies conducted in 1991 show Kava to be a modern means of achieving relaxed states without side effects. Increased cognitive function has been observed with Kava use according to a 1993 article in Neuropsychobiology. Unlike sedatives, Kava improves mental function instead of dulling the brain. And unlike alcohol or sedatives, it would be extremely difficult to build up a tolerance to Kava (Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, 1992, 18:571). A dose of 100 to 150 ml of Kava can induce sleep within 30 minutes. No aftereffects are noted at this dose. Kava root is primarily used as a natural sedative and sleep inducer. It is also effective in reducing menstrual cramps. Kava is obviously not recommended for those who intend to drive or conduct any activity which requires fast reaction time. Pharmaceutical grades of natural Kava root are available from reputable companies in the United States. Synthetic Kava can be produced but does not possess the same soothing qualities of naturally extracted kavalactones from the Kava plant. Correctly extracted Kava will contain all six kavalactones in high concentrations (25-30%). CAUTION: Driving or operating heavy or dangerous equipment is not recommended while under the influence of Kava Kava, as drowsiness is likely to occur. Kava Kava use is contraindicated during pregnancy or nursing, and in cases of depression. Do not take for more than 3 months, nore more than 1,000 mg. per day without medical advice. Extended continuous intake can cause a temporary yellow discoloration of skin, hair and nails, in which case it must be discontinued. Discontinue use if dilation of pupils or disturbances of coordination between vision and movement occur. INTERACTION: Use of Kava Kava may increase the effects of alcohol, barbiturates and psychopharmacological agents. Kola Nut Kola Nut is also known as Cola Nut and Cola. Kola Nut is the seed kernel of a large African tree grown commercially around the world. It is extremely popular in the tropics as a caffeine containing stimulant. Key constituents are caffeine, theobromine, tannins and phenolics, including d-catechin, l-epicatechin, kolatin, and kolanin. Also contains phlobaphens, the antocyanin pigment kola red, betaine, protein and starch. Kola Nut is a central nervous system stimulant, antidepressant, diuretic and astringent. Because of its caffeine content, Kola Nut may relieve some migraine headaches. The phenolics and anthrocyanin are likely to provide antioxidant activity. Historical uses of Kola Nut include increasing the capacity for physical exertion and for enduring fatigue without food; stimulating a weak heart; and treating nervous debility, weakness, lack of emotion, nervous diarrhea, depression, despondency, brooding, anxiety, and sea sickness. Licorice While commonly thought of as a popular candy, the herb Licorice is derived from the from the roots and stems of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, and is never used in candies. Licorice is one of the mainstays of traditional Chinese medicine, and has been used for over 3,000 years as a tonic to rejuvenate the heart and spleen, and as a treatment for ulcers, cold symptoms, and skin disorders. Modern herbalists commonly utilize licorice in treating adrenal insufficiencies such as hypoglycemia and Addison’s disease, counteracting stress, and in purifying the liver and bloodstream. In combination with other herbs it is recommended as a demulcent to soother mucous membranes, and as an expectorant useful in treating flu, colds, respiratory disorders and bronchitis. Medical researchers have isolated several active substances in licorice root including glycosides, flavonoids, asparagine, isoflavonoids, chalcones and coumarins. Primary of these is Glycyrrhetinic acid, a natural anti-inflammatory compound that led to the successful development of drugs used in the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as ulcers of the mouth and genitals. Another licorice compound, glycyrrhizin, has been shown to possess anti-viral properties effective against the polio virus, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, and the HIV virus. Both compounds have also been found to inhibit cancer cells in vitro, though clinical studies on humans have not been conducted. Other derivatives of licorice have elicited a host of active ingredients that seem to act as anti-depressants and, if that weren’t enough, inhibit the enzymes that cause tooth decay. All in all licorice is a very impressive herb that is well supported by medical research and clinical data. Persons with a history of congestive heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disorders should not use licorice compounds. If you are pregnant or nursing, consult your health care professional before using this product. People with a history of renal failure or those currently using cardiac glycosides may wish to avoid use of Licorice as a precautionary measure. Mura Puama One of the best herbs to use for erectile dysfunction is Mura puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides). This shrub is native to Brazil and has long been used as a powerful aphrodisiac and nerve stimulant in South American folk medicine. A recent clinical study has validated its safety and effectiveness in improving libido and sexual function in some patients. Marap uama has been used in tonifying the nervous system and for cases of mild exhaustion. It helps with gastrointestinal and reproductive disorders. It has antirheumatic properties and can be used for treating stress and trauma. Because of neurosexual stimulation it can enhance the libido. It can enhance blood chi and balance yin and yang in the triple warmer. It has been considered to be useful in prevention of some types of baldness. It is also used for neuromuscular problems At the Institute of Sexology in Paris, France, under the supervision of one of the world’s foremost authorities on sexual function, Dr. Jacques Waynberg, a clinical study with 262 patients complaining of lack of sexual desire and the inability to attain or maintain an erection demonstrated Muira puama extract to be effective in many cases. Within 2 weeks, at a daily dose of 1 to 1.5 grams of the extract, 62 percent of patients with loss of libido claimed that the treatment had dynamic effect while 51 percent of patients with “erection failures” felt that Muira puama was of benefit. Presently, the mechanism of action of Muira puama is unknown. From the preliminary information, it appears that it works on enhancing both psychological and physical aspects of sexual function. Future research will undoubtably shed additional light on this extremely promising herb for erectile dysfunction. Milk Thistle Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn), is a member of the family Asteraceae. Also known as the Marian, St. Mary’s, and Our Lady’s thistle, Milk Thistle should not be confused with the blessed or holy thistle (Cnicus benedictus), an entirely different species. Milk Thistle is a tall herb with prickly leaves and a milky sap that is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe. Milk thistle is among the most ancient of all known herbal medicines, having been used as a folk remedy for centuries for liver complaints. Recent research has demonstrated that extracts of milk thistle do indeed protect against some very nasty liver toxins. Research has uncovered a host of antihepatotoxic (liver protectant) compounds commonly referred to as silymarin. Silymarin has been shown to consist of a large number of flavonolignans, including silybin, isosilybin, dehydrosilybin, silydianin and silychristin. Animal studies have shown that silymarin exerts a liver protective effect against a variety of toxins, including the phallo toxins of the deadly Amanita phalloides mushroom. Amanita phalloides is one of the most poisonous mushrooms in the world, containing toxins that are particularly destructive to the liver. Ingestion of this mushroom can lead to severe liver damage and death if untreated. The active ingredient of the herb is a bioflavonoid mixture called silymarin, the principal component of which is silybin. In animal experiments, when silymarin was given before poisoning by the Amanita phalloides mushroom, it was found to be 100 percent effective in preventing liver damage. Silymarin was also found to be completely effective if given to animals within ten minutes of exposure to the poison. When given within twenty-four hours it still prevented death and greatly reduced the amount of liver damage. Silymarin also confers protection against the liver damage from dangerous solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and ethanol (alcohol). Silymarin has been used in the treatment of hepatic disorders in humans, and a German medical study found that liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis improved after three months of therapy with silymarin. A later study reported on the use of 420 milligrams of silymarin daily in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Of twenty followed up for six to thirty-six months, ten were definitely improved and four had deteriorated. The results of numerous studies suggest that silymarin not only protects liver cells by preventing the actions of toxic substances but that it also stimulate protein synthesis to accelerate the regeneration and production of liver cells. Silymarin and component silybin function as antioxidants, protecting cell membranes from free-radical-mediated oxidative damage. This type of damage is known as lipid peroxidation. Most liver toxins produce their damaging effects by free radical mechanisms. Both silymarin and silybin protect red blood cell membranes against lipid peroxidation and hemolysis (breaking down of the red blood cells) caused by certain red blood cell poisons. Milk thistle is presently available in the United States in concentrations that contain up to 80% silymarin. Silymarin is not soluble in water, and is therefore ineffective when taken in the form of a tea. Oral use requires a concentrated product. Milk thistle is marketed in the United States as a food supplement in the form of capsules containing 200 to 250 mg. of a concentrated extract representing 160 to 200 mg. of silymarin. Though relatively free from adverse affects, those with liver problems who wish to use milk thistle should be monitored by a health care professional to determine the products effectiveness. Nettles Nettles, (Urtica dioica) from the family Urticaceae is also referred to as Stinging Nettle, Common Nettle and Greater Nettle. Nettle plants grow 2 to three feet tall, bearing dark green leaves with serrated margins and small flowers covered with tiny hairs on the leaves and stems. When brushed, Nettles can inject an irritant into any skin that comes into contact with the plant. This stinging reaction is caused by the plant hairs injecting a compound containing formic acid, histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and other irritants. This stinging activity is lost when the plant is dried or cooked, and the tender tops of young first-growth nettles are especially delicious and nutritious. Found all over the world, Nettles have been used as a vegetable and folk remedy for centuries. Collected before flowering, Nettles were thought useful as a treatment for asthma, as an expectorant, antispasmodic, diuretic, astringent, and tonic. Applying an extract of Nettles to the scalp was said to stimulate hair growth, and chronic rheumatism was treated by placing nettle leaves directly on the afflicted area. This usually led to local irritation, which could be relieved by vigorously rubbing the area. No evidence exist for the belief in Nettles ability to treat baldness. Likewise, Nettles have also been historically used to treat cancer, liver disease, constipation, asthma, worms, arthritis, gout, tuberculosis and gonorrhea, with little if any effectiveness. The diuretic properties of nettles are well recognized, and several pharmaceutical preparations incorporating Nettles are marketed in Europe for this purpose. In addition, an extract of nettle root has become quite popular in recent years for the treatment of urinary retention brought on by benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Some clinical studies attests to its effectiveness, and German health authorities now allow it to be used for this condition. The German Commission E monograph indicates use of Nettles for secondary (not primary) treatment for rheumatic complaints, and for irrigation (flushing) in cases of inflammation of the urinary tract and in prevention and treatment of kidney gravel, noting that abundant fluid intake must be assured. Nettles are rich in chlorophyll and young cooked nettle shoots, when cooked, are not only edible but are an excellent source of beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and minerals, especially silica. Adverse effects from consuming nettle tea can range from upset stomach to burning sensations in the skin, difficulty in urination and bloating. Parsley Most often found in fresh salads and as an uneaten garnish in restaurants, Parsley, latin name Petroselinum sativum, has been used in classical folk medicine for over 2,000 years, and traditional folk healers have discovered applications for virtually every part of this carrot-like plant. Parsley seeds have been used as a carminative to relieve gas and stimulate digestive action, while the root has been employed for its mild diuretic activity, helping to increase urine output and rid the body of excess fluids. The leaves and root have been recommended for treating urinary tract infections, and the entire plant is claimed to stimulate digestion and to act as an expectorant to aid in the elimination of mucus, thus aiding congestion. Folk healers have also found parsley to be an effective emmenagogue to stimulate the uterus and aid menstrual flow. As a food, parsley is an excellent breath freshener, and nutritionally it is a good source of iron, beta carotene and vitamins B1, B2 and C. Laboratory research has supported many of the healing claims of parsley. Essential oils extracted from parsley have been shown to lower of blood pressure and to act as a mild sedative. Volatile oils contained in parsley seeds have also proven to support claims for aiding digestion and increasing urine output. Parsley also contains apiol and myristicin, mildly toxic terpenes known to stimulate the uterus. Folk healers have also used parsley as an abortifactant, and under no circumstances should parsley volatile oils be administered to pregnant women. Otherwise, parsley is not toxic and appears free of adverse effects. Passiflora Passiflora (Edulis) is a Brazilian herb that is rich in Alkaloids (harmine & harmaline) and Flavone Glycosides. These ingredients have a sedative and tranquilizing effect. Passiflora may aid the transition into a restful sleep without any narcotic hangover. Historically, Passiflora was used by North American Indians, where it was applied to earaches, boils and inflammation. Passiflora enters the heart, liver and lung meridians; influencing the cardiovascular and central nervous system. Passiflora is also said to have an anti-spasmodic effect especially when there is associated tension. Passion Flower Passion Flower is also known as Wild Passion Flower and Maypop. It is a woody vine with flowers that reminded early pilgrims of the passion and suffering of Christ. Passion Flower bears small berry-like fruit called granadilla or water lemon. Passion Flower is used as a sedative in nervous disorders (including gastrointestinal complaints of nervous origin), difficulties in sleeping, and anxiety or restlessness, especially in children. Also used to treat female anxiety during menses, childbirth and menopause. Passion Flower reduces spasms and depresses the central nervous system. Passion Flower contains flavonoids such as isovitexin, vitexin, saponarin, orientin, glycosides, gynocardin, and alkaloids. Supportive agents include: Valerian, Hops, Chamomile, Skullcap, Kava Kava, Wood Betony, Hawthorne Berries, L-Tryptophan and GABA. Pennyroyal Pennyroyal, latin name Mentha pulegium, is a member of the mint family. A mildly spicy tea brewed from the leaves of the pennyroyal plant is often recommended as a diaphoretic to inducing sweating to aid in eliminating toxins from the body. It also serves as a carminative to relieve gas, stimulate digestive action and to relieve nausea. Pennyroyal, when brewed together with yarrow and elder flowers, results in a tea that is recommended by herbal healers as a treatment for releif of symptoms during the early stages of colds and flu. It is also consumed before retiring to bed for its mild sedative action. Pennyroyal tea has also been traditionally employed as an emmenagogue to promote menstrual flow, and as an abortifacient to initiate self-abortion. These activities are initiated by highly volatile oils contained in the plant. These oils are high in pulegone, a highly toxic volatile, which can stimulate uterine activity. While pennyroyal tea may safely stimulate mild increase in menstrual flow, the effects of the oil are very different. When employed to induce abortion the effects of pennyroyal oil are extremely dangerous and can be lethal. In one case, despite immediate emergency hospital treatment, an expectant mother died within hours of consuming just two tablespoonfuls of pennyroyal oil in an attempt to initiate self-abortion. Other cases have resulted in coma and convulsions after consuming much smaller amounts of this extremely toxic oil. Such dangers do not pertain to normal consumtion of pennyroyal tea. Pennyroyal oil can only be recommended for external application to repel flying insects, and it is often found in flea collars for dogs and cats. Pumpkin Pumpkin seeds of the genus Cucurbita have enjoyed a long history in folk medicine for use as teniafuges, or agents with the ability to rid the body of intestinal parisites such as roundworms and tapeworms. Derived from such species as autumn squash, crookneck squash, and the Canada pumpkin, cucurbita seeds can be consumed plain, or be administered in the form of an infusion or tea. Usually taken in three separate doses ranging in size from 20 to 150 grams of seeds, the treatment is believed to paralize the worms, causing them to loosen their grasp and then allowing for them to be an effectively expelled from the body. Researchers have isolated an amino acid called cucurbitin that is found only in pumpkin seeds and is thought to be responsible for the worm-expelling effects. Pumpkin seeds are also a good source of two unsaturated fatty acids oleic and linoleic acid which may account for claims that pumpkin seeds can releive symptoms of enlarge prostate. There are no known side effects or reports of toxicity regarding pumpkin seeds. Pycnogenol Grape Seed Extract (along with Pycnogenol, an extract derived from maritime pine bark) is an important source of one of nature’s most potent antioxidants, the proanthocyanidins. These nutritionally valuable substances have been utilized to treat deteriorating diseases and conditons with great success. Research has shown that proanthocyanidins (bioflavonoids) serve as anti-inflammatories, antihistamines, atniallergenics and are major free radical scavengers. The proanthocyandins possess up to 50 times stronger antioxidant activity than Vitamin C&E, Beta Carotene or Selenium. Proanthocyanidins also help promote tissue elasticity, help heal injuries, reduce swelling and edema, restore collagen and improve peripheral circulation. Proanthocyanidins also prevent bruising, strengthen weak blood vessels, protect agains atherosclerosis, and reduce histamine production. For years, those who could afford the high price of pycnogenol supplements derived significant antioxidant protection against free radicals. Pycnogenol, which is derived from pine bark, contains 85% proanthocyanidin. Grapeseed extract contains 95% proanthocyanidin and is far more affordable than pycnogenol. Pygeum Pygeum is also known as African Pygeum. It is a large evergreen tree that grows in the high plateaus of southern Africa. The bark is traditionally powdered and drunk as a tea for genito-urinary complaints. Double-blind clinical trials have shown efficacy for many parameters of prostatic hypertrophy, including failure to urinate, nocturnal urination, frequent urination, residual urine, abdominal heaviness, voiding volume, prostate volume and peak flow. Results included significant reduction of symptoms and prostate size, and clearance of bladder neck urethra obstruction. The bark contains three groups of active constituents: phytosterols (including beta-sitosterol), pentacyclic triterpenoids (including ursolic and oleaic acids) and ferulic esters of long-chain fatty alcohols (including ferulic esters of docosanol and tetracosanol). Royal Jelly Royal jelly is a viscous, milky white secretion produced by the pharyngeal glands of worker bee (Apis mellifera L.), belonging to the insect family Apidae. During the first three days of life all bee larvae feed exclusively on this special and highly concentrated food. Future queens continue to be nourished by this product, making the Queen Bee 50% larger than the other female worker bees, and contribuing to her incredible stamina and longevity. Queen Bees typically live 4 or 5 years, compared to the workers, who live only about 40 days. Because the resulting queens are much larger than worker bees, live thirty to forty times longer, and are highly fertile (worker bees are sterile), enthusiasts have long believed that royal jelly may have beneficial effects when consumed by human beings. Various herbalist claim that royal jelly is especially effective in halting or controlling the aging process, nourishing the skin and erasing facial blemishes and wrinkles. Royal Jelly has also been used to treat cases of fatigue, depression, convalescence from illness, the “growing pains” of adolescence; and in preventing the signs of normal aging or even premature senility. As a general tonic for treating the menopause or male climacteric and to improve sexual performance, royal jelly supposedly has a general systemic action rather than any specific biological function. Chinese herbalists also advocate Royal Jelly for use in cases of liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, phlebitis, gastric ulcer, degenerative conditions, and general mental or physical weakness. The chemistry of royal jelly has been extensively studied and found to be a rich source of complete protein, containing all the essential amino acids, unsaturated fats, natural sugars, minerals and the B-vitamins (B-5 and B-6) The B vitamins were especially prominent, with pantothenic acid predominating. Tests have shown that royal jelly does possess some slight antibacterial activity and can have an affect on the adrenal cortex, stimulating the adrenal glands to produce a positive reaction on increased metabolism, enhanced energy, greater sexual capability and appetite. An antitumor effect in mice has also been noted, but there is no evidence that the product has any estrogenic (female sex hormonal) activity, or that it affects the growth, longevity, or fertility of animals. As for its topical effectiveness in rejuvenating the skin the results from one three-month clinical study of 24 female patients are of interest; ten women showed improvement, ten experienced no change, and four showed symptoms of skin irritation. Saw Palmetto Almost half the male population over age 50 suffers from enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH), with symptoms ranging from inflammation (prostatitis), to swelling, painful and frequent urination, and nocturnal urination. One in seven men over age 50 will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime. Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer among men (next to skin cancer) and the second most common cause of cancer death (next to lung cancer). The most common treatment for prostate disease is surgical removal of the prostate. About 400,000 prostatectomies are performed every year in the United States. Unfortunately, surgical removal of the prostate can lead to impotence and incontinence and is linked to increased risk of death from heart disease. Research has shown that enlargement of the prostate gland is caused mainly by the action of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) a powerful male hormone which is converted from the primary male hormone (testosterone) under the influence of the enzyme testosterone 5-alpha-reductase. The FDA recently approved a drug (Proscar) that counters the action of DHT as a treatment for BPH, but Proscar is very expensive ($60 a month) and sometimes causes severe side effects such as sexual impotence. Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens has recently gained widespread use by doctors and alternative health practitioners alike as a safe alternative for treating BHP. Saw Palmetto is a small palm tree with large leaves and deep red-black berries. Native Americans used the berries as a food and a therapeutic herbal treatment for enuresis, nocturia, atrophy of the testes, impotence, inflammation of the prostate and low libido in men. Women also used the Saw Palmetto berries to treat infertility, painful periods and problems with lactation. Saw Palmetto has other traditional uses as a tonic and expectorant for mucous membranes, particularly the bronchial tubes. Saw Palmetto Berry contains an oil with a variety of fatty acids, including capric, caprylic, caproic, lauric, palmitic and oleic acid, and their ethyl esters. Saw Palmetto oil is also high in phytosterols (beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cycloartenol, lupeol, lupenone and 24-methyl-cycloartenol), as well as other volatile oils, resins, and tannin. Saw Palmetto is a “multi-site” inhibitor of the hormone DHT, which plays a major role in the development of prostate disorders. Saw palmetto inhibits 50% of the binding of DHT to receptor sites in the prostate. It also blocks the uptake of DHT into the nucleus of prostate cells, and strongly inhibits the action of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase, which reduces the conversion of testosterone to DHT. In modern research, fat-soluble extracts of Saw Palmetto have been shown to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydro-testosterone (DHT), and to block the binding of DHT to prostate cells, thus reducing prostate enlargement and inflammation. In a controlled clinical trial with patients with enlarged prostate glands, 50 patients who received saw palmetto (320 mg per day – 4 tablets taken in two separate doses with meals) were compared to 44 patients receiving placebo. Patients treated with saw palmetto urinated less frequently, produced a better flow rate and amount of urine, and had less pain and discomfort in urinating than control subjects. There were actually fewer adverse side effects in patients receiving saw palmetto than in controls. Schisandra Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) of the family Schisandraceae is a creeping vine with small red berries that is native to Northern China. In ancient China Schisandra was used as a staple food for hunting and gathering tribes. As a traditional medicinal herb, Schisandra, called Wu-wei-tzu in China, has been used as an astringent for a treatment for dry cough, asthma, night sweats, nocturnal seminal emissions and chronic diarrhea It is also used as a tonic for the treatment of chronic fatigue. During the early 1980’s Chinese doctors began researching Schisandra as a treatment for hepatitis, based on its potential for liver-protective effects and the nature of its active constituents. Schisandra is now a recognized “adaptogen,” capable of increasing the body’s resistance to disease, stress, and other debilitating processes. In Asia, this adaptogenic property is said to “stimulate immune defenses, balance body function, normalize body systems, boost recovery after surgery, protect against radiation, counteract the effects of sugar, optimize energy in times of stress, increase stamina, protect against motion sickness, normalize blood sugar and blood pressure, reduce high cholesterol, shield against infection, improve the health of the adrenals, energize RNA-DNA molecules to rebuild cells and produces energy comparable to that of a young athlete.” Studies conducted on Schisandra’s effects have noted that the drug has a stimulating effect in low doses, but this effect disappeared with larger doses. The compounds thought responsible for the liver-protective effects of Schisandra are lignans composed of two phenylpropanoid. More than 30 of these have been isolated in Schisandra and some 22 of which were tested in 1984 by the Japanese scientist H. Hikino for their ability to reduce the cytotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride and galactosamine on cultured rat liver cells. Most lignans were found to be effective, and some were extremely active (schisandrins A and B, gomisin A, B-bisabolne). Subsequent Japanese studies have found that two of the lignans, wuweizisu C and gomisin A, exert their liver protective effects by functioning as antioxidants to prevent the lipid peroxidation produced by harmful substances such as carbon tetrachloride. Since lipid peroxidation leads to the formation of liver damage the two compounds did indeed exert a protective influence. Western herbalists commonly recommend Schisandra for the lungs, liver and kidneys, and to help with depression due to andrenergic exhaustion. In Russia Schisandra is used to treat eye fatigue and increase acuity. CAUTION: Schisandra should not be used during pregnancy except under medical supervision to promote uterine contractions during labor. Schisandra should be avoided by persons with peptic ulcers, epilepsy and high blood pressure. Saint John's Wort Saint John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum), also known as Goatweed, Hypericum and Klamath Wee, belongs to a group of about two hundred herbs of the family Hypericaceae. This aromatic perennial herb is found throughout Europe and the United States, producing golden yellow flowers that seem particularly abundant on June 24, the traditional birthday of John the Baptist. Ergo the name in honor of St. John. St. John’s wort was popular with ancient medical authorities and was commonly recommended as a folk remedy for the treatment of infectious diseases such as colds, syphilis, tuberculosis, dysentery, whooping cough and worms. St. John’s wort has also been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of depression, anxiety, mania, hypochondriasis, fatigue, hysteria and insomnia. Over time, with the advent of modern pharmaceutical science, St. John’s wort was nearly forgotten as a medicinal herb. Only recently has St. John’s wort gained a new reputation, particularly in Europe, as an effective nerve tonic for treatment of anxiety, depression, and unrest. A report in a leading German medical journal in 1984 demonstrated significant improvement in depression, anxiety and insomnia in nine people taking oral extracts of St. John’s wort. Recent studies have linked the antidepressant effects of St. John’s wort to various contained xanthones and flavonoids that act as monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors. Tests on small animals and preliminary tests in humans have confirmed this activity. In a study published in the Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1988, researchers from The New York University Medical Center and The Weizmann Institute of Science reported the discovery of two substances in St. John’s Wort, hypericin and pseudohypericin, that displayed anti-viral activity against some retroviruses. Retroviruses include the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the authors suggested that these herbal products could be useful in the treatment of AIDS. Extracts of St. John’s wort are now known to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the most common cause of tuberculosis, as well as the bacteria staphylococci, shigella and Escherichia coli. Researchers have also shown that St. John’s wort inhibits the growth of some strains bacteria that are highly resistant to antibiotics, such as Staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. St. John’s wort has also been reported to have anti-viral activity against herpes simplex virus, influenza virus and hepatitis B virus. Hypericin and pseudohypericin appear to be the active therapeutic components of St. John’s wort, though other substances, including protein, fat, tannin, vitamins A and C, carotenoids, rutin and pectin support it’s activies. The presence of hypericin and pseudohypericin distinguish St. John’s wort from other herbs, and both compounds are promising candidates for the treatment of HIV disease, including ARC and AIDS, as noted above. The mechanism of viral inhibition by these substances is not known, but their chemical structures suggest that they may interact with viruses membranes, leading to increased fluidization which would would essentially inactivate the virus. Chemical investigations have detected a number of other constituents in St. John’s wort, including about 1% of a volatile oil and approximately 10% of tannin. The tannin probably exerts some wound-healing effects through its astringent and protein-precipitating actions. Unfortunately, hypericin may exert a much less desirable side effect, a form of photosensitivity characterized by dermatitis of the skin and inflammation of the mucous membranes on exposure to direct sunlight. There is evidence that the photosensitizing caused by St. John’s wort is due to the fluorescent pigment hypericin. Purified hypericin, when given orally, can produce photosensitization in rats. It is the reaction of this substance with the ultraviolet rays of the sun that causes the problem. The photosensitization reaction is known as hvpericism or St. John’s wort poisoning. It is important to point out that photosensitization reactions have not been described in humans participating in studies using Hypericum extracts. This is most likely due to the fact that these subjects were not receiving doses high enough to cause the reaction. The photosensitizing dose for humans is not known. Those taking St. John’s wort for extended periods should be aware of the possibility of inducing a photosensitization reaction and be prepared to discontinue use if symptoms occur. Suma Suma, also called Para toda, is the dried root of Pfaffia Paniculata, a plant found in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. First introduced to the United States as Brazilian Ginseng, Suma is one of the most highly regarded herbs in South America, and is considered to be a true adaptogen. Used by native peoples for centuries, Suma is advocated as an effective adaptogen to support the immune system, adapt the body to external stresses, relieve pain, fight chronic fatigue syndrome, and accelerate wound healing. Herbalists using Suma often refer to research conducted by Dr. Milton Brazzach, head of the pharmaceutical department at the University of Sao Paulo. Dr. Brazzach originally become interested in suma when his wife was cured of breast cancer after ingesting the root. Dr. Brazzach has since gone on to test suma on thousands of patients suffering from serious diseases such as cancer, leukemia, and diabetes. He reportedly found suma to have great healing and preventative powers, yet has never published his clinical findings. Researchers have isolated several active compounds in suma, including Beta Ecdysterone, a plant sterol which has an anabolic and immune boosting effect in the body. Suma is also rich in a broad spectrum of vitamins, minerals (particularly the rare mineral germanium), amino acids, Allantoin (a cell building compound) and 6 pfaffic acids. Recent studies have shown that five of the pfaffosides found in Suma have been able to inhibit growth of cultured melanoma tumor cells, supporting at least some of the claims made for this herb. To date there are no reports regarding the toxicity and there are no known side effects. Turmeric Turmeric is an essential flavoring spice of Indian and other cuisines. The Turmeric rhizome provides the typical yellow color of many curry dishes and helps to make the food more digestible. Turmeric has been used for arthritis, high cholesterol, digestion, liver protection, and obesity. Turmeric also possesses antifungal and antibacterial properties. Turmeric contains curcumin and an essential oil (turmerone, zingiberins). Curcumin increases the secretion of bile by stimulating the bile duct. Curcumin also protects the liver by detoxification, stimulating the gall bladder and scavenging free radicals. In conjunction with the adrenal glands, it inhibits both platelet aggregation and the enzymes which induce inflammatory prostaglandins. Curcumin may also help break down fats and reduce cholesterol Caution: Large doses not recommended in cases of painful gallstones, obstructive jaundice, acute bilious colic and extremely toxic liver disorders. Uva Ursi Uva ursi is also referred to as bearberry, kinnickinick, whortleberry, bear’s grape, mountain cranberry and mealberry. The leaves of this small shrub have been used as an herbal folk medicine for centuries as a mild diuretic and astringent, and in the treatment of urinary tract infections such as cystitis, urethritis and nephritis. Uva-ursi contains a plant glycoside, Arbutin, which breaks down in the body to form hydroquinone, a chemical compound that serves as an effective urinary antiseptic and astringent. Uva-ursi contains other compounds, among them ursolic acid, which are also known to be effective diuretics. Uva-ursi is extremely high in tannin, which can lead to stomach distress if taken in large quantities. The tannin content of uva ursi tea can be easily minimized by soaking the leaves in cold water rather than by brewing in hot water, which would release more of the tannin. Uva ursi is generally considered a safe herb, but large doses or prolonged use of hydroquinone can have toxic effects, including ringing in the ears, nausea, vomiting, and delirium. Uva ursi should not be used by children or pregnant women, and should never be used for prolonged periods of time or in high doses unless under the supervision of health care professional. Cautions: Nausea and vomiting may occur in sensitive adults and children. Uva-Ursi requires alkaline urine (pH 8) to work; urine can be made alkaline by taking a heaping teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda. Uva-Ursi should not be taken with drugs that lead to the formation of acid urine. Do not take for extended periods of time without consulting a knowledgeable physician or health care provider. Only for oral use. Contraindicated in acute cystitis. Can cause gastric irritation if over-used. Should not be used in pregnancy. Will temporarily turn the urine green, a harmless effect. Valerian Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) of the family Valerianaceae, is a tall perennial herb with hollow stems that bear white or reddish flowers. The vertical rhizome and attached rootlets are harvested in the autumn of the second year’s growth. These plant parts possess an unpleasant aroma due to the contained volatile oils. Valerian extract, derived from the dried rhizomes and roots of the plant, has been used for thousands of years as a folk remedy, tranquilizer and calmative for several disorders such as restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, hysteria, menstrual problems, and as a sedative for “nervous” stomach. Valerian extracts are currently used in scores of compounds and teas in Europe. Most current treatments for insomnia work by disrupting natural sleep rhythms and risk psychologically addiction. Natural sedatives, free of side effects, are constantly being sought. In the early 80’s many people turned to L-tryptophan (no longer available – see article) as a sleep aid. More recently western consumers have become aware of the benefits of low-dose melatonin. Now health conscious consumers in Europe and United States are discovering that valerian root has a calming effect and helps them fall asleep more easily. The German Commission E monograph for health authorities indicates that valerian is a safe and effective anti-anxiety agent and sedative for treatment of restlessness and sleep disturbances resulting from nervous conditions. Valerian is perhaps best characterized as a minor tranquilizer when administered in the form of a tea, a tincture or an extract. During the past three decades extensive studies on Valerian have identified several unstable esters called valepotriates believed to be the primary source of the plants sedative effects. Researchers have found that although Valerian is effective in producing depression of the central nervous system, neither the tested valepotriates, nor the sesquiterpenes valerenic acid or valeranone, nor the volatile oil itself displayed any such activity. This has led to speculation that it is a combination of volatile oil components, valepotriates or their derivatives that is responsible for Valerians calmative actions. For example, a 1985 study conducted in the Netherlands showed no anxiety-reducing activity by an extract of valerian root or purified valepotriates. However the study did find that didrovaltrate, a valepotriate, as well as valeranon, an essential oil component from the herb, were able to produce a pronounced smooth-muscle relaxant effect on the intestines. The researchers concluded that certain valerian preparations may produce a calming effect indirectly through local spasmolytic activity. A another study conducted in Russia, researchers reported that valepotriates inhibited caffeine-stimulated motor activity and prolonged barbiturate-induced sleeping time in mice and rats. This translates to anti-anxiety and sedative activities. In other research, valerenic acid and related sesquiterpens have been found to inhibit the breakdown of the neurotransmitter, aminobutyric acid. Overall, Valerian is relatively safe and no significant side effects or contraindications are noted, though those with impaired kidney or liver functions should not take valerian except under a physician’s supervision. Valerian can interact with alcohol, certain antihistimines, muscle relaxants, psychotropic drugs and narcotics. Those taking any of these drugs should take valerian only under the supervision of a health care provider. Willow Bark The bark of the common Willow tree, also known as the Pussy Willow, is the source of a wide range of phenolic glycosides, of which the most important is is salicin. Like Aspirin, indications for Willow bark include mile feverish colds and infections (influenza), acute and chronic rheumatic disorders, mild headaches, and pain caused by inflammation. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), a synthetic replacement for salicin, has potentially dangerous gastrointestinal side effects. In its natural form, salicin passes harmlessly through the gastrointestinal tract, becoming saligenin and glucose. The saligenin is then converted to salicylic acid in the blood and the liver. The conversion process takes a few hours, so results will not be felt immediately, but are usually sustained for several hours. Caution: If you are pregnant or nursing please check with your health care professional before using Willow bark. Individuals who are allergic to salycylates should avoid Willow bark. Wood Betony Betony, also known as Wood Betony, was once held in high regard by ancient folk healers. Used as a herbal treatment for a host of human ills ranging from the common cold to warding off supernatural spirits, Betony is still used by herbal practitioners, though for a much more limited set of maladies. Current use of the dried herb of Betony involves the use of a tincture or infusion as a remedy for chronic headaches and to treat anxiety and nervousness. Like most herbs, Betony possesses mild astringent properties, for which it is occasionally recommended as a the treatment for diarrhea, or as a mouthwash to soothe mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Betony contains relatively high amounts of tannin, explaining its astringent activity. It also contains choline, alkaloids and glycosides. One glycoside has been shown to lower blood pressure, possibly supporting its use as a treatment for anxiety and headaches. Betony is nontoxic, though excess consumption may lead to mild stomach upset. Yellow Dock Yellow dock is small, leafy plant that grows wild in Europe and the United State. Also called curly dock, and closely related to rhubarb, the green leaves are commonly used in salads, while the yellow root has been used as a herbal folk-remedy for hundreds of years. Ground up and brewed, yellow dock root makes a bitter-sweet tea or infusion that has been used by herbalists in the treatment of a variety of disorders, primarily to treat enlarged liver and to purify the blood. It was also thought a good remedy for syphilis, tuberculosis, gum disease and leprosy, but is no longer recommended for these serious disorders. Modern herbalists will still occasionally recommend yellow dock tea as a treatment for the liver and gallbladder, though its mainly employed in the treatment of skin disorders and digestive ailments. There is virtually no research to support the use of yellow dock as an effective treatment for psoriasis or acne. Yellow dock is known to contain tannin which is an astringent is mildly useful in the treatment of diarrhea and stomach distress, though in large enough doses it may actually cause diarrhea. The root also contain several anthraquinone glycosides that researchers recognize as being responsible for its undisputed laxative effect. Yellow dock is generally considered to be mildly effective as a laxative, and not very effective for much more. Side effects of excess consumption of yellow dock include excessive urination, nausea and diarrhea. Yohimbe Yohimbe is an herb derived from the inner bark of the yohimbe tree which grows wild throughout Africa. Long considered an a effective aphrodisiac, able to stimulate sexual desire and performance, yohimbe has been available by prescription as a pill. Recently yohimbe containing products have become popular as over the counter herbal preparations. The active component of yohimbe bark is yohimbine, an alkaloid monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor that blocks adrenergic receptors. This leads to an increase in dilation of blood vessels and a lowering of blood pressure. This enlargment of blood vessels, particularly in the sexual organs, is the generally accepted explanation of the physiological effects of the herb. Yohimbe also seems effective in elevating mood and reducing depression and anxiety, further contributing to its aphrodisiac activity. Animal studies have shown that yohimbe does indeed increase sexual arousal and performance. Researchers conducting double-blind, placebo-controlled studies reported measurable improvements in sexual libedo and performance in men receiving the yohimbe versus those on placebo. Clearly in some cases yohimbe can improve sexual performance in those suffering from physiological and psychological impotence. Scientists have also recently found evidence that yohimbe may aid in weight loss by suppressing the body’s ability to store fat. Yohimbe is not without side-effects, which can include sweating, nausea and vomiting. Those taking MAO inhibitors such as tranquilizers, antidepressants or blood-pressure medications should not take yohimbe or any compounds containing yohimbine. Use of yohimbe is also contraindicated for pregnant women as well as persons with kidney disease, heart disease, liver disease, diabetes or ulcers. Persons with a history of psychoses should also avoid yohimbe as it has been known to trigger new episodes of psychic reaction. Yucca Yucca has a long history of use as a folk remedy employed for treatment of arthritis and rheumatism and is cultivated as an important medicine plant and staple food in South America. The yucca root commonly used by herbal healers comes from the flowering yucca plant, a member of the lily family that can grow to heights of 40 feet or more. The yucca root is rich in steroid-like saponins that elevate the body’s production of cortisone, possibly explaining the herbs reported ability to aid in managing arthritic pains. Currently researchers are debating the merits of various studies to determine the efficacy of using yucca in the treatment of various forms of arthritis. No study to date supports the use of yucca root at the expense of more traditional and effective therapies in the management of arthritis. Though known to occasionally induce stomach distress, yucca is generally regarded as a harmless and maybe beneficial herb. Acetyl L-Carnitine ALC, also known as Acetyl L-Carnitine, is a naturally occuring substance normally found in small amounts in milk and the human body. As a nutrional supplement ALC has recently become popular based upon compelling evidence of its ability to slow the degredation of mental functions suffered by Alzheimer’s patients. ALC has also grown in popularity as a nutrient taken by healthy people looking to increase mental functions while slowing the loss of memory normally associated with the aging process. Much of the excitement surrounding ALC has been generated by scientific tests on human patients conducted in Italy, where Alberto Spagnoli, M.D., of the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research in Milan reported that the drug slowed cognitive decline in 63 patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In fact, these patients had significantly better results than untreated Alzheimer’s patients in 13 of 14 measures of mental functioning, including memory, attention, verbal capacity and daily-living activities. Alzheimers researchers working in the United States and Europe have conducted scores of human studies with ALC, with doses ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 milligrams per day. The results of several double-blind, placebo-controlled studies indicate that ALC is effective in slowing the deterioration of cognitive functions of patients with Alzheimers disease. In several studies the progression of the disease was markedly reduced, and researchers noted increases in memory, attention span, and alertness. Scientists also found that ALC often improved moods and seemed to aleviate depression Researchers have reported that ALC seems to work by preventing normal age-dependent cell changes in the brain, as well as slowing the loss of neurons in the hippocampus. Scientists have also found that ALC is able to increase levels of NGF, also known as nerve growth factor. NGF levels normally decline with increased aging, and their loss has been associated with a subsequent loss of brain functions. Evidence also points to ALC’s ability to increase levels of choline acetyltransferase, a vital brain enzyme that plays an important role in learning and memory. Scientists have also found that ALC can aid in the repair of damaged DNA strands in white blood cells, suggesting that this nutrient can help to prevent age-related decline of immune system functions. Effective DNA repair is at the very heart of all life functions and it is theorized that with increasing age, diminished DNA repair capacity may play an important role in determining one’s risk of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. While regarded as a relatively safe substance, ALC should not be taken by pregnant or lactating women. ALC should be taken with food to prevent stomach upset. Other than slightly increased agitation, no major adverse side effects were reported in the Italian study. Choline Choline, while closely related to the B complex family of vitamins, is not truely considered a vitamin since researchers cannot agree on any common definitions of deficiency symptoms. Choline is found in all living cells, and is known to play a vital role in maintaining the central nervous system and in numerous metabolic functions. Choline is a component of lecithin and is used in the manufacture of cell membranes. It is also required for the production and metabolization of fats and cholesterol, and helps to protect the liver from the accumulation of excess fatty deposits. Choline’s most vital role may lie in its activity in the brain and central nervous system. Choline is a precursor of the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical used in the transmission of brain impulses between nerves, muscles and organs. In this role it is involved directly with cognition, long and short term memory, stimulus response, and mental energy. Since acetylcholine levels increase rapidly after consuming choline, researchers have employed choline supplements in the treatment of various disorders marked by lowered levels of acetylcholine in the brain, including Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and tardive dyskinesia. There is no recommended daily intake for choline. A deficiency of choline can result in increased fatty deposits in the liver, memory loss, and poor muscle coordination. While not toxic, excess consumption of choline can lead to over-stimulation of muscles, leading to tightening of the shoulders and neck, resulting in a tension headache. Foods highest in choline include egg yolks, liver, meats, brewers yeast, milk, legumes and whole grain cereals. Choline can be manufactured in the human body with the help of vitamin Bl2, folic acid, and the amino acid called methionine, although not necessarily in optimal amounts. Choline is also available as a dietary supplement, in such forms as phosphatydil choline, choline chloride, or choline bitartrate. Choline supplements should be avoided by persons who suffer from manic depression, as they may deepen the depressive phase of this disorder. Coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10) Coenzyme Q-10, also called ubiquinone, is a natural fat-soluble substance produced in the body and found in throughout nature in plants and animals. Similar to vitamin K, CoQ10 is classified as a non-vitamin nutrient that acts as an antioxidant to protect cell membranes from free radical activity. While long overlooked by the medical community, recent research has just begun to outline the role coenzyme Q-10 plays in maintaining life. Early in the 60’s scientists had already found that CoQ10 played an essential role in cell respiration and electron transfer. Then researchers began to notice that they only found coenzyme Q-10 deficiencies in patients suffering cardiovascular disease. They soon discovered that when coenzyme Q-10 levels fell below 25 percent of normal they began to notice major symptoms of disease. When coenzyme Q-10 fell to 75 percent below normal levels, all life activity stopped and death was inevitable. New research has also discovered coenzyme Q-10 depletion in those suffering from diabetes mellitus, periodontal disease, and muscular dystrophy. A recent study published in The Journal of Optimal Nutrition documented the life-enhancing effects of co-enzyme Q-10 as a treatment for patients suffering from heart failure so severe that no further conventional therapy was available, except possibly heart transplants. The study compared the blood levels of 154 patients for levels of co-enzyme Q-10, and several other nutrients. At the beginning of the study almost 50% of the patients were close to dying, yet after only 12 months of treatment with coenzyme Q-10, 97% of the patients were alive. Monitoring the patients evidenced high long-term survival rates of 96% of all patients still alive after 24 months, and 95% alive after 36 months. This survival data on co-enzyme Q-10 must be compared to traditional data that report survival rates of 35-65% after 12 months of treatment with conventional drugs. This extraordinary survival rate for patients taking coenzyme Q-10 is clearly superior to conventional drug treatments and provides evidence of coenzyme Q-10’s indispensable role as a mandatory energy cofactor of myocardial function and contractility. Patients with less severe heart disease were treated with 100-150 mg. a day of CoQ10, while dying patients were given 150-225 mg. a day. Dosages for patients increased whenever blood levels failed to reach 2 micrograms per milliliter and whenever new medications were added. All patients were followed for up to 58 months. These 154 cases included coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, rheumatic cardiomyopathy, chemotherapy induced cardiomyopathy, and congenital cardiomyopathy. 94% of these patients improved by one class when treated with dosages of Co-Q-10 ranging from 100 to 255 mg. a day. In studies published in the major medical journals, FDA approved cardiac drugs produce only 50% improvements after 12 months and these studies are the basis for which cardiologists prescribe these medications. Yet none of these FDA approved drugs addresses the underlying cause of these various forms of heart disease, and none of these FDA approved drugs compares to the 97% success rate using high doses of Co-Q-10. There are no known contraindications for use of Coenzyme Q-10 is available as a supplement. Foods highest in coenzyme Q-10 include beef, spinach, sardines, albacore tuna, and peanuts. Coenzyme Q-10 is also available as a supplement, generally in capsules ranging in size from 10 to 60 milligrams. DMAE DMAE, (Dimethylaminoethanol) is a nutritional supplement that supports the old wives’ tale that fish is a great brain food. DMAE is normally present in small amounts in our brains, and is known for its mental stimulation and enhancement. Because fish is naturally abundant in DMAE, a diet high in sardines and anchovies will provide higher than average levels of DMAE and choline to the brain, which serve as raw materials for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain, and by accelerating the brain’s synthesis of this important neurotransmitter, DMAE may aid in improving memory and learning, as well as preventing loss of memory in adults. DMAE helps elevate mood, improve memory and learning, increase intelligence and physical energy, and extends the life span of laboratory animals1. It is used by many people for its mild, safe stimulant effect, yet DMAE also makes it easier for most people to get to sleep. Many people report less fatigue in the day and sounder sleep at night, as well as needing less sleep when taking DMAE. The stimulant effect of DMAE is significantly different from the stimulation produced by coffee, amphetamines, or other stimulant drugs. DMAE does not have a drug-like quick up and down. People who take DMAE have reported that they feel a mild stimulation continually, without side effects. Many athletes using DMAE report an improved energy output in addition to better concentration on form and technique. Also, when DMAE use is discontinued, no depression or let-down occurs. SMART Basics DMAE includes 150 mg B-5, along with other B vitamins to support the activity of DMAE. Essential Fatty Acids, (EFAs) Essential Fatty Acids, (EFAs) are fatty acids that researchers now regard to be as vital to human health as vitamins and minerals. Reflecting this new perspective, many nutritionists now refer to this class of polyunsaturates as Vitamin K, and commonly recommend EFAs for lowering blood pressure and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. EFAs may also play an important role in reducing the risks of heart disease and strokes. EFAs are major components of all cell membranes, and without adequate levels of EFAs, cellular membranes become stiff and loss their ability for function properly. EFAs are found in particularly high concentrations in the brain where they support the transmissions of nerve impulses. Researchers have documented the importance of EFAs in brain functions, and have found that a deficiency of essential fatty acids rapidly leads to an impairment in ones ability to learn and recall information. One of the most important functions of essential fatty acids can be found in a process called the Prostaglandin Cascade. Prostaglandins (PGE1 & PGE2) are vital biochemicals that regulate a number of important body processes such as blood pressure and heart and muscle contractions. Prostaglandin production begins when a gland secretes a chemical message in the form of hormones that are released into the bloodstream. After traveling through the body and arriving at the intended cells, these hormones then attach themselves to the outer cellular membranes of the target cells. Rather than entering the intended cell directly, once attached to a cell, hormones initiate the formation of prostaglandins from fatty acids extracted from the outer cellular membrane. It is these prostaglandins that then enter the cell to begin to direct intracellular activity. In this manner prostaglandins affect cells by directing them to carry out the instructions of the gland releasing the original hormone messenger molecules. This process occurs in a fraction of a second, and immediatly after the prostaglandins have delivered the message they are destroyed. The continual extraction and destruction of fatty acids from the outer cell membranes puts a demand on the body to constantly replenish its supplies of the essential fatty acids. If this process is blocked by a shortage of essential fatty acids, prostaglandin production is impaired, leading to health problems. LINOLEIC ACID: The most important Essential Fatty Acid is Linoleic Acid which is used in the synthesis of other essential fatty acids such as Gamma Linolenic Acid. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturate which can be obtained from dietary sources such as seeds, oils, vegetables and grains. Unfortunately many dietary and lifestyle factors can seriously reduce the body’s ability to properly utilize linoleic acid for the synthesis into other EFAs. A deficiency of linoleic acid can produce a form of dermatitis characterized by red, dry, scaly skin that resembles eczema. The blotchy areas appear first on the face, clustered near the oil-secreting glands, and in the folds of the nose, lips, forehead, eyes and cheeks. Dry, rough areas also appear on the forearms, thighs and buttocks. GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID: Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) is part of the Omega 6 series of essential fatty acids and is a precursor to Series 1 prostaglandins (PGE1) and other hormones in the body. GLA is a key regulator of T-lymphocyte function in the immune system and is involved in cell metabolism and growth. GLA can also help relieve the symptoms of PMS. Although a healthy body can make GLA from dietary Linoleic Acid (the most common fatty acid found in foods), its production can be blocked by a variety of factors. Conversion of linoleic acid to GLA can be impaired if the body is deficient in zinc, magnesium and vitamins C, B-6, B-3 and A. Conversion can also be blocked if ones diet is high in fats and hydrogenated vegetable oils and margarine. GLA is frequently deficient in people with Eczema, Atherosclerosis and Diabetes Mellitus. Good sources of pre-formed GLA include Black Current Oil, Borage Oil and Evening Primrose Oil. Glucosamine Glucosamine is a natural compound normally formed in the human body from glucose. Glucosamine is required by the body for the synthesis of an important family of macromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These long chains of modified sugars (mucopolysaccharides) make up many body tissues, including tendons, ligaments, cartilage, synovial fluid, mucus membranes in the digestive and respiratory tracts, and structures in the eyes, blood vessels, and heart valves. Researchers have found that glucosamine is the key precursor for all the various sugars found in GAGs, and further, that glucosamine occupies the pivotal position in connective tissue synthesis, acting to stimulate collagen production, and connective tissue. As humans age the amount of glucosamine normally synthesized by the body declines, leading to a deficiency in the production of these important biological chemicals that form the major cushioning ingredients of the joint fluids and surrounding tissues. This further leads to specific tissue weakness as tissues in the joints become damaged and the lubricating synovial fluids in the joint spaces become thin and watery. The normal cushioning is lost leaving the bones and the cartilage to scrape against each other inside the joint space. These problems also occur in the spinal column where the individual vertebrae are stacked on top of each other, separated only by the cushioning disc. The space between the vertebrae is where many nerves leave the spinal cord. Any injury to this part of the back can cause the gelatinous cartilage to soften, putting pressure on the nerves, causing damage and loss of nerve function. Glucosamine Sulfate has been shown to help increase the thickness of the gelatinous material, creating more support for the joints and vertebrae. Inositol Inositol is a water soluble nutrient often associated with B vitamins. While its role in human nutrition is a source of ongoing debate, it was finally recognized as a vitamin in 1940. Chemically inositol is a sugar which is metabolized slowly and without the involvment of insulin. Inositol is found in cell membranes throughout the brain and central nervous system, the muscles, heart tissues, reproductive organs, and bones. It is also involved in the transportation and metabolism of fatty acids and cholesterol, and is a component of lecithin and several enzymes. This nutrient is also a hydroxyl free-radical scavenger that may aid in treating arthritis. Animals fed a diet deficient in inositol evidence symptoms such as fatty liver deposits, intestinal disorders, and nerve damage similar to diabetes. Though such symptoms have never been observed in humans, researchers are studying this nutrient as a possible treatment for diabetes related nerve disorders. There is no recommended daily intake, nor are there any recognized toxicity symptoms for inositol. Found in a wide range of foods, those highest in inositol include fruits, whole grains, vegetables, meats, and dairy products. Melatonin Melatonin is an important neurohormone that plays a role in regulating the neuroendocrine system, controlling such essential functions as metabolism, sex drive, reproduction, appetite, sleep, balance, and muscular coordination. Melatonin also helps control the immune system in fighting off diseases triggered by bacteria, viruses, chemical pollutants, and excessive free radical activity. Melatonin is normally released by the pituitary gland in response to environmental changes in light levels. The amount of melatonin circulating in the blood has been shown to rise and fall, being relatively low during daylight hours and rising substantially during darkness. Melatonin levels normally reach their peak sometime after midnight. One of the keys to maintaining good health is to maintain normal, youthful patterns of melatonin secretion and activity within the body. Unfortunately, the body’s supply of melatonin declines progressively with advancing age, which renders us increasingly vulnerable to physiological malfunctions such as sleep disorders and lethal diseases. Studies at MIT have shown that melatonin can quickly and safely hasten slumber, and that it may also be effective in treating jet lag. Taking melatonin at appropriate sleep times allows the body to naturally adapt to altered day and night patterns. Another important function of melatonin appears to be to protect women against breast cancer. There is a correlation between the decline in the synthesis of melatonin with advancing age, and the progressive increase in the risk of breast cancer in women. Moreover, research studies have demonstrated that melatonin can prevent chemically induced mammary tumors in laboratory rats and can also inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cells in tissue culture. Among the health benefits of taking low doses of melatonin on a nightly basis, which have been reported both by physicians and by those taking the hormone, have been improved sleep, increased sex drive, better resistance to viral infections, increased energy levels, and prevention of the side effects of jet lag and other types of time disorientation. Because of melatonin’s regulatory timing effects on the neuroendocrine and immune systems, which control virtually all our life functions, it is clearly associated with the aging process. Deficiencies of melatonin have been implicated in such diseases as cirrhosis of the liver, Kline-felter’s syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, and haemochromatosis, as well as the potentially dangerous side effects of excessive exposure to microwave radiation and electro-magnetic fields. Evidence suggests that taking daily doses of supplemental melatonin, in the range of 3 to 9 milligrams per day, taken just before bedtime, can serve as a means of protection against breast cancer, other diseases, and the ravages of aging. Melatonin has been taken by thousands of people without any evidence of harmful side effects. There are people who should not take melatonin. These include women seeking to become pregnant or who are already pregnant and people suffering from immune system cancers such as leukemia, Iymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, multiple myeloma, etc. Melatonin’s antineoplastic effect does not seem to effect prostate cancer, so we advise prostate cancer patients to avoid taking any more than 3 mg a night. For those suffering from metastasized prostate cancer which has become hormone refractory, melatonin/lnterleukin-2 could be beneficial, but there are no studies to rely on yet. N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is the pre-acetylized form of the simple amino acid Cysteine. N-Acetyl Cysteine is a powerful antioxidant and a premier antitoxin and immune support substance. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, which are produced by normal metabolic activity. When free radicals are left unchecked they cause damage to cells and DNA and are considered by scientists to be a major factor in the aging process. N-Acetyl Cysteine has been shown to provide protection against free radicals as well as a broad range of toxic hazards such as: acrolein (found in barbecue and cigarette smoke and auto exhaust), bromobenzene, paraquat (a toxic herbicide), overdoses of acetaminophen, and the side-effects of cyclophosphamide and adrimycin (anti-cancer drugs). The key to this protection may be the sulfur and sulfhydryl groups contained in N-Acetyl Cysteine and its derivative, Glutathione. Both Cysteine and Methionine are good precursors of glutathione, but N-Acetyl Cysteine is better. L-cysteine loses approximately 85% of its sulfur group (which becomes the active part of glutathione) in the digestion process, while N-Acetyl Cysteine, a more stable compound, loses only 15%. This means that N-Acetyl Cysteine has almost six times more effective sulfur groups left after digestion. N-Acetyl Cysteine is also a better source of glutathione than taking glutathione itself, because less than half of supplementalt glutathione gets out of the digestive system and into the body. This greater efficiency is important since cellular glutathione levels tend to drop 30% to 35% with age. Supplemental N-Acetyl Cysteine may have an anti-aging effect by increasing glutathione levels in the liver, lungs, kidneys and bone marrow. NAC is currently the dietary supplement of choice for building up or conserving the body’s stores of glutathion, cysteine, and other sulfhydryl antioxidant resources. NAC is well tolerated, is well absorbed, resists enzymatic breakdown, and has been proven to raise internal GSH and cysteine levels when taken orally. PABA PABA (para-amiobenzoic acid) is another nutrient that is often classified with the B-complex family of vitamins due to its similarity in functions. PABA is an integral component of folic acid, and works to support the body’s use of pantothenic acid. PABA is a potent antioxidant and cell stabilizer that contributes to keep red blood cells intact. PABA also absorbs ultraviolet rays, and is often included in sunscreen products to protect the skin against the damages of sunburn and help protect against skin cancer. PABA is also a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of proteins, and is required in the production of red blood cells. There is no recommended daily intake for PABA, nor are there any known toxic symptoms. Supplemental PABA should not be taken by those taking sulfa drugs. Foods containing PABA include liver, whole grains, and molasses. Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a compound that could become a key weapon in the battle against mental aging, perhaps helping to restore memory and learning capacity in older people. Phosphatidylserine is found on the surface of membranes in brain cells and synapses (the connections between nerve cells). Among the most important of its many effects is activation of protein-kinase C, an important enzyme whose brain levels are known to decline with age. It also stimulates the production of acetylcholine, a brain messenger chemical that helps regulate memory. Scientists have been conducting animal experiments with phosphatidylserine since the mid-1970s. These tests show that the substance increased the availability of glucose in the brain, stimulated the production of a number of important brain chemicals (including protein-kinase C, acetylcholine and dopamine). More recent tests show that phosphatidylserine protected against stress-induced behavioral changes and improved learning and memory in old rats. Perhaps the most eye-opening evidence regarding phosphatidylserine comes from studies of human patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In a 1988 Italian trial in which scientists gave phosphatidylserine to 70 Alzheimer’s patients for three months, the researchers found that memory improved in all patients, and the improvement was maintained three months after the drug was withdrawn. In a more recent American test at the National Institute of Mental Health, 150 otherwise healthy people who suffered from age-related memory impairment showed memory improvement of 15 to 20 percent, perhaps indicating that even healthy people can reap the restorative benefits of this drug. As further evidence, a previously unreported 1991 study by an international team of researchers showed that people who took the drug scored better on memory and concentration tests than people who didn’t. “The results,” concluded the study’s authors, “suggest that phosphatidylserine may be a promising candidate for treating memory loss later in life.” No serious side effects have been noted. Phosphyatidylserine is often prescribed in Europe for patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of cognitive impairment. Pregnenolone Pregnenolone is a naturally occurring metabolite of cholesterol that acts as a precursor to DHEA and other steroid hormones. Animal research indicates that pregnenolone possesses memory enhancing activity approximately 100 times higher than that of other compounds with similar effects. Used in the 1940’s for the treatment of arthritis, pregnenolone has a long history of use in humans without toxic side effects. Quercetin Quercetin, a cousin of Rutin, is a unique bioflavonoid that has been extensively studied by researchers around the world. Bioflavonoids are found as the pigments in leaves, barks, rinds, seeds, and flowers, usually in close association with Vitamin C. Together the two compounds seem to provide antioxidant protection to plants, helping them withstand exposure to climatic variations in wind, rainfall, temperature and sunlight. Bioflavonoids are also important for human health, but unfortunately cannot be manufactured by the body and must be supplied either from supplements or foods. Bioflavonoids were first discovered by Nobel Prize Laureate Albert Szent-Gyorgy in the 1930’s. Bioflavonoids act to protect and preserve the structure of capillary blood vessels, promote circulation, stimulate bile production and lower cholesterol levels. Since his groundbreaking work researchers have been able to isolate Quercetin from blue-green algae. Quercetin has been the subject of dozens of scientific reports over the past 30 years. Quercetin has a unique synergistic relationship with Vitamin C, and taken together both improve the efficacy of the other. Aniracetam Aniracetam, another chemical cousin of piracetam, is also known as Draganon, Ro 13-5057, and Sarpul. It is considered even more powerful, and is used to treat more conditions. Aniracetam has much the same effect as piracetam without problems of toxicity or side effects. Its use as a smart drug is less common. The U.S. patent holder, Hoffman-LaRoche, has had problems gaining FDA approval for treating Alzheimer’s disease. So far the drug has not been officially approved in any country. Though it has great potential, aniracetam is primarily used in research, and is not yet widely available as a smart drug. Centrophenoxine One of the most venerable of the anti-aging compounds, centrophenoxine is a combination of dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), a natural substance found in the human body, and auxin, a plant growth hormone. Although new research on centrophenoxine is limited, many experts feel that its potential anti-aging benefits may stem from its proven ability to combat free radicals, highly reactive molecules that damage cells and that many experts regard as a central feature of aging. Centrophenoxine has also been shown in some studies to boost memory and mental acuity in humans, and to combat cellular aging and increase life span in lab animals. An experiment by Kalidas Nandy, Ph.D., of the Boston University School of Medicine found that centrophenoxine reduced buildup of lipofuscin, a pigment that accumulates in aging cells and can interfere with their functioning. Other research indicates that centrophenoxine can shore up cell membranes and increase cellular manufacture of RNA and certain proteins, which tend to decline with age. But the real eye-opener is a study by Imre Zs.-Nagy, M.D., of the Hungarian-Italian Verzar Laboratory for Experimental Gerontology, in which centrophenoxine extended life span in lab rats by as much as 33 percent. Among the most promising of the human trials of centrophenoxine is a 1989 study in which the drug improved memory and learning in 50 elderly demented patients by as much as 48 percent. Although centrophenoxine has not been shown to be toxic in animal tests, it should not be used by nursing mothers, or by people with high blood pressure, convulsions or involuntary musculoskeletal movements caused by such conditions as Parkinson’s disease. A strong indication of the potency of centrophenoxine comes from Europe, where it is used in hospitals to revive patients in alcoholic or post-traumatic coma. Some European doctors routinely prescribe it to treat memory disorders or dementia. Although not marketed in the US, it is obtainable by mail order, and is among the most reliable-and certainly the most praised-of the “smart drugs” that are taken by people seeking to boost mental performance. Excerpted from BRAIN BOOSTERS: Foods & Drugs That Make You Smarter Commonly known by its trade name, Lucidril, centrophenoxine rejuvenates brain cells and reverses the aging process by getting rid of lipofuscin deposits, which are cellular garbage created by the buildup of toxic waste by-products of cellular metabolism. You might think of centrophenoxine as the “garbage man of the brain.” Lipofuscin deposits in the skin are the brown age spots or liver spots commonly seen in older people. Lipofuscin deposits build up in brain cells, causing neurons to die, which results in a decline in mental functioning. Animal studies indicate an inverse relationship between lipofuscin deposits and learning. That is, the greater the lipofuscin in the brain cells, the less the learning ability; the less lipofuscin, the greater the learning ability. After taking centrophenoxine people report greater alertness and increased feelings of stimulation. Animal studies show improvements in learning. The rejuvenating effects in humans is believed to be produced by regeneration of parts of the neurons. Centrophenoxine breaks down into dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) in the blood stream. DMAE is normally found in small quantities in the brain. It is a free-radical scavenger, and has a variety of beneficial brain-boosting effects, including improving mood, intelligence, memory, and learning ability. Centrophenoxine stimulates energy production. The uptake of glucose or sugar, which is essential for energy production, is increased by centrophenoxine. In the process of producing energy, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide created as a by-product. Both oxygen consumption and CO2 production are increased by centrophenoxine. The side effects are similar to those experienced by people taking too much of the nutrient choline. These symptoms are eliminated by reducing the dosage. People on an anti-cholinergic diet should not use centrophenoxine. Centrophenoxine is not currently available in the U.S. It is sold in Europe, however. Deprenyl Scientific evidence from laboratories around the world suggests that deprenyl, also known as selegiline, may have broad anti-aging benefits, both mental and physical. Among other things, this compound inhibits monoamine oxidase-B, a natural substance which at increased levels has been associated with brain aging, senescence and Alzheimer’s disease. Long known as an antidepressant (although its role in alleviating depression is controversial), deprenyl has recently come into its own as an adjunct to L-dopa treatment for Parkinson’s disease. There are even impressive hints from animal studies that deprenyl lengthens life. In 1988 Joseph Knoll, M.D., of Semmelweis University of Medicine in Budapest found that the average life span of rats treated with deprenyl was 34 percent longer than that of untreated rats. He also noted that while untreated rats lost their sexual vitality with age, 64 of 66 of the deprenyl-treated animals retained sexual vigor. More recently, in 1991, a team from the Israeli Institute for Biological Research in Ness-Ziona, reported that deprenyl significantly improved learning and memory in elderly rats. Although deprenyl’s effectiveness as an antidepressant remains controversial, a 1988 study by J. John Mann, M.D., of the University of Pittsburgh Medical School, reported in our earlier article, concluded that deprenyl was three times better than placebo in alleviating depression. In a number of preliminary tests of deprenyl as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, patients showed some improvement in mental functioning, especially memory, verbal communication and daily-living skills. The consensus among experts is that deprenyl is relatively free of adverse side effects. However, it can induce mild overstimulation similar to that from caffeine. Because deprenyl is approved by the FDA for treatment of Parkinson’s disease (it is widely used for that purpose in both Europe and the US), it can be obtained with a doctor’s prescription and is thus among the more readily available of the anti-aging drugs. It may be well worth discussing with your doctor as a potential sexual invigorator or even as a general antiaging therapy. DEPRENYL PROTECTS AGAINST DEATH OF NEURONS Researchers have written a great about the benefits of deprenyl over the past few years, presenting evidence that deprenyl, in doses ranging from .5 mg every other day to 1.O mg per day, reverses the age-related increase in the enzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), which degrades the neurotransmitter dopamine, the loss of which dampens our mood, throttles our sex drive, and unhinges our coordination. It’s also been reported evidence that deprenyl combats the free radical mediated damage to neurons that plays an important role in pathologies associated with brain aging. But, perhaps, the most impressive evidence of deprenyl’s ability to fight brain aging is its ability to rescue dying neurons in tissue culture. This finding suggests that deprenyl can prevent the most critical event in brain aging-the death of irreplaceable neurons. EFFECTS OF DEPRENYL ON BRAIN MICROANATOMY A variety of degenerative changes occur in the brain’s microanatomy both in normal aging and senile dementia. A recent study at the University of La Sapienza in Rome, Italy (Mech Of Aging & Devel, 73:113126:1994) was designed to determine the effects of long-term administration of deprenyl on microanatomical changes in the aging rat brain, especially in areas of the brain involved in cognition, such and the frontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as the cerebellar cortex. The Italian scientists used male Sprague-Dawley rats of 11 and 19 months of age. Twenty 1 9-month-old rats were randomly allotted to two groups of 10 animals each, which were injected with either 0.25 mg/kg of deprenyl or saline every other day. Another group of 11-month-old untreated rats was used to compare the effects of deprenyl in aging animals to healthy normal adult animals. Both the experimental and control groups were sacrificed at 24 months of age and their brains examined for age dependent changes. DEPRENYL SLOWS MICROANATOMICAL BRAIN CHANGES The scientists found that deprenyl was able to counteract, to some degree, all four of the age-dependent microanatomical changes in the rat brain examined in the study. The first is density of nerve cell profiles-a measure of the ability of the nervous system to receive, analyze, and store information-which is reduced progressively with advancing age in the rat brain. Less of a reduction in the density of nerve cell profiles was found in the rats given deprenyl, but this change was not statistically significant, except for the Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum. The second parameter studied was the density of Nissl’s staining in the cytoplasm of pyramidal and Purkinje neurons, which is believed to be a measure of the ribonucleic acid content of nerve cells. Treatment with deprenyl restored the intensity of Nissl’s staining in nerve cell populations of the hippocampus and the cerebellar cortex in aged rats. Third was age-dependent lipofuscin accumulation, which is believed to be a by-product of the peroxidative action of free radicals on membrane lipids. It was found that deprenyl decreased lipofuscin (aging pigment) accumulation in neurons, suggesting that it may have reduced oxidative stress on these cells. Last was sulphide-silver staining within the hippocampus, which is related to the density of zinc-containing synaptic junctions, which are critical in learning, memory, and information processing within the brain. The administration of deprenyl countered, in part, the reduction of sulphide silver staining, which the scientists believe may be related to the improvement of cognitive function produced by deprenyl treatment in aged rats. (Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 39:297304:1 991). These findings showing that deprenyl can slow important microanatomical changes in the aging rat brain provide further evidence to explain the ability of the drug to improve cognitive and behavioral function in both normally aging and demented humans by preventing the premature death of brain cells. NEW STUDIES ON DEPRENYL Every month, we see new studies on deprenyl showing it to be even more effective for aging than previously thought. Some of these new studies have duplicated the successful research conducted in Japan showing that one mechanism by which deprenyl extends lifespan is by boosting antioxidant enzyme levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. A new study has shown that oral doses of deprenyl given to dogs for only three weeks produced a dose-dependent increase of both SOD and catalase in the striatum, but not the hippocampus region of the brain (Life Sciences 54:201994). These results are in accordance with previously published results in rats. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes are more effective in preventing free radical damage than supplemental antioxidants. Deprenyl is well known to boost brain levels of dopamine by inhibiting monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). Dopamine elevation conferred life extension benefits in an early study and is known to boost cognitive function and improve sexual performance. Raising base levels of SOD and catalase helps explain further the underlying mechanisms of deprenyl’s antiaging effects. In a study in the Feb 1994 issue of Mechanisms of Aging and Development, long term treatment with deprenyl was investigated on age dependent changes in the rat brain. Deprenyl treated rats (they were given the drug in their drinking water) were shown to have decreased levels of lipofuscin (aging pigment) in certain brain regions. Increased brain levels of lipofuscin have been linked to senile dementia in humans. The loss of density of certain neuronal fibers (especially in the hippocampus region of the brain) was reduced in animals receiving deprenyl (compared to the placebo group), which helps to explain deprenyl’s ability to improve memory in Alzheimer’s patients. Loss of neuronal fibers also occurs in “normal” aging. Based upon recent studies suggesting the benefits of higher oral doses of deprenyl, the following are commonly used doses for deprenyl: * Age 40-50: 5 mg of Deprenyl three to four times a week; * Age 50-60: 5 mg of Deprenyl four to six times a week; * Age 60-70: 5 mg of Deprenyl daily; * Over 70: 5 to 10 mg of Deprenyl daily. Every decade over age 40-45 results in the death of 13% of the dopamine producing neurons in humans. If you suffer from an accelerated decline in your dopamine producing neurons, you are said to have Parkinson’s disease. Deprenyl protects against the death of dopamine producing neurons and for this reason alone, should be part of your life extension program if you are over 40 years of age. Dilantin (Phenytoin) Dilantin is a remarkable multipurpose drug that has been the subject of more than 8,000 published papers. It is the most common treatment for epilepsy, and is prescribed under the generic name phenytoin and its trade name, Dilantin. It normalizes and improves mental functioning in general and improves concentration, learning, and thinking in particular. Discovered in 1938, Dilantin was used as an anticonvulsant and is still heralded as the most effective drug for this purpose ever discovered. Although scientists are just beginning to understand the electrical nature of humans and other animals, most people know that our nerves are electrical in nature. Thinking, memory, and pain are all electrically generated. Dilantin stabilizes the electrical activity in the body at the level of the cell membrane. Dilantin stops convulsions, which are electrical in nature. When cells show too much or too little electrical activity, phenytoin brings them back into balance. In addition, when the brain cells are functioning normally, the drug can calm the individual and increase energy levels. So phenytoin acts as a kind of medical equivalent to meditation, promoting calm and harmony. Because Dilantin influences electric currents, it can affect thinking and recall. Scientists don’t really understand how phenytoin works; however, they postulate that it influences electromagnetic fields, which polarize the electrically charged elements in the cells. This results in a more effective organizational structure, so that cell and brain functioning is improved. One of the major advantages of Dilantin is it stabilizes and normalizes the nervous system without acting as either a stimulant or a depressant. The result is that one can concentrate, learn, and remember better. Prolonged concentration can be exhausting. One effect of Dilantin is that it delays the onset of fatigue and thereby reduces errors that accompany fatigue. In this regard, phenytoin’s effect is similar to that of stimulants, but it is not a stimulant and has none of the side effects common to stimulants. Generally Dilantin’s effectiveness for a wide variety of disorders is unknown to most doctors. Most doctors think it is useful only in maintaining epilepsy, and are not knowledgeable about its tremendous impact on general cognitive functioning, mood moderation, and concentration. Dilantin does have some significant but infrequent side effects when taken in regular dosages. Some people report tremors, insomnia, headaches. dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Dr. Pelton indicates that phenytoin can occasionally cause liver toxicity during the first few weeks of use. Some people, mostly children with epilepsy, report gum problems. A major consideration for most people using Dilantin is that it can disturb absorption of vitamin D and folic acid, which are essential for health. Dr. Pelton recommends that people on phenytoin therapy take supplements of vitamin D, calcium, and folic acid. Dilantin is available, by prescription, in capsule, tablet, and liquid forms. The original patent has expired, so it is available under its generic name, phenytoin, as well as under its trade name Dilantin in the United States, and Epanutin, Epamin, Eplin, Idantoin, and Aleviatan in other countries. Fipexide So far, little is known about the effects of this cognitive enhancer, which is also known by the names Attentil, BP 662, and Vigilor. Whereas most nootropics improve both learning and recall, fipexide helps learning but not recall. Nootropics in the pyrrolidone family work by affecting the parts of the nervous system that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. Fipexide works by slightly increasing the amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. With more dopamine, there is better motor coordination, an improved immune system, more motivation to act, and a better emotional balance, all of which might contribute to the kind of mental fine tuning that promotes learning. Gerovital (GH-3) Dr. Ana Aslan, director of the Institute of Geriatrics in Romania, developed Gerovital (GH-3) in the early 1950s. GH-3 has been hailed as a miraculous youth formula that combats the ravages of aging and makes people feel more energetic and youthful. It is claimed to reverse the aging process, and to improve thinking and memory by providing the nutrients needed to repair damaged cells and membranes. Procaine hydrochloride can pass through the damaged membranes of diseased cells. It increases the cell’s consumption of oxygen, and provides nutrients that help the damaged cells repair or renew membranes. Chemically, GH-3, which is an injectable treatment, is made of procaine hydrochloride mixed with potassium metabisulfate, disodium phosphate, and benzoic acid. Procaine breaks down in the body into PABA (paraminobenzoic acid), a B vitamin, and DEAE (diethylaminoethanol), which is chemically similar to DMAE and is converted in the cells into choline. PABA aids the body in blood-cell formation, protein metabolism, and skin functions. A deficiency of PABA can cause constipation, depression, digestive disorders, stress, infertility, fatigue, gray hair, headaches, and irritability. PABA stimulates the intestinal bacterial system to produce the B vitamins folic acid, pantothenic, and biotin, and vitamin K. PABA is rapidly disposed of by the liver, so ingesting it alone can get disappointing results. However, when combined with the procaine hydrochloride molecule, PABA is more effective. DEAE has an antidepressant effect. DEAE comprises choline and acetylcholine, which make up important neurotransmitters that facilitate brain functioning. Ana Aslan experimented with the rejuvenative effects of procaine through the late 1940s and well into the 1950s. Out of this research she developed an improved formula, in which she buffered and stabilized the basic procaine hydrochloride, which she called Gerovital H-3 or GH-3. Dr. Aslan presented her results from treatment of more than 2,500 people using GH-3 to the Karlsruhe Therapy Congress. She claimed GH-3 relieved depression, arthritis, angina pectoris, and hypertension, produced muscular vigor, and had a rejuvenative effect at the cellular level. Her results were confirmed in the l970’s on 15,000 people aged 40 to 62. People taking GH-3 claim relief from a host of ailments and pains. They say it is an antidepressant and brain tonic that makes people more alert and cheerful. It is reported to arrest aging symptoms, hair loss, graying, wrinkling, and hardened skin. Depression in the elderly was researched by an NIMH team, who concluded that it was c caused by a buildup of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MA0) in the brain. Typically this process begins around age 45 and continues with age. Dr. Alfred Sapse, who had interned under Ana Aslan, showed that GH-3 is an MA0 inhibitor that gave rapid improvement in depression and insomnia patients. They also reported a general improved sense of well-being. Patients with high cholesterol showed reduced serum cholesterol after four weeks’ treatment. Sapse’s results were replicated at UCLA and Duke University. Even though numerous impressive studies were conducted in the United States, Sapse was frustrated in his many attempts to gain FDA approval to market GH-3 in the United States as a treatment for depression and aging. The Dr. Ana Aslan Institute in Miami, Florida, provides treatment using Aslan’s original formula. The treatment consists of Gerovital administered by injection three times a week for four weeks, followed by a ten-day rest period and another four-week treatment period. GH-3 also comes in tablet form. The dose is one tablet a day for twenty-five days, then no GH-3 for a five-day rest period. Human Growth Hormone Of all the substances with potential anti-aging properties, none has aroused such widespread excitement or generated such widespread controversy as Human Growth Hormone. Secreted by the pituitary gland, human growth hormone (also known as hGH or somatotropin) was shown in a widely reported 1990 study by Daniel Rudman, M.D., and his colleagues at the Medical College of Wisconsin to trim fat, build muscle and improve skin tone in a dozen elderly men. In the wake of Rudman’s report, headlines around the country trumpeted hGH as a rejuvenator and age-reverser. Since then, medical journals around the world have bulged with new reports of hGH’s many potential benefits, including the possibility that it may help the body fight off infectious diseases and cancer. Of the many animal experiments using hGH, perhaps the most exciting has been a 1991 study by Michael Torosian, M.D., and Robert Donoway, M.D., of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia, in which hGH significantly slowed the spread of lung cancer in rats. The researchers now hope to apply for permission to do human tests. In addition to hGH’s ability to trim fat and increase muscle mass, newer studies are beginning to show that it may play an important role in combating age-related diseases. In 1991, a team led by Christian Wiedermann of the University of Innsbruck Medical School in Austria reported that hGH had stimulated the functioning of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, immune-system cells that fight off bacterial infections. (Age-related declines in the activity of these cells leave older people more vulnerable to infectious diseases.) In 1992, Fran Kaiser, M.D., of the St. Louis University School of Medicine reported that injections of synthetic growth hormone stimulated appetite, induced weight gain and increased muscle mass in five elderly patients who were suffering from chronic malnutrition. Since other studies have shown that up to 65 percent of older people in hospitals and nursing homes may be malnourished, Kaiser suggests that hGH be further considered and tested as a possible treatment for age-related malnutrition. Taking large doses of hGH may result in acromegaly, a condition in which the bones of the face are grotesquely enlarged, and which has been associated with high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Some experts fear that hGH may stimulate tumor growth in people with cancer, although this has not been scientifically established. Human growth hormone is approved by the FDA for the physician-supervised treatment of unusually short children, meaning that it is available by doctor’s prescription. Because of its muscle-building propensities, hGH is in considerable demand among athletes, many of whom consider it a legal and relatively safe alternative to anabolic steroids. Hydergine The granddaddy of the so-called smart drugs, hydergine has a long history as a mental de-ager. An extract of ergot, a fungus that grows on rye, hydergine (also known as dihydroergotoxine) was developed in the 1940s as a treatment for hypertension. Since then, hydergine has undergone scores of tests in patients with varying forms of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. Although the results have been equivocal, the Physicians’ Desk Reference lists hydergine as offering “some” relief for age-related declines in mental acuity. In old rats, hydergine has been shown to increase metabolism and uptake of glucose in the brain. It also helps rejuvenate connections between brain cells, protect the brain against damage due to oxygen starvation and improve learning capabilities. Although a 1990 study at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia concluded that hydergine was ineffective as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, Longevity reported in 1991 that exhaustive testing in a number of laboratories in the US of more than 1,000 patients with various kinds of senile disorders indicates that those treated with hydergine had consistently higher scores in such cognitive functions as mental alertness, clarity and mood. Hydergine is nontoxic and relatively safe. Its potential side effects include mild nausea and gastric disturbance. It should not be taken by people with psychosis, or those with low blood pressure or abnormally slow heartbeat. One of the most exciting things about hydergine is its availability. It has FDA approval as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease, but some doctors may prescribe it to combat brain aging in healthy people. Excerpt from BRAIN BOOSTERS: Foods & Drugs That Make You Smarter Hydergine is considered by some to be an all-purpose brain booster . It increases mental abilities, prevents brain cells from being damaged by free radicals or by too little oxygen (hypoxia), and reverses brain-dell damage. Hydergine increases learning, memory, and recall in several ways. It speeds up the level of metabolism in the brain cells and increases the amount of blood and oxygen getting to the brain. Hydergine reduces brain damage when oxygen is insufficient, as during a stroke. Hydergine slows down lipofuscin deposits associated with brain-cell aging, and acts as a prophylactic against damage from free radicals. The only FDA-approved uses of hydergine are senility and cerehrovascular insufficiency, which is caused by poor blood circulation to the brain. Hydergine’s effectiveness in reducing symptoms of senility have been well-established. Hydergine increases the oxygen supply in the brain, which keeps production of free radicals in check. When oxygen is in short supply because of smoking, cerebral insufficiency, strokes, or heart attacks, free radicals are rapidly produced, resulting in brain-cell damage. In Europe, hydergine is regularly given in hospital emergency rooms to victims of strokes, heart attacks, hemorrhage, drug overdoses, drowning, and electrocution. Because brain damage can occur from emergencies during surgery where oxygen and blood can be cut off, European hospitals routinely administer hydergine pre-surgery as an extra measure of caution. In spite of the volumes of research demonstrating the effectiveness of hydergine in these cases, use with accident victims or as a preventive measure is not approved in the United States by the FDA. Hydergine has been studied extensively, with more than 3,000 research papers published on it to date, making it one of the most widely studied and prescribed drugs. Hydergine was originally produced and distributed by Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, and later by Dorsey Pharmaceuticals, a division of Sandoz. Because the original patent has expired, numerous generic versions are now available in various strengths through prescription. According to FDA guidelines, prescription is permitted for anti-senility only. However, in practice it is often used for improving intelligence and combating aging, and is prescribed for higher doses than those usually approved in the U.S. Hydergine is available in the U.S. by prescription only. Hydergine may have even better effects when used in conjunction with piracetam; researchers suggest taking smaller doses of both to get the best effect. KH3 Another procaine formulation similar to Gerivital is KH3, which is a gelatin capsule containing procaine and hematoporphyrin. Hematoporphyrin boosts the procaine action. It is claimed to help alertness, concentration, and recall as well as improve a number of health problems. The benefits are attributed to improved circulation to the brain. The only state where KH3 is sold legally is Nevada. It is also available over the counter in Europe. Metformin Two of the most common denizens of aging are atherosclerosis, a clogging of the arteries that can lead to life-shortening heart disease, and a declining immune system, which can mean decreased resistance to infectious diseases and even cancer. Metformin, a drug used for years in Europe to treat adult-onset diabetes, may also have some anti-aging properties-lowering cholesterol, for example, and boosting the immune system. New evidence from the University of Milan suggests that metformin may also help treat atherosclerosis. Over the past 25 years, tests in rats and rabbits have shown that metformin reduces the ability of very low density lipoprotein, a form of “bad” cholesterol, to bind to blood vessel walls, while making blood platelets less likely to coagulate and form dangerous clots. There’s exciting recent news concerning what may turn out to be one of metformin’s most important anti-aging properties: its ability to treat patients whose blood vessels are constricted by atherosclerosis. In 1992, a research team led by C.R. Sirtori of the Institute of Pharmacological Sciences at the University of Milan tested metformin on 11 patients with peripheral vascular disease. Their blood vessels were so clogged that they could not walk normally for more than about 550 yards. After treatment with metformin, however, the patients’ blood flow increased by 30 percent, and their exercise capacity increased by anywhere from 53 percent to 105 percent. At the low doses (two 500 mg doses per day) used in the Italian study, no side effects were noted. Higher doses can produce lactic acidosis, a condition in which the blood becomes acidic, and which can lead to nausea and vomiting. Because it helps normalize the metabolism of glucose, metformin is widely used in western Europe to treat adult-onset diabetes. Oxiracetam Chemically, oxiracetam is similar to piracetam, though stronger in effect. It is one of the more commonly used smart drugs, and known by a number of names, including CT-848, hydroxypiracetam, ISF-2522, Neuractiv, and Neuromet. Oxiracetam has had the most widespread use in Italy, where it was developed in 1988 by ICF, an Italian drug company. In the U.S., use has not been approved by the FDA. Smith Kline Beckman Corporation is trying to get the drug approved for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Some research indicates that the effects of oxiracetam may be greater than those of piracetam in improving elderly subjects ability to remember things. Oxiracetam has been shown to be nontoxic, like other nootropics, as well as safe in dosages that far exceed what the average person takes. Piracetam Piracetam, also called nootropil, is the most commonly taken nootropic. It helps boost intelligence without being toxic or addictive. Piracetam is very similar in chemical structure to the amino acid pyroglutamate, present in meat, vegetables, fruits, and dairy products. Piracetam stimulates the cerebral cortex and increases the rate of metabolism and energy level of brain cells. It does not have the side effects associated with other stimulants. The primary clinical use is to protect the brain from damage caused by hypoxia, which is oxygen starvation, and to help recover from it. Brain cells can be starved for oxygen by drinking too much alcohol, for example. Another clinical use is stemming memory loss caused by physical injury and chemical poisoning. Piracetam seems to help step up the flow of messages between the two hemispheres or halves of the brain, which is sometimes called the interhemispheric flow of information. Dean and Morgenthaler speculate that the increased communication between right and left brains is associated with flashes of creativity. They believe that piracetam may actually have a regenerative effect on the nervous system. Piracetam may improve learning by increasing the brain’s ability to synthesize new proteins. The specific chain of events is complicated and beyond the scope of this book, but the upshot of the research is that piracetam is a powerful nootropic that seems to contribute to improved memory and learning through several different types of chemical changes that it triggers in the brain. Research shows significant improvements in memory and mental performance. Piracetam has a synergistic effect, such as helping the individual remember things better, when taken with DMAE, centrophenoxine, choline, Deaner, lecithin, or hydergine. Reports show it works three to four times better when acetylcholine-enhancing nutrients or drugs are used. Studies suggest that when taken in combination, Piracetam and choline are much more effective both in improving memory and in preventing the mental decline that comes with aging than when either substance is used by itself. The research indicates that either by itself or with choline, piracetam is one of the most effective nootropic drugs in its impact on memory and learning. Piracetam is most easily obtained over the counter in Mexico and in various European countries. Up until recently it could be obtained through the mail from an off-shore pharmacy. Phenytoin (Dilantin) Phenytoin is a remarkable multipurpose drug that has been the subject of more than 8,000 published papers. It is the most common treatment for epilepsy, and is prescribed under the generic name phenytoin and its trade name, Phenytoin. It normalizes and improves mental functioning in general and improves concentration, learning, and thinking in particular. Discovered in 1938, Phenytoin was used as an anticonvulsant and is still heralded as the most effective drug for this purpose ever discovered. Although scientists are just beginning to understand the electrical nature of humans and other animals, most people know that our nerves are electrical in nature. Thinking, memory, and pain are all electrically generated. Phenytoin stabilizes the electrical activity in the body at the level of the cell membrane. Phenytoin stops convulsions, which are electrical in nature. When cells show too much or too little electrical activity, phenytoin brings them back into balance. In addition, when the brain cells are functioning normally, the drug can calm the individual and increase energy levels. So phenytoin acts as a kind of medical equivalent to meditation, promoting calm and harmony. Because Phenytoin influences electric currents, it can affect thinking and recall. Scientists don’t really understand how phenytoin works; however, they postulate that it influences electromagnetic fields, which polarize the electrically charged elements in the cells. This results in a more effective organizational structure, so that cell and brain functioning is improved. One of the major advantages of Phenytoin is it stabilizes and normalizes the nervous system without acting as either a stimulant or a depressant. The result is that one can concentrate, learn, and remember better. Prolonged concentration can be exhausting. One effect of Phenytoin is that it delays the onset of fatigue and thereby reduces errors that accompany fatigue. In this regard, phenytoin’s effect is similar to that of stimulants, but it is not a stimulant and has none of the side effects common to stimulants. Generally Phenytoin’s effectiveness for a wide variety of disorders is unknown to most doctors. Most doctors think it is useful only in maintaining epilepsy, and are not knowledgeable about its tremendous impact on general cognitive functioning, mood moderation, and concentration. Phenytoin does have some significant but infrequent side effects when taken in regular dosages. Some people report tremors, insomnia, headaches. dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Dr. Pelton indicates that phenytoin can occasionally cause liver toxicity during the first few weeks of use. Some people, mostly children with epilepsy, report gum problems. A major consideration for most people using Phenytoin is that it can disturb absorption of vitamin D and folic acid, which are essential for health. Dr. Pelton recommends that people on phenytoin therapy take supplements of vitamin D, calcium, and folic acid. Phenytoin is available, by prescription, in capsule, tablet, and liquid forms. The original patent has expired, so it is available under its generic name, phenytoin, as well as under its trade name Phenytoin in the United States, and Epanutin, Epamin, Eplin, Idantoin, and Aleviatan in other countries. Pramiracetam Pramiracetam, also known as CI-879, is another chemical relative to piracetam, and has a similar effect in improving the operations of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Like oxiracetam, pramiracetam appears to be more potent than piracetam. Although pramiracetam seems to be more potent and effective, it is less common than piracetam. Pramiracetam is newer, less tested, and less available. Parke Davis is working through the maze of FDA approval of pramiracetam to treat Alzheimer’s disease. If pramiracetam becomes legally available, it will probably be used not only for Alzheimer’s disease but for cognitive enhancement as well. Tacrine Tacrine or THA (tetrahydroaminoacridine) has been demonstrated in research by Dr. Mohs and by Dr. Summers to consistently improve memory in Alzheimer’s patients. Dr. Summers has had very hopeful results treating Alzheimer’s with a combination of deprenyl and THA plus the nutrient lecithin. Deprenyl increases availability of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and phenylethylamine, which play a critical role in motor, behavior, and cognitive functions. THA helps to preserve acetylcholine in the brain, and lecithin is a nutrient from which the body manufactures acetylcholine. Although deprenyl and THA plus lecithin work according to different mechanisms, it is believed the combination of the two is more effective in improving memory in Alzheimer’s patients. Summers used THA plus lecithin extensively with patients with good success until July 1990, when the FDA forced him to stop his project. Unfortunately, THA is hard to obtain, and deprenyl has been approved only for treating Parkinson’s disease. As a result, research into improving this treatment is slow, and approval doesn’t look likely, which has lead to an outcry by Summers and the families of Alzheimer’s sufferers. In 1991, they filed a class-action suit against the FDA. Under pressure from the lawsuit, the FDA decided to allow “expanded access” to THA under its “treatment IND program.” However, Saul Kent, publisher of Life Extension Report, points out that the promised access is, in fact, limited by many restrictions. As an alternative, Summers’s group established an Alzheimer’s Buyer’s Club in Costa Rica. Vasopressin Vasopressin has memory-enhancing effects and is widely known as the prescription drug manufactured by Sandoz Pharmaceutical Company under the trade name Diapid. Vasopressin is a brain hormone produced in the pituitary gland, and acts to imprint new information into the brain’s memory centers. Without vasopressin you can’t learn or acquire new information. Similarly, it helps in memory retrieval by drawing information into conscious thought. Earliest research was conducted in the Netherlands in the mid-’60s by Dr. de Wied, who found that vasopressin acts directly on brain cells and the central nervous system to improve the imprinting system by which electric impulses with information became encoded into longterm memories. During this process new proteins are synthesized and deposited into the memory centers of the brain. Research on humans using vasopressin revealed similar memory enhancing results. Patients with memory problems showed improved attention span, concentration, recall, and ability to learn. Stimulants like LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, and Cylert cause the pituitary to release vasopressin. Frequent use of these drugs can lead to sluggish mental performance and depression resulting from vasopressin depletion. On the other hand, marijuana and alcohol, which are depressants, inhibit the release of vasopressin This explains why regular users, especially of marijuana, often complain of memory loss. These problems can be reversed, almost immediately, by inhaling Diapid, because it is absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nose and goes quickly to the brain results are often evident in less than a minute. Diapid, which is a nasal spray manufactured by Sandoz, has been approved by the FDA only to treat the frequent urination associated with diabetes insipidus and bedwetting in children. The FDA has not approved its use in healthy people for memory and learning enhancement. Diapid is considered to be very safe, with no major side effects. However, some people experience mild symptoms such as nose irritation, headaches, abdominal cramps, and an increased desire to move the bowels. Pregnant women should avoid it, since safety during pregnancy has not been established. Vasopressin can be obtained in the United States by prescription. It is available over the counter in Mexico.	i don't know
What sleepy little Washington town is home to the characters in Twilight, that popular entry in the young-adult vampire-romance novel/movie genre?	Vampire Fiction for Young Adults Reviews of Vampire Fiction for Young Adults Vampire fiction is probably one of the most popular horror subgenres for young adults/teens. Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel hooked a whole generation of teens. There is often a mix of horror and romance in vampire fiction for young adults, I will note which reviews could fall under the horror romance as well as vampire fiction. I will note to be under the vampire fiction category there needs to be some bloodshed. There are a large number of books based on the TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel, I will give these books their own page . There are also lists of vampire books for teens here. Melissa de la Cruz author of the The Blue Bloods series Mari Mancusi author of the Blood Coven series Kimberly Pauley author of Sucks to Be Me : The All-True Confessions of Mina Hamilton, Teen Vampire (maybe) P.C. Cast co-author of House of Night series Interested in a little Paranormal Romance, check out our new teen Paranormal Romance/Urban Fantasy section. Melissa de la Cruz shares a guest post on our Musings of the Monster Librarian blog. We are pleased to announce that our Reading Bites blog is back so stop on over for a visit! Last Breath by Rachel CaineNew Review Allison and Busby, 2011 Available: New Last Breath is the eleventh installment of Rachel Caineï¿½s popular Morganville Vampires series. It picks up where book 10, Bite Club, left off, following the fate of heroine Claire Danvers as she tries to survive in a town run by vampires. In this book, the vampires of Morganville are disappearing one by one, after being seen in the company of creepy newcomer Magnus. As the town begins to realize the danger Magnus poses, Claire has to decide how (and if) she can save the Morganville vampires from this new threat. What if there is something worse than vampires out there? One of the key strengths of Caineï¿½s series has always been its heroine. Claire Danvers is smart, strong and independent. While she is younger than some YA heroines, starting the series at just sixteen years old, Caineï¿½s creation has proved to be one of the smartest protagonists of vampire series that I have come across. I particularly enjoy the fact that Claire is defined by her intelligence, not by her attraction to vampires. Last Breath is no exception to this ï¿½ once again, Claire has to answer the questions that baffle the centuries-old undead and save them (again!) from a terrible fate. While this might sound like going over old ground for the Morganville series, Caine has introduced a new antagonist who is both unusual and fascinating, and new history that goes some way to explaining why the sunlight-phobic vampires have chosen to set up home in the middle of the desert! Like most of the Morganville books, Last Breath ends on a cliffhanger. This does mean that it canï¿½t really be read as a standalone; the series makes a lot more sense if read in sequence. But for readers who have been enjoying the series so far, Last Breath is a great new episode in one of the strongest YA vampires series around. Highly recommended. Amy Mahï¿½s first book, Fangs Rule: A Girls Guide to Being a Vampire, was a charming, beautifully illustrated work with an adolescent viewpoint that was clever and light. But her new work, Amy Mah: Vampire, is a departure in the wrong direction. The diction and voice are very young, appealing at best to pre-teen readers, but Mahï¿½s constant referrals to nudity, losing virginity, being spanked by numerous adults, and lesbian sex are disturbing and should be left to older audiences. This creates an unsettling and unsuccessful conflict between voice and audience. Although Mahï¿½s plot is original and could make a good vampire series, other than Amy herself, the characters are standard and underdeveloped. The voice changes erratically, alerting the reader to new point of view by italics and sub-heading, and these devices make the story amateurish and difficult to follow. There are also several errors in grammar, as well as dropped words. The book needs a thorough editor with a better eye for continuity. The most disturbing aspect of the book, and the basis of my recommendation rating, is that there is a blatant misogyny that is fundamental to the plot. Though Amyï¿½s attitude is rebellious and proud, Mahï¿½s nonchalant, often violent subjugation of females in her work is inappropriate and offensive. Not recommended. Contains: moderate violence and sexual references. Available: New Blood Drunk: Faded Blue is the first in a new YA vampire series from writer Angela Lovell. It tells the story of ï¿½Blueï¿½ Knightly, a young man from the South who has to travel to New York to identify the body of his younger sister. Lacy ï¿½ a bit of a wild child ï¿½ has been missing for six weeks, and a (disfigured) body has been discovered that seems to match her description. However, though the dead girl has the same hair and tattoos as his sister, Blue finds enough to persuade him that it is not, in fact, Lacy. Convinced that his sister is alive, Blue decides to search for her himself, and soon meets with an oddly compelling woman (and her pet alligator) who promises to lead him to Lacy. Itï¿½s not long before Blue is dragged into the sinister world of the vampires who live below the streets of New York. Unlike a lot of recent YA vampire fiction, Blood Drunk is not a paranormal romance. There is plenty of sexual attraction and fascination between vampires and humans, but this is definitely not a love story. The book begins with quite a horrible murder, and the violence and selfishness of vampires is evident throughout the story. Additionally, though third person, the book is told from the perspective of the male protagonist. I found this to be a particular strength, as Lovellï¿½s hero is compelling and believable (which is not always the case in YA fiction). I particularly enjoyed the way Blue is forced to confront his own prejudices (how to react to gay and ï¿½metrosexualï¿½ characters) through the haze of the ï¿½blood drunkï¿½ vampiric world. Another strength of the book is Lovellï¿½s slightly off-beat writing style. Told in present tense, and often focusing on dialogue and action, rather than description, Blood Drunk feels ï¿½freshï¿½ and is very readable. One criticism, however, would be that rather a lot of plot is crammed into the final chapter ï¿½ after a very even pace in the rest of the book ï¿½ and I suspect this is to set up the rest of the series. This doesnï¿½t detract hugely from the overall quality of the novel though, and did make me want to read the next installment. Overall, I recommend Blood Drunk as a good take on the YA vampire genre that avoids many of the clichï¿½s. It will appeal to teen fans of vampire fiction, but also adult readers who enjoy YA. Contains: some violence and reference to sexual behavior (not explicit) Pandora Zwieback is a perfectly normal goth/punk teenage schizophrenic. Since she was six years old, therapists have been telling her two things: ï¿½Take your pillsï¿½, and ï¿½Thereï¿½s no such thing as monsters.ï¿½ Then one day, a thrilling series of intertwining events leads her to save the life of a gorgeous boy, the godson of a beautiful, immortal, monster-hunter. Her ï¿½perception filterï¿½, a veil of naive, limited sight is lifted, and Panï¿½s reality is rocked forever. Her greatest fears are realized: we live in a world populated by monsters. She meets Annie, an ancient protector of humankind from all misbehaving weirdlings. In ï¿½Men In Blackï¿½ style, most of Annieï¿½s current troubles revolve around keeping the various monsters of Gothopolis, (the legendary parallel culture of paranormals on Earth) under control. But the deeper plot involves a truly vicious assortment of vampire houses, competing for dominion over the human world. Their frantic quest is to be the coven that reanimates one of the first undead, a wicked fallen angel killed in battle centuries ago. Coincidentally, this demon is also Annieï¿½s ex-lover. Blood Feud is a roller coaster read; the action never lets up. Several main characters are deftly defined and become intimately developed within a few pages. Author Steven A. Roman has an incredible gift for running lateral plot-lines that intersect with a glorious crash, while keeping the reader interested in the fate of each player. The saga is original and sufficiently complex to sustain several novels, and Roman clearly sets the story up for his sequels. Romanï¿½s style is accessible and brisk; I was definitely ready for another story about Pan and her friends in the ï¿½Fiend Clubï¿½. Although the violence (especially the weapon-play) is graphic during several episodes, wry humor and constant references to multi-generational pop-culture somehow keep the book on the comic side of horror. Romanï¿½s themes of friendship and strong family ties play well; the love between Pan and her parents adds tension to the menace of the villains, and gives the reader a tangible reason to hope for the best for the heroes. Highly recommended for ages 15 and up for complexity of plot and violence. Contains: moderate violence, moderate gore, mild sexual content. Available: Hardcover If you are a fan of the Blue Bloods series, you need no encouragement to pick up the latest, Lost in Time. Youï¿½ll definitely want to continue Schuyler Van Alenï¿½s epic story even if the previous novel, Misguided Angel left you wanting. Perhaps youï¿½ll be interested to know that several other characters and their storylines, particularly those of Mimi and Allegra and their loves and familiars, are given equal and fascinating play-time, expanding the vast mythos of the complex world created by Melissa de la Cruz. This installment begins with the bonding of Schuyler and Jack, but spins immediately into a fevered search for the ancient vampire queen, Catherine of Siena who holds the secret location of the Gate of Promise, the rapid re-heating of a trail thought to be cold. In a connected storyline, Mimi enlists her familiar, Oliver, to mount a rescue of her love, Kingsley, from Hell, and eagerly anticipates her fateful blood trial with her twin, Jack. The suspenseful tales intertwine and are spun at a fevered pitch, creating a real page turning experience. Between the adventures, conflicts and passionate connections, de la Cruz writes vivid and detailed descriptions of exotic locations, illuminating intimate cultural details about Alexandria, Cairo, San Francisco and other cities in the skillful way only firsthand travel could possibly manage. Her imaginative and original take on Hell, I assume, comes not from a visit, but from a broad, talented vision. To read her description is experience it firsthand. If you havenï¿½t read into this series yet, I donï¿½t recommend starting with Lost In Time. The plot itself is tangled and de la Cruz definitely assumes you are acquainted with her terminology and mythos, if nothing else. Her writing is sophisticated and brisk, with themes suited to mature teens, but her diction, style and complexity lend themselves to readers of all ages. If you are looking for a series to become involved in, Blue Bloods, with its depth of character and detailed treatment of multiple paranormal creatures and themes, is a good one - start at the beginning and make your way to this, the intense and riveting sixth offering. Recommended for ages 15 and older Contains: mild vampire violence, veiled sexual reference. Recommended for ages 15 to adult. Drink, Slay, Love by Sarah Beth Durst Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2011 ISBN: 978-1442423732 Available: New Pearl, the star of Drink, Slay, Love, gets her kicks by having the neighborhood ice cream boy eat her ice cream flavor choice of the day before drinking from him. One day, while enjoying this treat, a unicorn prances by and stabs her. She wakes up to find herself caged by a couple of thugs that think theyï¿½ve captured a vampire and are planning on killing her by letting sunlight get to her. Lucky for her, the unicorn has given her a new special powerï¿½ one that allows her to walk during daylight without fear of death. You can only imagine the controversy this causes with her family, until they come up with a plan to make her accepted by the Vampire King. Think the YA Vampire genre is overdone? Tired of sparkly vampires? Well, Sarah Beth Durst has come up with a refreshing new take on vampires. Sure, weï¿½ve seen vampires with a conscience before, but this is the first Iï¿½ve seen of the conscience being due to getting stabbed by a unicornï¿½s horn. Drink, Slay, Love is filled with quirky dialogue, laugh-out-loud jokes and even a jab or two at Twilight, which only made it more enjoyable for me. Iï¿½m hoping this is the first of a new series and not a novel that turns out to be a stand alone, as Iï¿½d love to read more about Pearl. I highly recommend this to all fans of young adult vampire novels, whether they think the Twilight series are the only ones that exist. Itï¿½ll be an eye-opener for those readers, and an enjoyable new author for everyone else. Contains: Mild violence Available: New hardcover ï¿½Are vampires charming heartthrobs or evil undeadï¿½? Thatï¿½s the question Jen Jones poses to her readers in The Girlï¿½s Guide to Vampires. Itï¿½s pretty clear what her take is going to be, and itï¿½s pretty clear who her target audience is, with photos from Twilight and The Vampire Diaries splashed across the pages. There is some factual information (including a few images) but itï¿½s brief, and the constant comparisons to the vampires in Twilight distract from that. Itï¿½s pretty obvious that, to this author, vampires are definite boyfriend material. Thereï¿½s even a Cosmo-style quiz to help bedazzled girls identify whether their crush is a vampire. Unfortunately, Jones glosses over the monster within even the most ï¿½charming heartthrobsï¿½. Jones referred to Spike from Buffy the Vampire Slayer as ï¿½mischievousï¿½ and Angel as a ï¿½good-hearted romanticï¿½. Perhaps she missed Season Two, where they were both sociopathic monsters. Even the vampires in Twilight are hardly harmless. Jones does acknowledge that they can be ï¿½downright devilishï¿½, but her tone downplays that, and in a nonfiction book about vampires, it would be nice to see their dark side taken a little more seriously. The age group the book is intended for seems up in the air. Jones chooses Adele Griffinï¿½s Vampire Island, Sienna Mercerï¿½s series My Sister the Vampire, and Bunnicula as top choices for reading material. These books are aimed at upper elementary school kids. In the next breath sheï¿½s recommending the Twilight movies, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and The Vampire Diaries, targeted at teens and adults. My local library apparently has this problem too. I found this book shelved in the childrenï¿½s nonfiction, but itï¿½s now been moved to the middle school books. Capstone indicates that itï¿½s written at a grade 3 reading level, with a suggested interest level of grades 3-9. Itï¿½s clearly meant to catch reluctant readers, but chances are, that with those designations from the publisher it will be purchased for elementary collections, and third grade is awfully young for Twilight. The Girlï¿½s Guide to Vampires, with its gorgeous artwork and design, color photographs, and conversational style, will completely succeed at hooking reluctant readers, especially Twilight groupies. As a nonfiction introduction to vampires, though, it is a disappointment. Contains: n/a Teeth edited by Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling Harper Teen, 2011 Available: New Paperback Teeth is a ripping collection of nineteen vampire stories contributed by proven authors, including Melissa Marr, Holly Black, Neil Gaiman, Garth Nix and Tanith Lee. Each one is dark and original, and many are ethnic tales, making the collection a great world legends anthology. There is some humor, and plenty of teen angst, but mixed among these benign elements are stories with gruesome themes and vampire violence. Overall, the subjects stay securely in the young adult arena, but most are sophisticated enough for adults. The ï¿½Introductionï¿½ by Terri Windling and Ellen Datlow is fascinating reading, dealing with legends and the evolution of the genre. Vampire lovers and short story readers will all find something to love about this collection. Here are a few of my favorite stories: ï¿½Things to Know About Being Deadï¿½ by Genevieve Valentine Sue is a high school student who doesnï¿½t quite survive her best friend slamming their car into a tree. Itï¿½s not easy to hide being Jiang-shi, an undead blood drinker; and itï¿½s a nasty state; the usual vampiric perks do not apply. Plagued by anxiety over her difficult immortality, Sue takes comfort in her ghostly new friend, Jake, a suicide victim she somehow brought back into the living world. Without the advice and sacrifice of her grandmother, Sue would surely deteriorate into a demonic dirt-sleeper. How will she cope when her grandmother dies? ï¿½Babyï¿½ by Kathe Koja Creepy and stylistic, ï¿½Babyï¿½ deals with the unsavory relationship of a little girl, Jani and a jealous, doll size demon-creature who sweetly ï¿½latches onï¿½ to her, drawing blood and creating a permanent bond. Bizarre psychological turmoil is uncovered as Janiï¿½s needs change and she outgrows her ï¿½baby.ï¿½ This is a short, haunting tale of obsession and dependency, and, while the text isnï¿½t graphic, the dark implications are effectively disturbing. ï¿½All Smilesï¿½ by Steve Berman Saul manages to escape from a boot camp for teen offenders, only to land in a far worse spot: the front seat of a sleek sedan driven by Marley and Dutch, gorgeous siblings with dazzling smiles and a demonic will to party. Saulï¿½s happy with the ride until he reveals his tattoo of Hebrew scripture, and the pair reveal their true natures. The ink prevents them from eating him, and Saul will have his chance to be a hero. The choices Saul makes once heï¿½s out of danger are bold and leave the reader hoping for a sequel. ï¿½The Perfect Dinner Partyï¿½ by Cassandra Clare and Holly Black Jenny, Charlesï¿½ little sister, describes the finer points of Southern etiquette. Courtesy counts, even if you plan to kill your guests and drink their blood. Charles just wants a girlfriend he can keep with him forever; unfortunately, no one measures up to Jennyï¿½s ideal. As the pair entertain a potential mate, their maker, Mr. DuChamp enters and spoils the whole party. Reminiscent of Anne Rice, the veteran authors paint a gorgeous American Gothic tale with a cool sensitivity to the perils and perks of being undead. Highly recommended for 6th grade to adult. Contains: mild violence, veiled sexual and drug references. Ghost Town (Morganville Vampires, Book 9) by Rachel Caine NAL Trade; Reprint edition, 2011 ISBN-10: 0451232917 Available: New Ghost Town is Book Nine of Rachel Caineï¿½s Morganville Vampires series. The series takes place in Morganville, a Texas town run by vampires, and the heroine is Claire Danvers, a young student who is attending Texas Prairie University. The series is notable amongst YA vampire fiction, as the vampires are the ï¿½bad guysï¿½ (or, at least, uncomfortable allies of the humans). So far in the series, Claire has come to terms with the vampiric ownership of the town, struck up an alliance with the townï¿½s founder and most powerful (female) vampire, joined in a war against an ancient and utterly immoral vampire, defeated a sentient steampunk computer, and fought a town full of ï¿½infectedï¿½ (i.e. zombie) vampires. Additionally, she has made friends with her older housemates, survived bullying by a malicious ï¿½queen beeï¿½, fallen in love, and lost her virginity. As such, the series covers a wide variety of the tropes of urban fantasy and YA fiction, with some flair and originality. Claire is a younger heroine, by the genreï¿½s conventions, beginning the series at just 16 years old. The sensitivity and care with which Caine handles her heroineï¿½s age means that these books are suitable for mid-teen readers, as well as older readers. The Morganville Vampires books are very much a series, with each book ending on a cliffhanger, which is picked up at the beginning of the next. For this reason, readers who enjoy one book tend to become ï¿½hookedï¿½ on the series as a whole. Ghost Town follows on from Kiss of Death (Book Eight), and also picks up narrative threads from earlier books. It focuses on a new problem for the humans and vampires of Morganville: they begin to mysteriously lose their memories. Claire, who is unaffected, must discover whether this is the result of the vampire disease that plagued the town in previous books, or of the destruction of malfunctioning sentient computer Ada (which ended Book Eight). Ghost Town has fewer episodes of fighting and peril than some of the earlier Morganville Vampires books, and is somewhat slower in pace. However, its exploration and development of Claireï¿½s character is done particularly well. Throughout the series, much has been made of Claireï¿½s young age relative to those around her. One of the strengths of the series (as compared to much other YA vampire fiction) is the frank and sensitive way in which the heroineï¿½s age is handled ï¿½ and the condemnation offered to hundred-year-old vampires (whether or not they look like teenage boys) who date human girls. Ghost Town offers a nice counterpoint to this. As Claireï¿½s friends lose their memories and regress to age 15, Claire becomes the ï¿½oldestï¿½ and most mature of the group. This is a nice, and quite unusual, twist in the standard characterization of YA vampire fiction. While Ghost Town is not the strongest of the Morganville novels, it is a must-read for those who have followed the series thus far. Ghost Town is recommended for purchase, and belongs alongside other YA vampire titles. Contains: Some sexual references. Available: New paperback, multi-format digital Destined is the fourth book in The Vampire Journals series. Itï¿½s a departure from the first three books, in that it kicks the story back in time to 18th century Italy, before it was an Italy. In that period, Italy consisted of independent states which sort of got along with each other, most of the time. Caitlin finds herself alone in the northern state of Umbria. This perplexes her as she was expecting to land with Caleb, who is nowhere to be found. Caleb is in this time, but, as will be seen, is not the same man she knew. Sheï¿½s not the only time traveler, either. Kyle and Sam have both found their own ways back to this time in Italy. Each has their own agenda. Kyleï¿½s is that he must kill Caitlin before she can find the shield. I was a little uncertain of this book, because going back in time felt a little weird at first, but I must say it became a very rousing story, and serves as an excellent if bittersweet adventure. Characters die in this volume, and itï¿½s fairly bleak for a time before resolving itself fantastically. Because Destined is the fourth book in The Vampire Journals series, itï¿½s recommended that you read the books in order. This book is recommended for those who like a paranormal romance, or good historical fiction, or even an action packed adventure. ISBN-13: 978-0142411872 Available: New and Used Eighth grade is tough for every misfit, but being born a vampire complicates matters. Adding to Vladimir Todï¿½s list of problems are the recent death of his parents in a huge fire, the constant bullying he suffers at school, and the freaky-weird substitute teacher who has taken a huge interest in him. Of course, his major crush, Meredith, seems to prefer his best friend, Henry. Life serves insult to injury. Two people on earth know Vladï¿½s secret: Henry and Vladï¿½s loving guardian, Nelly. Nelly serves him bags of blood she ï¿½borrowsï¿½ from the hospital and Henry watches Vladï¿½s back. When their teacher, Mr. Otis, writes ï¿½I know your secretï¿½ across Vladï¿½s vampire essay, and starts getting close to Nelly, life becomes more than just complicated: it becomes a terrifying ordeal where some secrets are protected and others are revealed. Who is this guy? Can he possibly know what Vlad really is? The discovery of his fatherï¿½s journal opens an entire new world full of mystery and possibility, but itï¿½s rife with danger to everything Vlad cares about. This element twists and complicates the plot of Eighth Grade Bites and turns it into a much larger work, capable of supporting its several sequels. Heather Brewer writes in a brisk, natural diction, relying on her realistic, understated characters to ensnare readers. Her humor lightens the mood of some very dark circumstances, even through the considerable suspense she creates. Brewer combines the alternate vampire, one born, not ï¿½turnedï¿½, with the darker legends of an all-powerful, immortal, underground. Vladï¿½s rebellious teen angst plays well against the larger vampire society, which canï¿½t abide the threat of an outcast. Lessons about bullying, loss, independence, and the larger forces working to squash the individual are well-stated and make the Vlad Chronicles great reading for all ages. Highly recommended for all collections, ages 4th grade and up. Contains: mild violence, understated vampire attacks Available: Paperback and Kindle ebook Turned tells the story of Caitlin Paine, and is the first book in the Vampire Journals series. Caitlin, an 18 year old from a broken home, has been relocated many times over her short life, and now finds herself in the neighborhoods of Harlem and Bronx in New York City. On her first day of school, she meets the dark and attractive Jonah; heï¿½s sensitive, brilliant and plays the viola. For a moment, you wonder if youï¿½re reading a clone of Twilight, and then the first action scene happens and you are in an entirely different sort of story. Without giving too much away, Caitlin has vampiric powers that show up at times of great stress ï¿½ for instance, when she is about to be beaten to death by a gang ï¿½ but whenever her powers turn on she immediately needs to refuel, and the only food that works is human blood. We meet and hang with Caitlin on the worst and yet most incredible day of her life, as she meets all sorts of vampires, learns how to feed, and starts to understand her place in the world. The story briefly goes into The Matrix/Vampireï¿½s Assistant territory when we learn that Caitlin may in fact be ï¿½The Oneï¿½, the vampire destined to find a sword that can a win a war between the good and bad vampires. To tell any more of this story would ruin a fast-paced, well-written, action-packed horror novel which really blew me away. This is very promising stuff. While at times it feels like youï¿½re visiting other vampire films, comic books, and stories, it still manages to give itself enough unique twists that you really want to follow the adventures of Caitlin and her newfound Vampire ally Caleb. This book is highly recommended, particularly if you like fantasy-horror, Hellboy adventures, and anything with a kick-ass girl as the protagonist. Contains: profanity, violence, gruesome imagery. ISBN: 978-0765-31471-0 Available: Paperback Rockwood is no ordinary Western podunk town. Supernatural incidents are the norm, especially surrounding Gilï¿½s All Night Diner, but the spunky new owner, Loretta, can take care of herself. She fights off zombies, ignores the ghosts in the nearby cemetery, and will clean that persistent blood puddle from the carpet one more time. Still, when Earl and his best friend Duke roll into town, sheï¿½s happy to ask them to stay and help out. A vampire and a werewolf, especially down-home handy ones, are great to have around. Something big is about to go down, and the paranormal happenings are revving up. Tammy, a teenage necromancer, is busy ripping open a gaping hole in the fabric of space so the old gods can emerge, destroy the world in a bloody Armageddon, and make her an evil goddess. The portal is already built--itï¿½s in the dining room of Gilï¿½s. No wonder the place is so weird. Gil's All Fright Diner is a comical twist on the ï¿½end-of-daysï¿½ story. The anti-heroes, Earl and Duke, are lonely, understated, regular guys. Duke is a hairy gentle giant with a smooth way with animals, and Earl is the weakest, least attractive vampire ever written. When Earl reluctantly falls in love with a sweet, small-town ghost, we applaud: the affair renews his interest in life and immortality. Together, with their fearless spectral terrier, Napoleon, the three misfits manage to save the world. I laughed out loud throughout the novel. Martinez has a sharp, sarcastic wit and a great talent for dark comedy. For example, when Duke has a run-in with a zombie herd of cows, Martinez writes "One almost human werewolf and two unarmed geezers werenï¿½t much of a match for six walking dead Jerseys." Martinez is able to sustain his humor while truly gruesome underworld horrors infiltrate the diner in graphic, cinematic, description. Gore and sexual content are frequent but mild, though Tammy and her minion boyfriend, Chad, have a few racy encounters. Martinez never seriously threatens us with loss of our favorite characters, assuring the reader constantly of body part regeneration, and wielding comic relief even during the darkest moments. The story is creative and brisk, making this a great choice for multi-age light reading. Unfortunately, Martinez uses profanity abundantly, creating a dilemma for recommending the novel for everyone. Without this careless misuse of vocabulary, Gil's would serve a broader audience. Recommended for YA collections in public libraries. Contains: profanity, mild sexual content, comic violence Available: Hardcover Victorian London...the poisonous fog so dense you can barely make out the shapes of people around you or see your way safely. Darker still, an influential, exclusive society known as the Damnation Club meets in ancient caverns deep underneath Westminster. Membership requires an invitationï¿½ and the loss of your mortal soul. The head of the order is a mysterious, skeletal, coachman who collects orphaned boys to serve as undead minions; his followers are Vampire. They await the awakening of their all-powerful master, one who will bring them out of the darkness to rule over humanity. George Archer works for the Department of Unclassified Artefacts at the British Museum. His dear friend, the lovely Liz, and his spirited young charge, Eddie, become entangled in the gruesome mystery as their friends and associates succumb to the club and become blood-drinking immortals. Itï¿½s up to them to save themselves and the rest of the world. The Parliament of Blood is one of the best books Iï¿½ve read this year. Richardsï¿½ plot is complex and riveting. He sustains palpable suspense throughout, and manages to scare the reader just enough to make it fun. Best of all, his characters are masterfully developed, investing the reader completely in his story. He creates just the right amount of sympathy for those who are lost, but leaves our heroes intact. This is an enjoyable read for fans of any horror or mystery genre, but itï¿½s also a great example of adventure writing. Eddie is an Artful Dodger figure whose confidence and spunk make him a fearless and attractive hero; he plays well against the steady, mild-mannered George. Richardsï¿½ prose is elegant and modern, a timeless story that reanimates the original, demonic legends of vampires, relieving us of the romantic, kinder, gentler bloodsucker and bringing back the monster. Highly recommended. Strange Angels by Lili St. Crow (pseudonym for Lilith Saintcrow) Razorbill, 2009 Available New and Used In the first book in her Strange Angels series, St. Crow gives us a compelling story that easily stands up against any adult urban fantasy series. Here is the cast of supernatural creatures in this world: vampires (wampyr): Also called suckers, they're 100% evil and have a variety of powersï¿½some can produce fire, and they can enslave other supernaturals. djamphir: Half-human, half-vampire males who have super strength and some magical powers (e.g., teleportation, production of magic fog), djamphir are primarily vampire hunters and generally belong to the Order (the ruling council for supernaturals that is, of course, corrupt). svetocha: Half-human, half-vampire femalesï¿½very rare. Just before they "bloom" into their full powers, their blood is irresistible to vampires and djamphir. They are considered to be queens of the supernatural world. Our heroine is a svetocha. werwulfen: Werewolves, who are generally allied with the djamphir against the vampires, but they don't get along well with the djamphir on a personal level (too much testosterone on both sides). loup-garou (skinchanger): Having been partially imprinted with werwulfen characteristics, they have super strength and other werwulfen traits but don't get hairy like the werwulfen. They are the princes of the werwulfen world. els As Strange Ang els begins, the teenage heroine, Dru Anderson, has accompanied her monster-hunting father to a small Dakota town where he is on the trail of a big-time bad guy. When her dad is killed, Dru is suddenly on her own. Her Mom and Gran are already dead (her mom's death becomes very important as the series continues), so Dru is truly an orphan. Dru and her new Goth boyfriend, Graves (also an orphan), try to make the best of their tattered lives, but the bad guys keep interfering, and Dru really wants to find out who (or what) killed her dad. Not long after Graves has a life-changing encounter with a werwulfen, a new guy enters the picture: Christophe, a djamphir who looks like a teen but is actually about 100 years old. Christophe claims that he wants to help Dru, but can she trust him? By the end of the book, Dru has had a face-to-fact encounter with her dad's killer, has learned that she is a bit more than human, and has been whisked away to a special school where she will be trained to handle her future powers. Now, let's get to the love interests. Dru and Graves have a deep attraction to one anotherï¿½a gentle attraction. Dru and Christophe have more of a smoking hot attraction, mixed with a healthy dose of Dru's distrust. Thereï¿½s no explicit sex for either couple, just simmering undercurrents and heavy breathing. Graves and Christophe, naturally enough, hate each other with a passion (kind of a Jacob/Edward relationship). If you're looking for a solid urban fantasy series with strong plots and interesting characters, I highly recommend this one. The characters have all of the adventures found in any typical urban fantasy, with plenty of bruises and broken bones and a bit of veiled sensuality. The books should definitely be read in order. Contains: graphic violence in monster-fighting scenes but no sex. Reviewed by: Patricia O. Mathews Betrayals by Lili St. Crow Razorbill, 2009 Available New and Used Betrayals , the second book in the Strange Angels series, begins moments after the first book ends, with Dru and Graves at the New England schola, which is run by the Order, the ruling council. Christophe is sure that there is a traitor in the Order, and it soon appears that there is also a traitor in the schola. The vampires keep attacking and heading straight for Dru, and by the end of the book, Dru's little group is on the run, heading for the main schola in New York City. As the story progresses, Dru discovers that Christophe is kind of an outlaw. He comes from an unsavory family and is suspected of some nefarious activities, and Dru is never quite sure if she can trust him. Highly recommended, but must be read in order. Contains: graphic violence in monster-fighting scenes but no sex. Reviewed by: Patricia O. Mathews Jealousy by Lili St. Crow Razorbill, 2010 Available New and Used Jealousy , the third book in the Strange Angels serie, begins at the Schola Prima, the main schola in New York City, days after Dru's arrival. Dru soon learns that the beautiful Annaï¿½the only other svetocha in existenceï¿½is the head of the Order's Council and seems to hate Dru with every fiber of her being. Christophe has disappeared, so Dru and Graves are on their own, defending themselves against a variety of dangers and becoming more and more attracted to one another. As the suspense deepens, the vampires come searching for Dru, but Christophe shows up and runs them off. Unfortunately, in all the excitement, Graves disappears. By the end of the book, Dru has been badly injured, and the Council has two new members. Highly recommended, but must be read in order. Contains: graphic violence in monster-fighting scenes but no sex. Reviewed by: Patricia O. Mathews Defiance by Lili St. Crow Razorbill, 2011 Available New and Used As Defiance (fourth book in the Strange Angels series) begins, Graves is still missing, and Dru's relationship with Christophe is heating up, even though she sleeps each night wrapped in Graves's tattered black coat. The sensuality simmers a bit more in this book than in the previous three, but there are no sexual scenes. Defiance doesn't have quite the charm and action level of the first three. Dru spends much of her time training as she waits impatiently for her "blooming." Although Dru constantly begs Christophe and the Council to find Graves, Christophe keeps putting her off, telling her that she must focus all of her energy on becoming a better fighter and that there is no information as yet on Graves's location or situation. Finally, Dru catches Christophe in some lies, and she has had enough. When she gets some new information about Graves's whereabouts, she strikes out on her own to rescue him, knowing that she will have to face down the terrible Sergej, King of the Vampires, if she intends to survive. By the end of the book, Dru has turned her back on the Orderï¿½and on Christophe. At one point in mid-story, Dru is violently attacked by a many-tentacled red monster, but that incident appears without context and seems to have no connection to anything else in the story. Perhaps it will be explained in the upcoming fifth and final book, Reckoning . Contains: graphic violence in monster-fighting scenes but no sex. Reviewed by: Patricia O. Mathews Fangs Rule : A Girls Guide to Being a Vampire by Amy Mah (Vampire) Reardon Publishing, 2011 Available: New and Used Amy Mah, known to the vampire world as Lady Amelia, Mistress of the Night Mare, Alpha Female from the Family of the Pink Bat, has compiled an A-Z list of important information for the teenage vamp. Amy was born a vampire, but raised by humans until she was a teenager, so she understands the confusions young blood-suckers often face. For instance, it is perfectly fine for a girl to bite a boy on the first date, but under no circumstances should the boy be allowed to drink her blood until at least the third. The exception is a male who was contracted at birth to be her mate; however, in that case, he could end up dead, unless he meets with her approval. Humans are not worth dating; changing them into undead pets can only lead to trouble. Amy writes rules for etiquette, for example, one should never need to coordinate oneï¿½s panties with oneï¿½s shoes, and never show oneï¿½s brand, usually burned into the hip, at the dinner table. Males and elder females, especially alphas, must be respected, and family members should never be killed while in the home nest. She also dispels several human propagated myths, such as immortality--vampires are only a very long-lived species. Mirrors are completely useful, they allow the application of makeup. It is not the eyes, but special purring vocal chords that hypnotize and calm others, easing life within the nest, or soothing a frantic human dinner guest. Amyï¿½s guide is sassy and funny; the egotist voice is palpable. The text is very sexual, but carefully non-explicit. Several of her pointers provide good tongue-in-cheek advice to human teens, and her fashion sense is spot on. Fangs Rule is beautifully illustrated by Mah in manga style, with several color plates. The cover art and one beautifully done piece of Amy and her bestie friend, Ice, sitting in a fantasy hot springs are framable. Highly recommended for 12 - adult. Reviewed by: Sheila Shedd Available: New Paperback Derrick Clark is a handsome poet who just got lucky at his new school. He will be sharing classes with Annabell Crystal, one of three exceptional sisters who have enslaved Madison Prep High with their beauty, charm and talent. Derrick is instantly captivated by Annabell, and the attraction could be fatal. There are rumors about the dazzling Crystal sisters, and it doesnï¿½t take Derrick and his new friend, Paul, long to discover the truth about them: they are vampires, trying to co-exist in a mortal world. Roxanne, a student whose boyfriend disappeared after attending a mysterious party thrown by the Crystals, has done her research. Emotionally crippled by her loss and suspicion, Roxanne offers plenty of insight into the familyï¿½s dark secrets, and evidence of Annabellï¿½s truly monstrous past. Derrick gains access to her diary, and learns almost more than he can bear. Nothing can stop his growing affection, however, and, despite serious misgivings about having a relationship with a human, Annabell finally comes to love him. Paul is equally besotted by the sardonic and lethal Precious, Annabellï¿½s petite blonde sister, and encouraged by Derrickï¿½s success, quietly pursues his dangerous crush. Nicci Sefton began writing Luxuria, the first book in her Deadly Sins Series, as a high school sophomore, finishing it in her senior year. This gives her writing a definite viewpoint advantage, and her limited third person narration is buoyant and sprinkled with direct address, making her voice fresh and very natural. She also produced the dramatic and sensuous cover-art. However, closer style editing, grammar, syntax and even spelling, would improve the work. The story and characters are very closely influenced by other, best-selling vampire novels; at times uncomfortably close. This resemblance to other works is balanced by Seftonï¿½s inclusion of several pages of Annabellï¿½s diary, which tell an interesting history in a quick and effective way. These passages of historical fiction are strong and passionate, and the book is strengthened by them. Though familiar types, Seftonï¿½s characters develop as the novel progresses, and they are attractive and lively. The violence and sexual content is very mild and the novel is well suited to younger readers, who are just dipping into vampire literature. The sequel, Invidia, was published directly following, and many of the rough edges were improved. Contains: mild sexual content and mild violence. Reviewed by: Sheila Shedd Available: New Paperback Annabell Crystal has the world at the tip of her beautiful, lethal fangs. She has vanquished an evil presence, assumed her rightful heritage as the queen of the vampires, preserved her virtue, and accepted the human, Derrick, as the love of her life and her probable king. Immortality never looked so good. Then Donavon Snider enrolls at Madison Prep High School, and Annabellï¿½s horrific past comes crashing in to claim her soul. An ancient German family of murderous, sociopathic vampires, the Sniders dispute Annabellï¿½s claim to royalty, and they will stop at nothing to destroy her. Donavon has long been infatuated with the mysterious and powerful young queen. Although the Crystal familyï¿½s strength is legendary, they are matched by the psychotic determination of Donavonï¿½s sisters, Eliza and Valisia, and Annabell is brutally kidnapped by the Snider coven. The Crystal family, along with Derrick and his best friend, Paul, will stop at nothing to save her. Invidia, the second book in Nicci Seftonï¿½s The Deadly Sins Series, provides tangible suspense. The pursuit and battle between the families is vigorous and well described, and Sefton includes several plot twists and a very complex historical narrative. Characters, Paulï¿½s in particular, continue to develop as the novel progresses. He enables a story complication, and his relationship to Annabellï¿½s formidable sister, Precious, becomes more significant. Romance is intensified, and the climax is modern and vividly imagined, set at an outdoor rock concert. Readers can clearly anticipate a sequel. However, as in Luxuria, the story and much of the character development is very heavily influenced by other, best-selling vampire series. Also, though improved, stylistic errors in grammar, syntax and spelling continue to damage the writing throughout the novel. Careful editing would improve Seftonï¿½s work. Contains: mild violence, mild profanity, and sexual content Reviewed by: Sheila Shedd Immortal: Love Stories with Bite edited by P.C. Cast BenBella Books, 2008 Available: New The first book in the Love Stories with Bite anthology collections is Immortal, edited by P.C. Cast, and chock full of vampire stories written by some of todayï¿½s finest authors. This collection includes tales from Rachel Caine, Cynthia Leitich Smith, Claudia Gray, Richelle Mead, Nancy Holder, Rachel Vincent, Tanith Lee, and Kristen Cast. P.C. Cast gives a fantastic introduction full of insight into the genreï¿½s appeal and laced throughout with her legendary humor. The introduction segues perfectly into the first tale by Cynthia Leitich Smith, ï¿½Haunted Love,ï¿½ a love story in which a haunted theater is the setting for supernatural revenge. Another fantastic inclusion is Rachel Vincentï¿½s ï¿½Binge,ï¿½ in which mythological muses and sirens, living in the present day, must feed on humans to survive, at a cost. ï¿½Blue Moonï¿½ by Richelle Mead gives us a world in which vampires and human co-exist; albeit, not necessarily happily, but one young vampire has the power to change all that, provided her own family doesnï¿½t kill her first. Chances are likely that you already have this in your collection, but if you donï¿½t, you need to get it. Your vampire readers are going to eat it up (pun intended) and ask for more, which you can provide with the second title in the Love Stories with Bite anthology: Eternal. Highly recommended for public or school libraries in the young adult fiction collection. This is a young adult title that would work well for age ranges of 14-18, but adult readers who enjoy vampire romances would also enjoy this title. ISBN: 978-193561801-0 This second anthology edited by P.C. Cast has more of the vampire romance stories we love. Authors Rachel Caine, Claudia Gray and Nancy Holder make a second appearance in this anthology and are accompanied by Lili St. Crow, Heather Brewer, and Jeri Smith-Ready, all highly praised and sought after writers. A personal favorite in the collection is Nancy Holderï¿½s ï¿½Letters to Romeo,ï¿½ which reinvents the ultimate tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by giving Romeo eternal life as a vampire waiting for his fair Juliet to return to him. Also of note is Heather Brewerï¿½s tale ï¿½The Other Side.ï¿½ In Brewerï¿½s frightening story, Tarrah and her boyfriend Corey have been kidnapped, shackled, and thrown into a dungeon to await their terrifying fates at the hands of an unknown creature; but who in this story is the real monster? In Eternal, Cast has put together another winning anthology with six beautifully dark tales of unrequited love and her own wonderfully written introduction. Fans of Cast, any of the other authors, or of the vampire subgenre as a whole will surely enjoy this anthology. Highly recommended for public or school libraries in the young adult fiction collection. This is a young adult title that would work well for age ranges of 14-18, but adult readers who enjoy vampire romances would also enjoy this title. Thirst No.1 : The Last Vampire/Black Blood/Red Dice by Christopher PikeSimon & Schuster Childrenï¿½s Publishing, August 2009 ISBN: 9781416983088 Available: New and used Alisa Perne knows that she is the last vampire. All the others were killed off centuries ago. Beautiful, intelligent, and with superhuman abilities, she lives among humans incognito. When she discovers that someone is following her, and seems to know more than any other person alive should know, she starts to wonder if maybe, just maybe, her past lover survived and has come backï¿½to kill her. Alisa is tough, smart, and unafraid of anyone or anything. But she also has morals, skewed as they may be, and itï¿½s easy to see her motivations. The world that Pike has set up is brilliant, with enough levels to keep discussions lively for hours on end. The writing, however, was the biggest failure. It was originally written in the 90ï¿½s, long before present tense was as common as it is now. Unfortunately, itï¿½s poorly done and rather clunky. But if the readers donï¿½t care about writing and are just focused on the story, itï¿½s an easy sell. The series is recommended, but please be aware that the content may be too intense for some readers- this is not a title for the Twilight crowd. Ages 14 and up. Content: explicit foreplay, main characters have sex, intense violence, lack of remorse for killing. Reviewed by: Cherylynne W. Bago Bloody Valentine : A Blue Bloods Book by Melissa De La Cruz Hyperion, 2011 Available: New Just in time for Valentineï¿½s Day, Melissa de la Cruz has offered up Bloody Valentine, a novella set in the world of Blue Bloods. The book contains three related stories. In the first, ï¿½Just Another Night In Suck Cityï¿½, Oliver, Schuyler Van Alenï¿½s conduit and friend, who is in love with her, is trying to overcome the pain of letting Schuyler join Jack Force. In the second, ï¿½Always Something There To Remind Meï¿½, we are thrust back to a time when Schuylerï¿½s mother, Allegra Van Alen, is still a teenager, and meets and falls in love with a human, although her soul mate Charles is pining for her. In ï¿½Ring of Fireï¿½, we return to the present, where The Countess has sent a force of venators to attack Schuyler and Jack before their bonding ceremony. Bloody Valentine is an enjoyable, quick read for fans of the Blue Bloods books. It doesnï¿½t do well as a stand-alone book- the reader needs to have familiarity with the Blue Bloods books in order to enjoy Bloody Valentine. That being said, Melissa de la Cruz does an excellent job in crafting the novella. The stories read easily, and it is a treat for those following Schuylerï¿½s story. The novella also provides an interesting introduction to a new adult paranormal series that de la Cruz is working on. The first title, Witches of East End, will be coming out in the summer of 2011. Blue Bloods is a great follow-up series for those looking for action and romance after Twilight. Libraries should look to acquire Bloody Valentine as part of their y/a vampire collection. Contains: Minor Violence Available: New Picking up where Sucks to Be Me: The All-True Confessions of Mina Hamilton, Teen Vampire (maybe) left off, Mina has made the choice to become a vampire and has been turned. However, the Vampire Council decides that Mina and her family will have to be relocated from Los Angeles to the tiny town of Cartville, Louisiana. Suffering from severe culture shock, and separation from her best friend Serena, and her boyfriend George, Mina has plenty on her plate. Mina has an authentic voice. Itï¿½s refreshing to read about an ordinary teen who just happens to be a vampire instead of yet another ï¿½specialï¿½ one. As in the first book, there are lots of little notes and journal entries from Mina about what is going on in her head and life. While still told with a light and humorous touch, this is a darker, more emotional book with much more complicated choices for Mina and her loved ones, and with more action and tension than the first. Once again, Pauley has shown her ability to channel her inner teen and produce some of the most enjoyable vampire teen literature around, and since she seems to have left the door open for another book, perhaps we will see more of Mina in the future. Contains: minor violence Available: Pre-Order Vampireology is a guide to vampires ostensibly written by Archibald Brooks, a Protector, or slayer of vampires. It covers a great deal of ground, from their biblical origins, to the passing of their curse, to powers, vulnerabilities, and even their historical animosity toward werewolves and the Protector. When Brooks is murdered, presumably by vampires, the guide goes to his successor, Joshua Kraik, a private detective, who adds his own personal notes. Every page of the book has foldouts of Kraikï¿½s notes, his correspondence with the mysterious Contessa, or other relevant items to the topic of the page. In a growing field of guides and compendiums, Vampireology gives you both a guide to vampires as presented by Brooks and a side story within presented by Kraik's notes. Vampireology is one of the better choices out there. It provides its own interesting and intriguing story, and is a take on vampires that will be of interest to fans. Vampireology is a beautiful book to look at, and it is attractively put together, with compelling illustrations and imagery. For librarians, the immediate concern will be the number of flaps and folds that will be subject to extensive wear and tear. The book is 30 pages long but is oversized, and each page has foldouts and other materials that, while they can keep readers' attention, can also be easily damaged. The book captures the feel of a personal journal as well as a guide to vampires, with items such as a train ticket that literally pop out at you as if they are three-dimensional . It should be noted, though, that its take on vampire mythology doesnï¿½t sync up with that of Twilight or other popular teen vampire mythology- those looking for a romantic tale will want to look elsewhere. Vampireology is recommended more for fans of Bram Stoker's Dracula. Recommended for public library collections, and as a gift book for vampire fans. Contains: Imagery of decapitation of vampires. Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2009 ISBN-13: 978-1416986270 Available: New Blood Ninja the distinctive cover art suggests, correctly, that what is offered it's a far different story than other young adult vampire titles. Author Nick Lake takes you back in time to feudal Japan, where Taro, a young man in a fishing village, finds his simple life turned upside down when he and his family are attacked by ninjas. He is saved by another ninja, only to end up on the run, thrust into a world with grand destiny, vampire ninjas, samurai warriors and more. Blood Ninja follows the familiar "hero's journey" storyline, so you have a good idea where you are going, but you'll still enjoy the ride. Nick Lake does an excellent job both with creating the atmosphere of feudal Japan and with plot pacing. Taro is an interesting character, and as the story continues he finds his world view constantly challenged, creating an internal struggle throughout the book that provides food for thought as well as blood, guts, and violence. The story ends with the perfect setup for Blood Ninja II: The Revenge of Lord Oda, set to come out in 2010. Ultimately, Nick Lake has produced a very strong book with plenty of action, and a fair bit of blood and gore along with it. There isn't a romance angle here, although there are two popular teen icons- ninjas and vampires- this is really a "guys' book". However, it's important to note that this is also a fairly long book with complex vocabulary. As with Rick Yancey's recent release, The Monstrumologist, Blood Ninja won't be an easy read for reluctant readers, and while I wouldn't discourage anyone from trying it out, librarians and teachers will want to keep in mind that this book is better suited for more advanced readers. Readers advisory note: Readers of Blood Ninja may also enjoy Night Runner by Max Turner. Contains: Violence and gore Availability: February 2010 Patch is your everyday tomcat, with a life any cat would die for. Until he is turned into a vampire, that is. Suddenly, he finds himself in constant peril. He is nearly staked, is being tried for murder, and almost has his tail cut off, all while trying to figure out where his next V1 (that's blood to you non-vampires) will come from and win an election with his associate, Meg. Who says life is easier when you're dead? Chock full of one-liners, teens that like a horror novel to have a good dose of humour will thoroughly enjoy The Vampire Kitty-Cat Chronicles. It is fast-paced, a quick read, and the characters, especially Patch, are amusing and engaging. This book will appeal to a wide YA audience, as well as many adults. It does, however, contain commentary on controversial topics (such as religious fanaticism) that may offend and thus, may not be suitable for all YA readers. Recommended for public library YA horror collections. Contains: violence, murder and some bad language. Review by Stacey L. Wilson, Master of Library and Information Science candidate at The University of Western Ontario Available: New, used and digital Everything changes for Zoey Redbird the day a vampyre points her out in the school hallway and tells her she's been chosen. As if being chosen to be a vampyre isn't enough, she has to leave her school, her home (neither is necessarily a bad thing) and her friends and move to the House of Night, a finishing school where she's to learn how to be a vampyre. But even before she arrives she has a vision of the vampyre goddess Nyx, who endows her further, naming Zoey her eyes and ears to help her discover what is wrong with the vampyres of the world. Marked is heavy-handed at times in its enthusiastic presentation of goddess-based religions, while god-based religions are represented as intolerant. The ï¿½teenspeakï¿½ will annoy some readers, as will the ï¿½super special teenï¿½ theme. But Zoey is a smart, energetic lead who is easy to sympathize with and fun to ride along with. Marked is a fast read, with an interesting slant on the world. It would make an excellent addition to YA collections catering to vampire-hungry teens. Contains: Language, sexual situations and sexual language Review by Michele Lee Available: New, used and digital Betrayed makes a faltering start. The pro-goddess, anti-Christian opening is almost overwhelming at first. But it gains its feet and hurls readers into a fast, engaging story in the world of Zoey Redbird, vampyre-in-training and the chosen one of Nyx, goddess of the night, that shows that actions, not gender or religion, dictate which side of the divide one stands on. At her first ever Full Moon ritual as priestess-in-training, Zoey's best friend Stevie Rae collapses and succumbs to a failed change. When Zoey's ex-boyfriend Heath disappears she's shocked to get a vision that puts Stevie Rae to blame. The only one who seems to believe her is Aphrodite, the "mean girl" Zoey toppled to become priestess-in-training, and together they have to solve the mystery of Stevie Rae and the red fledglings before they're lost to the minions of evil. Betrayed would make a good addition to YA collections, especially those that always seem to be short on vampire tales. Zoey is a smart, strong lead, surrounded by a variety of sidekicks that seem more accurate to today's multicultural world than other books. The popularity of this series also means this book will likely be in high demand. Available: New, used and digital This volume of the House of Night is series is one of the hardest to read, emotionally. Zoey Redbird is marked not just to become a vampyre, but as a chosen one of Nyx. So far she's taken an elite school club back from human-hating vampyres and saved her best friend from undeath and being a servant of the evil Neferet. But now that she knows Zoey is her enemy, Neferet is striking back in the most brutal of ways, by crushing Zoey's connection to her friends, her loved ones, and even shattering her trust in herself. Zoey finds herself torn between three men, having to keep Stevie Rae's very existence from the rest of their friends for their own sakes, and only having the cruelest girl in class to confide in. This series is quite popular, and with good reason. Zoey is a snarky, but not mean, strong, but not perfect lead who is easy to relate to. Chosen would make an excellent addition to YA collections, especially those with a large number of vampire readers. Contains: Language, Sexual situations and language Available: New, used and digital Zoey Redbird knows just how much life as a vampyre can suck. She's spent too much time keeping secrets from her friends and letting Nyx's blessings bolster her courage, but not her wisdom. Now the evil high priestess, Neferet, has separated her from her friends, shattered her relationship with her boyfriend and even managed to steal her virginity. Now the visions are still coming, foretelling something massive and evil, rising up from forgotten lore and aching to be in the world again. This time they're determined to take the last thing Zoey has, her grandmother. But Zoey still has some unlikely allies, including the queen of cruel, Aphrodite, not to mention she still has Nyx's favor. So she has to try to get her allies back together, to set things right and prevent Neferet from starting a war against the humans. The House of Night series is one of the more popular YA series on shelves today. That alone earns them a place in YA collections, but readers will also find them to be fast, strong reads that are hard to put down. Contains: Language Little, Brown Books for Young Readers, 2008 ISBN: 978-0316067928 Available: New and Used Meyer's fourth and final book in the Twilight series starts off with Bella and Edward getting married and going off on their honeymoon. However, their honeymoon is cut short due to the unexpected pregnancy of Bella. Edward is concerned by the rapid progression of the "baby" and thinks that it is harming Bella and suggests to Bella that she has an abortion, but Bella has grown too attached and wants nothing more than to see the pregnancy all the way through. Everyone is concerned of what is actually growing inside of Bella though as no human has ever gotten pregnant by a vampire before. Will Bella be able to survive this childbirth and what exactly will she be giving birth to? Now that I've finally made my way through the entire Twilight series I can honestly say that it was the most painful teen series I have ever read. Bella's insistent whining throughout the series as well as the fact that she was so wishy-washy about wanting to be with either Edward or Jacob just grates on one's nerves. Yes, a lot of teenage girls can be annoying, but not that consistently. Also, this book was to be aimed at teenagers... well, every teenager I know of is aware of the basics of sex at least. When Bella and Edward had sex for the first time, even I* as an adult didn't realize what was going on until after it was all said and done. I mean, how dumbed down did Meyer need to make the story? Was she trying to write it for elementary school kids? Why omit everything up to the point of pillow feathers flying? Teenagers aren't THAT naive! Moving on... to avoid major spoilers for those brave enough to tackle reading this doorstop of a book, the latter part of the book just seemed to drag on forever. There is a battle scene at the end that I struggled through as it brought in a lot of extra characters that got confusing to keep track of and just got a bit boring for me. After a while I just started skimming over names figuring it wasn't really important, which for the most part... they weren't! I initially started this series to see what the hype was all about and once I started figured I might as well see it through to the end despite it appearing to being a waste of my time. I wish I had never found out though because when all is said and done vampires were never meant to sparkle! Contains: Kissing, Sexual Innuendos Little, Brown Books for Young Readers, 2009 ISBN: 978-0316027656 Available: New and Used The Twilight saga continues in Meyer's third book with a series of unsolved murders taking place in Seattle, Washington. A young vampire is suspected, but later the Cullens realize the there is a bit more involved than just one vampire. It's more like... an "army". With preparations for battle underway, the ever-growing love triangle between Edward/Bella/Jacob continues. Bella insists on seeing Jacob despite Edward telling her that it is too dangerous. Then Edward proposes to Bella, which she hesitantly accepts. This practically causes Jacob to lose his mind. Trying to calm him down, Bella ends up kissing him and in return finds out that she cares for him more than she realizes. Who will she end up choosing in the end? And how will the battle turn out? While Meyer's series showed improvement in the second book of the series, New Moon, I felt that this book took a step back in quality. The focus on the love triangle was quite heavy and there was a lot of emphasis on Bella whining through the majority of the book. This left a very sour taste in my mouth and honestly made me hesitant in wanting to carry on with book four. Younger readers may not mind this as much and will probably enjoy this title more than I did. Recommended for teens. Contains: Kissing Little, Brown Books for Young Readers, 2009 ISBN: 978-0316075633 Available: New and Used The second novel in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series starts off with the Cullen family throwing Bella Swan an 18th birthday party. At the party, Bella accidentally cuts her finger on one of the gifts she is opening and Jasper Cullen, attracted to the scent of her blood, attempts to attack her. Luckily, Bella's boyfriend and Jasper's brother, Edward, is able to protect her. After this incident, the Cullens decide that it is safest for Bella to move away from Forks. This leaves Bella sulking and moping around. Eventually, she finds that her only way to cope with her depression is to put herself in danger as when she is in harm's way she hears Edward's voice in her head trying to stop her. She goes to Jacob Black, an old family friend, to help her out with this, and he helps her restore a couple of old motorcycles. Jacob and her become very close as the story progresses and she discovers more and more about him including that he has a secret of his own... he's a werewolf. How will this secret affect Bella's feelings for Jacob when she knows that the werewolves are the Cullen's biggest enemy? New Moon is a much stronger book than Meyer's first, Twilight. There are not a lot of initial character descriptions to wade through, as readers are expected to have already read book one so the book starts off at a faster pace. Also, the fact that the Cullens are absent for the majority of the book means there are fewer of the lovey-dovey Bella/Edward scenes to read. However, there are still numerous scenes of Bella whining about how she misses Edward and how she wants to be with him, etc... etc... ad nauseam. Many times I found myself wanting to toss the book across the room due to Bella's annoying whining, but due to the entrance of the werewolves, I was able to continue on. Jacob Black and the rest of the werewolf pack actually made this book fairly enjoyable. Wondering what is going to happen with the whole Jacob/Bella/Edward love triangle will now lead me to continue on with the rest of the series. It's like a train wreck I can't look away from. Recommended for teens. Contains: Kissing A-Argus Better Book Publishers, 2009 ISBN: 978-09823050-8-9 Available: New Emily Reed is a teenage girl who attempts suicide when her life is turned upside down by the murder of her four-year-old sister. In order to get a fresh start, her parents decide to move from Dallas, Texas to Beckley, West Virginia. She soon makes new friends and falls in love with a fit and studious boy named Maxwell Snow. Their relationship grows to the point where Emily feels that she has found her perfect mate, until she spots Julian. He is the exact opposite of Max - rude, mean and cold hearted. Despite the difference she soon finds herself attracted by him. She doesnï¿½t want to betray Max, but when she is forced to study with Julian things get out of hand and she soon finds herself caught between two young men who absolutely hate each other. Things soon get more complicated as Emily finds out that both boys are Hybrids, half-vampire and half-human. Hybrid begins slow and stays that way for about two thirds of the novel. There is almost no sign of vampires, hybrids, or anything but day-to-day school life. It would be completely void of anything exciting if it werenï¿½t for the recurring dreams Emily has about her murdered sister. The story focuses more on Emily making friends and her overly sappy relationship with her new boyfriend. Emily herself is also too focused on material things and herself, which is probably true of most teenagers, but it makes her much less sympathetic to the reader. The story does pick up in the last third of the book as Julian makes his appearance and the reader begins to see that the story is going somewhere. The Hybrid concept is also a good one and could make a fine book if it was done in more depth, unfortunately the Hybrid part of the book seemed to take a back seat to dating and hanging out with friends. Contains: Violence Available: New In this fourth installment of the Blue Bloods series, de la Cruz picks up right where the last book left off with three different storylines. The first follows Schuyler and Oliver, who are on the run from The Conclave, as there is doubt about her story concerning the death of her grandfather and former conclave leader Lawrence. The second follows Bliss, who finds herself sharing her body with her father who is Lucifer, as she desperately tries to get help. The third follows Mimi Force, who is working with the Venators seeking the Watcher, and planning her bonding with Jack Force. The Van Alen Legacy expands and continues the Blue Bloods story arc nicely. There is a continuation of the love triangle between Schuyler, her human conduit Oliver, and Jack Force. Melissa de la Cruz once again has written a tale with a sense of mystery, adventure, and romance. Fans of Schuyler Van Alen might be disappointed that the lead character is sharing so much book time with Bliss and Mimi. I found it actually to be a good thing as it allowed the author to make Mimi an interesting, evolving character on her own rather than just an annoying foil to Schuyler. One thing that improves the story considerably over the first three books in the series is that Melissa de la Cruz does a much better job of tying up storylines but still leaves the reader wanting more. Recommended Contains: Violence First in Mari Mancusi's Blood Coven Vampire series, twins Sunshine and Rayne (cute, no?) couldn't be more opposites. Sunshine is the drama student that wants to date the most popular boy in school, whereas Rayne is into the goth scene and won't be caught dead in a pair of pants! Rayne is all excited about a new goth club in town, Club Fang, and tells Sunshine she has to go with her and also must dress accordingly. After a bit of a guilt trip, Sunshine caves in and dons a ï¿½Bite Meï¿½ T-Shirt from her sister, figuring at least it's not black, and goes with her to the club. Once at the club, Rayne temporarily leaves Sunshine to play the role of ï¿½wallflowerï¿½ while she grabs them a couple of drinks. In her absence, Sunshine is approached by an Orlando Bloom look-alike that she figures can't possibly be talking to her. She is flabbergasted, but it's so loud in the club that she can't tell what he is trying to say to her. He leads her outside of the club in order for them to be able to hear each other. She is highly attracted to him and once they introduce each other (himself as Magnus) he then asks her ï¿½are you sure?ï¿½ as he leans closer. She assumes he is asking whether she wants him to kiss her and says ï¿½yesï¿½ which he does, but next thing she knows, he bites her neck! Her sister comes running out a minute later and sees what has happened and realizes that there was a case of mistaken identity. She knows who this Magnus guy is, he's a... vampire! And not only that, but... he was supposed to have been there that night to change HER into a vampire. Now what will Sunshine do? I have to say that this has to be one of the funniest teen books I have read in a long time! It had some Buffy the Vampire Slayer references mixed within that slayed me!!! (full pun intended!) Mancusi used numerous pop-culture references throughout the book that made the book even more humorous, especially the inclusion of using Stewie from Family Guy as one particular vampire within the book. I won't say which one because I don't want to give too much away, but you'll realize why it's so funny once you read it! I like how Mancusi kept up the suspense throughout the entire book. I wasn't sure until the very end how things were going to turn out for Sunshine. This is a very strong first book and I'm glad that she has several more to follow it up as I'm looking forward to reading the rest of the series! Highly Recommended. Contains: Blood Drinking, Kissing, References to Sex Review by Rhonda Wilson Available: New and Used Stake That! leaves off where Mancusi's first book, Boys That Bite, ended. Goth girl Rayne is dying to be a vampire, and her sister, Sunny, is the one that is dating the vampire. As if Rayne's life wasn't bad enough, she finds out that her destiny is to be the new vampire slayer. How uncool is that? As the slayer, she is given a very special mission... she is to infiltrate the vamp bar where foul play is suspected to find out exactly what is going on inside, wielding a stake carved by her own delicate hands as her only weapon. Easy, right? Little does she know that when she poses as a willing human blood donor at the bar that she is going to be approached by such a sexy vampire! What's a "vampire vampire slayer" to do? This second book in the Blood Coven Vampire series focuses heavily on Rayne's character, though Sunny is definitely not forgotten. Rayneï¿½s new role of "the slayer" takes everyone by surprise and she'd do anything to get out of the job. I felt a bit sorry for her, but luckily she managed to turn a bad situation into something good for herself. Mancusi threw in several surprises throughout the book, especially with David's character. I enjoyed the pop-culture references in the first book of this series and Mancusi didn't disappoint me with this one either. I especially appreciated the tribute to the movie The Lost Boys. Stake That! is a strong follow-up to a great first novel, and I foresee many more great books in Mancusi's future. Highly Recommended. Contains: Blood Drinking, Kissing, References to Sex Review by Rhonda Wilson ISBN: 978-0-425-21716-0 Available: New and Used In the third installment of Mancusi's Blood Coven Vampire series, Rayne is faced with her biggest challenge yet. As "the slayer", her newest task is to figure out why it is that the cheerleading squad is growling. In order to do so she must get close to the cheerleaders, and as ANY teenager knows, the only way to get close to a cheerleader is to BE a cheerleader! Rayne seeks out her sister Sunny's help in a ï¿½prepï¿½ makeover so that she can try out for the cheerleading squad in hopes of becoming one of their new members. From there she must figure out exactly where the growling is coming fro, and find a resolution. Mari Mancusi has created yet another fun adventure with Girls That Growl. The characters of Rayne and Sunny are hilarious and I love how they tend to use their "twin powers" to reverse their roles whenever it helps them out of a situation. They are such opposites, yet they always manage to pull it off. There is still a lot more that can be done with this series and I think Mancusi will go far with it. She is a very strong storyteller and has a unique writing technique. The story of Rayne and Sunny is fun for all ages, not just teenagers. Highly Recommended. Contains: Blood Drinking, Kissing, References to Sex Review by Rhonda Wilson St. Martinï¿½s Griffin, 2009 ISBN: 9780312592288 Available: New Fifteen year old Zack Thompson, orphaned at a young age, is a resident of Nicholls Ward, a hospital psychiatric unit. When a haggard man crashes through the front door of Nicholls Ward and tells Zack someone is after him, Zack escapes his boring, routine-bound life in the ward and goes on the run He must discover the truth about the malady that has left him in the ward, and find out and who is after him and why. Night Runner is a refreshing addition to the young adult vampire genre. The book breaks out of some of the safe staples of teen vampire novels and is a good fit for the reader who enjoys vampires but is tired of the same old tropes. The action starts right away, and there are enough twists and turns to keep the reader turning pages to see what happens next, with a surprise finish. Night Runnerï¿½s nonstop action and male protagonist suggest strongly that the book is targeted to teen boys, but there is a romantic subplot, and there will still be appeal to female readers. Readers advisory note: Readers who enjoyed Scott Westerfieldï¿½s Peeps may also enjoy Night Runner. Highly recommended for middle and high school libraries and public library YA collections. Contains: Violence Available: New and Used Hannah, a woman barely out of her teens, arrives in Cambridge to attend school, but she is also fleeing her past. After recovering from the pain of being abandoned by her boyfriend, Bret, Hannah began to realize just how abusive and manipulative their relationship had been. Since Bret was a vampire, and she narrowly escaped becoming one herself, Hannah recognizes that the break up was possibly the best thing to have happened to her so far. But Bret isn't quite done with Hannah yet. This book is shortï¿½it covers more than a year in about 130 pagesï¿½but this is by no means a starved plot. Although there is room for fleshing it out, the story is well-paced and focused There are some small technical problems, likely because this is a debut book, but there is a lot to recommend. Although this is a vampire book, the author spends a fair amount of time on Hannahï¿½s trying to resist the urge to blame herself for having been caught in an abusive situation and deal with her feelings of worthlessness that stem from her part in the relationship she had with Bret. The vampire aspect is so light it can easily be taken for a metaphor as well, making this book less about vampires and more about a teen recovering from an abusive relationship. The YA and abuse recovery focus makes this an excellent addition to teen libraries, private and public, and Hannah's Story could even be a gateway into helping adults talk to teens and tweens about abusive relationships. Recommended. Available: New Fashion-conscious teen Gina Covello is seriously ticked off when she wakes up dead, in a really ugly dress. Even worse, she canï¿½t see her reflection. Her sire, a former chess geek with a crush on her whoï¿½s now a hottie, is a definite plus, but unfortunately, heï¿½s also at the center of a prophecy, being used for a political power-grab by Mellisande, the vampire who sired him. Suddenly, Gina isnï¿½t the center of attention anymore. She doesnï¿½t have any true friends, and the surprisingly large population of vamped out high school students treat her like an outcast. But while Gina may be out, sheï¿½s not down. Sheï¿½s charismatic, outspoken, pragmatic, and politically incorrect, with snarky names for her evil nemesis, and plenty of forward momentum. Diver succeeds at creating a grim and very creepy atmosphere at times, as well as some very disturbing characters, but she fails to make Gina likable or sympathetic. Instead, she comes across as a former "mean girl", selfish, insecure, and very high maintenance. Itï¿½s a little grating to watch her grow more and more dependent on her ï¿½boyfriendï¿½ and sire, Bobby, and, given her general approach to life, it requires considerable suspension of disbelief as well. Still, Diverï¿½s writing can be witty, although occasionally repetitive- there are a limited number of times that one can poke fun at a vampire's vanity by pointing out that she can't see herself in the mirror. Vamped is a far cry from Twilight. Thereï¿½s more suspense and intrigue than there is conflicted romance. Teen girls are still clearly the audience for this book, though, and many may enjoy this original riff on YA vampire lit. Itï¿½s kind of fun(if a bit surreal)to watch the high school pecking order turned upside down. Reviewed by Kirsten Kowalewski Graphia, 2007 (originally published 1995) ISBN: 9780547076164 Availability: New and Used Cynda Bennett has just moved to Maine to live with her father and his new family in an inn that they have restored...one that is rumoured to be haunted by the spirit of a girl who was murdered there. When a very handsome older man comes to stay at the inn, she finds herself unable to resist falling in love with him, not knowing that there's something about him, something dangerous, that could ultimately spell disaster not only for her, but also her family. This is a superbly written tale that draws the reader in from the very beginning. Hahn's ability to create an atmosphere of bone-chilling intensity will have teens turning page after page and sharing the terror and helplessness of the characters. Set in the dead of winter, readers will definitely feel the chill of every winter storm Hahn describes. Depictions of family relationships are very real and are used to draw fear from the reader. Recommended for the YA horror collection of any public library. This book will appeal greatly to fans of a traditional vampire seduction. Notes: Contains violence and murder. Review by Stacey L. Wilson, Master of Library and Information Science candidate at The University of Western Ontario. Available: New When Biancaï¿½s parents accept teaching positions at Evernight, an exclusive boarding school, she is thrust into a world of the beautiful and wealthy. Bianca doesnï¿½t quite fit in at Evernight, and becomes close with the mysterious, good looking, but not quite acceptable Lucas. Bianca has an uneasy feeling that all is not quite what it seems at Evernight, and soon she will be forced to face the truth. Evernight is one of the stronger young adult vampire books to come out recently. Claudia Gray is a clever storyteller, and her use of clueless Bianca as the narrator keeps the reader in the dark for a full half of the book. Once she flips the switch the reader has to look at the first half of the book in a whole new light. Although the second half of the book deals with story themes familiar to any reader of young adult vampire titles, Biancaï¿½s naivete, paired with Grayï¿½s plotting and storytelling ability, continue to cloud events and build suspense. The ending is somewhat disappointing, but definitely leaves an opening for the sequel, Stargazer, due out in March 2009. Evernight has plenty of mystery, romance, and action. Readers missing out on their Twilight fix might want to check it out. Highly recommended for fans of y/a vampire fiction and for school and public libraries. Contains: Murder, violence, reference to alcohol consumption, and blood drinking. Available: New and Used VAMPS is book one in a series about the vampire teens of Bathory Academy, a prestigious night school for the richest and most powerful members of the vampire race. The first book introduces the characters and sets up the overall plot arc but doesn't have much of a resolution. Lilith Todd is the ï¿½mean popular girlï¿½ at Bathory. Unfortunately, sheï¿½s also the primary point of view character in most of this book. Snobbish beyond belief, paranoid and utterly unlikeable, she has her whole life planned out, fairy princess style. She even already has her Prince Charming, betrothed to her in a vampiric contract VAMPS really picked up when the point of view switched to Cally Monture, a half-blood from a much lower tax bracket, and a much more sympathetic character. Callyï¿½s first meeting with Lilith ends in the death of Lilthï¿½s best friend at the hands of vampire hunters. When Cally's vampire father insists she transfer to Bathory, the rivalry between the two girls flares in classic teen novel style. Collins delivers the concepts that are most loved in books aimed at teen girls, but with a skill that prevents the characters or story from sputtering into the territory of clichï¿½ or "more specialer than thou" syndrome. VAMPS is a solid addition to teen vampire collections, and has the potential to out-dazzle more popular titles like Stephenie Meyerï¿½s Twilight series. Contains: Language, violence Available: New and Used The tale of the Blue Bloods and Schuyler Van Alen continues. Schuyler is staying in the home of Jack and Mimi Force while she tries to figure out what is behind the Silver Bloodsï¿½ attack. Dylan, who believes Schuyler to be a Silver Blood, also resurfaces. The love triangles continue. Schulyer has to decide between Oliver and Jack Force, and Jack is torn between his love for Schuyler and the bonding with his soul mate, Mimi. Revelations is a fascinating combination of mystery, romance, and adventure. The book lives up to its title and provides revelations related to some of the plot threads from the previous books. The ending is more satisfying than in previous books, but there are still enough unknowns to get the reader hooked. Revelations will leave readers anxiously waiting for the next installment of the Blue Bloods series. Contans: underage drinking/references to smoking, minor violence Delacorte Books for Young Readers, 2008 ISBN-10: 0385733003 Available: New and Used Morning McCobb is coming out of the coffin. The unassuming vampire has been chosen as the poster child for the International Vampire League, an organization of vampires who seek to coexist peacefully with humans. With the help of human publicist Penny Dredful and her daughter Portia, Morning plans to reveal the existence of vampires to the general public. The problem is that not all vampires want to be outed, and they are looking to stop Morning at any cost. To accomplish his goal, he will have to fight for his life, as well as figure out his feelings for Portia. Suck It Up presents a slightly different take on the teen vampire. Morning McCobb isnï¿½t the traditional tall dark and handsome type. Instead, heï¿½s a skinny teenager, an orphan who was turned into a vampire by accident. The book has a nice combination of humor, romance, and action, and the male protagonist will give it broad appeal, attracting boys as well as girls. Contains violence. ISBN:9780060546045 Available: New Night Road tells the tale of Cole, a hemovore (donï¿½t call him a vampire). Hemovores drink blood from humans, referred to as omnis. Cole is summoned to help Gordon, a young college student accidentally turned into a hemovore, adjust to his new unlife. While Cole and his friend Sandor teach Gordon the ropes, Cole also faces his own tormented past. Night Road is different from most other young adult vampire titles. It doesnï¿½t have a romantic angle or even a great deal of action. Instead, it is a character driven story, and Jenkins draws fine portraits. Its Achilles heel is that the characters arenï¿½t particularly likable and donï¿½t seem to grow or change much. The door is wide open for a sequel for Cole, Sandor, and Gordon. In fact, it almost seems necessary. The question is, will anyone care enough to read it? Jenkins has taken an original approach and produced a very different y/a vampire title. However, readers looking for romance and action will be disappointed. Contains: Blood drinking, violence ISBN: 1596431075 Available: New Life Sucks is an unusual, funny, and unglamourous take on the vampire tale. Dave Miller is a young man whose life takes a dramatic change when he applies for a night job at a convenience store. The vampire owner turns him, sealing Daveï¿½s fate to forever be the night manager at the store. Daveï¿½s life changes for the better when he meets Rosa, a goth girl. His attempt to romance Rosa is complicated when psycho-surfer vamp Wes decides to try for Rosaï¿½s affection. Life Sucks is well-written, with good artwork. But mostly, itï¿½s just plain fun. Those who appreciate a little irony with their vampires will get a kick out of Life Sucks. Recommended. Contains: Violence, minor gore ISBN: 9780786950287 Available: New In Sucks to Be Me, Mina is the teenaged human daughter of a pair of vampires, who have hidden her existence. Once sheï¿½s discovered, the regional vampire council is adamant that Mina decide if she wants to be turned into a vampire. As if the stress of attending ï¿½vampire classï¿½ with other potential vampires isnï¿½t enough, Mina also faces typical teen ï¿½chick litï¿½ situations and misunderstandings involving boys, best friends, popularity, and the prom. Readers of teen chick lit will find much thatï¿½s familiar here. Although there is a romance angle, Minaï¿½s story is more about the impending decision and her relationship with her friends and family, with a fairly predictable conclusion. Still, Mina is a likable character, and the humor in the story and complications of this particular unexpected situation should satisfy those who enjoy ï¿½chick lit with fangs.ï¿½ Although thereï¿½s no real deviation from ï¿½chick litï¿½ formula, Pauleyï¿½s imaginative setup and entertaining characters were enough to keep this reader turning the pages. Contains: threats of violence Availabile: New Uninvited is a much darker story than the typical YA vampire fare. Jordan, a troubled teen, is being visited by her ex-boyfriend Michael, now a vampire, who waits outside her window every night begging her to invite him in. This isnï¿½t a love story, though. Michael plays the role of a deadly stalker, not a romantic interest. Itï¿½s pretty clear that even before Michaelï¿½s undead appearance, Jordanï¿½s life was in disarray, and her friends donï¿½t seem to be much more stable. Marrone paints a compelling picture of Jordanï¿½s further spiral into darkness and depression. As dark as it is, Uninvited has a surprising ending. Recommended for those looking for a slightly different take on the young adult vampire book. Contains: Drinking, drug use, references to sex, violence Available: New In a world where vampires and humans coexist, Zoey Redbird has been marked- identified as a potential vampire- and must go to The House of Night, a vampire school where she will either become a vampire or die. After Zoey is marked, she also discovers that Nyx, the vampire goddess, has a special purpose for her. At school, Zoey makes new friends and develops a crush on the school hunk. She also finds herself at odds with Aphrodite, who heads the exclusive club Daughters of Darkness. Marked has a likable main character and decent plot speed. It is a good read, and, although contrived in places, includes some convincing storytelling. Marked is the first book in a series, and happily for this reader avoids the painful cliffhanger endings often found in series books, while still leaving enough loose ends to hook the reader. A second title, Betrayed, is already in print. Recommended for school and public libraries. Contains: Language, passages of sexual implications, supernatural references. Available: New I love Stephenie Meyer, and spent much of the summer looking forward to the release of Eclipse. That said, Iï¿½m not quite sure what to think, now that Iï¿½m done. While this story contains an ever-escalating killing spree in Seattle, some fascinating vampiric history, and the back stories of several characters, the main focus, as always, is on Bella and Edward and what will happen next in their relationship. As in New Moon, Meyer uses a literary classic to reflect Edward and Bellaï¿½s relationship. In this case, the story is Wuthering Heights. While I admire any attempt to put a postive spin on Heathcliff and Catherineï¿½s toxic love story, Wuthering Heights is a story of obsession, manipulation, and cruelty to others, all in the name of a love no one is willing to actually do anything about. I wonder now if Meyer is cautioning her audience to stop cheering on the relationship between Edward and Bella so whole-heartedly. Eclipse was promoted as the final volume in the series, but now it appears that there will be a fourth book, which seems like a mistake on someoneï¿½s part. If anything is making me curious about book number four, itï¿½s this: am I supposed to be rooting for this couple, or am I supposed to be thinking, ï¿½You know what, Bella? This is unhealthy and youï¿½re only seventeen.ï¿½ Itï¿½s an interesting question, but I honestly canï¿½t tell where I am supposed to stand, in Ms. Meyerï¿½s mind, on this relationship. Recommended to fans of the series. For new readers, start back with Twilight and see what you think. Contains: N/A ISBN: 0451219945 Available: New Glass Houses, the first in what looks like will be a four book series for young adults, is the story of Claire Danvers, an academically gifted young lady who, unfortunately for her, winds up going to college in a town populated by vampires and their human food source. When Claire runs afoul of the big woman on campus, she has no choice but to move out of her dorm and into Glass House. Once there, she learns the reality of life in Morganville, where vampires rule the night and the only humans safe from them are those who have sworn their loyalty. Claireï¿½s new roommates live in a no-man zone, living and working in town but refusing the protection of the vampires. This book is a refreshing change from the more romantic view of vampires that has become popular lately. You really donï¿½t want to date these guys. Claire makes for an interesting hero, and I love the fact that so much of the action occurs because Claire refuses to miss class for any extended period of time. Book two in the series, Dead Girls Dance, is already out and just as much fun, and the later books promise to be just as good. Recommended to anyone who enjoys both young adult literature and vampires. Contains: N/A Available: New The sequel to Blue Bloods, Masquerade is the continuing tale of Schuyler Van Alen, a Blue Blood without a past. Blue Bloods are fallen angels transformed into vampires who are reincarnated with memories of their past lives, attempting to redeem themselves during their time on earth. In this installment, Schuyler and her best friend Oliver go to Venice to ask her grandfather for help in dealing with the Silverbloods, creatures preying on the Blue Bloods. In the meantime, a mysterious new boy with a knack for creating trouble has arrived at school. Masquerade also continues the development of the love triangle between Schuyler, Jack and Mimi Force. The Blue Bloods series is better written than the Vampire Beach books, with a stronger plot and better character development. However, Masquerade suffers from a flaw common to series books: a maddening, cliffhanger ending that prevents the book from standing on its own, and will leave readers frustrated until a sequel comes out. Recommended for public library young adult collections. Contains: vampire violence, implied incest. Available: New In High School Bites, Liza Conrad breathes a little fresh air into the growing subgenre of ï¿½chick-lit with fangs.ï¿½ The bones of the story arenï¿½t original- teenage girl with friends slightly outside the norm discovers sheï¿½s a vampire slayer, and a master vampire, with unimaginative minions, is out to get her- the plot and character motivations are all relatively predictable. But Conrad does something unusual- she ï¿½outsï¿½ her heroine, Lucy. In addition to her friends and teachers, her father and uncle not only know her ï¿½secretï¿½ but cheer her on. A modern slayer, Lucy has moved on past wooden stakes- now sheï¿½s armed with concentrated garlic and vampire-repelling perfume. On top of it all, everyone seems to be related to a character from Bram Stokerï¿½s novel Dracula- even the cat! Two things separate this book from the crowd. First, Conradï¿½s narrator is an average teenager who simply accepts the bizarre as perfectly normal, so sheï¿½s a much more accessible character than the outsider characters typical in this subgenre. Second, the book is laugh-out-loud funny. Readers willing to suspend disbelief will find an enjoyable tale in this quick and witty book. Note: Liza Conrad is a pseudonym for Erica Orloff, who also writes paranormal romance. High School Bites is recommended for high school library media centers and general YA collections in public libraries. Contains: kissing and necking, dog fighting, some violence. Review by Francesca the Librarian Available: New The third in the Vampire Beach series, Rituals continues the story of Jason Freeman, a human immersed in the vampire community at his high school in Malibu. In this book Jason becomes a target when he is mistaken for a vampire by a vampire hunter out to reduce Malibuï¿½s teen vampire population. Jason must find out who the hunter is before he or those closest to him die. To make things more complicated, Jason is involved in a romantic triangle with vampires Sienna and Brad. For those who enjoyed the first two Vampire Beach books the third wonï¿½t disappoint, but readers expecting great literature are in for a letdown. In a sense the Vampire Beach series is more or less ï¿½vampire lite,ï¿½ and has as much the feel of teen romance as it does vampiric action. Contains: Violence, murder Available: New Good Ghouls Do continues the story of Elizabeth(Beth) Frasier, high school student turned vampire. In Good Ghouls Do, Bethï¿½s unlife gets even more complicated as she continues to search for the vampire master that made her while entangled in a romantic triangle with vampire killer Kevin and her new boyfriend Clayton. Good Ghouls Do is a worthy sequel to The Good Ghouls' Guide to Getting Even and is an engaging read that is sure to please. Kenner plays up the absurdity and chaos of Bethï¿½s unlife as she deals with both the problems of a normal high school student and the logistical issues of being a vampire. This is a fun book with a good mix of action, romance, and humor. The end of the book makes it clear that fans of Bethï¿½s journey can look forward to her continued adventures. Recommended for public and high school libraries. Contains: references to sex, some violence ISBN: 0425213919 Available: New Elizabeth Frasier is on track to graduate as school valedictorian, is the editor of the school newspaper, and has already picked out her dream college. All is going according to plan until she encounters the school heartthrob, star football player Stephen Wills. Stephen turns out to be a vampire and promptly turns Elizabeth into one as well. Elizabethï¿½s world is turned upside down as her hopes and dreams are lost, and she has to deal with the problems of undead life. With her best friend Jenny, Elizabeth plans to extract revenge on Stephen and tries to find a way to rejoin the living . The Good Ghouls' Guide to Getting Even is an enjoyable, light read that doesn't take itself too seriously. It is a well-written book that contains both action and mild romance, as well as a healthy dose of humor. It's easy to get caught up in Kenner's writing. The book is lighter in tone than many teen vampire themed books with female protagonists , but fans of the genre should appreciate the break, and readers of teen chick lit who don't normally read vampire fiction will still enjoy The Good Ghouls' Guide to Getting Even . The only flaw is that Kenner does not provide a satisfying resolution at the end, so the book can't really be said to stand alone. The ending is clearly written to set up for the sequel as it is clearly set up for a sequel. Still, The Good Ghoul's Guide to Getting Even is a fun, fast, and appealing read, and is definitely worth a look. A sequel is due to be released in September 2007. Recommended for public and high school libraries. Contains: some violence, teenage drinking. ISBN: 1595140123 Available: New and Used Set in World War I, Bloodline tells the tale of the descendants of the the characters from Bram Stoker's Dracula. The story follows John Shaw, a British soldier fighting under the mysterious Captain Quincy Harker. Sent home after he is wounded, Nursed back to health by the strong-willed Mary Seward, John finds that Harker has followed him and is staying with his sister Lily. Harker and Lily elope and flee to Harker's home in Transylvania, and John and Mary, who have discovered that Harker is a vampire, follow after the lovers. Narrated through the use of letters and journal entries, Bloodline is a n original, suspenseful, and well-written vampire book that mixes a number of different genres, and may appeal to readers of military fiction, romance, and mystery. This title will probably appeal to older teens and adults. Unfortunately, the book is flawed by an unsatisfying ending, that, while it sets up the next installment in the series, leaves the reader feeling cheated by what is otherwise is an engaging and entertaining read. Bloodline is followed by Bloodline: Reckoning. Recommended for public and high school libraries. Contains: suicide, graphic violence, ISBN: 0316605107 Available: New Author Darren Shan narrates in first person the story of his entering a nightmare world where evil sometimes wins. When one of Darren's school friends finds a flyer for Cirque Du Freak, an illegal freak show, the two boys decide to go. When they arrive, they see amazing freaks of nature, including Madam Octa, a deadly giant spider. Darren's friend, Steve, identifies the spider's owner, Mr. Crepsley, as a real-life vampire. After the show Steve tries to convince Mr. Crepsley to make him a vampire, but Mr. Crepsley turns him down. Darren, who loves spiders, is obsessed with Madam Octa, and steals her from the vampire. A freak accident causes Darren to make a deal with the vampire that will alter his life. Although some of the dialogue doesn't ring true, and Darren's decisions are unbelievably bad, Shan still captures the reader's imagniation with vivid descriptions, fast-paced action, and edge-of-the-seat suspense. This makes the book an easy read and a good choice to snag reluctant readers. A Living Nightmare is the first title in this very popular series for teens aimed for ages 10-13. Recommended for middle school library media centers and/or public libraries. Contains: Violence. The series consists of 12 books: Cirque du Freak: A Living Nightmare The Vampire's Assistant ISBN: 1595140239 Available: New Seventeen year old Kia feels powerless. Her mother is dying of cancer and she is living with her father who is uninvolved with her life and often absent. Her friends have problems of their own and canï¿½t provide the support she needs, and she is cutting herself to release the pain. Introduced to a world of goth night clubs that cater to the ï¿½vampireï¿½ community, she meets and falls for a mysterious DJ named Damon. Kia pursues Damon through the vampire scene, believing that he may be an actual vampire with the potential to save her mother. Readers of Thicker than Water may recognize familiar themes: the isolated protagonist of Annette Curtis Klauseï¿½s Silver Kiss also hopes for a vampiric cure for her dying mother, and Pete Hautmanï¿½s Sweetblood also introduces a self-destructive teen who develops a relationship with a person who may or may not be a vampire. However, the book is much more graphic than either of these and very emotionally intense, Jablonski throws so much pain and isolation in Kiaï¿½s path that the reader almost gets a sense that the author was in a contest to create a character who was even more disturbed and isolated than protagonists in other titles in this genre. This intensity makes the end of the story feel a little too pat. Yet, her writing is powerful enough to keep the reader up well past the witching hour. Contains: self-mutilation, underage drinking, mentions of Wicca, mild kissing. ISBN: 0763627917 Available: Pre-Order (To be released February,2007) Tantalize introduces us to Quincie Morris a teen who has inherited her familyï¿½s Italian restaurant after her parents died in a car accident. When competition from other Italian restaurants forces her to close the doors, Quincie and her uncle plan to reopen the restaurant with a vampire theme. When her head chef is murdered shortly before the grand opening, Quincieï¿½s uncle hires a replacement and she attempts to turn him into a master vampire chef. Meanwhile, Quincie must also deal with her unrequited feelings for her closest friend, a hybrid werewolf, who must make a decision that will affect both of them deeply. The story really takes off at the restaurantï¿½s opening, as supernatural forces collide. Tantalize is an incredibly engaging and engrossing story that sucks the reader in. Filled with adventure, humor, vividly described meals, and a romance angle, the book has something for everyone. While there are plenty of books with both vampires and werewolves out there, Tantalize is imaginative enough that it may surprise even some of the more tenured YA vampire-werewolf readers. The only speed bump in a good fun read is the ending, as the actions of some characters seem unlikely given what has gone before. While the story certainly stands on its own merits, it is clear that the author has left herself room to do more. Contains: violence, murder, teen drinking, kidnapping. ISBN: 159514062X Available: New The Last Days, a sequel to Peeps, chronicles the forming of a music group at a time when the giant worms from the first book begin to surface and uncontrolled vampiric peeps are increasing in number. The story is told using multiple first person viewpoints, each from one of the five members of the band. These include Moz, the lead guitarist: Zahler, his best friend and the reluctant bassist: Minerva, the lead singer, who has been infected by the vampiric parasite but is keeping it under control: Pearl, the keyboardist and all-around music genius: and Alana Ray, a talented drummer who has visions/hallucinations when the band plays. It is an interesting way of telling the story, but the fragmented narrative makes it difficult for the reader to understand the connections to and romantic entanglements of the members of the group, slowing the pacing of the story. The bandï¿½s relevance to the war between the worms and the vampires is not revealed until late in the book. Some sequels can stand alone, but this is not the case with The Last Days. The pacing and narrative structure, however, are so different from the first book that it will be difficult for the reader to make a smooth transition. The The pacing speeds up in the second half of the book and falls more in line with Peeps, but this sequel just doesnï¿½t pack the same punch. Still, fans of Peeps will want to give it a read. Contains: nothing objectionable Magic Carpet Books, 1982(reprint 1998 and to be reprinted in April, 2007) ISBN: 0152017682 Available: Used The Darkangel is a fascinating mixture of fantasy and horror. In this book, Meredith Ann Pierce introduces us to Aeriel, a servant to Eoduin, daughter of the head of Aerielï¿½s village. One day as Aeriel and Eoduin go out to collect hornflower sap for a wedding in the village, a vampire comes and kidnaps Eoduin, intending her to be his wife for that year. Aeriel tries to hunt the vampire down to save Eoduin but is also captured by the vampire and becomes a servant for his ï¿½twelve plus oneï¿½ wives. Aeriel is unable to determine which of the wives is Eoduin, because once the vampire catches a girl to be his wife, he drains her blood, captures her soul and tears out her heart, leaving only a wraith behind. Aeriel has one year to find a way to stop the vampire and save Eoduin before the vampire needs to collect his fourteenth bride. As the tale moves along and we see Aeriel mature from a clumsy, shy, servant girl to a confident woman. Unfortunately, Pierce undermines Aerielï¿½s character by having her fall in love with the vampire, a cruel, vicious, bloodsucking creature with no redeeming value other than physical beauty. Pierceï¿½s book is a fine choice for those who can suspend their disbelief for Aerielï¿½s romantic feelings and who are looking for fantasy mixed with a dose of vampiric horror. The Darkangel is the first book in a trilogy and is followed by A Gathering of Gargoyles and The Pearl of the Soul of the World. Contains: cruelty to animals, poisoning, kidnapping, and violent assault. Eos - Reissue ed, March, 1999 ISBN: 0061020001 Available: New and Used Vampire Diaries follows Elena, a beautiful and popular high school student who resides in the sleepy little town of Fell's Church. When Stefan, a tall, dark, and handsome vampire seeking a peaceful existence, comes to town posing as a high school student, he immediately becomes the focus of Elena's attentions. However, following Stefan is his brother the powerfu,l vile, vampire Damon. Suddenly people start dying in Fell's Church. It really seems that this first installment of the series is merely to introduce you to the various characters and through flashbacks give the history of the conflict between Stefan and Damon. The Elena character is a little flat and one has a hard time really caring about the "queen bee" of the school getting the vampiric guy she likes. The book really doesn't have anything of a satisfying conclusion, and the reader is forced to go to The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Vol 2 for the "to be continued" story. There really isn't a feeling of anything new, but The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening will have many familiar elements for readers seeking a popular teen vampire book. ISBN: 1416911677 Available: New Jason Freeman is just getting used to living in Malibu, where the super-rich and beautiful are also vampires, when his friend Tyler from Michigan comes to town. Jason notices that Tyler is acting strange and has various bruises, and suspects Tyler might be back using drugs. At the same time, Jason also has to deal with his mixed feelings toward Sienna, the ultra-beautiful vampiress who is the "it" girl at school and happens to be dating Jason's vampiric friend Brad. Vampire Beach: Initiation feels like it comes right out of a prime time teen drama TV show. Unfortunately, while Duval's take on things can be very enjoyable, this particular book feels unfinished. Oddly, given the title, no initiation actually occurs in the book, While the vampire teens do go off to an unknown event that could potentially lead us in that direction, the story dead ends. It seems like Duval started to develop a subplot involving the vampire community and then suddenly forgot about it. Contains: ISBN: 1416911669 Available: New In Bloodlust, teen Jason Freeman and his family move to an exclusive neighborhood, DeVere Heights, in Malibu. When Jason goes to school he finds there are two separate crowds; the rich and powerful DeVere Heights crowd and everyone else. The families living in DeVere Heights , of course, are vampires. As in Blue Bloods by Melissa de la Cruz, the vampires are presented as a benign group whose members require human blood but do not kill their victims, and even run a charitable and cultural organizations. When one of Jason's classmates is murdered by a vampire, Jason tries to uncover who is responsible. Interestingly, Jason differs from the "outsider" protagonists in many other teen vampire books because he fits in easily and well at his new school. Although the book is set up for a sequel, Bloodlust, unlike Blue Bloods, can stand alone. Readers who enjoyed Blue Bloods may also enjoy Bloodlust. Contains: teen drinking and scenes of sexuality. ISBN: 0786838922 Available: New Blue Bloods follows the tale of Schuyler and her friend Oliver, students at the Duchesne School, a prestigious private school attended by the sons and daughters of the most wealthy and influential families. The murder of a student leads Schuyler to uncover the dark secret of the students of Duchesne and their families. Blue Bloods is an entertaining and creative variation on the modern vampire tale, with a romantic subplot. The ending is flawed, as the story truly doesn't end at all, setting up a sequel book. It is the equivalent of the to be continued at the season finale of your favorite TV show. Contains: violence Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, June, 2003 ISBN: 0689850484 Available: New and Used Lucy was diagnosed with diabetes as a child and is dependent on insulin to keep her condition in check. Lucy has always had an interest in vampires and spends her time on vampire message boards looking to talk with the mysterious person whose username is Draco. When Lucy writes a paper for school linking the origins of the vampire myth to diabetes, she quickly finds her life spiraling out of control, with her teachers and parents worried about her grip on reality. While an incredibly well written book and a great story, vampires are more of a theme than a presence. I would definitely recommend the book, but those looking for more vampire action I would recommend looking at other titles. Contains: predatory stalking and teenage drinking. ISBN: 0316160199 Available: New and Used This eagerly awaited sequel to Twilight begins with Bella having a nightmare about getting older. Sure, it's only the eve of her 18th birthday, but Edward, her vampiric soulmate, will never look any older than 17 and he's still refusing to change her. Despite Bella's hope that everyone will ignore her birthday, Edward's family winds up throwing her a party that changes everything in Bella's life, and not in a way that she wanted. Stephenie Meyer has fun using Romeo and Juliet as a ongoing theme for this novel, beginning with Edward dismissively saying that Romeo did everything wrong and ending with some near-deadly irony. As a fan of novels that are willing to admit that they are borrowing shamelessly from the classics, I loved seeing Bella and Edward's relationship become trapped in a plot written centuries ago. Meyer also does an excellent job of showing the possible costs for a love as obsessive as Bella and Edward's. I also enjoyed seeing Jacob, almost a bit character in Twilight, really come into his own in this novel as a throwaway conversation between Bella and Jacob in the first book becomes a major part of the plot in the second. If you enjoyed Twilight, you'll be happy to return to this world. This was one of those books I couldn't bring myself to put down. It ends on something of a cliffhanger, so I will be looking forward for a third book in the series. Entry by Havoc ISBN: 044023834X Available: New and Used Flunking out of school leaves Cody one option: enrolling at Vlad Dracul Magnet School. He is admitted in spite of his poor grades when he agrees to join the schoolï¿½s water polo team, which must compete in order for the school to achieve accreditation and remain open (unfortunately, vampires and water donï¿½t mix). He becomes friends with Justin, a vampire student, who explains that as long as Cody stays on the team he is guaranteed Aï¿½s. Cody takes the schoolï¿½s attitude as a challenge and starts working hard in his classes, to the surprise and annoyance of the principal and students. Ileana, a vampire princess and friend of Justinï¿½s, extends her protection to Cody, and they also become friendly. When half the water polo team is expelled, Cody has to find replacements fast so the school will retain its accreditation. Cody encourages Justin to try swimming and Justin turns out to be a natural- and a few other vampire students appear to have the same abilities! The water polo team gets its replacements and the school stays open. Codyï¿½s friendship with Justin leads to the beginnings of a romance with Ileana, with the original Countï¿½s approval. Vampire High is more entertaining than it is horrifying, but readers looking for smiles instead of shudders will be very satisfied. Contains: limited blood drinking, bullying and mild violence, and teen kissing. ISBN: 0763620149 Available: New and Used Chris has real problems. He has parted ways with his best friend, his parents fight all the time, he doesn't have the nerve to talk to Rebecca, the girl he likes, and he is turning into a vampire. In Chris's world vampires and other supernatural creatures are a scourge of society and are hunted down and killed. As he turns, Chris finds that he has a greater thirst for human blood and notices that his reflection in the mirror is disappearing. Chris meets Chet, who claims to be a representative of the Forces of Light. Chet offers to cure Chris of his vampirism if he can first prevent a Vampire God from escaping his prison dimension and returning to Earth. Anderson has approached the teen vampire book from a different angle and has come up with a great story. He has departed from the vampire as the attractive and sometimes romantic creature and has turned vampirism into a curse that threatens to destroy Chris. There are some classic moments in the book such as an invitation for Chris to join a group of vampires for drinks or the letter from vampiress Lolli who encourages Chris to join the world of the vampires. While Chris does have a yearning for Rebecca, this vampire story really doesn't have the romance angles that others do and the story does not suffer for it. Contains violence and a little gore. ISBN: 0385327943. Available: New and Used The fourth installment in Atwater-Rhodes' series introduces two vampire hunters from a group called Crimson. Our heroine, Turquoise Drakaour, and her rival, Raven, are hired to assassinate Jeshikah, a vampiress who has created a place called Midnight, where human beings are enslaved and broken for the use of vampires. Once a young girl captured by the vampires, Turquoise must deal with her tormented past and face her old vampire master in order to complete her mission. Although this book follows the general formula that Atwater-Rhodes has used in her other books, its descriptions of abusive behavior toward the main character give it a darker tone. This difference makes it hard to reconcile the story with the universe she has created, so it is more difficult to escape into the world of the book. Fans of Atwater-Rhodes will probably enjoy this title, but it is not recommended as an introduction to her books. Other books in the series include In the Forests of the Night, Shattered Mirror, and Demon in My View. Contains: descriptions of physical and psychological abuse. ISBN: 0440228166 Available: New and Used In the Forests of the Night is the first in a series of books by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes. She introduces us to the vampiress Riskisa, a 300 year old vampire who finds herself in the territory of a rival vampire, Aubrey, who is responsible for killing her family. The book is divided up between the time, 300 years ago, when Risksia is first turned into a vampire, and the present day where she must fight Aubrey. When I first started to review young adult horror, author Amelia Atwater-Rhodes's name came up as a must read author for teens. Much has been made of the fact that she was 14 when she wrote In the Forests of the Night. I can see why her books appeal to teen readers, especially reluctant readers. The action moves quickly and the writing style is easy to follow. Adult readers may also enjoy Amelia Atwater-Rhodes' books. They are quick and addictive little reads, leaving you ready for more. A core title for young adult collection. Sequels include Shattered Mirror and Demon In My View. Contains: vampire violence, bloodletting. ISBN: 0440229405 Available: New and Used. Another book in Atwater-Rhodes' world of vampires and witches. This time around the story is about teen vampire hunter Sarah Vida who starts off believing all vampires should be destroyed. However, when two vampires, Nissa and Christopher, arrive at her school, she finds herself befriending them. She discovers that vampires are more than the simple killing machines her in which her mother has raised her to believe. An underlying story involves Sarah's hunt for one of the most notorious vampires around, Nikolas. Another solid entry for the readers of vampire fiction, Atwater-Rhodes is a gifted story teller and doesn't disappoint with this book. Another core book for the vampire collection. Contains: Violence and blood sucking and letting, ISBN: 038532720X Available: New and Used . Demon in My View is set in a world developed by Amelia Atwater-Rhodes where vampires exist and prey upon humans and are hunted by witches. In this installment we are introduced to Jessica, a teen who is a social outcast, who has written a popular book about vampires and witches under a pen name. After the book is published two new students appear at her school, Caryn, who seems to go out of her way to befriend Jessica, and Alex, a teen who resembles the villainous vampire in her book. Demon In My View is a well written book that will appeal to those who like the Buffy the Vampire Slayer books. This book could have just as easily ended up in the horror romance category but the vampires in this series are more predatory creature. I would recommend this book for those looking for additional vampire fiction. A core book in young adult vampire horror. Contains: Violent fight sequence, blood sucking.	Fork
What is the name for a triangle that has all three sides of equal length?	Wooleywews \| FanFiction Wooleywews Joined 05-31-10, id: 2384695, Profile Updated: 09-14-15 Author has written 2 stories for Twilight. I watch a lot of movies... I read a lot of books... I tend to over analyze everything. I'm also quite OCD. I used to be a technical word processor and editor/proofreader for a living (have gone back to school—you’re never too old to learn something new). I’ve had a casual interest in creative writing for most of my life. Until Twilight however, I'd never even heard of FanFiction. I think my husband wishes it could have remained unknown to me... LOL I am a romantic (who would've guessed?!) I believe in love at first sight. Many feel that this is impossible or are cynical about love’s existence altogether. These are the same people that mock the incredible success of SM's Twilight series. They do not understand. I, however, do. I met, was wooed by, and married my husband in less than 4 months. We've been happily married for over 26 years now. So, I know that Bella's and Edward's love is possible because I live it. Every day. ... Well, it's more like Esme's and Carlisle's now but you get the idea! :) When I discovered FanFic, it didn't take long before I had Bella and Edward running around in my subconscious, living human lives and falling in love with each other in numerous ways. It then wasn't too far of a leap for my mind to tell me: "Hey! You should try and write some of this FanFic stuff!" Hope you enjoy my ramblings about the lives and loves of the Twilight characters. They of course all belong to Stephenie Meyer and are her property; no copyright infringement is intended nor will any money be earned by me from them. I’m just living in her world for a little bit... However, the plots of all my stories are mine. I do not accept requests for translations of any of my stories into any additional languages. I only speak/read English so I won't know if you're butchering my literary baby or not... Sorry. If you’re interested in checking out the photos that I used to help me fill out the story during my research for each, check out the links for each corresponding Story/Chap (see below). I hope you get a kick out of reading my stories as much as I’ve enjoyed writing them! CJW September 2015 Story: Across the Ocean Blue (FanFic ID 7098044) Genre: Romance/Hurt/Comfort Rating: M (for adult themes) Type: AU, AH, Cannon Couples Synopsis: Bella has isolated herself after several disastrous experiences. Edward has retreated from life because of personal tragedy. Can one perceptive canine, concerned family and friends, and fate bring them together? “It was as if gravity was working sideways across the short distance that separated our homes to bring us closer together.” Photo Storyboard: Story: What Is Forever (FanFic ID 7637248) Genre: Romance/Hurt/Comfort Rating: T Type: AU, AH, Cannon Couples Synopsis: Bella’s soul was damaged from sorrow. Edward’s suffocates from loneliness. But hope for eternal love never truly dies. “I understood a little about what must be meant when one speaks of forever. It must be to love someone so completely that you are willing to do anything to carry that love with you into the eternities.” Photo Storyboard: Story: A Not So Mad Professor (FanFic ID COMING SOON) Genre: Romance Rating: M Type: AU, AH, Cannon Couples Synopsis: London, England, early 1900’s. Bella is the new governess for Edward’s neighbor’s children. They suddenly release her from service and she’s unable to return home to America. Edward is an aspiring scientist in need of an assistant. She’s systematic and independent. He’s absentminded and reserved. Everyone needs the madness that is love. "She is, quite simply, a light of immeasurable brightness in my life." Photo Storyboard: COMING SOON Steady On by Edward's Eternal reviews The first day I saw her on the bus, was the day I lost my heart. Today, I planned on letting her know she was the one who had captured it. 1st place Public Vote and 5th place Judge's entry in the Straight thru the Heart Contest. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 4 - Words: 14,934 - Reviews: 671 - Favs: 955 - Follows: 1,192 - Updated: 1/14 - Published: 3/8/2016 - Bella, Edward The Heiress of Lord Henry More by Nofrure reviews Bella is a young doctor who during a flight is asked to help an old man. This is how she meets the man who should have been her grandfather, becoming The Heiress of 12 billion dollars, putting her in the path of Lord Edward Cullen. It will surprise you Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 35 - Words: 170,721 - Reviews: 1862 - Favs: 2,031 - Follows: 2,545 - Updated: 1/8 - Published: 2/21/2010 - Bella, Edward Ballad of the Spinster and the Outlaw by Alby Mangroves reviews "Sometimes, at night, he'd walk in his meadow and look to the sky, hoping she was seeing the same full moon, the same brilliant stars." This is a story of second chances and intrepid hearts. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Western - Chapters: 19 - Words: 29,091 - Reviews: 1111 - Favs: 549 - Follows: 875 - Updated: 12/28/2016 - Published: 4/2/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Elephant Shoes by deJean Smith reviews Summary: For fifteen years, they've danced around their mutual attraction, never wanting to cross that line until a class assignment provides the perfect opportunity to say those three magic words. Honorable Mention in the P.S. I love you (2016) contest Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 7,499 - Reviews: 34 - Favs: 56 - Follows: 45 - Published: 12/23/2016 - Bella, Edward - Complete One Christmas Eve by Edward's Eternal reviews When her world collapses, Bella does her best to find the light. Will one Christmas Eve be the miracle her broken heart needs to heal? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 10 - Words: 12,586 - Reviews: 1469 - Favs: 731 - Follows: 722 - Updated: 12/21/2016 - Published: 12/14/2016 - Bella, Edward - Complete Fan Fiction, Sex Gods and Single Girls by bannerday reviews After a mortifying first meeting, fan-fic writer, Bella, finds story inspiration in her distracting new neighbor, Edward. She thinks he's a player. He thinks she's crazy. But don't judge a book by its cover. There's more there than meets the eye. And Bella might just faint when she discovers who's reading her newest fic! Art imitates life imitates art. EDIT & RE-POST IN PROGRESS Twilight - Rated: M - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 64 - Words: 421,200 - Reviews: 24954 - Favs: 6,474 - Follows: 6,596 - Updated: 12/14/2016 - Published: 6/21/2011 - Bella, Edward Final Destination by Edward's Eternal reviews Two lost, lonely people travelling to different destinations. One storm that brings them together. Could their meeting alter their final destination? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 18 - Words: 44,647 - Reviews: 2885 - Favs: 1,055 - Follows: 1,169 - Updated: 12/13/2016 - Published: 8/31/2016 - Complete The Legend of Green Eyes by 4string reviews College student Bella Swan gets in over her head when friends insist on chasing old Civil War ghost stories, specifically The Legend of Green Eyes. This is my first fic. Canon pairings, in character, & not necessarily AH, but somewhat. Sort of complete. Epilogue is coming. I say this as of 12/16. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 18 - Words: 63,476 - Reviews: 293 - Favs: 387 - Follows: 316 - Updated: 12/6/2016 - Published: 10/11/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Rain Must Fall by drotuno reviews It's always been said that Mother Nature finds a way to assert her power. This time, she unleashed something that walls and fences couldn't contain. Separated by an entire country, Edward and Bella must fight to stay alive in a world determined to destroy them, a world Edward must cross to get to his family, and a world where the dead don't always stay dead. Rated M AH/ExB Twilight - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 3 - Words: 2,957 - Reviews: 3604 - Favs: 1,346 - Follows: 1,073 - Updated: 10/10/2016 - Published: 10/12/2014 - Complete The Cullen Legacy by pattyrose reviews Legacy - A gift; sometimes unknowingly bestowed. Bella met Edward in a London pub, never imagining where each would be 7 years later: he a Congressman fueled by ever-growing political ambition, she the woman with an explosive secret that can end all his dreams. But Bella might soon find that revenge isn't all it's cracked up to be, and that Edward may harbor his own dark secrets. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 45 - Words: 237,004 - Reviews: 15851 - Favs: 5,938 - Follows: 4,760 - Updated: 9/20/2016 - Published: 3/4/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Homecoming by dontrun reviews Bella's childhood spent with her mother has left her shy, socially isolated and scared of her own shadow. Her life is turned upside down when she is sent to live with the Dad and brother that she never knew she had. Can she overcome her past? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 38 - Words: 176,183 - Reviews: 3639 - Favs: 3,558 - Follows: 2,232 - Updated: 8/24/2016 - Published: 12/13/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Going for the Gold by bethaboo reviews Edward Cullen, an Olympic swimming star, goes to Beijing with winning gold medals on his mind, but is distracted by the beautiful but clumsy reporter he meets on his way. All Human AU, co-written by tameleine. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 23 - Words: 92,644 - Reviews: 2565 - Favs: 4,662 - Follows: 1,789 - Updated: 7/31/2016 - Published: 8/18/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Torn by Dooba reviews Bella Swan has survived a living hell, twice. She no longer speaks. Nobody ever listened. The Cullen family take her into their care. Bella fights to leave her past behind, but will she be able to let love in? AH M-rated for violence, content, language Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 89 - Words: 635,876 - Reviews: 16482 - Favs: 6,937 - Follows: 7,531 - Updated: 7/23/2016 - Published: 9/27/2010 - Bella, Edward A May to December Romance by Positively 4th Street reviews My name is Isabella Swan and today, I signed a contract that would put me in the steel tight clutches of a man I didn't know, for four years. A girl's gotta pay for college somehow, right? AH. Come meet 'Sugar Daddy' Edward. Chapters 1-18 are being edited and are subject to small changes. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 22 - Words: 165,303 - Reviews: 8657 - Favs: 9,211 - Follows: 11,055 - Updated: 5/5/2016 - Published: 1/7/2011 - Bella, Edward We never sleep by deJean Smith reviews When Isabella Swan is kidnapped by her Uncle James and betrothed to the infamous gangster, Jacob Black, her father calls upon the only hope he has, The Pinkerton Agency, and their agents that never sleep. A contribution to Words of Love for Meli. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 1 - Words: 6,442 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 75 - Follows: 94 - Published: 5/4/2016 - Bella, Edward She tames the beast within by deJean Smith reviews She only knows of a day-to-day existence. He only knows of life on a silver platter. She only knows contentment with what she has. He only knows the lust for more, and he has her in his sights. An expansion of my Twilight 25, round 9, exploration of the prompt, 'innocence.' Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 64,911 - Reviews: 1566 - Favs: 510 - Follows: 673 - Updated: 5/2/2016 - Published: 4/6/2015 - Bella - Complete Thicker Than Blood by JD909626 reviews Dr. Cullen waits 30 years to find the woman of his dreams and is immediately besotted. Will his instant attraction mean anything if he meets said woman as his patient at an inner city abortion clinic? Can he help his girl and still protect his heart? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 27 - Words: 171,823 - Reviews: 2478 - Favs: 2,284 - Follows: 2,552 - Updated: 4/23/2016 - Published: 10/13/2010 - Edward, Bella Creature of Habit by EZRocksAngel reviews Bella begins working for the elusive and distant Edward Cullen who she discovers is hiding behind an elaborate charade to maintain his secret lifestyle. Bella is determined to find out the mysteries of Edward Cullen but with what results? AU, OOC. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 33 - Words: 189,624 - Reviews: 14729 - Favs: 12,403 - Follows: 5,646 - Updated: 3/23/2016 - Published: 1/4/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Practice makes perfect take two by mathisson reviews REPOST Bella has been Dr Carlise Cullen Nurse for several years. He announces that his sons will be joining his practice. Bellas first meeting with Dr. Edward Cullen is a huge disaster. Things arent always as they appear. AH cannon couples Rat Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 2 - Words: 984 - Reviews: 609 - Favs: 1,033 - Follows: 428 - Updated: 2/24/2016 - Published: 10/17/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Counsellor by Michaelmas54 reviews Edward is a successful Hollywood actor on the verge of a breakdown, so he walks away from everything and unexpectedly finds help from a kind stranger who listens to his story. A story with humour and angst, laughter and tears, told in flash-back, and rated M for loving moments, language and citrus. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 36 - Words: 121,960 - Reviews: 888 - Favs: 717 - Follows: 305 - Updated: 12/29/2015 - Published: 6/8/2013 - Alice, Bella, Edward, Jasper - Complete Under Construction by Edward's Eternal reviews A secret attraction, a forbidden love. Can their foundation stand the forces that could tear them apart? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Chapters: 3 - Words: 23,183 - Reviews: 552 - Favs: 1,309 - Follows: 1,190 - Updated: 11/25/2015 - Published: 2/12/2015 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Girl In The Meadow by Simaril reviews Bella arrives in Forks with a lifetime of memories of Edward and their time together. The only problem is that Edward hasn't met her yet. Time travel, love and forever share in a story of longing and waiting for the right moment to start their forever. Twilight/New Moon AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 39 - Words: 150,252 - Reviews: 2084 - Favs: 1,066 - Follows: 846 - Updated: 11/3/2015 - Published: 2/8/2015 - [Bella, Edward] - Complete The Single Game by AwesomeSauce76 reviews UPDATE: Pulled to Publish (P2P) New girl Bella Swan is finally ready to start dating again, but the only boy she's interested in is too shy to even talk to her. Why are her friends convinced that the answer to her problem is some crazy party game… with kissing? AU/AH, BPOV, COMPLETE. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 2 - Words: 655 - Reviews: 6506 - Favs: 3,650 - Follows: 2,265 - Updated: 6/1/2015 - Published: 12/11/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete On Our Way Home by CassandraLowery reviews The trip home from Italy as taken from New Moon, written from Edward's POV. Canon. These four chapters form the beginning of the sequel to Evening Star. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 4 - Words: 8,562 - Reviews: 66 - Favs: 110 - Follows: 51 - Updated: 5/10/2015 - Published: 4/15/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete CSI Seattle WA by Michaelmas54 reviews A chance discovery in the forest near Forks starts a series of events that could prove cataclysmic for everyone, not just for the people involved. A story of love and passion, murder and mystery and rated M mainly for the passionate (lemony) bits. A Twilight story that will hopefully keep you on the edge of your sofa! Recommended on Rob Attack, TLS & ADF. Complete. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 31 - Words: 112,945 - Reviews: 1320 - Favs: 624 - Follows: 456 - Updated: 5/1/2015 - Published: 8/17/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Isabella by suitablyironicmoniker reviews In the Cornish countryside of 1804 England, a foreign visitor brings Isabella to reconsider the inexplicable occurrences she had always taken for granted. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 38 - Words: 173,463 - Reviews: 2213 - Favs: 739 - Follows: 761 - Updated: 3/21/2015 - Published: 2/6/2014 - Bella, Edward - Complete My Wounded Soldier by counselor reviews 1866 Edward just home from the war. Neighbor Bella has a tragedy and Edward delivers her baby. Seeing as she's widowed, marriage makes sense. He doesn't feel worthy, but he can't step aside for her suitors. Competition amongst veterans. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 2 - Words: 2,739 - Reviews: 5468 - Favs: 1,914 - Follows: 1,349 - Updated: 3/19/2015 - Published: 3/5/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Illegal Contact by Jen733 reviews Edward Masen is a 29 year old former NFL football player, now coaching high school football in Forks. He leads a quiet life until he meets a woman that will change his life forever. What's been missing from his life may be right in front of him. AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 16 - Words: 79,822 - Reviews: 13432 - Favs: 7,755 - Follows: 4,703 - Updated: 2/23/2015 - Published: 8/1/2009 - Bella, Edward There Fell a Stillness by HappyInLove reviews A man who doesn't believe in faith. A woman who may be losing hers. Two lost souls collide in the stillness between hope lost and found. "I think you need this more than I do. Everyone needs a little something to believe in sometimes." Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 19 - Words: 85,650 - Reviews: 955 - Favs: 923 - Follows: 1,031 - Updated: 2/13/2015 - Published: 9/14/2010 - Bella, Edward Sins of My Past by content1 reviews Bella was left by Edward to clean up the ruins of her life after his betrayal. What happens when Edward finds out that not all was as it seems. What are the consequences of his sins and what will he do to get her back? AH TwiFanFicRecs: Top Ten October 2012; Best Rec'd on Fan Fic Fridays 2012 Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 89 - Words: 465,907 - Reviews: 11700 - Favs: 3,437 - Follows: 2,354 - Updated: 2/9/2015 - Published: 9/29/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Evermore Experience by deJean Smith reviews Bella Swan receives an invitation to the exclusive Evermore Experience, an in-depth immersion summer program where she plans to fully explore 19th century England, but fate has other plans for her once she arrives. A mostly AU story. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 34 - Words: 161,112 - Reviews: 2131 - Favs: 1,853 - Follows: 1,103 - Updated: 2/3/2015 - Published: 6/8/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Swallow to a Dove by shouldbecleaning reviews Timid Isabella is sent to keep the home and children of widower Edward Cullen. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 50 - Words: 42,551 - Reviews: 3112 - Favs: 1,394 - Follows: 1,260 - Updated: 1/21/2015 - Published: 12/5/2014 - Bella, Edward - Complete Metaphysics by anais mark reviews Edward & Bella are graduate students in London 'coincidentally' researching the same poets. More than 300 years after the fact, Carlisle & Edward must find out why Carlisle's past won't stay there - before Bella digs it up researching her thesis. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 36 - Words: 216,667 - Reviews: 2178 - Favs: 1,603 - Follows: 1,483 - Updated: 1/4/2015 - Published: 2/8/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Marriage Quest by emeralddahlia reviews A quiet, young editor meets a brooding man hiding behind the façade of a charming entrepreneur and follows him into a mutual agreement. Follow them as they begin to accept their arrangement. Do marriages really last when hardships make it impossible to?AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 33 - Words: 152,176 - Reviews: 2048 - Favs: 1,554 - Follows: 1,875 - Updated: 11/30/2014 - Published: 4/6/2010 - Bella, Edward Only by Moonlight by CassandraLowery reviews ON HIATUS-my apologies. Due to some serious roommate problems, Bella Swan has to find new student housing mid-semester and fortunately finds a room to rent in a lovely Victorian home near the University of Chicago campus. But a set of mysterious circumstances set Bella on edge, challenging her beliefs about the afterlife...and love. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 16 - Words: 79,078 - Reviews: 636 - Favs: 278 - Follows: 418 - Updated: 11/29/2014 - Published: 3/5/2013 - Bella, Carlisle, Edward Breaking Dawn Book I - EPOV by NewTwilightFan reviews COMPLETE - Canon retelling of Breaking Dawn Book I from Edward's POV. What was really on his mind during the wedding and honeymoon? I originally wrote this about 5 years ago. Why did I take so long to post it here? Beats the heck out of me. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 7 - Words: 66,850 - Reviews: 39 - Favs: 72 - Follows: 46 - Updated: 10/17/2014 - Published: 9/6/2014 - Bella, Edward - Complete What Drives Her by Virginia May reviews Edward leaves Forks & Bella behind after the incident with Tyler's van. Five years later, he finally returns to his family and the Pacific Northwest.While picking up his latest Swedish automobile,he is confronted by a very familiar scent. AU-Twilight. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 33 - Words: 255,569 - Reviews: 1486 - Favs: 934 - Follows: 977 - Updated: 8/27/2014 - Published: 3/14/2010 - Bella, Edward New Moon Rewound by Helena Mira reviews A/U: This story alters the plot so that the primary storyline of New Moon never happened, it was just a nightmare. But as Bella continues to have nightmares, are they really premonitions? Everyone is puzzled. Curious? Read on. Completely canon-friendly, but no Edward-Bella-Jacob triangle. No Jacob bashing either! Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 50 - Words: 314,097 - Reviews: 736 - Favs: 293 - Follows: 249 - Updated: 8/10/2014 - Published: 3/15/2014 - Bella, Edward, Victoria - Complete Masen Manor by drotuno reviews Masen Manor, home to a prestigious boarding school, Masen Academy. An immortal hiding from the world has his faith tested by a hundred-year-old fortune and a broken, silent girl. AU…E/B…Slightly OOC…Rated M Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 36 - Words: 279,091 - Reviews: 8036 - Favs: 3,189 - Follows: 2,563 - Updated: 7/24/2014 - Published: 2/14/2014 - Bella, Edward - Complete Weeping May Endure for a Night by CassandraLowery reviews Arriving home to a dark, empty flat, Dr. Edward Masen reflects upon what has undoubtedly been his most heartbreaking experience as an ER physician... (Doctorward Contest extremely late non-entry). Twilight - Rated: T - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,285 - Reviews: 33 - Favs: 53 - Follows: 21 - Published: 7/23/2014 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Light in the Darkness by JenRar reviews On one of history's darkest days, Edward finds his other half. Bella wakes to find that her guardian angel may just be a figment of her imagination. A journey of two lost souls as they find the light when darkness surrounds them. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 35 - Words: 135,634 - Reviews: 4373 - Favs: 1,179 - Follows: 1,230 - Updated: 7/20/2014 - Published: 2/14/2014 - Bella, Edward - Complete You Should Know by tiffanyanne3 reviews "I look up and watch him slowly approach me, as if I'm an animal he might scare away. I hate that he seems to feel like I'll bolt at any moment. I want to let him in. I want to. I just need time." Bella's heart is broken. Edward helps her mend it. BxE, Friendship/Romance/Humor, Rated M for the usual reasons. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 17 - Words: 62,245 - Reviews: 327 - Favs: 810 - Follows: 442 - Updated: 7/5/2014 - Published: 2/23/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Love Worth Defending by ladylibre reviews COMPLETE! After hearing Edward's reasons for leaving, Bella sets out to prove beyond a reasonable doubt their relationship is worth saving. Will the Cullen High Court rule in love's favor? A unique, canon-based AU New Moon fic. NOTE: This story is TOTALLY UNRELATED to "Serenity's Prayer," my other AU New Moon fic. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Drama/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 27 - Words: 69,766 - Reviews: 1115 - Favs: 324 - Follows: 347 - Updated: 6/25/2014 - Published: 6/5/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Desperately Out-manned with No Allies by vupgirl reviews With Arizia in ruins, King Charles gives his daughter's hand to the prince of his country's biggest foe, Englasia, to unite the two countries under Englasia's flag and save his people. Crown Prince Edward of Englasia accepts, expecting an ignorant woman from a hated and fallen nation whose life he can make miserable while continuing his rakish ways. He wasn't prepared for Isabella. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 24 - Words: 83,796 - Reviews: 1074 - Favs: 1,036 - Follows: 852 - Updated: 6/3/2014 - Published: 5/22/2013 - [Bella, Edward] - Complete Fic on the Fly by katinki reviews COMPLETE. Edward, let me introduce you to Bella, a not so starry-eyed college student who really doesn't want anything to do with you. Except for maybe to stab you. Starts out kinda canon, then takes a sharp left at a library in Seattle. Some Romance plus some Drama plus some Comedy equals a "Romantic Dramedy". Or something like that. Either way... fun. EPOV. AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 58 - Words: 63,125 - Reviews: 3432 - Favs: 723 - Follows: 787 - Updated: 5/25/2014 - Published: 4/6/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete An Enchanted Evening: A Regency Tale by CassandraLowery reviews Isabella and Edward dance together at the most sumptuous ball of the London Season. By courting Isabella openly during the Season, Edward has made his intentions known, and Isabella returns his regard. But during this enchanted evening, obstacles to their bright future mount. Will Edward win fair lady by the end of the evening? AH, BPOV Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 7 - Words: 13,602 - Reviews: 159 - Favs: 89 - Follows: 76 - Updated: 5/24/2014 - Published: 5/1/2014 - Bella, Edward - Complete Serenity's Prayer by ladylibre reviews COMPLETE! When Edward takes Bella into the forest to dump her, her reaction completely surprises him. Will this be the end of B&E or will they find a new path to forever? A canon-based yet very different AU approach to New Moon. Some OOC and OC. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 55 - Words: 242,648 - Reviews: 2741 - Favs: 1,589 - Follows: 1,209 - Updated: 5/14/2014 - Published: 12/12/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Locket by nomdeplume01 reviews A chance encounter in her local coffee shop brings Bella's life to a grinding halt. Who is this stranger that knows things about her, she had only dreamed of ever finding out? How do they cope when they face a common enemy? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 11 - Words: 48,977 - Reviews: 54 - Favs: 49 - Follows: 87 - Updated: 4/26/2014 - Published: 11/10/2013 - Bella, Edward The Keepsake by windchymes reviews Some things you never forget, they just hurt too much to remember. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 20 - Words: 165,561 - Reviews: 5408 - Favs: 3,504 - Follows: 3,171 - Updated: 4/15/2014 - Published: 11/18/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Breakdown by FelicityDeadwood reviews What if Charlie and Renee institutionalized Bella after Edward left and it only damaged her further? What if Edward returned to beg her to take him back only to find her broken? Could his love repair the damage? B/E Canon couples. NOW COMPLETE. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 57 - Words: 351,774 - Reviews: 1660 - Favs: 1,252 - Follows: 1,032 - Updated: 3/9/2014 - Published: 12/31/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Snare by Raum reviews COMPLETE - "The lives of Charlie and Bella Swan were devastated when Renée was murdered by a serial killer: The Drainer. Charlie, a former FBI profiler, is convinced that the killer is a vampire, and that those creatures are real. Nobody believes him, till the day he captures one of the undead." AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Suspense - Chapters: 32 - Words: 100,223 - Reviews: 2966 - Favs: 937 - Follows: 907 - Updated: 3/3/2014 - Published: 1/28/2013 - Edward, Bella - Complete As Children After Play by Cris reviews I've been reading a lot of Evil!Charlie stories here lately and thought I'd try my own. Canon pairings, Cullens are vampires. There will be smut; I like smut . Kick-ass big sister Rosalie and possessive Edward. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 50 - Words: 339,780 - Reviews: 2416 - Favs: 1,944 - Follows: 1,731 - Updated: 2/28/2014 - Published: 7/14/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Run to You by ericastwilight reviews Day after day for a week, he watched her. He wanted to know her, talk to her, and eventually touch her. The problem was he never had to chase. Will he have to run to catch up? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 21,184 - Reviews: 1053 - Favs: 1,056 - Follows: 784 - Updated: 2/24/2014 - Published: 2/1/2014 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Day The Earth Stood Still by Sare Liz reviews An AU rewrite of the entire series, largely from Edward's POV. -Winner of two Mystic Awards.- Outtakes found in DVMR. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 43 - Words: 337,124 - Reviews: 5290 - Favs: 3,694 - Follows: 3,036 - Updated: 2/10/2014 - Published: 3/14/2009 - Bella, Edward The Muse by opal aline reviews A winter walk proves to be inspiring for young artist, Bella. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,481 - Reviews: 24 - Favs: 39 - Follows: 17 - Published: 2/8/2014 - Bella, Edward - Complete Chain Reaction by araeo reviews A chance encounter with a stranger on the ferry is the spark that sets off a chain of events. By the time Bella realizes what's happening, is it too late to change her mind? What happens when fate grabs you and won't let go? AU/OOC B/E Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 31 - Words: 170,018 - Reviews: 1783 - Favs: 999 - Follows: 1,115 - Updated: 1/31/2014 - Published: 7/26/2010 - Bella, Edward Gravity Series 4: Fire & Ice by drotuno reviews FOURTH in the Gravity Series. When one of their own is threatened, the crew will have to travel halfway around the globe to get them back. What they find will have them racing against the odds to save more than just one life. AH E/B Series. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 22 - Words: 159,217 - Reviews: 2599 - Favs: 1,260 - Follows: 874 - Updated: 1/21/2014 - Published: 10/20/2013 - [Bella, Edward] - Complete A Garment of Brightness by miaokuancha reviews Moving to Forks, spending the last eighteen months of her childhood with a father she barely knew ... it seemed like a good idea at the time. A Twilight mosaic, freely drawn from book and movie, wanders into AU as the story unfolds. Rated M for some intense, disturbing images. PM me if you have questions. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 62 - Words: 153,091 - Reviews: 3613 - Favs: 1,498 - Follows: 1,742 - Updated: 1/20/2014 - Published: 11/28/2009 - Bella, Edward An Eternity To Love by Mizzdee reviews Best friends at 5, in love at 15, ready to marry at 17. Edward and Bella were destined for forever. In 1918, tragedy fell upon the couple, ripping them apart. A very different Edward and Bella meet again years later and this time…eternity can be theirs. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 34 - Words: 162,144 - Reviews: 1117 - Favs: 974 - Follows: 1,283 - Updated: 1/1/2014 - Published: 6/10/2011 - Edward, Bella Belong To Me by Edward's Eternal reviews A last minute decision. A dead car. One long, cold walk. Soft eyes and gentle care warm up Edward's cold hands and start to thaw out his frozen heart. What happens when two lonely souls meet at Christmas? Do miracles still exist? Can they possibly belong to each other? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 4 - Words: 16,912 - Reviews: 967 - Favs: 1,453 - Follows: 1,056 - Updated: 12/23/2013 - Published: 12/14/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Sacrifices by Enthralled reviews When Edward left Bella, he did so in the hopes that she would have a happy, human life. What would happen if she did just that, but it turned out that things didn't go as either of them planned? Edward & Bella AU Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 59 - Words: 322,466 - Reviews: 6004 - Favs: 4,186 - Follows: 2,984 - Updated: 12/22/2013 - Published: 12/10/2007 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Forbidden Love by Elise de Sallier reviews This story has now been published under my author name of Elise de Sallier as Innocence (A Forbidden Love, Book 1) and Protection (A Forbidden Love, Book 2) by The Writer's Coffee Shop, and is available on Amazon, Nook, and itunes. Thank you so much for the wonderful support of the fanfic community! Elise de Sallier (aka Twiloversue) Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 57 - Reviews: 12397 - Favs: 3,657 - Follows: 3,532 - Updated: 12/22/2013 - Published: 10/11/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Copy Room by Edward's Eternal reviews Sometimes flippant words are really the truth spoken out loud. What happens when someone overhears you and decides to give you what you secretly want but never knew? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 29 - Words: 51,207 - Reviews: 7734 - Favs: 4,045 - Follows: 3,024 - Updated: 12/22/2013 - Published: 9/14/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Agreement by Gemgirl65 reviews A virgin. An escort. A contract signed. But falling in love wasn't part of the agreement... AH, E&B Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 50 - Words: 248,245 - Reviews: 6668 - Favs: 3,423 - Follows: 4,307 - Updated: 12/15/2013 - Published: 3/21/2012 - Bella, Edward Ask Me Anything by Edward's Eternal reviews Isabella Swan, investigative journalist for Faces magazine doesn't do interviews. Edward Cullen, actor voted Most Interesting Celebrity and Most Sexy Male Face, hates them. So much in fact he's been known to walk out if he doesn't like how the interview is going. So what happens when Isabella is given Edward Cullen as a new interview assignment? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 2 - Words: 8,841 - Reviews: 758 - Favs: 1,778 - Follows: 1,136 - Updated: 12/9/2013 - Published: 12/7/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Easy as Pie by Edward's Eternal reviews Edward Masen: successful actor, admired by many, desired by thousands; he had everything he could have possibly wanted, except … happiness. One night, while trying to escape his crazy life, he literally made a "right" turn, which led him to Little Bell. Could finding that happiness really be as easy as pie? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 7 - Words: 27,565 - Reviews: 2182 - Favs: 2,471 - Follows: 1,744 - Updated: 12/3/2013 - Published: 11/12/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete My Sweet Variable by LifeInTheSnow reviews He white-knuckles his pen, dragging a line of ink across the page. I can guess which passage he's marking: "All things truly wicked start from an innocence." Hemingway wouldn't have known about us. No one does. Teenage E/B, AH, quasi-dystopian. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 18 - Words: 69,798 - Reviews: 2030 - Favs: 1,880 - Follows: 2,026 - Updated: 12/1/2013 - Published: 1/21/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete No Ordinary Proposal by twilover76 reviews Bella wants to escape her small-town life and live her dreams in New York. What happens when a man almost twice her age makes her an offer she can't refuse? AH/M Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 37 - Words: 163,556 - Reviews: 11030 - Favs: 8,671 - Follows: 6,705 - Updated: 12/1/2013 - Published: 5/6/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Crossing by pattyrose reviews My entry for the 2013 Age of Edward Contest, Literotica category. Winner of a Judge's Choice Award and runner-up for another Judge's Choice Award. I'm on the unsinkable ship. The one that History tells us hit an iceberg and sank at two-twenty a.m. on April 15, 1912. I'm on Titanic - and I've traveled through time and space to save her. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 1 - Words: 13,213 - Reviews: 135 - Favs: 296 - Follows: 139 - Published: 11/30/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Expectations and Other Moving Pieces by chrometurtle reviews Everything I had done in my life seemed to lead up to this moment. The moment when I found myself bound inextricably to a man I didn’t love, trapped in a life I didn’t want. And if I left him, I would be entirely alone. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 46 - Words: 227,237 - Reviews: 15109 - Favs: 8,802 - Follows: 9,163 - Updated: 11/11/2013 - Published: 10/13/2009 - Bella, Edward Harvest Moon by content1 reviews What happens to the Cullen family after the Volturi left. Edward and Bella begin life together and face heartbreak and joy after their lives are irrevocably changed by both joy and loss. 2010 Summer Shimmer Awards - Pawn Award Winner. Twilight OC winner. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 73 - Words: 353,248 - Reviews: 1930 - Favs: 1,265 - Follows: 427 - Updated: 11/8/2013 - Published: 8/19/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Parma High by Mrs. Brownloe reviews A fresh start for new teacher, Bella, who arrives in sunny Parma to teach English in the local high school. So used to going with the flow, she was curiously dissatisfied with her life. Will she continue to settle for Comfortable or will she find Amazing. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 26 - Words: 120,832 - Reviews: 269 - Favs: 394 - Follows: 166 - Updated: 11/2/2013 - Published: 10/19/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Sugar Cookies by Emmamama88 reviews Opposites attract, and sometimes crash into each other, literally. Come along and experience a little 'Christmas magic' with our favorite couple. Originally a holiday One-shot...now extended. All-human, cause that's all I write. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 11 - Words: 52,198 - Reviews: 482 - Favs: 633 - Follows: 482 - Updated: 10/22/2013 - Published: 12/3/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Grey Area by lindsaydrumm reviews Post Eclipse story where Bella and Edward both learn that love, life, and sex are never black and white, while a new danger threatens them from an unexpected source. Canon pairings except Jacob. No hybrids. Better summary inside. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Suspense - Chapters: 34 - Words: 219,817 - Reviews: 127 - Favs: 173 - Follows: 80 - Updated: 10/20/2013 - Published: 3/11/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Auction by JK5959 reviews Edward continues to torture himself by ignoring Bella after the Tyler incident, but his resolve to stay away from her is slowly fading. Will he finally get the push he needs to confess his true feelings when she enters herself in a charity auction? E/B Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 32 - Words: 177,532 - Reviews: 1053 - Favs: 952 - Follows: 649 - Updated: 10/20/2013 - Published: 11/18/2008 - Edward, Bella - Complete Dear Maggie by Jenny0719 reviews A heart leads Bella back home to Forks... and to the brother of the woman who donated it. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 41 - Words: 228,176 - Reviews: 5465 - Favs: 4,060 - Follows: 3,060 - Updated: 10/14/2013 - Published: 7/14/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete True Love Way by Soft Ragoo reviews Edward knows love. Only true love can draw this shy, insecure boy out of his shell. Truly selfless, it will take more than confidence to follow his heart. A twist of fate takes him the true love way, no matter what the costs. ExB, AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 41 - Words: 272,355 - Reviews: 1602 - Favs: 780 - Follows: 777 - Updated: 10/7/2013 - Published: 1/13/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Medicine From His Heart by RFM86 by AgeOfEdward reviews In 1892, Doctor Edward Cullen, accompanied by his physician brother and family, moves across the pond from England to Prince Anthony Island, off the coast of Maine. It's there, in the small town of Meadowlea, Doctor Edward uses his expertise to heal his patients, but will his healing powers be enough to mend the broken heart of school mistress, Miss Isabella Swan? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 12,388 - Reviews: 48 - Favs: 80 - Follows: 40 - Published: 10/5/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Fortune Favours the Bold by capricapra reviews NOMINATED FOR THE LEMONADE STAND FIC OF THE WEEK! Inspired by Jane Austen's Persuasion. At 18, Bella's respected family prevent her from running away with poor orphan Edward. Years later and their fortunes have reversed. Edward is a rich music producer. Bella is an impovershed writer living with her sister, a single mother. But Edward and Bella's paths are about to cross again... Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 41 - Words: 223,883 - Reviews: 2541 - Favs: 1,871 - Follows: 1,649 - Updated: 9/22/2013 - Published: 2/3/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete My Perfect Match by HappyMess reviews Bella Swan never considered online dating. After all, she was only twenty-one. But after too many glasses of wine, her best friend convinces her otherwise. AH. Olderward. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 63,180 - Reviews: 4024 - Favs: 2,975 - Follows: 2,949 - Updated: 9/21/2013 - Published: 2/24/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Slippery Slope by bornonhalloween reviews A crash course with destiny brings together a burned-out social worker seeking to rekindle her faith in mankind and a disillusioned attorney running out of chances to be a real life hero. Written for Texasfires compilation. E/B, AH, M for language Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 24 - Words: 39,329 - Reviews: 1949 - Favs: 841 - Follows: 533 - Updated: 9/1/2013 - Published: 11/6/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Open Range - A Short Story by pattyrose reviews In the mid 1800's, out on the western range is where a real man makes his livelihood. And if he's mighty lucky, it's where he makes his destiny as well. A six chapter story with daily updates. E & B. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 7 - Words: 14,722 - Reviews: 1008 - Favs: 759 - Follows: 550 - Updated: 8/31/2013 - Published: 8/26/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Hands On History by deJean Smith reviews What happens when you mix a history/archival management/creative writing major with a little magic and a special secret project? A Hands-On approach to history! AU-No vampires this time. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 21 - Words: 69,873 - Reviews: 687 - Favs: 352 - Follows: 359 - Updated: 8/30/2013 - Published: 10/31/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Penalty Shot by Edward's Eternal reviews Recently divorced, Bella struggles to find a new life for her and her son Jake. Enter Edward and his son, Emmett. Used to being alone, finding Bella is an unexpected surprise for Edward. Blending their lives together sometimes requires an extra shot on goal to even things up. A simple, heartwarming story of two single parents finding love again, healing and building a new family. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 39 - Words: 93,019 - Reviews: 8759 - Favs: 3,628 - Follows: 2,999 - Updated: 8/28/2013 - Published: 4/14/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Note by Mrs. Brownloe reviews When Bella finds a mysterious note in her locker, she wonders who it could be from. Certainly not her best buddy, Edward. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 2 - Words: 12,277 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 77 - Follows: 26 - Published: 8/23/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Exchange Student by Mrs. Brownloe reviews Bella had a secret crush on a guy she'd seen only while he was walking down the sidewalk on campus. She spent many days fantasizing about him and then one day he walked into the diner where she worked and in a perfect British accent asked for a cup of tea. And with that, a new world began for them both. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 4 - Words: 60,217 - Reviews: 56 - Favs: 305 - Follows: 84 - Published: 8/20/2013 - Bella - Complete Nightingale by Mrs. Brownloe reviews A hardworking seamtress leaves her home of Portsmouth, England to try her fortune as an indentured servant in the colonies. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 6 - Words: 143,521 - Reviews: 103 - Favs: 432 - Follows: 132 - Published: 8/15/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Coming Home by Mrs. Brownloe reviews Always the Bridesmaid, never the bride. Bella's pretty disgusted with the dating scene, at least her dating scene. She's lonely and drifting. But then, she's thrown in with Edward and they discover a mutual love of Austen. Could good Ol' Jane be the key? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 4,060 - Reviews: 14 - Favs: 78 - Follows: 25 - Published: 8/10/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Bear Valley Ranch by Mrs. Brownloe reviews The sequel to The Mail Order Bride. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Western/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 119,528 - Reviews: 164 - Favs: 472 - Follows: 182 - Updated: 8/10/2013 - Published: 8/1/2013 - Bella, Edward, Lauren, Tyler - Complete My Sweet Angel by kiseger reviews After Jake kissed Bella against her will in Eclipse, she can't forgive him. She decides to accept Edward's proposal and their relationship is stronger than ever. Jake's furious and loses his control. Edward drops his boundaries, with unexpected consequences. No Victoria. Lemons Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 42 - Words: 271,969 - Reviews: 1854 - Favs: 1,963 - Follows: 1,209 - Updated: 8/8/2013 - Published: 10/21/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Mail Order Bride by Mrs. Brownloe reviews It's the late 1800s in the wild west. A lonely man seeks companionship; a woman restricted by convention seeks a future. Add those together and what do you get? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Western/Romance - Chapters: 7 - Words: 102,998 - Reviews: 189 - Favs: 744 - Follows: 261 - Updated: 7/31/2013 - Published: 7/26/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete 29 Dimensions by Catastrophia reviews Tired of looking for Mr. Right in all the wrong places Bella is pushed toward online dating by her friends. Just who will she meet, or not meet with 29 dimensions of compatibility at play? Find out! Rated M AH/AU Slightly OOC Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 14 - Words: 37,295 - Reviews: 788 - Favs: 1,349 - Follows: 631 - Updated: 7/23/2013 - Published: 1/14/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete By Way of Sorrow by jaxington reviews Bella Cullen has spent the last ninety-five years giving everything to protect her family and mourning the loss of her long dead human husband. A trip to Alaska to meet Tanya's latest romantic interest changes everything. The vampire she meets there has his face, his hair, and his body, but not his memories. It's a strange new world. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 30 - Words: 188,468 - Reviews: 1876 - Favs: 1,395 - Follows: 1,250 - Updated: 6/30/2013 - Published: 10/15/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Dear Bella by lellabeth reviews December 22 is the only day I let myself think of you. I don't know if you remember, but I'd do anything to forget. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 13 - Words: 15,675 - Reviews: 1109 - Favs: 619 - Follows: 589 - Updated: 6/28/2013 - Published: 5/21/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Cutlass by TKegl reviews Isabella Swan is certain notorious pirate, Edward Cullen, murdered her father and stole his prized cutlass. Out for revenge, she sneaks onto his ship, but Captain Cullen claims she has the wrong man. A tale of the search for truth…and treasure of course. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 134,307 - Reviews: 4805 - Favs: 3,413 - Follows: 2,217 - Updated: 6/3/2013 - Published: 1/31/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete It's Murder by ZosieToo reviews Detective Bella Swan and her partner, DI Edward Cullen work together like a well oiled machine in the Murder Squad. It's strictly a work arrangement and Bella is determined nothing will ever happen between them, because her focus is solely on the job, not on her stunningly gorgeous partner. Now it seems her best friend is hinting that they could be something more. AH, Bella & Ed. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 33 - Words: 200,811 - Reviews: 671 - Favs: 393 - Follows: 395 - Updated: 6/2/2013 - Published: 11/20/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete No Choice by glasscannon.lj reviews New Moon AU. During Bella’s run in with Laurent, what if the wolves had shown up just a few minutes later? Those minutes change Bella's life forever, and she must learn to deal with the consequences. Nominated for two Twific Indie Awards. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 118,888 - Reviews: 2534 - Favs: 3,074 - Follows: 3,094 - Updated: 5/24/2013 - Published: 5/22/2009 - Bella, Edward Welcome to Evening Shade by samekraemer reviews Evening Shade was no different than any other small town in middle America. The biggest problem Mayor Edward Cullen was faced with was the placement of a stoplight and the fact the town didn't have reliable satellite service because of the weather. That was, until she sped into town. That was when everything changed. AH/AU/OOC. Canon couples. EPOV/BPOV. Adult Situations Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 21 - Words: 96,018 - Reviews: 1673 - Favs: 1,018 - Follows: 801 - Updated: 5/9/2013 - Published: 3/6/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Cobblestones to Corsets by TrueEnglishRose reviews In 1843, Queen Victoria reined alongside etiquette and protocol. Everything was judged from who you were to what you owned and how much status you had. Can a small farm girl from Lord Cullen's estate bring life and happiness back to his son? Will Master Edward see her for what she is as a person, or who she is by birth? And what does Lady Cullen have up her sleeve? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 50 - Words: 96,588 - Reviews: 2390 - Favs: 1,286 - Follows: 1,088 - Updated: 5/4/2013 - Published: 9/9/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Eternally Damned by twiXlite reviews Edward is THE ultimate vampire. The original. What happens when a visit to the Volturi causes him to pay the Cullens' a visit? Will he find them a threat to the world he's spent an eternity shaping or will he leave them be and let them live in peace? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 36 - Words: 173,728 - Reviews: 4676 - Favs: 5,563 - Follows: 2,875 - Updated: 4/30/2013 - Published: 4/27/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Mimiteh by pbswimmer reviews Indie Award Winner! Mimiteh is another word for New Moon. Worried about Bella's depression, Charlie drags her to counseling. Edward returns to Forks, trapped between keeping his promise and saving Bella from peril. They both learn about life and love. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 97,172 - Reviews: 493 - Favs: 272 - Follows: 246 - Updated: 4/14/2013 - Published: 11/20/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Immortal Cure by SydneyAlice reviews When Bella catches Dr. Cullen stealing from the hospital's blood bank, he's forced to introduce her to his family – a coven of vampires desperate for the immortal cure. Can she find it? Will she even want to find it when she falls in love with his son? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 6,682 - Reviews: 99 - Favs: 289 - Follows: 120 - Published: 4/10/2013 - Bella, Edward - Complete Broken Windows by Saritadreaming reviews When Bella arrives at Masen Island to finish her manuscript, she's faced with the resurgence of dreams and memories of the beautiful boy who glared at her in HS 4 years ago. Can she solve the mystery of Edward Cullen? 2ND PLACE WINNER PICK A PIC CHALLENGE Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Suspense - Chapters: 13 - Words: 116,184 - Reviews: 1025 - Favs: 889 - Follows: 753 - Updated: 4/8/2013 - Published: 1/1/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Whatever is Left of Me by ViolaOphelia reviews When Edward returns to Bella, he does not realise that a few hours earlier she nearly drowned. He finds that the girl he came back to is very much altered from the girl he left behind, and that it takes more than saying sorry to rebuild their lives. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 85,508 - Reviews: 583 - Favs: 523 - Follows: 474 - Updated: 3/31/2013 - Published: 3/31/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Come Take a Walk With Me by ericastwilight reviews Denied by the one he loves, when does love become obsession? Protector become predator? This is the story of a vampire who had been alone for so long, his one chance for love in the form of a human girl. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 46 - Words: 155,570 - Reviews: 2420 - Favs: 1,214 - Follows: 985 - Updated: 3/29/2013 - Published: 4/12/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Walk by mustlovertp reviews After a betrayal leaves Edward reeling, he decides to change the course of his life. Starting over can be a daunting task. Will he let a certain young, brown eyed beauty help him find what he's looking for? AH canon pairings Rated M for adult content Olderward/Doctorward Banner made by Falling Stars Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 20 - Words: 112,974 - Reviews: 1587 - Favs: 1,735 - Follows: 1,440 - Updated: 3/26/2013 - Published: 6/28/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete For the Love of Bella by Ivy Kelley reviews NewCon 2009 fanfic contest winner Author Isabella Cullen likes to write about the unattainable, a vampire romance. After years of being alone, can a handsome human man show her that truth is better than fiction? AU, OOC, B&E Twilight - Rated: M - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 16 - Words: 101,404 - Reviews: 306 - Favs: 385 - Follows: 234 - Updated: 3/23/2013 - Published: 5/3/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete I love you by Dooba reviews Unrequited love should never be left unspoken. My entry for the Twilight No Stress Love Fest. AH AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 15 - Words: 13,572 - Reviews: 376 - Favs: 209 - Follows: 208 - Updated: 3/15/2013 - Published: 8/8/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete I remain, Yours by Momatu reviews Bella is unexpectedly given an antique desk that once belonged to Edward, and in it she finds a letter he wrote to his cousin in 1918. She responds and sets them off on a journey neither could ever have expected. Perhaps there are some things we aren't meant to understand, just accept... Will eventually contain character death - NOT Edward or Bella. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 50 - Words: 456,107 - Reviews: 4591 - Favs: 2,060 - Follows: 1,501 - Updated: 3/9/2013 - Published: 3/15/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Eyes of the Moon by eiluned price reviews Sometimes one thing changes everything. When Edward encounters Bella in biology class, that one thing sends their destinies spinning in a different direction. A translation of "Les Yeux de la Lune" by Elysabeth. AU. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 19 - Words: 156,732 - Reviews: 676 - Favs: 466 - Follows: 483 - Updated: 2/17/2013 - Published: 9/19/2011 - Edward, Bella Hunted In Seattle by Elise de Sallier reviews Edward wasn't the only vampire to find Bella's scent mouthwatering. A delay in her journey meant she never made it to Forks, but she did become a vampire…in the worst possible way. What sort of a newborn will she make without the Cullens to guide her, and what will she think of Edward when they meet? No rape or graphic violence . Edward & Bella HEA...eventually. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Suspense/Romance - Chapters: 38 - Words: 81,317 - Reviews: 2972 - Favs: 1,173 - Follows: 809 - Updated: 2/10/2013 - Published: 7/21/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Once Bitten by Elise de Sallier reviews Edward finally meets the love of his existence but can't resist her singer's blood. Can their fairytale love survive a horror beginning or will Bella's newborn grief, an outraged wolf pack, and the offended Volturi deny them their happily ever after? COMPLETE with a future take or two to come. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 58 - Words: 279,983 - Reviews: 3940 - Favs: 1,724 - Follows: 1,205 - Updated: 2/10/2013 - Published: 6/3/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Downward Spiral by content1 reviews Post-BD EU. Captured by the Volturi, Edward faces a nightmarish choice as Aro enacts a diabolical plan to break him. As Edward's hold on his sanity weakens, only his memories of Bella help him stay strong as he faces the ultimate test. What will his family find upon his rescue? The man or the monster. Mentalward Winner Twilight - Rated: M - English - Horror/Angst - Chapters: 25 - Words: 133,755 - Reviews: 1652 - Favs: 801 - Follows: 507 - Updated: 2/3/2013 - Published: 1/4/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Following Faith by Jen328 reviews Leaving the rain behind, Bella starts over in a small, coastal town. One glimpse of her and Edward is lost. Is it love at first sight or something more? A story of risking your heart - risking it all - to discover what you had all along. AH, rated M. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 28 - Words: 203,036 - Reviews: 1835 - Favs: 1,414 - Follows: 997 - Updated: 1/25/2013 - Published: 8/1/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Cups Full of Wishes by Chloe Masen reviews Lily O'Brien is a hopeful child. Will her special cups of hot chocolate and a new friendship with Dr. Edward Cullen make her greatest wish come true? Aaaaaw moments ahead. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Friendship - Chapters: 6 - Words: 30,240 - Reviews: 496 - Favs: 847 - Follows: 553 - Updated: 1/23/2013 - Published: 12/22/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Search by Amber1983 reviews When Bella Swan flees to London to escape her painful and humiliating past her new life is knocked off its axis by her charismatic and ambitious boss, Edward Cullen. Can Ed unravel Bella's secrets and get what he wants without revealing his own demons...and his heart? AH. Britishward. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 31 - Words: 182,812 - Reviews: 3475 - Favs: 3,126 - Follows: 2,487 - Updated: 1/21/2013 - Published: 9/2/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Figmentum by thimbles reviews Figmentum: 1. figment, fiction, invention, unreality; 2. thing formed, devised; 3. image. She coaxes him into existence with every word she writes. What will Bella do when she finds herself falling in love with the main character in her latest novel? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 18 - Words: 106,643 - Reviews: 1078 - Favs: 511 - Follows: 495 - Updated: 1/14/2013 - Published: 9/28/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Clair De Lune by Amberdeengirl reviews Edward Masen is the star of a top Dance Academy. Bella Swan is just the first year new girl who Edward teaches for partnering. But as an unfathomable connection emerges in the moonlit ballet studio, Edward and Bella become the breathtaking, beautiful combination of skill and passion. How can this work, though, when Edward refuses to acknowledge their dance had ever happened? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 29 - Words: 132,460 - Reviews: 2243 - Favs: 1,952 - Follows: 948 - Updated: 1/7/2013 - Published: 10/4/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Pinned but Fluttering by CassandraLowery reviews For too many years, Bella Swan has been trapped in a nightmare beyond her worst imaginings. At long last, a glimmer of a chance to escape may present itself. Will she find herself in even more danger if she dares to leave? AU w/ human Volturi. M for language & violence. #8 in Top Ten Completed Fics for Jan 2013 at TwiFanFictionRecs! Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 60 - Words: 205,499 - Reviews: 2066 - Favs: 909 - Follows: 671 - Updated: 1/5/2013 - Published: 8/19/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Dance Me to the End of Love by fitterhappier reviews In turn of the century Moscow, a lowly pianist is hired to play for a privileged dancer taught to believe that talent and success are the only things in life that matter. Will she let her guard down and risk it all for a chance at true love? AH. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Drama - Chapters: 52 - Words: 161,507 - Reviews: 453 - Favs: 235 - Follows: 136 - Updated: 1/3/2013 - Published: 10/27/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete I Hope You Dance by Lissa Bryan reviews Alice thinks her introverted sister, Bella, needs to get out and enjoy life, so she signs her up for tango lessons. Thanks to a sexy, hands-on instructor, Bella will learn more than just the steps. Rated M, OOC/AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 18,296 - Reviews: 194 - Favs: 633 - Follows: 191 - Published: 12/31/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete What if I Told You by ajsilentvoice reviews After nearly a year, Bella finally finds a number for the Cullens in Ithaca, New York. A last minute invitation to a reunion bash at Mike Newton's, though, leaves Bella drunk, alone, and holding a cell phone. Will a stupid mistake bring them together? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 69,457 - Reviews: 1150 - Favs: 1,215 - Follows: 1,049 - Updated: 12/30/2012 - Published: 2/5/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Feral by opal aline reviews When Bella signed up for a summer archeology program, she thought she'd be exploring fossils and sedimentary rock. Little did she know, she would find herself the primary caretaker for a man with no verbal capacity or human interaction skills-a feral man Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 35 - Words: 123,153 - Reviews: 4450 - Favs: 3,458 - Follows: 2,792 - Updated: 12/29/2012 - Published: 1/1/2011 - Complete Swan Lake by SydneyAlice reviews He's a lost traveler needing a place to spend the night. She's the owner of a bed and breakfast. What could they possibly have in common? A story about taking wrong turns and reaching destinations you never imagined. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 16 - Words: 18,843 - Reviews: 2577 - Favs: 1,413 - Follows: 954 - Updated: 12/28/2012 - Published: 11/26/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Unrequited by Perry Maxwell reviews AH, BPOV: Edward left Bella almost a year ago, upending her whole world. What happens when Bella receives a phone call that just might shatter it? "Wait, Alice…Edward is dying?" I choked out. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 23 - Words: 106,836 - Reviews: 4514 - Favs: 3,171 - Follows: 2,901 - Updated: 12/23/2012 - Published: 10/8/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Most Beautiful Widow by fitterhappier reviews After losing her husband, Bella moves back to Forks, but not before learning something that will change her life forever. When she meets Edward Cullen, she must fight against the guilt that threatens to keep her from the love she deserves. AH. M. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 35 - Words: 184,093 - Reviews: 478 - Favs: 644 - Follows: 416 - Updated: 12/21/2012 - Published: 6/18/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Carnelian and Ice by Raum reviews COMPLETE - "A man struggling to escape from the darkness, and a woman who thinks she doesn't deserve the light. How will an ice sculpture affect their lives?" AU with vampires. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 10 - Words: 17,782 - Reviews: 588 - Favs: 217 - Follows: 219 - Updated: 12/21/2012 - Published: 10/8/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Business Casual by WhatsMyNomDePlume reviews The lines between boss and employee, human and immortal, hero and damsel, coworker and lover, and right and wrong are about to become very blurry for Edward and Bella. Comedy/Romance/Drama Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 10 - Words: 26,839 - Reviews: 2768 - Favs: 2,391 - Follows: 1,730 - Updated: 12/21/2012 - Published: 11/13/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Who we are by Dooba reviews "When it's all been said and done, all roads lead to the same end. So it's not so much which road you take, but how you take it," Alice said. New Moon AU. Edward comes back, but for different reasons under different circumstances. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 9,461 - Reviews: 68 - Favs: 136 - Follows: 84 - Published: 12/18/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Inside Garden by BelieveItOrNot reviews For years Bella has been building a garden inside herself, a dream world she'd love to open the gate to and walk right through. But she's trapped in the real world, and she knows that hope is nothing but fantasy and that friendships don't last. AH. Second season of our discontent entry and Judges' First place winner. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 12,582 - Reviews: 76 - Favs: 173 - Follows: 58 - Published: 12/16/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Hit By Destiny by ocdmess reviews Bella wants to die, and almost gets her wish fulfilled when she gets hit by a shiny Volvo. She is left with serious injuries, and the only thing keeping her from dying is the person who hit her. All Human, Rated M for language, dark themes & violence. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 59 - Words: 463,685 - Reviews: 20248 - Favs: 12,235 - Follows: 7,039 - Updated: 11/29/2012 - Published: 10/24/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Aisle 8 by Ellen92 reviews According to recent studies, people are most likely to meet their soul mate in the supermarket. I, Bella Swan, can attest to that. / AH. Short-story. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 8 - Words: 13,832 - Reviews: 262 - Favs: 245 - Follows: 162 - Updated: 11/26/2012 - Published: 10/17/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Aro's Heir by SubtlePen reviews Edward, Bella and Alice are drawn into a no-win scenario in Volterra after Edward's attempted suicide-by-Volturi in the Palazzo dei Priori. Aro forces Edward to make a choice that may leave him unable to salvage any relationship with Bella. MATURE Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 23 - Words: 98,418 - Reviews: 1184 - Favs: 686 - Follows: 637 - Updated: 11/25/2012 - Published: 7/14/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Exposed by kdc2239 reviews An influenza pandemic occurs when a new virus appears against which the human population has no immunity, resulting in epidemics worldwide with enormous numbers of deaths and illness. The story of two strangers surviving when they only have each other. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 26 - Words: 115,848 - Reviews: 3497 - Favs: 2,947 - Follows: 2,422 - Updated: 11/14/2012 - Published: 8/27/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Entwined by La.Tua.Cantante.83 reviews Edward left 6 months ago, trying to escape the the brown-eyed girl with tantalizing blood. What he doesn't know is that the Fates have another plan for him and the one whose life is twisted with his. AU Vamp, Rated M. Set 6 mo. after E&B's first meeting. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 28 - Words: 234,035 - Reviews: 1198 - Favs: 993 - Follows: 1,042 - Updated: 11/14/2012 - Published: 2/28/2010 - Edward, Bella Letters to Corporal Masen by solostintwilight reviews Writing to offer a bit of home to a soldier overseas, she discovers words can bind a friendship. Lonely in war torn Europe, he finds hope in letters from a stranger. What happens when the war is over? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 37 - Words: 89,350 - Reviews: 6715 - Favs: 2,722 - Follows: 1,681 - Updated: 11/11/2012 - Published: 8/26/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete La canzone della Bella Cigna by philadelphic reviews A famous voice teacher. A mysterious piano prodigy. Backstabbing classmates. Music school is competitive, and aspiring singer Bella Swan is determined to succeed. Hard work she can handle, but who expected music school to be dangerous? A story in 3 acts Twilight - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 45 - Words: 336,125 - Reviews: 7320 - Favs: 4,180 - Follows: 3,818 - Updated: 11/9/2012 - Published: 6/9/2009 - Edward, Bella From This Day Forward by Hopesparkles reviews Betrayed just days before her wedding, Bella's personal and professional life hang in the balance. When one of her closest friends offers to be the stand-in groom, Bella will find that sometimes the best things in life really aren't what you planned. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 21 - Words: 71,566 - Reviews: 2602 - Favs: 2,713 - Follows: 2,143 - Updated: 11/6/2012 - Published: 6/25/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Second Son Of A Duke by For3ver Immortal reviews Epilogue posted! Completely alternate universe. No vampires, but lots of Edward and Bella. Lord Edward is the second son of a duke and on one mistaken night, his fate and the fate of a Viscount's daughter is forever intertwined. Set in 19th century London. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 24 - Words: 109,048 - Reviews: 1307 - Favs: 2,171 - Follows: 1,212 - Updated: 11/1/2012 - Published: 8/3/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Outbound by aftrnoondlight reviews Two beautiful souls humbly traveling life's lonely path, until fate suddenly shows her hand. Will Edward and Bella surrender willingly... A tender, romantic tale of love and life in the clouds. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 12 - Words: 47,508 - Reviews: 3202 - Favs: 2,935 - Follows: 1,922 - Updated: 10/31/2012 - Published: 7/31/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Pen Pals by wmr1601 reviews Bella and Edward have been pen pals for years, but never met. Now, Bella's getting married, and they're meeting for the 1st time. When there's a problem the night before, who's there to pick up her pieces? Edward, of course! AH, lemons in later chapters. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 44 - Words: 255,815 - Reviews: 1795 - Favs: 1,677 - Follows: 911 - Updated: 10/29/2012 - Published: 5/18/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Runaway Train by TwilightMomofTwo reviews It's been nearly 3 years since Edward left. That long, happy life he envisioned for Bella didn't quite happen. Can he save her from the abyss when he finds her destitute, broken and addicted to drugs? NM AU, EPOV/BPOV, adult themes. Charity fic. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Supernatural - Chapters: 6 - Words: 31,473 - Reviews: 251 - Favs: 206 - Follows: 297 - Updated: 10/22/2012 - Published: 6/30/2011 - Edward, Bella Tongue Tied by Ellen92 reviews Don't let anyone in. Be invisible. Avoid everyone. That's my motto and I've been able to live by that, until now, until she came along. AH Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 53 - Words: 78,319 - Reviews: 1852 - Favs: 470 - Follows: 314 - Updated: 10/18/2012 - Published: 6/14/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Form of Escapism by flubbles reviews Bella finds herself trapped in a loveless marriage, whilst going through the motions of everyday life. Her only form of escapism is the romance novels written by the recently retired, reclusive author E.A.M Cullen. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 35 - Words: 149,866 - Reviews: 4671 - Favs: 2,555 - Follows: 2,229 - Updated: 10/14/2012 - Published: 4/25/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Shreds by Dooba reviews Torn outtakes and extras that won't make their way into the main story. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 4 - Words: 12,503 - Reviews: 229 - Favs: 323 - Follows: 445 - Updated: 10/13/2012 - Published: 9/27/2011 - Bella Bubble of Steel by Anton M reviews The girl is initially quite rude to him, because she doesn't realise that, well, he can't actually hear a word she's saying. Literally, he can't. But still, they end up sitting on a bench on a winter's night, talking. One-Shot. AH Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,000 - Reviews: 85 - Favs: 167 - Follows: 51 - Published: 9/28/2012 - [Edward, Bella] - Complete The Harder they Fall by Ironic Twist reviews Bella Swan had big dreams that were quashed by reality. Now, a momentary indescretion may cost her the little she has. Or maybe it will be the best mistake she's ever made. Edward Cullen's life is perfect. Well, almost. Perhaps these two can help each other out in an unorthodox way. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 56 - Words: 348,581 - Reviews: 11051 - Favs: 5,709 - Follows: 5,926 - Updated: 9/21/2012 - Published: 7/28/2009 - Bella, Edward A Good Liar by Raum reviews COMPLETE "The first time the Grim Reaper visited Edward, it was in the form of the Spanish influenza. The second time, Death had the lovely face of Bella Swan." The Canon Tour - New Moon round's 3rd overall placement! Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 11 - Words: 35,404 - Reviews: 514 - Favs: 196 - Follows: 202 - Updated: 9/21/2012 - Published: 2/8/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Plight Thee My Troth by Gingerandgreen reviews England, 1795. Lord Edward Masen and Miss Isabella Swan promise to love one another for all time; but will the harsh realities of life allow two souls from very different backgrounds to fulfil their vows? EPOV, AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 29 - Words: 160,023 - Reviews: 3832 - Favs: 2,155 - Follows: 1,739 - Updated: 9/16/2012 - Published: 9/4/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Turning Page by TwistingTwilight reviews Bella Swan is getting married in two months. But nothing seems right. Jake's not the man she loves... Turns out she's already married to Edward Cullen, a man she can't remember after her accident, and when they meet again, he's not letting her go twice. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 22 - Words: 64,187 - Reviews: 1940 - Favs: 2,324 - Follows: 1,243 - Updated: 9/13/2012 - Published: 4/30/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Tudor London by Amberdeengirl reviews "You are a murderer, Edward Masen; you will never, ever deserve love." Newly orphaned Isabella is taken to the rich house of Lord Carlisle Cullen, and soon finds that dark goings on lie beneath the dirty streets of London...and entrancing danger lurks within the emerald eyes of the mysterious Lord Edward Masen. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Crime - Chapters: 13 - Words: 61,283 - Reviews: 515 - Favs: 295 - Follows: 362 - Updated: 9/9/2012 - Published: 1/5/2011 - Bella, Edward Dog Star by spanglemaker9 reviews One choice is made and everything changes. Paths diverge, lead astray, and still lead home. AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 23 - Words: 117,511 - Reviews: 3644 - Favs: 1,517 - Follows: 1,134 - Updated: 9/8/2012 - Published: 5/5/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Just a Number by LyricalKris reviews Numbers are often invisible obstacles. For Edward, a significant age difference between him and Bella dictates the confines of their relationship. Can Bella teach him that sometimes a number is just a number? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 16 - Words: 50,710 - Reviews: 3292 - Favs: 2,379 - Follows: 2,086 - Updated: 9/3/2012 - Published: 7/15/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Anatomy of a Human by Amethyst Jackson reviews Companion to Only Human. Edward's young life is irreversibly altered when a mysterious girl in strange clothing stumbles into his world. Now complete. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 21 - Words: 57,142 - Reviews: 2048 - Favs: 2,122 - Follows: 1,662 - Updated: 8/31/2012 - Published: 4/7/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Out of Sight, Out of Mind by Simaril reviews What do you do when the love of your life has no memory of you? Two years after they left her, Bella is back in the Cullens' lives. The only problem is that she doesn't remember them. A Bella and Edward love story. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 35 - Words: 122,682 - Reviews: 2843 - Favs: 2,056 - Follows: 1,158 - Updated: 8/30/2012 - Published: 8/28/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Forget Me Not by SydneyAlice reviews With the help of his nurse, a man tries to put the pieces of his life back together. Will he be happy once the puzzle pieces fit, or will he wish his memories had remained a mystery? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 44 - Words: 66,800 - Reviews: 9070 - Favs: 3,038 - Follows: 1,613 - Updated: 8/18/2012 - Published: 7/2/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Glimmer Darkly by Rochelle Allison reviews She loses him almost as soon as she finds him... but things aren't always what they seem. Will Bella follow her heart down the rabbit hole? AU-ish. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Supernatural/Romance - Chapters: 24 - Words: 135,890 - Reviews: 3251 - Favs: 1,716 - Follows: 1,343 - Updated: 8/17/2012 - Published: 9/27/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Comp Sem 101 by bornonhalloween reviews What happens when a scholarship athlete and an English major from opposite coasts meet in a freshman writing seminar? Will they be drawn together or forced apart by their weekly discoveries of themselves and each other? All human college coeds! Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 23 - Words: 224,256 - Reviews: 2072 - Favs: 1,917 - Follows: 964 - Updated: 8/17/2012 - Published: 5/31/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Cosmic Love by SydneyAlice reviews It's his chance to see something spectacular and brilliant. And then he sees her...and nothing else matters. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,123 - Reviews: 132 - Favs: 199 - Follows: 106 - Published: 8/12/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete My Biggest Mistake, My Greatest Salvation by LyricalKris reviews Edward has spent all of his thirty-two years trying to be the man his grandfather raised him to be. When he wakes up married to a young, scared, pregnant stranger, this is one mistake he won't leave in Vegas. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 31 - Words: 113,338 - Reviews: 6267 - Favs: 4,835 - Follows: 3,550 - Updated: 8/8/2012 - Published: 3/20/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Twelve Months by SassyK reviews Twelve months is nothing when you've spent decades walking the earth, existing, searching; twelve months is everything when your search has come to an end. One year in the life of a gentle soul and the woman who recasts his world. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 41,183 - Reviews: 753 - Favs: 672 - Follows: 670 - Updated: 7/31/2012 - Published: 1/16/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete An Angry Man by katinki reviews COMPLETE. Edward is a bitter, angry man, a man suffering the sins of his past. An emotional & physical recluse, he pushes everyone away. That is, until Bella, a mysterious woman with her own demons, moves in and forces him to face himself. AH. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 52 - Words: 223,286 - Reviews: 7814 - Favs: 3,472 - Follows: 2,509 - Updated: 7/24/2012 - Published: 4/9/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Awaken by Edward's Eternal reviews A brilliant aloof composer, hiding from the world. An unexpected meeting. How will he react ? Can she help him change his vision on life ? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 50 - Words: 154,456 - Reviews: 4953 - Favs: 2,127 - Follows: 1,180 - Updated: 7/22/2012 - Published: 10/25/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Written in the Stars by Lissa Bryan reviews Edward is king of a dying race, his planet torn by civil war. Bella is abducted to become his bride. From college student to Queen... Can she learn to love this strange man and help save his people? AU/OOC, Rated M Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 33 - Words: 167,029 - Reviews: 7972 - Favs: 9,509 - Follows: 3,816 - Updated: 7/21/2012 - Published: 10/28/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete By the Numbers by Cars1 reviews Five people take a trip to Alaska. One hike to a hot spring and everything changes. Two people find something they never expected. Sometimes spontaneous is a good thing. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 28 - Words: 135,256 - Reviews: 1595 - Favs: 1,356 - Follows: 1,100 - Updated: 7/19/2012 - Published: 1/17/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Animate Me by abstract way reviews Professional animator Edward worships cartoon exec Bella from afar by day and draws her in his comic book late at night. When this Daffy Duck-loving geek comes face to face with his dream girl, will his fantasy world come to life? ...Note:The primary story of Animate Me was pulled and published. Thanks for 2 great years on fan fic. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 2 - Words: 10,251 - Reviews: 11454 - Favs: 4,461 - Follows: 3,668 - Updated: 7/13/2012 - Published: 5/14/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete If We Ever Meet Again by pattyrose reviews High School for geeky Edward was a nightmare of mistakes, missed opportunities & insecurity issues. Six years later when fate hands him a second chance, will he know how to take it? Or will the insecure boy inside rear his head again? AH, E&B, Canon pairs Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 29 - Words: 164,048 - Reviews: 3768 - Favs: 4,093 - Follows: 2,054 - Updated: 7/10/2012 - Published: 4/20/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Blue Moon by yallgurl99 reviews College student, Edward, finds love in the most unexpected of places. Bella is a skilled bar tender working her way through college. But Edward isn't the only one that's noticed the beautiful girl. Will Edward be able to protect her when the time comes? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 18 - Words: 82,126 - Reviews: 102 - Favs: 185 - Follows: 109 - Updated: 7/5/2012 - Published: 12/7/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete My Cowardly Lion by laughablelamb reviews Edward Cullen is beyond shy, Bella Swan has similar issues, and Alice, given an opportunity she never thought possible, has a plan that she hopes will help them both understand the value of a little human interaction. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 61 - Words: 336,167 - Reviews: 1363 - Favs: 1,291 - Follows: 896 - Updated: 7/2/2012 - Published: 12/19/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Little Buttons by ChocolateLover82 reviews A fortunate encounter while wandering the city may lead Edward to realize that, perhaps, not everything is lost. But is he ready? AH, ExB. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 28 - Words: 197,585 - Reviews: 807 - Favs: 621 - Follows: 481 - Updated: 7/2/2012 - Published: 5/26/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Shelter by moirae reviews Bella never made it to Forks, never met Edward, never fell in love. As a student at Emerson College, she is passionate, smart, and desperately lonely. Until someone catches the scent of his singer on the air . . . Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 21 - Words: 111,351 - Reviews: 831 - Favs: 729 - Follows: 500 - Updated: 7/2/2012 - Published: 4/7/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete If You Love Her by HelloElla reviews FicThisGifAnonContest Entry- He asked me to help him find a perfect way to confess his love for a girl that wasn't me. So like the fool that I am, I helped him. Completed One Shot Twilight - Rated: M - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 6,913 - Reviews: 146 - Favs: 392 - Follows: 120 - Published: 7/1/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Disconnected by mslizabeth reviews Bella and Edward have seen their lowest points in life. When an unexpected connection brings two strangers together can they find a way to bridge the gap. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 4,592 - Reviews: 8 - Favs: 9 - Follows: 17 - Published: 6/29/2012 - Bella, Edward Magnetic by cupcakeriot reviews Bella Swan - a psychic in the 24th century - becomes a pawn in her father's political games with no way out. But could her newly arranged marriage to a Prince of an alien planet be the cure to her loneliness? OOC. Lemons and possible violence. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Sci-Fi - Chapters: 15 - Words: 64,537 - Reviews: 1043 - Favs: 1,861 - Follows: 880 - Updated: 6/29/2012 - Published: 1/8/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Best I Ever Had by WhatsMyNomDePlume reviews Sex between friends complicates everything. Bella knows this. But she has no idea how much more Edward is going to complicate things. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 14 - Words: 64,919 - Reviews: 7545 - Favs: 10,779 - Follows: 5,903 - Updated: 6/25/2012 - Published: 2/17/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete No Place Like Home by tellingmelies reviews Edward is forced to leave his playboy life behind in Chicago and come home to Washington, but will he change his ways or risk losing everything? All human, cannon couples, OOC. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 37 - Words: 255,403 - Reviews: 7160 - Favs: 6,953 - Follows: 5,025 - Updated: 6/19/2012 - Published: 4/25/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Requiem by katinki reviews COMPLETE. For seven decades, he has worn the collar of faith and service. Wandering the earth alone, he's searched for redemption and for the soul he can never possess. Until now - when a young woman enters his world and shatters everything he ever believed. AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama - Chapters: 14 - Words: 35,468 - Reviews: 1560 - Favs: 713 - Follows: 484 - Updated: 6/10/2012 - Published: 11/28/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Western by kts reviews Edward is a hit-man with one rule; he doesn't do women. When he learns his next target is Bella, he makes a decision that ends up changing his life - and hers. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 25 - Words: 89,662 - Reviews: 742 - Favs: 748 - Follows: 434 - Updated: 6/2/2012 - Published: 12/10/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Count of Tuscany by withany reviews "She gets kidnapped, he gets killed, but..." This was the Princess Bride plot, not necessarily mine. If you're expecting vitamin C from this, sorry, you'll get scurvy. However, there may be gore. I hope. Added May 2015: Of course there's a HEA. What do you think I am? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Drama - Chapters: 13 - Words: 53,106 - Reviews: 830 - Favs: 446 - Follows: 480 - Updated: 5/31/2012 - Published: 11/9/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Woods are Lovely, Dark, and Deep by bananapancakes7 reviews Bella visits a quiet lodge in Forks and she meets the secretive, tormented Edward Masen. Just as their relationship transcends friendship, Edward's past comes back to haunt him in the most brutal way. B&E are human, but oh…there will be vampires. AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 38 - Words: 283,921 - Reviews: 5412 - Favs: 3,677 - Follows: 3,389 - Updated: 5/21/2012 - Published: 4/15/2009 - Bella, Edward Through the Blaze by krnycorn reviews A promise made and a life to protect: Edward saves Bella from the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and hides her from the men who murdered her parents. He is a protector, a friend, and a man who will become her everything. AH ExB Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 35 - Words: 134,088 - Reviews: 568 - Favs: 455 - Follows: 316 - Updated: 5/18/2012 - Published: 6/12/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Moonless Night by ScottishRose1028 reviews "Before you, Bella, my life was like a moonless night..." On a moonless night, fate steps in and takes a hand in the destiny of Edward and Bella, changing their lives forever. AH/AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 4 - Words: 10,042 - Reviews: 46 - Favs: 44 - Follows: 97 - Updated: 5/16/2012 - Published: 4/10/2012 - Bella, Edward Bonne Foi by Amethyst Jackson reviews AU. Edward Masen was changed in 1918 and abandoned by his sire. He feeds on human blood, unaware of any other way…until he stumbles across college freshman Bella Swan for a night that will change everything. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 41 - Words: 169,901 - Reviews: 14739 - Favs: 10,977 - Follows: 7,956 - Updated: 5/8/2012 - Published: 11/6/2008 - Edward, Bella - Complete A Hope Renewed by Hopesparkles reviews A misunderstanding leads to a forced marriage between Bella who is caring for her ailing father after losing their home, and Edward who has recently inherited his uncle's estate and has no intention of taking a wife. All Human/Regency era fic. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 39 - Words: 141,088 - Reviews: 3672 - Favs: 3,210 - Follows: 1,692 - Updated: 5/8/2012 - Published: 11/26/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Seattle's Most by mslizabeth reviews Bella Swan is working as a reporter for the Seattle Tribune when an assignment comes across her desk she doesn't want. However, she gets stuck writing Seattle's Most Eligible Bachelors. What happens when she crosses paths with the elusive Edward Cullen? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,242 - Reviews: 951 - Favs: 748 - Follows: 772 - Updated: 5/3/2012 - Published: 10/19/2010 - Bella, Edward Love Comes Last by itsyblue1214 reviews Edward showed an interest in science and medicine from a young age, Carlisle uses this to mold Edward into the man he wants him to be. Bella secretly loves Edward, what happens when Edward needs Bella to fulfill a life long dream. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 24 - Words: 139,523 - Reviews: 1472 - Favs: 1,939 - Follows: 1,179 - Updated: 4/26/2012 - Published: 7/13/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Imprint by Kat097 reviews In a world where imprinting is the norm and to think of resisting it is to face social disgrace, Bella Swan finds herself facing the dilemma of whether she should follow her instincts or her beliefs. AU/AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 30 - Words: 48,495 - Reviews: 1842 - Favs: 1,790 - Follows: 1,060 - Updated: 4/23/2012 - Published: 2/12/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Getty Romance by rinabina reviews It would be impossible for Bella to love anything more than her job at the J Paul Getty museum. That is, until a handsome, bronze-haired, fine suit-ed young man breezes through her gallery. A love story within the walls of a museum. E/B AH AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 32 - Words: 49,287 - Reviews: 2017 - Favs: 1,411 - Follows: 925 - Updated: 4/15/2012 - Published: 2/10/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete On These Icy Waters by kyla713 reviews April, 1912. This journey home could change Bella's entire future. She no longer wished to be the decoration on her husband's arm. One fateful voyage could lead to the happiness she always wanted, or be the end of everything. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 14,722 - Reviews: 125 - Favs: 385 - Follows: 99 - Published: 4/14/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Divide by Aleeab4u reviews Alice's birthday plans for Bella are derailed by their human friends, altering the events of that fateful night in NM. Given a new chance, can Edward and Bella bridge the divide between them? Written for TheCanonTour NM round. AU/canon E/B Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 2 - Words: 23,082 - Reviews: 130 - Favs: 161 - Follows: 83 - Updated: 4/11/2012 - Published: 2/14/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete Theory by LJ Summers reviews Originally written for TwiFicPics' "Talk Nerdy to me Challenge," this is a story about how Geeky Edward meets stunning Physics TA Ms. Swan and, well, talks nerdy to her. She's different, though, and he has theories about why. Edward/Bella AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 4 - Words: 9,097 - Reviews: 151 - Favs: 163 - Follows: 192 - Updated: 4/10/2012 - Published: 3/20/2012 - [Edward, Bella] - Complete Anomaly by Alby Mangroves reviews 1st Place Winner of Public Vote and Judges Choice in Tales From The Void Contest. A chance discovery on an outpost planet shows the woman with a brilliant mind, how to find her long neglected heart. Sci-Fi, Romance. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Sci-Fi/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 7,274 - Reviews: 98 - Favs: 166 - Follows: 42 - Published: 4/7/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete All the Wild Horses by elusivetwilight reviews In her suffocating small hometown, Bella Swan meets widowed Edward Cullen. Can she pull him from the depths of his grief? Is there enough of him left to soothe her clawing loneliness? AUAH E&B. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 29 - Words: 99,119 - Reviews: 6676 - Favs: 4,099 - Follows: 3,049 - Updated: 4/6/2012 - Published: 10/29/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Where It All Began by mslizabeth reviews Edward and Bella fell in love years ago at summer camp. It may have taken him months, but he finally has the perfect way to show her how much he wants to spend forever with her. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 6,461 - Reviews: 10 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 5 - Published: 4/5/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Seeing Bella by sherryola reviews Alice has a vision of a girl with no vision. She will either save Edward from his life of lonely brooding, or she will destroy him with his destruction of her. Can Bella discover the Cullen family secret if she can't see? Canon vamps and couples. AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 50 - Words: 366,996 - Reviews: 4008 - Favs: 2,701 - Follows: 1,501 - Updated: 4/1/2012 - Published: 12/22/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder by Adidasgrl328 reviews Darkness is all she's ever seen, every moment of her life. In college, Bella finds her shining light in Edward. Can such a beautiful soul be as beautiful in appearance? Remember, Beauty is in the eye of the Beholder. AH Lemons ExB Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 47 - Words: 156,653 - Reviews: 913 - Favs: 775 - Follows: 317 - Updated: 4/1/2012 - Published: 6/19/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Virgins & Villains by Emmamama88 reviews Edward Masen, Hollywood heartthrob, meets Bella Swan, shy college student, and the romantic sparks fly. Can they both overcome traumatic pasts and trust issues to be together? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 87 - Words: 481,331 - Reviews: 6008 - Favs: 3,595 - Follows: 1,970 - Updated: 3/29/2012 - Published: 8/30/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Consign Me Not to Darkness by msj2779 reviews Bella has just escaped from the grasp of a torturous relationship and she finds herself in the slums of Chicago. She's a shadow of who she used to be and has the anxiety to go with it. With some help, she finds hope... AH B E. Some dark situations. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 28 - Words: 206,192 - Reviews: 1170 - Favs: 587 - Follows: 742 - Updated: 3/27/2012 - Published: 12/19/2011 - Bella, Edward There's No Place Like Home by TalesFromTheVoidContest reviews Edward Cullen lives a boring, lonely existence. But, after a knock to the head finds him in a strange place filled with even stranger people, he wonders if his sad existence might not be what he wants after all. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 8,099 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 37 - Follows: 6 - Published: 3/25/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Fallout by OCDindeed reviews March 16/06 the world the Cullens knew ended. Faith, hope & love are powerful things. Edward finds out how powerful they are when he loses the one person who made his life worth living. Not just an E/B story. Entire Cullen clan is here, each with their own hardships. Set during a post-apocalyptic nuclear war. Try the Prologue before passing judgment. You might be surprised! NM/AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 39 - Words: 325,178 - Reviews: 6697 - Favs: 4,478 - Follows: 3,223 - Updated: 3/24/2012 - Published: 3/24/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Gradual Healing by aspire2write reviews “He was my rock, steady and unyielding through anything bad.” Bella tries to balance being a working Master's student with deteriorating health, a traumatic past, and an unexpected man. Continuation of one-shot. Canon pairings, AH. FULL SUMMARY INSIDE! Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 48 - Words: 262,874 - Reviews: 1130 - Favs: 1,034 - Follows: 386 - Updated: 3/20/2012 - Published: 3/31/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Lady's Honor by Melolabel reviews 3rd place Winner in the 2012 Age of Edward: What happens when a gentleman's attempt to assist a lady in trouble winds up compromising her reputation? He must defend that lady's honor at all costs. Even death. E/B AH AU. Regency England. HEA Promise! Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 2 - Words: 16,814 - Reviews: 144 - Favs: 251 - Follows: 96 - Updated: 3/14/2012 - Published: 2/13/2012 - Complete Love's Little Book by littlestar300 reviews Bella's looking for a fresh start and one day it comes to her in the form of a flyer about the Boston Book Exchange. Can she help the reclusive owner Edward Cullen into the land of the living, and can he help her make the changes she needs in her life. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 64,243 - Reviews: 1429 - Favs: 1,096 - Follows: 722 - Updated: 3/5/2012 - Published: 9/22/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Such Is My Luck by ImHereToReview reviews Bella's bad luck has landed her in Chicago for a business trip, with no luggage and no hotel room. Her co-worker, Edward, steps in to help! Her luck is about to change. AH. Canon pairings. Fluffy. Rated M for lemony goodness. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 20 - Words: 76,603 - Reviews: 810 - Favs: 1,566 - Follows: 930 - Updated: 3/1/2012 - Published: 4/16/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Twilight on the Prairie by ilovealion reviews This one-shot was inspired by the pictures taken of RPattz during the filming of Water for Elephants. Farmward looked so hot in his "period attire" that I was inspired to put him on the Prairie with Bella. E&B friends to lovers... Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 2 - Words: 16,888 - Reviews: 41 - Favs: 55 - Follows: 38 - Updated: 2/28/2012 - Published: 9/12/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Pocket Change by aWhiteBlankPage reviews I know of three kinds of change: the kind that jangles around in your pocket, the kind that happens slowly, every moment of every day, and the kind that blows you away in an instant. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 32 - Words: 113,557 - Reviews: 5143 - Favs: 3,869 - Follows: 2,578 - Updated: 2/23/2012 - Published: 6/26/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Penitent by counselor reviews A Cathedral at midnight. Bella never celebrated. Edward never seen. She's dried leaves. Is that his trench-coat flapping or a pair of broken wings? The world is ending. It's time for her to come out of her cocoon. It's time for Edward to fly. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 37 - Words: 47,138 - Reviews: 373 - Favs: 200 - Follows: 68 - Updated: 2/23/2012 - Published: 12/14/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete While You Were Knocked Out Cold by Melolabel reviews On his way to propose to long-time girl friend Tanya, Edward witnesses a horrific hit and run car accident. The driver's plea changes everything for Edward. "Please, don't leave me." How can he possibly abandon the unconscious beauty? AH/AU B/E Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 36 - Words: 87,530 - Reviews: 4064 - Favs: 2,447 - Follows: 1,795 - Updated: 2/16/2012 - Published: 6/28/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete You Found Me by Kristylized reviews Edward Masen is nomadic vampire travelling with James and Victoria. While rampaging on the outskirts of Forks, he stumbles upon a brown-eyed girl reading in a meadow. It isn't long before he realizes there's more to being a vampire than he ever thought possible. AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 42 - Words: 290,816 - Reviews: 1006 - Favs: 842 - Follows: 494 - Updated: 2/14/2012 - Published: 4/22/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Dear Mr Masen by jendonna reviews "Error 434: Reprimanding an executive." Life changing or just stupid? Dear Mr. Masen: A story of unauthorized Internet usage, culinary delights and the goings-on at Cullen, Inc. AH, ExB. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 25 - Words: 127,500 - Reviews: 12921 - Favs: 8,057 - Follows: 6,247 - Updated: 2/14/2012 - Published: 11/17/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Massage Therapy by Gemgirl65 reviews "I knew I was in trouble the minute I saw her naked back." Therapist by day, musician by night, Edward gets more than he bargained for when indie label scout Bella comes to his firm for treatment. One touch will unravel their secrets...but are they ready? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 52 - Words: 308,939 - Reviews: 2354 - Favs: 1,665 - Follows: 1,033 - Updated: 2/13/2012 - Published: 1/1/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Foreign Papers by javamomma0921 reviews AU - Bella Swan is an expert in antique documents. When the paper trail she is following leads overseas and she finds herself enamored with an enigmatic man named Edward Masen, will her training be enough to help her solve the mystery surrounding him? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 31 - Words: 149,817 - Reviews: 2731 - Favs: 1,451 - Follows: 1,290 - Updated: 2/13/2012 - Published: 1/28/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Dressmaker by WhatsMyNomDePlume reviews The dressmaker knows his fingers are nimble; he just never thought his heart would be so too, running away with Isabella Swan and conspiring to make him want the very thing he cannot have. AGE OF EDWARD ENTRY Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 9,028 - Reviews: 206 - Favs: 430 - Follows: 97 - Published: 2/12/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Unaccompanied Soul by JMCullen09 reviews An old, dilapidated hospital residing in the outskirts of Forks, WA sits untouched, yet it's the focus of many tales, including one of a young man who resides there. He's believed to be either ghost or murderer. But it's all just tales, right? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 30 - Words: 152,637 - Reviews: 6062 - Favs: 4,477 - Follows: 4,392 - Updated: 2/5/2012 - Published: 2/14/2010 - Edward, Bella The Train to Gretna Green by Carson Dyle reviews In 1851, 18-year-old Bella Swan flees her pleasant home and doting parents in favor of romance and a grown-up life with the man of her dreams. The advent of Britain's railway system makes escape easy for her. Or does it? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 11,420 - Reviews: 85 - Favs: 173 - Follows: 91 - Published: 2/4/2012 - Bella, Edward - Complete For Miss Brandon, a Husband by Seren Haf reviews England 1812, the London Season has begun. The widowed Mrs Brandon has great plans for her only daughter. It is a complication that she has no idea of the elusive Lord Cullen's intentions. A Judges Pick in The Age of Edward 2010 contest. Now continued. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 5 - Words: 22,565 - Reviews: 157 - Favs: 245 - Follows: 258 - Updated: 2/3/2012 - Published: 9/30/2010 - Bella, Edward For Whom The Bell Tolls by CyraBear reviews There's a dusty old bookstore in Seattle where the proprietor keeps odd hours and knows the location of every book in his stock. What surprises hide in its stacks? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 49 - Words: 130,447 - Reviews: 4456 - Favs: 2,711 - Follows: 2,528 - Updated: 2/3/2012 - Published: 11/7/2010 - Bella, Edward Playing for the Heart of a Lady by javamomma0921 reviews AGE OF EDWARD ENTRY. Edward Masen is an actor in Shakespeare's troupe playing the role of Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Isabella Swan is Queen Elizabeth's favorite Lady-in-Waiting. Will Isabella find love in the theatre, or only a pleasant dream? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 1 - Words: 12,193 - Reviews: 41 - Favs: 113 - Follows: 27 - Published: 2/1/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Little Dart by Raum reviews COMPLETE - "Crete, second millennium BCE. The Minoan Nobleman Eruthros has plans for his future and secrets he must keep. When he finds an intruder in his room, how will his destiny change?" AU. Age of Edward contest 2012 Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,543 - Reviews: 61 - Favs: 47 - Follows: 25 - Published: 2/1/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete If The Moon Fell Down Tonight by mslizabeth reviews Bella answers a craigslist ad in an attempt to earn the money to pay off her student loan, but what begins as a way to make some quick money may just end as something completely different. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 8,205 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 49 - Follows: 19 - Published: 1/30/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Day Before You by mslizabeth reviews When a surprise rain storm leaves Bella stranded on the worst afternoon she can remember, she finds herself rescued from a most unlikely source When she spends an afternoon with reputed bad boy, Edward she may find hidden depths and a new, unexpected path Twilight - Rated: K+ - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,430 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 39 - Follows: 13 - Published: 1/30/2012 - Edward, Bella - Complete Darkest Before the Dawn by CatMasters reviews What if Edward finally found his mate, but she had a troubled past and wanted to kill herself? Could he help her find a reason to live? Could she show him what he had always been missing? DARK themes, rape discussion and sexual content. AU, EPOV Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 51 - Words: 271,773 - Reviews: 2572 - Favs: 1,753 - Follows: 1,140 - Updated: 1/24/2012 - Published: 9/22/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Fuggiasco by kdc2239 reviews Edward, homeless since age twelve is used to the gritty, hard life. Now twenty, his main goal is to make it in the world, and off the streets. What happens when a girl who seems to be broken beyond repair becomes his new shadow? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 36 - Words: 166,725 - Reviews: 5599 - Favs: 5,025 - Follows: 3,089 - Updated: 1/22/2012 - Published: 5/10/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete I Never Knew by nerac reviews After a phone call from a stranger turns her life upside down, Isabella Dwyer realizes that the people you trust the most sometimes tell the biggest lies. Can she convince a man in uniform to help her discover the things she never knew? AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 95,640 - Reviews: 6026 - Favs: 3,487 - Follows: 2,200 - Updated: 1/10/2012 - Published: 11/9/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Touching Solitude by catharticone reviews Edward moves to a remote homestead in Oregon, seeking isolation to recover from a traumatic event. However, a chance meeting with his lovely yet melancholy neighbor sparks concern for her. Can these two broken individuals help each other to heal? AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 87 - Words: 252,786 - Reviews: 2399 - Favs: 1,031 - Follows: 664 - Updated: 1/4/2012 - Published: 4/8/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete EAC: The Journal of Edward Cullen by katmom reviews FIRST PLACE WINNER in THE CANON TOUR CONTEST - PRE-TWI Portion. What if Edward, through Alice's visions, knew about Bella before he met her? What if he had a chance to avoid the bloodlust? Would he take that chance? AU Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 29 - Words: 52,074 - Reviews: 1924 - Favs: 718 - Follows: 670 - Updated: 1/1/2012 - Published: 9/15/2011 - Edward, Bella The Christmas Book by ericastwilight reviews After the loss of his best friends,Edward is responsible for their little girl. Unable to get the child to open up, he takes her to a bookstore. Inside, he finds a loving young woman, hurting from past regrets and the owner of a magical book. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 15 - Words: 25,530 - Reviews: 1816 - Favs: 1,633 - Follows: 818 - Updated: 12/31/2011 - Published: 12/15/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Twelve Days of Christmas by twilover76 reviews Bella is running from her past and Edward is deciding his future. The holiday season brings them together. Can two people from different worlds be happy together? AH/M Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 12 - Words: 38,020 - Reviews: 892 - Favs: 837 - Follows: 470 - Updated: 12/25/2011 - Published: 12/14/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Red Eye by badjujube reviews It's important for any private investigator to maintain a good relationship with local law enforcement and it's representatives. Therefore, I am always cooperative and polite with Chief Swan. Also, I try not to drink his daughter Bella's blood. Complete. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Humor - Chapters: 37 - Words: 90,545 - Reviews: 3905 - Favs: 2,088 - Follows: 1,333 - Updated: 12/23/2011 - Published: 11/22/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete De Immortalitate by Raum reviews COMPLETE "The life of the Roman patrician Antonius is put at stake by his father, Felix. When Felix brings to his only son a new slave, Bella, more reasons arise for Antonius' concerns. Felix's secret can change Antonius' and Bella's destiny." ExB AU/vampires Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 24 - Words: 73,221 - Reviews: 1561 - Favs: 716 - Follows: 534 - Updated: 12/21/2011 - Published: 6/25/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Of Kith and Kin by Chicklette reviews "The greatest thing you'll ever learn is just to love, and be loved in return." -Nat King Cole. This story is about that. AH, Canon pairings. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Drama - Chapters: 24 - Words: 88,113 - Reviews: 3992 - Favs: 3,685 - Follows: 1,982 - Updated: 12/19/2011 - Published: 7/16/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Do Over by TKegl reviews Every Christmas Eve, Edward Cullen sits in a bar and regrets the decision he made ten years earlier that tore Bella from him. But when he gets a second chance to right that wrong, it's not quite what he expected Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 19 - Words: 63,100 - Reviews: 3521 - Favs: 3,405 - Follows: 1,291 - Updated: 12/18/2011 - Published: 12/22/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Brushstrokes by wandb reviews One last job. That was all Edward needed to be free of Aro's choke hold. Little did he know the last job was the captivating Bella Swan. Rated M. E/B AH. Entry in the Season of our Discontent Contest. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 9,009 - Reviews: 29 - Favs: 50 - Follows: 47 - Published: 12/17/2011 - Bella, Edward My Legacy by wandb reviews WINNER of the Tissue Award in the Season of our Discontent contest. "I close my eyes, and I see Bella. I always see Bella." AH. B/E. Rated M. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,640 - Reviews: 79 - Favs: 55 - Follows: 37 - Published: 12/16/2011 - Bella, Edward Willow by aftrnoondlight reviews First place winner in A Christmas to Remember contest - A quaint small town. A horse named Willow. Two lonely lovers. These are the ingredients of a DIVINE holiday romance. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 4 - Words: 20,953 - Reviews: 322 - Favs: 518 - Follows: 326 - Updated: 12/11/2011 - Published: 3/4/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete I'm Only Sleeping by Simaril reviews One second's loss of control and all is ruined. Trapped in her own body Bella needs to find a way to make herself heard. A tale of love, loss and family. Jasper/Bella Friendship. Eventual Edward/Bella. Winner of an Emerging Swan Award Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Friendship - Chapters: 45 - Words: 124,120 - Reviews: 1950 - Favs: 881 - Follows: 404 - Updated: 12/5/2011 - Published: 6/13/2011 - [Bella, Edward] Jasper - Complete The Last to Know by ericastwilight reviews Have you ever woken up hung over, in bed with your best friend? No? Neither have Bella and Edward. Written for Fandom4LLS. Rated M for language. Collab written with kyla713. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 7,987 - Reviews: 212 - Favs: 522 - Follows: 276 - Published: 12/2/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Am I Dreaming? by 2brown-eyes reviews Bella hits a tree on her 1st bike ride she wakes up to a green-eye boy in 1918. She has to figure out is her purpose to save him & have a future in the past or is she there to ensure his change & not have a possible future with him. She will get more confused when she falls for green-eyed boy as hard as she has for the Golden eye one. E's pov from present and past too. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 39 - Words: 148,843 - Reviews: 1172 - Favs: 965 - Follows: 382 - Updated: 12/2/2011 - Published: 7/31/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Winter Song by SydneyAlice reviews December is always hard because everything reminds me of you – the frozen pond, the hot chocolate, the glittering lights... I see you everywhere. It's the sweetest torture. Written for PixieJenna for FGB. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 4,524 - Reviews: 237 - Favs: 399 - Follows: 115 - Published: 11/30/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Bad Blood by LadyExcalibur2010 reviews Edward Cullen was a man who liked order. He arranged his life into neat little segments, exercising rigid control in all areas of his existence. Then one day, all of it was brought tumbling down by one simple question. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama - Chapters: 20 - Words: 57,319 - Reviews: 2372 - Favs: 2,886 - Follows: 1,114 - Updated: 11/30/2011 - Published: 1/6/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete And Then There's You by StewLuv reviews A misunderstanding makes the Cullens plan a cruel prank on unpopular Isabella Swan for vengeance. But as Edward takes on the challenge of seducing Bella he quickly discovers her dark world at home. Edward must now save the girl he was supposed to break. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 32 - Words: 220,456 - Reviews: 3258 - Favs: 5,228 - Follows: 2,084 - Updated: 11/25/2011 - Published: 5/9/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Turning Page by SydneyAlice reviews Breaking Dawn wedding day fluff. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,323 - Reviews: 134 - Favs: 131 - Follows: 36 - Published: 11/23/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Awakening by jazsqr reviews Humanity awoke too late to find that their nightmares were very real. In the desperate fight for survival, Captain Isabella Swan has more reason than most to hate the vampire invaders. But can a certain bronze-haired vampire change her view? OOC, BxE, AxJ Twilight - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 44 - Words: 196,987 - Reviews: 584 - Favs: 303 - Follows: 310 - Updated: 11/21/2011 - Published: 8/6/2009 - Bella, Edward Bella Cullen's Reminiscent Ten Year Reunion by DazzlinSparkle05 reviews Wife, Mother, and Second grade teacher. Bella Cullen had her life a certain way since she graduated Forks High. A letter from her ten year reunion awakens the insecure eighteen year old girl that left Forks that distant time ago. A/H Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 61,116 - Reviews: 2102 - Favs: 2,075 - Follows: 1,192 - Updated: 11/14/2011 - Published: 1/13/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete For Eternity by monksmama reviews 150 years after Edward leaves, 149 years after Bella's death, Jasper stumbles across a new novel. Nothing is as it seems. Who is Eve? Who are the Guardians? What are the consequences of secrets not kept? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 102,806 - Reviews: 1291 - Favs: 972 - Follows: 1,005 - Updated: 11/10/2011 - Published: 12/26/2008 - Edward, Bella Cullen Hall by Kat097 reviews To escape the ruins of her failed marriage, American writer Bella Swan takes up lodging in the grounds of a remote English Country House where, unable to escape from the man who haunts her dreams, she must unravel a century old mystery... Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 20 - Words: 36,970 - Reviews: 664 - Favs: 715 - Follows: 389 - Updated: 10/28/2011 - Published: 8/22/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Breathe You In by JK5959 reviews His soul sensed her when no one else did. His immortal heart found her when to everyone else she went unseen. Longing for love and recognition, a lonely vampire and a neglected human girl find what they've been missing. E/B Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 9 - Words: 43,431 - Reviews: 223 - Favs: 350 - Follows: 154 - Updated: 10/25/2011 - Published: 9/25/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Love Is Always an Option by MeilleurCafe reviews Bella Swan, a young registered pharmacist from New Jersey, takes a job in the Forks, WA hospital, determined to start her life over. She meets the handsome, brooding Edward Cullen, who also works in the hospital pharmacy...on the night shift, of course. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 27 - Words: 213,857 - Reviews: 667 - Favs: 638 - Follows: 340 - Updated: 10/23/2011 - Published: 8/2/2009 - Complete Night Must Fall by katinki reviews COMPLETE. In a world of night, shadows known as the Volturi reign supreme. Their word is law, unquestioned and unchallenged. A doctoral student threatens exposure, and a Volturi Prince has been unleashed to silence her forever. AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Suspense/Romance - Chapters: 25 - Words: 109,754 - Reviews: 3922 - Favs: 2,873 - Follows: 1,861 - Updated: 10/22/2011 - Published: 5/26/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Decision by windchymes reviews Edward made a decision after that second biology lesson. Two years later that decision is challenged. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 9 - Words: 96,613 - Reviews: 2564 - Favs: 2,995 - Follows: 1,891 - Updated: 10/15/2011 - Published: 3/5/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Can't Help Falling by kyla713 reviews It was only supposed to be physical outside of work. That should be easy, right? E/B, AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 25,832 - Reviews: 507 - Favs: 443 - Follows: 205 - Published: 10/11/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Whatever Works by Soft Ragoo reviews When Bella accepts a home-care provider position, she has no idea that the impossible son, Edward, will have such an impact on her. Will she find herself completely wrapped up in his complicated world, or will she learn to hate him? AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Family/Romance - Chapters: 44 - Words: 166,743 - Reviews: 2353 - Favs: 1,404 - Follows: 881 - Updated: 10/10/2011 - Published: 2/14/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete More Than Words by SydneyAlice reviews A special, uncomplicated friendship is formed through email. What happens when their simple daily chats become more than just words on a computer screen? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 15 - Words: 22,703 - Reviews: 3461 - Favs: 2,188 - Follows: 1,180 - Updated: 10/9/2011 - Published: 9/5/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Harvest Moon by Jana reviews AU - The first few months after the change were always the most difficult. The girl would need supervision. A patient teacher to guide her and keep her out of trouble. I didn't just feel obligated to fill this role, I yearned to fill it. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 89,354 - Reviews: 638 - Favs: 302 - Follows: 296 - Updated: 10/9/2011 - Published: 8/29/2010 - Bella, Edward Simply Coffee by Edward's Eternal reviews A girl about to break. A boy who so desperately wants to help. Will she let him in ? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 20 - Words: 26,654 - Reviews: 1929 - Favs: 1,436 - Follows: 842 - Updated: 10/7/2011 - Published: 9/20/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Edward Gets Hurt by Lawsy89 reviews One Shot. What if it wasn't Jacob that got hurt at the end of Eclipse - what if it was Edward? BxE Twilight - Rated: T - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 10,768 - Reviews: 78 - Favs: 309 - Follows: 69 - Published: 9/27/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Incunabula: Or The Golden Legend by suitablyironicmoniker reviews A determined curator vies with a private collector when rumors of a rare book surface in central Europe. All human, canon couples...eventually. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 37 - Words: 135,261 - Reviews: 1456 - Favs: 889 - Follows: 621 - Updated: 9/26/2011 - Published: 5/23/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Wrenfield Hall by Wannabe Charlotte reviews In 1870s England, Bella finds herself without home or family when her father dies. She secures a position as a housemaid in a country manor belonging to Lord Edward Masen. The two form a bond that is threatened by class differences and Edward's past. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 28 - Words: 93,839 - Reviews: 3214 - Favs: 2,941 - Follows: 1,677 - Updated: 9/19/2011 - Published: 10/2/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Love Like Winter by MandyLeigh87 reviews Once upon a time, in a faraway land, a young prince lived in a shining castle. Although he had everything his heart desired, the prince was spoiled, selfish, and unkind...For who could ever learn to love a beast? B/E Inspired by Beauty and the Beast AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 22 - Words: 77,729 - Reviews: 2120 - Favs: 2,377 - Follows: 1,438 - Updated: 9/16/2011 - Published: 11/27/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Let's trust love by Dooba reviews The Cullens go back to high school, 7 years after the end of BD. What starts out to be a fun endeavor, soon turns into dangers that nobody had foreseen... What damage can a crazy lovesick girl inflict? Rated M for some language and lemon. Canon pairs. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 24 - Words: 140,316 - Reviews: 707 - Favs: 797 - Follows: 351 - Updated: 9/7/2011 - Published: 8/15/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete A River Between by WildRedPoppies reviews Privileged English heiress Isabella Swan suddenly loses everything, including her family's prized book collection. When son of rival family Edward Cullen acquires the collection and offers her a job, she is in no position to refuse. A tentative friendship based on their mutual love for books grows complicated as they enter into an arrangement—she wants the books back; he wants her. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 16 - Words: 35,173 - Reviews: 2147 - Favs: 1,944 - Follows: 2,575 - Updated: 9/6/2011 - Published: 5/14/2011 Director's Cut by ericastwilight reviews It was actress Bella's first love scene and she was nervous. Director Edward tries to encourage her. However, when the scene starts, can Edward keep himself together? Remain professional? And after, keep himself in control? Collab with kyla713 Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 10,128 - Reviews: 131 - Favs: 635 - Follows: 207 - Published: 9/2/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete A Dangerous Affair by katiecav reviews AUH. Edward lives in a dangerous world of the Agency, one of the worlds best covert ops companies. He's all about the job, but when he meets a woman who get's the best of him, will his life ever be the same or has love bloomed in the desert night? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 2 - Words: 19,237 - Reviews: 13 - Favs: 53 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 8/22/2011 - Published: 9/19/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete A Compendium of Thoughts by ItIsRaining reviews After Edward is struck with a serious illness, Bella offers to give him a ride to school every day. His musings on life are priceless and unique. Based in its entirety on a true story. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Chapters: 10 - Words: 28,645 - Reviews: 1333 - Favs: 1,410 - Follows: 523 - Updated: 8/18/2011 - Published: 4/4/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Angel Series 3: An Angel's Promise by drotuno reviews The THIRD in the Angel series. We pick up where we last left off. Edward and Bella starting new in England...new friends, old friends...and lots of love, angst, and music. AU/slightly-OOC...and as always, lemons. Sequel to Broken Angel & Angel's Embrace. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 46 - Words: 404,987 - Reviews: 2646 - Favs: 1,187 - Follows: 453 - Updated: 8/17/2011 - Published: 8/3/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Cottage by kitkat681 reviews At 16, Edward stumbles across a fairy-tale cottage deep in the woods. The frightened young girl he finds hiding in the trees haunts his dreams for years to come. Why is she alone in the woods? How can she survive? Rated M for..well you know. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 31 - Words: 65,931 - Reviews: 1344 - Favs: 1,213 - Follows: 561 - Updated: 8/9/2011 - Published: 5/7/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete You Are My Home by Aleeab4u reviews Edward takes Bella to a secluded Alaskan hot spring where they spend a magical night making love and reaffirming their commitment to one another. This is an outtake written for F4SAA fundraiser from my story Falling Beyond Redemption. AU, rated M. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,342 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 94 - Follows: 33 - Published: 8/6/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete From the Cup of Duty by LadyExcalibur2010 reviews Edward is a ruler in need of an heir. Isabella Swan comes from fruitful stock. A marriage made in heaven, right? Well...not quite yet. Sometimes duty brings an unexpected gift. Rated M for future lemons. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Chapters: 23 - Words: 75,939 - Reviews: 5004 - Favs: 5,738 - Follows: 2,953 - Updated: 8/4/2011 - Published: 5/3/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete When Fiction Becomes Reality by BITTENEV reviews Bella is a writer whose most successful book is one she wrote about Edward, her high school crush. Edward is now an A-list actor and has signed on to star in a movie based on Bella's creation. AU/AH Bella-of-the-Ball continuation. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 20 - Words: 157,715 - Reviews: 8179 - Favs: 8,347 - Follows: 8,507 - Updated: 8/3/2011 - Published: 12/9/2008 - Bella, Edward A Little Bit Stronger by SydneyAlice reviews One year ago, a traumatic experience left her fearful of strangers. As Bella struggles to move on with her life, she forms a friendship with a lunchtime companion. Can he break down her walls and open her eyes to the beauty of new beginnings? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,533 - Reviews: 238 - Favs: 506 - Follows: 157 - Published: 7/31/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Second Chance at Life by Isannah reviews Hindsight is 20/20, but that means nothing to Isabella. Her choices have imprisoned her in a life that she never imagined for herself. Escaping is not an option...or is it? Rated M for language, lemons, and some violence. B/E,AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 102,361 - Reviews: 530 - Favs: 354 - Follows: 202 - Updated: 7/29/2011 - Published: 12/17/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Parachutist by Camilla10 reviews It is 1943 and WW II is devastating Europe. The young American parachutist Edward Masen is sent by the OSS on a secret mission in Northern Italy. There he meets a girl concealing a terrible secret. They fall passionately in love and plan to marry when the war ends. However, while returning to the Allied lines, Edward meets two Volturi warriors... Twilight - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Drama - Chapters: 34 - Words: 71,463 - Reviews: 910 - Favs: 362 - Follows: 120 - Updated: 7/25/2011 - Published: 2/9/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Last Breath by First Blush reviews It's 1944, Edward awakes in a London field hospital. He's told his wife was in an air raid and did not survive. This sends Edward on a journey over two continents to find the love of his life, forgiveness for his past, and a joy he never even knew existed Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 31 - Words: 170,164 - Reviews: 1008 - Favs: 708 - Follows: 326 - Updated: 7/22/2011 - Published: 5/1/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Learning to Love Again by opal aline reviews Bella has lost the ability to love due to past abuse, will Edward be able to turn that around? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 21 - Words: 66,385 - Reviews: 318 - Favs: 302 - Follows: 121 - Updated: 7/15/2011 - Published: 1/27/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Unexpected Awakenings by Totteacher reviews Edward is drawn to Bella in a way he has never been drawn to anyone. He is in love with her from the first moment he sees her, wanting her for his own. He chooses to woo her, hiding what he really is to be the man she deserves. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 78 - Words: 211,574 - Reviews: 3725 - Favs: 2,241 - Follows: 1,011 - Updated: 7/15/2011 - Published: 4/26/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Bella Hale by JulesSC reviews Six year old Isabella Swan was orphaned after a car crash took her parents away, and Edward and the Cullens find her. Alice decides to keep her, and Edward tries to protect her. Family drama and hilarity ensues as Bella grows up and ExB happens. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Family/Humor - Chapters: 51 - Words: 386,995 - Reviews: 13542 - Favs: 8,308 - Follows: 6,152 - Updated: 7/8/2011 - Published: 11/21/2008 - Edward, Bella For the Love of Alice by Isannah reviews Bella is an English teacher. Edward Masen is Hollywood's talented but troubled up and coming actor. Can a terminally ill girl bring them together? Rated M for language and future lemons. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 51 - Words: 234,159 - Reviews: 2138 - Favs: 1,981 - Follows: 934 - Updated: 7/7/2011 - Published: 5/22/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Coincidental Major by m7707 reviews A tale about a hockey-playing boy who loves his girl. This is Edward's story from Major Misconduct. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 35 - Words: 193,272 - Reviews: 3046 - Favs: 2,437 - Follows: 1,345 - Updated: 7/5/2011 - Published: 2/2/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Maledictum Magae by bexi21 reviews The curse happened in 1692.For over 300 years, Isabella Swan has lived alone, afraid to be close to anyone again.But when she finally meets someone who captures her heart, the unthinkable happens, leaving her in a kind of danger she never thought possible Twilight - Rated: M - English - Mystery/Angst - Chapters: 19 - Words: 66,053 - Reviews: 601 - Favs: 566 - Follows: 460 - Updated: 7/5/2011 - Published: 3/31/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Stolen Moments by TKegl reviews On the eve of her birthday – for as long as she can remember – she's dreamed of him. But the dreams fade away in the morning light, as dreams are known to do…and Bella's not sure if the love of her life…is actually a figment of her imagination. AH Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 1 - Words: 8,637 - Reviews: 322 - Favs: 764 - Follows: 200 - Published: 7/5/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Branching Inward by LifeInTheSnow reviews He's a brilliant, sensual, tactile artist with a huge personality and love for life...at least, he used to be. She's a shrewd historian, content to observe from a distance...until now. At Newcoven College in Clearwater, OH, no secret is safe. All Human. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 28 - Words: 165,203 - Reviews: 4424 - Favs: 3,991 - Follows: 2,429 - Updated: 6/30/2011 - Published: 10/3/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Music Of The Night by theladyingrey42 reviews He seeks atonement through music. She seeks solace in an unseen world behind the curtains of a stage. What they end up finding is each other. Written for JAustenLover and Durameter for FGB:Eclipse. AU / BxE. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 54,201 - Reviews: 1275 - Favs: 853 - Follows: 479 - Updated: 6/30/2011 - Published: 3/31/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete This Is Who I Am by pattyrose reviews Edward Cullen, successful business exec/playboy/all around bad boy. Bella Swan, divorced mom/graphic artist/unwilling to trust her heart to the likes of someone like Edward again. Will she give him a chance? Does he even deserve one? AH, AU ExB Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 39 - Words: 362,984 - Reviews: 6259 - Favs: 6,181 - Follows: 2,638 - Updated: 6/29/2011 - Published: 5/18/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Who Needs a Fairy Godmother? by katmom reviews Bella and Edward meet at the wedding of William and Kate. Fluffy, Fluffier...FLUFFIEST Written for the Fandom4Tsunami compilation AH Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 6,361 - Reviews: 54 - Favs: 128 - Follows: 40 - Published: 6/29/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete On the Run by madcowre reviews Edward is a fugitive on the run. A misunderstanding causes Bella to join him. She's angry that she's been taken from her perfect life. He's angry that he has to run with a woman who annoys him no end. They don't get on, but can it lead to something more? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 19 - Words: 138,518 - Reviews: 2569 - Favs: 1,885 - Follows: 1,910 - Updated: 6/29/2011 - Published: 9/19/2009 - Bella, Edward Doctor's Orders by mybluesky reviews Nurse Swan vows to never date a doctor, presuming them all to be egotistical jerks. But will she change her mind when she starts a new job and meets the handsome Dr. Cullen, or will his advances only strengthen her resolve? AH, OOC, Rated M Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 28 - Words: 166,845 - Reviews: 9858 - Favs: 6,995 - Follows: 5,313 - Updated: 6/25/2011 - Published: 7/3/2010 - Edward, Bella Gravity Series 1: Blood & Glory by drotuno reviews The definition of a mercenary is a soldier for hire. His crew are trained fighting machines. Hers are smart PIs. What happens when they need each other to survive? Canon couples. AH/AU. Rated M for lots of reasons, including violence and lemons. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 33 - Words: 302,953 - Reviews: 4785 - Favs: 3,801 - Follows: 1,410 - Updated: 6/25/2011 - Published: 2/18/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete THE GAME THAT CHANGED IT ALL by Eternally Addicted reviews Lonesome and second-guessing his career as a baseball player, Edward never imagined that it would only take one foul ball to turn his world upside down. Would he embrace it, or would he strike out, never knowing true love? AH/CANNON COUPLES. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 40 - Words: 287,777 - Reviews: 1492 - Favs: 1,719 - Follows: 629 - Updated: 6/23/2011 - Published: 6/30/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete You Don't Know Anything by TwiDi reviews Parents' death left her with a new-born brother. Claiming him as hers, she heads to her father's. How’d she cope her unsaid secrets with the green-eyed jerk’s advances & unknwn lurking danger,EXB,AH,Possessiveward. Razzle Dazzle & Silent Tear Award nmnee Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 29 - Words: 178,553 - Reviews: 3506 - Favs: 2,664 - Follows: 2,666 - Updated: 6/19/2011 - Published: 3/13/2009 - Edward, Bella Foul Territory by rinabina reviews After being dragged to a baseball game by her best friend, Bella Swan meets handsome first baseman, Edward Cullen with the help of a rogue foul ball. There's something about him that she can't put out of her head, and apparently neither can he. E/B AU AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 126,236 - Reviews: 3435 - Favs: 5,013 - Follows: 2,461 - Updated: 6/10/2011 - Published: 9/27/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Thousand Leaves by BellaSunshine reviews Isabella Swan grew up as the best friend of Alice Cullen, younger sister of Edward Cullen, who was never nice to Bella despite her being an "honorary Cullen." Everything changes when Edward is sent to prison for the murder of Bella's mother. AU-Human Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Suspense - Chapters: 41 - Words: 196,783 - Reviews: 7432 - Favs: 4,973 - Follows: 2,905 - Updated: 6/9/2011 - Published: 8/27/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Beyond Time by TKegl reviews After the Cullens leave Forks, a twist of fate lands Bella in Chicago in 1918. She thinks it's a second chance to build a life with Edward, but when she finds him, he's not quite what she expected. Can Bella create the future she's hoping for? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 38 - Words: 295,570 - Reviews: 8508 - Favs: 7,220 - Follows: 2,929 - Updated: 6/4/2011 - Published: 2/17/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete All That Jazz by javamomma0921 reviews AH/AU Set in 1919. Meet orphan sisters, Bella and Alice Swan, as they journey to Chicago to meet their Aunt Esme, brazen, disowned sister of their mother. Join Bella as she learns the true meaning of marriage and love. M for adult themes and later lemons. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 23 - Words: 184,134 - Reviews: 2074 - Favs: 1,962 - Follows: 1,312 - Updated: 5/30/2011 - Published: 4/27/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Land In My Arms by luckyirishtart reviews A pilot, a flight attendant, a bond with unconventional origins. When the thing you're not supposed to feel is inevitable, what delays would you fight against to make your connection? AH, E/B Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 20 - Words: 100,642 - Reviews: 1103 - Favs: 1,320 - Follows: 636 - Updated: 5/24/2011 - Published: 1/26/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete We Come to Life Beneath the Stars by Lillybellis reviews As Bella Swan starts over with hopes of finding her future, Edward Cullen is hanging on desperately to his past. She's treading water, and he's a corporate golden boy. They share an office, but few words...until one night changes everything. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 19 - Words: 168,711 - Reviews: 5083 - Favs: 6,225 - Follows: 3,792 - Updated: 5/19/2011 - Published: 6/16/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Getting Warmer by eiluned price reviews After their honeymoon on Isle Esme, Bella gets to spend more time being human with Edward as they travel cross-country to New Hampshire and beyond, and learn about art, love and temperature differentials. AU. BxE. Newlyweds being newlyweds, so lemons. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 17 - Words: 165,751 - Reviews: 763 - Favs: 1,138 - Follows: 682 - Updated: 5/15/2011 - Published: 11/8/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Chance Encounter by Besotted reviews When Bella Swan, a 23 year old cellist studying music at Julliard meets Edward Cullen, a Hollywood movie star, their lives will be forever changed as they struggle to make their relationship work against the greatest of odds. A/H Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 40 - Words: 387,084 - Reviews: 1899 - Favs: 2,197 - Follows: 1,148 - Updated: 5/10/2011 - Published: 10/8/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Truths, Lies and Alibis by Eternally Addicted reviews FBI psychologist Bella Swan is being stalked by one of criminals she helped put behind bars. Forced to leave her home and lay low for a while, she meets the most gorgeous man she has ever seen. Is he who he says he is, or is he working for the stalker? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Suspense - Chapters: 32 - Words: 291,022 - Reviews: 1401 - Favs: 1,429 - Follows: 711 - Updated: 5/4/2011 - Published: 8/12/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Falling Beyond Redemption by Aleeab4u reviews A plan to keep Edward & Bella apart ends in unthinkable violence leaving Bella & Charlie battling for their lives and Edward for his soul. When the fallout threatens to destroy not only them but the Pack as well, an unlikely Shaman may be their only hope. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Tragedy/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 56 - Words: 349,022 - Reviews: 4717 - Favs: 1,880 - Follows: 937 - Updated: 4/21/2011 - Published: 4/8/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Amongst the Living by DazzlinSparkle05 reviews Bella a college graduate returns to live with her father. She meets an anxiety ridden Edward. When she tries to help him she learns maybe he's the one really teaching her how to live. AH, AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 26 - Words: 59,762 - Reviews: 1089 - Favs: 969 - Follows: 492 - Updated: 4/17/2011 - Published: 6/14/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Tale by Totteacher reviews Isabella Swan had grown up surrounded by cruel Lords who use woman for their own amusement. How will the young woman be able to protect herself? Can she escape the same fate as her mother? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 30 - Words: 67,237 - Reviews: 1693 - Favs: 1,203 - Follows: 534 - Updated: 4/15/2011 - Published: 1/25/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Nomad by eibbil reviews The Cullens are a large clan of vampires living in relative harmony with the wolf pack in the nearby Quileute reservation and the humans in the town of Forks. Until a nomad comes to town and shakes everything up. Vampires, E/B, AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 18 - Words: 88,329 - Reviews: 512 - Favs: 736 - Follows: 334 - Updated: 3/27/2011 - Published: 2/21/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Ritual by araeo reviews AU/AH, OOC: Bella is an alcoholic struggling to deal with her traumatic past. When she meets Edward in the bar she frequents, will his help be enough to save her? Edward has just returned to Seattle and has secrets of his own when it comes to Bella... Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 177,793 - Reviews: 1196 - Favs: 1,043 - Follows: 811 - Updated: 3/24/2011 - Published: 3/21/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Coffee, Crumb Cake and Confessions by secamimom reviews Edward watches her daily from afar, never having the nerve to speak to her. What will happen when she decides to make a move? OS Soundtrack entry, ExB Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,069 - Reviews: 27 - Favs: 68 - Follows: 15 - Published: 3/14/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Delicacy of Mind by LJ Summers reviews Light, fluffy, SHORT Regency Romance. In which former India merchant Edward meets shiny new heiress Isabella who has been waiting FOREVER to get her London Season. He's far too knowing; she's impulsive and suspicious. Of course, it has to be love! AH Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 4 - Words: 14,272 - Reviews: 105 - Favs: 96 - Follows: 44 - Updated: 3/7/2011 - Published: 3/1/2011 - [Edward, Bella] - Complete Eventide by TheQueenWriter reviews Everything was upside down, inside out or was that rightside up and outside in? Collab w/Mad Writer Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 56 - Words: 105,724 - Reviews: 123 - Favs: 153 - Follows: 70 - Updated: 2/26/2011 - Published: 9/13/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Edward and the Dragon by SophiaAnne reviews The reward? 100 pieces of gold and the King's daughter's hand in marriage. The quest? Slay the dragon and bring the Princess home. Edward stared at the drawing of the dragon, then turned away. Dragons, he knew, were far more beautiful. ExB Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 4 - Words: 15,044 - Reviews: 143 - Favs: 256 - Follows: 103 - Updated: 2/24/2011 - Published: 2/3/2011 - Edward, Bella - Complete Choices by bandmum reviews Edward runs to Denali, afraid he won't be able to resist the call of Bella's blood. When he decides not to return, his choice affects more than just his family, and the repercussions will be felt long after. Warning: Alcohol abuse and disturbing imagery. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 35 - Words: 166,235 - Reviews: 581 - Favs: 354 - Follows: 234 - Updated: 2/20/2011 - Published: 4/15/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Grand Jeté by stella luna sky reviews Bella's life is full of certainty and boredom. A dance instructor without passion, she has no idea that the handsome man in her night class will teach her how every moment could be her big moment, and how every breath could be the last. AH/M. COMPLETE. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 18 - Words: 63,071 - Reviews: 3827 - Favs: 3,248 - Follows: 1,741 - Updated: 2/6/2011 - Published: 7/3/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Parachute by KitsuShel reviews After finding an abandoned child on the streets of Seattle, Bella Swan raises him for five years as her own. What happens to their life when his biological family is found? AU/AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 38 - Words: 158,875 - Reviews: 17683 - Favs: 10,724 - Follows: 5,618 - Updated: 2/3/2011 - Published: 6/8/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Through the Flames by SparklingTwilight reviews One fateful night, 29y/o Edward must make the decision that haunts every firefighter's worst nightmares. In choosing between his life and that of another, life altering repercussions arise. Rated M. Contains graphic descriptions of fire. HF Warning. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Drama - Chapters: 41 - Words: 200,140 - Reviews: 7591 - Favs: 4,214 - Follows: 2,137 - Updated: 2/3/2011 - Published: 4/9/2010 - Complete Return of the King by A Cullen Wannabe reviews When the body of a young girl is found, all signs point to convicted serial killer, Royce King, currently behind bars. FBI Agent Bella Swan and her team have to race against time to discern who the real killer is before time runs out. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Crime/Suspense - Chapters: 12 - Words: 28,529 - Reviews: 439 - Favs: 379 - Follows: 210 - Updated: 1/27/2011 - Published: 9/9/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Devil's Herb by elisabeth2me reviews She was lost, everything was so confusing. She didn't know where she was, she didn't recognize her surroundings. When Isabella Swan wakes up in unfamiliar woods, her life takes an unexpected turn. One-shot, AH, AU. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 6,651 - Reviews: 3 - Favs: 7 - Published: 1/26/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Meet Me in the Meadow by Soft Ragoo reviews One-shot for the Pick A Pic Challenge. The meadow; Bella and Edward's playground. It grew an innocent love that took years to realize. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 2 - Words: 19,546 - Reviews: 52 - Favs: 45 - Follows: 49 - Updated: 1/25/2011 - Published: 12/30/2010 - Bella, Edward Billionaire by BoydBlog reviews Pick a Pic Challenge Entry It was just a bit of fun, a chance for an all-expenses paid vacation, and a favor for her bestie. Never in a billion years could Bella have imagined just how much meeting Edward Cullen would invert her world. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 12,803 - Reviews: 160 - Favs: 480 - Follows: 160 - Published: 1/5/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Places, Everyone! by LJ Summers reviews Sequel to FROM THE WINGS, this is the story of Bella's plan to reunite her family and eliminate the "threat" of disbanding for the rest of their futures. All canon pairings. AU. Mystery/Suspense. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 12 - Words: 52,769 - Reviews: 306 - Favs: 146 - Follows: 120 - Updated: 12/25/2010 - Published: 6/1/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Sovereign Six by Holly1980 reviews They were the best of friends, "The Sovereign Six" as they were most notablly called. After being apart for eleven years, they are all brought back together by a tragedy. Is their friendships strong enough to overcome the time they've missed together? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 31 - Words: 176,029 - Reviews: 1235 - Favs: 1,351 - Follows: 625 - Updated: 12/23/2010 - Published: 8/21/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Almost Doesn't Count by Mrs.Robward reviews Bella is a family attorney and Edward seeks her help. Friendship abounds, maybe more? AH, Canon Couples Complete Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 19 - Words: 97,648 - Reviews: 2036 - Favs: 1,809 - Follows: 880 - Updated: 12/15/2010 - Published: 10/12/2009 - Complete The Vow by windchymes reviews In a make-shift chapel, in a city registry office, Bella Swan is about to make a promise. Or is she? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,303 - Reviews: 191 - Favs: 215 - Follows: 88 - Published: 12/15/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Days Like This by Soft Ragoo reviews Bella and her newborn adjust to their life together but it seems everywhere they go, they encounter the same man with the captivating eyes and sexy smile. Edward's life lacks something he desires. Has he been handed a challenge or a reward? All human Twilight - Rated: M - English - Friendship/Family - Chapters: 41 - Words: 185,062 - Reviews: 3057 - Favs: 3,899 - Follows: 1,747 - Updated: 12/13/2010 - Published: 8/9/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete No Safe Harbor by amymorgan reviews The world Edward and Bella knew has changed. Edward has saved Bella from imminent danger from a deadly virus, but will they be safe from their own feelings in a world gone mad with suffering and despair? ExB, Carlisle, Esme, Alice,Jasper. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 35,970 - Reviews: 174 - Favs: 70 - Follows: 88 - Updated: 12/11/2010 - Published: 8/31/2009 - Edward, Bella Need You Now by bellasunderstudy1 reviews Written for Cystic Fibrosis Awareness month. Bella is widowed and has a daughter living with Cystic Fibrosis. Will Edward be able to prove he can be what Bella and her daughter need? Canon Couples. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 31 - Words: 150,561 - Reviews: 1678 - Favs: 1,042 - Follows: 545 - Updated: 12/8/2010 - Published: 6/1/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Duty and Desire by Aspenleaf reviews Edward Masen was brought up in a world where responsibility to your family and class was everything. Tired of the endless pursuits of women he becomes more and more jaded. That is until, he meets his match….. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 30 - Words: 115,375 - Reviews: 1539 - Favs: 1,742 - Follows: 946 - Updated: 12/3/2010 - Published: 6/4/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Heading North by BabyItsColdOutsideContest reviews Bella plans to visit her best friend for the holidays when she is stranded in a blizzard, fearing death only to be saved by an angel. Will he take her to heaven or hell? Entry for Baby It's Cold Outside O/S Contest Twilight - Rated: M - English - Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 15,217 - Reviews: 30 - Favs: 117 - Follows: 28 - Published: 11/30/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Remember Me by IsaKassees reviews "If I only got one day a year, I would make it count." One secret tree, one magic sunset, one chance to make a wish. Childhood sweethearts turned penpals, they grow up together and apart, falling in like, lust and love. E B, OOC, AH, A/J Twilight - Rated: M - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 16 - Words: 60,534 - Reviews: 4601 - Favs: 2,931 - Follows: 1,444 - Updated: 11/19/2010 - Published: 9/27/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Take the Ice by bellamarie117 reviews Competitive figure skater Bella Swan meets NHL hockey player Edward Cullen. Bella's Olympic dreams are crushed by injury. Can he help her find the strength to take the ice again? Will they find love and friendship in the meantime? A/H, M, E/B Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 425,876 - Reviews: 8316 - Favs: 7,678 - Follows: 3,605 - Updated: 11/17/2010 - Published: 2/24/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Confidence Man by OhMyWord reviews "The target is Isabella Swan, fellow graduate student. Came into a fortune when her mother died, she doesn't seem to care to do anything with it. Quiet, shy, just waiting for The One. I'll be everything she wants me to be." Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 29 - Words: 94,558 - Reviews: 2667 - Favs: 2,725 - Follows: 1,670 - Updated: 11/16/2010 - Published: 3/28/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Distractions by windchymes reviews An unexpected discovery and Bella realises Edward lied when he left her. She is determined to find him, but as she searches she finds there is more to Edward Cullen than she ever realised. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Suspense - Chapters: 17 - Words: 184,779 - Reviews: 3351 - Favs: 3,891 - Follows: 1,528 - Updated: 11/12/2010 - Published: 2/19/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Better Safe than Sorry by catharticone reviews A minor incident on Isle Esme reveals how Edward prepared for his and Bella's honeymoon. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 3 - Words: 3,554 - Reviews: 38 - Favs: 75 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 11/11/2010 - Published: 11/9/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Gift of the Magi by BabyItsColdOutsideContest reviews My heart was back in Seattle, shattered on the floor with the glass from the picture frame. Only three years in and it looked like my marriage to Edward Masen was falling apart. Entry for Baby It's Cold Outside O/S Contest Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 7,706 - Reviews: 24 - Favs: 108 - Follows: 23 - Published: 11/9/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Sensory Overload by Bronzehyperion reviews Bella spends Halloween at an old mansion, finding herself oddly attracted to one or two of its inhabitants. But not everything is what it seems. All Human, well...sort of. One-shot for the Countdown to Halloween II One Haunted Halloween. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 7,476 - Reviews: 36 - Favs: 112 - Follows: 29 - Published: 11/8/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Moira Wry Complete Copy Ch 1 to 30 by Twilight Eve reviews What if Edward was unable to control the monster in him? What if he did attack Bella that first day? What would that mean for Bella, Edward and their future? Could she ever love the person who took her life away? Please R&R! Thank you! Twilight - Rated: K - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 43,830 - Reviews: 9 - Favs: 14 - Follows: 1 - Published: 11/4/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Counterpoint by sleepyvalentina reviews Socially isolated and intellectually brilliant, sixteen-year-old Edward Cullen has never found a person outside of his family with whom he could connect, until a chance encounter changed everything. Part of the Art After 5 universe. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 54 - Words: 164,956 - Reviews: 9813 - Favs: 3,544 - Follows: 2,268 - Updated: 11/4/2010 - Published: 6/15/2009 - Complete To the Highest Bidder by RainyGirl1978 reviews 1849 CA "Bella he loves you! He'll make sure you're taken care of!" Bella runs from an arranged marriage to make her own way only to wind up in something much more sinister. Can she escape & find love & purpose? Mature themes, minor violence/abuse. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 23 - Words: 95,513 - Reviews: 841 - Favs: 708 - Follows: 302 - Updated: 11/3/2010 - Published: 6/2/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Détruit by Somah reviews "It's all real. They did this, but I'm still here, always, Bella. Find me." Those cryptic words, whispered in a last breath, continue to haunt Bella Swan five years after the supposed death of her love, Edward Masen. AH-AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 20 - Words: 101,210 - Reviews: 1618 - Favs: 2,141 - Follows: 1,394 - Updated: 11/3/2010 - Published: 4/1/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Boston by SarahCullen17 reviews Bored with life and love, CA heiress Bella spontaneously decides to go to MA and try to find a new life. On the plane, she meets handsome and insightful Edward, who may bring clarity and a new romance. One-shot. Nominated for 2 TwiFiction Awards. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 1 - Words: 9,768 - Reviews: 31 - Favs: 66 - Follows: 13 - Published: 11/1/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Bella Hears a Who? by philadelphic reviews Just a bit of fun, originally posted on Breath-of-Twilight's Halloween Countdown. When your crush is your coworker and your work is all about sexual harassment training, does it take a supernatural event to finally make your move? Probably all human. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,978 - Reviews: 120 - Favs: 285 - Follows: 75 - Published: 10/31/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Roslyn House by OhMyWord reviews In late autumn, she killed her husband and then herself. Now it looks like they come after couples. There's something sort of sad and romantic about it, I suppose. As long as they're not coming after you. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Supernatural/Humor - Chapters: 2 - Words: 24,164 - Reviews: 85 - Favs: 113 - Follows: 63 - Updated: 10/31/2010 - Published: 10/30/2009 - Bella, Edward The Guy by I'mConfuzzled reviews "This is the night Bella; you're finally going to meet the guy tonight!" Alice swears every day I am going to meet 'The Guy'. 'The Guy' is Alice's name for my soul mate. I don't believe such a guy even exists. A little Halloween one-shot. Enjoy x Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,557 - Reviews: 14 - Favs: 42 - Follows: 12 - Published: 10/30/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete In Braille by Alby Mangroves reviews 1st Place Winner of the Beautiful Edward Challenge. A young woman, scarred inside and out. A guilty man looking for forgiveness. Will they recognize their redemption in each other? Beauty is not just skin-deep. AH, Bella and Edward, Romance Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 4,964 - Reviews: 274 - Favs: 527 - Follows: 312 - Published: 10/25/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Of Friends and Feelings by AStarDanced77 reviews Captain Edward Cullen is recently returned from the Napoleonic Wars. He finds that, in his absence, his childhood friend, Miss Isabella Swan, has grown up and is on the verge of engagement with another man. Entry in the Age of Edward contest. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 6,671 - Reviews: 25 - Favs: 75 - Follows: 19 - Published: 10/3/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Surgeon's Heart at War by amymorgan reviews Entry for 2010 AGE OF EDWARD CONTEST. It's 1951. Trauma surgeon Edward experiences tragic loss in WWII, surviving only on his surgical skills, until a chance meeting with an Army newcomer changes him forever. Realistic surgery scenes, and TWO lemons. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 12,099 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 32 - Follows: 15 - Published: 9/30/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Red Knight by justduckie reviews Age of Edward 2010, 1st Place, Young Adult category. World War I's newest battlefield is the sky, and Rittmeister Edward Cullen is its undisputed champion. But has he become more myth than man? AU/AH, OOC. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 12,687 - Reviews: 41 - Favs: 58 - Follows: 20 - Published: 9/29/2010 - Edward, Bella Heaven by tersaseda reviews Bella gives Edward his wedding present, but what started off as the perfect afternoon suddenly takes an unexpected turn. Will she be able to bring them back from the haunting past? Bella POV. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 2 - Words: 5,395 - Reviews: 4 - Favs: 13 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 9/29/2010 - Published: 9/18/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Exclusive by mrsaubergine reviews Edward Masen is a gorgeous politician about to become prime minister of New Zealand. Everybody loves him, but behind the public persona he has a secret desire. Political journalist Bella Swan is determined to find out what it is. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 15 - Words: 58,545 - Reviews: 459 - Favs: 525 - Follows: 299 - Updated: 9/28/2010 - Published: 2/3/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Bedroom Confessions by JandMsMommy reviews Edward was investigating the perfect murder. Part of his job was to protect the only witness's identity from the murderer. But can he control his feelings for her, and can he handle the secrets she hides? AH;E/B Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 22 - Words: 67,983 - Reviews: 2593 - Favs: 1,707 - Follows: 861 - Updated: 9/27/2010 - Published: 1/8/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Ladder to the Sun by Rosybud reviews How can you die when you've never really lived? That's the problem Bella Swan faces when she's told she only has a year to live. Can she make up for a lonely, unhappy life in the short time she has left... and maybe find love too? All-human, EXB Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 22 - Words: 111,847 - Reviews: 2602 - Favs: 4,133 - Follows: 1,694 - Updated: 9/24/2010 - Published: 10/31/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete This Is Not My Life by IsaKassees reviews Follow Bella as she tries to survive a madman's abduction and keep a stranger's child from succumbing to his wild fantasies, and follow Edward as he tries to stay sane searching for his daughter taken right before his eyes. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 38 - Words: 315,889 - Reviews: 17520 - Favs: 10,679 - Follows: 4,772 - Updated: 9/24/2010 - Published: 11/27/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Not too cold by Dooba reviews Edward and Bella come home from their meadow, soaked by rain. They are home alone. Post Eclipse, pre-BD. For those who agree with me that it was one big leap from just kissing to full wedding night ; Purple prose, soft fuzzy lemons. Rated M to be safe. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 6,111 - Reviews: 62 - Favs: 152 - Follows: 73 - Published: 9/13/2010 - Bella, Edward Two Weeks by Jana reviews AU - Waylon Forge was dead, my parents were leaving town to tend to the funeral, and I was being shipped off to stay with the Cullens for two weeks. Residing with the most reclusive family on the west coast was bound to be an experience I'd never forget. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 37 - Words: 162,933 - Reviews: 627 - Favs: 386 - Follows: 155 - Updated: 9/12/2010 - Published: 6/16/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Blessing and the Curse by The Black Arrow reviews By pretending she is falling for Edward, Bella is fulfilling Esme's dying wish. But sexy, possessive Edward can read her mind. Will she ever get into his? Can Bella forget the pain of her teenage years, and can she resist his relentless seduction? AH. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 22 - Words: 140,448 - Reviews: 14361 - Favs: 15,884 - Follows: 8,456 - Updated: 9/10/2010 - Published: 5/31/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Angel Eyes by RaeCullen reviews When Edward first sees Bella, he never suspects that she is different, that she is blind. This is a story of differences, overcoming obstacles, rebuilding relationships, loss and above all; finding love. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 19 - Words: 102,579 - Reviews: 1423 - Favs: 1,199 - Follows: 1,328 - Updated: 9/9/2010 - Published: 8/21/2009 - Edward, Bella She Speaks Fear and Truth by ericastwilight reviews She's haunted daily, but learns to deal with her gift, helping those in need. He hides behind his opinions ,seeking closure, barely living. When their worlds collide can they help each other. A story of loss, love and betrayal with a supernatural twist. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Supernatural/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 14 - Words: 44,716 - Reviews: 1916 - Favs: 1,301 - Follows: 760 - Updated: 9/4/2010 - Published: 10/10/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Happiest Place on Earth by the-glory-days reviews When Bella finds out her boyfriend is cheating on her, she goes to the one person she can talk to, Edward. He decides that Bella needs to get away for a few days, and he suggests a mini-road trip to 'The Happiest Place on Earth.' One-Shot Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,718 - Reviews: 100 - Favs: 220 - Follows: 51 - Published: 9/1/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Betting Man by mybluesky reviews Edward makes a bet with Bella's ex, James, that he can bed her. Bella learns of the bet through a friend and decides to string Edward along for a bit and subsequently land herself a hot date for her friend's wedding. Things soon get very interesting... Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 34 - Words: 181,108 - Reviews: 6604 - Favs: 5,771 - Follows: 2,878 - Updated: 8/31/2010 - Published: 12/9/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Port Angeles Players by WriteOnTime reviews New in the town of Forks and eager to please her boss at the university, Bella auditions for a local production of Shakespeare's "Much Ado About Nothing". Her co-star is a handsome but confusing local doctor. Curtains-up on love. AH canon pairings. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 28 - Words: 170,459 - Reviews: 4571 - Favs: 3,922 - Follows: 1,587 - Updated: 8/29/2010 - Published: 3/11/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete TPAP Extra 2 Now Go We In Content by WriteOnTime reviews This is the second and final extra bit for "The Port Angeles Players", made possible by a generous donation from the fabulous AccioBourbon. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Humor/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 4,144 - Reviews: 111 - Favs: 154 - Follows: 49 - Published: 8/29/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Then and Now by silver sniper of night reviews "There are memories I will treasure forever. They mainly centered around her." Fandom Gives Back oneshot for Whatsmynomdeplume Twilight - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,539 - Reviews: 28 - Favs: 24 - Follows: 11 - Published: 8/28/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete A Litany at Dusk by duskwatcher2153 reviews Edward's been a solitary vampire, hunting on the edges of society. He rejoins his family in Forks, ready to abstain and runs across a young woman praying. A choice must be made between one's heart, one's desires and one's soul. Darkward ExB AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 34 - Words: 134,694 - Reviews: 5392 - Favs: 2,973 - Follows: 1,424 - Updated: 8/21/2010 - Published: 8/18/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete For the Summer by camoozle reviews Every year Bella waits for the 'Pay Checks' to roll into her sleepy river town and every year Edward's hers, just for the summer. AH, AU, OOC, B/E Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 19 - Words: 176,780 - Reviews: 8896 - Favs: 7,748 - Follows: 3,959 - Updated: 8/19/2010 - Published: 4/30/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Slipping Through My Fingers by Noooootebooker reviews Bella and Edward weren't ready to be separated, but their careers had other ideas. A year later, she, Edward -and Mike are all thrown in one interview. How much can be said when the world is watching? For Moonlight Studio's lyrical contest, One-shot, AH Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 6,053 - Reviews: 5 - Favs: 26 - Follows: 4 - Published: 8/19/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete It Will Be As If I'd Never Existed by pattyrose reviews It's been over 4 years since Edward left. Bella's tried to move on. She's about to graduate college and go on with life, when a weekend trip brings her face to face with her past. What results will either lead to tragedy or finally, to her happiness. ExB Twilight - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 31 - Words: 340,398 - Reviews: 2205 - Favs: 1,789 - Follows: 750 - Updated: 8/17/2010 - Published: 7/23/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Tales of a Charming TruckNapper by Mk Marie reviews Edward makes one memorable first impression! "Stop listening to my music, get off my cell phone, and bring back my truck!" I seethed. "Now!" Are first impressions really the most important? Let's hope not. AU-HUMAN. OOC. All canon couples. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 34 - Words: 114,368 - Reviews: 5748 - Favs: 3,165 - Follows: 1,467 - Updated: 8/16/2010 - Published: 12/24/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Drawn In by Savory reviews Bella's first year of college started out great. Her best friend Alice was with her and she was on her own for the first time. But one awful night threatens to take it all away. Will the one she has a crush on, Edward Cullen, be the one to save her? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 138,055 - Reviews: 245 - Favs: 494 - Follows: 186 - Updated: 8/16/2010 - Published: 6/16/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Finding Home by jennde reviews Edward & Bella are lifelong friends. At 18, just as their true feelings for each other are coming to fruition, tragedy strikes and the US is thrust into World War II. Will Edward and Bella's love be enough to see them through a world war? Rated M, OOC. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 28 - Words: 183,043 - Reviews: 2941 - Favs: 1,945 - Follows: 1,010 - Updated: 8/16/2010 - Published: 7/30/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Yes Project by justaskalice reviews A Fandom Gives Back oneshot for Legna989. Bella is sick of her lackluster love life, and Alice has the perfect solution. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 14,788 - Reviews: 142 - Favs: 369 - Follows: 91 - Published: 8/5/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Capturing Destiny by javamomma0921 reviews FGB one shot written for annsteph. Crossover with The Mists of Avalon. Rated M for mild sexual descriptions. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 1 - Words: 11,803 - Reviews: 18 - Favs: 44 - Follows: 10 - Published: 8/4/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Bare by stella luna sky reviews Winner of two Summer 2009 Indies. A beautifully plain girl writes the colors used to unravel a young prodigy of the brushstroke. What color are the eyes that see through the heart? Forest green and their rooted brown. AH/M. COMPLETE. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 28 - Words: 95,675 - Reviews: 5715 - Favs: 6,604 - Follows: 3,745 - Updated: 8/4/2010 - Published: 6/5/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Nature of Love by drotuno reviews Hiking through the Appalachian Trail, Bella meets 2 brothers, 1 with a dark past. This is an adventure about friendships, love, loss and finding yourself. And just maybe finding more than you expected. AH/canon couples/Rated M Twilight - Rated: M - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 192,543 - Reviews: 1838 - Favs: 1,825 - Follows: 618 - Updated: 8/3/2010 - Published: 5/22/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Retail Therapy by cosmogirl7481 reviews Bella is successful and strong and has everything she thinks she wants in life. A chance meeting with a mysterious Edward one night, potentially changes everything she thought she knew and wanted. AU/AH/Slightly OOC. Rated M for language and lemons. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 41 - Words: 234,825 - Reviews: 5093 - Favs: 3,793 - Follows: 1,938 - Updated: 7/28/2010 - Published: 9/7/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Fifty Years by La.Tua.Cantante.83 reviews A Parisian night. An unexpected encounter. A reminder of thier love. Canon. Bella and Edward. NO angst. Amazing, I know! Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,269 - Reviews: 21 - Favs: 32 - Follows: 5 - Published: 7/23/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Amnesia by Gemgirl65 reviews What if Edward Cullen weren't a 109-year-old-vampire...what if he were 'born' yesterday? When Bella Swan's truck breaks down in the forest one rainy afternoon, a fateful meeting between the two will alter the course of both of their lives forever. AU, OOC Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 16 - Words: 175,204 - Reviews: 673 - Favs: 926 - Follows: 317 - Updated: 7/20/2010 - Published: 4/11/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete A World Away by wandb reviews Bella thinks military men are arrogant womanizers. That is, until she meets Edward, a hot and unpredictable Navy SEAL who quickly deploys for six months. Will he change her mind or leave her brokenhearted? Rated M for language and lemons. BxE. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 19 - Words: 82,115 - Reviews: 2322 - Favs: 2,165 - Follows: 971 - Updated: 7/19/2010 - Published: 1/6/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Turn the Page by SydneyAlice reviews Edward Cullen returns home after ten years as a struggling musician. As he attempts to reconnect with his family and the life he left behind, he meets Bella, the owner of the town's bookstore. Can she convince him that there's no place like home? AH. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 21 - Words: 86,141 - Reviews: 4383 - Favs: 3,221 - Follows: 1,402 - Updated: 7/19/2010 - Published: 4/13/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Seducing Ms Swan by DQRC reviews AU Post-NM. Teacher!Bella, Student!Edward; a struggle of wills, an attempt at seduction, a dark secret, a dash of UST, a gallon of attitude, antagonistic motorcycling, a hell of a lot of angst and one unforgettable scene in a snow storm. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 22 - Words: 132,610 - Reviews: 5887 - Favs: 6,164 - Follows: 4,836 - Updated: 7/12/2010 - Published: 7/26/2008 - Edward, Bella - Complete Rabbit Hole by profmom72 reviews Edward leaves Bella before revealing the Cullens are vampires. Bella’s curiosity gets the best of her, and she spends years chasing her suspicions, drawing attention from dangerous sources. Can Bella be saved from the Rabbit Hole she’s fallen into? AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Angst - Chapters: 36 - Words: 132,260 - Reviews: 2723 - Favs: 1,035 - Follows: 563 - Updated: 7/9/2010 - Published: 5/28/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Forever Bound by Green Fallen Leaves reviews Edward and Bella are engaged to be married. It is not a marriage of love, it is a betrothal. But can their relationship blossom in to love or are they destined to hate each other? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 41 - Words: 155,239 - Reviews: 3971 - Favs: 3,379 - Follows: 1,448 - Updated: 7/6/2010 - Published: 10/23/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Such Great Heights by SydneyAlice reviews Edward Cullen is in desperate need of a nanny after his wife walks out on him and their five-year-old son. Bella Swan is a teacher with no job prospects. Can she find her true place in the world while helping father and son overcome their pain? AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 32 - Words: 107,444 - Reviews: 9561 - Favs: 8,267 - Follows: 3,354 - Updated: 7/2/2010 - Published: 1/9/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Deluded by FantasyMother reviews Edward lowered his eyes to his lap, uncomfortable with my question. He grabbed a grape off the table, popped it in his mouth and chewed. I saw him blush-I could almost hear his heartbeat. "Bella, I live in the woods because I'm a vampire." B/E,OOC,AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 24 - Words: 125,136 - Reviews: 1680 - Favs: 1,135 - Follows: 538 - Updated: 6/23/2010 - Published: 8/2/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Sovereign Fate by A Cullen Wannabe reviews Taking place in 17th century Europe, Princess Isabella faces her fate as her arranged marriage to promiscuous Prince Edward, future King of England. As she resists the inevitable, is she actually running away from the future she always wanted? AH/OC/Lem Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 30 - Words: 98,936 - Reviews: 1634 - Favs: 2,415 - Follows: 897 - Updated: 6/20/2010 - Published: 2/21/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Rhapsody in B by Lillybellis reviews When a rising musician falls in love with his small-town childhood friend, can their yearly New Year's Eve tradition bring them together once he rockets to stardom and leaves her behind? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 12 - Words: 87,888 - Reviews: 2947 - Favs: 3,452 - Follows: 1,613 - Updated: 6/13/2010 - Published: 10/7/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Gross Misunderstanding by The Romanticidal Edwardian reviews Renesmee hears strange noises in her parent's bedroom and her young mind jumps to the worst possible conclusion. One-shot. I thought this was going to be funny, but it turned out more serious. Still cute fluff though. All human, AU. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Family/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,734 - Reviews: 135 - Favs: 320 - Follows: 50 - Published: 6/7/2010 - Renesmee C./Nessie, Edward - Complete Waiting For Dr Right by vickitori303 reviews Bella works at a child care center and Edward is the single dad she falls in love with Twilight - Rated: M - English - Chapters: 25 - Words: 182,703 - Reviews: 3431 - Favs: 4,514 - Follows: 2,607 - Updated: 5/19/2010 - Published: 3/19/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete In the Twilight of My Life by theladyingrey42 reviews When you think you have nothing left to live for, what happens when you're given another chance? AU/AH, BxE Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 21 - Words: 40,078 - Reviews: 2608 - Favs: 672 - Follows: 363 - Updated: 5/14/2010 - Published: 3/29/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete A Time for Every Purpose by Im2xshy reviews My take on the way things might have gone if Edward hadn't left in New Moon. Not for Jacob lovers. The story's not, like, mean to Jacob or anything, but since Edward doesn't leave in New Moon, they don't form the friendship they did. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 46 - Words: 104,635 - Reviews: 1409 - Favs: 1,105 - Follows: 442 - Updated: 5/14/2010 - Published: 10/3/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Dark Games & Twisted Minds by katinki reviews COMPLETE. 2010 Indie Award Winner. A decades-long feud between two powerful vampires. A contest. A deadly game of cat and mouse. A woman's fate rests in his hands... but he can save her only if he manages not to kill her himself first. AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Suspense/Romance - Chapters: 28 - Words: 123,650 - Reviews: 2202 - Favs: 1,377 - Follows: 693 - Updated: 5/12/2010 - Published: 10/25/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Black Velvet by twiXlite reviews Graduation present for Shelby. Edward is the popular guy who feels alone no matter who he's with. Can taking a chance on an anonymous letter change that? And what about the shy girl he sits next to in Bio? Can she give him the comfort and love he needs? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 19,677 - Reviews: 120 - Favs: 493 - Follows: 102 - Published: 5/8/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Ethan Church by dryler reviews When Bella accepts an offer to write the biography of a severely reclusive author, the old, dying man she’s presented with and the young, too perfect man she meets while there convince her she’s missing some very important parts of the story. E/B, AU. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 37,805 - Reviews: 2921 - Favs: 3,704 - Follows: 1,884 - Updated: 5/7/2010 - Published: 5/26/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Flight 2804 by movieandbookgirl reviews Edward is a US Air Marshal working to protect our country from air attacks. Bella is a flight attendant on one of the flights he's monitoring. What happens when he can't get her off of his mind? Can he protect her and an entire flight from imminent danger Twilight - Rated: M - English - Suspense/Romance - Chapters: 11 - Words: 50,574 - Reviews: 448 - Favs: 672 - Follows: 388 - Updated: 5/5/2010 - Published: 9/8/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Wallflower and The Flyboy by A Cullen Wannabe reviews Bella meets World War II Navy Pilot Edward at a USO dance and starts to fall in love immediately. Two weeks later, and one wedding later, they are facing long term separation as he ships off to the front. Can Bella stay strong with him so far away? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 104,170 - Reviews: 1733 - Favs: 1,390 - Follows: 586 - Updated: 4/28/2010 - Published: 6/1/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete In the Flesh: Spirit to Flesh Outtakes by LittleWing2 reviews More Edward, More Bella in the same time and space. If you don't want to ruin the surprise, read Spirit to Flesh first. - Go on, it's short and it doesn't bite much . AU-Human ExB Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 3 - Words: 15,922 - Reviews: 105 - Favs: 124 - Follows: 80 - Updated: 4/19/2010 - Published: 3/9/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Girl with a Red Umbrella by justaskalice reviews Co-Written w/ spanglemaker9. Paris, 1950. Rosalie Hale went to Paris to study, then vanished without a trace. Her friend Bella has come to find her. Following a trail of clues left behind by Rose’s letters, Bella searches for Rose and might find herself. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 30 - Words: 160,699 - Reviews: 1603 - Favs: 864 - Follows: 523 - Updated: 4/16/2010 - Published: 10/4/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Unexpected by Scarlet Simm reviews Broken hearted and alone, Bella tries to move on after Edward left. Struggling to retain her spirit, she pushes on for the sake of Charlie. Until the paranormal world catches up with her. Vampires, Werewolves and high school, the ultimate triad of horror. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 25 - Words: 71,033 - Reviews: 203 - Favs: 107 - Follows: 63 - Updated: 4/14/2010 - Published: 12/7/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Awake in the Infinite Cold by quothme reviews Sometimes the fruit is forbidden for a reason. A mélange of Twilight and How to Be, with an Artward who so carefully and so softly sneaks under her skin and into her soul. Not your typical E/B romance. Complete. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 22 - Words: 78,819 - Reviews: 3144 - Favs: 2,900 - Follows: 1,206 - Updated: 4/11/2010 - Published: 10/13/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Hear No Evil by BlueSea14 reviews After over a hundred years alone, a deaf vampire Bella finds the Cullen family. With no memory of her human past, and no way to communicate with the world, how can they help her? Canon. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Adventure - Chapters: 25 - Words: 97,077 - Reviews: 1601 - Favs: 2,545 - Follows: 915 - Updated: 4/9/2010 - Published: 6/15/2007 - Bella, Edward - Complete Only Human by Amethyst Jackson reviews Complete. A wish sends Bella back in time to Chicago, 1918, and to a human Edward. This story is baby-free. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 28 - Words: 60,635 - Reviews: 5961 - Favs: 9,982 - Follows: 2,602 - Updated: 4/7/2010 - Published: 6/1/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Nicknames and Rumors by suitablyironicmoniker reviews Small towns are notorious for their gossip & while Bella does her best to ignore it, it doesn't take long before she's the subject...AH/AU Canon couples. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 34 - Words: 99,041 - Reviews: 1428 - Favs: 2,029 - Follows: 934 - Updated: 3/28/2010 - Published: 1/18/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete What Sarah Said: Sequel to Second Chances by SarahCullen17 reviews One year after "Second Chances", newly engaged Bella is reunited with Jacob. She's enjoying her life with Edward and her best friend, but her leukemia comes back with a vengeance. When she is forced to rely on both men in her life, how will they react? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 28 - Words: 53,481 - Reviews: 69 - Favs: 63 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 3/22/2010 - Published: 12/22/2009 - Complete Spirit to Flesh by LittleWing2 reviews Edward finds a letter written by a mysterious woman 92 years ago. Their correspondence ignites a love affair that tests the bounds of their relationships, their hearts and time itself. Based on the book/movies Twilight and The Love Letter. AU Human ExB Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Mystery - Chapters: 17 - Words: 35,183 - Reviews: 717 - Favs: 627 - Follows: 240 - Updated: 3/14/2010 - Published: 2/3/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete Blindsided by theladyingrey42 reviews Awkward, self-conscious Bella distracts herself from the torments of high school gym class by watching the adorable if painfully shy new kid, Edward. A cruel prank finally gives them a chance to get to know one other. For the TwiFans for Haiti compilation Twilight - Rated: T - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 8,858 - Reviews: 380 - Favs: 956 - Follows: 705 - Published: 3/1/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Love in an Elevator by Isannah reviews Valentine’s Day has never been kind to Bella and Edward. This one doesn’t seem to be any different until an unexpected turn of events forces them to see what they have been missing out on all these years. For My Valentine Contest - 2nd Place! Rated M Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 9,051 - Reviews: 54 - Favs: 112 - Follows: 56 - Published: 2/25/2010 - Bella, Edward The Rain Season by elusivetwilight reviews After trauma of losing her parents, Bella receives a letter from old family friend Esme inviting her to come to Scotland where she and her family are currently settled. Angsty read with AH cast and perhaps Edward in a kilt. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Angst/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 30 - Words: 184,578 - Reviews: 2894 - Favs: 3,540 - Follows: 1,474 - Updated: 2/20/2010 - Published: 7/26/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Daedalus in Exile by EZRocksAngel reviews After leaving Forks, Edward follows a path of weakness and isolation while eventually seeking redemption from the only person who can absolve him. Alternate Universe, B/E Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Suspense - Chapters: 21 - Words: 86,525 - Reviews: 4779 - Favs: 2,400 - Follows: 1,341 - Updated: 2/15/2010 - Published: 9/15/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Tangled Web by m7707 reviews Edward, Jacob, Demetri, and Felix are members of the Volturi Elite Guard. Their team tracks beings that have violated the Volturi Code of Silence. When they are assigned to investigate the human Isabella Swan, Edward's unalterable world is altered. AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 26 - Words: 114,575 - Reviews: 645 - Favs: 966 - Follows: 304 - Updated: 2/15/2010 - Published: 9/8/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Kissed the Girls and Made Them Cry by justaskalice reviews Bella is reunited with her childhood friend Alice under unlikely circumstances. When sparks fly between Bella and Alice's older brother, will she be able to resist? And what secrets is he hiding? Canon Couples Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 28 - Words: 136,377 - Reviews: 4107 - Favs: 4,562 - Follows: 2,391 - Updated: 2/10/2010 - Published: 5/13/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete My Happily Ever After by JK5959 reviews Bella's already fragile marriage completely shattered the day Jasper left her for another woman. Putting it behind her, she finally finds true love, falling hard and fast for Edward. Will their love survive once things take a turn no one expected? B/E AH Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 20 - Words: 80,180 - Reviews: 321 - Favs: 343 - Follows: 169 - Updated: 2/7/2010 - Published: 11/28/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Best Game Ever by SweetDulcinea reviews A few insistent friends force Bella and Edward to confront their mutual infatuation. Exactly how far will this game of Truth or Dare go? 3rd place Twi-High Anon Challenge - M for language - fluffy ExB - AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 8,010 - Reviews: 66 - Favs: 272 - Follows: 53 - Published: 2/3/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Girl Under The Bed by Nostalgicmiss reviews Bella Swan is homeless in one of the worst winters Seattle has seen. When hope is gone, and things take a turn for the worst a mysterious stranger steps in to help, turning her life upside down. Changing her life forever. AH/AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 42 - Words: 205,101 - Reviews: 3866 - Favs: 2,265 - Follows: 1,203 - Updated: 2/2/2010 - Published: 5/19/2009 - Bella - Complete Behind The Images by A Cullen Wannabe reviews After Bella Swan's best friend releases a portrait of her it is purchased an an auction by Edward Masen, one of society's elite photographers, who seems to have an irresistible draw to Bella. Can Bella accept Edward's attention? Originally by xx.Nikteche Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 36 - Words: 154,148 - Reviews: 1686 - Favs: 1,927 - Follows: 820 - Updated: 1/30/2010 - Published: 9/4/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Marriage to the Rescue by Happy Bells reviews All Human. Gets very sweet. Bella falls pregnant and Edward, her best friend of 16 years offers to marry her. But Bella never factored love into the equation... Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 37 - Words: 60,152 - Reviews: 2727 - Favs: 1,980 - Follows: 1,076 - Updated: 1/21/2010 - Published: 3/2/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Sold, Sight Unseen by quothme reviews The odds of him dialing her phone number are 3,720 to 1. Yet he does. Their chance conversation leads to something more. Something silly, then serious and a little scary. But in a good way. AU Twilight - Rated: T - English - Humor/Romance - Chapters: 10 - Words: 26,130 - Reviews: 1583 - Favs: 3,209 - Follows: 655 - Updated: 1/17/2010 - Published: 1/12/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete St Peter Help Him by JK5959 reviews Edward is successful in Volterra, but ends up somewhere he never expected. What will become of him now? Will he ever be reuinited with Bella again? E/B, one-shot Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,772 - Reviews: 47 - Favs: 79 - Follows: 19 - Published: 1/5/2010 - Edward, Bella - Complete In the Blink of an Eye by thatwritr reviews New Moon AU. Bella went cliff diving but it didn't turn out well. She broke her back. A decade later, Edward reappears in her life on the same night she loses her best friend and husband to a freak accident. She's not thrilled to see him. Eventual E/B Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 69 - Words: 240,697 - Reviews: 6167 - Favs: 2,981 - Follows: 1,482 - Updated: 1/5/2010 - Published: 8/26/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Reassigned Identity by Mk Marie reviews Bella Swan:Anti-marriage, bad dating record. Edward Cullen:CIA Agent with a dark past. After witnessing something traumatic Bella is put under witness protection where she must pose as "Agent Cullen's" wife. What could go wrong? Now that you've asked.. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 33 - Words: 117,548 - Reviews: 4843 - Favs: 4,371 - Follows: 1,561 - Updated: 1/4/2010 - Published: 9/26/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete First Time Caller by bellamarie117 reviews Bella is a grad student moonlighting as an 'Adult Phone Entertainer'. One night she gets a call she'll never forget. Fluffy O/S, BxE, AH. Rated M for language and adult situations. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 9,505 - Reviews: 468 - Favs: 965 - Follows: 332 - Published: 1/2/2010 - Bella, Edward - Complete Blood Lines by windchymes reviews With just weeks to go before the wedding, Edward reveals a secret from his human life which leaves Bella shocked and wondering just how well she knows the man she is about to marry. This is very much an Edward and Bella love story. S Meyer owns all. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 24 - Words: 264,462 - Reviews: 1631 - Favs: 2,572 - Follows: 748 - Updated: 12/20/2009 - Published: 5/24/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Antithesis by gkkstitch reviews What if you lost your heart's perfect match? Edward knows someone who is living his worst nightmare, who has vowed that Edward and Bella will never suffer that heartache, even if the Volturi may be the source of that threat. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 18 - Words: 53,164 - Reviews: 349 - Favs: 291 - Follows: 81 - Updated: 12/6/2009 - Published: 1/23/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Undisclosed Desires by bethaboo reviews Edward, a vampire lonely and isolated by his very existence, meets Isabella Swan, a human who is nothing like what he expects. He decides to pursue her, but she has an agenda of her own. Twilight AU. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 4 - Words: 15,855 - Reviews: 153 - Favs: 136 - Follows: 134 - Updated: 12/3/2009 - Published: 11/12/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Christmas Surprise by dontrun reviews When Edward takes his two kids to the Christmas tree lot he comes away with more than just a tree. Can a chance encounter lead to forever? AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Family - Chapters: 1 - Words: 7,756 - Reviews: 83 - Favs: 332 - Follows: 74 - Published: 11/30/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Isle Esme by vix2020 reviews For True Edward Fans. A look at the first night on Isle Esme through Edward's eyes. RATED M FOR ELOQUENT, EDWARDIAN LEMONS. CANON. EPOV. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 2 - Words: 14,394 - Reviews: 438 - Favs: 1,360 - Follows: 359 - Updated: 11/16/2009 - Published: 10/11/2008 - Edward, Bella - Complete Paved With Good Intentions by 4JACE reviews If you loved someone, how much would you be willing to sacrifice? Bella makes the most difficult decision of her life; now she has to live with the consequences. A Bella/Edward story. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 19 - Words: 70,446 - Reviews: 909 - Favs: 845 - Follows: 413 - Updated: 11/12/2009 - Published: 1/28/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Eternity in an Hour by Lillybellis reviews A misunderstanding and hurt feelings drive Bella to spend time apart from Edward. During their separation, Edward reflects on their life together, inspiring a gift for her which symbolizes their love and commitment to each other: endless and unbreakable. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 1 - Words: 1,894 - Reviews: 81 - Favs: 90 - Follows: 25 - Published: 11/1/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Faking It by spanglemaker9 reviews Half of Hollywood's most famous couples are faking it. That's how Bella Swan's publicist convinces her to pretend to date troubled Hollywood bad boy Edward Cullen. And she'll do anything for her band and her music. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Chapters: 32 - Words: 144,679 - Reviews: 5873 - Favs: 9,900 - Follows: 3,285 - Updated: 10/30/2009 - Published: 6/20/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Verdeaux Celebration by ebhg reviews Pattagne, Verdeaux is celebrating the 350th anniversary of the Cullen family's reign. Prince Edward has little to look forward to until he meets the new US Ambassador's daughter. AH/AU example for the Twilight Anniversary Challenge. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 5,421 - Reviews: 32 - Favs: 62 - Follows: 15 - Published: 10/30/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete The Queen of Hearts by stella luna sky reviews Nominated for a Spring 2010 Eddie. Bella Swan learns the meaning of love through the loss of the same. Rated M for language and adult stuff. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 9,902 - Reviews: 449 - Favs: 859 - Follows: 200 - Published: 10/23/2009 - Complete Breaking by OhMyWord reviews It didn’t take long to be consumed and I knew we couldn’t keep this up forever, but right then, I was in it. All the way. And when each moment with her was everything, how could I possibly think of all the other nothings? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 61,374 - Reviews: 586 - Favs: 535 - Follows: 194 - Updated: 10/21/2009 - Published: 4/10/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Point of No Return by A Cullen Wannabe reviews 1st place Bella's Lullaby of Broadway One-Shot Contest. Bella and Edward are cast opposite one another in the New York premiere of Phantom of the Opera. As romance grows behind the scenes can Bella and Edward keep things professional on stage and off? AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 1 - Words: 11,738 - Reviews: 52 - Favs: 203 - Follows: 37 - Published: 10/12/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Across the Ocean by Annilaia reviews In one quick and thoughtless act, Bella Swan sends a letter in a bottle across the ocean. It reaches England, where Edward Cullen finds it, and begins their correspondance, one that leads to more than either of them could expect. AH Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 20 - Words: 54,489 - Reviews: 3656 - Favs: 5,508 - Follows: 1,334 - Updated: 10/6/2009 - Published: 12/31/2007 - Complete Welcome to the Real World by Mk Marie reviews Bella and Edward have been friends for years. What happens to their relationship when she comes home for a visit, carrying a secret that will change everything? How will it affect all the others? All Human, AU. All canon pairings. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 62 - Words: 180,550 - Reviews: 2571 - Favs: 1,526 - Follows: 608 - Updated: 9/25/2009 - Published: 6/14/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Before Her Last Breath by PerfectlyPersuasive reviews When they move back to Forks, Edward decides to follow in Carlise's footsteps and become a doctor. As he becomes more and more frustrated with his monotonous life, Bella is admitted with a serious illness. Will he be able to resist? AU/EPOV Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 25 - Words: 86,601 - Reviews: 1568 - Favs: 1,118 - Follows: 653 - Updated: 9/25/2009 - Published: 5/6/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Falling For You by Jen733 reviews Bella Swan has gone through crappy date... after crappy date, causing her to lose all hope for a good guy. Until she meets Edward Cullen, a divorced father of two. They have an instant connection when they meet, but will love come easily for them? AH Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 1 - Words: 4,159 - Reviews: 8139 - Favs: 4,998 - Follows: 2,011 - Updated: 9/8/2009 - Published: 3/24/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Bella and The Haunted Wood by ebhg reviews Bella and her father move to a small village near a supposedly haunted wood. When her father goes missing, Bella takes a dangerous journey to rescue him and discovers that even ghost stories can have a happy ending. A Once Upon a Twilight contest entry. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 9,484 - Reviews: 50 - Favs: 97 - Follows: 19 - Published: 8/19/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Guns and Roses by RosieWilde reviews Bella and Edwardʼs relationship is interrupted by WWI. He dreams of glory as a soldier, and she must figure out life without him. A moving story of how friendship turns to love when survival is in doubt. ExB AU/AH. Finalist in the Indie TwiFic Awards. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 38 - Words: 156,809 - Reviews: 1502 - Favs: 693 - Follows: 393 - Updated: 8/4/2009 - Published: 12/13/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Perchance to Dream by Lilliput reviews The Cullens leave Forks after Edward encounters Bella, but he never forgets her. Meanwhile, Bella has vivid dreams about a man whose face she cannot see. Does destiny have something in store for them? AU, OOC. Co-written by Fantasy Mother and Lilliput. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 32 - Words: 103,990 - Reviews: 487 - Favs: 469 - Follows: 180 - Updated: 7/28/2009 - Published: 6/14/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Perchance to Dream aka Destiny's Children by FantasyMother reviews The Cullens leave Forks after Edward encounters Bella, but he never forgets her. Meanwhile, Bella has vivid dreams about a man whose face she cannot see. Does destiny have something in store for them? AU, OOC. Co-written by Fantasy Mother and Lilliput. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 32 - Words: 100,616 - Reviews: 798 - Favs: 605 - Follows: 188 - Updated: 7/28/2009 - Published: 6/14/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Turning Dust into Gold by bethaboo reviews After college, best friends Bella, Rosalie and Alice have a run-in with their past. . .and maybe their future? All human, AU. Rated M. Nominated at the Twilight Awards, All-Human AU Incomplete, for Best Romance & Best Edward Characterization Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 34 - Words: 157,995 - Reviews: 2141 - Favs: 3,148 - Follows: 1,169 - Updated: 7/25/2009 - Published: 6/19/2008 - Complete American Girl by coldplaywhore reviews Before starting her freshman year of college, Bella decided to backpack through Europe for two months. On her travels, she meets priveledged black sheep Edward Cullen, who takes an instant liking to her & wants to join her on her trip and much more. lemon Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 47 - Words: 178,170 - Reviews: 2852 - Favs: 3,369 - Follows: 916 - Updated: 7/25/2009 - Published: 4/13/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Mirrors by adorablecullens reviews Teddy's secret and magical childhood is lost when a family heirloom is destroyed, changing his life forever. Now an adult, can Edward open himself back up to magic and love when he meets a beautiful - and hauntingly familiar - woman in real life? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 23 - Words: 93,498 - Reviews: 4092 - Favs: 4,045 - Follows: 1,299 - Updated: 7/23/2009 - Published: 4/5/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Beneath the Silent Moon by brighterthansunshine28 reviews I’d never wanted anything or anyone as thoroughly or desperately as I wanted Bella. I wanted her to be mine. I wanted to possess her utterly. I wanted her to bear my name and my children and to be my wife. Submission for the Age of Edward contest. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 2 - Words: 11,687 - Reviews: 141 - Favs: 293 - Follows: 130 - Updated: 7/16/2009 - Published: 7/6/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Stay by crimsonmarie reviews As an actor, Edward Cullen is surrounded by people that he couldn't really care less about. What happens when he buys a house in the middle of nowhere and meets his new neighbors? AH, AU, ExB, rated M for future chapters and language. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 38 - Words: 276,486 - Reviews: 5717 - Favs: 8,514 - Follows: 3,095 - Updated: 6/27/2009 - Published: 12/30/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Bella Swan: Kidnapper by Kambria Rain reviews Um. Hi. I don’t really know how to say this, but I have your kids with me, and I was thinking maybe you would like them back. So yeah… call me. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 23 - Words: 74,736 - Reviews: 8963 - Favs: 15,228 - Follows: 3,205 - Updated: 6/27/2009 - Published: 5/15/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Midnight Sun Continued by ForksVampireGirl reviews I went about this in the same way Stephenie Meyer had started Midnight Sun. All the dialog originally from Bella's POV is directly quoted from Twilight. This is Edward's POV, picking up where she left off, midway through chapter 11. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Fantasy - Chapters: 11 - Words: 122,010 - Reviews: 529 - Favs: 894 - Follows: 284 - Updated: 6/24/2009 - Published: 3/15/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete In Dreams by WithAplomb reviews Separated by 1800 miles Bella Swan and Edward Cullen dream of each other every night. When Cullen moves to Forks can they fight the fact that they are each others dream lover? Rated M for a bit of sweariness, dreaming and just in case. Edward & Bella. AH. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 33 - Words: 124,084 - Reviews: 925 - Favs: 1,245 - Follows: 510 - Updated: 6/20/2009 - Published: 1/22/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Geek Love by Forestrosesprite reviews Bella meets Edward in college. Edward isn't the easiest person to get to know. EXB. Bella POV. AH. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 14 - Words: 39,899 - Reviews: 249 - Favs: 386 - Follows: 108 - Updated: 6/15/2009 - Published: 4/1/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Blood Crystal by Melolabel reviews AU-When Angela is kidnapped by a rogue Vampire, Bella embarks on a whirlwind adventure to save her friend. When she becomes lost in the rain forests of Peru, who will come to her rescue? And what is the Blood Crystal? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Adventure/Romance - Chapters: 18 - Words: 56,334 - Reviews: 511 - Favs: 220 - Follows: 82 - Updated: 4/23/2009 - Published: 12/29/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Music Lessons by locqua reviews Music can be quite the aphrodisiac, even for vampires. When Edward shares his passion for classical music with Bella, they discover a whole new world together just weeks before their nuptials. Set at the beginning of Breaking Dawn. Twilight Indie Winner! Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 28 - Words: 82,693 - Reviews: 750 - Favs: 648 - Follows: 347 - Updated: 4/14/2009 - Published: 10/19/2008 - Edward, Bella - Complete An American Vampire in Chicago by Just4ALE reviews Bella is a business school student when she meets Edward, a PhD student. Is this handsome stranger too good to be true? AU/Vampires/Humans. My vamps are slightly different from SM's. Indie TwiFic Award Winner! Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 23 - Words: 49,693 - Reviews: 1462 - Favs: 1,566 - Follows: 424 - Updated: 4/4/2009 - Published: 3/25/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Letters to Gramercy by OhMyWord reviews I reached down; it was a plain, lined sheet of paper. I should have just crumbled it up, I shouldn’t have read the first couple of lines, and I shouldn’t have folded the paper and put it in my jacket pocket. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 33 - Words: 65,369 - Reviews: 921 - Favs: 940 - Follows: 286 - Updated: 4/2/2009 - Published: 1/6/2009 - Complete She's Royal by halojones reviews The Cullens are in Hawaii on holiday, but only Alice knows the reason why they are there-she's had a premonition that Edward would finally meet his true love. But when their meeting is ruined by unforeseen circumstances, will Alice set things right again? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Supernatural - Chapters: 20 - Words: 110,148 - Reviews: 2768 - Favs: 2,401 - Follows: 1,288 - Updated: 3/27/2009 - Published: 6/8/2008 - Complete High Heels and Runaway Frisbees by enamors reviews Bella shares a very passionate and public kiss with a handsome, bronze haired stranger. Edward/Bella AU/AH one shot. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,102 - Reviews: 5271 - Favs: 4,832 - Follows: 4,128 - Updated: 3/4/2009 - Published: 6/2/2008 - Edward, Bella - Complete Breakdown by Aleeab4u reviews With only a few weeks until their wedding, Bella finds herself facing some unresolved issues. Can Edward help her believe in him like she used to? E/B AU Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 3 - Words: 8,673 - Reviews: 96 - Favs: 179 - Follows: 54 - Updated: 2/27/2009 - Published: 2/26/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Impressions by tinaababy reviews Bella is a single, shy, and timid writer. Edward is an engaged, charming, and handsome businessman. What do you get when Bella has to cover "Seattle's New Couple?" AU & AH. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 20 - Words: 55,180 - Reviews: 435 - Favs: 541 - Follows: 304 - Updated: 2/20/2009 - Published: 12/4/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Just Like the Movies by DeltaSwan90 reviews Edward is a famous actor who isn't satisfied with his life. He and his good friend Alice are off to film the newest superhero flick. After a fight with his boss, he ends up meeting someone who may just change the way he feels about his life. AU/AH ExB Twilight - Rated: M - English - Friendship/Romance - Chapters: 13 - Words: 45,299 - Reviews: 542 - Favs: 902 - Follows: 310 - Updated: 2/8/2009 - Published: 1/6/2009 - Edward, Bella - Complete Between Love and Duty by muggleinlove reviews Edward is the oldest son of Carlisle, King of Volterra. Bella is an American woman on a three month trip with her stepsister, Rose, and her boyfriend, Emmett. What happens when Bella and Edward meet? Will Edward choose love or his duty? ALL HUMAN. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 50 - Words: 94,652 - Reviews: 4907 - Favs: 3,499 - Follows: 1,433 - Updated: 2/6/2009 - Published: 9/12/2008 - Edward, Bella - Complete An Open Window by JK5959 reviews Months after Edward leaves, Bella finds a letter on her bed. There is only one person who could accomplish such a feat without being noticed. B/E One-shot Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 3,600 - Reviews: 102 - Favs: 217 - Follows: 34 - Published: 1/29/2009 - Bella, Edward - Complete Droit de Seigneur by OnlyOneSymptom reviews AU Cullen family are feudal lord-types. Edward claims his droit de seigneur. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 23 - Words: 52,761 - Reviews: 368 - Favs: 290 - Follows: 163 - Updated: 1/5/2009 - Published: 5/13/2008 - Complete Tinsel Town by OhMyWord reviews “I’m jealous. Was he nice? Is he as attractive up close as he is in movies?” “Yes and I wouldn’t know, but yes he’s very attractive. Really, really attractive.” Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 25 - Words: 35,334 - Reviews: 629 - Favs: 922 - Follows: 324 - Updated: 1/4/2009 - Published: 11/10/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Seduction of Edward 2nd missing love scene by Amber Elm reviews The second missing love scene from Breaking Dawn, as seen from Edward's perspective. How Bella's dream becomes reality. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,825 - Reviews: 45 - Favs: 133 - Follows: 23 - Published: 12/29/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete From Innocence to Experience by Thallium81 reviews Bella was perfectly content with life in Forks until she lost her best friend Alice. Now a dark figure lurks in the shadows. Bella suspects that Edward knows more than he is letting on, but how can she solve the mystery if he keeps avoiding her? AU/Canon Twilight - Rated: M - English - Mystery/Romance - Chapters: 31 - Words: 101,274 - Reviews: 1789 - Favs: 1,973 - Follows: 510 - Updated: 10/10/2008 - Published: 7/28/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete The Secret Life of Bella Swan by OhMyWord reviews I’m more than a little embarrassed to say that I rearranged my shifts so I’d work on the days he was most likely to come in. Yes I do, in fact, realize how lame that probably sounds. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,977 - Reviews: 53 - Favs: 153 - Follows: 31 - Published: 10/7/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete A World Without Sound by The Romanticidal Edwardian reviews AU, BxE. My name is Bella Swan; good at sign language and karate. My best friend is deaf, and you know what? It doesn't matter. Won twice at Twilight Awards, and has been nominated more. Please review! Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Friendship - Chapters: 22 - Words: 105,849 - Reviews: 7750 - Favs: 9,333 - Follows: 2,652 - Updated: 9/27/2008 - Published: 6/1/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Blue Moon Over Manka's by Cullenista reviews Edward whisks Bella off to Manka's Inverness Lodge for a romantic weekend. She’s insecure, he has doubts and they finally deal with all their issues honestly, including Jacob. Winner of the Danger Magnet Award at the Denali Coven and four TwilightAwards. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 39 - Words: 240,484 - Reviews: 4099 - Favs: 2,061 - Follows: 1,643 - Updated: 9/27/2008 - Published: 2/7/2008 - Edward, Bella Lucky by unicornhime reviews Bella took Edward back without hesitation, but what about the other students of Forks High? Edward realizes just how lucky he is. Post New-Moon, Pre-Eclipse, EPOV One-shot. Twilight - Rated: K+ - English - Chapters: 1 - Words: 2,198 - Reviews: 29 - Favs: 80 - Follows: 12 - Published: 9/21/2008 - Edward, Bella - Complete Misadventures in Online Dating by eccentric chams reviews Convinced by his mom to try online dating, Edward goes into it with little enthusiasm. After several misadventures and never believing he could find love on the internet, will everything he once believed in change when he meets Bella Swan? ALL HUMAN. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 12 - Words: 65,941 - Reviews: 754 - Favs: 724 - Follows: 371 - Updated: 9/15/2008 - Published: 6/25/2008 - Edward, Bella - Complete A Life Stolen by newfoundlove reviews Sequel to A Heart's Savior. Bella and Edward are happily married, starting on this new chapter of their life together - a baby. Is the tragedy that falls upon them survivable? All Human/AU, Rated M for sexual content and adult themes. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Romance - Chapters: 18 - Words: 54,633 - Reviews: 1312 - Favs: 1,890 - Follows: 696 - Updated: 7/28/2008 - Published: 5/11/2008 - Complete A Heart's Savior by newfoundlove reviews AU/Human. A blustery night in Chicago, Bella was saved from an attack by a handsome stranger, a stranger with his own issues, a broken heart. Can Bella take down the walls he so expertly crafted? BxE, RxE, JxA. Rated M for sexual themes and strong lang. Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 19 - Words: 62,446 - Reviews: 1411 - Favs: 4,007 - Follows: 902 - Updated: 7/11/2008 - Published: 2/27/2008 - Complete Vicissitudes by Twilightzoner reviews What would happen if the circumstances surrounding Bella's change were so traumatic, her human memories were erased? Could Edward make her fall in love with him a second time? Twilight - Rated: T - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 27 - Words: 41,120 - Reviews: 912 - Favs: 1,072 - Follows: 318 - Updated: 7/7/2008 - Published: 6/1/2008 - Complete Certain Revelations by Twilightzoner reviews Takes place after Eclipse and before the Epilogue. Telling Charlie & Renee about the wedding and some other interesting revelations. Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 7,051 - Reviews: 82 - Favs: 221 - Follows: 36 - Published: 5/19/2008 - Bella, Edward - Complete Love in Affliction by Saiyachick reviews -:-1895 England-:-Edward Cullen has always been a ladies man, but after seeing his late father's will, he must choose a bride before his eighteenth birthday otherwise his betrothal to the heinous Duchess of West Essex will be activated.-:-AU-:- Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance - Chapters: 16 - Words: 44,810 - Reviews: 2354 - Favs: 3,451 - Follows: 985 - Updated: 2/1/2008 - Published: 9/3/2007 - Edward, Bella - Complete What Is Forever reviews Bella's soul was damaged from sorrow. Edward's suffocates from loneliness. Hope for eternal love never dies. "I understood what was meant by forever. To love someone so completely that you are willing to do anything to bring them with you into eternity." Twilight - Rated: T - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 24 - Words: 126,370 - Reviews: 45 - Favs: 37 - Follows: 10 - Published: 12/14/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete Across the Ocean Blue reviews Bella has isolated herself after several disastrous experiences. Edward has retreated from life because of personal tragedy. Can one perceptive canine, concerned family and friends, and fate bring them together? Twilight - Rated: M - English - Romance/Hurt/Comfort - Chapters: 24 - Words: 92,288 - Reviews: 188 - Favs: 119 - Follows: 72 - Updated: 9/8/2011 - Published: 6/19/2011 - Bella, Edward - Complete	i don't know
That famous American folk hero, Paul Bunyan, traveled around with an ox of exceptional size and strength known as what?	Folktales of the American Frontier (Version 2.0) \| The Art(s) of Ideology The Art(s) of Ideology A professor run, student driven community Search Folktales of the American Frontier (Version 2.0) Posted on by gustg Having examined fairy tales from the European tradition, we are now moving on to the folklore of America. There are countless “tall tales” from far and wide in the fledgling United States, and the folktales of this country are simultaneously exceptional and unusual while also being discernibly connected to prior tales and traditions. To examine these fascinating stories, you have two options: 1) In response to the stories assigned for Wednesday (4/8), you should identify and choose a significant theme or image from a specific tale that you find to be particularly intriguing. Then, I’d like you to do a little (research) reading into the historical time period in question and the issue in question as it relates to that age. Next, move on to examine the issue as it appears in the story and offer a brief interpretive analysis of just what the author seems to be doing by way of rendering that issue for the reader in this tale. 2) The second option for this response is offered in the spirit of light-hearted fun that infuses these American “tall tales.” For those of you with a creative spirit (and/or those who simply to try out something a little different), I’d like you to write a short “story” of a kind. Specifically, put together a brief excerpt that presents another “story” featuring one of our three characters for Monday — Davy Crockett, Paul Bunyan, or Daniel Boone. In your story, try to adopt the tone, diction, and narrative style of your chosen source, and then offer a tale that may somehow seem “authentic” in its representation of this character and type of story. If you would additionally like to give us any overview of your thoughts and approach in writing your story, of course you may feel free to outline that for us as well. Have some fun with this!! This entry was posted in Myth & Tragedy 2015 and tagged Fairy Tales & Folklore by gustg . Bookmark the permalink . 85 thoughts on “Folktales of the American Frontier (Version 2.0)” Kyle Moran on April 6, 2015 at 7:24 pm said: The adventures of Daniel Boone are tales of settlement in the west of America. While Boone did not go as far west as many other people after him, he certainly experienced the same hardships as those that would proceed him and then some. The time period from which The Adventures of Daniel Boone is based goes back to the mid-to-late 1700’s during the tension filled American Revolution. During this time, Daniel constantly faces the theme of hostility whilst trying to settle himself in Kentucky. Hostility for Boone began from his initial settling in the Kentucky region from the Native Americans. Boone’s first run in with these Native Americans saw his initial camp be raided, his capture and escape, and all of his group either being killed or scarred off. After his escape form the Natives the first time he was able to regroup with some of his men and his family. Upon this regrouping, Boone decides to build Boonsborough fort on the Ohio. This settlement is his great accomplishment as later it will save him and his men. The erection of Boonsborough does not sit well with the natives who constantly try and raid the fort. This continues until the natives, I refuse to call them “Indians” as this is very incorrect by the way, mobilize and capture Boone. Boone is taken 160 miles up the Ohio River to meet with the leaders of the natives. Here Boone realizes that this hostility also comes from that of the English as well. Here he escapes back down river after learning the great amassing force of both the natives and the English that is descending upon Boonsborough. This great force arrives and Boone is able to fend them off after false treaties and heavy fighting. Through more encounters, Boone eventually survives the siege on his fort. With Boonsborough defended, Boone focused lastly on the combined forces of the natives and the British in the surrounding land. This would continue until the end of the war where Boone recants that the treaty between the army and the natives was foreboding. This foreboding is Boone’s final hostility where the native who signed the treaty stated, “we have given you a fine land, but I believe you will have much trouble in settling it.” Through these hostilities, I believe that these tales were meant to truly show the hardships that it took to settle the land in this country. It was not just peaceful land grabbing, settlement was dirty, violent, and dark. I particularly enjoyed that this tale was more likely nonfiction as most of Boone’s tales are realistic. This is not to say that the tales from Davey Crockett weren’t realistic yet they seemed more farfetched. When it comes to what we can take from Daniel Boone, it’s a tale explaining settlement amidst some of the greatest hostilities that early American life provided. Daniel Boone seems to take a situation, no matter how hostile, and analyze it to work in his favor. Even with his luck and cunning, Boone is not perfect as he does experience failures through the loss of both his early camps and men defending them. Still, you can’t deny Boone’s persistence in trying to expand the reach of the fledgling United States of America. April 6, 2015 at 9:50 pm said: The tale I found most intriguing was the story of Paul Bunyan. As this course focuses deeply on mythology, I felt there were many references in Paul Bunyan that could be applied to several creation and origin stories we studied early on in the semester. Indeed, Paul Bunyan may even refer to the origin of the “tall tale” to refer to a character that is “larger than life”. I felt as though the story of Paul Bunyan was used to serve as a mythical metaphor to describe the creation of settlements in still undeveloped areas of North America. Paul was described as a boy who grew incredibly fast and incredibly large. His enormous size was used to explain the earthquakes and tidal waves that occurred due to him rocking in his crib at night and shaking the ground beneath him. Paul grows up to become a lumberjack with the strength of many men and after the winter of the “blue snow” falling from the skies, he acquires Babe, a blue ox he takes in after the snowfall. They travel all over the countryside together, setting up camps and establishing ties with people wherever they went. Paul and Babe are credited with many things in their folklore tale, such as clearing away the trees to allow the creation of North and South Dakota and allow farming to take place in these lands. Even with the ending of the story being so mysterious and unresolved when referring to the legacy of Paul Bunyan, his story relates to many mysteries surrounding mythology. In doing some research I came across references that the story of Paul Bunyan may have arisen around 1837, during Canada’s Papineau Rebellion. Many local French Canadians were rebelling against the English and the Queen of England at the time. Local loggers often joined in the fight of refusing to surrender to English troops who ordered them to stop their rebellious behaviors. Many loggers armed themselves with axes and large wooden forks fashioned into hooks. One of these loggers was mentioned to have been named Paull Bunyan. This specific logger reportedly charged at the English troops and slaughtered any of them who got in his way. For his actions, Paul was greatly respected and received much recognition from other loggers for protecting his land. This is one legend that features a historical background and from this information, readers can see how the author of the story attempts to make sense out of just who this mythical giant known as “Paul Bunyan” really was. April 6, 2015 at 11:53 pm said: When it comes time to cut down timber, what would take an entire season to cut, takes Paul Bunyan a day. However this season was different. As Paul and his men slept in through the early morning hours he was suddenly awakened, by Babe who would not go to sleep and was stomping around the camp chasing a pesky wolf. He found that he could not go back to sleep so decided to start cutting down timber early. He worked all the way up until the afternoon at which point he was acres ahead of what he normally cut. He soon ran into other lumberjacks who accused him of trespassing into their territory. While they were only half his size they were eager to challenge him for the land. Seeing their size he insisted that it would be unfair for all 20 men of their small stature to try to fight him so he proposed a hot cake eating competition. If he could out eat all 20 of the lumberjacks, they would leave the trees for him to cut, or he would leave them alone. He called all 7 Elmer’s to prepare a feast for their contest. They immediately came and helped Sour Dough Sam prepare 21 mountains of hot cakes. As the men sat down, Sour Dough Sam started the race. Each of the twenty lumberjacks ate speedily, taking down two cakes in one bite. But despite how fast they managed to eat, Paul was being fed 7 cakes in one bite 1 from the hand of each Elmer. As he finished his stack of hot cakes, he began to eat the stacks of the other 20 lumberjacks until there was not a single cake left. The lumberjacks could not believe their eyes, and accused Paul of tricking them. They wished to fight him and denied their defeat. But just as they stood up to attack the towering giant, Babe who was still in pursuit of the wolf came bouncing over the hill, and as the ground trembled under his feet, the lumberjacks grew terrified and ran as fast as their feet could carry them, occasionally falling over their bursting stomachs. From then on Paul Bunyan could cut down timber anywhere in the state of Maine without anyone bothering him. April 7, 2015 at 1:40 pm said: “Every day we experienced recent mischiefs. The barbarous savage nations of Shawanese, Cherokees, Wyandots, Tawas, Delawares, and several others near Detroit, united against us, and assembled their choicest warriors against us at old Chelicothe, to go on an expedition, in order to destroy us, and entirely depopulate the country” 1) This image really resonated with me because it puts into perspective the type of violence that the Indians were reeking on American settlers in the late 1700’s. The tale of Daniel Boone explains how the men were willing to trade with the Indians along the riverside and that violence was not the only means of communication between the settlers and the natives. Daniel Boone was a pioneer to Western America and helped pave the path for other settlers to expand the land which ultimately became America today. The American Indians did not agree with the process of buying, selling, or owning property. They did however sign a treaty with the Government at the time, which stated the the settlers could hunt on their land among them but were not permitted to live alongside them. Although these events occurred almost sixty years prior to Andrew Jackson’s heinous Indian Removal Policy, better known as the Trail of Tears, perhaps it provides a little bit of motive behind his actions. Although I do not believe it amounts to any type of justification. Regardless I thought this specific quotation from The Adventures of Daniel Boone offered the sincere terror that American settlers felt toward the Indians. They were under the impression that the American Indians one and only goal was to entirely wipe out the pioneer population. Unfortunately for him the Indians had a vast knowledge about the land he was venturing into whereas this was all new frontier for him. I think this reflection of Daniel Boone, the invincible man, truly captures the genuine fear that American people in the early times felt about the Indians. April 7, 2015 at 5:01 pm said: The story of Paul Bunyan was by far the most intriguing folklore tall of all the readings. The story in all its wonder is perfectly exaggerated and offers insight as to what may have interested settlers in western America during the 1800s. With that said, I found it especially interesting that the story of Paul Bunyan takes place in the west and mid-west. Being that I have been to that area several times and spent much time there, this story strikes a chord with me. Also in mind is the image of Babe being buried with what is now known as Black Hills, South Dakota (which you should definitely see if you ever have to opportunity). In the text, it regales of how Paul and his trusty partner in crime “Babe” cleared forests together and created several camps and landmarks. Upon some of the places they cleared together was South Dakota. Toward the end of the story, Babe dies and is also buried in South Dakota. I was curious as to if there are any other stories of Babe and Paul in the Black Hills, being that there is already so much history that took place there. So as I did some research, it was made clear that the Black Hills formed because of the mound of dirt that it required to bury the majestic blue Ox. As I did more research I discovered more landmarks Paul Bunyan “created” and was pleasantly surprised. Some of these landmarks include the Grand Canyon, Bay of Fundy in Maine, Niagara Falls and the Mississippi and Missouri. These are all widely known places in America places that I have been to, so it surprised me that I never heard of these stories before. In that sense, the story of Paul Bunyan could be categorized as a creation myth. Bringing this idea forward ties it in with mythology, whether it draws from Greek mythology or perhaps Native American mythology which some western American settlers may have come across while takin their land. It was interesting to see that there were creation myths in a more modern time. A question that resonated while doing the research is whether these stories were created for an actual description of how things came to be, or if they were told simply for entertainment. All in all, the story truly captures the American feeling and allowed me to learn more about history. April 7, 2015 at 6:53 pm said: I believe that the tales of Paul Bunyan were the most interesting. These stories are perfect examples of American tall tales. Of course the stories are not true, but they are used as a source of entertainment. During this time period these stories were well known and used as a way for people to connect with one another. There are several comical elements, for example the story where the dog Sport was accidentally cut in half. He was then put back together, but upside-down so he would flip over when he would run. The stories are also used to explain things in nature. For example, the story where Paul dug out the Great Lakes so that his ox Babe would have enough drinking water. These types of stories are also seen in the Native American culture to explain certain aspects of nature. One final thing that I found interesting about Paul Bunyan is that there is no real end to his story. There are several different variations such as that he was last seen in Alaska, or that he hides in the woods so people don’t know he is there. This adds intrigue to the story and allows it to remain an interesting part of American tall tales. April 7, 2015 at 7:27 pm said: Paul Bunyan was a very interesting piece. Size was a major theme that played into the main characters of Paul and Babe and also the other axe men. The fact that mythology like this existing in a later point of history is interesting itself. Due to the way humans advanced over time, one would think that there wouldn’t be a need for these types of stories. While in the past stories like this would explain how the world was created, this story seems to be much more light-hearted and fun. Rather than trying to explain the unexplainable this story is used just as a fun thing to tell people. The size of the characters is just to make it more appealing and mysterious. To hear about an average sized man with an average sized ox wouldn’t be very interesting and it simply wouldn’t make a good story. But to add this massive size to the characters gives the story something more. It adds factors of wonder and grandeur and make the story worth listening to or reading. It spurs imagination and encourages more stories of the same nature. April 7, 2015 at 8:08 pm said: Paul Bunyan’s unending tenacity—despite his differences—is prevalent in various American folklore. By having this characteristic Paul Bunyan embodies the American ideal, especially in a time of development. To begin with, Paul is a huge baby! with and insatiable appetite. Because of his immense size, he caused earthquakes and tidal waves, thus, he was eventually exiled to the woods with his parents. Clearly, his differences caused many issues in the beginning, and it was not until later that those differences made him the greatest lumberjack to ever roam America. Other than the overarching theme of persistence, the theme of companionship comes into play when he discovers the Ox he would eventually name Babe. They are persistent and together, they clear forests and help further develop America. Paul and babe eventually settle the largest American camp, where Paul acquires seven Axemen named Elmer. Here, companionship comes up again, especially when the legend depicts that every Sunday they feast on hot cakes. It is also worth mentioning Paul’s valuable accountant friend, Inkslinger. At this camp, the men endure a war with fantastic insects that crave sugar. Another instance of tenacity. There are other various accounts of Paul’s persistence in settling America: i.e. clearing the forests of North/South Dakota for farmland. This persistence, in a profusion of different ways, has gone to inspire/influence many Americans. It is debated that the fabrication of Paul Bunyan was an advertising ploy to stimulate the lumber industry. Despite these perhaps dubious origins, it apparently worked! Paul Bunyan caught on and went to inspire many ambitious lumberjacks. As mentioned, America was still developing/expanding in the time Paul Bunyan’s stories came about. So for children (and adults!) hearing these tales of tenacity and comradery (and even adversity i.e. his rather, large, differences…) went on to inspire many Americans. Whether it was to chop down just one more tree, or to plunge into the new day to follow your ambitions, Paul Bunyan has in some way inspired countless Americans. April 7, 2015 at 8:12 pm said: Although Davy Crockett speaks like Hagrid from the Harry Potter series, the real David Crockett was actually an American frontiersman and politician of the late 18th and early 19th century who became a popular hero during the antebellum period. Born on the Tennessee frontier, Crockett served under Andrew Jackson, fought the Creek Indians in the War of 1812, and even worked in Congress. As if this wasn’t enough, Crockett also ensured his own legend by dying in the battle for Texan independence at the Alamo against Mexican forces. This mixture of kickass frontiersman and patriotic politician fascinated the American people. His narration in frontier vernacular, however, revealed the discrimination, cruelty, and prejudice of the frontier. When Crockett talks about the Native Americans, his tone and word choice illustrates the ideologies and perspectives people of the early American history had about Native Americans. David Crockett’s opinions about Native Americans come out in his folktales, portraying them as villains and influencing the children reading these folktales to believe the same beliefs American frontiersmen felt about them. April 7, 2015 at 8:44 pm said: One “tall tale” that I found to be very interesting, was the tale of the giant lumberjack Paul Bunyan. His life story is funny and exciting to read or listen to; I remember when I was younger teachers would always tell stories about the giant lumberjack that was amazing and great in everything that he did. They would also talk about how nice and pleasant he was to all the people that he surrounded himself with, even when they weren’t nice all. I am so motivated by the tale of Paul Bunyan “The Giant” that I have decided to make my own story about him, kind of like a different perspective on one of Paul many stories about growing up. The tale that I am choose from is the one entitled “Lucy, The Purple Cow”, which is one that I absolutely loved. So sit back and relax as I take you into this world, and bring new detail of this great “tall tale.” After Paul found out that he could make ice-cream with Lucy, The Purple Cow’s milk he desided that this was the perfect opportunity to host an all day ice-cream party. Everyone from East to West, high and low came to the party to enjoy the delicious taste of the sweet Purple ice-cream. Even on the day the Major of all things Sweet & Tasty made Paul Bunyan the Ambassador of Ice Cream and every year on the 4th of September ice-cream was given to everyone in the land. April 7, 2015 at 8:50 pm said: Around the time when Paul and Babe the Blue Ox were moving west from Maine, they made the Great Lakes. As told before, Paul dug the Great Lakes to provide drinking water for Babe. But Paul became quite thirsty himself. He would cup the water into his large hands and drank. One day, Babe the Blue Ox was feeling a little tricky. While Paul was sitting on the edge of Lake Ontario, Babe decided to run and bump into Paul. The water that he held was released. This created a huge waterfall that we now call the Niagara Falls. My inspiration in writing this short story was reading the other blog posts. The one that stood out to me was Rebecca Howard’s when she talked about the other landmarks that are associated with Paul Bunyan. When I saw that the Niagara Falls was one of the landmarks, I knew right away that I wanted to write a story about how the Niagara Falls came to be. April 7, 2015 at 9:15 pm said: The “tall tale” of Paul Bunyan, touched the hearts of lumberjack and labor forces for a long period of time, because of he abilities, larger then life motif, and the entertainment value that came along with these tales. It is debated that these exaggerated stories are originated from the Canadian/Northeast regions of North America during the Canadian Papineau Rebellion in the early 1800s. This is when the Canadian Rebels revolted against the new ruler of England. This is when a comradery from the local loggers emerged when they refused to surrender to the British troops. I would assume that is why this Paul Bunyan figure survived during this period of time. He was like a role model to these local labors and motivated them. I think Paul Bunyans story relates a lot to the early myth stories we looked at in relation to the origins north American territories. The formation of landscape and landmarks in states such as the Dakotas, Washington, and other western territories. I think the early settlers of these areas used Paul Bunyan to explain the creation of their lands and symbolize the hard work and strife that these early settlers went through. I found it interesting that some believe that when Babe the Blue OX died that Paul Bunyan buried in the Black Hills of South Dakota. This would be an origin tale for how these hills came to be. I think this was the purpose of these tall tales during this time. April 7, 2015 at 9:57 pm said: Reading the stories, I decided to write about Paul Bunyan. He was not your average baby that was born. He was large and birds had to carry him to his parents. He was a very intelligent boy, who always wanted to work. Paul Bunyan was a very strong person. His parents got him a cradle, and put it in the water of Main. He moved and water flooded towns. One day Paul Bunyan noticed that it was snowing outside. It was not the average snow though. This snow was blue. As Paul went outside he found a little baby ox, which he decided to keep and named him Babe. Reading this story, Babe and Paul Bunyan had the same characteristics of growing large, and being very strong. It was almost like they were meant for each other. Paul and Babe liked working, and they would always work together. They left Maine and headed to the west for more work. It is believed that Paul and Babe left there mark where ever they went. The theme of this story, I believe, is that no matter how strong/big you are, you could always use extra help. Paul got help from Babe, and from the lumberjack men to help with the camp. I believe this story ties in a lot with nature, and has a great part to do with this story. April 7, 2015 at 11:37 pm said: I thought the story of Davy Crockett was pretty interesting because up until now reading if I just thought he was the guy who was a hero in the frontier. So while doing some research about this “tall tale hero” I found out that he was a politician for some time. He was a congressman and a defender of the Alamo. Although he was involved with politics doesn’t mean he was the best at it. It is also applied that he was racist towards Native Americans considering them wild and savage. Some state that there are two versions of Davy Crockett, the realist one and the larger than life one that attracted journalists and writers. Stories published about the tale of Davy Crockett emphasized his good story telling skills and frontier language that made him a symbol of the west. So in my opinion the legend of Davy Crockett was just a symbol for what the “American” way or archetype of the times. April 8, 2015 at 12:15 am said: 1) Although I found Paul Bunyan’s story to be very entertaining and a bit comical, the story of Daniel Boone is one that grabbed my attention for a number of reasons. First off, the way in which nature is described and cherished by Daniel is simply astounding as he has such a deep appreciation for mother nature and conveys it so well to the reader. Daniel lives in the moment when he is by himself, pays attention to all of the details, and is thankful for being in such a beautiful and giving place. It really seems to be on the precursor to transcendentalist ideology, and being that this story took place just several years before the transcendentalist movement gained popularity, it would be very fitting for the time period. Also, the story is very factual and has a very important place in our nation’s history, as he represented the struggles western settlers would endure for the next 100 years. Daniel explored Kentucky first before the American Revolution, but at the time Native Indian tribes were worrisome of the constant advancement of European settlers in their area. Daniel was one of many to experience just how the Indians dealt with new settlers on their hunting ground. Once the Revolution came, Indians saw it as a better opportunity to oust the settlers, add to that the British were recruiting Indian war parties to drive colonists out. Although the defense of his post was not by any stretch a pivotal point in the war, it displayed the perseverance of both Daniel Boone and the American Colonists. April 8, 2015 at 1:33 am said: One day, while Paul Bunyan was cutting his way through the forests of the north, he saw something strange in those woods. Paul saw a government official standing in his way waving a notice of some kind. The official said the President made these trees federal property and no one was allowed to take them down, even that legendary lumberjack. Paul thought this was strange as he had the word of the President to cut down wherever he went making sure to only take those trees that needed cutting so new trees could grow. He walked away after this sitting on the stump of a great red wood thinking about what had happened. The next day he went back to check the official only to find he was no where to be found. Paul found, however, was that so-called protected grove was rotted away, poisoning the ground surrounding it. Paul had to rip those trees out and burn the ground but before he did, he found tracks leading away from the grove deeper into the rest of the forest. Paul followed those tracks all the way to a desolate stretch of desert to a lone cabin. In this cabin was the official but it was no official. It was in fact Death, taking the form of a government official to prevent Paul’s conservation of the grove and allow more trees to die. Paul, after seeing this, took his mighty ax and clove Death’s cabin straight into the ground. That very hole remains to this day in the South-West and known as Death Valley. While I did attempt to write this in the same diction as some of the original stories, if there was not some kind of dark twist somewhere it would not be a Bruce original creation. April 8, 2015 at 4:26 am said: The tale of Daniel Boone is truley a tale of adventure. Boone is an iconic character Amin American folk stories and is know by ment for his exploits of being tough and I woodsman. The story of Daniel Boone begins with the rise of who he is going to become when he begins to go up west not making it exceptionally far; however, Boone lands himself in Kentucky which pans out to be a rather contested place by the native Americans. This is not the only thing shown throughout the story though you also learn the hardships of travel in a time before cars or trains, and the journey it took to reach somewhere. Through this story Boone also learns the that it’s not just the Indians that are attacking them but it’s them attacking the Indians and taking there land. This story is important because it truly highlights the time it was written in. The United states was still a very new and un searched. The times were also rough with constant attack from Indian tribes in villages. however we were doing the same to them and stealing there land and destroying there culture and heritage. This is a time where things like this were common and the United states was very new making this a truly cool early Americana tale. April 8, 2015 at 8:00 am said: Humor is an obvious and unavoidable theme that presents itself throughout the entire tall tale of Paul Bunyan. The humor found in the story featuring the famous and oversized lumber jack, Paul Bunyan, is achieved through the use of exaggeration in the text. Because of the numerous overstated and embellished comparisons and explanations, it is clear that amplifications are a key component of the story. But what is their purpose? Paul Bunyan originated in the oral traditions of North American loggers but was later largely popularized in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company by William B. Laughead. From this, we can gather that Paul Bunyan and a compilation of oral tales which featured him were important to loggers as well as their families and communities. He was a uniting and nationalistic figure amongst areas which depending on the lumber industry and thus, a perfect character for a promotional pamphlet for a lumber company. The exaggerations throughout the story serves the purpose of making the readers or listeners laugh at the implausibility and absurdity of aspects within the tale. The humor within the tale seems to be included lightheartedly, maybe in an attempt to keep the spirit of lumber jacks high and create a unifying force amongst them. The story could have come about with the purpose of motivating the lumberjacks, as they probably looked up to Paul Bunyan from the time they were little kids until they grew up and took on the job of a lumberjack. I would relate it to a story of a war hero that is exaggerated and told amongst soldiers in a war in an unconscious attempt to raise moral and unite eachother. April 8, 2015 at 10:15 am said: The stories of Davey Crocket were very interesting showing that tales of the early American settlements after the Revolutionary War had a strong sense of tall tales for entertainment. Just like early stories we read in the beginning of the semester where the hero of the story was probably a real person at one time, and over the years people have embellished them to a degree, these stories were also based off some real people. David Crocket was a pioneer, and a politician. He traveled through parts of America that were not part of the U.S. at the time. He was also a U.S. House of Representative for Tennessee for a while. A lot of his stories are pretty short in length like traditional fairy tales we have read. This really leads me to think that this time period, since these stories are happening relatively the same time the Grimm’s are publishing there book in Germany, that stories didn’t need to be very long for people to find them entertaining. This probably had a reason for their popularity, they weren’t that hard to remember and tell someone else. April 8, 2015 at 10:44 am said: The one thing about the tall tale of Paul Bunyan is that strength and bigness, for a lack of a better term is prevalent and the key ingredient throughout the story. Paul is a giant lumberjack who has super human strength who is accompanied by his giant blue ox, Babe. Babe was not always giant however. When Paul found babe, it was just a teeny, tiny baby ox. But the ox grew to be as ginormous as Paul. The fact that the ox’s name is Babe is very ironic and i am sure the author included that irony for a reason. The stories of Paul Bunyan were published in 1910. That is the same time period as the Great Northern Railways were being created. The Company was definitely guilty of deforestation, especially in Washington state. Just where the Story of Paul Bunyan takes place. Paul and Babe wiped out acres and acres of forests at a rate similar to the railway company. Is this a coincidence? I think not. Authors tend to use real life problems and transform them into digestible short stories for children. They purposelessly do that to embed these key themes and problems in their tiny little brains at a young age. It is almost as if these children have no choice but to be presented these problems subliminally. April 8, 2015 at 11:50 am said: The one story I really enjoyed was Paul Bunyan. I really enjoyed this because it was one of the first American creation myths around. Paul is one of the first stories that explains how certain things came to be in America. I really liked the “larger then life” or tall tale theme that they have going as well. In many ways Americans still have a larger then life attitude. Americans still wants to be the biggest, strongest, smartest, etc. countries in the world. We built some of the largest buildings, cities, and towns in the world. We also have some of the biggest people (intentional or not). So I feel that thing “tall tale” still holds a lot of value today. We had manifest destiny in this country, we wanted to be as big as we could. We fought for Texas and Alaska to be a part of us- to make the US larger. Paul Bunyan really explores that idea of bigger is better. This idea was current then and is still current now. October 8, 2015 at 12:17 am said: Is verry good, As the interview came to an end I came to the conclusion that although you may have similar social identities with another person, neither one of you can truly relate to the other until you have looked through their eyes and begin to see things how they see them. Going into this interview I thought I knew all his answers before he gave them just because we are both black, but I was wrong and happy I was. Ahmad has showed me a part of his life that I never get to see and the best lesson I took from this interview is to never judge a book by its cover.	Paul Bunyan
What is the only chess piece that can jump over other pieces?	Full text of "The marvelous exploits of Paul Bunyan" See other formats Laughead The Marvelous Exploits of Paul Bunyan California 'gional cility NON-RENEWABLE DUE 2 WKS FROM DATE AND HI? BLUE J -n Marvelous Exploits of PAUL BUNYAN AS TOLD IN THE CAMPS OF THE WHITE PINE LUMBERMEN FOR GENERATIONS Collected from Various Sources and Embellished for Publication Text and Illustrations By W. B. Laughead Published for the Amusement of our Friends by The RED RIVER LUMBER COMPANY MINNEAPOLIS, WESTWOOD, CAL., CHICAGO, LOS ANGELES -:- SAN FRANCISCO NI\ETEE\ -H AUL Bunyan is the hero of lumbercamp whoppers that have been handed down for generations. These stories, never heard outside the haunts of the lumberjack until recent years, are now being collected by learned educators and literary authorities who declare that Paul Bunyan is "the only American myth." The best authorities never recounted Paul Bunyan's exploits in narrative form. They made their statements more impressive by dropping them casually, in an off hand way, as if in reference to actual events of common knowledge. To over awe the greenhorn in the bunkshanty, or the paper-collar stiffs and home guards in the saloons, a group of lumberjacks would remember meeting each other in the camps of Paul Bunyan. With painful accuracy they established the exact time and place, "on the Big Onion the winter of the blue snow" or "at Shot Gunderson's camp on the Tadpole the year of the sourdough drive." They elaborated on the old themes and new stories were born in lying contests where the heights of ex temporaneous invention were reached. In these conversations the lumberjack often took on the manner isms of the French Canadian. This was apparently done without special intent and no reason for it can be given except for a simi larity in the mock seriousness of their statements and the anti-climax of the bulls that were made, with the braggadocio of the habitant. Some investigators trace the origin of Paul Bunyan to Eastern Cana da. Who can say? Logging Road near Westwood, California. White Pine and Old Fashioned Winters made Paul Bunyan feel at home. Bunyan came to Westwood, California in 1913 at the sugges- tion of some of the most prominent loggers and lumbermen in the country. When the Red River Lumber Company announced their plans for opening up their forests of Sugar Pine and Cali fornia White Pine, friendly advisors shook their heads and said, "Better send for Paul Bunyan." Apparently here was the job for a Superman, quality-and- quantity-production on a big scale and great engineering difficulties to be overcome. Why not Paul Bunyan? This is a White Pine job and here in the High Sierras the winter snows lie deep, just like the country where Paul grew up. Here are trees that dwarf the largest "cork pine" of the Lake States and many new stunts were planned for logging, milling and manufacturing a product of su preme quality just the job for Paul Bunyan. The Red River people had been cutting White Pine in Minne sota for two generations; the crews that came west with them were old heads and every one knew Paul Bunyan of old. Paul had fol lowed the White Pine from the Atlantic sea board west to the jumping-off place in Minne sota, why not go the rest of the way? Paul Bunyan's picture had never been published until he joined Red River and this likeness, first issued in 1914 is now the Red River trademark. It stands for the quality and service you have the right to expect from Paul Bunyan. TRADE MARK REGISTERED XllT'HEN and where did this mythical hero get his start? Paul ^* Bunyan is known by his mighty works; his antecedents and personal history are lost in doubt. You can prove that Paul logged off North Dakota and grubbed the stumps, not only by the fact that there are no traces of pine forests in that State, but by the testimony of oldtimers who saw it done. On the other hand, Paul's parentage and birth date are unknown. Like Topsy, he jes' growed. Nobody cared to know his origin until the professors got after him. As long as he stayed around the camps his previous his tory was treated with the customary consideration and he was asked no questions, but when he broke into college it was all off. Then he had to have ancestors, a birthday and all sorts of vital statistics. 3 1320556 For now Paul is recognized as a regular Myth and students of folk lore are making scientific research of the Paul Bunyan Legend. R. R. Fenska, Professor of Forest Engineering, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University, an authority on Paul Bunyan, writes: "He is not only an ail-American myth but as far as can be determined, the only myth or legend in this country. It is all-American because Paul's exploits are all accomplished on this continent and there is no counterpart in the Old World. The origin of Paul is as much a myth as the legend itself. There are some who feel that he was known in the Northeastern forest back in the early 19th century but the best available evidence points to the pineries of the Lake States as the "Mother" of Paul Bunyan. It is certain that he developed to the zenith of his powers in that region during the '80s and '90s." Professor Fenska points out that Paul was a "Northerner" for when the virgin forests of the Lake States began to wane and the lumberjack shifted to the Southern Yellow Pine region, little was heard of him for nearly a decade. Noting his reappearance on the Pacific Coast, this authority discounts the rumors that Paul has gone to Alaska and expresses the opinion that his greatest exploits will take place in the vast forests of the west. Esther Shepherd, Department of English, Reed College, Port land, Oregon has traced the Paul Bunyan legend back to Maine but finds evidence of beginnings that antedate the Maine epoch and is still carrying on her painstaking search for the ultimate source. Writing in the Pacific Review, Mrs. Shepherd relates this one about Paul's babyhood. "Paul Bunyan was born in Maine. When three weeks old he rolled around so much in his sleep that he destroyed four square miles of standing timber. Then they built a floating cradle for him and anchored it off Eastport. When Paul rocked in his cradle it caused a seventy-five foot tide in the Bay of Fundy and several vil lages were washed away. He couldn't be wakened, however, until the British Navy was called out and fired broadsides for seven hours. When Paul stepped out of his cradle he sank seven warships and the British government siezed his cradle and used the timber to build seven more. That saved Nova Scotia from becoming an island, but the tides in the Bay of Fundy haven't subsided yet." "Seeing that this North American Continent has only one myth that is entirely it's own" J. M. Leever of the Pacific Lumber Com pany writes in a San Francisco paper, "It is a pity that it should have been in danger of being forgot ten." After paying tribute to the work of Prof. Fenska and the University of Oregon Mr. Leever continues, "Where the tradition of this Davy Crockett of the axe, this superman of the camps originated, nobody can tell exactly. But it is probable that the stories of his courage and impossible feats started on the St. Lawrence among the French Canadians and filtered into the woods of the Adirondacks, Michigan and Wis consin. Although at times very human, Paul Bunyan in his bigger moments far surpassed any of the figures of classical Scandinavian or Celtic legend. For the sake of the young of the land his memory ought to be kept forever fresh." Lee J. Smits conducted a "Paul Bunyan" column in The Seattle Star and published many entertaining contributions from oldtimers. These were turned over to the University of Washington for preser vation. "Standing alone in his might and inventiveness is Paul Bunyan, central figure in America's meager folklore" Mr. Smits says editor ially, "Only among the pioneers could Paul thrive, his deeds are in spired by such imagination as grows only in the great outdoors. For hours at a time, lumberjacks will pile up the achievements of their hero. Each story is a challenge calling for a yarn still more heroic. The story teller who succeeds in eliciting a snicker is an artist, in deed, as the Paul Bunyan legends must always be related and receiv ed with perfect seriousness. Paul Bunyan has become a part of the every day life of the loggers. He serves a valuable purpose in giving every hardship and tough problem its whimsical turn." Mr. Harry L. Neall, of Harry L. Neall & Son, Mining Engineers of Eureka, Cal., a student of the history of the lumber industry, has written that beneath the phrase "invented lumbering" used in con nection with Paul Bunyan, there exists a basis of fact. Tracing the beginnings of the industry from the cutting of "The King's Spars" in what is now the State of Maine, before the Mayflower came to Plymouth Rock, Mr. Neall states that "modern lumbering, as a sep arate industry was really invented in New York in 1790 and that most of the oldtime lumbermen trace their ancestry to forefathers who were a part of this beginning of lumbering." The Red River people were interested to learn from Mr. Neall that a Walker built a mill in Maine in 1680; another Walker sold a two-thirds in terest in this mill in 1716 and three Walkers were saw mill owners in New Hampshire in 1785. Following the Pine Cutters across New York and Pennsylvania, Mr. Neall found that the land rec ords enable one to pick them out by their names "as distinguished from the Palatinate settlers who came solely for the farm lands upon which the hardwoods grew." That the Paul Bunyan stories go back to the beginnings of the industry is the belief of Mr. Neall who heard them in his grandfather's logging camps in Pennsylvania and quotes this ancestor as connecting Paul with the early traditions. DeWitt L. Hardy, "column conductor" on the Portland Oregon- ian ran a Paul Bunyan series for several months and received many more contributions than it was possible to print, though they were featured almost daily, writes Mr. Hardy: "Paul Bunyan is, as your folklore sharks doubtless will inform you, about the only true fable of this character we have in this country. I do not attempt to dip into any of the real sub-surface studies of its development, my experience with Paul having been severely practical. I first heard of him in a soddy in North Dakota, where I was told of his great logging operations when he stripped that country and removed the stumps. In the mass of correspondence I received while handling the Paul Bunyan yarns here, answers came from all corners of the globe and from all classes of people." Ida V. Turney Department of Rhetoric, University of Oregon, and President of the Oregon Council of English, has written a chap- book of Paul Bunyan stories, "gang-lore" Miss Turney classifies them, citing technical reasons why they cannot be called "myth" "legend" or "folk-lore." "It is distinctly American" she writes, "No other country could possibly produce a literary type just like it; for it is, at least so I think, a'symbolic expression of the forces of physical labor at work in the development of a great country. The symbolism is, of course, unconscious, but none the less accurate." Miss Turney, the daughter of a lumberman, has known these stories from childhood. "All Paul Bunyan stories start in a gang" she says, "others are imitations* * * Perhaps Paul Bunyan is the great American epic; but if so it is in the making. In that case it seems to me that any gang has a perfect right to create new stories. * * * Paul has become astonishingly versatile in the West. He has tried his hand at almost everything, just as the former laborers in the camps of Michigan and Wisconsin branched into whatever big wild untamed hard work they came across." ABE, the big blue ox constitut- ed Paul Bunyan's assets and liabilities. History disagrees as to when, where and how Paul first acquired this bovine locomotive but his subsequent record is reliably established. Babe could pull any thing that had two ends to it. Babe was seven axehandles wide between the eyes according to some authorities; others equally dependable say forty-two axehand les and a plug of tobacco. Like other historical contradictions this comes from using different standards. Seven of Paul's axehandles were equal to a little more than forty-two of the ordinary kind. When cost sheets were figured on Babe, Johnny Inkslinger found that upkeep and overhead were expensive but the charges for operation and depreciation were low and the efficiency was very high. How else could Paul have hauled logs to the landing a whole section (640 acres) at a time? He also used Babe to pull the kinks out of the crooked logging roads and it was on a job of this kind that Babe pulled a chain of three-inch links out into a straight bar. They could never keep Babe more than one night at a camp for he would eat in one day all the feed one crew could tote to camp in a year. For a snack between meals he would eat fifty bales of hay, wire and all and six men with picaroons were kept busy picking the wire out of his teeth. Babe was a great pet and very docile as a general thing but he seemed to have a sense of humor and frequently got into mischief. He would sneak up behind a drive and drink all the water out of the river, leaving the logs high and dry. It was impossible to build an ox-sling big enough to hoist Babe off the ground for shoeing, but after they logged off Dakota there was room for Babe to lie down for this operation. Once in a while Babe would run away and be gone all day roaming all over the Northwestern country. His tracks were so far apart that it was impossible to follow him and so deep that a man falling into one could only be hauled out with difficulty and a long rope. Once a settler and his wife and baby fell into* one of these tracks and the son got out when he was fifty- seven years old and reported the accident. These tracks, today form the thousands of lakes in the "Land of the Sky-Blue Water.". T) ECAUSE he was so much younger than Babe and was brought ^ to camp when a small calf, Benny was always called the Little Blue Ox although he was quite a chunk of an animal. Benny could not, or rather, would not haul as much as Babe nor was he tractable but he could eat more. as Paul got Benny for nothing from a farmer near Bangor, Maine. There was not enough milk for the little fellow so he had to be weaned when three days old . The farmer only had forty acres of hay and by the time Benny was a week old he had to dispose of him for lack of food. The calf was undernourished and only weighed two tons when Paul got him. Paul drove from Bangor out to his headquarters camp near Devil's Lake, North Dakota that night and led Benny behind the sleigh. Western air agreed with the little calf and every time Paul looked back at him he was two feet taller. When they arrived at camp Benny was given a good feed of buffalo milk and flapjacks and put into a barn by Next morning the barn was gone. Later it was discovered He had out- himself. on Benny's back as he scampered over the clearings. grown his barn in one night. Benny was very notional and would never pull a load unless there was snow on the ground so after the spring thaws they had to white wash the logging roads to fool him. Gluttony killed Benny. He had a mania for pancakes and one cook crew of two hundred men was kept busy making cakes for him. One night he pawed and bellowed and threshed his tail about till the wind of it blew down what pine Paul had left standing in Dakota. At break fast time he broke loose, tore down the cook shanty and began bolting pancakes. In his greed he swallow ed the red-hot stove. Indigestion set 8 in and nothing could save him. What disposition was made of his body is a matter of dispute. One oldtimer claims that the outfit he works for bought a hind quarter of the carcass in 1857 and made corned beef of it. He thinks they have several carloads of it left. Another authority states that the body of Benny was dragged to a safe distance from the North Dakota camp and buried. When the earth was shoveled back it made a mound that formed the Black Hills in South Dakota. THE custodian and chape ron of Babe the Big Blue Ox was Brimstone Bill. He knew all the tricks of that frisky giant before they hap pened. "I know oxen" the old bullwhacker used to say, "I've worked 'em and fed 'em and doctored 'em ever since the ox was invented. And Babe, I know that pernicious old rep- tyle same as if I'd abeen through him with a lantern." Bill compiled "The Skinner's Dictionary", a hand book for teamsters, and most of the terms used in directing draft animals (except mules) originated with him. His early religious training accounts for the fact that the technical language of the teamster contains so many names of places and people spoken of in the Bible. The buckskin harness used on Babe and Benny when the weath er was rainy was made by Brimstone Bill. When this harness got wet it would stretch so much that the oxen could travel clear to the land ing and the load would not move from the skidway in the woods. Brimstone would fasten the harness with an anchor Big Ole made for him and when the sun came out and the harness shrunk the load would be pulled to the landing while Bill and the oxen were busy at some other job. The winter of the Blue Snow, the Pacific Ocean froze over and Bill kept the oxen busy hauling regular white snow over from China. M. H. Keenan can testify to the truth of this as he worked for Paul on the Big Onion that winter. It must have been about this time that Bill made the first ox yokes out of cranberry wood. T7EEDING Paul Bunyan's crews was a complicated job. At no two * camps were conditions the same. The winter he logged off North Dakota he had 300 cooks making pancakes for the Seven Axemen and the little Chore-boy. At headquarters on the Big Onion he had one cook and 462 cookees feeding a crew so big that Paul himself never knew within several hundred either way, how many men he had. At Big Onion camp there was a lot of mechanical equipment and the trouble was a man who could handle the machinery cooked just like a machinist too. One cook got lost between the flour bin and the root cellar and nearly starved to death before he was found. Cooks came and went. Some were good and others just able to get by. Paul never kept a poor one, very long. There was one jigger who seemed to have learned to do nothing but boil. He made soup out of everything and did most of his work with a dipper. When the big tote-sled broke through the ice on Bull Frog Lake with a load of split peas, he served warmed up lake water till the crew struck. His idea of a lunch box was a jug or a rope to freeze soup onto like a candle. Some cooks used too much grease. It was said of one of these that he had to wear calked shoes to keep from sliding out of the cook- shanty and rub sand on his hands when he picked anything up. There are two kinds of camp cooks, the Baking Powder Bums and the Sourdough Stiffs. Sourdough Sam belonged to the latter school. 10 He made everything but coffee out of Sourdough. He had only one arm and one leg, the other members having been lost when his sour dough barrel blew up. Sam officiated at Tadpole River headquart ers, the winter Shot Gunderson took charge. After all others had failed at Big Onion camp, Paul hired his cousin Big Joe who came from three weeks below Quebec. This boy sure put a mean scald on the chuck. He was the only man who could make pancakes fast enough to feed the crew. He had Big Ole, the blacksmith make him a griddle that was so big you couldn't see across it when the steam was thick. The batter, stirred in drums like concrete mixers was poured on with cranes and spouts. The griddle was greased by colored boys who skated over the surface with hams tied to their feet. They had to have colored boys to stand the heat. At this camp the flunkeys wore roller skates and an idea of the size of the tables is gained from the fact that they distributed the pepper with four-horse teams. Sending out lunch and timing the meals was rendered difficult by the size of the works which required three crews one going to work, one on the job and one coming back. Joe had to start the bull- cook out with the lunch sled two weeks ahead of dinner time. To call the men who came in at noon was another problem. Big Ole made a dinner horn so big that no one could blow it but Big Joe or Paul him self. The first time Joe blew it he blew down ten acres of pine. The Red River people wouldn't stand for that so the next time he blew straight up but this caused severe cyclones and storms at sea so Paul had to junk the horn and ship it East where later it was made in to a tin roof for a big Union Depot. When Big Joe came to West- wood with Paul, he started some thing. About that time you may have read in the papers about a volcanic eruption at Mt. Lassen, heretofore extinct for many years. That was where Big Joe dug his bean-hole and when the steam worked out of the bean kettle and up through the ground, everyone thought the old hill had turned volcano. Every time Joe drops a biscuit they talk of earthquakes. MT. LASSEN, CALIFORNIA The only active Volcano in America Where Big Joe cooks the beans. It was always thought that the quality of the food at Paul's Camps had a lot to do with the strength and endurance of the men. No doubt it did, but they were a husky lot to start with. As the feller said about fish for a brain food, "It won't do you no good unless there is a germ there to start with." There must have been something to the food theory for the chipmunks that ate the prune pits got so big they killed all the wolves and years later the settlers shot them for tigers. A visitor at one of Paul's camps was astonished to see a crew of men unloading four-horse logging sleds at the cook shanty. They appeared to be rolling logs into a trap door from which poured clouds of steam. "That's a heck of a place to land logs" he remarked. "Them aint logs" grinned a bull-cook "them's sausages for the teamsters' breakfast." At Paul's camp up where the little Gimlet empties into the Big Auger, newcomers used to kick because they were never served beans. The bosses and the men could never be interested in beans. E. E. Terrill tells us the reason : Once when the cook quit they had to detail a substitute to the job temporarily. There was one man who was no good anywhere. He 12 THREE MORE MEf/ FOR OINNER.POTANOTMe PAIL of WATER, IK had failed at every job. Chris Crosshaul, the foreman, acting on the theory that every man is good somewhere, figured that this guy must be a cook, for it was the only job he had not tried. So he was put to work and the first thing he tackled was beans. He filled up a big kettle with beans and added some water. When the heat took hold the beans swelled up till they lifted off the roof and bulged out the walls. There was no way to get into the place to cook anything else, so the whole crew turned in to eat up the half cooked beans. By keep ing at it steady they cleaned them up in a week and rescued the would-be-cook. After that no one seemed to care much for beans. It used to be a big job to haul prune pits and coffee grounds away from Paul's camps. It required a big crew of men and either Babe or Benny to do the hauling. Finally Paul decided it was cheaper to build new camps and move every month. The winter Paul logged off North Dakota with the Seven Axe men, the Little Chore Boy and the 300 cooks, he worked the cooks in three shifts one for each meal. The Seven Axemen were hearty eaters; a portion of bacon was one side of a 1600-pound pig. Paul shipped a stern-wheel steamboat up Red River and they put it in the soup kettle to stir the soup! Like other artists, cooks are temperamental and some of them are full of cussedness but the only ones who could sass Paul Bunyan and get away with it were the stars like Big Joe and Sourdough Sam. The lunch sled, most popular institu tion in the lumber industry! It's arrival at the noon rendezvous has been hailed with joy by hungry men on every logging job since Paul invented it. What if the warm food freezes on your tin plate, the keen cold air has sharpened your appetite to enjoy it. The crew that toted lunch for Paul Bunyan had so far to travel and so many to feed they hauled a complete kitchen on the lunch sled, cooks and all. 13 VER thirty years ago The Red River Lumber Company, foreseeing the end of their White Pine which was reached in 1915, set out to find the pine that would supply a trade that demands the qualities found in White Pine. All the forests of North America were examined and exhaust ively studied and the selection was Sugar Pine and California White Pine, "the largest pines that ever grew" and produc tion started at Westwood in 1914. SUGAR PINE, "cork pine's big brother," is botanically a White Pine with all the family virtues that have made White Pine the standard from the days of the Pil grim Fathers to the period of "cork" White Pine in the Lake States. It is light, soft, even-textured, easy-to-work, durable and will not warp or check. CALIFORNIA WHITE PINE ranks second only to Sugar Pine in size and is close to it in White Pine qualities. Botani cally a Yellow Pine, its texture has been so changed by climate and altitude that it in no way resembles the Yellow Pines and is so much like White Pine that its trade name is necessary to prevent confusion on the part of the consumer. WHITE FIR is light, straight grained and easily worked. A smaller percentage of upper grades than the big pines, but with knots so small that the commons offer exceptional values and advantages. It is used for concrete forms, sheathing, studding and for dairy containers and packages that must be odor less and tasteless. It also makes a handsome interior finish. INCENSE CEDAR is used chiefly for pencils and chests a soft, straight-grained red cedar. The Red River people strive for a quality of manufacture worthy of such magnificent trees. The Westwood plant, electrically operated throughout, is a new departure in its field, with a capacity of 200 million feet a year. Planned by our own engineers, much of the machinery and equipment is of our own design and new stand ards of efficiency, economy and precision of cutting have been set. 14 Modern dry-kilns handle a large part of the output and yield perfectly seasoned lumber, free from dryingde- fects, in a few days instead of the months required for air drying. The plant operates the year 'round, logging, saw ing, manufacturing and ship ping. Handicaps of a severe winter climate are overcome and frozen logs are thawed in a steam-heated pond. Continuous operation gives steady employment to skill ed and experienced men and a rapid replacement of stocks that makes Westwood a dependable source of supply for the trade. The large Red River factories at Westwood are equipped to supply every known need of the trade and made-to-order specialties are quickly turned out. The most modern machinery is used for cut ting, finishing, glueing and other operations. Our moldings, sash and doors and similar products are superior in their clean-cut workmanship as well as the texture of the wood. Box shocks, sash and door cuttings, boards for winding fine textiles or making organ pipes, piano keys and key-beds, curtain poles and shade rollers are some of our products. Cutting out the knots and waste at the source of supply affords economies that are profit able to all wood consuming industries. One of the Westwood Crane Crews Piling Lumber for Air-drying. One board at a Time is Too Slow. The Record for One Crane 10 Hours is 678,900 Feet, Board Measure. One of the Edgers, Westwood Mill, California. 15 \X7HEN Paul invented logging he had to invent all the tools and figure out all his own methods. There were no precedents. At the start his outfit consisted of Babe and his big axe. No two logging jobs can be handled exactly the same way so Paul adapted his operations to local conditions. In the mountains he used Babe to pull the kinks out of the crooked logging roads; on the Big Onion he began the system of hauling a section of land at a time to the landings and in North Dakota he used the Seven Axemen. At that time marking logs was not thought of, Paul had no need for identification when there were no logs but his own. About the time he started the Atlantic Ocean drive others had come into the in dustry and although their combined cut was insignificant compared to Paul's, there was danger of confusion, and Paul had most to lose. At first Paul marked his logs by pinching a piece out of each log. When his cut grew so large that the marking had to be detailed to the crews, the "scalp" on each log was put on with an axe, for even in those days not every man could nip out the chunk with his fingers. The Grindstone was invented by Paul the winter he logged off North Dakota. Before that Paul's axemen had to sharpen their axes by rolling rocks down hill and running along side of them. When they got to "Big Dick," as the lumberjacks called Dakota, hills and rocks were so hard to find that Paul rigged up the revolving rock. This was much appreciated by the Seven Axemen as it enabled them to grind an axe in a week, but the grindstone was not much of a hit with the Little Chore Boy whose job it was to turn it. The first stone was so big that working at full speed, every time it turned around once it was payday. The Little Chore Boy led a strenuous life. He was only a kid and like all youngsters putting in their first winter in the woods, he 16 was put over the jumps by the old- timers. His regular work was heavy enough, splitting all the wood for the camp, carrying water and pack ing lunch to the men, but his hazers sent him on all kinds of wild goose errands to all parts of the works, looking for a "left-handed peavy" or a "bundle of cross-hauls." He had to take a lot of good natured roughneck wit about his size for he only weighed 800 pounds and a couple of surcingles made a belt for him. What he lacked in size he made up in grit and the men secretly respected his gameness. They said he might make a pretty good man if he ever got any growth, and considered it a necessary education to give him a lot of extra chores. Often in the evening, after his day's work and long hours put in turning the grindstone and keeping up fires in the c.amp stoves that required four cords of wood apiece to kindle a fire, he could be found with one of Big Ole's small 600-pound anvils in his lap peg ging up shoes with railroad spikes. It was a long time before they solved the problem of turning log ging sleda around in the road. When a sled returned from the landing and put on a load they had to wait until Paul came along to pick up the four horses and the load and head them the other way. Judson M. Goss says he worked for Paul the winter he invented the round turn. All of Paul's inventions were successful except when he decided to run three ten-hour shifts a day and installed the Aurora Borealis. After a number of trials the plan was abandoned because the lights were not dependable. 17 fHE Seven Axemen of the Red River" they were called because they had a camp on Red River with the three-hundred cooks and the Little Chore Boy. The whole State was cut over from the one camp and the husky seven chopped from dark to dark and walked to and from work. Their axes were so big it took a week to grind one of them. Each man had three axes and two helpers to carry the spare axes to the river when they got red hot from chopping. Even in those days they had to watch out for forest fires. The axes were hung on long rope handles. Each axeman would march through the timber whirling his axe around him till the hum of it sounded like one of Paul's for-and-aft- mosquitoes, and at every step a quarter-section of timber was cut. The height, weight and chest measurement of the Seven Axemen are not known. Authorities differ. History agrees that they kept a cord of four-foot wood on the table for toothpicks. After supper they would sit on the deacon seat in the bunk shanty and sing "Shanty Boy" and "Bung Yer Eye" till the folks in the settlements down on the Atlantic would think another nor'wester was blowing up. Some say the Seven Axemen were Bay Chaleur men; others declare they were all cousins and came from down Machias way. Where they came from or where they went to blow their stake after 18 leaving Paul's camp no one knows but they are remembered as husky lads and good fellows around camp. After the Seven Axemen had gone down the tote road, never to return, Paul Bunyan was at a loss to find a method of cutting down trees that would give him anything like the output he had been get ting. Many trials and experiments followed and then Paul invented the two-man saw. The first saw was made from a strip trimmed off in making Big Joe's dinner horn and was long enough to reach across a quarter section, for Paul could never think in smaller units. This saw worked all right in a level country, in spite of the fact that all the trees fell back on the saw, but in rough country only the trees on the hill tops were cut. Trees in the valleys were cut off in the tops and in the pot holes the saw passed over the trees altogether. It took a good man to pull this saw in heavy timber when Paul was working on the other end. Paul used to say to his fellow sawyer, "I don't care if you ride the saw, but please don't drag your feet." A couple of cousins of Big Ole's were given the job and did so well that ever afterward in the Lake States the saw crews have generally been Scandinavians. It was after this that Paul had Big Ole make the "Down-Cutter." This was a rig like a mowing machine. They drove around eight townships and cut a swath 500 feet wide. 19 Winter of the Deep Snow everything was buried. Paul had to dig down to find the tops of the tallest White Pines. He had the snow dug away around them and lowered his sawyers down to the base of the trees. When the tree was cut off he hauled it to the surface with a long parbuckle chain to which Babe, mounted on snowshoes, was hitched. It was impossible to get enough stove pipe to reach to the top of the snow, so Paul had Big Ole make stovepipe by boring out logs with a long six-inch auger. The year of the Two Winters they had winter all summer and then in the fall it turned colder. One day Big Joe set the boiling coffeepot on the stove and it froze so quick that the ice was hot. That was right after Paul had built the Great Lakes and that winter they froze clear to the bottom. They never would have thawed out if Paul had not chopped out the ice and hauled it out on shore for the sun to melt. He finally got all the ice thawed but he had to put in all new fish. The next spring was the year the rain came up from China. It rained so hard and so long that the grass was all washed out by the roots and Paul had a great time feeding his cattle. Babe had to learn to eat pancakes like Benny. That was the time Paul used the straw hats for an emergency ration. When Paul's drive came down, folks in the settlements were astonished to see all the river-pigs wearing huge straw hats. The reason for this was soon apparent. When the fod der ran out every man was politely requested to toss his hat into the ring. Hundreds of straw hats were used to make a lunch for Babe. 20 ' I ^ ALK about a job for Paul Bunyan! In 1913 the site of Westwood -- was primeval forest, sixty mountainous miles from the near est railroad. Tractors, trucks and hundreds of horses freighted in materials before the railroad was extended and when the future residents arrived the town was complete to the last detail. Not a shack in the town. Modern houses, sanitary sewers, waterworks, electricity, grade and high schools, hospital, church, clubs, up-to-date department store, cafeteria, dairy, packing house, and cold storage, theatre, soda fountains, garage and ball park the 5,400 citizens of Westwood enjoy comfortable homes, good schools, year 'round employment at good wages, low living costs, and form one of the most-up-and-coming communities in the progressive State of California. T UCY, Paul Bunyan's cow was not, so far as we can learn, related ' in any way to either Babe or Benny. Statements that she was their mother are wkhout basis in fact. The two oxen had been in Paul's possession for a long time before Lucy arrived on the scene. No reliable data can be found as to the pedigree of this re markable dairy animal. There are no official records of her butter- fat production nor is it known where or how Paul got her. Paul always said that Lucy was part Jersey and part wolf. May be so. Her actions and methods of living seemed to justify the alle gation of wolf ancestry, for she had an insatiable appetite and a roving disposition. Lucy ate everything in sight and could never be fed at the same camp with Babe or Benny. In fact, they quit trying to feed her at all but let her forage her own living. The Winter of the Deep Snow, when even the tallest White Pines were buried, Brimstone Bill outfitted Lucy with a set of Babe's old snowshoes and a pair of green goggles and turned her out to graze on the snowdrifts. At first she had some trouble with the new foot gear but once she learned to run them and shift gears without wrecking herself, she answered the call of the limitless snow fields and ran away all over North America until Paul decorated borrowed church. her with from a a bell buried In spite of short rations she gave enough milk to keep six men busy skimming the cream. If she had been kept in a barn and fed reg ularly she might have made a milking record. When she fed on the evergreen trees and her milk got so strong of White Pine and Balsam that the men used it for cough medicine and linament, they quit serving the milk on the table and made butter out of it. By using this butter to grease the logging roads when the snow and ice thaw ed off, Paul was able to run his logging sleds all summer. 22 family life of Paul Bunyan, from all ac counts, has been very happy. A charming glimpse of Mrs. j Bunyan is given by Mr. E. S. Shepard of Rhinelander, Wis., who tells of working in Paul's camp on Round River in '62, the Winter of the Black Snow. Paul put him wheel ing prune pits away from the cook camp. After he had work ed at this job for three months Paul had him haul them all back again as Mrs. Bunyan, who was cooking at the camp wanted to use them to make the hot fires necessary to cook her famous soft nosed pan cakes. Mrs Bunyan, at this time used to call the men to dinner by blowing into a woodpecker hole in an old hollow stub that stood near the door. In this stub there was a nest of owls that had one short wing and flew in circles. When Mr. Shepard made a sketch of Paul, Mrs. Bunyan, with wifely soli citude forhis appearance, part ed Paul's hair with a handaxe and combed it with an old crosscut saw. From other sources we have fragmentary glimpses of Jean, Paul's youngest son, When Jean was three weeks old he jumped from his cradle one night and siezing an axe, chopped the four posts out from under his father's bed. The incident greatly tickled Paul, who used to brag about it to any one who would listen to him. "The boy is going to be a great logger some day," he would declare with fatherly pride. The last we heard of Jean he was working for a lumber outfit in the South, lifting logging trains past one another on a single track railroad. 23 IT is no picnic to tackle the wilderness and turn the very forest it self into a commercial commodity delivered at the market. A logger needs plenty of brains and back bone. Paul Bunyan had his setbacks the same as every logger only his were worse. Being a pioneer he had to in vent all his stuff as he went along. Many a time his plans were upset by the mistakes of some swivel-headed strawboss or incompetent foreman. The winter of the blue snow, Shot Gun- derson had charge in the Big Tadpole River country. He landed all of his logs in a lake and in the spring when ready to drive he boomed the logs three times around the lake before he discovered there was no outlet to it. High hills surrounded the lake and the drivable stream was ten miles away. Apparently the logs were a total loss. Then Paul came on the job himself and got busy. Calling in Sourdough Sam, the cook who made everthing but coffee out of sourdough, he ordered him to mix enough sourdough to fill the big watertank. Hitching Babe to the tank, he hauled it over and dumped it into the lake. When it "riz", as Sam said, a mighty lava-like stream poured forth and carried the logs over the hills to the river. There is a landlocked lake in Northern Min nesota that is called "Sourdough Lake" to this day. Chris Crosshaul was a careless cuss. He took a big drive down the Mississippi for Paul and when the logs were delivered in the New Or leans boom it was found that he had driven the wrong logs. The owners looked at the barkmarks and refus ed to accept them. It was up to Paul to drive them back upstream. 24 No one but Paul Bunyan would ever tackle a job like that. To drive logs upstream is impossible, but if you think a little thing like an impossibility could stop him, you don't know Paul Bunyan. He simply fed Babe a good big salt ration and drove him to the upper Mississippi to drink. Babe drank the river dry and sucked all the water upstream. The logs came up river faster than they went down. D IG Ole was the Blacksmith at ^ Paul's headquarters camp on the Big Onion. Ole had a cranky dis position but he was a skilled work man. No job in iron or steel was too big or too difficult for him. One of the cooks used to make dough nuts and have Ole punch the holes. He made the griddle on which Big Joe cast his pancakes and the din ner horn that blew down ten acres of pine. Ole was the only man who could shoe Babe or Benny. Every time he made a set of shoes for Babe they had to open up another Minnesota iron mine. Ole once carried a pair of these shoes a mile and sunk knee deep into solid rock at every step. Babe cast a shoe while making a hard pull one day, and it was hurled for a mile and tore down forty acres of pine and injured eight Swedes that were swamping out skidways. Ole was also a mechanic and built the Downcutter, a rig like a mowing machine that cut down a swath of trees 500 feet wide. TN the early days, whenever Paul Bunyan was broke between log- ging seasons, he travelled around like other lumberjacks doing any kind of pioneering work he could find. He showed up in Washing ton about the time The Puget Construction Co. was building Puget Sound and Billy Puget was making records moving dirt with droves of dirt throwing badgers. Paul and Billy got into an argument over who had shovelled the most. Paul got mad and said he'd show Billy Puget and started to throw the dirt back again. Before Billy stop ped him he had piled up the San Juan Islands. 25 WHEN a man gets the reputation in the woods of being a "good man" it refers only to phy sical prowess. Frequently he is challenged to fight by "good men" from other communities. There was Pete Mu- f raw. "You know Joe Mu- fraw?" "Oui, two Joe Mu- fraw, one named Pete." That's the fellow. After Pete had licked everybody between Quebec and Bay Chaleur he started to look for Paul Bunyan. He bragged all over the coun try that he had worn out six pair of shoe-pacs looking for Paul. Finally he met up with him. Paul was plowing with two yoke of steers and Pete Mufraw stopped at the brush-fence to watch the plow cut its way right through rocks and stumps. When they reached the end of the fur row Paul picked up the plow and the oxen with one arm and turned them around. Pete took one look and then wandered off down the trail muttering, "Hox an' hall! She's lift box an' hall." T3AUL Bunyan started travelling before the steam cars were in- ^ vented. He developed his own means of transportation and the railroads have never been able to catch up. Time is so valuable to Paul he has no time to fool around at sixty miles an hour. In the early days he rode on the back of Babe, the Big Blue Ox. This had it's difficulties because he had to use a telescope to keep Babe's hind legs in view and the hooves of the ox created such havoc that after the settlements came into different parts of the country there were heavy damage claims to settle every trip. Snowshoes were useful in winter but one trip on the webs cured Paul of depending upon them for transcontinental hikes. He started from Minnesota for Westwood one Spring morning. There was still snow in the woods so Paul wore his snowshoes. He soon ran out of the snow belt but kept right on without reducing speed. Crossing 26 the desert the heat became oppressive, his mackinaws grew heavy and the snowshoes dragged his feet but it was too late to turn back. When he arrived in California he discovered that the sun and hot sand had warped one of his shoes and pulled one foot out of line at every step, so instead of travelling on a bee line and hitting Westwood exactly, he came out at San Francisco. This made it necessary for him to travel an extra three hundred miles north. It was late that night when he pulled into Westwood and he had used up a whole day coming from Minnesota. Paul's fast foot work made him a "good man on the round stuff" and in spite of his weight he had no trouble running around on the floating logs, even the small ones. It was said that Paul could spin a log till the bark came off and then run ashore on the bubbles. He once threw a peavy handle into the Mississippi at St. Louis and standing on it, poled up to Brainerd, Minnesota. Paul was a "white water bucko" and rode water so rough it would tear an ordinary man in two to drink out of the river. 444 JOHNNY Inkslinger was PauFsheadquarters clerk. He invented book- ' keeping about the time Paul invented logging. He was something of a genius and perfected his own office appliances to increase efficiency. His fountain pen was made by running a hose from a barrel of ink and with it he could "daub out a walk" quicker than the recipient of the pay-off could tie the knot in his tussick rope. One winter Johnny left off crossing the "t's" and dotting the "i's" and saved nine barrels of ink. The lumberjacks accused him of using a split pencil to charge up the tobacco and socks they bought at the wanagan but this was just bunkshanty talk (is this the origin of the classic term "the bunk"?) for Johnny never cheated anyone. 27 L_TAVE you ever encountered the Mosquito of the North Country? A - You thought they were pretty well developed animals with keen appetites didn't you? Then you can appreciate what Paul Bunyan was up against when he was surrounded by the vast swarms of the giant ancestors of the present race of mosquitoes, getting their first taste of human victims. The present mosquito is but a degenerate remnant of the species. Now they rarely weigh more than a pound or measure more than fourteen or fifteen inches from tip to tip. Paul had to keep his men and oxen in the camps with doors and windows barred. Men armed with pike-poles and axes fought off the insects that tore the shakes off the roof in their efforts to gain en trance. The big buck mosquitoes fought among themselves and trampled down the weaker members of the swarm and to this alone Paul Bunyan and his crew owe their lives. Paul determined to conquer the mosquitoes before another season arrived. He thought of the big Bumble Bees back home and sent for several yoke of them. These, he hoped would destroy the mosquitoes. Sourdough Sam brought out two pair of the bees, overland on foot. There was no other way to travel for the flight of the beasts could not be controlled. Their wings were strapped with surcingles, they checked their stingers with Sam and walking shoes were provided for them. Sam brought them through without losing a bee. The cure was worse than the original trouble. The Mosquitoes and the Bees made a hit with each other. They soon intermarried and their off -spring, as often happens, were worse than their parents. They had stingers fore-and-aft and could get you coming or going. 28 Their bee blood caused their downfall in the long run. Their craving for sweets could only be satisfied by sugar and molasses in large quantities, for what is a flower to an insect with a ten-gallon stom ach? One day the whole tribe flew across Lake Superior to attack a fleet of ships bringing sugar to Paul's camps. They destroyed the ships but ate so much sugar they could not fly and all were drowned. One pair of the original bees were kept at headquarters camp and provided honey for the pancakes for many years. F F Paul Bunyan did not invent Geography he created a lot of it. The Great Lakes were first constructed to provide a water hole for Babe the Big Blue Ox. Just what year this work was done is not known but they were in use prior to the Year of the Two Winters. The Winter Paul Bunyan logged off North Dakota he hauled water for his ice roads from the Great Lakes. One day when Brim stone Bill had Babe hitched to one of the old water tanks and was making his early morning trip, the tank sprung a leak when they were half way across Minnesota. Bill saved himself from drowning by climbing Babe's tail but all efforts to patch up the tank were in vain so the old tank was abandoned and replaced by one of the new ones. This was the beginning of the Mississippi River and the truth of this is established by the fact that the old Mississippi is still flowing. The cook's in Paul's camps used a lot of water and to make things handy, they used to dig wells near the cook shanty. At head quarters on the Big Auger, on top of the hill near the mouth of the Little Gimlet, Paul dug a well so deep that it took all day for the bucket to fall to the water, and a week to haul it up. They had to run so many buckets that the well was forty feet in diameter. It was shored up with tamarac poles and when the camp was abandoned Paul pulled up this cribbing. Travellers who have visited the spot say that the sand has blown away until 178 feet of the well is sticking up into the air, forming a striking landmark. 29 WHAT is camp without a dog? Paul Bunyan loved dogs as well as the next man but never would have one around that could not earn its keep. Paul's dogs had to work, hunt or catch rats. It took a good dog to kill the rats and mice in Paul's camps for the rodents picked up scraps of the buffalo milk pancakes and grew to be as big as two year old bears. Elmer, the moose terrier, practiced up on the rats when he was a small pup and was soon able to catch a moose on the run and finish it with one shake. Elmer loafed around the cook camp and if the meat supply happened to run low the cook would put the dog out the door and say, "Bring in a moose." Elmer would run into the timber, catch a moose and bring it in and repeat the performance until, after a few minutes work, the cook figured he had enough for a mess and would call the dog in. Sport, the reversible dog was really the best hunter. He was part wolf and part elephant hound and was raised on bear milk. One night when Sport was quite young, he was playing around in the horse barn and Paul, mistaking him for a mouse, threw a hand axe at him. The axe cut the dog in two but Paul, instantly realizing what had happened, quickly stuck the two halves together, gave the pup first aid and bandaged him up. With careful nursing the dog soon recovered and then it was seen that Paul in his haste had twisted 30 the two halves so that the hind legs pointed straight up. This proved to be an advantage for the dog learned to run on one pair of legs for a while and then flop over without loss of speed and run on the other pair. Because of this he never tired and anything he started after got caught. Sport never got his full growth. While still a pup he broke through four feet of ice on Lake Superior and was drowned. As a hunter, Paul would make old Nimrod himself look like a city dude lost from his guide. He was also a good fisherman. Old- timers tell of seeing Paul as a small boy, fishing off the Atlantic Coast. He would sail out early in the morning in his three-mast schooner and wade back before breakfast with his boat full of fish on his shoulder. About this time he got his shot gun that required four dishpans full of powder and a keg of spikes to load each barrel. With this gun he could shoot geese so high in the air they would spoil before reaching the ground. Tracking was Paul's favorite sport and no trail was too old or too dim for him to follow. He once came across the skeleton of a moose that had died of old age and, just for curiosity, picked up the tracks of the animal and spent the whole afternoon following its trail back to the place where it was born. The shaggy dog that spent most of his time pretending to sleep in front of Johnny Inkslinger's counter in the camp office was Fido, the watch dog. Fido was the bug-bear (not bearer, just bear) of the green horns. They were told that Paul starved Fido all winter and then, just before payday, fed him all the swampers, barn boys and student bull-cooks. The very marrow was frozen in their heads at the thought of being turned into dog food. Their fears were groundless for Paul would never let a dog go hungry or mistreat a human being. Fido was fed all the watch peddlers, tailors' agents, and camp inspectors and thus served a very useful purpose. 31 HEN Paul Bunyan took up efficiency engineering he went at the job with all his customary thoroughness. He did not fool around clocking the crew with a stop watch, counting motions and deducting the ones used for borrowing chews, going for drinks, dodging the boss and preparing for quitting time. He decided to cut out labor altogether. "What's the use," said Paul, of all this sawing, swamping, skidd ing, decking, grading and icing roads, loading, hauling and landing? The object of the game is to get the trees to the landing, ain't it? Well, why not do it and get it off your mind?" So he hitched Babe to a sec tion of land and snaked in the whole 640 acres at one drag. At the landing the trees were cut off just like shearing a sheep and the denuded section hauled back to it's original place. This simplified matters and made the work a lot easier. Six trips a day, six days a week just cleaned up a township for section 37 was never hauled back to the woods on Saturday night but was left on the landing to wash away in the early spring when the drive went out. Documentary evidence of the truth of this is offered by the United States government surveys. Look at any map that shows the land subdivisions and you will never find a township with more than thirty-six sections. Westwood, Cal. Dec. 32 (Special) Haul ing in the last section 37 in California to day. Brimstone Bill, the bullwhacker in charge of Babe, the Big Blue Ox, met with an accident that would have been fatal but for the prompt action of Paul Bunyan. The section skidded on a bad turn and buried Brimstone against the mountain side. Mr. Bunyan hitched Babe to the mountain and pulled it away, releasing Brimstone who is re covering in the Westwood Hospital. 32 The foregoing statement, previously published, has caused some controversy. Mr. T. S. Sowell of Miami, Florida wrote to us citing the townships in his State that have sections numbered 37 to 40. He said that the government survey had been complicated by the old Spanish land grants. We put the matter up to Paul Bunyan and from his camp near Westwood came this reply: Red River Advertising Department. Dear Sir: Yes sir, I remember those sections and a lot of bother they made me too. One winter when I was starting the White Pine business and snaking sections down to the Atlantic Ocean, a man from Florida came along and ordered a bunch of sections delivered down to his place. He wanted to see if he could grow the same kind of White Pine down there. I yarded out a nice bunch of sections and next summer when my drive was in and I wasn't busy I took a crew of Canada Boys and Mainites and poled them down the coast. When I come to collect they said this man was gone looking for a Fountain of Youth or some fool thing. I don't know what luck he had with his White Pine ranch. I never seen them again. I had a lot of other things to tend to and clean forgot it till you sent me Mr. Sowell's letter. Maybe that man was a Spaniard I don't know. Yours respectively, P. BUNYAN. ROM 1917 to 1920 Paul Bunyan was busy toting the supplies and building camps for a bunch of husky young fellow-Ameri cans who had a contract on the other side of the Atlantic, showing a certain prominent European (who is now logging in Holland) how they log in the United States. After his service overseas with the A. E. F., Paul couldn't get back to the States quick enough. Airplanes were too slow so Paul embarked in his Bark Canoe, the one he used on the Big Onion the year he drove logs upstream. When he threw the old paddle into high he sure rambled and the sea was covered with dead fish that broke their backs trying to watch him coming and going. As he shoved off from France, Paul sent a wireless to New York but passed the Statue of Liberty three lengths ahead of the message. From New York to Westwood he travelled on skis. When the home folks asked him if the Allegheney Mountains and the Rockies had bothered him, Paul replied, "I didn't notice any mountains but the trail was a little bumpy in a couple of spots." 33 T) ACK in the early days, when his camps were so far from anywhere that the wolves following the tote-teams got lost in the woods, Paul Bunyan made no attempt to keep in touch with the trade. What's the use when every letter that comes in is about things that happened the year before? Since he came to Westwood Paul has renewed old friendships, formed new ones and kept close contact with the world. Everyone expects great things of Paul Bunyan and with the Red River outfit back of him he has the chance of his life to make good. Continuous production keeps a full assortment of stock on hand. Customers in all parts of America find Westwood a dependable source of supply. Here is an instance. This old friend of Paul's, a prominent furniture manufacturer in the Lake States, was disappointed because an item he wanted for immediate shipment was not in stock in the grade and thickness required. He wrote the letter shown below and was given an explanation of the facts in the case in the accompany ing reply. The Red River Lumber Co., 807 Hennepin Ave , Minneapolis Gentlemen: Answering yours of June 28th we think our mutual friend Paul is slipping in his old age. When the writer worked for him on the "Butter Ball," a tributary of the Big Onion, Paul furnished any thickness and grade wanted immediately. As in this case, if 5/4 was wanted and he only had inch, he immediately dumped it into the river and let it swell to that thickness. In fact, he was so accurate that he used a micrometer to gauge the thickness of his lumber so that there was no trouble to get it to uniform thickness As we are using more Fir, we wish you would in.ii tain Tea as a stimulant think being right near cheapest thing to g^ to keep some of this^ we want When in the mari with you and see if t ,nd more of this 5/4 #1 !Ct a little Roekv Voun- _Furniture Mfg. Co., Gentlemen: Replying to yours of June 29th, it would rather seem that you have the goods on our mutual friend Paul There are, however, some mitigating circum stances which have prevented him from producing 5/4 by the time honored system which you suggest. The water supply for Westwood comes from Screw Auger Creek in Gum Boot Canyon. During th-3 recent hot spell it was necessary for the first time since the days when Paul logged off all of Arizona and Texas to water Babe, the big blue ox, twice in one season and the only place available where there was sufficient water to give him a drink was Ssrew Au ger Canyon Babe drank this so dry that it has not run any since, consequently we have no water with which to soak up 4/4 into 5/4 Wo are in hopes, however, that time will remedy this situation and trust that the next time you have need for any 5/4 stock, that we may have the pleasure of hearing from you. Very truly yours, The Red River Lumber Co., ADW RK By Archie D Walker 34 PAUL BUNYAN'S PINE CALIFORNIA WHITE And SUGAR PINES "Specified where economy is a vital factor, or where the best is used regard less of cost." WHITE FIR INCENSE CEDAR "The old-fashioned White Pine our grandfathers used!" How often have you wished for it, the soft, even textured, easy- working wood that took paint so well and weathered the years with out a warp or a check? Here it is, friends, better than ever, clear plank 48 inches wide if you want them. Red River products excel in workmanship, precise cutting, perfect seasoning. YARD STOCKS, all items and grades, boards, dimension, moldings, lath and sidings. FACTORY LUMBER, sash and door cuttings and industrial cuttings for any requirement. BOX SHOOKS and crate stocks of every description. SASH AND DOORS, standard and made to order. PATTERN STOCK, large sizes, easy working, durable. Saving in working-up costs, by hand or machine; light weight and the superior quality, grade for grade, make PAUL BUNYAN'S PINES the most profitable to buy, to work or to sell. Distributed to all parts of America and to foreign countries. Largest Manufacturers of California Pines. "Producers of White Pine for over Half a Century." The RED RIVER LUMBER CO. T. B. WALKER, PRESIDENT. GILBERT M. WALKER, VICE PRESIDENT FLETCHER L. WALKER, TREASURER WILLIS J. WALKER, VICE PRESIDENT ARCHIE D. WALKER, SECRETARY Mills, Factories & Sales Office, R. F. Pray, Resident Mgr. WESTWOOD CALIF. General Office and Sales, Yards and Sales Office, Sales Office, Sales Office, 807 Hennepin Ave., 2452 Loomis St., 307 Monadnock Bldg., 832 Unoin Oil Bldg., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. CHICAGO, ILL. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. LOS ANGLES, CALIF, Extra Copies of This Book Mailed Free Upon Request. 35 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES COLLEGE LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below. . REC'D COL, LIB UCLA htfcxB 116SO Bo9(9 Lo Angeiae, lioona neionroh Libra CA 90(395-1575 Book Slip Series 4280 .PAMPHLET BINDER Syracuse. N. Y. Stockton, Colif. UCLA-College Library PS461B8L3 L 005 716 984 9 College Library PS *f6l B8L3 001 199 007 4	i don't know
Now that the US Mint has finished with the state quarters program, they are adding a few others in honor of 5 US territories and what/where?	Comments from visitors to Quarterdesigns.com Page 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 "Nature lovers celebrate the appearance of favorite animals, plants and birds on these coins, and there are lots of us! Oklahomans should be proud to have the Scissor-tailed Flycatcher as a visitor, a very unusual bird that brings thousands of human visitors with binoculars into the state. This bird is for all time, past and future, a natural treasure. In Idaho, the Falcon, "just a bird head", is a flying miracle, rescued from disaster by concern and care for our grandchildren to appreciate. It celebrates Idaho's Snake River clifflands, a startling prospect seen from the rolling farmlands nearby, where thousands of raptor birds nest and soar. Maybe that bird head would make you curious enough to go see one of these critters, and sample the wildness that Idaho still preserves." "I just received my 2008 proof set from the Mint, so I now have all 50 state quarters. One thing that I've thought during the entire ten-year run is that the Mint should have moved the mint mark to the reverse side of the coins as they did with the date. For those of us who collect the quarters from all three mints, it would make them distinguishable when viewed from the reverse side. Of course, it's too late now, but it would have been a good idea." "when will hawaii be released?" Quarterdesigns: Hawaii will be released around October/November 2008 "When will the presidential quarter be out and in stores?" Quarterdesigns: The first two are in circulation now. George Washington and John Adams "I thought the New Hampshire design was atrocious even before the Old Man of the Mountain crashed to the ground. For me, a rock formation in profile with words superimposed on it - takes the cake. Simple state outlines, as in the Michigan quarter, are also boring, as are building domes, as in the Maryland quarter. In general, I think the designs started getting better in 2005, when western nature themes began appearing. If I had to pick a favorite design, Oregon and Arizona would be prime candidates." "I am sorry and sad to see that New Mexico's quarter is so plain." "The Oklahoma quarter is all wrong!!! No Indians or oil references??? Plus, the idea that the Pioneer Woman statue carrying a bible is not allowed...then the other side of the quarter says "In God We Trust"!!!! Ridiculous!!!!! Innacurate to say the least and I am VERY disappointed in the final design, to say the least." "I'm collecting state quarters and it is soooooooooo much fun!!!! they have such nice designs...." "I think for Idaho that any of the 3 not chosen would have been a lot better than the bird" "I liked the land of the midnight sun but we don't have many polar bears here so the brown was probably the best" "I so wanna collect em all!!!" "for 2008 alaska and hawaii are the best ones, oklahoma is 2008 biggest flop, followed real close by nm." "Some of the designs are so unimaginative. These states have history, native and otherwise, yet many states chose very sad designs." "I started to collect them since 1999, can't wait to get them all done so I can place it in the frame, great way to learn US map and see all beautiful quarters." "Let's take a vote (KANSAS USERS ONLY): Of the 4 finalists, which design for the KS quarter should've been chosen? And if you voted in the election, what design did you vote for? I choose Ad Astra Indian" "I think that all of the Alaska quarters designs are amazing, It must have been a hard choice but I think that they made the right one!!!!(I'm from California.)" "hello, I love collecting state quarters and my favorits are montana, washington and Montana, although I love them all!!!!" "The winning Wyoming design is horrible! The finalist of that design with the greater detail and the Teton range mountains was by far the best for that coin!" "American History at its worst, no references to blacks, or indians, we do know state borders, animals, things,birds and plants, and the only way for a woman to achieve success is to be deaf, dumb and blind. Helen Keller Alabama, Good Snow Job America." "The Oklahoma quarter design should be revised to include a peace pipe to represent the Native American heritage that is part of Oklahoma's history. I hope that the people who selected the design would at least consider amending it a little by adding a peace pipe to recognize the Native American heritage before the design is finalized." "Why in the heck does the Idaho quarter have a falcon on it? Did you know falcons only exist in a five mile by twenty mile region in the entire state of Idaho; the thirteenth biggest state!" "Are there any quarters out there that have George Washington on both sides of the quarters? There is no date listed on the quarter." "Hey! I'm from Holland and I'm collecting it to!" "Im collecting and it it so fun i cant wait to go to the states to find more." "Yo i like nevada and Montana they r my life!" "I love the state quarters!My favorite is the Alaska quarter.I like the idea of a grizzly bear!" "I wish hawaii choose the hula girl" "Kansas is so boring, just like michigan and texas!!!" "HAWAII, closes the program with a GOLDEN BROCH, they STANDED UP THIER HERITAge using King Kameha and their own language. HOOORAYYYYYYYYYYYYY" "I spent many years in Oklahoma and am saddened by their choice. Like Idaho, they gave their history short shrift by showing only a bird. The scissortail flycatcher is a pretty bird, but any of the other designs would have been preferable." "The tree on the Connecticut quarter is the Charter Oak." "the texas quarter is the worst design of the series. map - star - rope - motto only. no alamo or other history" "It looks like New Mexico took a quick glance at the under-creative Texas quarter, subbed a NM map for the Texas one and a zia for the star. We'll be in the running for most boring for sure." "I can't believe New Mexico, my state, could only come up with a map outline on most of the designs and the fact we brought atom bombs to the world another choice...thankfully not selected. That's it??? Sad. Embarrassing. The Zia is a nice start, but so disappointing." "On the vermont quarter is that johny appleseed them trees? I don't understand why they put a tree on connecticut." "Alot of people say that they do not like the Wyoming quarter. I love it! I like simple. My least fav. quarter is NEW HAMPSHIRE!! UGH! My fav., though, is also Illinois. I like that one and Wyoming. The Alaska is cool too." "I love looking at the back of quarters. My favorites would have to be New Hampshire, New Jersey, Virginia, Mississippi, Vermont and Missouri. They are so wonderful-I love it!" "WYOMING: Bronco? I see a paper snowflake made with the crappy blunt-nosed scissors I had in grade school. Even Edward Scissorhands could do better." "Just a Thank you. Your site completed my project with the designs yet to be made. Penny (Really my name)" "I'm from New Mexico and i am so proud of my state no matter what the quarter desing is! The ABOMB is a part of my states history just like the Albuquerque balloons! why do you people hate the design so much?!?! if you dont like it why didnt you come up with a design for my beautiful state???" "The worst design ever is Kansas! There is just a buffalo on it! Are there even buffalo in Kansas?" "Arizona is by far the best of the quarters. Awesome state, awesome quarter! Too bad Utah did not choose the BeeHive - that design was really neat. Wish Alaska had done the polar bear." "the release chart on this site says that the idaho quarter will be released in may, but the chart says that it still hasn't been released" Quarterdesigns:The Idaho quarter was released June 4. Future release dates on the chart are approximate. "how does the design of wyoming quarter look?" ""OKLAHOMA" HOW EMBARRASSING, I AM A 48 YR OLD WHITE MALE BORN AND RAISED IN OKLAHOMA. I AM VERY PROUD OF OUR INDAIN HERITAGE. THIS COIN SHOULD HAVE REFLECTED THAT HERITAGE SINCE OUR STATE NAME AND ROOTS COME FROM OUR NATIVE AMERICAN PAST. WHATEVER GROUP PICKED THE WINNING DESIGN AND THE OTHER FINALIST FAILED MISERABLY!!!!!!!!" "I love your website! I needed a website that would give me a nice view of the state Quarters. Your website was perfect." "This forum has become moronic." "why did they put those designs in montana's state quarter?" "I'm a NEW MEXICAN and i am so prould of my beautiful stat!!! shure its not the best looking quarter but the state is BEAUTIFUL just come and have a look!!" "I KNOW MY STATE QUARTER IS NOT THE BEST LOOKING BUT ITS MY STATE AND I'M VERY PROUD OF MY STATE AND ALL IT HAS TO OFFER!!! NEW MEXICO IS ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL STATES IN THE U.S. AND IF YOU DONT LIKE IT THEN PLEASE DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT OR SHUT THE HELL UP!!!" "each year has a flop, new mexico and oklahoma are head to head for being the 2008 flop georgia, maryland, ny, louisiana, the first 4 flops!!! alabama, michigan/texas, california, colorado, other flops idaho, oklahoma the last flops!!" "The worst design with no doubts is Michigan, followed by Texas, to simple for all the history and scenery in all states. Nevada, tennesse and hawaii are awesome. Kentucky and utah are great also. very sorry for maryland and oklahoma" "to the cow head person who is well known in Missoula, Montana. I have a question. When did you move to Missoula from California? I have never set foot in the Funshine State. I was born and raised in Montana (Lake County)" "I started collecting coins b/c of the Indiana state quarter back in 2002. My favorite though is the Illinois state quarter. I like when the state shows it's outline on the quarters. Runner ups-IN,SD,MO,AZ.The worst NH,WY,MS,MD,CT." "Being a foreigner (Belgian) I am delighted to learn about the 50 states and I'm thrilled to discover another new coin when I'm changing for quarters at the laundry... sad to go home before collecting them all !" "Who wrote all this?!? I was up all night reading this and I didn't get the info that I needed!The description said that this would tell about the state flower and the state bird, I didn't find anything! If you want customers, i suggest that you really mean what the decriptions say. Please re-do this so that i can get info for my state report. Your humble reader, Lilly Billing" "New Mexico should have portrayed Pancho Villa with the Motto, "Terror of the State" instead of the poop tart, sorry, pop tart." "Way to go - Arizona! By far the best of the 50 designs! Once again, New Mexico falls down - thanks Governor Richardson for always choosing mediocrity: your citizens have come to expect nothing more. Glad to see Hawaii honoring King Kamehameha - very appropriate and a fitting tribute." "The bird & flower doesn't give much history of the state, I think we need to include the rest of our heritage." "I have collected 4 albums of all the quarters and some of them are absoloutely "Beautiful" I'm from Oklahoma and I am disappointed in this one. I really want to cry...We are "Sooners" proud of our Indian Heritage, the five tribes that were settled here as well as our Pioneer stock. We are also known as the "Bible Belt and Tornado Alley. Oklahoma is blessed with many Country singers and we have had an abundance of oil refined in our state...I would have liked to be represented by a DREAM CATCHER with at least three of the above mentioned items. I want to feel like I'm looking at our history, couldn't you please change your mind?" "As a 10 year old girl, i think the bird symbolizes freedom to indians forced to move to oklahoma and light for the hard times and drought for hope p.s its nature the thing we grow away from. these pasing year" "I like that Oklahoma chose the state bird, its beautiful and more states should have gone with something like that! OK Resident" "Shame on people who overuse the word racism. Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, etc. are not states. It's a STATE quarter program. Yell at someone else." "My favorite coin is Nevada! money money" "you need to put what date wyoming's quater comes out!" "Alaska quarter, with the Big Dipper (as on their flag) would be instantly recognizable... and attractive!" "Every time I look at my collection of Stathood quarters, I just can't decide which is the best, they are all great pieces of art." "I guess that unless the Senate passes the territorial quarter extension, the program is over, design-wise." "Not wanting non-states on the STATE quarters is racism? That is ridiculous. They're not states. As soon as they become states, they'll be on a quarter. Besides, throwing around the word racism like that is irresponsible." "Idaho was first presented to Congress, by mining lobbyist George M. Willing, as a name for a new territory around Pike's Peak. He told Congress that Idaho was a Shoshone Indian word that meant "Gem of the Mountains." Just as Congress was about to bestow this name, it came to their attention that Idaho was not an Indian name, but a name made up by Mr. Willing. In reaction, Congress designated the territory Colorado. Gold was found in Nez Perce country, and these discoveries became known as the "Idaho Mines." Though Idaho had been discarded as a name for the Colorado territory, the name still became well known. In 1863, Congress created a new territory for the Idaho Mines and the name Idaho seemed like a natural. (The word has no meaning!)" "I'm dissapointed in the Hawaii coin design choice" "How can they call Colorado colorful if there's no color? DUUUUUUUUUUUHHHHHHHH!!!!" "The last quarter that was not a finalist for Oklahoma, looks like a spear going through the indians back...Literaly." "hi there i like quarters with states on them!!! All i want to say is, keep those quarters coming out!!!" "RACIST PEOPLE do not want part of the USA (PR, Virgin Islands... ) even DC in the Quarter Program, SHAME for RACISM" "This is NOT an official site to the quarters program, so when you look on COINS magazine, you get to see the true designs FIRST" "I'm sorry, but Oklahoma's heritage is based on the Indian and cowboy (sooners, oil fields and pioneer woman. The more appropriate quarter would have been the End of the Trail with the 5 civilized tribes on it. I am "White" by the way." "Too bad for New Mexico too. There are some BEAUTIFUL places to visit too! There is way too much there for them to continue to dwell on the fact that Albuquerque, the zia and the state shape are not the only attibutes to "the land of enchantment". Carlsbad caverns, route 66, Roswell, indian ruins are abundant in the state, drive around deming and there are more volcano shafts than you can count! Too bad they couldn't come up with something that depicted the state and it's natural beauty!" "SHE IS NOT CARRYING HER BIBLE ~ WHY IS THIS NOT AN ACCURATE AND TRUE REPLICA YOU MUST CORRECT! oklahoma native" "Somebody called the Montana bison skull a cow skull again. Go back to California where you belong" "Which Idaho? there are two different Idahos. Northern Idaho where the roads are poor (I refer you to Idaho 200 near Clark Fork) and there is Mormon Idaho." "why does the New Mexico's quarter design look like a Pop Tart?" "all the quarter designs are finally finished" "Looks like I spoke too soon. There IS some state-bashing taking place in this forum. I spend a lot of time in North Idaho, as I live quite near it. You won't find greater beauty anywhere, including my beautiful Montana home. So PLEASE, bash the quarters if you must, but don't bash the states." "None of the posts on this site constitute "childish state bashing." Every post on this site evidences that everyone loves their state. In fact, everyone here seems to love ALL the states. They're just disappointed in the QUARTERS. That's the whole point of this forum. So rest assured the moderator is NOT going to delete any of the posts unless they contain foul language. Please be more accommodating to opinions that differ from your own." "I'm fully aware that the "cow head" is actually a bison skull. YOU should be fully aware that Gov. Schweitzer's personal choice was NOT the "Big Sky Country" option, but rather the BISON SKULL. He publicized his preference. But most people in Missoula were not aware of the voting for our quarter (I'm quite well known in this town. & I'm NOT A CALIFORNIAN). I'm convinced that most people across the state were not aware of the voting. Had they been, I'm confident the Elk would've won. In any case, Wyoming's is better than Montana's." "2008 best quarter - HAWAII!!!! Alaska 2nd runner up. each year shows a weak design - oklahoma, 2nd runner new mexico" "I like next year's designs, especially New Mexico and Hawaii. They will be the only ones to reflect local ethnic heritage. As far as the other quarters, my favorites are Ohio (my home state), Alabama (way to honor Helen Keller), and California (way to go with John Muir). My least favorites are the ones who went with the most obvious choice instead of going for something that would educate the rest of the US about their state. Those include North Carolina, Mississippi, Michigan (most boring of all), Wisconsin, and Wyoming." "The final three states did a good job to finish the program out strong. Arizona will be in the running for best looking quarter of the 50 states." "I hope they make some of the US territories states before the end of 2008, because if they do, that means more quarters, which means more happiness for me :)- Kansas" "finally, all the 50 state quarter designs have been approved." "I like the Alaska Quarter" "Good choice with the bucking horse on the Wyoming quarter. It is a bit plain, but we are now real fancy here in Wyoming." "Someone should be embarassed for the New Mexico coin design. 'Land of Enchantment' not 'Land of Boredom'" "The best quarters are those that you look at and recognize the state right away. ie: Maine, Washington, Alaska,and Minnesota are Great!! Some others with a little more detail could of been (like Florida with some clouds/etc. in the sky)DETAIL without clutter is the key." "My Ratings for 2008 quarters- OK, um i cant believe the bird and flower got the most votes! C-; NM, splendid and really nice, shows kinda a gritty side of NM, so i give it an A; AZ, one of the best quarters that will be minted, A+; AK, the final choices were good but I was hoping that "North to the Future" was going to be chosen. But oh well, still pretty nice, A; HI, really could've had a better selection but if this is what the people want, then let them have it. I guess its good, so ill give it a B. So overall, about an A-, B+ for 2008." "I have just one thing to say about the 50 state quarters: I LOVE 'EM ALL!! Especially the 15 quarters that have the outline of their respective states as part of the design, including the Louisiana quarter with the outline of the United States & the Louisiana purchase highlighted. However, my most favorite is the Illinois quarter, because it has the most elements depicted,7, including the Chicago skyline, which is my most favorite. I will DEFINITELY treasure this wonderful and beautiful collection for the rest of my life!!" "For the record, here are states with Indian word names: Alabama - Thicket Clearers, Alaska - Great Land, Arizona - Silver Slabs, Arkansas - Down Stream People, Connecticut - Upon The Long River, Dakota - Related People, Idaho - Sunrise, It Is Morning, Illinois - Men Or Great Men, Indiana - Land Of The Indians, Iowa - Drowsy People, Kansas - People Of The South Wind, Kentucky - Hunting Ground, Massachusetts - Great Hill, Michigan - Great Water, Minnesota - Sky Tinted Water, Mississippi - Father Of Water, Missouri - Long Canoe People, Nebraska - Flat Water, New Mexico - Aztec God Mexitili, Ohio - Beautiful Valley, Oklahoma - Land Of The Red Man, Oregon - Beautiful Water, Tennessee - From Chief Tannassie, Texas - Tejas Or Allies, Utah - Those who Dwell High Up, Wisconsin - Where Waters Gather, Wyoming - Great Plain" "I believe that the quarter should have continue to honor our presidents instead of the one dollar coin." "Oklahoma's Design #2 was voted the best by Oklahomans. Case closed. Resistance is futile. All four of the losing designs, a woman with a child, would have made Oklahoma look like the state of 'DeadBeat Dads'." "Obviously, you haven't been to Idaho to appreciate that VERY MEMORABLE State!! Please, let's keep your kind of comments on trashy talk-shows where they belong! It's not a forgetable State by any means, let's just hope you keep out of it, and aquire a better STATE of mind." "I'm surprised at what was chosen for the state design. At least three other designs represented our state more appropriately." "The Arizona Quarter has been selected- its says its the Grand Canyon with the Saguaro... http://www.azgovernor.gov/azquarter/ " "New Mexico looks like it will be the only dud of the class of 2008." "Could Idaho's coin be more ridiculous? Another poor use of a state outline. That giant bird looks like it is about to feed on the state. But I guess you can't blame Idaho for trying to remind everyone what their forgettable state looks like. They should have just put a spud on it." "Any of Arizona's mint designs would be better than most of the quarters so far." "The Montana cow skull in the sky is pretty creepy but at least it does not have a state outline." "I am a native Oklahoman and I am disappointed with the design for our quarter. I voted for the pioneer woman with the BIBLE in her hand. I really don't see how the Scissor-tailed flycatcher represents our state in all it's glory. I think we need a re-vote and bring some of Oklahoma's history with it!" "I can't believe that the state bird won out over all of the other designs becuase it is just down right UGLY!!! I think you need to have a re-vote as this is the design that is going to represent our state and the one that you said was chosen was again, DOWN RIGHT UGLY!!!!" "YOU KNOW I WASN'T BORN IN OKLAHOMA BUT HAVE LIVED OVER HALF MY LIFE HERE. THE STATE BIRD HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH WHAT OUR STATE IS KNOWN FOR WHICH IS OUR INDIAN HERITAGE, OIL, & THE LAND RUN. HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE GOING TO LOOK AT THAT COIN WITH THE STATE BIRD ON IT & SAY OH THIS IS OKLAHOMA. PLEASE, YOU HAVE INSULTED OUR STATE WITH THIS COIN AS IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH WHAT OKLAHOMA IS ALL ABOUT." "Oklahomas State Quarter is the dumbest state quarter. Every state has a state bird and state flower. How about something that is more unique about the great state of Oklahoma." "Arizona's quarter will be design 2, featuring the Grand Canyon and a Saguaro cactus." "Whoever posts messages to this forum - can you please delete or edit comments that are simply childish state bashing? They have no place here." "The 2004 date on the Missouri quarter refers to the bicentennial of the Corps of Discovery (Lewis and Clark) expedition." "Oklahoma, design #2, has been selected by OK Gov. Brad Henry. http://www.gov.ok.gov " "The Oklahoma state quarter will feature the scissor-tailed flycatcher." "Well, the selected Oklahoma design shouldn't offend anyone, but I can't see it inspiring anyone either. There's nothing uniquely Oklahoman about a bird a and two plants." "Gov Brian Schweitzer didn't choose MT's "cow head" design. He simply announced it. I'm sure I read on Gov Schweitzer's web page that his favorite was "Big Sky Country." The bison skull design got the most votes (roughly 34%), so at least the voters' wishes have been considered, which is more than you can say for some states, where the governors seem to be choosing, rather than just announcing, the winners. The bull elk (2nd place with about 30% of the votes) would have been my choice, but the design with the most votes should prevail, even if you disagree with the final choice. Love Alaska's winning design, and I hope Oklahoma's quarter will be the scissortail flycatcher." "an insult of every Montanan including this Montanan is anyone who calls our design a "cow head". It is a bison skull and it is a symbol of our great state and not a dunderhead which is a symbol of your not great state of California." "I sincerely believe the arch is appropriate for the Missouri coin, but what revelance is there for the "2004" date. Wasn't the coin minted in 2003? Additionally, I understand the arch is connecting the the continent divided by the Mississippi River, but uther than the date 1804, there is nothing on this coin about Missouri!" "The selected Alaska quater design was my third choice. The polar bear or the sledge dogs is more representative of Alasca in my opinion." "The chosen Hawaii state quarter design was OK, but I would have prefered the Hula dancer with the word ALOHA." "Oklahoma Quarter to be decided no later than May 1." "New Mexico Govenor Bill Richardson has chosen the Quarter Design- http://www.governor.state.nm.us/nmquarter.php?mm=3 , It's known as NM-3" "After all the diatribe on this site about the Wyoming quarter, when all is said & done it will prove to be better than the one from Montana or Idaho. Gov Schweitzer's choice of the "cow head" instead of the triumphant elk? That was an insult to every Montanan. And Idaho's "bird blocking the scenery" makes them the laughing stock of the nation." "I am an Oklahoman. People in other states may not realize that our "Pioneer Woman" statue minted on our coin (if selected) has been altered to leave out the Bible she was carrying under her right arm....more political correctness that is destroying our heritage!!!" "As an Oklahoma native I can not express my true feelings for the quarters we have to choose from without having it banned from this site. And after reading many responses I find I am not the only one who feels this way. The only one worth voting for did not even make it as a finalist. The �End of the Trail� design with the five civilized tribes is the best one to represent Oklahoma�s history and heritage." "I want the bible put back in the hand of the pioneer woman" "Why not put our money where our mouth is? Is this not a Christian nation? Is Oklahoma still in the Bible Belt? Who then, has the gall to delete the Bible from the submitted designs for our state?? The atheistic, "politically correct" crowd need to go back home and let us decide how we should be represented." "For Utah I would of chosen the design with "THE WORLD IS WELCOME" on it because it is nice and very neat." "I get kind of angry when the Kansas quarter gets less shiny on the side of it where it is all flat" "Why cant you find the Montana quarter anywhere it looks very rare to me." "Why does Ohio,the best state quarter?" "I love collecting State Quarters!" "Great coin Alaska!" "Before these things go to mint, the Zia Pueblo's sacred sun symbol ought to be removed and replaced with a 55-gallon drum." "I really do not care for the 5 that were picked. I liked the very last one that had an Native American on horse with his head down with an arrow. Or why can't there be a Native Woman with a Pioneer woman with wheat, oil and the Oklahoma State Design in the back. The ones that you have have something to do with only show pioneer women. I am sure that there will be a few comments about Our States Quarter. But you need a Native American in one of these courters." "I am dissapointed with alaska's choice i thought AK-1 is way better then AK-3 (the winner) but it is better then AK-2 and AK-4. On another note I like Hawaii's design it is probably the best of the 5 that were up there. Hopefully Oklahoma will follow with the scissortail flycatcher one and Arizona with the grand canyon with no writing. As far as new mexico goes i hope for the upper right design (says Land of Enchantment in the state design)." "how come alaska and hawaii designs have been chosen, yet the design isn't shown on the home page?!" "Gov. Lingle has chosen Hawaii's state quarter design. It's #4, The Island State. http://www.hawaii.gov/gov/commemorativequarter " "My favorites remain Connecticut's Charter Oak and the Texas Lone Star. Montana and North Dakota are nice, too. My homestate quarter, Oklahoma, is too busy. They should have picked the one with the Scissortail flycatcher, or used the Osage shield from our flag .... or a tornado." "war should not be honored in the quarters!!!!!" "vote for Alaska: AK 1 Arizona: Grand Canyon (no writing on there) Oklahoma: The one with the bird in the middle Hawaii: your choice (no designs stand out to me)" "I don't like the New Mexico quarter designs. I like one of the earlier designs but not the ones to pick from." "I give one vote for discontinuing the one dollar bill." "They should switch the design in 2009; Give someone else a chance after 75 years." "anyone think about a quarter for D.C?" "Mississippi's is by far the most amazing coin!!" "I love the alaska designs." "The flycatcher design for Oklahoma is simple and well done." "I hope the mint doesn't give Puerto Rico, etc. their own quarters. I don't want them put on the same level as full-fledged states. Maybe they could do a nickel program for them?" "NEW MEXICO WILL HAVE THE WORST QUARTER OR THEM ALL, EVEN WORST THAN MICHIGAN, THEY HAVE NOTHING SO FAR. AFTER 10 YEARS OF PROGRAM. WHAT A SHAME. I HOPE GOVERNMENT SERVICES AREN'T SO EFFICIENT OKLAHOMAS TIRED INDIANS WOULD HAD BEEN THE BEST, UNFORTUNATETLY IT WAS NOT INCLUDED" "I would like to see the states go through this process again with the quarters. This time each state would put an important historical non-president figure on their quarter. For example: Pennsylvania could do Benjamin Franklin, Virginia could do Patrick Henry, Texas could be Steven Austin and on." "the presidential dollar coins have in god we trust incused on the edge!!" "Please consider coin #5 for our state quarter( Arizona ), The Navajo code talkers made an outstanding contribution in world war 2." "You should have two designs for every state quarter." "You can vote now for the Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii and Oklahoma quarters. The website for Alaska is www.gov.state.ak.us/coin_comments.php . For Arizona, www.azgovernor.gov/azquarter/QPoll.asp . For Hawaii, www.hawaii.gov/gov/commemorativequarter . For Oklahoma, www.ok.gov/governor/coin.php ." "Any final choices for 2008 made yet? They usally have chosen the final design this month (early May at the latest)??????" "as an Oklahoma native i am extremely disappointed with what we had to choose from, i didn't care for any of them. the best finalist was the one with the Flycatcher. i personally loved the one with the Native American on the horse, it really symbolizes what our state is really about. it was overwhelmingly the best design yet it wasn't chosen as a finalist, which is really disappointing. i would have been proud having that design as my state quarter, and i can say right now the finalist designs disappoint me. why in the world would a person what an oil derrick on their state quarter, how ridiculous. well that's my 2 cents." "As someone who was born & raised in Wisconsin, I couldn't possibly be more disapointed in our state quarter. Why is it that every chance Wisconsin has to update its national image our so-called "leaders" mess it up for us? It's as if they think it's a dirty secret that we have major cities in Wisconsin when over 2/3rds of our residents live in urban areas. As a consolation, I've adopted the Michigan quarter as "my own" since it features the Lake Michigan shoreline (which includes my hometown of Milwaukee)." "The Oklahoma proposed quarter designs almost totally ignore our American Indian history. The pioneer woman, who, by the way, was probably the wife of an outlaw sooner or boomer, who entered the territory illegally before it was actually opened for settlement, should be decreased in size and moved to one side of the design. An American Indian couple should then be placed front and center. We are actually the only state giving recognition on our quarter to lawbreakers. Regarding the design with the scissortail and the flowers: How many people know what a scissortail is? Also, the flowers look like sunflowers instead of the Indian Blanket. Are the artists getting us mixed up with Kansas-the sunflower state? Hopefully, Governor Henry will return the proposed designs and tell the artists to start over. All the U.S. Treasury artists should be fired and the coin collectors and coin shop owners need to be kept off the state design committees. The sunbeam design is getting quite old-it is as if the artists are all getting tired and just throwing out the same thing for every state. I am now calling upon all American Indian people to write, call or email Governor Henry's office and tell him we want proper recognition of the American Indian history of Oklahoma to be represented on the quarter." "Oklahoma Quarter - The coin with the Pioneer Woman, Oilwell, Windmill and wheat is the one I like best but the depiction of the Pioneer Woman is wrong - she is facing the wrong direction and the boy should be on her left side if we are to accurately reflect what the real statue is like." "People can now vote for the Alaska, Arizona and Hawaii quarters. Go to the respective Governor's websites." "Oklahoma will start voting on the final designs on Friday, April 13. Here is a link to the website to vote: http://www.ok.gov/governor/coin.php ." "I love the John Wesley Powell design for the proposed Arizona Quarter. It is very graphic and is a stong statement of the Grand Canyon and what it means for the state, it's history, western water, etc. It is a stand-out. Thank You, Andy Hutchinson Dolores, CO" "Why do the states that are on the quarters get so many of their kind?" "So people like the Washington the most eehhh? (I voted for it too sssshhhh!)" "Arizona quarters: DUHHHHHHHHHHH! there ghoing to have the grand canyon on them!" "2009 is a big year for the mint. They have to make a new Quarter!" "In 2009 the quarter will revert to its old eagle design unless any of the U.S. territories attains satehood between now and then." "the washingotn state quarter sucks. the other choices were much better. a fool picked this quarter design indeed." "Regarding the Presidential Dollars page, just an aside, but of all the images you have on the coins (which I realize are not necessarily going to be the poses presented on the final coins), the one you have of Pres. Hoover depicts him as he looked at least twenty years after his presidency. Also, am I the only one who finds it amusing that Pres. W.H. Harrison's coin will be in production (not just circulation) for longer than he was actually president (31 days)?" ""Where is IN GOD WE TRUST? Is it not on any of them?" Look at the face of the coins and you will see it is there." "The Navajo code talkers were in the Pacific Theater, not Europe." "in god we trust is just next to washingtons face in the FRONT, it has been ther since 1999!!!!!!!" "I'm from Oklahoma and I'm also dissapointed that the End of the Trail design wasn't chosen or at least the Indian culture wasn't represented. It wa after all Indian Territory and we as Okies are proud of that heritage. The pioneer woman is fine but there should be the Indian on there too." "Does anyone know what the quarter will look like in 2009?" "Dear "Of all the things New Mexico has..." that's actually the outline of the state, NOT a Pop Tart! It has the emblem on the state flag covering it up. ROFL!" "is there any good reason for eliminating king kamehameha?" "this is my 5th favorite website!!!(:" "I like the Ark one for Utah. I don't like the Utah Quarter even though I live there!" "Utah's design is a good choice, but the artwork is terrible. Too bad they didn't replicate the historic photo or at least make the trains look like the historical UPRR #119 and CPRR "Jupiter" 4-4-0 engines." "I was born and raised in Wyoming and I think that the design chosen is the most boring of them all. The full cowboy with the fence and of course Old Faithful would have been a better representation of what Wyoming is." "MY GUESSES FOR THE 2008 QUARTERS: Arizona - either the Navajo Code Talkers or the Grand Canyon. Oklahoma - the scissortail flycatcher New Mexico - ANY of them, since they're pretty much all the same, just like Wyoming. Alaska - the sled dogs Hawaii - Diamond Head/King Kamehameha or the hula dancer." "Where is IN GOD WE TRUST? Is it not on any of them?" "Helloooo quarter dudes!! Down 'ere in Arkansas we call pathetic stuff Wyoming Quarters!!!" "I can't say Michigan is the worst, I say it is one of the best since they have the biggest freshwater lake system and all the lakes have unique shapes, and so does the mainland. But I think Arizona will be the best as long as they do designs 3 or 4. The Navajo code talkers took place in EUROPE anyway! That's a ways from Arizona." "Where is the Montana Quarter?? I live in Houston and I usually see the first one be Feb. 1st." "New Mexico-With all the artists in this state, is this the best we could come up with?" "the Coins magazine showed the proposed arizona, alaska and hawaii quarters. it says that king kamea will be removed, this is very unfair, since he is an icon for hawaii" "Why stop here? Let's do the U.S. Territories too!" "Yellowstone IS the world's first established national park. Old Faithful would have been a much better design to use." "Colorado- I think the final choice is one of the best of all the quarter designs. Simple, but well balanced." "This was very helpful for collecting:)" "Great thanks for the individual who wrote about the Arches in Utah. Your grammar had my whole family laughing together, and that means something to me." "Colorado - you really blew it. The Maroon Bells or Mesa Verde were much nicer. Utah - the beehive would have been great! Wish you had selected that one. Washington - the native design for the Orca was great! Hawaii - King K with Diamond Head. Awesome! Alaska - Outstanding! Arizona - Great job: love the Grand Canyon! New Mexico and Gov. Richardson - way to continue to promote mediocrity - (like everything else in the state)! With all the natural scenery and diversity in the population - that's the best we can do? What a shame..." "Please note that DC WANTS to become a state, it has tried to become a state, and IS a state when it comes to presidential elections. It deserves a quarter. However the rest only deserve nickels." "Regarding your presidential dollars page , I would not include Bill Clinton or George W. Bush because they will most likely be still alive ten years from now (in 2017) and therefore, would not qualify to have their representation placed on the dollar coin."Quarterdesigns: I included them for completeness, but it is true they would most likely not be included as indicated on the Release Schedule page. "a lot of people will be outraged, peace pipe is not a true symbol of Native Americans. also the pioneers came and forcefully took Native land. Oklahoma is a true Indian territory, and should be celebrated as true Native American territory. (remember the sooners (pioneers) came and broke the treaty and rook the land)" "yellowstone may be USA's first National Park, not the WORLDS'" "The Princess Cruise is not a QUARTER is a TOKEN from the SHIP, someone brough it ashore a you took it as a quarter, now you are stuck with it!" " New Mexico almost all the same? That is just two suggestions that will not be considered!!" "Why are New Mexico 's quarters almost all the same?!?!?!?!?!" " Utah . Awesome design. Totally historic. Unique to Utah. Thank Heaven the snowboarder went out the window! Hawaii . The King Kamehameha (sp) with Diamond Head is the only way to go. Arizona . the simple Grand Canyon with sunrise and no cactus, etc. if first choice. Way ahead of the others. Oklahoma . I am sorry they did not make the End of the Trail a finalist, but aside from that the simple pioneer woman and child with the large state behind them is the best. Some are too cluttered. The Alaska selections are all good, but for me the dogsled one IS Alaska." "I would like to know where did the princess cruise quarter come from and which state does it represent?" "Land of the Midnight Sun"! In the winter, when dogs are on sleds and polar bears on icebergs, Alaska is the "Land of the Midday Moon"! Mt. McKinley, dog sled in front, and big dipper above is the best design. "The Last Frontier" is the state motto." " Wyoming Quarter is not really with Redeo. Best for Wyoming is famous Yellowstone which is FIRST National Park in the World and should have design of Old Faithful Gryser because it is mostly FAMOUS by nature and there are LOT of grysers and Rodeo was NOT first in Wyoming and I found out that First Rodeo was found in Nevada and not Wyoming also Montana is redeo too. Thanks, Phillip of Riverside, CA" "Quarter design of Utah is not good idea of trains meet on gold spike on the track and nothing to me. Best for Utah is standing famous for ARCH ROCKS because there are LOT of arches rocks around Utah because of nature by God made. Like one on Utah License plate." "By far to date the Connecticut quarter is the BEST design ... keep up the good work .... Can't wait for Alaska ... R. Sharp" "Being a seventh generation Floridian,I think the Great Seal of Florida wood have been the best choice for Florida ." "I thought michigan was bad, then I saw Wyoming." "VERY GREAT COLLECTION!!!" "BRAVO to the US Mint for the program and Bravo to all the states for (I'm sure) very difficult, very controversial decisions. It is a great and very fun coin program and I love collecting them all. Interesting that some designs "grow" on you! All of the 2001 designs and 2006 designs are wonderful! My favorites: Connecticut and Nevada. Least favorites: New Jersey and New Hampshire" "I think Alaska 's state should be a Native American man near a totem pole and a eagle flying around both the Native American and the Totem Pole." "I like having Ohio and Florida " "Just got my 2007 proof set and think this is the best year for the quarter program. Wyoming and Idaho are much better than I thought in person! In fact they are super. Bring on Alaska " " New Mexico 's designs were not worth the wait." "Of all of the things New Mexico has, they chose to honor Pop Tarts for their quarter" "I am disappointed that Hawaii 's state quaarter does not have a volcano included in its design. After all, these islands were formed from erupting volcanoes. Hawaii Volcano National Park is a major tourist attraction. Also, what about a pineapple?" "I thought the Alaska state quarter would have a compilation of pictures on its design. For example, I would have chose a collage of Mt. McKinley, the Idatarod Sled Dog Race, the grizzly bear, the polar bear, and maybe an eskimo with an igloo. I definitely agree with the caption "Land of the Midnight Sun."" "Since Hawaii was the last state admitted to the union, I think their quarter should have "Aloha" printed on it somewhere. My favorite design for this quarter is the third design. I realize that the people of Hawaii are very sensitive when it comes to talk of their statehood, so we should admire their courage and pick a design that truly represents their Polynesian heritage." "I am very disappointed in Oklahoma 's state quarter. I thought it would be more representative of Native Americans and their culture. With Native American ancestors hailing from Oklahoma, I feel we should not forget the struggles, tribulations, and disappointments they were forced to suffer at the hands of progress." "I think the Washington state quarter is one of the best of the entire collection. It truly captures the spirit of the state with the evergreen and the salmon. The person who finalized this design for the mint was right on the money. No pun intended!" "Choosing from the four designs for the Alaska quarter will be difficult, but I think my favorite one is the one with the polar bear and the caption, "Land of the Midnight Sun." Since polar bears are close to becoming an endangered species, I think we should honor this majestice animal with a quarter." "I was raised in Oklahoma and my favorite was the Indian with the names of the Five civilized Tribes. My favorite of those submitted is the Pioneer woman with the shocks of wheat and the state outline." "What happened to the quarter designs forum?" Quarterdesigns had to close the forum because it was becoming more and more difficult to keep up with the junk posts from the porn and pill pushing, cialis, viagra etc. scum. It's too bad people like that are in the world to ruin it for decent people "The New Mexico quarter looks like a large floppy disk from the 80's" "what are the dates for the release of the 2007 quarters?" We only know approximate dates (available here) until closer to the release of each quarter. The next release is Washington April 2, 2007 "When will ALASKA decide on the winning design? It will be a hard hard choice." " Alaska has a hard choice between the dog sled and Brown bear. (should be able to do both!) I would replace the saying "north to the future" with something else. What does that mean??? Would also "INCUSE" the stars on both these coins." "Is it just me, or does the eye of the Idaho quarter's falcon creep anyone else out?" "So far Hawai`i will be the FIRST quarter to Honor indegenous aspects of the State. I am amazed Oklahoma 's designs vaguely represent the indian heritage, as long as Nebraska. I like better King Kameha with the mountain background." "I say no to giving quarters to D.C. Puerto Rico, et al. If they wanted a quarter, they should become states." "I'm from Alaska and for my state I would have to say my favorite would be the dog sled with denali and the big dipper in the back. It shows 3 major favorites of our state. I hope you choose this one!" "Fact: Hawai`i was acquired by an Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy under Queen Lili`uokalani. It burns my Okole to no end that again people of Hawai`i have to listen to more Haole crap about ooohh da Haole just Can't Have the king Kamehameha or for christ sakes the State Motto of Hawai`i Ua Mau Ke Ea O ka`ain I Ka Pono." "How about leaving it up to the State of Hawaii to pick what they want - even GOV Lingle is better at making the decision! Did they do this to all the other states? No wonder Conan O'Brien makes fun of this on his show. . . . No Democracy. . . ." "California's could have been so much better if they hadn't shoved so much on it. Half Dome and Yosemite Valley are pretty amazing all by themselves." "I was also raised in Idaho and I don't think our quarter is the worst (though not the best!). Better to be a little on the simple side than overdone." "I would like them to put the saguaro in the quarter of Arizona " "should kids be allowed to vote for everything in real life like for the Governor?" "numbers 2 and 3 are the way to go for the arizona quarter the other designs are totally scrutinizing to our states quality" "The Alaska designs are amazing. I tried to choose which would be my favorite but I never came to a definite conclusion between the two bear designs and the dogs. On the other hand, Oklahoma 's designs really are too cluttered. Couldn't find a favorite for that as well because I really didn't have a favorite, The bird and flowers are the least packed together but to me, it's just boring." "Ya,I live in California. Why do people always pick DUMB designs?" "�The first commemorative quarter-dollar coin released in 2007 honors Montana, and is the 41st coin in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters� Program. Montana, nicknamed "Big Sky Country," was admitted into the Union on November 8, 1889, becoming our Nation's 41st state. The reverse of Montana's quarter features a bison skull depicted above the diverse Montana landscape with the inscription "Big Sky Country." The coin also bears the inscriptions "Montana" and "1889." �The bison skull is a powerful symbol, sacred to many of Montana's American Indian tribes. This symbol can be seen across the State on schools, businesses and license plates, and reflects the rich native tradition of Montana, which was once home to large tribes such as the Crow and the Northern Cheyenne. After a visit from Lewis and Clark, Montana became a destination first for fur trappers and later for gold prospectors following the discovery of gold in the 1860s. Cattle ranchers also made their way west to Montana. This rapid growth in population led to boomtowns. The nickname "Big Sky Country" reminds residents of Montana's open lands and pioneering way. �The recommended design was chosen based on feedback from the Montana Quarter Design Selection Commission, which was created by Governor Brian Schweitzer, and a subsequent public vote. United States Mint sculptor-engravers and artists participating in the United States Mint's Artistic Infusion Program rendered the "Bison Skull" design and three others submitted to Governor Schweitzer. The designs were based on narratives submitted by Montana residents. �The Department of the Treasury approved the design on June 22, 2006. The other three designs considered were "Bull Elk," featuring a bull elk posed majestically on a rugged rock formation; "State Outline," showing mountains tapering to the eastern Montana plains; and "Big Sky with River," prominently featuring Montana's big sky with a river emerging from a mountain range." "My favorite is California because it depicts a bird flying into John Muir's face. It makes me laugh! Man, I hate the New Mexico finalist designs. All of them are pretty much the same, with the thing on the New Mexico flag covering up New Mexico. At least it wasn't the atomic bomb." "As an Idaho native, I like the falcon. Of course, it would have been better without the state outline awkwardly shoved in - although our state does have a great shape." "Although oil has been very important to us in Oklahoma, a spouting oil well just doesn't look good on a quarter. The peace pipe is nice, but it looks like the white people are leaving it behind. The bird and flower design is a better way to suggest the Indian heritage - white still eye-catching." "I hope Arizona goes with the Grand Canyon design. It would be confusing to include the saguaro at all with "Grand Canyon State" motto." "I loved the ballon festival idea for the new mexico quarter but they have to scret it up with 4 boring similar ideas way to go NM quarter commision." "Arizona - please just go with the simple Grand Canyon. Trying to put both types of desert together is too much." "The King Kamehameha statue and Diamond Head are a natural for Hawaii. I hope that one is selected." "Oklahoma's ideas are too cluttered! Go with the nice bird and be done with it." " ALASKA should be able to do all three versions(brown bear, polar bear, and dog sled) they are that good! especially the brown bear." " Hawaii and Arizona will do well with their options but ALASKA will do super as long as they stay away from the miner." "What the in the world is Oklahoma and New Mexico thinking!? New Mexico should go with the state that has a little detail." " ALASKA , good luck picking the quarter. What great choices! Hard to pick between the two bears and the dog sled. I'd go with the brown bear with the north star, its very bold and adventerous." "Darn, New Mexico 's choices are too boring for such a beautiful state! Shiprock, White Sands, Santa Fe, Carlsbad Caverns ... why not them?" "Folks - the New Mexico A-bomb idea (bad idea and bad taste, by the way) was never an officially considered idea! It was sent into this site by some random person. It should have been more clearly labeled as such." "I was raised in Idaho and have always been a good Idaho ambassador, but WHAT WAS THE GOVERNOR THINKING when the Idaho quarter design was chosen? It is an embarrassment and bland. The design does nothing to promote the state, make anyone want to visit, or learn more about its history, culture, beauty or recreation options . WITHOUT RIVAL, IT IS THE WORST." "Idaho has to be the best I've seen yet!" "Texas' design is the worst. we should have had the Alamo on it somewhere." "I hope with all of my heart that New Mexico does not use the Atomic Bomb design. The Atomic bomb was a very important part of history to be sure. If the U.S. Gov't puts this on a coin it will send the wrong message to the world and our own country as well." "Congratulations Wyoming on the absolutely most ugly state quarter. What were you people smoking? Heck, the vending machines wont take it cause is so damn ughy" "�The fifth and final commemorative quarter-dollar coin released in 2007 honors Utah, and is the 45th coin in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters� Program. Utah was admitted into the Union on January 4, 1896, becoming our Nation's 45th state. The reverse of Utah's quarter features two locomotives moving toward the golden spike that joined the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads, linking East to West and transforming both the Utah Territory and the Nation with the inscription "Crossroads of the West." The coin also bears the inscriptions "Utah" and "1896." �On May 10, 1869, two steam locomotives met at Promontory, Utah, for the "Joining of the Rails Ceremony," at which the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads completed the transcontinental route. The event was crucial to the development of the American West because it made cross-country travel more convenient and economical. The construction of the railroad, and the subsequent mining boom, brought diverse ethnic and religious populations to Utah. The railroad also symbolized the changing technology, and moved Utah from an agrarian economy to a more industrialized one. �Even before the time of steam locomotives, Utah experienced a steady flow of explorers and pioneers. The Spaniards first came to explore Utah in the 18th century and were followed by mountain men, Mormons and prospectors in search of precious metals found in the 1860s. Because of its central location, Utah became known as the "Crossroads of the West." �The Utah Commemorative Quarter Commission invited narrative submissions from the citizens of Utah. The Commission received approximately 5,000 submissions and recommended three concepts to the United States Mint for rendering by the United States Mint sculptor-engravers and artists in the United States Mint's Artistic Infusion Program. More than 150,000 citizens voted in a 25-day statewide vote in April 2006. "Crossroads of the West" prevailed as the favorite design among voters. Governor Jon M. Huntsman, Jr., announced the State's recommendation at the Golden Spike National Historic Site in Promontory on May 10, 2006, the 137th anniversary of the Joining of the Rails. �The Department of the Treasury approved the design on June 22, 2006. The two other design concepts considered were the "Beehive," featuring a beehive, part of the official seal and State emblem of Utah, symbolizing industry and working together for common purposes, and "Winter Sports," featuring a female snow boarder and celebrating Utah as a world-class winter sport destination and the site of the 2002 Winter Olympics." "I dig the Wyoming quarter and I'm from California. I've visited Wyoming many times and I believe the quarter reflects the people and the way of life in that state. Simple folks who lead simple lives and appear to love it that way. The simple Cowboy emblam on the quarter is also on all Wyoming license plates, and the logo on the helmets of the University of Wyoming. It's a beautiful representation as far as I'm concerned." "WV quarter is great. The scenic view is breath taking on the quarter and in person. Excellent choice." "�The third commemorative quarter-dollar coin released in 2007 honors Idaho, and is the 43rd coin in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters� Program. Idaho, nicknamed the "Gem State," was admitted into the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming our Nation's 43rd state. The reverse of Idaho's quarter features the Peregrine Falcon imposing its presence above an outline of the State of Idaho. The coin bears the inscriptions "Esto Perpetua" (the State motto which means, "May it be Forever"), "Idaho" and "1890." �The Peregrine Falcon is one of the fastest birds in the world. Once on the endangered species list, it can now be found throughout Idaho and the United States because of conservation efforts. �Five narratives were forwarded to the United States Mint, and they were rendered by United States Mint sculptor-engravers and artists in the United States Mint's Artistic Infusion Program. The corresponding design images were presented to Idaho, and then-Governor Dirk Kempthorne made the recommendation. Governor Kempthorne stated that the recommended design, the Peregrine Falcon, reflected Idahoans' traditional values and esteem for nature. This design was derived from one of many narratives submitted by Idaho residents to the Idaho Commission on the Arts. �The Department of the Treasury approved the design on June 26, 2006. Two other designs were considered, including "Farmland Tapestry," showing the farmland of Idaho with its majestic timber-covered mountains rising above, and "State Song," featuring the outline of the State and lyrics. �On July 24, 2006, Governor Jim Risch and State Treasurer Ron Crane revealed to the public Idaho's quarter design." "Proposed New Mexico Designs: I've seen two proposed designs on the 50 State Commemorative Quarter Site and I would hope that you have evolved to the extent that you could not possibly even think about putting "Birthplace of the Atomic Bomb" on your quarter. There must surely be something in your history that is more humanely relevant than a bomb." "New Mexico coins (quarter design) ... I do not like Atomic bomb air because of scareful and not good idea like N Korea or Iran... I would like Shipbattle Rock in northwestern corner is mostly famous for New Mexico or Indian Zuni sun or Abole of Indian's house... Air hot Balloon is nothing mean to me and it will be disappeared again in the future. But it is very important to Indian in N.Mex. Thank you, Phillip of Riverside California." "These are the BAD design coins so far: Alabama, Wyoming, Maryland, Kansas" "These are the designs the 2007 quarters should have: Montana: The outline of the state. Washington: The outline of the state. Idaho: The one with the bird. Wyoming: Old Faithful. Utah: The Golden Spike." "I'll agree some of the states did a bad job of picking, but Iowa had the best one and didn't use it, it said it all. The cow, hog, corn and the wheat and said "Feeding the world" was by far the best and said it all for Iowa." "State quarters are totally cool! I collect them and I hope to get them all." "What was the government thinking when he chose the Wyoming quarter?! It looks totally dumb!" "Yeahhh, Wyoming needed some detail to make it one of the mos attracting!" "Alabama's quarter is among the MOST BORING ONES!!!" "The Wyoming state quarter rises to the head of the pack as the worst-looking quarter. The Bucking Horse and Rider is a great concept for the coin and represents the state well, but the final rendition of it is a travesty. It looks like they forgot to finish the engraving and just sent the coin off to production unfinished. The alternate designs with the detailed cowboy and horse would have served the state far better. What were they thinking? Was the design an attempt to avoid the whole trademark infringement issue, or just the result of somebody's "Broke-butt mountain" aesthetic interpretation of the West. Either do the job right, or don't bother. Too bad." "The tired indian on the tired horse for OK would be the best quarter of the whole series. I've been waiting for it eagerly and was dumbfounded to see it's not even a finalist. How stupid!!!!" "I love the alabama quarter, its really cool!" "I would have to agree with you guys on some of your comments on the quarters. Yes some of them are dull and boring. And the govenors should have chosen better designs in the the casses of the boring quarters no doubt about it. But I have to admit The trains and spike was a good choice for ut, since after all that is where the trains met when the east/west railroad was finished. Mt's buffalo skull was a cool idea and is a much part of the west as the trains and Wy's cowboy on his horse. And I have to admit it is a plain one. But, i would have to agree that the american indian or indian artifacts haven't graced any of the quarters. Except Mt And WA , have mentioned in their write ups on the mint's site did mention that the Buffalo skull was sacred to the plains indians as much as the fish of the northwest tribes, to sustain them as a way of life. But there is no mention of mining themes on any of the quarters for the west any where?" "Last time: On the proposed Montana quarter, it wasn't a caribou! It was an ELK. Caribou are the North American reindeer. Montana is a long way from the Arctic." "Colarodo is the best but I think the Mesa Verde theme would have been even better." "2007 designs Montana: ok but they should've gone with the caribou Washington: the best one good job i like it Idaho: ok but shouldve gone with the landscape Wyoming: HORRIBLE, they were drunk when they chose this. should've gone with the detailed version. Utah: the best one of them good job" "I get mad! everytime I look at the MD quarter. Every state has a state house/building. There is absolutely nothing unique about that. MD is the only state that can claim anything akin to the Star Spangled Banner and its significance. Duh to the Governor for his poor choice!!!" "Dear South Dakota... as a 2-time visitor to your state from Ohio it was sad for me to see what they picked as you official quarter design. The one with Mt. Rushmore and the buffalo is the best design of them all, and should have been the one chosen. The worst thing about the design are the eyes of the presidents... what's up with that?" "The Hawaii design finalists are up at the official government website. You might want to put them up." "I laughed out loud at New Mexico's proposed design. The Trinity blast will NEVER make it. Would be nice to have though" "SD - Who punched Jefferson's right eye. Great theme, but poor design of all figures eyes. What's up with the enormous bird???" "Arizona should have the Grand Canyon, cactus & a Native American on the coin, with the Grand Canyon State written on it." "I hope that Hawaii picks the design with Diamond Head and King Kamehameha. I also feel that the King should be on the coin whether Diamond Head is on the coin or not." "Way to stereotype yourself, Wisconsin." "i like hawaii" "it is very insulting and racist to even speak about immigrants the way people have spoken on these comments" "Wyoming has alot more to see than a bucking horse. Yellowstone and the Tetons are the most popular places the vacationers spend their money. I feel the state quarter should have both, Yellowstone and Tetons on it. Please! My Dad was born in Wyoming in 1900, make me proud." "A few years back Eleanor Holmes-Norton proposed the 50 statehood quarter program be extended after 2008 to include Washington D.C., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and/or Guam or American Samoa. Has anyone heard any more regarding this happening?" "In my opinion, the Wyoming quarter is absolutely brilliant. It uses a visual concept/symbol that is uniquely and recognizably linked to the state, and it does it in a simple but straightforward way. I think it's the best quarter design so far(and I'm not from Wyoming)." "I pray New Mexico rethinks its proposed designs maybe balloons with chile peppers on them or some reference to the Pueblos in the north?" "ND blew it! I liked the farmhouse design cuz I rented places like that for as little as $100/month ten years ago......" "Oh poor Wyoming. Yes, we are the Equality State; the Indian Paintbrush is the state flower. We have the magnificent Grand Tetons, Devil�s Tower, and Yellowstone Park with good Ol� Faithful. The Jackalope was first introduced in Douglas Wyoming in 1829....which has been featured on other state coins. Too bad that didn�t get featured along with the Tetons as a background. That state registered trademark bucking bronco is farrrr toooo bland." "Why no designs depicting Native Americans? They are an integral part of our Western history, and they have been left out---again. For shame!" "I hope there is a way the U.S. mint can include the U.S. territories and District of Columbia after the 50 states are through in 2008." "I started buying the annual silver proof sets in the beginning, and to me it was a work in progress as far as engraving for the most part. Now the $1 presidential coins will overlap the last few years of the quarters. Sorry!!! My proof set collection ends with the quarters." "2007 is the $1 Presidential series first year. Go to usmint.gov to see them, awesome" "Does anyone know when New Mexico will choose its design?" "Louisiana the best........hands down" "I'm from the Great State of Idaho where fishing, hunting, farming, mountains, rivers, even the potato would have been more representative of our state. BIG MISTAKE GOVERNOR!!!! SCS!!!!!!!!!!!" "colorado is boring, Mesa Verde was a better choice" "The 5 best: Colorado,Mississippi, Maryland, South Dakota, and Alabama The 5 worst: Wyoming, Massuchusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Connecticut" "why do people pick on states?" "why is everybody cosing worst ones? they're all good can't wait till south dakota comes out!" "Florida's coin is the best and delaware was the worst come on we're not in 1786" "I think the 50 states Quarters are awsome and I colloct them and hope to get them all!" "Colorado's the best! Wyoming's the worst!" "Idaho what are you thinking!? you guys are total idiots." "Come on, New Mexico! Make a decision!" "C'mon North Dakota, the buffalo was so 2005. Get with it." "Three best: Florida, Illinois, and Missouri; Three worst: Mississippi, Idaho, and Alabama (sorry Helen)" "South Carolina is a BORING QUARTER For NICE QUARTERS LOOK FOR Kentucky, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Rhode Island, they are EYE CATCHING IMMEDIATETLY" "If I had to pick a worst quarter it be either Texas or Connecticut both were too borrowing. I don't like Montana's quarter either. Why is everyone picking on Michgan. The state after all is knowed for the great lakes. I do agree an automoble should have included in the design. My favorite is South Carolina." "Nevada best so far, followed by North Dakota-The Michigan design is the worst-Lake Ontario is not even close to the state. Brilliant choice...." "My project is about Maine for school. The quarter is very neat!!!!!!!" "Sure, the Idaho State Bird is the Mountain Bluebird. So what do they put on our quarter? A bird that eats bluebirds. Brilliant!" "as of now, idaho has # 50 locked up, its terrible" "message from zoran-sremska kamenica,europe:louisiana is tne best,maryland is the worst one" "Why on earth would the U.S. mint choose a design for the Idaho quarter that does not even represent the state. How about something like agriculture, outdoors, and the beautiful Snake River Canyon? When people think about Idaho they don't think about a dumb bird." "I like the design that has been chosen for the Montana quarter. It will be my new favorite design of all the state quarters." "you!!!! the person who sugested poop!!!You are disrespectful to the country!!!!" "I personally like the Idaho design. I'm glad they decided to celebrate the Peregrine Falcon, which has made a dramatic comeback in the U.S.. This distinction will be lost on most who read this, but the subdued facial features on the bird almost make it look like a Prairie Falcon, a bird that I think is more common in Idaho. The Wyoming design is the worst of the five finalists. I agree that New Mexico has to be nuts to think a mushroom cloud would be appropriate for a U.S. coin, though I see the dark humor in it. The pheasant on the South Dakota, while that is their state bird, is ironic since it's an introduced species which is only there so people can shoot them. Still, it does look nice on the quarter, even if the figures on Mt. Rushmore do all look like they are fighting some foul smell." "I think Montana coin is a best design of all !" "I am curious if anyone has experienced this? The closer I live to a mint the longer it seems that I obtain a new quarter. I lived about a 1/2 an hour from Philadelphia when this program started and it seemed to take a while until I saw each new quarter, from DE to NJ. After that I moved to VA, I lived there from GA to IN and would usually within two weeks of there release I would see them. In 2002 I moved to CO and did not see a MS until 2003. Now that I actually live in Denver and work down the street from the mint I usually see the new Quarter sometime after the release of the next quarter. For example I did not obtain the CO quarter until after the ND quarter was released. I was just curious if anyone noticed this." "Everyone posting on this site should be required to indicate their age. I can tolerate scatological comments if I know they're from a 9 year old kid. And political commentary that blames the Texas governor for the actions of the Colorado governor can be overlooked when authored by a 4th grader. But if I don't know, I'm tempted to assume it's the work of an adult idiot. No matter what the age, preoccupation with poop means a lifetime of therapy. Let's just talk quarters. "And 'Head'! Light a match!"" "With all the history Pennsylvania has from Revolutionary to Civil War, the liberty bell, Independence Hall, it certainly fell short of being a great quarter." "What happened to California's coin? Thought it was going to have a mexican running across the freeway. That's more like Califonia...." "Yeah, Colorado is a boring!, MESA VERDE theme was better" " Colorado had some excellent designs submitted in a design contest. Most citizens of Colorado prefered the other designs over the one selected by our illustrious governor. I guess it's one more way for our Texas governor to stick it to us." "I like the Idaho quarter because I like the bird on it." "Yeah Yeah Kentucky da best quarter!" "What did the U.S. Mint forget to put on the Orgeon quarter?: They forgot to add poop in the lake, wich would be much funnier. How about that? Is that too complicated, to funny, or too unpredicable. I think they should put poop in all of the state quarters. How about that?" "well, maryland is worst than michigan " "nm with the three balloons no bombs please" "i like the hawaii with king kamahmah on it" "i like the az quarter design with the mission and cactus on it the best" "after 2008 the new 2009 and on quarter should be redesigned with maybe mt vernon on the reverse like montecello is on jefferson coin" "Wyoming must not have been able to put Old Faithful on its quarter because it looked too much like a cauliflower, and Missouri had already staked its claim to being the Cauliflower State." "Why is the boat sailing AWAY from maine? And why is the giant bird attacking John Muir?" "Finalist number 10 looks more like a hula dancer than a native American. Maybe this one should be in the running for the Hawaii quarter" "michigan will be #50, until the territories are added to the program, 2009, then michigan will be #56." "Michigan and Texas, are way worst than Wyoming!!" "the best quarter is wyoming!not" "I think New Mexico State quarter should have a UFO on it" "I guess I should have submitted my design for a recreational water craft airborne over an Oklahoma lake." "After reading these comments, I only have ONE thing to say. If some of you would learn to use spell check and proofread what you submitted, other people would, at least, believe that We, as Americans, can spell the simplest of words and know something about sentence structure. "OK CLASS, PROOFREAD YOUR WORK BEFORE TURNING IT IN"." "the wyoming quarter is #50! I don't even need to see the 2008 quarters to know this" "When will New Mexico release its narratives?" "Dear "Oh for crying out loud", Don't you know we only want "real Americans" on our coins. You know, the people who "discovered" the place. If you don't understand this concept, just ask Senator Allen from Virginia, he doesn't monkey around." "Yeah,...and during the time of the "wooden arch", which was actually inspired by the Trojan Horse, they also had these giant, prehistoric broccoli plants growing on the banks of the Mississippi. Would loved to have lived back then. I'm impressed that the Mint was able to capture it all on one spectacular coin!!!"	Washington, D.C.
What major US University (ranked the 16th best university in the world), which began life as the Territorial University, first opened it's doors on Nov 4, 1861?	Text Only -- National Register of Historic Places Southeastern Louisiana Credits Introduction The National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places, the Capital Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D) Council (USDA--National Resources Conservation Service), Lagniappe Tours (of the Foundation for Historical Louisiana), the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation, and the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers proudly invite you to Explore the History and Culture of Southeastern Louisiana, featuring historic places along the Mississippi River and surrounding lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain in the southeastern portion of the state. Meandering through 16 Louisiana parishes (counties), the itinerary begins with the grand plantations along the River Road, continues north through historic Baton Rouge and along the Mississippi River (an Amercian Heritage River, designated by President Clinton), then east to sites along State Highway 10, and finally loops back to Baton Rouge again west along State Highway 190. Included are four state designated Scenic Byways. This latest National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary explores 64 historic places that illustrate this region's vivid history where Spanish, African-American, French, Anglo-American and other cultures met to produce one of the most interesting stories in the United States. This itinerary focuses on the variety of buildings and landscapes from elaborate plantation houses and beautiful landscapes gardens, to piney wood log cabins, slave cabins, Civil War sites, industrial sites and major political monuments. Visitors can stroll historic Main Street towns such as Plaquemine and Ponchatoula . Some sites, such as the Afton Villa Gardens , offer vistas of stunning botanical beauty. Several antebellum plantations are highlighted such as San Francisco , built in the Creole style, Oak Alley , one of the finest remaining Greek Revival plantation houses, and Evergreen a plantation complex with numerous outbuildings including a rare surviving row of slave cabins. Houses such as Catalpa reflect the typical late Victorian cottages built throughout Louisiana in the late 19th century. During the Civil War, Louisiana became a battleground between Union and Confederate forces. At Port Hudson Confederate forces endured the longest siege in American history; the Union forces included the First Louisiana Native Guards, primarily composed of free blacks from New Orleans. More recent military history is represented by the U.S.S. Kidd , a World War II destroyer now docked in Baton Rouge, across from the Old Louisiana State Capitol . The Old Louisiana Governor's Mansion and the Louisiana State Capitol reflect the influence of the state's most famous political son, Huey P. Long. Included in the itinerary are also examples of Louisiana's industrialization and growth seen at the Cinclaire Sugar Mill Historic District and the Colonial Sugars Historic District . Louisiana's religious history is also highlighted at churches such as St. John Baptist Church and St. Gabriel Roman Catholic Church . Explore the History and Culture of Southeastern Louisiana offers numerous ways to discover the historic properties that played important roles in Louisiana's past. Each property features a brief description of the place's significance, color and historic photographs, and public accessibility information. At the bottom of each page the visitor will also find a navigation bar containing links to three essays that explain more about The River Road , the French Creole Architecture , and the Florida Parishes . These essays provide historical background, or "contexts," for many of the places included in the itinerary. The itinerary can be viewed online, or printed out if you plan to visit Southeastern Louisiana in person. Created through a partnership between the National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places, the Capital Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D) Council, Lagniappe Tours (Foundation for Historical Louisiana), the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation, the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers (NCSHPO), and the National Alliance of Preservation Commissions (NAPC), Explore the History and Culture of Southeastern Louisiana is an example of a new and exciting cooperative project. As part of the Department of the Interior's strategy to revitalize communities by promoting public awareness of history and encouraging tourists to visit historic places throughout the nation, the National Register of Historic Places is cooperating with communities, regions and Heritage Areas throughout the United States to create online travel itineraries. Using places listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the itineraries help potential visitors plan their next trip by highlighting the amazing diversity of this country's historic places and supplying accessibility information for each featured site. In the Learn More section, the itineraries link to regional and local web sites that provide visitors with further information regarding cultural events, special activities, and lodging and dining possibilities. The Capital RC&D Council and Lagniappe Tours are the sixth of more than 30 organizations working directly with the National Register of Historic Places to create travel itineraries. Additional itineraries will debut online in the future. The National Register of Historic Places, the Capital RC&D Council and Lagniappe Tours hope you enjoy this virtual travel itinerary of Southeastern Louisiana's historic resources. If you have any comments or questions, please just click on the provided e-mail address, "comments or questions" located at the bottom of each page. Welcome Letter Dear Friend: Welcome to Louisiana's historic Mississippi River Road region and the delightful Florida Parishes. Here you will find some of our state's greatest architectural treasures: from great plantation houses that speak of a bygone era to piney woods log cabins that represent our hardy pioneer heritage. When you visit us, you can enjoy strolling through historic Main Street towns such as Plaquemine, Hammond, Ponchatoula, Amite, Covington, and Donaldsonville. At the heart of each of these fascinating communities is a downtown historic district listed in the prestigious National Register of Historic Places. You can enjoy our working agricultural landscapes - green fields of sugarcane. You can marvel at the majesty of the mighty Mississippi River. And you can partake of our rich and unique culture and cuisine. After your virtual tour of the River Road/Florida Parishes Region on the Internet, I would like to invite you to come and visit us in person. You will find wonderful places to stay and great places to stop. We'd love to have you. Sincerely, Lt. Governor, State of Louisiana Commissioner, Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism 2000 River Road Although other states have their own River Roads, perhaps none is more evocative or famous than Louisiana's. Here, the very name inspires a vision of white pillared houses standing amid lush gardens and trees dripping with Spanish moss. Louisiana's fabled Great Mississippi River Road consists of a corridor approximately 70 miles in length located on each side of the river between Baton Rouge and New Orleans. The area includes the river, levees, and adjacent lands and cultural resources. Among the latter is the state's most famous and recognizable group of monumental plantation houses, most built by wealthy sugar planters in the Greek Revival style. The River Road's reputation of pillared splendor began with the comments of 19th-century travelers. As early as 1827, one succinctly described the region as follows: "Everywhere thickly peopled by sugar planters, whose showy houses, gay piazzas, trim gardens, and numerous slave-villages, all clean and neat, gave an exceedingly thriving air to the river scenery." More than half a century later Mark Twain journeyed down the river to revisit some of his old haunts. He records: "From Baton Rouge to New Orleans, the great sugar plantations border both sides of the river all the way, . . . Plenty of dwellings . . . standing so close together, for long distances, that the broad river lying between two rows, becomes a sort of spacious street. A most home-like and happy-looking region." The grand homes described by these observers were built by immensely wealthy sugar planters during the 30 years prior to the Civil War. They epitomize the conspicuous consumption lifestyle characteristic of the so-called Gold Coast during that period and were the absolute apex of the Greek Revival style in Louisiana. They may be briefly characterized as two-story mansions with broad double galleries and monumental columns or pillars that rise to the roofline in one continuous shaft. In some cases, conventional porticoes are dispensed with and the squarish mass of the house is surrounded by a two-story colonnade. Known as the Aperipteral style, the latter treatment is essentially a subspecies of the American Greek Revival and is an archetype peculiar to the Deep South. Although the Greek Revival dominates, visitors to the River Road can see plantation houses in other styles as well. For example, a limited number of Creole houses survive. Also featuring columned galleries, these pre-antebellum homes, if one may use that term, are a relic of French colonial Louisiana. The entire River Road was once Creole, but one by one these early buildings were either modified or replaced. And, while it never even began to challenge the Greek Revival in popularity, the Italianate style is also represented among the region's majestic plantation homes. Although visitors tend to focus upon the big house, one must remember that plantations historically had a large number of buildings. Far from the rural idyllic view we have today, plantations were factories aimed at producing a cash crop on a large scale for world export. Each was in effect a self-contained community. Joseph Holt Ingram, in his The Southwest by a Yankee, 1835, noted that plantation appurtenances constitute a village in themselves, for planters always have a separate building for everything. From a practical standpoint, the sugar house and the slave quarters, rather than the big house were probably the most important of these buildings. For those unfamiliar with the sugar industry, the term milling refers to the removal of juice from sugar cane stalks and its conversion into a crystallized product known as raw sugar. Before the Civil War milling took place in numerous small mills (known as sugar houses) located on individual plantations. After the war improvements in sugar technology combined with shortages of labor and capital to force the closure of many of these formerly profitable mills. In their place rose a system of large central factories which processed cane grown on distant plantations as well as that produced in their own fields. Abandoned by their owners and allowed to decay, historic sugar houses gradually disappeared from the plantation landscape. Today only a few badly deteriorated ruins survive. Slave quarters, which sheltered the laborers who made profits possible, have suffered a similar fate. Thousands upon thousands of these buildings once existed across the South. Today, a state might have maybe six or so surviving examples, with one on one plantation, two on another, etc. However, the standard row arrangement (once the norm across the South but virtually unheard of today) can still be seen on one River Road plantation, Evergreen . Although a few major houses were lost in the 19th century, the River Road remained largely intact until the 1920s. During that decade Mosiac disease severely depressed the Louisiana sugar industry, with the result that great house after great house was abandoned and fell into ruin. Also in the 20th century, dredging the river bottom for ocean-going vessels ushered in an era of industrial development that changed the character of many parts of the River Road. More importantly, due to the encroachments of the Mississippi, federal action, owner disinterest, fragmented ownership, demolition by industry, and a weak economy, historic properties were lost, sometimes by the score. The region's revival began with the restoration of Oak Alley in the 1920s. The River Road was a beehive of activity in the 40s, with such landmarks as Houmas House , Ormond, Bocage and Evergreen being restored. Much has been said about the impact of industry along the River Road, but there have been cases in which industry and preservationists have cooperated with spectacular results. Chief among these is the restoration of San Francisco Plantation House, which was accomplished with the financial assistance of the Marathon Oil Company. Today's River Road is a study in contrasts, with broad cane fields, antebellum mansions, petrochemical plants and suburban strip developments, all jumbled together in a chaotic mixture. Nevertheless, much of the past remains to be enjoyed. Essay written by the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation French Creole Architecture French Creole architecture is one of the nation's three major colonial architectural traditions. It takes its place alongside British Colonial, as exemplified by the saltbox houses of New England and a later generation of Georgian houses, and Spanish Colonial, as seen in the missions of California and the Southwest. The French Creole building tradition appeared in New France, i.e., in the United States, the Mississippi Valley. Because the region was sparsely settled at the time, very little French Creole architecture was built outside Louisiana. And today Louisiana is home to the overwhelming majority of surviving examples. There is much scholarly dispute as to the origins of the French Creole building tradition. Some have noted distinct similarities to buildings in France while others emphasize the evolution the tradition underwent in the New World, principally the Caribbean. Regardless of its origin, it is a distinctive building tradition characteristic of French America. French Creole architecture, of course, began in the French colonial period (1699-1762). However, the tradition continued in popularity well into the 1800s. By the 1830s and 40s, one sees houses that combine French Creole features (see below) and Anglo-American traditions such as symmetry and a central hall plan. The typical rural French Creole house can be described as follows. Its most important features include: 1) generous galleries, 2) a broad spreading roofline, 3) gallery roofs supported by light wooden colonnettes, 4) placement of the principal rooms well above grade (sometimes a full story), 5) a form of construction utilizing a heavy timber frame combined with an infill made of brick (briquette entre poteaux) or a mixture of mud, moss and animal hair called bousillage, 6) multiple French doors, and 7) French wraparound mantels. The previously mentioned timber frame incorporated French joinery i.e., angle braces that are extremely steep, running all the way from sill to plate, in contrast to English joinery where the angle brace is almost a 45 degree angle. Urban examples shared most of these characteristics but often lacked commodious galleries. Indeed, the quintessential Creole cottage in New Orleans stands flush with the front property line and has no gallery. Also, urban areas had what is known as a Creole townhouse, a multi-story, typically L-shaped building standing flush with the sidewalk. The first floor served as mercantile space and the upper floors as the family's living quarters. Some Creole townhouses had a low mezzanine-type storage area known as an entresol located between the first and second floor. A wide carriage passage connected the street to a rear courtyard. Today surviving Creole townhouses can be seen mainly in New Orleans' French Quarter. Creole floorplans are distinctive in the following respects. They tend to be asymmetrical and always lack interior hallways. Openings are placed solely for the convenience of the interior, and without any regard for a pleasing architectural effect on the exterior (i.e., producing an irregular schedule of openings). Often the rear range of rooms consists of an open loggia with a small room at each end known as a cabinet. The rural French Creole building tradition is also known for the use of pigeonniers to ornament the plantation. Domestic pigeons had value not only as a delicacy but as a source of fertilizer. However, as noted by Louisiana plantation specialist Barbara Bacot, it was less a taste for squab than for status that exalted the pigeonnier. Bacot, in Louisiana Buildings, 1720-1940, notes that in France only landowners had the right to keep pigeons under the Old Regime, and some of the landed gentry chose to frame their houses with pairs of dovecotes. In Louisiana, pigeonniers used in the form of monumental towers set near the main house continued as a fashion well into the 19th century. By contrast, on English plantations, where birds were sometimes kept, the roost or dovecote would typically have been little more than nesting boxes set in the gable of the barn. Essay written by the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation Florida Parishes Because they do not fit the state's well known French Creole and River Road plantation stereotypes, Louisiana's Florida Parishes are little known outside the state. However, citizens of South Louisiana (and especially of New Orleans) have enjoyed the region's natural beauty and healthy climate for well over a century. The Florida Parishes lie east of the Mississippi River and north of lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain in the southeastern portion of the state. The region contains eight parishes: East Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, West Feliciana, Livingston, St. Helena, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, and Washington. Although the area's name implies cohesiveness and a shared developmental pattern, this is not completely true. Certain parishes share a common heritage, while others followed divergent patterns of growth. Plantation and small farm agriculture, railroads, the lumber and vacation industries, and multiple ethnic groups--all have contributed to the growth and heritage of the region known as the Florida Parishes. The district takes its name from its early political history. At the end of Louisiana's colonial era, the region was part of Spanish West Florida. When Napoleon Bonaparte sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803, the Americans claimed the area as part of that purchase but made no move to occupy it. In 1810 the district's largely English population revolted against Spain and the U.S. annexed the territory. Spain protested the annexation, but was too weak to fight it. Louisianians have called the region the Florida Parishes ever since. Although Lake Pontchartrain's north shore underwent limited French Creole settlement before and after the colonial period, persons of English descent dominated in most other portions. For example, in East and West Feliciana parishes, planters from the southeastern states established a plantation economy whose landscape was characterized by houses in the Federal and Greek Revival styles. Farther east, in what would become Washington Parish, the Upland South Culture prevailed. Remembered for their Protestant fundamentalism and their strong-minded toughness, the Uplanders were descended from Scots-Irish farmers who emigrated to the Pennsylvania colony beginning in the 1720s. It was during this period that they encountered the Pennsylvania Germans, known to us today by the misnomer Pennsylvania Dutch. The two groups cohabited for about a generation. The Scots-Irish absorbed from the Germans a building technique that would become their principal architectural legacy--log construction. Armed with this tool and a fiercely independent streak, the Scots-Irish pushed south and westward through the Appalachians, first reaching Louisiana about 1790. There they established widely dispersed hamlets and farmsteads featuring an informal arrangement of log barns, sheds, animal pens and houses placed seemingly at random. In keeping with the basic simplicity and adaptability of the Upland South Culture, its building forms were based on easy to duplicate folk models. Houses emulated the so-called British pen tradition i.e., a single square, or nearly square room with a gable roof oriented from side to side and an outside chimney on one end. The pen was raised one to three feet off the ground on piers and had doors centered in its front and rear walls. In Louisiana a log single-pen house tended to be about 16 feet square. A two-room house was a double pen, generally with two front doors. Larger still was the dogtrot, which consisted of two pens with a central covered open passageway through which a dog could trot. These houses had full front galleries and often rear shed rooms as well. Today few people wish to live in a historic log house, and log outbuildings are of no use in modern agriculture. For these reasons, most of Louisiana's log buildings generally were long ago abandoned or altered beyond recognition. Although a few survive in north and west Louisiana, the state's most impressive collection is the Mile Branch Settlement located on the Washington Parish Fairgrounds in Franklinton. While Washington Parish developed at the hands of the Uplanders (and a thriving lumber industry which arrived around the turn of the 20th century), the area of the Florida Parishes bordering Lake Pontchartrain owes its fame to its role as a health and vacation resort. Long before the arrival of the railroad in 1887 made the trip from the Crescent City an easy weekend commute, New Orleanians viewed the North Shore as a haven from the annual yellow fever epidemics that threatened their city. While the wealthy took refuge in faraway fashionable spas, middle-class people went to the nearby Gulf Coast or to lower St. Tammany and Tangipahoa parishes. Known as the North Shore, the latter had much to recommend it as a retreat from the languid New Orleans climate. First there was the air, which was sharp, fresh and pure. Popularly known as ozone, it was thought to have great curative powers for pulmonary respiratory ailments. This medicinal property was attributed to the area's vast stands of long and short leaf pine which exuded a rich oxygenated mix. Equally important was the water. The terra firma of lower St. Tammany and Tangipahoa constituted one of the world's great natural water purification systems with huge underground lakes supplying dozens of mineral springs. The word hydropathy has passed from common use, but in Victorian times, the water cure was a respected alternative to the harsh medical practices of the day. Hotels and spas sprang up as far above the lake as Covington and Hammond to serve the health conscious and infirmed. However, Abita Springs was the most significant; it was founded and developed as a health resort and had no other purpose. In addition to providing accommodations on the North Shore, city fathers and spa owners also took steps to enhance the health-giving springs and natural areas with improvements, notably bandstands, pavilions, and specially developed winding trails through the piney woods. Attracted by the area's natural and man-made features, people came for social as well as medical reasons and often stayed for weeks or months at a time. Pleasure grounds surrounding hotels often contained groups of rental cottages that could be taken by an entire family. These long-term guests were important members of the social scene and received invitations to special events along with local residents. Many New Orleans families built vacation and weekend cottages on the North Shore. Partially as a result of their presence, the region developed its own architectural stamp, the so-called North Shore house. This unique regional house type is a variation of the New Orleans shotgun. Characterized by a T-shaped floorplan, it is one room wide and three or more rooms deep. Instead of the standard narrow front porch, North Shore houses have a long and generous side gallery to allow occupants to take the air. Some North Shore houses have galleries on both sides. With their extravagant Eastlake turned columns, spindles and brackets, and copious Queen Anne shingles in their gables, these homes are the glory of the North Shore. Today, concentrations of these houses can be found in Covington and around Abita Springs. The advance of medical theory after the Spanish American and First World wars eliminated diseases such as yellow fever and undermined the medical necessity for the North Shore refuge. Another factor in its decline was that hydropathy itself was going out of favor as conventional medicine improved. Today the area still has great rural charm, with its towering pine trees, and is also quite cosmopolitan due to its proximity to New Orleans. Great restaurants and shops combine with natural beauty and a distinctive history to make the North Shore an obvious choice for a day trip or weekend getaway. The casual lifestyle of the health resorts was in sharp contrast to that of Tangipahoa's hardworking strawberry farmers. The phenomenal rise of this industry in the first few decades of the 20th century is a classic Louisiana success story. One of the driving forces behind this success was the influx of Italian immigrants into the parish. The Italians were originally recruited from their homeland to work in the cane fields of South Louisiana. They first appeared in Tangipahoa in 1890, when an American strawberry farmer brought an Italian family from New Orleans to pick his berries. This experience gave the Italians a first-hand knowledge of strawberry farming. A second family arrived in the fall. From their humble beginnings as pickers in the late 19th century, the Italians rapidly moved into a position of dominance in the strawberry industry. The Italians saw in Tangipahoa Parish an opportunity to acquire land and escape the life of an urban worker or plantation laborer. The Italians were extremely efficient and successful strawberry farmers. A study conducted by an agricultural commission during this period noted that the techniques employed by the Italians stand out in contrast to the more or less shiftless and thriftless southern methods employed by native farmers. The entire family, even the children, would work in the berry fields and live as cheaply as possible, saving everything they could. After a few years, they would make a down payment on whatever land they could obtain. Often this land was near the railroads, which provided the means of getting their crop to market. In this way, a number of ethnic agricultural colonies arose throughout the parish. Amite, Tickfaw, and Natalbany all had small compact Italian farming settlements. There was also a large Italian settlement in Hammond. However, the biggest concentration of Italians was in Independence where the colony stretched for five miles up and down the Illinois Central Railroad by 1910. By this time, Italians had virtually taken over the town. Business signs in the Independence commercial district were in Italian rather than English! By the early 1920s Tangipahoa strawberries supplied the entire Midwestern market; soon Louisiana was the country's leading producer. However, the resulting prosperity was not to last. Drought and frost in the 1927 and 1928 seasons reduced profits sharply and put many farmers heavily in debt. By the 1929-1930 season, a number of farmers were in serious financial trouble. In 1932 the industry suffered the greatest crop failure it had ever experienced. Twelve and one half inches of rain in one day in April, followed by a hailstorm later in the month virtually destroyed the crop. This season was the death knell of the strawberry boom, for the industry never recovered its former prosperity. However, strawberries continue to be an important crop, as Ponchatoula's annual strawberry festival, held every April, attests. Essay written by the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation List of Sites Decareaux House Destrehan Plantation One of the oldest and best-documented buildings from the State's colonial period, Destrehan Plantation House represents three major phases of construction and illustrates the changes in architectural style in Louisiana. Erected in 1787 by Charles Paquet, Destrehan Plantation was purchased by indigo planter Robert Antointe Robin DeLogny and his family. Besides his profitable indigo cash crop, DeLogny's local claim to fame was his famous son-in-law, Jean Noel Destrehan, who married his daughter Marie-Claude in 1786. Destrehan was the son of Jean Baptiste Destrehan de Tours, royal treasurer of the French colony of Louisiana, and it is from him that both the name of the plantation and the name of the town are derived. After DeLogny's death in 1792, the Destrehans inherited the plantation and house. While under the ownership of the Destrehan family, both the house and grounds went through considerable periods of change. In the 19th century the major cash crop at Destrehan became sugarcane rather than indigo and the house went through two further phases of construction. The original gallery columns were replaced in the 1830s or 40s with massive Greek Revival Doric columns of plastered brick and the cornice was altered accordingly. Its original colonial appearance was altered with the post-colonial addition of semi-detached wings. In the 20th century, the use of the grounds and house underwent yet another change. The house served as a facility of a major oil company, when Louisiana made the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy. Destrehan Plantation House consists of a central, two-story house with open galleries on three sides and flanking two-story wings separated from the main body of the house by the side galleries. The central unit, the oldest part of the house, is composed of masonry columns on the ground floor and wood columns on the upper. At one time a colonnade had surrounded the central unit. The roof is double- pitched all around. Destrehan Plantation is located at 13034 River Road, one half mile east of Destrehan Bridge. Fortunately, the house was not damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but please check with them directly to confirm the current hours of operation. The Plantation is open for guided tours by costumed interpreters 9:00am to 4:00pm, daily (except major holidays). The Plantation celebrates an Anuual Fall Festival the second week-end in November. There is a fee for admission, special group rates are available. Call 985-764-9315 or visit the plantation's website for more information. Homeplace Plantation House Homeplace Plantation, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, is located on the west bank of the Mississippi River in St. Charles Parish. Constructed between 1787 and 1791, it is one of the finest and least altered examples of a large French Colonial raised cottage left standing. Similar in plan to another National Historic Landmark, Parlange in Point Coupee Parish, Homeplace is two rooms deep and four rooms across with a 16 foot-wide gallery on all sides, providing separate access to each of the second story rooms for cross ventilation. The upper story walls are constructed of cypress timbers in-filled with clay and Spanish moss. The lower story, with its thick brick walls and floors, contained seven service rooms, including the large dining room, a pantry, two wine rooms, a hall, and two storage rooms. The wine rooms still retain some of the original wine racks and the dining room walls are decorated in original green-gray and white Italian marble tiles. Once the center of a large sugar plantation, Homeplace was originally surrounded by slave's quarters, pigeonniers (structures used by upper-class French for housing pigeons), a carriage house, and other dependencies used in plantation operations. Only the carriage house remains to the right rear of the house. An interesting feature of the house are tall brick pillars at the south end that once supported a large wooden cistern that supplied water to the house. The builder and first owner of Homeplace are unclear, but documents show that the plantation was owned by both Pierre Gaillard and Louis Edmond Fortier during its early years. The Fortier family owned the house until 1856 and it changed hands a number of times before Pierre Anatole Keller purchased the property in 1889. Keller dismantled the sugar production operation and tore down the sugar mill in 1894. Adding stairs to the front of the house in 1900, in addition to the original side stairs, the Keller family modernized the house and made some minor alterations. The Keller family continues to own the property today. Homeplace Plantation House, a National Historic Landmark, is located in Hahnville along State Hwy. 18, half a mile south of the post office. It is privately owned, and not open to the public. San Francisco Plantation House The opulent San Francisco Plantation House is a galleried house in the Creole manner that has been pictured in American, British, and Swedish periodicals as one of the major sites of the New Orleans area. Constructed between 1849-50, the San Francisco Plantation House is one of the most ornate of Louisiana's plantation houses. San Francisco, with its potpourri of architectural designs, its immense and ornate roof construction, and the paintings decorating the ceilings and door panels in the house's parlors, exemplifies the "steamboat Gothic" style. The exterior of the home resembles a layer cake, with a simple ground floor where brick columns support the gallery across the front and halfway back the sides. A double stairway leads from this gallery to the second floor gallery where fluted wood columns with cast-iron Corinthian capitals support an overhanging deck. The main living area is on the second floor instead of the ground level. The attic is a Victorian construction that gives the house a unique look with the hip roof pierced by tall dormers with diamond-paned, Tudor-arched windows. San Francisco's floor plan is unique as well, but the interior's primary significance lies in the fine murals attributed to Dominique Canova. The cost of San Francisco Plantation House, along with the paintings and other interior decorations, may have given rise to the house's name. One legend holds that the French phrase "son saint-frusquin," or "the shirt off his back," was a description of what the construction of the house cost its first owner, Edmond Marmillion. This became mistranslated into San Francisco. Another legend holds that the name celebrated the port of entry to northern California, then undergoing the gold rush of 1849. A further legend states that the name changed from Sans St. Frusquin to San Francisco when Achille D. Bougere purchased the plantation house in 1879. San Francisco was originally preserved by the efforts of Mr. and Mrs. Clark Thompson. The house is now owned by the San Francisco Plantation Foundation and has been restored to its former glory. San Francisco Plantation House, a National Historic Landmark, is located on Highway 44, off River Road, three miles upriver from Reserve. Fortunately, the house was not damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but please check with them directly to confirm the current hours of operation. The Plantation is open for tours 10:00am to 4:30pm March through October and 10:00am to 4:00pm November through February (except major holidays); there is a fee. Please call 985-535-2341 for further information. Evergreen Plantation Evergreen is only one of eight major Greek Revival style plantation houses remaining on the historic River Road. These "Gone With the Wind" era houses lined River Road on the eve of the Civil War, but many more have been lost over the years than have survived. Characteristic of these homes, Evergreen, completely remodeled from its original French Creole design in 1832, features stuccoed-brick Doric columns that extend from the ground to the roof on the wide double galleries. Originally, the residence of Michel Pierre Becnel and his wife Desiree Brou, the "big house" also boasts two remarkable fanlight doorways at the head and foot of the winding double stairway servicing the galleries. Evergreen is significant not only because of the existence of its main building along River Road, but also because of the remains of the plantation complex. With two pigeonniers (structures used by upper-class French for housing pigeons), two garconieries (dwellings for a family's young boys), a privy, a kitchen, a guesthouse, an overseer's house, and a double row of 22 slave cabins, Evergreen is unique. It is one of only a handful of plantations that evoke what major plantations resembled in the antebellum period of America's history. Usually only the main house of the planter's family have endured the ravages of time. Over the decades, the most serious change to Evergreen as a plantation complex has been the extensive fabric replacement evident in the slave quarters. Some noteworthy original features, such as chimneys, shutters, and doors remain, but nearly 150 years of patching, repairs, and reconstruction have caused alterations. It is surprising that these quarters, retaining their original appearance and double row configuration, have survived at all. There is very little documentation on these buildings, although it is clear that they are indeed antebellum. The 1860 census lists Lezin Becnel and his brother, the then owners of the plantation, as having 103 slaves in 48 dwellings. The only known historic map of the plantation is the Mississippi River Commission map of 1876, which shows 22 cabins in the same configuration and location. Evergreen Plantation, a National Historic Landmark, is located on State Hwy. 18, in Wallace. The house is open to the public by reservation only. Call 504-201-3180 to arrange a visit. Whitney Plantation Historic District The Whitney Plantation Historic District is located on a 3,000-foot stretch of the famous, historic River Road in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana. Aside from the raised Creole main house, originally erected in 1803, the district contains an overseer's house, a rare French Creole barn, a manager's house, a plantation store, a two story tall pigeonnier (structures used by upper-class French for housing pigeons), and the 1884 Creole and Greek revival style Mialaret House, as well as other sites of historic interest. The Creole mansion and dependencies are grouped in a cluster, which forms the focal point of the district. Sugarcane and rice were the principal crops during the historic period, and Whitney's fields are still planted in cane. The district's plantation house is architecturally important statewide as one of Louisiana's most important examples of Creole architecture. Nationally, the art produced within the Whitney Plantation House, including the wall murals dating between 1836 and 1839, are important. Whitney's surviving French Creole barn is the last example known to survive in the State. The plantation that came to be known as Whitney appears to have been founded by Ambrose Haydel. A German, Haydel immigrated to Louisiana with his mother and siblings in 1721 and married shortly thereafter. Ambrose Haydel and his wife may have lived on the Whitney land tract as early as 1750. By the end of the 18th century, Haydel's sons, Jean Jacques, and Nicholas, owned adjoining plantations which included and expanded upon their father's original holdings. It was apparently Jean Jacques who built the Whitney main house around 1790 and expanded it around 1803. In 1820, he sold the property to his sons Jean Jacques, Jr., and Marcellin. Marcellin eventually gained total control of the rest of the family's land, and commissioned the 1836-1839 remodeling. The plantation remained in the family's hands until it was sold to a Northerner, Bradish Johnson, after the Civil War. It was Johnson who actually named the property Whitney in honor of his grandson, Harry Payne Whitney. The Formosa Plastics Corporation purchased the land in 1990 and has pledged to preserve and restore the house and outbuildings as a museum of Creole culture. The Whitney Plantation Historic District is located of Hwy. 18 in Wallace. All of the buildings within the district are privately owned, and not open to the public. Laura Plantation Situated on River Road between Baton Rouge and New Orleans, the Laura Plantation complex is located just upriver from the west bank community of Vacherie. The plantation is significant for its raised Creole plantation "big house" and its rare collection of outbuildings, including six slave quarters, that illustrate the development of a sugar cane plantation from the antebellum period well into the 20th century. The land on which Laura plantation stands was originally owned by Andrï¿½ Neau, who obtained it through a French royal land grant in 1755. In the late 1700s, the plantation became the property of the Dupare family and was divided between two family members in 1876. The house continued in the hands of Dupare heirs until 1891, when Dupare descendant Laura Locoul sold the property to A. Florian Waguespack. A condition of the sale was that the plantation and house continue to be called "Laura". Constructed c.1820, the main house at Laura has a raised brick basement story and a briquette-entre-poteaux (brick between posts) upper floor. The house is special because of its Federal style interior woodwork and Norman roof truss. In Louisiana, far more Creole houses with Greek Revival woodwork have survived than have those showing Federal influence. Few examples of the Norman roof truss construction technique survive, and they are usually found in very early Creole houses. Although Creole residences once dominated the rural landscape of central and southern Louisiana, today perhaps only 300 to 400 examples of these buildings remain standing outside New Orleans. Of these, the majority are small or moderately sized one-story houses, while only approximately 30, including the main house Laura, are members of the distinct group of substantial raised plantation houses regarded as the apex of the Creole style. Little attention has been given to preserving the coterie of dependencies that were the "workhorses" of cotton and sugar production on Louisiana plantations. Historically the state was dotted with hundreds of plantation complexes such as Laura, but today they are rare survivors. One of about 15 surviving plantation complexes in the state, Laura might be compared to Whitney or Evergreen plantations in St. John the Baptist Parish. Thus, it is a very important visual reminder of the large agricultural enterprise common in antebellum and post-war Louisiana. Laura Plantation is located on River Road midway between Baton Rouge and New Orleans. Fortunately, the house was not damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but please check with them directly to confirm the current hours of operation. The home is open for tours daily from 9:00am to 5:00pm, except for Creole holidays (New Year's, Mardi Gras, Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas). There is a fee for admission and groups are encouraged to call ahead. Call 225-265-7690 or visit www.lauraplantation.com for more information. Colonial Sugars Historic District The Colonial Sugars Historic District is significant as one of a small number of surviving historic sugar refineries and as an example of the kind of large centralized plants developed during the consolidation of sugar refining in the United States at the turn of the 20th century. The company town is typical of the facilities created by industries for their employees in rural areas and is only one of two towns (the other is Cinclare Sugar ) surviving in Louisiana. Originally known as the Gramercy Sugar Company, this sugar refinery and adjacent town was founded in 1895 by a group of New York investors. In 1902, a new firm, the Colonial Sugars Company, was organized to take over the facility. Colonial Sugars operated the refinery until 1908 when it was acquired by the Cuban American Sugar Company which ran it until 1971. Several companies have owned the refinery since that time, and today it operates at full capacity by Savannah Foods and Industries. The period 1880 to 1920 saw rampant industrial growth in Louisiana, most of which was fueled by out-of-state capital. It was during these years that mainline railroad trackage grew from under 700 miles to over 5,000 miles. Various industries matured during this period, including large-scale centralized sugar processing, industrial lumbering and oil exploration. Because most of the industrial enterprises associated with this growth were established in rural areas, the company town was a crucial feature of the emerging landscape. It was customary for the company to provide for all aspects of the workers' lives, including housing, churches, recreational facilities, etc. Points of interest in the Colonial Sugars Historic District include: Executive Row with the plant manager's house that served as the home (1928 to 1956) of George P. Meade, a co-author of the Cane Sugar Handbook and a well-known figure in the cane sugar refining industry; Workers' Row along Fifth Avenue with its cottages dating from the 1910s; the c.1910 company chapel; the 1902 Char House where liquid sugar flows through massive filters filled with bone char to remove the brown color; and the 1929 Power House, designed by the firm McKim, Meade and White, that generates electric power for the water plant and some workers' residences. The Colonial Sugars Historic District is located in Gramercy, primarily between Main St. and Levee Rd. The mill and the residences are private and not open to the public. Judge Felix Poche Plantation The Judge Poche Plantation House is significant in the areas of architecture and local history. Architecturally, the Judge Poche Plantation House stands as a fine example of a raised plantation house built under the influence of the Victorian Renaissance Revival. This can be principally seen in its large front dormer with its oeil-de-boeuf motifs and in its arcaded front gallery. This decorative treatment is unusual because most plantation houses were characterized by Greek Revival styling. The Judge Poche Plantation House is locally significant because of its association with Felix Pierre Poche, Civil War diarist, Democratic Party leader, and prominent jurist. Poche built the house around 1870 and maintained it as his residence until 1880 when he moved to New Orleans. It served as his summer house from then until 1892, at which time he sold the property. Poches Civil War diary is regarded as an important source for scholars, especially those studying the war east of the Mississippi in the waning months of the conflict. Poche, who was bilingual, kept his journal in French. It has since been translated and published and is one of the few Confederate diaries describing the war in Louisiana that is in print. After the war Poche returned to St. James Parish, resumed his law practice, and assumed an active role in the Democratic Party. In January 1866, he was elected to the Louisiana Senate to fill a vacancy occasioned by a resignation and served in this capacity until the adoption of the new state constitution in 1868. He attended the biannual Democratic party conventions from 1868 to 1876 and was a member and president of the 1879 party convention which nominated Governor Wiltz. Poche was also a member of the 1879 constitutional convention. On the national level he was an alternate delegate to the 1872 and 1876 Democratic conventions and was a Tilden elector in 1876. In addition to these accomplishments, Poche was a well-known jurist. In 1880 he was appointed associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court and served in this position until 1890 when his term expired. Poche was also one of the founders and charter members of the American Bar Association. At a social reunion in 1876 at Saratoga he originated the idea of a national association for his profession and proposed it to several others there. The idea was adopted and in 1877 the association met for the first time. Today the house had been adapted into a bed and breakfast. The Judge Felix Poche Plantation is located at 6554 State Hwy. 44, in Convent. Tours are available Monday-Sunday at 10:00am and by appointment; there is a fee. Groups are encouraged to call ahead. For further information, or to make reservations at the bed and breakfast, call 225-562-7728 or visit www.plantation.poche.com. Oak Alley Plantation Originally named Bon Sejour, Oak Alley was built in 1837-39 by George Swainey for Jacques Telesphore Roman, brother of Andre Roman who was twice governor of Louisiana. Joseph Pilie, Jacques Telesphore Roman's father-in-law, was an architect and is thought to have provided the design of Oak Alley. Oak Alley's most distinguishing architectural feature is a full peripteral (free-standing) colonnade of 28 colossal Doric columns. Such plantation houses were once scattered along the Mississippi valley, though Oak Alley is probably the finest of those remaining. In 1866, Oak Alley was sold at auction to John Armstrong. Several owners followed Armstrong, and by the 1920s, the house was is in a state of deterioration. Andrew and Josephine Stewart purchased the property in 1925 and hired architect Richard Koch to conduct an extensive restoration. The pale pink of the plastered columns and walls and the blue green of the louvered shutters and gallery railing were color choices of Mrs. Stewart at that time. Square in plan, the interior has a central hall from front to rear on both floors. At each end of both halls the doors have broad fanlights and sidelights framed with slim, fluted colonnettes. Rooms at the first floor rear were partitioned and adapted to modern uses at the time of restoration in the 1920s. Equally significant is the impressive double row of giant live oak trees which form the oak alley, about 800 feet long, from which the property derived its present name. Planted before the house was constructed in 1837, this formal planting is a historic landscape design long recognized for its beauty. An important event in American horticultural history occurred in the winter of 1846-47 when Antoine, a slave gardener at Oak Alley, first successfully grafted pecan trees. His work resulted in the first named variety, Centennial, and the first commercial pecan orchard at nearby Anita Plantation. Josephine Stewart established a nonprofit organization to manage Oak Alley after her death. This Greek Revival showplace is now open to the public for tours. Oak Alley Plantation, a National Historic Landmark, is located on 3645 State Hwy. 18 in Vacherie. Fortunately, the house was not damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but please check with them directly to confirm the current hours of operation. Oak Alley is normally open daily 9:00am to 5:30pm from March-October and 9:00am to 5:00pm from November-February. Tours are available for a fee and groups are encouraged to call ahead. Call 1-800-442-5539 or visit www.oakalleyplantation.com for more information. Madewood Built in 1840-48, Madewood Plantation House reflects the aspirations of its original owner, Colonel Thomas Pugh, a member of a prominent and wealthy Louisiana family. Madewood represents one of the finest and purest examples of the Greek Revival style architecture in a plantation home. In a grove of oaks and magnolias, facing Bayou Lafourche, Pugh and his architect, Henry Howard, constructed a house whose classical splendor would surpass that of the neighboring plantations. Madewood was the manor house for the group of plantations that Pugh acquired in the 1830s and 40s, which eventually totaled some 10,000 acres. Sugar cane production brought economic prosperity to the area around Bayou Lafourche in the first part of the 19th century. While Madewood is one of many plantations along the bayou, it stands out for its architectural grandeur, which is unique in its blending of its Classical features with indigenous material. The grounds today include the main house and attached kitchen, and in the rear, the carriage house, the Pugh family cemetery, Elmfield Cottage and the Madewood slave quarters. The house is built of bricks made on the plantation, while the exterior is covered with stucco, scored to represent masonry blocks and painted white. The proportions are carefully determined, the six fluted Ionic columns rise two stories, with the central portion retaining the character of a Greek temple. Two one-story wings, echoing the predominant elements of the main house, complete the facade. The interior contains 23 rooms, with floors of heart pine, doorframes and moldings of cypress, painted to resemble oak (or faux bois). Each doorway is signed by the artist, Cornealieus Hennessey. Elsewhere, the woodwork, including the cypress mantelpieces, has been painted to resemble marble or exotic woods. The Harold Marshall family purchased the property in 1964 and undertook a major restoration of the home, which was completed in 1978. The property is now owned by their sons, but is open to the public daily and is the center for an annual arts festival and other cultural events. Madewood, a National Historic Landmark, is located at 4250 Hwy. 308, Napoleonville. It is open for tours 10:00am to 4:30pm daily, except on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's. Call 1-800-375-7151 for further information. Christ Episcopal Church and Cemetery One of the oldest Episcopal churches west of the Mississippi River, Christ Episcopal Church is located on Bayou Lafourche in the Napoleonville Parish. Built in 1853, Christ Episcopal served as a worship space for English-speaking Protestants in a predominately French-speaking Roman Catholic community, as well as a community center for all English-speaking area residents. An excellent example of Gothic Revival architecture, the church was designed by Frank Wills. Wills, architect for the New York Ecclesiological Society, is also credited with the design of Trinity Church in Natchitiches. The mission of the Ecclesiological Society was to encourage church design in the style of English parish churches of medieval times. Christ Church was consecrated on May 10, 1854, by the Right Reverend Leonidas Polk, first Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana, later a general in the Confederate army. Using approximated $10,000 in locally raised funds, Christ Church was constructed by George Arment, a local carpenter since buried in the church cemetery. Dr. E. E. Kittredge donated the land for the church and cemetery. The building is constructed of Louisiana cypress and brick, made on Woodlawn Plantation by Colonel W. W. Pugh, who also supplied the labor for the construction. Slate for the roof and stained glass used in the windows were among the only materials imported from the East. The floor plan is asymmetrical consisting of a nave, sanctuary, transept, sacristy and entrance portico. The austere and graceful detailing of the interior consists of white plaster walls and dark brown stained wood work. A stained oak altar is located in the Apse. Thin stained glass windows, featuring bible scenes, line the interior walls. A wood organ, most likely added during a restoration, and a wood baptismal font complete the interior. The exterior is topped by a large spire, terminated by a graceful cross. The overall appearance of the church is long and slender, with a vertical emphasis. A cemetery is situated 12 feet from the back of church where early members of church are buried. These eternal resting places are marked either by a well-made and well-kept tomb or crumbling unmarked graves. During the Civil War, Christ Church was used as a barracks by Union troops from Ohio and Indiana. Later they stabled their horses there and used the stained glass windows for marksmanship practice. Having been destroyed almost completely during the war, the church was abandoned until 1869, when the greatly impoverished congregation, out of its own slender means, was able to restore it for public worship. Upon visiting in 1869, Bishop Wilmer declared that "they were persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed." The edifice had scarcely been restored before it was severely damaged in a thunderstorm and later by lightening. Again it had to be abandoned. The task of rebuilding began anew, with the major effort being undertaken between 1887 and 1906 under the leadership of the Edward Pugh Munson family. It was during this period that the beautiful Tiffany stained glass window was sent to New York for restoration and was reinstalled above the altar. With a renaissance of spirit at work in Christ Church, it continues to hold weekly services for its small, but growing, membership. Friend of Christ Church, Inc., has assumed the responsibility of maintaining the church and cemetery. While the majority of the members are descendants of the founding families, membership is open to all having an interest in preserving the historical richness of South Louisiana. Christ Episcopal Church and Cemetery is located on State Hwy. 1, at the north edge of Napoleonville. It is open for services or by appointment by calling Judge Leon LeSueur, Senior Warden, at 985-369-2106, who will be happy to conduct a tour. Assumption Parish Courthouse and Jail The Assumption Parish Courthouse was built in 1896, while the nearby jail is an earlier building that was in place by at least 1885. The late 19th and early 20th centuries were a time of revival styles in architecture, recalling Greek, Roman, and Romanesque styles of earlier periods. The Assumption Parish Courthouse and Jail stand as the singular examples of Italianate architecture in the parish. The land on which the buildings now stand, along the West Bank of Bayou Lafourche, was donated by Maxill and Caroline Bourg in 1818, to serve as the permanent location for the courthouse. It was at this time that Napoleonville (today, with a population of 802) became the county seat. An earlier courthouse probably stood here, and some of its decorative features may be those that appear in the present courthouse, such as the earlier Federal and Greek Revival style mantels. The Courthouse is built predominantly in the Italian-villa style--a two-story building in an L-shaped floor plan with a tower, or campanile. Although predominantly Italianate in design, the courthouse does show slight influence of the Romanesque Revival style in the massiveness with which the round arch entrances and the palladian windows, on the third level of the tower, are articulated. The Jail, too, features an Italianate style tower on its southeast corner, which may or may not belong to the original building. Both buildings are sheathed in stucco, a feature that highlights the simplicity of the design, while allowing the more ornate features, such as the towers, gables, windows, and pilasters to be accentuated. The Courthouse and Jail are today connected with a modern addition, though at the time of their construction, they were separate buildings. The courthouse has received a number of alterations since its construction. A first floor addition to the parish Tax Assessor's office has been added, along with a partially enclosed parking garage at ground level between the new offices and the old jail, and a new jail filling the connector's second floor. The Assumption Parish Courthouse and Jail is located at 4809 State Hwy. 1 in Napoleonvelle. It is open 8:00am to 4:00pm, Monday- Friday, tours are scheduled by appointments. Call 985-369-7435 for further information. St. Elizabeth Catholic Church St. Elizabeth Catholic Church is a large brick basilican plan Gothic style church near the center of the small bayou town of Paincourtville. St. Elizabeth is one of the largest historic buildings in Assumption Parish, and contains the most elaborate interior decorative paintwork in the parish. Purely Gothic in origin, St. Elizabeth stands out from other large Roman Catholic churches of the period, which can best be described as mixtures of Gothic, Romanesque, Renaissance and Baroque architectural features. The largely Catholic population of southern Louisiana was instrumental in the construction of numerous, large Catholic churches throughout this area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. St. Elizabeth, built in 1902, was constructed of brick on a basilica plan with an impressive faï¿½ade. The twin towers and the bays are set off by ornamental buttresses which have inset lancet shaped panels. In the interior, the vaulting and piers are almost entirely of wood and are covered with stenciled paintwork that is light and Victorian in character. Most of the stained glass windows date from 1906 and 1910. The windows are extremely intricate with painted scenes and figures, complete with drapery, facial features, architectural settings, foliage, sky, and elaborate trim. In 1914 the present decorative paintwork was executed. Much of the painting is stenciled and has a rather Victorian character except that the colors are more muted then one would expect in a 19th-century painting. St. Elizabeth Catholic Church is located on State Hwy. 1 in Paincourtville. Call 985-369-7398 or visit http://bayoucatholics.com for further information about the church and when it is open, and to see if tours are available. St. Emma St. Emma Plantation, located about four miles south of Donaldsonville and just west of the Bayou Lafourche, is a fine example of a large mid-19th-century Greek Revival plantation house. Built in 1847, St. Emma was owned from 1854 to 1869 by Charles A. Kock, one of the leading sugar planters and large slaveholders of Louisiana. Kock also owned the nearby Belle Alliance plantation, and between the two there lived 300 slaves. Born in Breman, Germany, in 1812, Charles A. Kock had become one of the largest sugar producers in Louisiana. St. Emma and the nearby plantation of Palo Alto figured in a Civil War battle, known as the "Battle of Koch's Plantation," in the fall of 1862. Confederate troops quartered in the sugarhouses of the two plantations skirmished with Union forces marching south from Donaldsonville to Thibodaux. The advancing Union army lost 465 men. St. Emma Plantation House stands five bays wide and three rooms deep, all around a central hall, following a standard raised plantation house plan, though St. Emma is somewhat larger than other examples. Both the front and rear facades have five-bay galleries which are formed of brick posts on the lower story and paneled wooden pillars on the upper story. There are no interior stairs and both staircases are set within the galleries. The house has a brick lower story and a circular sawn frame upper story. Although the upper story is the main floor, there are rooms on the ground floor as well, which appear to be original to the house. The exterior doors have three ventricle panels rather than the usual two. They are encompassed within ear-molded frames with pediment-shaped tops, and the sidelights are separated from the doors by full pilasters rather than molded stripes. Today, St. Emma plantation is furnished with a superb collection of Empire-period furniture. St. Emma Plantation House is located at 1283 South Hwy. 1, four miles south of Donaldsonville and is open by appointment only. Call the Ascension Parish Tourist Commission at 225-657-6550.. Tezcuco Tezcuco is a one-story, frame, Greek Revival plantation house located on the east bank of the Mississippi River about a mile and a half south of Burnside. Except for a few alterations, the residence retains its original c.1855 appearance on both the exterior and interior. The grounds also include a contemporaneous Creole cottage, which echoes the architecture of the main house. Tezcuco was built for Benjamin Tureaud around 1855. He was the grandson of Emanuel Bringier and the son of Augustin Dominique Tureaud, both plantation owners. The plantation remained in the Tureaud family until 1950 when Dr. and Mrs. Robert H. Potts purchased it. The present owner obtained it in 1982 and has restored Tezcuco and furnished it with antebellum antiques, some of which include pieces by the famous New Orleans cabinetmakers, Mallard and Seignouret. Tezcuco contains a number of details that distinguish it as an exceptional example of the raised Creole cottage, including the ironwork in an elaborate grape and vine pattern found on the two side porches and of the railing on the front porch. The raised house rests on a stuccoed brick basement with similar piers under the galleries and porches. The hip roof has gabled, pedimented dormers with entablatures and pilasters. Tezcuco's plan amounts to an enlarged and developed version of the traditional Creole plantation house plan. The traditional form has a hall-less plan, three rooms wide and one room deep with rear cabinets flanking a gallery. Tezcuco's plan is similar in concept, but is more enlarged. Its floor plan is more elaborate and developed than that of the typical plantation house of the period. The 15-foot ceilings give the rooms an unusual grandeur and spaciousness. While the Greek Revival influence is prevalent in the house, the Italiante style is also present in the somewhat heavier, more pronounced mantels, ceiling medallions, ironwork and foliated plaster cornice work. Around 1955, a small room was added to the rear of each of the side porches in order to install modern bathrooms. A modern kitchen, housed in a sunporch, was added on the side porch on the upriver elevation. A vestibule entry to the basement was also constructed next to the front steps. Tezcuco is located at 3138 State Hwy. 44 in Darrow. Tezcuco features a restaurant, bed and breakfast accommodations and tours daily (except major holidays) for a fee. Tours are offered 9:00am to 5:00pm March-November; 10:00am to 4:00pm December-February. Call 225-562-3929 or visit www.tezcuco.com for further information. Donaldsonville Historic District The Donaldsonville Historic District is located on the west bank of the Mississippi River and encompasses an area of about 50 blocks. The buildings, about 640 of them, date mainly from the period of 1865-1933 and include residences, commercial, and public buildings, five churches, and three cemeteries, of the Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish faiths. The Donaldsonville Historic District is architecturally significant because it contains the finest collection of buildings from the pre-Civil War era to 1933 to be found in any of the Mississippi River parishes above New Orleans. Comparable to other Mississippi River towns in Louisiana, Donaldsonville contains a number of Queen Anne Revival residences and a number of Italiante commercial buildings. Donaldsonville is unique in that it retains a sizable complement of working class areas complete with housing including shotgun houses, cottages and bungalows, as well as neighborhood stores. Donaldsonville also possesses several neo-classical buildings and two fine Romanesque Revival office buildings. A Romanesque Revival Courthouse, the site of which was part of the 1807 plan for Donaldsonville, is located on Houmas Street. Moreover, the Lemann Store, located at 314 Mississippi Street, is probably the finest Italiante commercial building in any Mississippi River town north of New Orleans. With its cast-iron gallery, its three-story sprawling mass, and its rich ornamentation, the Lemnan Store, built in 1878, stands as a monument to architect James Freret, the first New Orleans architect to study at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The development of Donaldsonville began in 1806 when William Donaldson hired Bartholemew Lafon to prepare a street plan. It included a number of grand public spaces: a semicircular park and drive along the Mississippi River (Crescent Park and Drive) and Louisiana Square, all of which are still extant. After the majority of the town was destroyed during the Civil War, the town's recovery came in the form of the New Orleans, Mobile and Chattanooga Railroad, which began regular service between Donaldsonville and New Orleans in 1871. Donaldsonville is one of only three Mississippi River towns in the state north of New Orleans, which go beyond the normal speculative grid plan. Donaldsonville's plan incorporates baroque features such as a semicircular park and an axial street leading to an open public square. The Donaldsonville Historic District is bounded roughly by the waterway of Bayou LaFourche on the west, the Mississippi River levee to the northeast, Church St. on the east and by Marchand Dr. on the south, in Donaldsonville. From I-10, take exit 182 to the Sunshine Bridge and take Hwy. 3120 north to Donaldsonville. Residences are private and not open to the public, but many of the businesses, institutions, and government buildings welcome visitors. Visit the Donaldsonville Tourist Information Center at 714 Railroad Ave., open 8:30am to 5pm daily or call 225-473-4814 for further information. The Houmas The Houmas house is significant in the area of architecture as an excellent example of a plantation house designed in the peripteral mode of the Greek Revival. It represents an important regional variation of the Greek Revival, which typified many of the grandest residences in the deep South. Houmas house is also historically important because under owner John Burnside in the 1850s and 60s it was the center of the largest slave holding in Louisiana. With over 800 slaves, it represented the largest economic unit in the prevailing slave economy of the state's pre-Civil War period. The plantation house began in the late 18th or early 19th century as a two-story, pitched roof brick building with end wall chimneys and a stuccoed exterior. The house had two rooms on each floor with a central staircase, six over six windows, and exposed beams, some of which were beaded. Although it presents a historic appearance, this old portion of the house has been much reworked. Changes made by Dr. Crozat include the removal of the stairs, the addition of an upstairs hall with a Palladian window, the replacement of the fireplaces and mantels, and the installation of closets and cupboards. In 1840 a square plan, two and a half-story, peripteral style mansion of stuccoed brick was built in front of the original portion. The normal rear gallery was omitted because of the close proximity of the old house. The 1840 portion is three rooms deep with a wide central hall plan. It has a graceful helix staircase set in a rear vestibule opposite a corresponding curving wall. The dining room and front parlor connect by means of wide doors. Significant exterior features include the handsome colossal Doric galleries, the Federal arched dormers, the cupola, and the movable louvered shutters. The axial formal garden, which extends to the sides and rear of the house, is largely the result of work done by former owner Dr. George Crozat in the 1940s. In the 1940s Dr. Crozat demolished a pair of rooms which had connected the older portion with the 1840 portion, and built a glazed breezeway with an arch at each end. He also installed a modern kitchen and bathrooms in the 1840s portion. The Houmas is located at 40136 Hwy. 942 in Darrow. Fortunately, the house was not damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but please check with them directly to confirm the current hours of operation. The Houmas is open for guided tours by costumed interpreters daily 10:00am to 5:00 February- October; and 10:00am to 4:00pm November-January, except on major holidays. Call 225-473-7841 or visit www.houmashouse.com for further information Ashland Duncan F. Kenner (1813-1887) built Ashland for his wife, Anne Guillemine Nanine Bringier, a member of an old and influential French family of Louisiana. Ashland-Belle Helene is representative of the massiveness, simplicity, and dignity which are generally held to epitomize the Classical Revival style of architecture. Free of service attachments and with a loggia on all four facades, it is a more complete classical statement than the vast majority of Louisiana plantation houses. With its broad spread of eight giant pillars across each facade and its heavy entablature, Ashland-Belle Helene is among the grandest and largest plantation houses ever built in the state. Ashland-Belle Helene is also important for its association with Duncan F. Kenner, a sugar planter, horse breeder, lawyer and political figure during the antebellum period. The walls of Ashland (as the Kenner plantation was then known) were adorned with paintings of horses, and the grounds included a racetrack. Kenner himself was a keen advocate of scientific methods of farming and experimented with innovations in the sugar production industry. Kenner is said to have been the first in the state to use the portable railroad to carry cane from fields to mill. In addition to serving in the Louisiana House of Representatives, and as a member of the Confederate Congress, Kenner was appointed in 1865 as minister plenipotentiary by President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, to gain the support of England and France for the Confederacy. When Kenner returned to Ashland at the end of the Civil War, he found his plantation in ruins and his slaves freed, the place having been raided by Union troops in 1862. At the age of 52 he had to start over again, but by persistence and great business skill, and by re-employing as laborers the slaves that had been freed, he built up an estate. When Duncan Kenner died, his plantation was even larger and more valuable than it had been before the war. In 1889, Ashland was purchased by John B. Reuss, a German immigrant who became a prosperous sugar planter. Reuss re-named the plantation "Belle Helene" in honor of his granddaughter, Helene Reuss. Ashland Plantation is set approximately 1500 ft. from the Mississippi River, just off State Hwy. 75, north of Darrow. Ashland is not open to the public, but group tours can be arranged through the Ascension Tourist Commission. Contact them at 985-675-6550. Bocage Plantation Resting on some 100 acres on the east bank of the Mississippi River, Bocage Plantation is one of the jewels of the River Road plantations between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. The plantation house is a grand Greek Revival mansion. Constructed in 1801, the original mansion was a wedding gift from St. James Parish planter Marius Pons Bringier to his eldest daughter, Francoise “Fanny” Bringier and her husband Christophe Colomb, a native of Paris, France, who claimed to be a descendant of Christopher Columbus. For many years, the belief was that the current house was the result of a full remodeling of the original 1801 building that took place around 1837. However, a recent renovation of the home, which in some places involved the removal of exterior stucco and interior plaster, revealed no hint of the remodeling of an earlier building. During the process, the bases of four symmetrically placed chimneys surrounded by extensive charred remains and fragments of brick and broken glass were discovered buried about 40 feet behind the house. Experts involved in the recent renovation believe that these remains are of the original 1801 home and that the current building is a replacement for the one that burned. Bocage was obviously designed by an architect well skilled in the Greek Revival idiom. Although no documentary evidence exists to confirm the designer’s identity, circumstantial evidence points to renowned architect James H. Dakin. A New York native, Dakin relocated to Louisiana in 1835 and came under the Bringier family’s employ. He would later design Louisiana’s fine Gothic Revival Old State Capitol (1847-1849) in Baton Rouge. Bocage’s façade features square columns, an impressive entablature with a denticulated cornice, a pediment shaped parapet (which is unusual for Louisiana) and a double gallery. Inside, the home has a Creole floor plan whose primary living space, called a premier etage, is located on the second floor. Interior rooms opening into each other without hallways and a rear cabinet-loggia range make up the plan. The grander rooms across the front open onto the upper gallery that overlooks the Mississippi River levee and provides a panoramic view of the 100-acre plantation. However, premier etage’s most significant decorative feature is a splendid anthemion and patera door surround which encases a second-floor set of pocket doors. The design for this feature is taken directly from Plate 26 of Minard Lafever's 1835 builders' pattern book, Beauties of Modern Architecture, to which Dakin apparently contributed drawings. Dr. Marion Rundell, a native of Louisiana, has returned the mansion to its original splendor. “The plantation has never been open for public tours,” he said. “When I purchased Bocage in 2008 my goal was to open it for the public to enjoy. It is a unique property that maintains an important role in the history of the great plantation houses of the United States. Now you can visit it and see why it holds such an important historical role.” Now a bed and breakfast, the stately mansion is open for tours and group functions. The mansion is furnished with fine antiques, paintings, and accessories. Located about 47 miles from New Orleans or 20 minutes from Baton Rouge, LA, Bocage is on the East Bank of the Great River Road, just a short distance from Interstate-10 (turn off I-10 at Highway 22). Tours are available by appointment Wednesday through Sunday, 12:00pm – 5:00pm. Admission is $20.00 per person, with no charge for children under 12. Group discounts are available. To schedule a tour, book a bed and breakfast stay, or for details on group events, call 225-588-8000 or visit the plantation's website for further information. St. Gabriel Roman Catholic Church St. Gabriel Roman Catholic Church is perhaps one of the oldest churches in the Louisiana Purchase Territory. Tradition sets the date of the formation of the parish in 1761. The Capuchin Vicar General, Father Dagobert, directed that a church be established in its present location in 1769, and St.Gabriel was dismantled and moved to its present site in 1772. The Church served an area already settled by French Acadians who had first been exiled from Nova Scotia and then uprooted from Maryland in 1758. When Spain took over the administration of the territory from France the Church was dismantled and moved to its present location, approximately 14 miles east of Baton Rouge. A Spanish land grant dates this move from 1772-3, during the administration of Governor Unzaga. It was in this new location, in 1773, that the church was dedicated and placed under the invocation of St. Gabriel the Archangel. At least four chapels were established under the direction of St. Gabriel Church, as it was the hub of the Catholic Church system of Iberville Parish. These included St. Raphael and St. Paul's in the Bayou Goula area, St. Rose, and the St. John the Evangelist Church in Plaquemine. The first baptism record available for the St. Gabriel Church is dated April 22, 1773, and the first marriage record is from January 1, 1773. They were recorded by Father Angelus de Revillagodas, a Spanish Capuchin who was at the church at Donaldsonville, a few miles down the Mississippi River. It was not until August 1779, that the French Capuchin, Father Valentin, became the first resident pastor. Two later prominent pastors were Father Cyril de la Croix, pastor from 1859 to 1865, who founded the first Conference of the Society of St.Vincent de Paul in the South, and Bishop Jean Marius Laval, who was at St.Gabriel from 1884 to 1890. Architecturally, St. Gabriel is unique because beneath its 19th-century faï¿½ade lies an extremely rare18th-century French colonial church building. Its exterior is composed primarily of cypress, which remains an abundant material on the site. Its design is Classical on the inside, representative of its French Acadian origins and its exterior is an example of the Gothic style, which is executed simplistically with its frame construction. The St. Gabriel Roman Catholic Church is located at 3625 Hwy. 75, in St. Gabriel. It is open by appointment only, call 225-642-8441. Nottoway Plantation House The Nottoway Plantation House, one of the largest antebellum plantation houses in the south, is composed of 64 rooms, 7 staircases, and 5 galleries. This 53,000-square foot plantation home, constructed by John Hampden Randolph in 1858, is a fine example of an antebellum home. Randolph, whose father had come from Virginia in 1820, purchased the area in 1841. In 1860 Nottoway Plantation encompassed 6,200 acres and Randolph, the builder and owner of the property during that time, owned 155 African-Americans that worked his sugarcane plantation as slaves. When Randolph was ready to build his house, he went to New Orleans and asked various architects to submit designs, and chose Henry Howard's. Nottoway survived the Civil War, however damage occurred when a Union gunboat on the Mississippi River attempted to destroy the magnificent house until the gunboat officer realized he had once been a guest there and decided to spare Nottoway The Randolphs held onto the house through the Civil War and Reconstruction until 1889, when Mrs. Randolph sold the mansion following her husband's death. Nottoway sits about 200 feet behind the Mississippi River Levee surrounded by oaks, magnolias, pecan trees, and sweet olives. Nottoway House is distinctive for being an essentially Italianate Style plantation house built in an era dominated by Greek Revival architecture. Nottoway contains an elegant, half-round portico as the side gallery follows the curve of the large ballroom bay window. Nottoway's thin Italianate pillars stretch vertically to touch all of its three levels, extending from the house's one-story brick base to the paramount height of the third-story made of wooden frame. From the front gallery the Mississippi River is in view. The interior of Nottoway is white in color, including Corinthian columns, lace curtains, carved marble mantels and even the floor, creating an elegant environment. Nottoway Plantation House is located at 30970 Hwy. 405, the Mississippi River Road, 2 mi. north of White Castle, and can be accessed from Hwy. 1. Fortunately, the house was not damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but please check with them directly to confirm the current hours of operation. Tours are offered daily 9:00am to 5:00pm; there is a fee. The restaurant at the plantation is open 11:00am to 3:00pm, and 5:00pm-9:00pm daily. Please call 225-545-2730 for further information. St. John Baptist Church St. John Baptist Church is a large frame building located in the small rural African-American community of Dorseyville. Built between 1871 and 1875, the church is significant because it represents the earliest period of the African-American community of Dorseyville. The town of Dorseyville takes its name from Reverend Bazile Dorsey, the first pastor of St. John Church and the recognized founder of the community. Surrounded by sugarcane plantations, the village developed in the years immediately following the Civil War as a place for black agricultural workers to live. According to a cornerstone in the church, St. John was organized in 1868 and incorporated on September 19, 1869. The community was sufficiently established to appear on Mississippi River Commission maps of 1879-80. By 1893, local children had a school, thanks to the efforts of St. John Baptist Church under the leadership of Reverend Dorsey. Although there is no written record of the founding of Dorseyville, it seems likely that it grew up around St. John's, given the early founding of the congregation and construction of the church building. Expressing the high aspirations of newly freed African-Americans, St. John's stands as a reminder of the pivotal role of the church in the African-American communities. St. John Baptist Church is a basilican plan building five bays deep with a second story gallery on three sides of the interior. The basic form and appearance of St. John Baptist Church is related to rural Greek Revival churches of the mid-19th century, possessing a clapboarded structure with tall windows, a partial entablature and a forward facing gable. However, unlike this prototype, St. John has a three-stage entrance tower at its center, which is largely Italianate in detailing. Although the church has experienced some change over the years, almost all modifications have been on the interior or to the rear. The exterior looks much as it did when the building was completed. St. John Baptist Church is located at 31925 LaCroix Rd. at State Hwy. 1 in Dorseyville, eight miles south of Plaquemine. The church is open for church services, and by appointment. Contact Harriet Tillman at 225-687-4029. . Plaquemine Historic District The Plaquemine Historic District encompasses 21 blocks of Railroad Avenue, Main, Eden, Church, Plaquemine, and Court Streets. Incorporated in 1838, the town of Plaquemine developed as a commercial center due to its location on the Mississippi River at the mouth of Bayou Plaquemine. A lively steamboat trade built the town's fortunes, but this trade was partially disrupted in 1866 when severe flooding required that a dam be built to separate Bayou Plaquemine from the Mississippi. Although local civic leaders turned to the railroad to restore their commercial ties, they continued to campaign for waterway improvements until the Federal government opened the Plaquemine Lock in 1909. However, the decline in river traffic and the erosion of the West Bank of the Mississippi River turned Plaquemine towards the rail and the lock was closed permanently in 1961. Several "cave-ins," including a major one in 1888, plunged streets, businesses, and residences into the river. Today, as a result, most of the original town of Plaquemine is gone. The Plaquemine Historic District includes the few Greek Revival buildings that have survived the ravages of the river and time as well as the later commercial area which developed along portions of Railroad Avenue, Main and Eden Streets between the 1880s and 1930s. Also included are the residential neighborhoods, which grew between the railroad and the river as well as along the West End of Main Street. The community's fine late Italianate, Queen Anne Revival, and 20th-century eclectic buildings owe their existence to the coming of the railroad. The district contains two 18th-century French Neoclassical style buildings, St. John School on Main Street is an Italian Renaissance style school. St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church, also on Main Street, is a tour de force in the Italian Romanesque and early Christian styles. There are many other superior quality architectural examples in the district, including old City Hall, now the Iberville Museum, at 57735 Main Street. The City Hall has a four column pedimented portico, which makes it fairly unusual among Louisiana Greek Revival buildings. The Brusle Building at 23410 Eden Street stands as the finest commercial Italianate building in the parish. The Plaquemine Historic District is bounded by Railroad Ave., Main, Eden, Church, Plaquemine & Court Sts. in Plaquemine. Residences are private and not open to the public, but many of the businesses, institutions, and government buildings welcome visitors. Visit the Historic Plaquemine Lock, a State Historic Sites, is open 9:00am to 5:00pm daily, call 225-687-7158 or visit the state park's website for more information. The Iberville Parish Tourist Information Center, open 10:00am to 4:00pm Tuesday-Sunday, except major holidays, is located at. For group tours or further information call 225-687-5190, or visit the parish's website . Mount Hope Plantation House Mount Hope Plantation House stands as an example of the architecture typical of Southeastern Louisiana farmhouses constructed during the 19th century. Built in 1817, it is the only farmhouse of its kind remaining in the Baton Rouge area. Through the years this plantation house has become part of the landscape of a thriving suburban neighborhood, its Greek Revival style of architecture distinguishing it from its surroundings. Mount Hope Plantation's mid-19th-century features include its mortise and tenon construction. Mount Hope Plantation, like many of its architectural type, embodies many traditional forms and characteristics, including the period cabinets, the central hall, the gabled roof, and the simple mantels. The one and a half-story house has a narrow central staircase flanked by pairs of rooms and a front gallery, which encompasses three sides of the house. The wide gable roof is a replacement of the original one that was destroyed by a hurricane in the 1940s. Chimneys are set between the front and rear rooms with simple mantels and exposed ceiling beams that line the interior. The galleries have simple posts with molded capitals on their upper portions. Mount Hope was originally constructed of cypress from the plantation. The spacious lawns, oak trees, and colorful flowers and vegetation of the plantation itself find their origins from a 400-acre Spanish land grant endowed to Joseph Sharp, a German planter, in 1786. German families had settled in the region since 1718, when the Company of the Indies recruited them for the then French colony. Most Germans became culturally absorbed into the surrounding French Creole culture, but even with their addition, the European population of the colony remained small. When France ceded Louisiana to Spain in 1763, the total population of the colony stood at about 5,000 Europeans and 3,000 slaves. Later, during the Civil War, the plantation housed Confederate troops for the war effort. Mount Hope Plantation is located at 8151 Highland Rd. in Baton Rouge. Tours are available 10:00am to 4:00pm, Tuesday-Saturday. Bed and breakfast accomodations are also offered. Please call 225-761-7000 or visit www.mounthopeplantation.com for further information. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Louisiana State University (LSU) at Baton Rouge is the principal campus of the State University system. The historic campus consists of 46 buildings, with the majority of these dating from the 1920s and 1930s. Styled in a manner reminiscent of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance, many of the buildings achieve this effect with stucco over masonry construction and similar features. The campus presently rests on its fourth location; its first location in Pineville, Louisiana opened in 1860 and was destroyed by a fire nine years later. Following the fire, classes moved to the State School for the Deaf and Dumb in Baton Rouge, which also no longer exists. The third move for the University was to the Pentagon Barracks in 1886, which were used as a stronghold by first Confederate then Federal troops in the Civil War. Finally in 1918 the University purchased Gartness Plantation south of downtown Baton Rouge. Growth of the campus was spurred by the ascension of Huey P. Long to power in 1928. As governor and later U.S. Senator, Long made the growth of LSU a special item of interest, launching a major building campaign which continued through the 1930s. The 46 historic buildings on the campus vividly reflect an important period in American architecture. The eclectic style they express has its roots in the French Beaux Arts system. This architectural spirit of learnedly imitating the past came to America in the late 19th century; LSU is by far the largest of the dozen or so eclectic complexes in the state, with 43 consistently styled buildings. The Memorial Tower on campus, built to resemble the historic clock tower at the basilica in Vicenaza, and the Old President's Home, designed in the Victorian Italianate Villa style, are but two examples on campus reflecting this architectural movement The architect who is primarily credited with the design of Louisiana State University's campus is Theodore C. Link, a former student of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Louisiana State University campus is located near the intesection of Hwys. 30 and 42 in Baton Rouge, with the historic section lying between Hwy. 30 and University Lake. The campus is open to the public Monday-Friday for tours. For further information, please call 225-388-3202. Magnolia Mound Plantation House Located in Baton Rouge, Magnolia Mound Plantation stands as a fine example of the architectural influences of early settlers from France and the West Indies. One of the earliest buildings in the city of Baton Rouge, the property was owned originally by James Hillen, an early settler who arrived in 1786. On December 23, 1791, John Joyce, from Cork County, Ireland, purchased the property. Here he lived with his wife, Constance Rochon, until he mysteriously drowned in Mobile on May 9, 1798. Constance Rochon Joyce went on to marry Armand Allard Duplantier, a former captain of the continental army under the Marquis de Lafayette and a most influential personality in the city. Several persons owned the property from the time of the Duplantier family to the late 19th century when Mr. Louis Barillier sold the land and improvements to Mr. Robert A. Hart. Finally, through family inheritance Mrs. Blanche Duncan acquired Magnolia Mound Plantation. Mrs. Duncan commissioned the architectural firm of Goodman and Miller of Baton Rouge to do extensive alterations and additions in 1951. Eventually, the city of Baton Rouge expropriated the property in 1966 for its historic and visual significance to the community. The house originally had a three-room side by side room arrangement. It was extended to the rear in the early 19th century to include a formal dining room and two service rooms. A " U-shaped " gallery was constructed during this second stage of development. During the late 19th century, rooms were added under the gallery on the north and south. The basic form of the house is rectangular with a large hipped roof, which covered all rooms and galleries. During the early 19th century double hung windows were added. The interior dï¿½cor was altered during the early 20th century. Magnolia Mound Plantation House is located at 2161 Nicholson Dr. approximately one mile south from downtown Baton Rouge. It is open from 10:00am to 4:00pm, Tuesday-Saturday, and 1:00pm to 4:00pm, Sunday; there is a fee for admission. Please call 225-343-4955 for further information. City Park Golf Course City Park Golf Course was Baton Rouge's first public golf course, and the city's only public course until the mid-1950s. The short, 34-par, nine-hole course was completed in 1926 and officially opened in 1928. City Park Golf Course was built during the "The Golden Age of Golf"--when golf's popularity spread from the upper to middle classes as public courses were built at a rapid pace. Public golf courses increased the popularity of the sport because, unlike private courses, they only charged a nominal fee and did not require membership or annual dues. By 1930, 2.25 million Americans were playing golf on 5,648 courses, an 800 percent increase in the number of courses in 1916. Prior to the opening of City Park, there were two private course in Baton Rouge. In 1923 taxpayers voted for a bond issue to finance the acquisition of park land. The following year, the city signed an agreement to develop a golf course with American Park Builders of Chicago. Scotsman Tom Bendelow was the company's designer and designed hundreds of courses during his career. Bendelow's design for City Park was derived from naturalistic Scottish designs, as was typical for this period of golf course design, and he took advantage of the natural conditions of the land, altering them as little as possible. The course straddles the meandering Baton Rouge Fault, which provides a notably hilly course in a part of Louisiana know for its flatness. Fairways are placed closely together, with no visual delineation. Half of the sand traps of the current course are original, and water hazards on some of the holes are remnants of a bayou in the southwest corner of the course. Local, self-taught horticulturist Steele Burden was responsible for the tree planting, and today numerous mature trees (mostly live oak) define many of the fairways and provide great challenges for golfers. The course also includes the original clubhouse, that combines Colonial and Spanish Revival elements. No longer remaining are other elements of the entire 1920s recreational complex developed by American Park Builders, which included a swimming pool, zoo and amusement pavilion. City Park Golf Course is located at 1422 City Park Ave. in Baton Rouge. The course is open daily 7:00am until dark. There is a minimal daily fee, cart rental is extra. Call 225-387-9523 for further information, or visit the city's golf course website . USS Kidd Having undergone almost no alterations since the end of World War II, the U.S.S. KIDD has become one of the most important tourist attractions in the city of Baton Rouge. This extremely rare example of an American World War II Fletcher class destroyer is open daily and is permanently docked across the street from the Old State Capitol on the Mississippi River. Altogether, the KIDD earned 12 battle stars while being used in the Pacific during both World War II and the Korean Conflict. The U.S.S. KIDD was part of Destroyer Squadron 48 of World War II, which was composed of nine Fletcher class destroyers, four of which were constructed at the Kearney Shipyard in New Jersey. The Fletchers were the backbone of the Pacific destroyer force during World War II. Small, fast, fighting ships, they were used to screen task forces, escort convoys, bombard shore positions and deliver torpedo attacks. No aircraft carrier or battleship ventured into enemy waters without her escorting destroyers ahead. On April 11, 1945, during the battle for Okinawa, the U.S.S. KIDD suffered a kamikaze attack when a Japanese pilot targeted and crashed into her, killing 38 crewmen. After the end of the War, all of the other destroyers of the 245 Fletcher and Sumner class besides the U.S.S KIDD were modernized. This was done by the replacement of the rear island of the ship with a helicopter platform, the addition of side launching torpedo tubes, and the installation of hedgehog depth charge launchers. Thanks to the dedicated efforts of the veteran sailors of the Destroyer Squadron 48 Association, and the people of Louisiana, the ship was saved as a museum-memorial. Towed from Philadelphia to her new home in Baton Rouge in 1982, the 2,050-ton destroyer underwent restorative efforts to get her up to her 1945 VJ Day appearance. The exhibition of the vessel is unique due to the rise and fall of the Mississippi River-which may range up to 45 feet in a year. Because of this fluctuation in water depth, a special mooring system was designed. The U.S.S. KIDD, a National Historic Landmark, is part of the Historic Warship & Nautical Center, located at 305 S. River Rd., across the street from the Old State Capitol. The site is open daily 9:00a.m. to 5:00p.m., closed on Thanksgiving Day & Christmas Day; there is a fee for admission. For further information call 225-342-1942 or visit www.usskidd.com. Old Louisiana State Capitol September 21, 1847, was the historic day that the City of Baton Rouge donated to the state of Louisiana a $20,000 parcel of land for a state capitol building, taking the seat of the capitol away from the City of New Orleans. The land donated by the city for the capitol building stands high atop a Baton Rouge bluff facing the Mississippi River, a site that some believe was once marked by the red pole, or "le baton rouge," which French explorers claimed designated a Native American council meeting site. The state house itself is one of the most distinguished examples of Gothic Revival architecture in the United States. Designed by architect James Harrison Dakin, its floorplan, towers, exterior stained glass windows and gables give it the appearance of a 15th-century Gothic Cathedral. Dakin referred to his design as "Castellated Gothic" due to its decoration with cast-iron, which was both cheaper and more durable than other building materials used at the time. The building design was so unusual and distinctive that its romantic, medieval appearance earned the Old Statehouse ridicule from the timelessly famous author, Mark Twain. In 1862, during the Civil War, Union Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans and the seat of government retreated from Baton Rouge. The Union troops first used the "old gray castle," as it was once described, as a prison and then as a garrison for African-American troops under General Culver Grover. While used as a garrison the Old Louisiana State Capitol caught fire twice. This, in turn, transformed the building into an empty, gutted shell abandoned by the Union troops. By 1882 the state house was totally reconstructed by architect and engineer William A. Freret, who is credited with the installation of the spiral staircase and stained glass dome, which are the focal points of the interior. The refurbished state house remained in use until 1932, when it was abandoned for the New State Capitol building. The Old State Capitol Building has since been used to house federally chartered veteran's organizations, and the seat of the Works Progress Administration. Restored in the 1990s, the former Capitol Building is now a museum. The Old Louisiana State Capitol, a National Historic Landmark, is located in downtown Baton Rouge, next to the Mississippi River at 100 North Blvd. and currently houses the Old State Capitol Center for Political and Governmental History, which contains several state of the art exhibits. The Center is open Monday-Saturday, 10:00am to 4:00pm, Sunday 12:00pm to 4:00pm, but closed on Mondays from June until March. There is a fee for admission. Call 225-342-0500 for further information. Old Louisiana Governor's Mansion The Louisiana Old Governor's Mansion was built in 1930 under the governorship of Huey P. Long , its first resident. The building, of stucco Georgian construction, is reported to be a copy of the White House as it was originally designed by James Hoban. It is said that Governor Long wanted to be familiar with the White House in Washington when he became president, so he had the White House duplicated in Baton Rouge. Some dispute this legend and simply say that the mansion is merely a fine example of a Georgian mansion. This is the second governor's mansion to occupy the site. The first governor's mansion, a large frame house built for Baton Rouge businessman Nathan King Knox, served as the official residence of Louisiana governors from 1887 until 1929, when it was razed. The architects for the neoclassical mansion were Weiss, Dreyfous, and Seiferth of New Orleans. The building has two floors, a full basement, and an attic. The slate mansard roof has open balustrades and 14 windows set in a small gable projecting from a single roof. Four large 30-foot Corinthian columns support a pediment adorned with carvings depicting a pelican feeding her young framed by ornate scrollwork, a design based on the Great Seal of the State of Louisiana. Governor Long's plan to destroy the previous antebellum mansion met with opposition. Despite great public disapproval he had the old mansion raised by convicts from the State Penitentiary. When impeachment proceedings began against the Governor in March 1929, one of the 19 articles of impeachment was that he destroyed the old mansion and another accused Long of destroying and disposing of property and furniture from the Governor's mansion, the capitol, and State offices. Huey Long failed to be impeached, and the new mansion was completed in 1930 and members of the State legislature attended the official housewarming party on June 27, 1930. In 1961 Governor Jimmy Davis moved into the present Governor's Mansion, thus ending this mansion's 32 years as the official residence of the Governors of Louisiana. The Old Louisiana Governor's Mansion is located 502 North Blvd. between Royal and St. Charles Sts. in Baton Rouge. The mansion is open for tours 10:00am to 4:00pm Tuesday-Friday. There is a fee. Call 225-387-2464 for further information or visitor the mansion's website . Pentagon Barracks The Pentagon Barracks of East Baton Rouge Parish has been won and lost by the Spanish, French, and the British, and even has the distinction of being the site of the birth of a nation - the short-lived Republic of West Florida. During it's use as a military post, many famous men and public figures served or visited, including Lafayette, Robert E. Lee, George Custer, Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln. The British erected a dirt fort on the site of the barracks in 1779, which was soon captured by the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez. Not wanting to be under the rule of Spain, the citizens of the West Florida Territory revolted and in September of 1810 raised the flag over the fort declaring their independence and announcing the birth of the Republic of West Florida. The citizens then turned the area over to the United States on December 10, 1810. The fort served as the assembly point for American troops going to the Creek War in 1813-1814 and to the Battle of New Orleans in 1814-15. A major expansion of the post was made in 1819-1823 when new barracks were built and a large Arsenal Depot was established to serve the southwestern United States. The four, two-story brick buildings were built in 1825 after six years of planning. Captain James Gadsden of the U.S. Army, who prepared the schematics for the barracks, headed the construction. Originally, there were five buildings, Gadsden having intended for a group of buildings arranged in a pentagon-shaped configuration to be erected for the boarding of enlisted soldiers. The fort remained an U.S. military post until 1861 when it was seized and captured by the State of Louisiana, who turned the operation of the arsenal over to the Confederacy. However, in 1862 during the Battle of Baton Rouge, Federal troops reclaimed the garrison and renamed it Fort Williams for the late commander who died in the battle. After the Civil War, in 1884, the General Assembly of Louisiana passed a resolution allocating the full usage of the buildings and grounds of the Pentagon Barracks to Louisiana State University. The University gained full possession of the grounds in 1886. Today the Pentagon Barracks houses the offices of the lieutenant governor and private apartments for state legislators. The Pentagon Barracks are located at State Capitol Dr. at River Rd. in Baton Rouge. It is not open to the public. Louisiana State Capitol Building and Gardens The present state capitol building of Louisiana, located in Baton Rouge, will forever be entwined with the political career of Huey Pierce Long. It was Long's idea for the state to construct a new building for the statehouse in 1928 when he was running for Governor of the State of Louisiana. The construction of the building was part of his political platform, as well as the notion to place the state capitol on the site, which was once Louisiana State University and formerly a military post known as the Pentagon Barracks . Included was a strip of land on which the Arsenal Museum was located. Long had contracted with a New Orleans architectural firm, Weiss, Dreyfous and Seiferth, to design the building. Next, Governor Long had pushed through an amendment which financed the new capitol by the end of the 1930 Legislative Section. Within 36 days of the completion of the final design, actual construction by the George A. Fuller Company of Washington, D.C. had begun. The construction work took 29 months to complete and the dedication was coordinated with the inauguration of Oscar K. Allen as Governor on May 16, 1932. Ironically, Long was not present because he had been elected to the U.S. Senate and was in Washington, D.C. The Louisiana Capitol, a 34-story, 450-foot Alabama limestone-clad skyscraper, is an excellent example of a greatly simplified classicism with Art Deco details that were in vogue for monumental buildings in the late 1920s. Only two other state capitols had been built with this design and its 34-story frame is to date unrivaled by any other building in Louisiana. The tower is decorated with important groups of sculpture representing the history of the State. Long was assassinated in the Capitol Building, the building for which he fought to be constructed and used as the state's government seat, and died on September 10, 1935. However, he was fittingly buried in the center of the public Capitol Gardens on the State Capitol's grounds. His memorial, a statue showing him holding a model of his monument, stands proudly in the English Garden in the shadow of the skyscraper that was part of his political platform for governor. The Louisiana State Capitol, a National Historic Landmark, is located at N. 3rd St. on State Capitol Dr., Baton Rouge. It is open from 9:00am to 4:00pm, daily, except on major holidays. There is no fee for admission. For further information, please call 225-342-7317. Poplar Grove Plantation House Poplar Grove Plantation House is a single-story, galleried pavilion featuring a combination of Chinese, Italianate, Eastlake and Queen Anne revival elements. Designed by noted New Orleans architect Thomas Sully, the house was built as the Banker's Pavilion at the 1884 World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition held in New Orleans. The New Orleans Daily Picayune of February 8, 1885 described its 1885 debut as an example of "one of the handsomest structures on the Exposition Grounds" and further concluded, "in every respect the structure does credit to the gentlemen who created it and the profession it represents." In 1886 it was purchased by the family of the present owners, and moved by barge on the Mississippi River to its present location. Here it was renovated and enlarged. Noteworthy decorative features include the jigsaw cut Chinese dragons in the gallery brackets, and multi-pane Queen Anne Revival windows of stained glass. The galleries are trimmed with an elaborate Italiante modillion cornice. Poplar Grove Plantation House has undergone some changes, yet retains major features contributing to its architectural significance, including its essential form and the oriental details. Poplar Grove Plantation House is architecturally significant statewide because of its unique character. While Poplar Grove was not the personal statement of an eccentric client, it was nonetheless deliberately designed to be both eye-catching and extremely unusual. One of the architectural aspects of the era was a fondness for things oriental. The Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876 brought exotic building styles, many with an oriental flavor, to the attention of the American public. This normally took the form of wallpaper designs, prints, collecting porcelain jars, but it was seldom seen manifested in the architecture of the period. Poplar Grove is a most unusual and exuberant example of this stylistic element found in Louisiana. In about 1910 the rear wing was extended and enlarged incorporating an 1850s building found elsewhere on the plantation. Poplar Grove Plantation House is located 3142 North River Rd. in Port Allen. It is open for groups tours by appointment, there is a fee. Please call 225-344-3913 for further information or visit the house's website at www.poplargroveplantation.com. Aillet House Standing in its new location on the grounds of the West Baton Rouge Museum, Aillet House is an important example of a small, Creole plantation house. The Aillet House contains five features which are themselves unusual within the Creole context. These include the single leaf attic gable doors, interior French doors, an unusual side door, interior staircase, and an enclosed hallway filling the loggia (the roofed open gallery along the front side of the building). The rebuilt masonry features original brick whenever possible. The interior retains all of its 1830s features. The house is near the museum house and a cabin, all in a park-like setting reminiscent of the house's former rural environment. The early settlers of Louisiana combined features from two architectural traditions in order to create the Creole house. One came from the French West Indies, where Frenchmen, already known as Creoles, were knowledgeable about the design and construction of houses suitable for a tropical environment. This tradition provided for multiple double-leaf doors for ventilation. The second architectural tradition contributing to the Creole house derived from the professional engineers and carpenters whom French explorer and colonizer Iberville brought to America. These men constructed buildings in simplified provincial Louis XIV and later in Louis XV styles. All permanent buildings were timber frame construction. During the late 18th century, however, Creole architecture came under the influence of two immigrant groups, the Acadians from Nova Scotia and the Americans from the eastern seaboard. The events which would bring the Acadians to Louisiana began in 1755, when the Colonel Charles Lawrence, the British governor of Nova Scotia, suddenly expelled almost 6,000 of the approximately 16,000 French Acadians who were residing in Acadie. Bernado de Galvez, the Spanish governor of Louisiana during America's Revolutionary War, welcomed Americans to the colony after they won their independence. The Aillet House, built during the transitional period of Creole architecture (1790-1860), reflects some of the Federalist style that influenced Creole housing from 1790 to 1830, but is still firmly viewed within the context of the continuing Creole tradition. Aillet House is located at 845 N. Jefferson Ave. in Port Allen. The house is open for tours 10:00am to 4:00pm, Tuesday-Saturday, Sunday 2:00pm to 5:00pm; donations accepted. Call 225-336-2422 for further information. Cinclare Sugar Mill Historic District The Cinclare Sugar Mill Historic District consists of 46 buildings and two structures, including a sugar mill and associated support buildings, a "big house" and other management facilities, including housing for workers and managers. The buildings date from 1855 to 1947. The original plantation house, constructed in 1855, was known as the Marengo Plantation. In 1874 and 1877 its owners sold off the land and the plantation itself, and in 1878 an investor from Ohio, James H. Laws, purchased it. In 1906 the Laws family moved the Greek Revival plantation house to a spot on Manager's Row and replaced it with a house reflecting northern architectural tastes. At one time the railway came up to the sugar processing plant the Laws constructed and improved. This massive, rambling sugar mill was constructed in two stages. Begun in 1897 and completed in 1906, the building is constructed of riveted steel girders and sheathed in corrugated metal. The complex features wood frame, brick, and metal construction with building heights ranging from one-story structures to a chimney stack that towers above the mill. Many of the district's buildings are oriented toward the Mississippi River, as was the custom when steamboats were the mode of transportation. The roads in the historic district form a cross pattern, with Terrell Drive heading from Highway 1 to River Road adjacent the Mississippi, and North Florence becoming South Florence after crossing Terrell Drive. It is on North and South Florence where the workers' homes can be found. The period 1880 to 1920 saw rampant industrial growth in Louisiana, including large-scale centralized sugar processing. The group of buildings at Cinclare is significant because it is a rare surviving example of a South Louisiana sugar complex. Today barely a handful of these complexes remain to illustrate the important role sugar played in the economy of the state's southern region. Its sugar mill, despite additions and modernization, survives to represent a major chapter in sugar production in Louisiana, which saw the displacement of individual plantation sugar mills with large central factories. These buildings also stand as a rare example of a company town from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Cinclare Sugar Mill Historic District is located on State Hwy. 1 near Brusly, and 3 miles from Interstate 10. The mill and the residences are private and not open to the public. Cherie Quarters Cabins The two single-story slave dwellings, which remain on the historic Riverlake Plantation , are known as the Cherie Quarters Cabins. These buildings are significant because they are rare surviving examples of a once common antebellum building type which has all but disappeared from the state. Standing roughly 400 feet apart, the twin cabins are all that remain of the slave quarters for Riverlake Plantation. The number of cabins on the site during the antebellum period remains unclear but former residents of a thriving African-American community who called the quarters home in the 1930s assert that about 30 cabins existed at that time. Rectangular in plan, each of the two remaining cabins is raised approximately two feet above grade on large brick piers. Each cabin is two rooms wide with a gallery on its faï¿½ade. The gallery is open to the tin roof, which is pitched from front to back, has gable ends, and is pierced by a central chimney. Both rooms possess front and rear doors, as well as a window on one side. In the antebellum era, each room housed a separate African-American family. Cherie Quarters was the birthplace and childhood home of African-American author Ernest J. Gaines, writer of noted works including The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1970), A Gathering of Old Men (1983), and A Lesson Before Dying (1994). Despite their recent use, the age and authenticity of the quarters are uncontested as the timber frame constructions are held together with nails produced between 1830 and 1880. The census schedules of 1860 reveal that there were approximately 1,640 holdings of 50 or more African-American slaves in Louisiana on the eve of the Civil War. This information, along with various other sources, indicates that at one time there must easily have been thousands of slave cabins across the state. Although no comprehensive survey of slave quarters has been undertaken in Louisiana, it is probable that only about 40-50 survive. The Cherie Quarters Cabins are located half a mile from the intersection of State Hwy. 1 and Major Ln. in Oscar. They are privately owned and not open to the public. Riverlake Riverlake Plantation is one of Pointe Coupee Parish's premiere examples of the Creole architectural influence. During Riverlake's history, the plantation house underwent three major periods of construction covering 1820, 1840 to 45 and 1890, respectively. Set on the west bank of the False River, Riverlake began around 1820 as a well detailed, two-story, galleried structure with brick on the lower story and bousillage construction above (mud and animal hair mixture applied inbetween timbers). The upper story was originally three rooms wide and one room deep, while the lower story consisted of numerous smaller rooms. Around 1840-45, the entire roof structure was replaced, the present dormers added along with the front and rear upper galleries with their enclosed sides and cabinets. After this second period of refurbishment, Riverlake was the typical late Creole plantation house; unlike early Creole plantation homes which were detailed in the Colonial style, Riverlake had Greek Revival details. In the late 19th century, a two-story rear kitchen wing was appended to the 1840-45 rear gallery. Minor changes included replacing earlier Greek Revival columns with Eastlake columns. In the 1890s and early 1910s Bungalow style glass doors replaced the French doors opening onto the upper gallery, and the exposed brick walls were covered with cement throughout the house. Riverlake Plantation also boasts two surviving although deteriorated pigeonniers (structures used by upper-class French for housing pigeons) which are noteworthy, rare features of plantation homes. Riverlake is one of a select group of major Creole raised plantation houses which are Pointe Coupee Parish's largest and oldest buildings. Riverlake is also notable because of its size, and is wider than most traditional plantation houses of its type. Its Creole features include its hall-less, cabinet plan, its heavy hip "umbrella" roof complete with the customary pair of small dormers, and its basic, two-story, open galleried form. Riverlake is located on Hwy.1 just west of its intersection with Hwy. 416 in Oscar. It is privately owned, and not open to the public. Parlange Plantation The Parlange Plantation House, built about 1750, is a classic example of a large French colonial plantation house in the United States. Exemplifying the style of the semitropical Louisiana country house, the Parlange Plantation House is a two-story raised cottage. The main floor is set on a brick basement with brick pillars to support the veranda of the second story. The raised basement is of brick, manufactured by slaves on the plantation. These walls, both inside and out, were plastered with a native mixture of mud, sand, Spanish moss and animal hair, then painted. The ground story and second floor contain seven service rooms, arranged in a double line. The walls and ceiling throughout the house were constructed of close fitting cypress planks. The house was once surrounded by a formal garden that was destroyed during the Civil War. During this conflict, Parlange alternatively served as Union headquarters for General Nathaniel Banks and his army as well as Confederate headquarters for General Dick Taylor. Built by Vincent de Ternant, Marquis of Dansville-sur-Meuse, the Parlange Plantation House remains largely intact. Vincent de Ternant received the plantation grounds from a French land grant and developed the 10,000 acres into an active plantation facing the False River. When de Ternant's son Claude inherited the plantation, he changed the cash crop from indigo to sugarcane and cotton. When Claude died his second wife, Virginie remarried another Frenchman, Colonel Charles Parlange, from whom the plantation took its name. Together they had one son, also named Charles, who survived the Civil War to begin a distinguished career as a State Senator, United States District Attorney, Lieutenant Governor, Federal judge, and finally Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. When Virginie died, Charles and his wife moved to New Orleans and Parlange was left to tenants for the next 20 years until Charles' son, Walter, left New Orleans to return and take up the life of a plantation farmer. Today 1500 acres surround Parlange, which is still used as a cattle and sugarcane plantation. Parlange Plantation is located on 8211 False River Rd./Hwy. 1 at New Roads. It is privately owned, but open by appointment only; there is a fee charged. Please call 225-638-8410 for further information. Poydras High School A school of beige and brown brick with off-white cast concrete decorative elements, Poydras High School stands on the edge of downtown New Roads. Noted for the quality of its brickwork, Poydras High School was vacant for a few years before being rescued by its new owner, the Pointe Coupee Historical Society. Built in 1924, Poydras High School is locally significant in the area of education because its construction represents a "coming of age" for public education in the parish seat of New Roads. Poydras High School is the descendent of a succession of schools made possible by the philanthropy of Julien Poydras, a local planter and public benefactor. When Poydras died in 1824 his will contained a clause bequesting the sum of $20,000 for an education fund, the interest from which was to be used for the construction of a school. Poydras College, established in 1829 near New Roads, operated until the outbreak of the Civil War. A "Poydras School of New Roads" operated for a few years in the 1880s, and in 1889, the immediate predecessor of Poydras High School was established on the present site, named Poydras Academy. By 1912, the school had outgrown the resources of the Poydras Fund, and it was taken over by the Pointe Coupee School Board, which operated the school as Poydras Academy until 1923. In that year, a school district was formed, a $100,000 bond issue was passed, and the school board purchased the property in question. It is clear that the Poydras High school, a modern three-story brick school which made it possible to separate students by grades, and contained a library, gymnasium, and chemistry lab, opened an era of improvement in the quality of public education provided in New Roads. Historically, it represented a shift towards improved educational opportunities in the Parish, representing a statewide trend in the 1920s. Poydras High School is architecturally significant as one of the few neo-classical, high-style buidings in a parish where Creole vernacular is the predominant architectural style. Currently the school houses offices and a museum. Poydras High School is located at 460 W. Main St., in downtown New Roads. It is open by appointment only, please call the Pointe Coupee Historical Society at 225-638-9031 or 225-638-8333 for further information. Pointe Coupee Parish Museum The Pointe Coupee Parish Museum, located on the west bank of False River near Parlange Plantation , is architecturally significant because it is a rare example of a log cabin type construction in a Creole type house. The original portion of the house dates from the early 19th century. It has a typical Creole plan, consisting of two rooms, front and rear galleries, and a single central chimney. This portion is constructed of horizontal logs with full dovetail corners. There is no gap between the logs. Before 1840 a boussilage (mud and animal hair mixture applied inbetween timbers) addition was made to the south side, giving the house a width of three rooms. At that time the double pitch roof was added, along with the present chamfered column galleries with their exposed rafters. The chimney top was later replaced, along with some of the doors and windows. A small bathroom and kitchen have recently been added in the southeast corner of the house. This type of notched-log construction is not uncommon in French Canada where the architectural style is described as "piece sur piece." Creole architecture is fundamentally a vernacular tradition. This means a limited number of choices were available to the builder at each stage of design and construction. Two stages of building development were important. The first stage was the basic house type, which were rectangular, usually small buildings in which the front door was located in the wall parallel to the roof ridge. The second stage of development was the method by which Creole builders added to the basic house type to form a larger dwelling. This expansion was accomplished by surrounding the small basic house with one or more sets of ancillary rooms and porches rather like rings around a central core. These expansion spaces might include side rooms, new galleries, an open rear porch called a loggia, and small corner rooms flanking the loggia. Such corner rooms were called cabinets. The Creole tradition is the principal non-British colonial architecture tradition in the Eastern half of the United States. The Pointe Coupee Parish Museum is located at 8348 False River Road (State Hwy. 1) in New Roads. It is open 10:00am to 3:00pm daily and by appointment. Call 225-638-7788 for further information. St. Francis Chapel St. Francis Chapel is situated near the banks of the Mississippi River on the outskirts of New Roads, Louisiana. The simple rectangular building, designed in the Gothic Revival architectural style, has an open hall church plan of four bays, with a small balcony over the central front entrance. A simple gable roof with a small frontal tower completes the picture of the Church, which has served the local Catholic community since 1895. St. Francis Chapel's history is entwined with that of the Mississippi River, which destroyed its predecessor of the same name, despite attempts by the local community to save it from the encroaching waters. The present St. Francis Chapel, however, is the third church of that name to serve the local Catholic community. The first local church of that name, named in honor of St. Francis of Assisi, was dedicated on March 16, 1738. Due to encroachments from the Mississippi River on the church, a second church was built on a different site in 1760. Samuel Wilson, Jr., in Religious Architecture in French Colonial Louisiana, wrote that this 1760 church "resembled a typical, small, one-story French colonial plantation house surrounded by galleries . . ." In 1890 the river again threatened St. Francis Chapel. Efforts were made by the local community to move the colonial landmark. From 1891-1895 the Pointe Coupee Banner, a local newspaper in Pointe Coupee Parish, gave a week-by-week account of the disassembling, removal, and the unsuccessful attempt to reconstruct St. Francis Chapel. The Banner called for the preservation and removal of the Church to safer ground, and began subscriptions to save the old church. Two local carpenters, Louis Green and Ephriam Desormes, were awarded the contract for disassembling the old colonial church. However, due to the general decayed condition of the timber, Father F. A. B. Laforest, a pastor and the most important leader in the movement to save the old Church, decided that a new building would have to be constructed. On June 1, 1895, the new Saint Francis Chapel was dedicated. It remained on its new site until the 1930s when, once again, the river forced the building's removal to it's present site. The St. Francis Chapel is located at Hwy. 420 East and Hwy. 10 in New Roads. It is open by appointment only, please contact St. Mary Church, at 348 W. Main St., or call then at 225-638-9665. St. Francisville Historic District The two streets of Royal and Prosperity comprise the heart of the area known as the St. Francisville Historic District. A high concentration of buildings dating from the early 19th century to the early 20th century line these streets, reflecting the history of the region. Such buildings as the 1905 Georgian Revival Courthouse, the c.1810 Greek Revival Camilla Leake Barrow House, and the 1909 brick Romanesque Revival style Bank of Commerce & Trust, are to be found in the heart of the commercial and government center of town. Extending down Ferdinand and Sewell Streets, the character of the St. Francisville Historic District changes. Here Bungalows, Eastlake or Renaissance Revival houses with pyramid roofs, commercial and public buildings and the later raised cottages are common. The cottages represent perhaps the last generation of a traditional Louisianan house type with Renaissance Revival influence. St. Francisville's history is closely related to the town of Bayou Sara, located at the conjunction of Bayou Sara Creek and the Mississippi River. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Bayou Sara grew into one of the most flourishing ports between Natchez and New Orleans. Due to frequent flooding, market places were established up on the bluff, where St. Francisville was eventually built. From 1825 to 1860 cotton continued to be a dominant commodity and vital to the commercial trade of St. Francisville. Grace Church, within the St. Francisville Historic District, was one of the finest examples of church architecture during of the time. Built in 1858, this church was as much a representation of the plantation owners' wealth as were the area's great plantation homes. After the Civil War, the number of small merchants rose, and St. Francisville received a number of newcomers, some Jewish, who established a synagogue (later turned into a Presbyterian Church) and were largely responsible for the construction of the Julius Freyhan High School in 1907. St. Francisville's ascendancy as a major railroad-shipping center for agricultural produce and cattle produced the turn-of-the-century wealth seen in many of its buildings. The St. Francisville Historic District is located off US Rte. 61 in St.Francisville, overlooking the place where the Bayou Sara creek joins the Mississippi River. Many special events and tours are held throughout the year. Visit the West Feliciana Historical Society for exhibits, tourist information, brochuers and guidebooks. They are open 9:00am to 5:00pm Monday-Saturday, 9:30am to 5:00pm Sundays, except holidays. For further information call 1-800-789-4221 or visit the city's website . Oakley Plantation House Arriving at Oakley Plantation on June 18, 1821, the young aspiring naturalist John James Audubon wrote: "The rich magnolias covered with fragrant blossoms, the holly, the beech, the tall yellow poplar, the hilly ground and even the red clay, all excited my admiration." Audubon's stay at Oakley lasted only four months, but he painted 32 of his famous bird pictures here and developed a love for the beautiful West Feliciana Parish. Mrs. Lucy Pirrie brought the young Audubon to Oakley as a tutor for her daughter, Eliza. The arrangement required that Audubon spend half his time teaching drawing to Eliza, but he was otherwise free to roam the woods and work on his naturalistic paintings. For this Audubon was to receive 60 dollars a month plus room and board for himself and his 13-year-old pupil assistant, John Mason. Audubon returned at a later date to join his wife, then teaching there, and his son. He wrote, "Numerous pupils desired lessons in music, French and drawing. . .the dancing speculation fetched two thousand dollars; and with this capital and my wife's savings I was now able to foresee a successful issue to my great ornithological work." This work was later to become Audubon's famous Birds of America. Oakley Plantation House is located in the Audubon Memorial State Park in West Feliciana Parish. Construction on the house began in 1799, when Ruffin Gray, a successful planter from Natachez, Mississippi, moved here on land purchased from the Spanish authorities. Gray died before the house was completed, and his widow Lucy Alston oversaw its completion. She later married James Pierre of Scotland. Eliza, the daughter of James Pierre and Lucy, was born here in 1805, and it was her future education that introduced Audubon to the Felicianas. Oakley's interior has been restored to the Federal period style (1790-1830), reflecting its appearance when Audubon stayed here. The three-story home expresses the colonial architecture adapted to the geographical location. Oakley Plantation House contains 17 rooms, with front and side entrances leading to the landscaped grounds, which are shaded by oak and ancient crape myrtle trees. Oakley Plantation House, within Audubon Memorial Park, is located 41/2 miles southeast of St. Francisville on State Hwy. 965., off US Hwy. 61. It is open 9:00am to 5:00pm daily, there is a fee for adults, but children under 13 and seniors are free. Call 225-635-3739 for more information or visit the park's website . Rosedown Plantation Rosedown Plantation, encompassing 374 acres in St. Francisville, is one of the most intact, documented examples of a domestic plantation complex in the South. It embodies the lifestyle of the antebellum South's wealthiest planters in a way very few other surviving properties can. The plantation's landscape is a laboratory for the study and interpretation of the cultural traditions of slavery, the life style of the gentry and scientific experiments in agriculture and horticulture. Rosedown was established in the 1830s by Daniel and Martha Barrow Turnbull, and remained in the hands of their descendants until the 1950s. At its height, the plantation encompassed 3,455 acres, and included the typical components of cotton plantations of the mid-antebellum period in the South--agricultural acreage planted with the cash crop, fields of fodder crops, pastureland for cattle, stables for horses, yards and pens for poultry and other farm animals, the quarters of enslaved Africans (where they typically had their own individual garden plots), a kitchen garden, an orchard, and the pleasure, or ornamental, gardens adjacent to the main plantation house, or the "Great House." Over the years the acreage was subdivided and although the working portions of the plantation have vanished, both the house and the gardens survive. The c.1835 Federal-Greek revival style great house, complete with Grecian style wings c.1845, is at the head of a 660-foot long oak allee. It is typical of the small minority of great houses built by the South's wealthiest planters. Near the great house are several dependencies, most notably three latticed summerhouses and a Greek temple style doctor's office. What distinguishes the landscape of Rosedown are its pleasure gardens, notable for their size, sophistication and refined plant collections. The gardens were the passion of Martha Turnbull and her garden diary provides invaluable insight into the story of the garden's planting and management. She recorded her first entry in 1836 and her last in 1895, a year before her death at the age of 87. Eighteen acres of ornamental pleasure gardens illustrate a combination of the axiality of the Baroque style and the winding paths of the picturesque tradition. Many of the plants introduced by Martha survive today, and include one of the earliest collections of camellias in the Deep South. She also relied heavily on plants imported from the Orient, such as cryptomeria, azaleas and crape myrtles. Due to the access available to Martha's life story through her own words, Rosedown reminds us of the central place that ornamental horticulture held in the lives of many people living in the plantation South during the antebellum period and its aftermath. Rosedown's labor intensive gardens were made possible by an enslaved African workforce. The 1860 census indicated that 145 slaves were living in 25 houses on the plantation (an average of six people per house). The succession of Daniel Turnball after his death in 1862 indicates the occupations of only a few--carpernters, driver, blacksmith, cooks, carriage driver, house servant and washer woman. None are identified as gardeners, but Martha names individual slaves frequently in her diary, indicating that they were essential in the planting and maintence of the gardens. On-going archaeological investigations are being conducted to learn more about the lives of the African Americans who lived on the plantation. Rosedown Plantation, now owned by the state of Louisiana, is located at 12501 La. Hwy. 10 in West Feliciana Parish. Fortunately, the house was not damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but please check with them directly to confirm the current hours of operation. It is open 9:00am to 5:00pm daily; closed Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Year's day. Guided tours of the main house are provided on the hour from 10:00am to 4:00pm. There is a fee for admission. For more information call 1-888-376-1867 or visit Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site's website . Butler-Greenwood Plantation Standing as a fine example of an antebellum plantation house, Butler- Greenwood Plantation consists of 44 acres and a plantation complex including the plantation house, a gazebo, and a rear brick kitchen. The beauty of Greenwood lies in the landscape architecture surrounding this historic plantation home, and the side gardens flanking the house remain as one of the few extant examples of antebellum garden design in West Feliciana Parish. English and French stylistic garden features adapted to the Louisianan climate, as well as a sundial, summer house, garden gate and urns are the notable unique features of the Butler-Greenwood grounds. The north side garden is in the form of a geometric parterre, an ornamental garden with paths between the beds, reminiscent of the style developed in French gardens of the 16th and 17th centuries. In contrast to the formal geometric pattern of these sunken side gardens, the entrance of Greenwood, with its naturalized, free-flowing manner, is derived from the design of 18th-century English gardens. In 1770, a physician named Samuel Flower came to the Baton Rouge area from Reading, Pennsylvania, and within a decade purchased the land where he would build Greenwood. In 1810 a fire destroyed the original Greenwood, but Flower built a larger house on the site, which is the present Butler-Greenwood Plantation home. Samuel Flower died in 1813, and the title of Greenwood eventually passed to his daughter, Harriet, who married Judge George Mathews in 1809. Mathews was an important figure in the early judicial history of the state, being one of the presiding judges of the Louisiana Supreme Court in its early phase. By 1860, Harriet and her son, Charles Mathews, were running a plantation of 1,400 acres worked by 96 African-American slaves living in 18 dwellings. After Harriet's death in 1873, the management of the estate fell on Charles's wife, Penelope. The history of Greenwood Plantation provides an excellent illustration of how southern women managed great southern plantations. The house possesses a degree of architectural significance despite the loss of its historic three-story side wing. The Butler-Greenwood Plantation is located on 8345 US Hwy 61, 2 ï¿½ miles north of St. Francisville The house features bed and breakfast accommodations and guide tours Monday-Saturday from 9:00am to 5:00pm, Sunday 1:00pm to 5:00pm for which there is a fee. Please call 225-635-6312 for further information. Afton Villa Gardens Begun in 1849 and restored in 1915, the terraced garden of Afton Villa stands as an outstanding example of antebellum landscape architecture. The 140 acres of rolling countryside which house the gardens include a mile and a half driveway enveloped by an alley of live oaks. The landscaping effects at Afton Villa were achieved by taking advantage of the natural contours of the property. Like many traditional formal southern gardens, Afton Villa has terraces which descend in stages away from the house. Afton Villa Gardens' most typical traditional features are its maze and its parterre garden. Both retain their original designs, although time has allowed for some alterations. A sundial now marks the spot where a small gazebo once stood. Next to the parterre garden is the Barrow Family Cemetery. The centerpiece of the cemetery is a large marble Tuscan obelisk, erected by the United States Congress in memorial to Senator Alexander Barrow upon his death. The cemetery is the only feature of the present garden which predates 1849, dating to the time of the first plantation on the site in the late 18th century. A large hedge surrounds the cemetery, and an artificial pond and lake dot the grounds. The history of Afton Villa is entwined with that of the Barrows, one of the richest and most prominent families in antebellum Louisiana. Bartholomew Barrow purchased the land in 1820 from his brother William, and in 1839 he sold it to his son, David. David would eventually carve out a thriving plantation empire of some 2,000 to 3,000 acres, which would make him, according to the 1860 census, the wealthiest planter in West Feliciana Parish. In 1849, he and his second wife, Susan A. Woolfolk, built around an existing small house to create an imposing Gothic Revival villa of some 40 rooms, and added the gardens. David Barrow died in 1874 and his wife continued to live at Afton Villa until 1876, when she sold the estate. The house was destroyed by fire in 1963. Afton Villa Gardens is popularly known for the azaleas which grow there. One particular strain, known as the Pride of Afton or Afton Villa Red, was developed at the gardens. The Afton Villa Gardens are located at 9247 North US Hwy. 61. The Gardens are open for self-guided tours 9:00am to 4:30pm March 1-July 1 and October 1-December 1. There is a fee for admission. Call 225-635-6773 or visit www.aftonvillagardens.com for further information. Myrtles Plantation General David Bradford was forced to flee from President George Washington's army in 1794, because of his leadership role in the Whisky Rebellion. General Bradford arrived in Louisiana and obtained a Spanish land grant of roughly 650 acres. A wealthy judge and businessman from Washington County, Pennsylvania, Bradford showed interest in the area before the conclusion of the unsuccessful Whisky Rebellion forced him to settle there. Bradford built the plantation that was later named "the Myrtles" in 1797. He died in 1808, and his widow sold the land to her son-in-law, Clark Woodruff, a lawyer and friend of Andrew Jackson. In 1834 Woodruff sold it to Ruffin Gray Stirling, who restored the plantation. The Stirling family held the plantation until 1894, after which it passed through a succession of owners. Restoration efforts on the gracious 1 1/2-story country house began in the mid-1970s. The house itself is a broad, low, rambling frame mansion with a clapboard exterior and was built in two halves. The first half, which was built in 1796, forms the western six bays of the main faï¿½ade. These were increased in size due to mid-19th-century restoration, when the house also received a southward extension that almost doubled its size. The unusually long gallery is supported by an exceptional cast-iron railing of elaborate grape-cluster design. It is the interior detailing, however, which is perhaps the most important feature of the Myrtles Plantation. Most of the ground floor rooms have fine marble, arched mantles in the Rococo Revival style, with central console keystones or cartouches. Most of the rooms have plaster-ceiling medallions, no two of which are the same. All of the flooring and most of the windows in the house are original. The Myrtles Plantation is an outstanding example of the expanded raised cottage form that characterized many Louisiana plantation houses by the mid-19th century. The plantation house is touted as one of the most haunted houses in America, as it was the scene of a Reconstruction-era murder and other more natural deaths that have entered into local folklore over the years. Restored to its 1850s grandeur, complete with fine French furnishings and chandeliers, the Myrtles enhances its haunted-house reputation with candlelight mystery tours. The Myrtles Plantation is located off US 61 North, in St.Francisville. It is open daily for tours 9:00am to 5: 00pm, with mystery tours at 8:00pm Friday and Saturday evenings; there is a fee for admission. The Myrtles also offers bed and breakfast accomodations, and a restaurant (closed Monday and Tuesday). Please call 225-635-6277 for further information. Catalpa Catalpa Plantation is one of numerous late Victorian cottages found across Louisiana, significant for the beautiful gardens that surround it. The oak trees lining the grounds were planted in 1814, and Catalpa's oak alley is thought to be the only one in Louisiana which has an elliptical shape. Primarily a cotton plantation in the antebellum period, Catalpa's grounds were devastated during the Civil War, and the plantation house burned. Mr. Fort, the owner, died during the Civil War. In 1885, his son, William J. Fort, rebuilt Catalpa and it is this house that still stands. Although it is often referred to as a "Victorian cottage," the house is in fact quite large. It has a two room deep main block with a central hall and a large rear wing with a central hall of its own. Double doors separate the two central halls. The rooms are large, and finished with standard late-19th century details. Catalpa Plantation House is important for its false marbled mantels. During the late-19th century manufactured cast-iron and slate mantels were sometimes given a marble treatment. This work was done by hand, but at the factory rather than on-site. The mantels at Catalpa are important as examples of Victorian art because they show the Victorian fondness for elaborately contrived effects. The slave cabin behind the Catalpa Plantation was built of pit-sawn timber. Originally the cottage had no gallery, but a new roof and a gallery were added around 1900. North-northeast of the house is a sizable pond that, according to Fort family history, dates from the antebellum period. The pond is one of the surviving elements of what was once an extensive landscaped garden. Catalpa's alley is one of a limited number of plantation oak alleys which survive across the state. The exact date of the oak alley is uncertain, while family history indicates that it dates from the early 19th century, the scale of the trees indicates that the alley has stood for about 120 years. Catalpa is located at 9508 US Hwy. 61, 5 miles north of St. Francisville. The house is open daily for tours 1:00pm to 4:00pm, but closed from December 15-January 31. There is a fee for admission. Call 225-635-3372 for further information. Cottage Plantation The Cottage Plantation House was built from 1795 to 1859 and consists of three buildings joined together. The architecture reflects both Spanish and English influence. Built of virgin cypress, except the massive sills, the core of the house dates from the Spanish colonial era, beginning in 1795. Completed in 1859, the Cottage Plantation consisted of two buildings in the form of an "L," with the original house as part of the foot of the L. Standing complete as it did in antebellum days, the Cottage Plantation has in addition to the plantation home the old school house, outside kitchen, milk house, carriage house, barn, three slave houses, and other outbuildings. Every room was originally furnished with a hand carved fireplace mantle, some of extreme simplicity and others elaborate with fluted Doric columns and panels in a sunburst design. Judge Thomas Butler (1785-1847) acquired the Cottage Plantation around 1800. Judge Butler was the first Criminal Court judge of the Florida Parishes and a member of Congress. Moving to the Mississippi Territory c.1807, after practicing law in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he became a Captain of a cavalry troop in the Mississippi Territory Militia in 1810. Appointed Parish Judge in 1812 and Judge of the Third District in 1813 by Governor Clairborne of Louisiana, he was elected to the Fifteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas B. Robertson. Re-elected to the Sixteenth Congress, he served until March 3, 1821. Butler was the owner of 12 sugar and cotton plantations, president of the board of trustees of the Louisiana College in Jackson, and a member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati. He died in St.Louis, Missouri, on August 27, 1848, and is interred on his plantation, "The Cottage." The Cottage Plantation is located at 10528 Cottage Ln., off US Hwy 61, six miles north of St. Francisville, on the east side of the road. The Cottage offers bed and breakfast accommodations and tours daily from 9:00am to 4:30pm, there is a fee for admission. Closed on major holidays. Centenary College Centenary College stands as a monument to Louisiana's education, being one of four major state Church schools existing prior to 1860. The other three colleges were the College of St. Charles at Grand Coteau, the College of the Immaculate Conception at New Orleans, Louisiana, and Mount Lebanon University at Mount Lebanon. Centenary College, founded in 1839, had first been located in Clinton, Mississippi, then in Brandon Springs, Mississippi, before removing to Jackson in 1845. When Centenary College moved to Jackson in 1845 from Brandon Springs, Mississippi, it took over the physical plant of the College of Louisiana, which was being discontinued. The East Wing at Centenary College was designed by a Captain Dalafield of the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, and built in 1832-33. The West Wing was built in 1837 as a duplicate of the East Wing. In 1857, at a cost of sixty thousand dollars, a large central building located between the two wings was erected, containing a sizable auditorium, library rooms and recitation rooms. Although its former campus was a 3-building complex, now only the West Wing of the main building remains along with the "professor's house," as it was once known to students. The West Wing is two stories high, one room deep, with a two-story free standing colonnade encompassing the south front and east and west ends. Each floor was divided into 12 rooms, each with a front window and two rear windows. Chimneys were set between each pair of rooms, an arrangement that was later modified. Centenary College, then proclaimed as a "church school," was the perfect replacement for The College of Louisiana. Unlike The College of Louisiana, Centenary College upheld a thriving record of enrolling students until the semester just before the Civil War. During the war, its buildings were used as a military hospital and to house Confederate troops. Consequently, it was during this time that the Greek Revival buildings of the school were considerably damaged. After the war, the college's fortunes declined, and in 1906 the trustees of the college and officials of the Methodist Church accepted the offer of a 40-acre site in Shreveport, and Centenary College moved to its present location. Centenary College is located off Hwy 10 at E. College and Pine Sts. in Jackson. Operated by Louisiana State Parks, the Centenary College Commemorative Area is open daily 9:00am to 5:00pm, there is a fee for admission. Call 1-888-677-2364 for further information or visit the park's website . Courthouse and Lawyers' Row The East Feliciana Parish Courthouse stands as a monument that has suffered few alterations from its original appearance as completed in 1840. Designed by J. S. Savage and built by Lafayette Saunders, the Courthouse stands as a two-story brick building surrounded by a Doric colonnade. Saunders, when his construction bid of $23,000 was accepted, resigned as a member of the East Feliciana Parish Police Jury. The five buildings comprising Lawyers' Row face the Courthouse across Woodville Street on the north side of the public square. These, like the Courthouse, are Greek Revival in style and painted white. Dating from the 1840s, the two brick offices at the east end of the row and the frame buildings at the west end of the row are alike in having tetrastyle porticos averaging 20 feet in width. The other two buildings each have seven columns under level cornices. A full Greek Revival Courthouse opposite five adjacent law office buildings of harmonious design form an ensemble unique when first completed and even more remarkable for having survived largely intact. Today, only four courthouses built in Louisiana before the Civil War are still used for parish proceedings. Aside from the Clinton, East Feliciana Parish, they are found in Thibodaux, Lafourche Parish, St. Marinsville, St. Martin Parish, and Homer, Claiborne Parish. Some courthouse alterations in recent years to the Clinton Courthouse included cutting vents in chimneys and putting lights on the roof. Original specifications confirm that the East Feliciana Parish Courthouse is minimally altered from its appearance as completed in 1840. The Courthouse and Lawyers' Row, painted in a pristine white surrounding a public courtyard, provide a scenic view of a past that has survived completely intact. Lawyers' Row is located across from the Clinton Courthouse and currently contains offices. Courthouse and Lawyers' Row, a National Historic Landmark, are located in downtown historic Clinton along State Hwy 10. The buildings are open to the public during normal business hours, although tours are not available. Port Hudson Port Hudson was the site of the longest siege in American history, lasting 48 days, when 7,500 Confederates resisted some 40,000 Union soldiers for almost two months during 1863. Realizing that control of the Mississippi River was a key military objective of the Union, the Confederacy in August 1862, had its forces erect earthworks at Port Hudson. In 1863, Union Major General Nathaniel P. Banks moved against Port Hudson. Three Union divisions came down the Red River to assail Port Hudson from the north, while two others advanced from Baton Rouge and New Orleans to strike from the east and south. By May 22, 1863, 30,000 Union soldiers had isolated 7,500 Confederates behind 4 ï¿½ miles of earthen fortifications. On May 26 Banks issued orders for a simultaneous attack all along the Confederate perimeter the following morning. The first Union assault fell on the Confederate left wing, which guarded the northern approaches to Port Hudson. Timely reinforcements from the center allowed the Confederates to repulse several assaults. The fighting ended on the left wing before the remaining two Union divisions advanced against the Confederate center. Here the Confederates repulsed the Federal advance across Slaughter's Field, killing approximately 2,000 Union soldiers. Union casualties included 600 African-Americans of the First and Third Louisiana Native Guards. Free blacks from New Orleans composed a majority of the First Louisiana Native Guards, including the line officers. Former slaves commanded by white officers composed the Third Louisiana Native Guards. Led by Captain Andre Cailloux, a black officer, the two regiments made their advance on the extreme right of the Union line. Captain Cailloux was shot down as he shouted orders in both French and English. Another attempt to take Port Hudson failed on June 13, when the Confederates inflicted 1,805 casualties on the Union troops while losing fewer than 200. The Confederates held out until they learned of the surrender of Vicksburg. Without its upriver counterpart, Port Hudson, the last Confederate bastion on the Mississippi River, lacked strategic significance and the garrison surrendered on July 9, 1863. Today, the Port Hudson State Commemorative Area encompasses 889 acres of the northern portion of the battlefield, and has three observation towers, six miles of trails, a museum, a picnic area and restrooms. Four thousand Civil War veterans are buried at the Port Hudson National Cemetery, which stands just outside the old Confederate lines. The Port Hudson State Commemorative Area is located at 236 Highway 61, in Jackson. The park is open 9:00am to 5:00pm daily, there is a fee for admission. Groups are requested to call 1-888-677-3400 in advance. Visit the park's website for further information. The Port Hudson is the subject of an online-lesson plan produced by Teaching with Historic Places, a National Register program that offers classroom-ready lesson plans on properties listed in the National Register. To learn more, visit the Teaching with Historic Places home page . Greensburg Land Office The Greensburg Land Office, one of the three oldest public buildings in the Louisiana Florida Parishes, is an excellent example of a small, rural office building in the Greek Revival style. This building is historically significant because it housed the St. Helena District Land Office, which serviced the Florida Parishes. In 1812 Congress organized a land district out of the Florida Parishes, but there were no provisions made for surveying the private claims and public lands in the area. On March 3, 1819, Congress officially named this region the St. Helena District and provided for its survey. It was here that Florida Parish residents applied for American patents to their lands, a step that was part of the "Americanization" process of Louisiana. In 1843 the land office was removed from Greensburg to Baton Rouge. Located adjacent to the St. Helena Parish Courthouse entrance on the courthouse square, the Greensburg Land Office's architectural style is found in the Eastern United States, as well as nearby Lawyer's Row in Clinton, but seldom in other parts of Louisiana. The common bond brick building has one room and a single end wall chimney and is entered through a small portico which has two massive brick Doric columns. There is no frieze, and the gable roof was replaced in the late 19th century. The only major interior feature is a large paneled Adams mantel, which dwarfs the room. Few of the buildings built in this fashion were spared from the redevelopment of America's urban downtowns in the late 1800s. Currently the Greensburg Land Office is used as a Veterans' Administrative office and it is one of the oldest public buildings still in use in the Florida Parishes. The Greensburg Land Office is located on northeast side of the Courthouse Square in Greensburg. It may be seen by appointment only. Contact the St. Helena Parish Tourist Commission, P.O. Box 162, Greensburg, LA 70441. Old St. Helena Parish Jail The Old St. Helena Parish Jail, built in 1855, is an excellent example of a mid-19th century jail building. It is probably one of fewer than five extant examples in Louisiana, as well as one of the oldest buildings in St. Helena Parish. The Old St. Helena Jail is a simple two-story brick building whose main space cuts through the square plan at a 45 degree angle, leaving two small triangular spaces on each story. One of these spaces contains a relatively new triangular staircase. On the cement floor is evidence of the location of the former cells. The Old St. Helena Parish Jail exemplifies Louisiana's history in the area of its legal and criminal codes, which differs from that of the rest of the United States. Louisiana was established in 1699 as a French colony under French laws, and later during Spanish rule, Spanish laws applied. The outstanding difference between Louisiana and the other States is found in the judicial system, where it has retained the laws of France and Spain, expressed in its civil law, in preference to English common law. The Civil Code, as drawn up in Louisiana in 1808, is a codification of French and Spanish modifications of ancient Roman law. Elements of the Code Napoleon were adapted at this time. However, the tendency in Louisiana has been to adopt criminal procedure and rules of evidence from English common law. English common law began after the Norman Conquest of 1066 when the king sent his magistrates to settle disputes and enforce the unwritten law, believed common to all men, that his subjects understood. Common law was spread by England and adopted by the lands and territories conquered or established by the English, including most of the United States, Canada, and all of New Zealand and Australia. Louisiana law is akin to the civil law jurisdictions found all over the world, from South and Central America to much of Africa and all of Continental Europe, a system which can trace its origins back to the Code of Justinian, the Eastern Roman Emperor, who reigned from 527-565 AD. The Old St. Helena Parish Jail is located next to the courthouse square in the center of Greensburg. It is open by appointment only. Contact the St. Helena Parish Tourist Commission, P.O. Box 162, Greensburg, LA 70441. Camp Moore Situated on roughly 450 acres of land just north of the town of Tangipahoa, Camp Moore is of historical significance because it was the training camp for about 25,000 Louisiana soldiers before they entered combat for the Confederacy during the Civil War. In May 1861, the site for the camp was selected and the troops began to arrive. The new camp was named for Governor Thomas Overton Moore, and Confederate Brig. General E. L. Tracy was placed in charge of it. During the remainder of 1861, the 4th-13th and 16th-20th regiments, as well as a battalion of infantry, successively trained here. Each of these regiments was organized with about a 1000 men. Due to the policy of moving regiments to the front as soon as they were sworn in, there were probably never more than 5000 men at Camp Moore at any one time. The 5th-10th regiments were sent to bolster the Confederacy's armies in Virginia, where they formed part of two Louisiana brigades. The other regiments served in the Confederate Army of Tennessee against the Union armies. After the fall of New Orleans in April 1862, with Baton Rouge threatened by the Union Navy, Governor Moore made Camp Moore his headquarters during the second week in May 1862. At the end of July 1862, Confederate General John C. Breckenridge assembled about 5000 troops at Camp Moore. They marched to Baton Rouge and made an unsuccessful attempt to force the Federals out of the city on August 5, 1862. During the rest of the war, Camp Moore served as a base for small calvary units and as a training camp for some conscripts. Since the 1890s, local organizations including the Sons of the Confederate Veterans, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Children of the Confederacy have worked with the State Legislature to preserve and maintain the cemetery. As of the present, the state of Louisiana's Office of State Parks owns approximately seven acres, including the cemetery and the Camp Moore Confederate Museum. Camp Moore is located along Hwy 51 just north of Tangipahoa. The museum is open from 10:00am to 3:00pm Wednesday - Saturday; there is a fee for admission. Call 985-229-2438 for further information or visit the www.campmoorela.com Ponchatoula Commercial Historic District Within the heart of Ponchatoula, Louisiana, "America's Antique City" famous for its artisan and craftsmen exhibitions, lies the Ponchatoula Commercial Historic District. The city derived its name from the Choctaw Indian language, referring to the abundance of Spanish moss on trees in the area. The Pine Street corridor between Railroad Avenue and Sixth Street is, within the context of the Florida Parishes, a superior example of a small town, turn-of-the-century commercial zone. Within Tangipahoa Parish, the Ponchatoula Commercial Historic District is noted for its historic role in strawberry production, an industry of crucial importance. Strawberry production displaced cotton as the "money crop" of the parish by 1910, and by the 1920s, strawberry production precipitated an economic boom, supplying the entire mid-western market. The Ponchatoula Commercial Historic District comprises an area of three streets of predominantly early 20th-century commercial buildings. There are 67 buildings within the district, most are constructed of brick, and the majority are one-story high. The only exception to this is the West Pine Street Corridor from Railroad Avenue to 6th Street where two-story buildings dominate the streetscape. Here covered wooden galleries shading shop fronts and apartments above the galleries are characteristic of commercial buildings in downtown areas in the 1890s to 1900s. Other commercial buildings that are included in the historic district represent the change in the design of these types of edifices from 1911 on. The buildings constructed after this time are one-story, and plain in comparison. A one-story commercial warehouse, once a strawberry packing plant, stands on 113 East Hickory Street. There are 30 major towns in the Florida Parishes, most of which possess some 1920s commercial buildings and a few have a scattering of earlier, more richly ornamented commercial buildings. The Ponchatoula Commercial Historic District is bounded by 5th, 7th, W. Hickory, and W. Oak Sts. in the center of Ponchatoula, off Hwy. 51. The cafes, antique stores, and other businesses within the district are all open to the public during normal business hours. The city also hosts a large strawberry festival in the spring. Visit the town's website at www.ponchatoula.com for further information. Sylest House The Sylvest House, once located in Fisher, Louisiana, has been moved to the rural, wooded setting of the Washington Parish fairgrounds in Franklinton. While modest in design, this late 19th-century example of a dog trot log cabin is constructed of small and medium sized round logs with saddle-notches at their corners. Built in 1880 by farmer Nehemiah Sylvest, the Sylvest House stood as the home of the Sylvest family and is considered an excellent representative of the local history of Washington County because of its simplistic style and design. While other parishes had been adequately explored and settled Washington Parish at the time was at best frontier-like. Washington Parish was the center of a vast wilderness area and remained largely uncultivated until 1900. Local historian Daunton Gibbs wrote, in A Brief History of Washington Parish, "Most of the land owners were stock raisers with a few acres of land in cultivation." Therefore crude log cabins seem to have been typical of the time and place. The house itself has an early 20th-century kitchen attached to the back of the rear gallery. Ultimately the Sylvests had 12 children. According to the 1880 federal census, Sylvest was a 35-year-old farmer. His wife Lenora, then 25 years old, was listed as "keeping house." They had been born in Louisiana, and both of their fathers had come from Portugal. The 1880 Agriculture Census provides detailed information concerning Sylvest's farm as of that date. He owned a total of 160 acres, of which 15 were under cultivation. The value of his farm, including land, fences, and buildings, was $400. His livestock consisted mainly of 25 swine and 15 barnyard poultry. Not much additional information is available on the Sylvests. Like most of the rest of the 1890 census, the data on Washington Parish was destroyed. As of 1900, there were eight children, ranging in age from three to 18, living in the household with the parents. Since the Agriculture Census data for 1900 was destroyed, there is no information available on the farm as of that time. The Sylvest House is located at the Washington Parish Fairgrounds in Franklinton. It is open for events and by appointment only for groups. Contact the Washington Parish Tourism Commission at 985-735-5731 for further information. Knight Cabin The Washington Parish fairgrounds in Franklinton, Louisiana, has become the relocation site of several log cabins built during the late 1800s in Washington Parish that were once threatened by the possibility of demolition by a highway project. The Knight Cabin, originally located northwest of Enon, Louisiana ,was removed to it's new location at the fairgrounds in a wooded area to recreate the feel of its initial setting. The house itself consists of one large room with a sleeping loft in part of the attic. The cabin is constructed of split half-round logs, which are square-notched at the corners. The Knight Cabin, constructed by George and Martha Knight in 1857, is significant as a surviving example of the smaller German log house, a vernacular house type which is rare in Washington Parish. The Knight's were a family of farmers who raised livestock and built their cabin of materials that they found themselves-namely logs which were split into half-round segments and were square-notched in the house's corners. Their one-room cabin with its loft and mud chimney is representative of the pioneer era of the then wild, untamed Washington Parish. The 1860 Census listed George Knight, a native of Louisiana, as a 28-year-old farmer with real estate valued at $800 and personal estate at $483. His 19-year-old wife Martha Anne, a Mississippi native, and their one-year-old daughter Margery lived with him. In 1870, there were six children, four daughters and two sons. Knight owned about 175 acres of land at this time, which increased to 250 acres by 1880. By then he had considerable livestock, including two horses, 36 cows, and 75 pigs. In addition, ten acres of corn yielded 150 bushels, one-half acre of sugar yielded 120 gallons of molasses, and one-and-a-half acres of sweet potatoes yielded 125 bushels. The Knight Cabin is located at the Washington Parish Fairgrounds in Franklinton. It is open for events and by appointment only for groups. Contact the Washington Parish Tourism Commission at 985-735-5731 for further information. Sullivan Home The Sullivan Home, built in 1907 in Bogalusa, Louisiana, is historically significant for its association with William Henry Sullivan. Known in his time as "the father of Bogalusa," Sullivan, as general manager of the Great Southern Lumber Company's Bogalusa operations, was in complete charge of the construction of the plant and entire town of Bogalusa. Sullivan held authority in Bogalusa as the head of its lumber camp until he became the town's mayor in 1914 - an office he kept until his death in 1929. By 1929, under Sullivan's direction, the Great Southern Lumber Company had built a company-owned town of 10,000 people. At the time of his death William Sullivan was Vice President and General Manager of the Great Southern Lumber Company, Executive Vice President of the Bogalusa Paper Company, and a Director of the New Orleans Great Northern Railroad. His house is significant in three areas--architecture, industry, and local history. Set on a large wooded lot, the house is a symmetric, two-and-a-half-story frame edifice, which combines elements from the Colonial Revival and Queen Anne styles. The Colonial Revival characteristics may primarily be viewed from the house's exterior; these characteristics include its three-bay colossal order gallery, the front door, the ballroom, Palladian window motif, and dormers. The most architecturally significant Queen Anne feature of the house is its rigid, mannered style. This is exemplary of Queen Anne styled homes built at the turn of the century and expresses the trend to move away from the irregularity of the larger, older Queen Anne houses. The workers in the town came to refer to the home as "Official Quarters." It is located in a section of town called "Little Buffalo" or "Buffalotown" since it was the residential district where many of the company officials who had come from Buffalo, New York, had their homes. The Sullivan House was the largest and grandest of the homes in this section of town. The Sullivan House is located at 223 S. Border Dr., just off Ave F (Hwy 1075) in Bogalusa. The house is privately owned, and not open to the public. Salmen House The Fritz Salmen House is a one-and-one-half-story frame residence located on a large lot bordering one of Slidell's major thoroughfares. Built around 1900, the Fritz Salmen House is locally significant because of its close association with Fritz Salmen, founder of the brickyard which was Slidwell's first major industrial facility. The home was Fritz Salmen's residence from its construction until his death in 1934. The Salmen Brothers Brick and Lumber Company was the economic mainstay of Slidell from its founding in the 1880s through at least the second decade of the 20th century. Stylistically, the Fritz Salmen House features elements from both the Colonial Revival and the Queen Anne styles. The Colonial Revival decorative features include it's overall symmetrical, boxy shape, a pillared porch wrapping around two sides of the building beneath the home's main roof, a hipped roof with prominent central shed dormers, and a double entrance door. The dwelling's surviving Queen Anne style characteristics include textured shingles on the sides of the dormers; one intact bay window; and corbelled chimney tops. Slidell's birth coincided with the arrival of the New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad, which surveyed the townsite in 1883. At the time the parish was already well known for its fine clay deposits, which had furnished the raw material for brick making since well before the Civil War. When Swiss immigrant Fritz Salmen arrived in 1886, Slidell became a center of brickmaking. With his two brothers, Jacob and Albert, Fritz established a small brickworks in which the employees made bricks by hand. True entrepreneurs, the brothers soon branched out, establishing The Salmen Brothers Brick and Lumber Company in 1886. Next, they expanded into shipbuilding in 1914 and then this portion of the business branched off into its own company, the Slidell Shipbuilding Corporation on Bayou Bonfouca. After the economic boom years during World War I, Fritz and Albert, the surviving brothers, began to cut back their operations. By 1926, a new company owned the original brick and lumber plant, but the Salmen brothers, in their seventies, operated a smaller brick and lumber plant along the bayou. The Salmen House is located at 127 Cleveland Ave. in Slidell. The house is now a restaurant and special event venue. Groups tours can be arranged by call ing 1.866.672.8866, visit www.pattons.com for dining information. Abita Springs Pavilion The Abita Springs Pavilion, constructed in 1888, is important for its historic role as a popular resort spot for New Orleans residents from the late 19th century through the 1960s. When covering the renewed interest in preserving the Pavilion in 1972, one New Orleans newspaper printed, "There are scores of New Orleanians who nostalgically remember their childhoods when their parents took them to Abita Springs for the summer." A raised, wooden, octagonal structure, 46 feet high and 52.6 feet in diameter, the Pavilion has a concrete foundation with four drinking fountains, now capped, where visitors could sip from the springs. In 1867, a local physician, Dr. T. M. D. Davidson, purchased the property upon which the Pavilion was built. Dr. Davidson knew of the local Choctaw Indians' belief in the healing powers of the springs and promoted the medicinal effects of the spring waters. Word of the springs spread to neighboring communities and, in 1887, the first railroad arrived to the area. Boarding houses, hotels, and restaurants were soon constructed to accommodate visitors. In 1888, the St. Tammany Farmer reported on the construction of the Abita Springs Pavilion, "Messrs. Poitivent and Favre have built a commodious pavilion over the springs, so constructed as to be beyond the reach of high water." An article entitled "Life at Abita Springs" from the same newspaper described the "pleasure seekers from among the wage-workers and counter hoppers of the great Southern Emporium.all who can move around light, out for a ramble to the springs and through the pinewoods.or can recline upon the seats of the ample pavilion. There are four well kept and commodious hotels in a few hundred yards of the main Artesian Saline Calebian Springs." In 1903 the town of Abita Springs was formally organized and later chartered in 1912. The State of Louisiana purchased the Pavilion in 1948 and added it to the state park system. In 1965, the St. Tammany Parish School Board purchased the property. It is now used for numerous community activities. The Abita Springs Pavilion is located at the end of Main St. in Abita Springs. The Pavilion is part of a local park always open to the public, with a playground and picnic areas overlooking the Abita River. The yearly Abita Spring Water Festival in October brings the town's many organizations, clubs, the two schools and the residents of Abita together for a day-long celebration, and visitors are welcome. Call 895-892-0711 for further information. Christ Episcopal Church Built about 1840 as a three-bay, gable-front Greek Revival frame church, Old Christ Episcopal Church has been modified over the years. Today, the Old Christ Episcopal Church sits beside its modern, brick successor, the New Christ Episcopal Church. The Old Christ Episcopal Church is architecturally significant as an unusual example of the Queen Anne Revival style in church architecture. Since its beginning in 1846 Christ Church has been an integral part of the community of Covington. Christ Church was organized as a parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1846, and officially adopted the name of Christ Church on December 26, 1846. The original volume of the Vestry minutes indicates that most of the founding parishioners were of English ancestry from the southern states along the Atlantic coast, and were prominent citizens of the community. Jonathan Archer, a 35-year-old naturalized citizen from London, England, was among the original parishioners and selected as the architect. Bishop Leonidas Knox Polk consecrated Christ Church on April 11, 1847. Christ Church was plagued by the ravages of the Civil War. The 1873 arrival of Rev. H. C. Duncan as Rector began the Church's repairs, as the roof had fallen in and the walls were rotted. Around 1890 six large lancet windows replaced the earlier square head windows. A semioctagonal chancel with two opalescent stained glass windows was added at the rear, and a cove-molded wooden plank ceiling was installed. Finally, a large octagonal tower was added to the faï¿½ade along with a large stained glass crescent shaped lunette. The present rear gallery was added to the nave around 1915, and a hurricane destroyed the original spire, which was replaced with the present bell tower. The octagonal tower acquired a conical roof, and the front entrance porch with its stained glass, round head windows was added. Old Christ Episcopal Church is currently used as a chapel in the new church's complex of buildings. Christ Episcopal Church at 120 N. New Hampshire St., 3 blocks west of Boston St. in Covington. Still used by the Episcopal Church, the building is not regularly open to the public. Carter Plantation The Carter Plantation House is situated on property acquired by James Rheem under a Spanish land grant in 1804. In 1817, Thomas Freeman became the first African-American man to own property in Livingston Parish when he acquired the pine forest that he would transform into what has come to be known as the Carter Plantation. He was also the first African-American to record a legal transaction in the Greensburg District. By the year 1820, Freeman had built the renowned, Federal style house and remained there with his wife and five children until 1838 when he sold the house and land to then current state representative and later sheriff of Livingston Parish, W. L. Breed. Breed died in Carter House in 1843 while still serving as the parish's sheriff. After Breed's death, George Richardson, acquired the plantation. Richardson lived at Carter Plantation House until his death in 1858. It is Richardson's descendants who carried the surname Carter by which the plantation is known. Carter Plantation House is one and a half stories high, with front and rear galleries and a central hall plan with 2 rooms on each side. The old rear kitchen and dining room, which was a separate building, burned in the late 19th century; a kitchen and dining room wing on the rear of the house replaced it. There are four main fireplaces in the house, feeding into two interior chimneys. As an early 19th-century house which was built by a free black man and lived in by an important local political figure, the Carter House is significant in the area of African-American history, as well as local politics and government. The Carter House also enjoys a degree of architectural significance as a local example of a raised plantation house. A pine forest area surrounds Carter House and its immediate grounds. The landscape features, including shrubs, flowerbeds and the lake, are comparatively recent in origin. Carter Plantation is located along State Hwy. 1038, south of US Hwy 190. It is privately owned, and is not open to the public. Macedonia Baptist Church Three country miles down a dirt road leading through a pine forest lies an almost perfectly preserved example of a late 19th-century rural, Louisiana church named the Macedonia Baptist Church. Still retaining and actively using its original cast iron stove and pews, the church was built in 1898 and is renowned as the oldest building in the town of Holden, and the oldest Baptist Church in Livingston Parish. Constructed in 1898, it is a good example of what a typical, vernacular rural Louisiana church was like. The church is currently still used for services; its original congregation was organized in May of 1856 under the shade of a magnolia tree. Its members first worshiped in various homes then later shared a building with a local congregation of Methodists. After leaving this church, the congregation proceeded to build their own church house, which was a log structure. This was followed in 1871 by a board house, then valued at $500 dollars. The present building is the congregation's third church house. The history of the Baptists in Louisiana begins shortly before the United Sates acquired the territory from France in 1803. Before this time, the Baptists had made tentative efforts to establish themselves in the Catholic colony. In 1799 Bailey E. Chaney, a Baptist minister, was arrested by the Spanish officials for conducting services at an Anglo-Saxon settlement near Baton Rouge. Ministers from several denominations came after 1803 to work among the African-Americans and the Native Americans. Joseph Willis, a mulatto Baptist preacher, conducted meetings at Vermilion (now Lafayette) but was forced to leave because of his race. In 1812, Willis returned to Bayou Chicot and organized the first Baptist church west of the Mississippi. A month earlier, his colleagues in the Florida parishes had organized the Half Moon Bluff Church, the first Baptist church in the State, near the Bogue Chitto River in Washington Parish. During the same year, Cornelius Paulding, a Baptist layman, came to New Orleans to engage in business. He donated space in one of his buildings for Baptist meetings and arranged for traveling ministers to hold services. In 1834, the first Baptist Church was established in New Orleans, and in 1854, with funds provided by Paulding's will, the Coliseum Place Baptist Congregation was founded. Fortunately, the church was not damaged by Hurricane Katrina. Macedonia Baptist Church is located on State Hwy. 1036, 3 miles north of State Hwy. 442, and north of the town of Holden. It is open for church services only, visit the church's website for further information. Decareaux House The Decareaux House, located in French Settlement, Louisiana, was built in the French Creole style in 1898. This is in itself unusual, as after 1860, Creole architecture entered a period of gradual decline. Although a number of Creole homes, such as Decareaux, were built after the Civil War, the style never regained its old monopoly on the cultural landscape. A brief revival of plantation life between 1865 and 1880 saw Creole cottages, manager houses, and Acadian small landholders utilize the style, but after 1880, new national architectural styles such as the Queen Anne Revival style gradually pushed the Creole house into the background. Decareaux House has been slightly remodeled over the last 100 years. However, it still retains the characteristic architectural features of its style, a full-length gallery, exposed ceiling beams, gabled umbrella roofs, and a floorplan which reflects its Creole origin. The floorplan consists of two equal sized front rooms and rooms of unequal size in its rear, which are textbook examples of French Creole design. The Village of French Settlement is the only part of the surrounding area originally settled by the French and remains to be the only French enclave known to exist there. A boom in the area's lumber industry from 1880 to 1915 employed many of the men of French Settlement who were privy to cheap or free lumber that they used to construct homes for their families. It was during this period that the majority of the houses, which were constructed in the old French Creole style, were replaced by more modernly fashioned homes. The Decareaux House derives its name from its first owners, Mr. and Mrs. Alex Decareaux. The one story frame cottage had been constructed for the couple by Mrs. Decareaux's father, Harris Lambert, and her brother Alexander. The house which was last owned privately in 1977, is now known as the Creole House Museum and is on long-term lease to the French Settlement Historical Society by the Village of French Settlement. The Decareaux House is located on Hwy. 16 in French Settlement, behind the Municipal Building and Library. It is open for tours by appointment, but the exterior and grounds can be viewed anytime. A Creole Festival is held at the house in September. Call 225-698-6100 for further information. Learn More Bibliography of Southeastern Louisiana History Ancelet, Barry Jean, Glen Pitre, Jay Edwards, and Lynwood Montell, ed.. Cajun Country (Folklife in the South Series). University Press of Mississippi. 1991. Bannon, Lois Elmer, Martha Yancey Carr, Gwen Anders Edwards, and Winifred Evans Byrd. Magnolia Mound: A Louisiana River Plantation. Gretna, LA: Firebird Press. 1984. Bearss, Edwin C., ed. A Louisiana Confederate: Diary of Felix Pierre Poche. Louisiana Studies Institute, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, 1972. Bourgeois, Lillian C. Cabanocey: The History, Customs and Folklore of St. James Parish (Louisiana Parish Histories Series). Gretna, LA: Firebird Press. 1999. Caughey, John Walton, and Jack D. L. Holmes. Bernardo De Galvez in Louisiana 1776-1783 (Louisiana Parish Histories Series). Gretna, LA: Firebird Press. 1999. Dietrich, Dick, and Joseph A. Arrigo. Louisiana's Plantation Homes: The Grace and Grandeur. Voyageur Press. 1991. Ellis, Frederick S., and Walker Percy. St. Tammany Parish: L'Autre Cote Du Lac (Louisiana Parish Histories Series). Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company. 1999. Fricker, Jonathan, Donna Fricker and Patricia L. Duncan. Louisiana Architecture: A Handbook on Styles. Lafayette, LA: Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1998. Gayarre, Charles E., William Beer, and Grace King. History of Louisiana (Louisiana Parish Histories Series). Gretna, LA: Firebird Press. 1999.Gehman, Mary. Touring Louisiana's Great River Road: From Angola North to Venice South. New Orleans, LA: Margaret Media, Inc. 2004. Gehman, Mary. The Free People of Color of New Orleans: An Introduction. New Orleans, LA: Margaret Media, Inc. 1994. Gilbert C. Din, ed. The Spanish Presence in Louisiana, 1763-1803 (The Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial Series in Louisiana History, Vol II). University of Louisiana at Lafayette. 1996. Goins, Charles Robert, and John Michael Caldwell. Historical Atlas of Louisiana. University of Oklahoma Press. 1995 . Hair, William Ivy. The Kingfish and his Realm: The Life and Times of Huey P. Long. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991. Hyde, Samuel C. Jr. Pistols and Politics: The Dilemma of Democracy in Louisiana's Florida Parishes, 1810-1899. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. Johnson, Marael. Louisiana Why Stop?: A Guide to Louisiana's Roadside Historical. Markers Gulf Publishing Company. 1996. Jolly, Ellen Roy, and James Calhoun The Pelican Guide to the Louisiana Capitol. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company. 1980. Kein, Sybil. Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana's Free People of Color. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 2000. Louisiana Folklife Program, Division of the Arts, Office of Cultural Development, Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism and Center for Regional Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University. Folklife in the Florida Parishes. Baton Rouge: The Program, 1989. Malone, Lee, and Paul Malone. Louisiana Plantation Homes: A Return to Splendor. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 1986. Malone, Lee, and Paul Malone. The Majesty of the Felicianas. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company. 1989. Malone, Lee, and Paul Malone. The Majesty of the River Road. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company. 1988. Poesch, Jessie, and Barbara Sorelle Bacot eds. Louisiana Buildings, 1720-1940 : The Historic American Buildings Survey. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1997. Rehder, John B. Delta Sugar: Louisiana's Vanishing Plantation Landscape (Creating the North American Landscape). Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999. Roland, Charles P., and John David Smith. Louisiana Sugar Plantations During the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1997. Sexton, Richard, Alex S. MacLean, and Eugene Darwin Cizek. Vestiges of Grandeur: The Plantations of Louisiana's River Road. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1999. Smith, J. Frazier and Leicester B. Holland. Plantation Houses and Mansions of the Old South. Dover Pubs., 1994. Sternberg, Mary Ann. Along the River Road: Past and Present on Louisiana's Historic Byway. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. Tregle, Joseph George. Louisiana in the Age of Jackson: A Clash of Cultures and Personalities. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1999. Williams, T. Harry. Huey Long. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970. Winters, John D. The Civil War in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1991. Adams, Janus. A mystical journey into Cajun country. Wilton, CN.: BackPax International, 1986. (24 pg. book and cassette) Bial, Raymond. Cajun home. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. (48 pgs) Daigle, Pierre V. Tears, Love, and Laughter: The Story of the Acadians Church Point, LA : Acadian Pub. Enterprise, 1980. (162 pgs.) de Varona, Frank. Bernardo de Galvez. Austin, TX: Steck-Vaughn, Co., 1993. (32 pgs.) Duey, Kathleen Amelina Carrett, Bayou Grand Coeur, Louisiana, 1863. New York: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1999. (137 pgs.) Fradin, Dennis B. Louisiana in words and pictures. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1981. (47 pgs.) Weber, Valerie and Geneva Lewis. Home life in grandma's day. Minneapolis, MN: Carolrhoda Books, 1999. (32 pgs) Welsbacher, Anne. Louisiana. Minneapolis, MN: Abdo & Daughters, 1998. (32 pgs.) History and information on this historic site operated by State Parks Credits Explore the History and Culture of Southeastern Louisiana, was produced by the National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Department of the Interior, in cooperation with the Capital Resource Conservation and Development Council (United State Department of Agriculture), Lagniappe Tours (of the Foundation for Historical Louisiana), the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation, the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers (NCSHPO), and the National Alliance of Preservation Commissions (NAPC). It was created under the direction of Carol D. Shull, Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, Patrick Andrus, Heritage Tourism Director, and Beth L. Savage, Publications Director. Explore the History and Culture of Southeastern Louisiana is based on information in the files of the National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmark collections. These materials are kept at 800 North Capitol St., Washington, D.C., and are open to the public from 9:00am to 4:00pm, Monday through Friday. Capital Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D) Council and Lagniappe Tours conceptualized and compiled photographic and written materials for the itinerary, guided by Sue Hebert (RC&D) and Virginia Watson (Lagniappe). Contextual essays were written by Donna Fricker and Patricia L. Duncan of the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation. Shannon Bell (of NCSHPO) created the design for the itinerary and coordinated project production for the National Register. Jeff Joeckel (NCSHPO) created the maps and assisted with the compilation of the website, as did Rustin Quaide (NCSHPO). Site descriptions were edited by Rustin Quaide, Sarah Dillard Pope (NPS), Maya Harris and Mary Downs (both National Conference of Preservation Educators interns). Many other individuals and organizations made important contributions to this project. Heather Cushman (NCSHPO) provided editorial assistance and, along with Tangula Chambers (NCSHPO) and Kristen Carsto (intern from Catholic University), helped gather accessibility information for the sites in the itinerary. Maya Harris further assisted with preparing the photographs for the web and compiled bibliographic sources. Many Louisiana organizations assisted RC&D as they compiled their materials, including the Tourism Commissions or Visitor Bureaus in Ascension, Assumption, East and West Baton Rouge, East and West Feliciana, Iberville, Livingston, Pointe Coupee, St. Helena, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, and Washington Parishes; the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation; Dr. Paul Hoffman and Dr. Richard Condry from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; the Iberville Parish Librarian and Plaquemine Main Street Manager; and Harry J. Hebert, President of Promotion and Preservation of Iberville, Inc. Bo Boehringer, of the Louisiana Office of State Parks, provided images of Port Hudson.	i don't know
What is the oldest, continuously published magazine in the United States, with its first issue hitting the stands on August 28, 1845?	Pick A Prize by Jill Breckenridge \| The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor August, hot with flies, wasps fallen sluggish to the sugar. The State Fair, everyone eating something or looking to be fed: Pronto pups, chili dogs, popcorn, cold milk, all you can drink, Central Lutheran's homemade pie. The woman who guesses weight, wearing money apron and brown oxfords, stands beside scales taller than the big man who steps forward. For only one pa-per dollar! she reads his body, poundwise, says, Two-sixty! He steps on her scales at two-eighty-five. She pats his backside under his belt which is under a generous roll of fat, says, You musta' been hidin' somethin' there on me, honey! Pick a prize, any prize. He touches his thinning hair, chooses the battered red and white beer hat from among her ashtrays and embarrassed lavender snakes, then walks away, through the dusty music of calliope, taller, twenty-five pounds lighter. "Pick A Prize" by Jill Breckenridge, from The Gravity of Flesh. © Nodin Press, 2009. Reprinted with permission. ( buy now ) On this date in 1845, the first issue of Scientific American was published. It's the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States, and it started as a four-page weekly newsletter. It was founded by Rufus Porter, son of a wealthy New England family and a painter and inventor in his own right. The first issue focused on improvements to the quality of passenger railway cars. Under Porter's direction, Volume I frequently featured reports from the U.S. Patent Office; the issues also served up poetry and religious news. Porter sold the magazine 10 months later, for $800, to 22-year-old Orson Munn and 19-year-old Alfred Beach. They took over with the publication of Volume II, doubling the page count and dropping the reports on temperance and religion as being unsuitable for a science publication. They kept the poetry, though. It's the birthday of poet John Betjeman (1906) ( books by this author ). He was born in London, the only child of a furniture maker. He wrote his first poem at nine; at 10, he gave a copy of his work "The Best of Betjeman" to one of his instructors, who happened to be T.S. Eliot. He took his first trip to Oxford the following year, and became inspired by the architecture of its churches and other buildings. Later in life he would campaign for the preservation of Victorian and Edwardian buildings as a founding member of the Victorian Society. He published both his first book of verse (Mount Zion) and his first book on architecture (Ghastly Good Taste) in 1933. In his career as a poet, he often wrote with a sense of nostalgia for the Britain of the recent past, capturing it as it was disappearing; he also satirized progress for its own sake. His work was very popular among the unsettled post-World War II Britons who longed for a simpler time. He also published several guidebooks on British counties and a collection of essays called First and Last Loves (1952) about places and buildings. He was instrumental in saving the Victorian façade of the St. Pancras railway station from demolition, and a statue of the poet — depicted as gazing up in admiration of the architecture — now stands in the station at platform level. It's the birthday of mystery, science fiction, and fantasy author Jack Vance (1916) ( books by this author ), born in San Francisco. In addition to the work published under John Holbrook Vance or Jack Vance, he also published three mystery novels under the name Ellery Queen. He published his first story, "The World Thinker," in the magazine Thrilling Wonder Stories in 1945; it was but the first of many science fiction stories he placed in similar magazines throughout the next decade. Most of his novels of the same period were mysteries, but he gave that genre up in the 1970s. He's been legally blind since the 1980s, but has continued to write. His last book — or what he says is his last book, anyway — is a memoir, This is Me, Jack Vance! (2010). He seems to have escaped the notice of the wider literary world, in spite of being highly admired by many other writers. Neil Gaiman, who read his first Vance tale at about 13, said: "I fell in love with the prose style. It was elegant, intelligent; each word felt like it knew what it was doing. It's funny but never, ever once nudges you in the ribs." Michael Chabon said of Vance: "Jack Vance is the most painful case of all the writers I love who I feel don't get the credit they deserve. If The Last Castle or The Dragon Masters had the name Italo Calvino on it, or just a foreign name, it would be received as a profound meditation, but because he's Jack Vance and published in Amazing Whatever, there's this insurmountable barrier." Chabon places Vance in the American literary tradition: It's not Twain-Hemingway; it's more Poe's tradition, a blend of European refinement with brawling, two-fisted frontier spirit." On this date in 1957, Strom Thurmond began the longest filibuster ever by a single senator, to prevent voting on the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Thurmond was a former governor of South Carolina with a strong record of supporting segregation; he opposed the act — which aimed to ensure that African-Americans were allowed to exercise their voting rights — on the grounds that it was a states' rights issue. The Democratic junior senator took the floor at 8:54 p.m., armed with throat lozenges and malted milk tablets; bathroom breaks were not permitted during a filibuster, so he had taken a steam beforehand to sweat out as much extra fluid as he could. Thurmond began his filibuster by reading the election laws of each state, in alphabetical order, and moved on to read an assortment of historical documents. Senators napped while he held forth on increasingly irrelevant topics, like his grandmother's biscuit recipe. He finally sat down 24 hours and 18 minutes later, having broken the previous filibuster record. The Civil Rights Act passed a few hours later, and President Eisenhower signed it into law on September 9. On this date in 1961, Motown Records released "Please Mr. Postman" by the Marvelettes. It would go on to become the label's first No. 1 record. Gladys Horton, the lead singer of the Marvelettes, had formed the girl group when she was 15, with other members of Detroit's Inkster High School glee club. One of her teachers was impressed with the singing group and arranged an audition for Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson and the fledgling Motown label. The recording execs liked what they heard and recorded the single, an original song co-written by another Marvelette, Georgia Dobbins. Motown backed the singers with an up-and-coming young drummer, Marvin Gaye. After it was released, the single gradually climbed the pop charts, eventually becoming Motown's first No. 1 at the end of the year. It would later be covered by the Beatles (1963) and the Carpenters (1975). Today is the birthday of the father of German literature, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( books by this author ), born in Frankfurt (1749), the author of the epic drama Faust. He moved to Italy in 1786, and when he returned to Germany in 1788, he fell in love with a woman from Weimar, Christiane Vulpius, a 23-year-old who was 16 years his junior. That year, he wrote her an epithalamium, a specific type of poem written for a bride on the way to the marital chamber. But he didn't actually marry her; instead, the couple lived together for 18 years unwed. They were still living together in 1806, unmarried and with children, when some of Napoleon's French soldiers — who were drunk — broke into their home in Weimer one evening. Goethe was terrified, but Christiane started shouting at the soldiers, fending them off in hand-to-hand combat, and protecting the bewildered man of the house. After a prolonged skirmish, she pushed them out of the house and barricaded the kitchen and the cellar so the soldiers couldn't try to steal any more of their food. Grateful to the brave and steadfast woman who'd saved his life and home, Goethe went down to a church the very next day and married her, his live-in girlfriend of 18 years. In 1806, the same year of the home invasion and marriage, Goethe published a preliminary version of Part I of his great work, Faust, the story of a brilliant scholar named Heinrich Faust, who makes a deal with the devil. The great epic has it all: seduction, murder, sleeping potions, an illegitimate love child, a stray poodle that transforms into the devil, contracts signed with blood, imprisonment in dungeons, heavenly voices, and redemption. It's often called "Das Drama der Deutschen," or "The Drama of the Germans." It's also referred to as a "closet drama" because it's intended to be read, not performed. Goethe spent 50 years working on this two-volume masterpiece, finishing Part Two in 1832, the year of his death. Goethe wrote, "A man can stand anything except a succession of ordinary days." And, "Divide and rule, a sound motto. Unite and lead, a better one." And, "That is the true season of love, when we believe that we alone can love, that no one could ever have loved so before us, and that no one will love in the same way after us." It's the birthday of poet Rita Dove ( books by this author ), born in Akron, Ohio (1952). Growing up, she was at the top of her class in school, chosen as one of 100 of the best high school students in the country to visit the president of the United States. Her parents assumed that she would go on to become a doctor or lawyer, so when she announced she wanted to be a poet, they weren't sure what to make of it. She said, "[My father] swallowed once and said, 'Well, I've never understood poetry, so don't be upset if I don't read it.'" Her teachers at college told her that she was throwing her education away if she didn't study something more practical. Her collection Thomas and Beulah (1986) was based loosely on her grandparents; it was awarded the Pulitzer for poetry, and she became the second African-American poet to win the prize. She was also the first African-American poet laureate. In addition to poetry, she's written a collection of short stories (Fifth Sunday, 1985), a novel (Through the Ivory Gate, 1992), and a verse drama (The Darker Face of the Earth, 1994). She told a Women in the Arts interviewer: "I've always been obsessed by the voices that are not normally heard. I think it comes from the women I knew as a child, the women in the kitchen who told the best stories. They knew how the world worked, about human nature, and they were wise, are wise." Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.® « » “Writers end up writing stories—or rather, stories' shadows—and they're grateful if they can, but it is not enough. Nothing the writer can do is ever enough” —Joy Williams “I want to live other lives. I've never quite believed that one chance is all I get. Writing is my way of making other chances.” —Anne Tyler “Writing is a performance, like singing an aria or dancing a jig” —Stephen Greenblatt “All good writing is swimming under water and holding your breath.” —F. Scott Fitzgerald “Good writing is always about things that are important to you, things that are scary to you, things that eat you up.” —John Edgar Wideman “In certain ways writing is a form of prayer.” —Denise Levertov “Writing is a socially acceptable form of schizophrenia.” —E.L. Doctorow “Writing is like driving at night in the fog. You can only see as far as your headlights, but you can make the whole trip that way.” —E.L. Doctorow “Let's face it, writing is hell.” —William Styron “A writer is someone for whom writing is more difficult than it is for other people.” —Thomas Mann “Writing is 90 percent procrastination: reading magazines, eating cereal out of the box, watching infomercials.” —Paul Rudnick “Writing is a failure. Writing is not only useless, it's spoiled paper.” —Padget Powell “Writing is very hard work and knowing what you're doing the whole time.” —Shelby Foote “I think all writing is a disease. You can't stop it.” —William Carlos Williams “Writing is like getting married. One should never commit oneself until one is amazed at one's luck.” —Iris Murdoch “The less conscious one is of being ‘a writer,’ the better the writing.” —Pico Iyer “Writing is…that oddest of anomalies: an intimate letter to a stranger.” —Pico Iyer “Writing is my dharma.” —Raja Rao “Writing is a combination of intangible creative fantasy and appallingly hard work.” —Anthony Powell “I think writing is, by definition, an optimistic act.” —Michael Cunningham sponsor	Scientific American
Name the artist and title of this 1969 hit: "I thought I was The Bally table king. But I just handed my pin ball crown to him. Even on my favorite table He can beat my best. His disciples lead him in And he just does the rest."	Pick A Prize by Jill Breckenridge \| The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor August, hot with flies, wasps fallen sluggish to the sugar. The State Fair, everyone eating something or looking to be fed: Pronto pups, chili dogs, popcorn, cold milk, all you can drink, Central Lutheran's homemade pie. The woman who guesses weight, wearing money apron and brown oxfords, stands beside scales taller than the big man who steps forward. For only one pa-per dollar! she reads his body, poundwise, says, Two-sixty! He steps on her scales at two-eighty-five. She pats his backside under his belt which is under a generous roll of fat, says, You musta' been hidin' somethin' there on me, honey! Pick a prize, any prize. He touches his thinning hair, chooses the battered red and white beer hat from among her ashtrays and embarrassed lavender snakes, then walks away, through the dusty music of calliope, taller, twenty-five pounds lighter. "Pick A Prize" by Jill Breckenridge, from The Gravity of Flesh. © Nodin Press, 2009. Reprinted with permission. ( buy now ) On this date in 1845, the first issue of Scientific American was published. It's the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States, and it started as a four-page weekly newsletter. It was founded by Rufus Porter, son of a wealthy New England family and a painter and inventor in his own right. The first issue focused on improvements to the quality of passenger railway cars. Under Porter's direction, Volume I frequently featured reports from the U.S. Patent Office; the issues also served up poetry and religious news. Porter sold the magazine 10 months later, for $800, to 22-year-old Orson Munn and 19-year-old Alfred Beach. They took over with the publication of Volume II, doubling the page count and dropping the reports on temperance and religion as being unsuitable for a science publication. They kept the poetry, though. It's the birthday of poet John Betjeman (1906) ( books by this author ). He was born in London, the only child of a furniture maker. He wrote his first poem at nine; at 10, he gave a copy of his work "The Best of Betjeman" to one of his instructors, who happened to be T.S. Eliot. He took his first trip to Oxford the following year, and became inspired by the architecture of its churches and other buildings. Later in life he would campaign for the preservation of Victorian and Edwardian buildings as a founding member of the Victorian Society. He published both his first book of verse (Mount Zion) and his first book on architecture (Ghastly Good Taste) in 1933. In his career as a poet, he often wrote with a sense of nostalgia for the Britain of the recent past, capturing it as it was disappearing; he also satirized progress for its own sake. His work was very popular among the unsettled post-World War II Britons who longed for a simpler time. He also published several guidebooks on British counties and a collection of essays called First and Last Loves (1952) about places and buildings. He was instrumental in saving the Victorian façade of the St. Pancras railway station from demolition, and a statue of the poet — depicted as gazing up in admiration of the architecture — now stands in the station at platform level. It's the birthday of mystery, science fiction, and fantasy author Jack Vance (1916) ( books by this author ), born in San Francisco. In addition to the work published under John Holbrook Vance or Jack Vance, he also published three mystery novels under the name Ellery Queen. He published his first story, "The World Thinker," in the magazine Thrilling Wonder Stories in 1945; it was but the first of many science fiction stories he placed in similar magazines throughout the next decade. Most of his novels of the same period were mysteries, but he gave that genre up in the 1970s. He's been legally blind since the 1980s, but has continued to write. His last book — or what he says is his last book, anyway — is a memoir, This is Me, Jack Vance! (2010). He seems to have escaped the notice of the wider literary world, in spite of being highly admired by many other writers. Neil Gaiman, who read his first Vance tale at about 13, said: "I fell in love with the prose style. It was elegant, intelligent; each word felt like it knew what it was doing. It's funny but never, ever once nudges you in the ribs." Michael Chabon said of Vance: "Jack Vance is the most painful case of all the writers I love who I feel don't get the credit they deserve. If The Last Castle or The Dragon Masters had the name Italo Calvino on it, or just a foreign name, it would be received as a profound meditation, but because he's Jack Vance and published in Amazing Whatever, there's this insurmountable barrier." Chabon places Vance in the American literary tradition: It's not Twain-Hemingway; it's more Poe's tradition, a blend of European refinement with brawling, two-fisted frontier spirit." On this date in 1957, Strom Thurmond began the longest filibuster ever by a single senator, to prevent voting on the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Thurmond was a former governor of South Carolina with a strong record of supporting segregation; he opposed the act — which aimed to ensure that African-Americans were allowed to exercise their voting rights — on the grounds that it was a states' rights issue. The Democratic junior senator took the floor at 8:54 p.m., armed with throat lozenges and malted milk tablets; bathroom breaks were not permitted during a filibuster, so he had taken a steam beforehand to sweat out as much extra fluid as he could. Thurmond began his filibuster by reading the election laws of each state, in alphabetical order, and moved on to read an assortment of historical documents. Senators napped while he held forth on increasingly irrelevant topics, like his grandmother's biscuit recipe. He finally sat down 24 hours and 18 minutes later, having broken the previous filibuster record. The Civil Rights Act passed a few hours later, and President Eisenhower signed it into law on September 9. On this date in 1961, Motown Records released "Please Mr. Postman" by the Marvelettes. It would go on to become the label's first No. 1 record. Gladys Horton, the lead singer of the Marvelettes, had formed the girl group when she was 15, with other members of Detroit's Inkster High School glee club. One of her teachers was impressed with the singing group and arranged an audition for Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson and the fledgling Motown label. The recording execs liked what they heard and recorded the single, an original song co-written by another Marvelette, Georgia Dobbins. Motown backed the singers with an up-and-coming young drummer, Marvin Gaye. After it was released, the single gradually climbed the pop charts, eventually becoming Motown's first No. 1 at the end of the year. It would later be covered by the Beatles (1963) and the Carpenters (1975). Today is the birthday of the father of German literature, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( books by this author ), born in Frankfurt (1749), the author of the epic drama Faust. He moved to Italy in 1786, and when he returned to Germany in 1788, he fell in love with a woman from Weimar, Christiane Vulpius, a 23-year-old who was 16 years his junior. That year, he wrote her an epithalamium, a specific type of poem written for a bride on the way to the marital chamber. But he didn't actually marry her; instead, the couple lived together for 18 years unwed. They were still living together in 1806, unmarried and with children, when some of Napoleon's French soldiers — who were drunk — broke into their home in Weimer one evening. Goethe was terrified, but Christiane started shouting at the soldiers, fending them off in hand-to-hand combat, and protecting the bewildered man of the house. After a prolonged skirmish, she pushed them out of the house and barricaded the kitchen and the cellar so the soldiers couldn't try to steal any more of their food. Grateful to the brave and steadfast woman who'd saved his life and home, Goethe went down to a church the very next day and married her, his live-in girlfriend of 18 years. In 1806, the same year of the home invasion and marriage, Goethe published a preliminary version of Part I of his great work, Faust, the story of a brilliant scholar named Heinrich Faust, who makes a deal with the devil. The great epic has it all: seduction, murder, sleeping potions, an illegitimate love child, a stray poodle that transforms into the devil, contracts signed with blood, imprisonment in dungeons, heavenly voices, and redemption. It's often called "Das Drama der Deutschen," or "The Drama of the Germans." It's also referred to as a "closet drama" because it's intended to be read, not performed. Goethe spent 50 years working on this two-volume masterpiece, finishing Part Two in 1832, the year of his death. Goethe wrote, "A man can stand anything except a succession of ordinary days." And, "Divide and rule, a sound motto. Unite and lead, a better one." And, "That is the true season of love, when we believe that we alone can love, that no one could ever have loved so before us, and that no one will love in the same way after us." It's the birthday of poet Rita Dove ( books by this author ), born in Akron, Ohio (1952). Growing up, she was at the top of her class in school, chosen as one of 100 of the best high school students in the country to visit the president of the United States. Her parents assumed that she would go on to become a doctor or lawyer, so when she announced she wanted to be a poet, they weren't sure what to make of it. She said, "[My father] swallowed once and said, 'Well, I've never understood poetry, so don't be upset if I don't read it.'" Her teachers at college told her that she was throwing her education away if she didn't study something more practical. Her collection Thomas and Beulah (1986) was based loosely on her grandparents; it was awarded the Pulitzer for poetry, and she became the second African-American poet to win the prize. She was also the first African-American poet laureate. In addition to poetry, she's written a collection of short stories (Fifth Sunday, 1985), a novel (Through the Ivory Gate, 1992), and a verse drama (The Darker Face of the Earth, 1994). She told a Women in the Arts interviewer: "I've always been obsessed by the voices that are not normally heard. I think it comes from the women I knew as a child, the women in the kitchen who told the best stories. They knew how the world worked, about human nature, and they were wise, are wise." Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.® « » “Writers end up writing stories—or rather, stories' shadows—and they're grateful if they can, but it is not enough. Nothing the writer can do is ever enough” —Joy Williams “I want to live other lives. I've never quite believed that one chance is all I get. Writing is my way of making other chances.” —Anne Tyler “Writing is a performance, like singing an aria or dancing a jig” —Stephen Greenblatt “All good writing is swimming under water and holding your breath.” —F. Scott Fitzgerald “Good writing is always about things that are important to you, things that are scary to you, things that eat you up.” —John Edgar Wideman “In certain ways writing is a form of prayer.” —Denise Levertov “Writing is a socially acceptable form of schizophrenia.” —E.L. Doctorow “Writing is like driving at night in the fog. You can only see as far as your headlights, but you can make the whole trip that way.” —E.L. Doctorow “Let's face it, writing is hell.” —William Styron “A writer is someone for whom writing is more difficult than it is for other people.” —Thomas Mann “Writing is 90 percent procrastination: reading magazines, eating cereal out of the box, watching infomercials.” —Paul Rudnick “Writing is a failure. Writing is not only useless, it's spoiled paper.” —Padget Powell “Writing is very hard work and knowing what you're doing the whole time.” —Shelby Foote “I think all writing is a disease. You can't stop it.” —William Carlos Williams “Writing is like getting married. One should never commit oneself until one is amazed at one's luck.” —Iris Murdoch “The less conscious one is of being ‘a writer,’ the better the writing.” —Pico Iyer “Writing is…that oddest of anomalies: an intimate letter to a stranger.” —Pico Iyer “Writing is my dharma.” —Raja Rao “Writing is a combination of intangible creative fantasy and appallingly hard work.” —Anthony Powell “I think writing is, by definition, an optimistic act.” —Michael Cunningham sponsor	i don't know
The fifth planet in the solar system, which planet is the largest?	Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets By Robert Roy Britt \| January 22, 2016 12:35pm ET MORE The planets of the solar system as depicted by a NASA computer illustration. Orbits and sizes are not shown to scale. Credit: NASA Ever since the discovery of Pluto in 1930, kids grew up learning about the nine planets of our solar system. That all changed starting in the late 1990s, when astronomers began to argue about whether Pluto was a planet. In a highly controversial decision , the International Astronomical Union ultimately decided in 2006 to call Pluto a “dwarf planet,” reducing the list of “real planets” in our solar system to eight. However, astronomers are now hunting for another planet in our solar system, a true ninth planet , after evidence of its existence was unveiled on Jan. 20, 2016. The so-called "Planet Nine," as scientists are calling it, is about 10 times the mass of Earth and 5,000 times the mass of Pluto. [ Solar System Pictures: A Photo Tour ] If you insist on including Pluto , then that world would come after Neptune on the list; Pluto is truly way out there, and on a wildly tilted, elliptical orbit (two of the several reasons it got demoted). Interestingly, Pluto used to be the eighth planet, actually. More on that below. Terrestrial planets The inner four worlds are called “ terrestrial planets ,” because, like Earth, their surfaces are all rocky. Pluto, too, has a solid surface (and a very frozen one) but has never been grouped with the four terrestrials. Jovian planets The four large outer worlds — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune — are known as the “Jovian planets” (meaning “Jupiter-like”) because they are all huge compared to the terrestrial planets, and because they are gaseous in nature rather than having rocky surfaces (though some or all of them may have solid cores, astronomers say). According to NASA , "two of the outer planets beyond the orbit of Mars — Jupiter and Saturn — are known as gas giants; the more distant Uranus and Neptune are called ice giants." This is because, while the first two are dominated by gas, while the last two have more ice. All four contain mostly hydrogen and helium. Dwarf planets The IAU definition of a full-fledged planet goes like this: A body that circles the sun without being some other object's satellite, is large enough to be rounded by its own gravity (but not so big that it begins to undergo nuclear fusion, like a star) and has "cleared its neighborhood" of most other orbiting bodies. Yeah, that’s a mouthful. The problem for Pluto, besides its small size and offbeat orbit, is that it shares its space with lots of other objects in the Kuiper Belt , beyond Neptune. Still, the demotion of Pluto remains controversial . The IAU planet definition puts other small, round worlds in the dwarf planet category, including the Kuiper Belt objects Eris , Haumea , and Makemake . Also now a dwarf planet is Ceres , a round object in the Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. Ceres was actually considered a planet when discovered in 1801 and then later deemed to be an asteroid. Some astronomers like to consider Ceres as a 10th planet (not to be confused with Nibiru or Planet X ), but that line of thinking opens up the possibility of there being 13 planets, with more bound to be discovered. The planets Below is a brief overview of the eight primary planets in our solar system , in order from the inner solar system outward: Mercury The closest planet to the sun, Mercury is only a bit larger than Earth's moon. Its day side is scorched by the sun and can reach 840 degrees Fahrenheit (450 Celsius), but on the night side, temperatures drop to hundreds of degrees below freezing. Mercury has virtually no atmosphere to absorb meteor impacts, so its surface is pockmarked with craters, just like the moon. Over its four-year mission, NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft has revealed views of the planet that have challenged astronomers' expectations. Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye Named for: Messenger of the Roman gods Diameter: 3,031 miles (4,878 km) Orbit: 88 Earth days Venus' southern hemisphere, as seen in the ultraviolet. Credit: ESA Venus The second planet from the sun, Venus is terribly hot, even hotter than Mercury. The atmosphere is toxic. The pressure at the surface would crush and kill you. Scientists describe Venus’ situation as a runaway greenhouse effect. Its size and structure are similar to Earth, Venus' thick, toxic atmosphere traps heat in a runaway "greenhouse effect." Oddly, Venus spins slowly in the opposite direction of most planets. The Greeks believed Venus was two different objects — one in the morning sky and another in the evening. Because it is often brighter than any other object in the sky — except for the sun and moon — Venus has generated many UFO reports. Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye Named for: Roman goddess of love and beauty Diameter: 7,521 miles (12,104 km) Orbit: 225 Earth days An image of the Earth taken by the Russian weather satellite Elektro-L No.1. Credit: NTsOMZ Earth The third planet from the sun, Earth is a waterworld, with two-thirds of the planet covered by ocean. It’s the only world known to harbor life. Earth’s atmosphere is rich in life-sustaining nitrogen and oxygen. Earth's surface rotates about its axis at 1,532 feet per second (467 meters per second) — slightly more than 1,000 mph (1,600 kph) — at the equator. The planet zips around the sun at more than 18 miles per second (29 km per second). Diameter: 7,926 miles (12,760 km) Orbit: 365.24 days Day: 23 hours, 56 minutes Related: Mars researchers are focusing both Earth-based and planet orbiting sensors to better understand sources of methane on the red planet. Image Credit: Space Telescope Science Institute Mars The fourth planet from the sun, is a cold, dusty place. The dust, an iron oxide, gives the planet its reddish cast. Mars shares similarities with Earth: It is rocky, has mountains and valleys, and storm systems ranging from localized tornado-like dust devils to planet-engulfing dust storms. It snows on Mars. And Mars harbors water ice. Scientists think it was once wet and warm, though today it’s cold and desert-like. Mars' atmosphere is too thin for liquid water to exist on the surface for any length of time. Scientists think ancient Mars would have had the conditions to support life, and there is hope that signs of past life — possibly even present biology — may exist on the Red Planet. Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye Named for: Roman god of war Diameter: 4,217 miles (6,787 km) Orbit: 687 Earth days Day: Just more than one Earth day (24 hours, 37 minutes) Related: Close-up of Jupiter's Great Red Spot as seen by a Voyager spacecraft. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Jupiter The fifth planet from the sun, Jupiter is huge and is the most massive planet in our solar system. It’s a mostly gaseous world, mostly hydrogen and helium. Its swirling clouds are colorful due to different types of trace gases. A big feature is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which has raged for hundreds of years. Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, and with dozens of moons, it looks a bit like a miniature solar system. Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye Named for: Ruler of the Roman gods Diameter: 86,881 miles (139,822 km) Orbit: 11.9 Earth years The shadow of Saturn's moon Mimas dips onto the planet's rings and straddles the Cassini Division in this natural color image taken as Saturn approaches its August 2009 equinox. Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute Saturn The sixth planet from the sun is known most for its rings . When Galileo Galilei first studied Saturn in the early 1600s, he thought it was an object with three parts. Not knowing he was seeing a planet with rings, the stumped astronomer entered a small drawing — a symbol with one large circle and two smaller ones — in his notebook, as a noun in a sentence describing his discovery. More than 40 years later, Christiaan Huygens proposed that they were rings. The rings are made of ice and rock. Scientists are not yet sure how they formed. The gaseous planet is mostly hydrogen and helium. It has numerous moons . Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye Named for: Roman god of agriculture Diameter: 74,900 miles (120,500 km) Orbit: 29.5 Earth years Day: About 10.5 Earth hours Related: Near-infrared views of Uranus reveal its otherwise faint ring system, highlighting the extent to which the planet is tilted. Credit: Lawrence Sromovsky, (Univ. Wisconsin-Madison), Keck Observatory Uranus The seventh planet from the sun, Uranus is an oddball. It’s the only giant planet whose equator is nearly at right angles to its orbit — it basically orbits on its side. Astronomers think the planet collided with some other planet-size object long ago, causing the tilt. The tilt causes extreme seasons that last 20-plus years, and the sun beats down on one pole or the other for 84 Earth-years. Uranus is about the same size as Neptune. Methane in the atmosphere gives Uranus its blue-green tint. It has numerous moons and faint rings. Discovery: 1781 by William Herschel (was thought previously to be a star) Named for: Personification of heaven in ancient myth Diameter: 31,763 miles (51,120 km) Orbit: 84 Earth years Neptune’s winds travel at more than 1,500 mph, and are the fastest planetary winds in the solar system. Credit: NASA/JPL Neptune The eighth planet from the sun, Neptune is known for strong winds — sometimes faster than the speed of sound. Neptune is far out and cold. The planet is more than 30 times as far from the sun as Earth. It has a rocky core. Neptune was the first planet to be predicted to exist by using math, before it was detected. Irregularities in the orbit of Uranus led French astronomer Alexis Bouvard to suggest some other might be exerting a gravitational tug. German astronomer Johann Galle used calculations to help find Neptune in a telescope. Neptune is about 17 times as massive as Earth. Discovery: 1846 Pluto and its moons orbit the sun near the edge of our solar system. Learn all about Pluto's weirdly eccentric orbit, four moons and more in this Space.com infographic . Credit: SPACE.com/Karl Tate Pluto (Dwarf Planet) Once the ninth planet from the sun, Pluto is unlike other planets in many respects. It is smaller than Earth's moon. Its orbit carries it inside the orbit of Neptune and then way out beyond that orbit. From 1979 until early 1999, Pluto had actually been the eighth planet from the sun. Then, on Feb. 11, 1999, it crossed Neptune's path and once again became the solar system's most distant planet — until it was demoted to dwarf planet status. Pluto will stay beyond Neptune for 228 years. Pluto’s orbit is tilted to the main plane of the solar system — where the other planets orbit — by 17.1 degrees. It’s a cold, rocky world with only a very ephemeral atmosphere. NASA's New Horizons mission performed history's first flyby of the Pluto system on July 14, 2015. [Related: New Horizons' Pluto Flyby: Latest News, Images and Video ] Discovery: 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh Named for: Roman god of the underworld, Hades Diameter: 1,430 miles (2,301 km) Orbit: 248 Earth years NASA Solar System Exploration: Dwarf Planets Planet Nine Planet Nine orbits the sun at a distance that is 20 times farther out than the orbit of Neptune. (The orbit of Neptune is 2.7 billion miles from the sun at its closest point.) The strange world's orbit is about 600 times farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit is from the star. Scientists have not actually seen Planet Nine directly . Its existence was inferred by its gravitational effects on other objects in the Kuiper Belt, a region at the fringe of the solar system that is home to icy objects left over from the birth of the sun and planets.	Jupiter
Name the year: Falkland War begins with the Argentinean invasion; EPCOT opens at Disneyworld, The first Double Stuff Oreo is sold; Honda opens the first Japanese auto plant in the US; Michael Jackson releases Thriller;	The Smallest And Largest Planets in the Solar System The Smallest And Largest Planets in the Solar System {{article.article.images.featured.caption}} Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Full Bio The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer. Loading ... This story appears in the {{article.article.magazine.pretty_date}} issue of {{article.article.magazine.pubName}}. Subscribe Jupiter's Great Red Spot (Credit: NASA) The smallest and largest planet that form our solar system range incredibly in temperature, composition, geology, and of course size. Here we will delve into what makes these two planets unique and what insight we have gained from these distant planets. The smallest planet in the solar system, Mercury and the largest planet, Jupiter provide many clues to the formation of our solar system, the geochemical variability therein, and the evolution of earth. Pluto, a dwarf planet, will also be touched on and where it calls within the list of planets. One in 200 stars has habitable Earth-like planets surrounding it - in the galaxy, half a billion stars have Earth-like planets going around them - that's huge, half a billion. So when we look at the night sky, it makes sense that someone is looking back at us. - Michio Kaku The Largest Planet In The Solar System - Jupiter Jupiter is the largest planet that we find in our Solar system. It's so large, in fact, that over 1,000 Earths or every plan would fit inside of Jupiter and still have room. Jupiter is named after the king of the Roman gods and is a giant gas planet; much different from the planet we live on. Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system (Credit: NASA) This giant gas planet is primarily hydrogen and helium gas, similar to our sun in composition. There are continual storms throughout Jupiter, the largest being the Great Red Spot. The Great Red Spot is an ongoing storm approximately 3.5 times the diameter of the Earth and has latest for at least 185 years. You will also notice that Jupiter has four rings that are composed of small dust particles that rotate around the planet. Unlike Earth's 1 moon, Jupiter has 62 identified moons, with 4 primary and largest moons. In the near future we will hopefully know a lot more about Jupiter, as the Juno spacecraft is anticipated to arrive at Jupiter in 2016. The goal of the mission is to help scientists understand how Jupiter formed, its origin and evolution. Equatorial Circumference	i don't know
KITT, standing for Knight Industries Two Thousand, is a Pontiac Trans Am controlled by a computer with artificial intelligence in what mid-1980s TV program?	KITT : definition of KITT and synonyms of KITT (English) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (October 2009) KITT is the short name of two fictional characters from the adventure TV series Knight Rider. While having the same acronym, the KITTs are two different entities: one known as the Knight Industries Two Thousand, which appeared in the original TV series Knight Rider , and the other as the Knight Industries Three Thousand, which appeared first in the two-hour 2008 pilot film for a new Knight Rider TV series and then the new series itself. In both instances, KITT is an artificially intelligent electronic computer module installed in a highly advanced, very mobile, robotic automobile: the original KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) as a 1982 Pontiac Trans Am , and the second KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand) as a 2008-2009 Ford Shelby GT500KR . Contents 9 External links History In the television show's history, the first KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) was said to have been designed by the late Wilton Knight, a brilliant but eccentric billionaire and founder of the fictional Foundation for Law and Government (FLAG) and its parent Knight Industries. The 2008 pilot movie later implied that Charles Graiman, creator of the Knight Industries Three Thousand, also had a hand in designing the first KITT. According to the series, the original KITT's main cybernetic processor was first installed in a mainframe computer used by the United States government in Washington, D.C. [1] However, Wilton saw better use for "him" in the Foundation's crime-fighting crusade and eventually the system was installed in the vehicle. KITT was in fact the second vehicle built by Knight Industries with artificial intelligence . His predecessor was KARR , the Knight Automated Roving Robot. KARR was programmed for self-preservation, but this proved to be dangerous to the Foundation's humanitarian interests. KARR was later deactivated and placed in storage while KITT was given to his new operator, Michael Knight (the new identity of Michael Long). KARR was later unwittingly reactivated by thieves in the original episode " Trust Doesn't Rust ", was thought destroyed, then reappeared in the episode " K.I.T.T. vs. K.A.R.R " and was seen to be finally destroyed by Michael and KITT. While the 2008 pilot movie and then the new series could appear to the casual viewer to be simply a revamp of the original series, it actually offers a form of genuine (albeit at times indeterminate) continuity from the original TV series Knight Rider . The 'new' or 'second' KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand) is a completely different vehicle and microprocessor unit, and its driver is not the first Michael Knight , but his son, Mike Traceur, who eventually assumes the same title. The original Michael Knight makes an appearance in the 2008 pilot movie , verifying that he is the father of Mike Traceur, and is described as having driven 'the first KITT'. The original physical incarnation of the Knight Industries Two Thousand is also shown in the pilot movie (although in pieces) in the scene where the garage of Charles Graiman (creator of the Knight Industries Three Thousand and implied co-designer of the original KITT) is searched by antagonists. A Trans-Am body (sans-hood) is partially covered by a tarp, on which rests the rear spoiler. The famous KITT steering wheel (labelled "Knight Two Thousand") and "KNIGHT" license plate are also shown, along with numerous black car body parts. When the camera shows a full scene of the garage, there are three cars in the garage: the 3000, a 2000 under a tarp and a 2000 without any of the parts missing. Further history There have been other spin-offs prior to the 2008 new series , such as the 1991 movie Knight Rider 2000 which is placed chronologically in between the original series Knight Rider and the new series . It saw what was left of the first KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) in pieces, and Michael Knight himself reviving the microprocessor unit which is eventually transferred into the body of the first vehicle intended to be the original KITT's direct successor: the "Knight 4000". The new vehicle was a modified 1991 Dodge Stealth , appearing similar to that of the Pontiac Banshee prototype. However, no reference to this storyline nor any appearance of the "Knight 4000" body is made in the new series or its 2008 pilot movie . In Knight Rider 2000 , it is stated that most of KITT's (Knight Industries Two Thousand) parts had been sold off. However, Graiman's garage in the 2008 pilot movie shows a more complete collection of parts than in the boxes recovered by Michael Knight in the 1991 film Knight Rider 2000 . This adds to the mystique of the current whereabouts of the original KITT in the time-frame of the new series (2008). In a seemingly peripheral spin-off series called Team Knight Rider (running 1997-1998), KITT is seen as the shadow, an advisor. Later on it is revealed that "The Shadow" is actually a hologram run by KITT. Chronology of this series is unclear, but it can be placed roughly in between the original TV series Knight Rider and the new series . However, no acknowledgement or direct reference to this series is made in the 2008 pilot movie or new series . Team Knight Rider is often disregarded from the Knight Rider saga as having little relevance to the core story of Michael Knight and KITT. In "Knight of the Living Dead", Graiman states a third KITT, a back-up, exists. When KITT is about to die, his memories are downloaded so the third KITT could use them, however in the end the third AI is not used. KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) Knight Industries Two Thousand Nickname(s) KITT The character of KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) in the original Knight Rider series was physically embodied as a modified 1982 Pontiac Trans Am with numerous special features such as Turbo Boost (which allowed quick bursts of speed or jumping over obstacles), the ability to drive 'himself', a front mounted scanner bar that (among other things) allowed KITT to 'see', and 'molecular bonded shell' body armour that was portrayed to be invulnerable to diamond headed drills, small arms fire, the impact of thrown objects, and even high speed impact with cinder block wall. The armour could also resist most artillery and explosive blasts although a strong direct hit could cause severe damage. A refit in the 1985 season included the addition of "Super Pursuit Mode" and a convertible top. The car's voice was supplied by actor William Daniels . Features Computer AI KITT is essentially an advanced supercomputer on wheels. The "brain" of KITT is the Knight 2000 microprocessor which is the centre of a " self-aware " cybernetic logic module that allowed KITT to think, learn, communicate and interact with humans. He always had an ego that was easy to bruise and displayed a very sensitive personality. He also has an in-dash entertainment system that can play music and video, and run various computer programs including arcade games which Michael sometimes indulged in while KITT was driving. According to Episode 55, "Dead of Knight", KITT's reaction time is one nanosecond , and his "memory" capacity is 1,000 megabits . According to Episode 65, "Ten Wheel Trouble", KITT's future capacity is unlimited. KITT's serial number is AD227529, as mentioned in Episode 31, "Soul Survivor". Alpha Circuit KITT's "Alpha Circuit" is mentioned quite a bit throughout the series. It is part of KITT's main control system which allows the CPU to drive the car. The time KARR spent submerged in water damaged his Alpha Circuit, which required KARR to have an operator to control his Turbo Boost function. Molecular Bonded Shell KITT is armoured with "Tri-Helical Plasteel 1000 MBS" (Molecular Bonded Shell) plating which protects him from almost all forms of conventional firearms and explosive devices. He could only be harmed by heavy artillery and rockets, and even then, the blast usually left most of his body intact and only damaged internal components. The shell protected every part of the car including the tires. As a result, KITT's body is durable enough to act as a shield for explosives by driving over bombs to cover them and suppress the blast, ram through rigid barriers of strong material like cinder block walls or steel gates without suffering damage himself while damage to the car's structural integrity with its frequent long jumps on turbo boost is never an issue. The shell also protected him from fire and electricity; however, it was vulnerable to some potent acids and at least one formula was made (with knowledge of the shell's chemical base) to completely neutralize it. The shell is actually a combination of three secret substances referred together as the "Knight Compound", developed by Wilton Knight who entrusted parts of the formula to three separate people. These individuals each only know two pieces of the formula, ensuring that any two of them could make more of the Knight Compound in an emergency situation and that no one person would be able to make it alone. The shell provided a frame tolerance of 223,000 lb (111.5 tons) and a front and rear axle suspension load of 57,000 lb (28.5 tons). In the pilot "Knight of the Phoenix", the shell is described as the panels of the car itself; in the later episodes, especially from season two onward, the idea of the shell being applied to a base vehicle chemically is used. KITT could give Michael money when he needed it. Ultraphonic Chemical Analyzer KITT has a retractable tray with an electron scanner that could analyze the chemical properties of various materials. It could even scan fingerprints and read ballistic information off bullets and compare these with a police database. Aside from the scanning tray, the system could also analyze chemical information gathered from KITT's exterior sensors. First used in Episode 17, "Chariot of Gold". Interior Oxygenator KITT could release oxygen into his driver compartment and provide air to passengers if he was ever submerged in water or buried in earth. This is also used to overcome the effects of certain drugs. First used in Episode 5 (First episode was actually 2 episodes in one), "Slammin' Sammy's Stunt Show Spectacular". Two-Wheel Ski Drive The Ski Mode setting allowed KITT to " ski " (driving up on two wheels). First used in Episode 1, "Knight of the Phoenix". Third Stage Aquatic Synthesizer With this system, KITT can hydroplane , effectively "driving" on water, using his wheels and turbo system for propulsion. First used in Episode 28, "Return to Cadiz". Emergency Braking System The EBS slowed KITT down from Super-Pursuit speeds. It consisted of a forward braking booster and air panels that popped out to create air friction (air brakes). First used in Episode 70, "Knight of the Juggernaut, Part II". Convertible Roof Added fourth season, by pressing the "C" button on KITT's dash, Michael could bring the top down and KITT became a convertible. First used in Episode #70, "Knight of the Juggernaut, Part II". An unknown number of these systems were designed at Stanford University (Episode 5, "Just My Bill"). KITT's total production cost was estimated at $11,400,000 in 1982. The cost of subsequent equipment improvements and the installation of additional features since his activation have not been factored. Other equipment Comlink KITT is in constant contact with Michael via a two-way communication wristwatch (a modified '80s LCD AM radio watch) Michael wore. The watch also had a micro camera and scanner that KITT could access to gather information. Homing Device In dire emergency, Michael can activate a secret homing beacon hidden inside a gold pendant he wears around his neck. The beacon sends a priority signal that can remotely activate KITT and override his programming so that he rushes to Michael's aid. Used in Episode 42, "A Good Knight's Work" and in "Knights of the Fast Lane". F.L.A.G. Mobile Unit with Aerodynamic Sleeping Cab F.L.A.G. Mobile Unit (The Semi) KITT has access to a mobile "garage", sometimes referred to as "The Rook", which was a semi-trailer truck owned by the Foundation. In most episodes, it is a GMC General . The trailer has an extendable ramp that dropped down and allows KITT to drive inside even when the truck is in motion. The trailer was loaded with spare parts and equipment for KITT. It also had a computer lab where technicians Bonnie or April would work and conduct repairs and maintenance. In "Wrong Crowd" thieves hijack the truck thinking it to be hauling liquor. In the episode "Ten Wheel Trouble", following an assassination attempt on Michael which damages an independent truck, it is used to transport a shipment of onions. In the episode "Knight Moves", it is used as bait to catch a gang of truck hijackers. In "KITTnap", KITT is kidnapped and Michael and RC3 use the tractor (which has been disconnected from the trailer) to go and find him. Knight 4000 Main article: Knight Rider 2000 A 1991 sequel movie Knight Rider 2000 saw KITT's original microprocessor unit transferred into the body of the vehicle intended to be his successor, the "Knight 4000". The vehicle had numerous 21st Century technological improvements over the previous 1980s version of KITT, such as an advanced amphibious mode (which allows the car to ride on water like a speedboat), a virtual heads-up display (or V-HUD, which utilized the entire windshield as a video display), and a microwave stun device that could remotely incapacitate a human target and bring them down. However, no acknowledgement is made to this spin-off in the 2008 new series of Knight Rider in which the only suggested continuity is from the original 1982 series. Features The Knight 4000 has most of KITT's original features, including a few new and improved systems [3] Virtual Reality Heads-up Display Rather than dash-mounted CRT displays, the Knight 4000 uses a virtual reality heads-up display (VR-HUD) that makes use of the entire windshield as video monitor. Thermal Expander The Knight 4000 was equipped with an offensive weapon which consisted of a microwave projector that caused the temperatures of targeted objects to quickly rise and either ignite or explode. Remote Target Assist Main articles: Knight Rider (2008 film) and Knight Rider (2008 TV series) The 2008 update to Knight Rider includes a new KITT – the acronym now standing for "Knight Industries Three Thousand". [4] The KITT platform is patterned on a Shelby GT500KR [4] and differs from the original Two Thousand unit in several ways. For example, the 2008 KITT utilizes nano-technology, allowing the car's outer shell to change colors and morph itself into similar car forms temporarily. [4] The nanotech platform is written as needing the AI active in order to produce any of these effects, unlike the original car's gadgets and "molecular bonded shell" which allowed it to endure extreme impacts. These down-sides to the use of nanotech have been demonstrated when villains are able to cause significant damage, such as shooting out windows, when the AI is deactivated. It can also turn into two different types of a Ford F-150 4x4 truck (one completely stock and the other with some modifications), a Ford E-150 van, a Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor , a special edition Warriors In Pink Mustang (in support of breast cancer awareness month), and a Ford Flex for disguise or to use the alternate modes' capabilities (such as off-road handling). The car can engage an "Attack Mode", featuring scissor/conventional hybrid doors, which allows it to increase speed and use most of its gadgets (including turbo boost). It had a different looking attack mode in the pilot which was used whenever the car needed to increase speed. Its downside however is that it only seats two. KITT is also capable of functioning in a submerged configuration, maintaining life support and system integrity while underwater. While the original series stated that the original KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) was designed by Wilton Knight, the 2008 TV movie implies that Charles Graiman may have co-designed the car and the AI for Wilton Knight, and was subsequently relocated to protect him and his family, and later designed the Knight Industries Three Thousand. KITT's weapons include a grappling hook located in the front bumper, usable in normal and attack modes, and missile launchers usable only in attack mode, which were first used in "Knight of the Hunter". In the Halloween episode "Knight of the Living Dead", KITT demonstrates the ability to cosmetically alter his appearance, becoming a black Mustang convertible with a pink trim as a Halloween costume. This configuration had the scanner bar relocated to behind the grille. Dr. Graiman also reveals in this episode that a backup neural network exists when he suggests downloading KITT's files and reuploading them to the backup, to which replies "The Backup is not me." In the Pilot, KITT had shown himself capable of similarly altering his external appearance — changing his color and licence plate. In "Knight of the Zodiac", KITT uses a dispenser located in his undercarriage to spread black ice , and a fingerprint generator in the glovebox to overlay the fingerprints of a captured thief over Mike's. Although it can be noted that the car model name (GT-500 KR) bears the initials of the series, this is merely a coincidence as the initials actually stand for "King of the Road". The 2008-2009 Ford Shelby GT500KR is a 40th Anniversary tribute to the 1967-1968 GT500, produced in 1968. [5] Features Backup Mainframe Processor If the Knight Industries Three Thousand detects a fault or damage with his microprocessor, he carries a backup which can be mounted in the field automatically. Windshield Projection Used in place of the centre console screen in the Pilot. The entire front windshield is able to display information as well as the video communication link with the SSC. Bio Matrix Scanner After "Knight of the Hunter", an alternate F-150 mode, which has extra off-road modifications. Ford E-150 Cargo Van For disguise purposes. All doors are fully functional. Scanner bar is not shown. As seen in Episode 4, "A Hard Day's Knight". Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor For disguise purposes, used to elude police. KITT's presence indicator (Orb) is displayed on the MDT screen rather than a separate entity on the dash. In this configuration, KITT's scanner bar is hidden behind the top of the frame around the front grille. As seen in Episode 4, "A Hard Day's Knight". Ford Mustang GT As seen on the pilot film. KITT converted into a silver Mustang en route to Las Vegas. He also transformed into a purple Mustang to help Michael and Sarah in their escape in Vegas. Ford Mustang Convertible (Warriors in Pink Edition): A disguise that was used for the Halloween episode "Knight of the Living Dead", Episode 6. Basically a standard Mustang convertible with pink trim and aftermarket wheels, and the breast cancer logo under the mustang symbols. The scanner bar is located behind the front grille. "Knight of the living dead." . http://blog.nbc.com/knightrider/eric_buchman/ . Ford Flex For disguise purposes. A customized version with metallic gray paint and taillight blackouts; the scanner bar is located in the lower bumper intake grille. In this configuration, access to some systems, such as his laser and EMP, are available. As seen in Episode 8, "Knight of the Zodiac". 1969 Ford Mustang Boss 302 For disguise purposes. A dark blue classic with the scanner located in the grille. As seen in the episode "Fly By Knight" when a DEA agent had an all-points bulletin on Mike and KITT. ("Care to go old school KITT?") KARR redesign See KARR (Knight Rider) KARR was the original prototype of the first KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) but to mirror the pattern of the original series, the nemesis and (failed) prototype of the second KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand) is also designated as KARR in the new series. KARR is apparently a new character just like the Knight Industries Three Thousand, and the acronym now stands for Knight Auto-Cybernetic Roving Robotic-Exoskeleton. KARR's visual identity has also had similar changes for the new series. KARR was originally designed for military combat. KARR has the ability to transform from vehicle mode into a large wheeled robotic exoskeleton instead of KITTs "Attack Mode". The vehicle mode of KARR is a 2008 Shelby GT500KR with the license plate initials K.R. KARR is voiced by Peter Cullen of "Transformers" fame, who also voiced the first appearance of KARR. The transformation sequence is very similar to that in the 2007 "Transformers" film. Armed with twin machine guns on each shoulder and missiles, the exoskeleton combines with a human being for easier control. This prompts dangerous behavior as KARR tries to locate and re-join with Michael, as he was his original driver. KARR repeats "KITT must die!" twice in the episode before a very explosive destruction. After a brief brawl, KITT uses the grappling hook to tear off KARR's chest plate, freeing one of Michael's co-workers, Alex Torres. Michael rams KITT through KARR's torso using Turbo Boost, apparently destroying KARR. It is unclear if KARR had the same nano repair function as KITT, nor if his A.I. unit survived. KITT in popular culture In The Simpsons episode " Milhouse Doesn't Live Here Anymore ", KITT is featured in an exhibit at the Museum of Television and TV titled "Things that shouldn't talk... but do". It was then later animated in the episode " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " as a film segment intended to cheer Homer up while experiencing a mid-life crisis. KITT was referenced in the Futurama episode " The Honking ", where his windscreen wipers were used as components in Project Satan, an experiment to create an evil car (When other characters commented that KITT wasn't evil, it was explained that his windscreen wipers were, although this apparently didn't come up much in the show). Both KITT and Michael were featured in Robot Chicken . When Michael goes to a fancy restaurant with a date, he lets the valet park KITT, who instead takes him for a joy ride and seriously damages him, a parody of Ferris Bueller's Day Off . Later when Michael finds out KITT is dead he says: "Meh! He's just a car." KITT and Michael enter a street race including The General Lee , Dominic Toretto , The Batmobile and various other vehicles. The Knight Rider theme is set to the race and KITT is killed after he turbo boosts into a wall. KITT tells Michael "But Michael, the Turbo Boost should only be used once per episode". In "P.S., Yes That Way', Michael "Turbo Boosts" (flatulates) much to KITT's annoyance. KITT appeared in a AT&T television commercial with other robotic entertainment stars as Robby the Robot , WOPR , and Rosie the Robot Maid . In April 2010, a television advert for the UK car maintenance chain 'Kwik-Fit' featured KITT, voiced by Daniels. The advert depicted KITT undergoing brake maintenance, with one wheel removed. In October 2011, KITT was featured in a television advert for Müller , [6] again voiced by Daniels. The adverted depicted KITT receiving a parking ticket. For the Halloween episode, KITT transforms into a Warriors in Pink Special Edition Mustang in support of October being breast cancer awareness month (This episode was supposed to be aired in October). In the 2006 film The Benchwarmers , Jon Lovitz's character owned and drove KITT, attempting a peel out in a Pizza Hut parking lot. This car was the same car that also appeared on the Nick & Jessica show and was later sold to the ill-fated billionaire Andrew Kissel. Even though he never took possession of the car it was auctioned off as part of his estate by Patrick Gill. Lambros Vassiliou, a close friend of George Barris is now the current owner. KITT accompanied Hasselhoff when he performed onstage, singing one of his songs at Disneyland in 1985, with various Disney characters behind him as his band. KITT was reunited with Hasselhoff in a season 1 episode of the variety show/talent show America's Got Talent , on which Hasselhoff was a judge. Burlesque dancer Michelle L'amour brought a replica of KITT onto center stage while strip-dancing to a remix of the Knight Rider theme [7] [8] . The following evening, Hasselhoff incorporated the KITT replica into his musical performance of " Jump in My Car " on stage. On MythBusters Adam and Jamie tested whether KITT could in fact drive up the ramp into the mobile garage or whether upon hitting the ramp he would instantly accelerate into the truck and through the wall. Adam was able to drive a 3rd generation Camaro (which shares the same GM F platform used on the Firebird and Trans Am ) at 55 mph up the ramp into a moving truck and Jamie drove the car down from a truck. KITT made an appearance with David Hasselhoff on the April 12, 2010 edition of WWE Raw . Hasselhoff was there as guest host, and drove out in KITT, and in a later backstage segment, when Hasselhoff made the match for John Cena vs David Otunga, KITT predicted that Cena would beat his opponent in an estimate of 22 seconds. KITT appeared on stage and sang a duet with Nick Lachey during the one hour special, The Nick and Jessica Variety Hour. David Hasselhoff drives the only right hand drive KITT replica built in his music video "Jump in My Car" since the video was shot in Sydney, Australia, with the car coming from Victoria, Australia. [9] In the game Burnout Paradise , the "Carson GT Nighthawk", is a drivable vehicle and can be purchased in the Legendary Cars pack. It features a hidden wing in the back and has two famous LED lights from the rear and the front of the grille, also the interior is identical to that of the 1982 KITT. When the blue sensors are activated, it makes the same noise as KITT's scanner. KITT appears in the music video for "Un'Altra Come Te" by Italian pop duo Bloom 06. Throughout the video, the car chases after a woman in the desert, and at the end, he kills her. In season 5 episode 8 of the CW's Supernatural "Changing Channels" one of the main characters, Sam voices KITT while being driven by older brother, Dean. Various toy versions of KITT were released and produced solid profits. Among the more notable of the Knight Rider memorabilia includes the remote controlled KITT, the Knight Rider lunch box, and the deluxe version of KITT. The deluxe model of KITT, sold by Kenner Toys and dubbed the "Knight 2000 Voice Car", spoke electronically (actual voice of William Daniels), featured a detailed interior and a Michael Knight action figure. [10] ERTL released die-cast toys of KITT in three different sizes — the common miniature sized model, a 'medium' sized model, and a large sized model. These toys featured red reflective holograms on the nose to represent the scanner. Also in late 2004, 1/18 scale die-cast models of KITT and KARR were produced from ERTL complete with detailed interior and light up moving scanner just like in the series. [11] In September 2006, Hitari, a UK based company that produces remote control toy cars, released the Knight Rider KITT remote control car in 1/15 scale complete with the working red scanner lights, KITT's voice from the TV show and the car's turbine engine sound with the "cylon" scanner sound effect. [12] [13] About the automobile When asked about KITT's whereabouts, David Hasselhoff indicates that, like Roy Rogers did to Trigger , KITT is now stuffed and mounted in Hasselhoff's living room. Although rumors persist, Hasselhoff has never owned an original Knight Rider vehicle. He did have two Trans-Ams - given to him and his then-wife - converted into KITT cars for use in singing tours. One of these was auctioned by a radio station in South Africa (current whereabouts unknown), the other was bought by Gerry Cottle's circus (touring Austria and Germany) before being sold to the former Cars of the Stars Motor Museum in Keswick , Cumbria, England. [14] The museum closed in May 2011; the new home of "Knight Rider's KITT" (as the car was described) is not yet known. KITT's scanner is similar to that of Cylons from the science fiction series Battlestar Galactica . Glen A. Larson , the creator of both Knight Rider and Battlestar Galactica has stated that the two shows have nothing else in common and to remove any fan speculation, he stated in the Season One Knight Rider DVD audio-comments, that he simply reused the scanning light for KITT because he liked the effect. In an episode of the original incarnation of Battlestar Galactica, the character Starbuck pilots a new type of Viper that has an A.I. installed into it named CORA, which was able to pilot the craft and verbally interact with a human pilot (similar to KITT). KITT was designed by customizer Michael Scheffe. The convertible and super-pursuit KITTs were designed and built by George Barris . A total of 23 cars were made for use in filming the series. All except one of these cars survived until the show was axed; all except 5 of the remaining 22 cars were destroyed at the end of filming. Of the 5 that remained: 1 'hero' car was shipped to a theme park in Australia, but is now believed to be back in the US (whereabouts unknown); Universal kept one 'hero' car and one stunt car (and had a further replica made later) for use in the Entertainment Center display - the two originals have since been sold to a private collector in the US; another, a convertible (not to be confused with the 'Hasselhoff car' mentioned earlier), disappeared for a while before being sold to the former Cars of the Stars Motor Museum in Keswick , Cumbria, England [14] (the owner is yet to announce the new home for this car); the fifth car is believed to be in private hands in the UK. A press release in April 4, 2007, stated that "one of the four KITT cars used in production of the television series" was being put up for sale for $149,995 by Johnny Verhoek of Kassabian Motors, Dublin, California. [15] [16] See also	Knight Rider
With the album cover being a parody of the Beatles Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, 1998s The Yellow Album is the second album of original songs from what long running TV series?	Survival KITT Chapter 1: Grief and Loss, a knight rider fanfic \| FanFiction By: Bookworm Gal They were made for each other. Literally in Kitt's case. They were partners and friends. Nothing could tear them apart. Then outside forces conspired against them and the result was a lonely soul mourning the loss of his other half. But things aren't always what they seem. Not even death can divide them forever. It just might take some time. Original series canon and 08 series AU. Rated: Fiction K+ - English - Friendship/Drama - KI2T, Michael K. - Chapters: 4 - Words: 25,688 - Reviews: 20 - Favs: 15 - Follows: 27 - Updated: 5/25/2014 - Published: 3/7/2013 - id: 9079169 + - Full 3/4 1/2 Expand Tighten Next > I really, really don't know what I'm doing anymore when it comes to this concept of self-control. But this idea has been bouncing around in my head for probably over a year by now and isn't going away. So I'm being dragged kicking and screaming into another story idea apparently. One that I'm only semi-certain I know what I'm going to do with it. This mess of an idea is supposed to sort of connect the two series "Knight Rider" together in a manner of speaking, though I'll probably mess plenty of things up in the attempt. I liked the original "Knight Rider" show. Kitt and Michael have a rather nice friendship over the course of the series. I'm a lot less familiar with the 2008 version of the show and I've decided to deal with it in broad strokes. In fact, it'll probably be sort of AU for that part. I'll be doing plenty of adapting in order to make things work out like they do in my head and I am still unfamiliar with some of the new characters. So I apologize now if the more modern characters aren't quite as accurately portrayed as the original ones. If anyone wants to help me by sending a PM with a description of some of the new characters' personalities and such, I welcome your input. But they won't come into play immediately anyway. Things have to start back in the 80s with Kitt, Michael, Bonnie, and Devon before we reach the time period for KITT, Mike, Sarah, Zoe, and Billy. And I might not even include all of them, depending on how AU this ends up being for the 2008 series. And just like most of my stories, I have absolutely no idea what my update schedule will be like. Just be aware that feedback can serve as an incentive to try and update sooner. One last warning in case this is the first of my stories you've read. I tend to torture the characters I love either physically, mentally, emotionally, or all of the above. Survival KITT Robert Harris was a practical man. He was also a man who knew when a resource was being underutilized and knew how to recognize a solution to that problem. Adding in his patriotism and his true belief in the idea that one man didn't matter in the grand scheme of things helped explain why he ended up in charge of a small, mostly-unknown branch of the government in charge of developing the most experimental and innovative weapons. He insured that ideas that no one else would have faith in were carefully developed and perfected for soldiers. Or CIA agents. Or any part of the government that might need to "remove" a problem to America's safety and well-being, legally or illegally. His small collection of scientists, soldiers, and talented paper-pushers were all referred to as Lab 42. At least, it was known as such to the few people high enough to know of their existence. Harris understood the concept of secrets. The government held more than a few after all. But being a member of a major secret group had its advantages. One of them was that he knew of several other secrets. And one such secret held his interest and that of his top scientists. The Foundation for Law and Government was privately owned and funded by the wealth of the late Wilton Knight. There was plenty of technology and skilled technicians at work there, but only one that he was interested. While Harris was not the best scientist himself, he understood the implications and potential that a true artificial intelligence provided. What Wilton Knight, and Dr. Charles Graiman before he practically vanished into thin air, designed was something incredible. And those foolish people only thought to use it to solve minor crimes and the occasional larger problem. They could have mass produced it and sold it to the army for their use. And even if they couldn't repeat the creation for some reason, they could have still done something more than place it in a car with programming to guard one man. Even if they manage to cause some minor good with their missions to stop thieves and uncover corruption, it was too limited for Harris's taste. His research demonstrated that the Knight Industries Two Thousand's main cybernetic processor originally was installed in a mainframe computer used by the government until a certain millionaire with too much money and too much idealism decided it would serve the country better in a Pontiac Trans Am. He first approached FLAG through official channels, but Jennifer Knight proved to be rather tight-lipped about her father's final project. And when pressed further, she stated that Michael Knight might not be perfect, but he was a better brother than the one she was related to by blood and the cost of FLAG's operations was worth it to keep her father's dream alive. Harris was mildly surprised since his sources indicated that she at one point attempted to shut them down, but the woman seemed to have a change of heart since then. Harris next tried contacting Devon Miles, who seemed to be the one in charge of the Foundation's operations. That one proved to be a rather interesting experience. While his time dealing with the government made Harris an expert at handling red-tape and battling bureaucracy, Mr. Miles was very talented at keeping outsiders at bay with legal loopholes and protocol once he realized what the man's intended goal was. Harris could respect that, but he didn't intend to let it stop him. His third attempt was perhaps his most bold. Rather than call another possible contact, Harris simply drove to the property of the late Wilton Knight and the current headquarters of FLAG. Getting past the gate without permission was a little tricky, but connections to the government and displaying complete confidence could open most doors. It was a beautiful place and certainly worth more than he could ever hope to afford, but his sole focus was on the reason for his visit. Parked in the gravel driveway was the black vehicle, a red light moving back and forth along a scanner on the front. Standing next to the car, apparently in conversation with each other before the arrival of company, was a brown-haired man in a black jacket and a brunette woman. Harris identified them as Michael Knight, a man with a very limited history, and Dr. Bonnie Barstow, a brilliant technician and engineer. That encounter left quite an impression on Harris. While initially confused by his presence, the pair quickly became hostile when he stated his desire to acquire the artificial intelligence commonly referred to as Kitt. Not only did the driver and the scientist argue against such a thing, but the car itself informed him in a firm and cultured voice that he had no intentions of accompanying him anywhere. It was one thing to know that the black T-top held an AI. It was another for it to respond like an actual person. It was definitely an impressive piece of programming. The conversation continued to become more hostile as Mr. Knight's voice grew louder in defense of his "partner" until Devon Miles came outside and asked Harris to leave the premises and to "please never return." The final words Harris heard as he left was Mr. Knight shouting that they could have Kitt over his dead body. That could be arranged. Harris managed to secure a position for one of his best scientists inside the Foundation, though dealing with the rather extensive background check was a challenge. While his inside man continued to spy and funnel out what information he could manage about Kitt, Harris began to make arrangements. It took months to gather to correct intelligence about the AI and everything he learned led to slight adjustments to his final plan. He obtained another Pontiac Trans Am and filled it with equipment similar to what was supposedly in the target vehicle. He began preparing a false trail indicating the existence of some dangerous terrorists with powerful weaponry at a location of his choosing as the time drew near. Finally, he gathered some key items to ensure success. He would have preferred to gain the artificial intelligence legally, but it was too important of a development to let even the law stop him. "I'm telling you, pal," Michael remarked, his eyes on the road even if it was unnecessary. "Something feels fishy about this whole thing. It just seems too good to be true." "You do recall how long it took us to find anything of use? These people are very talented at covering their tracks," responded Kitt, the lights of the voice modulator illuminating and dimming with his words. "Almost anyone else would have missed it. How do you call that 'too good to be true'?" Michael glanced at the closest thing his partner had to a face. He'd grown very competent at judging Kitt's thoughts and emotions (which he still sometimes tried to deny he had, though not as strenuously as he did in the beginning) solely by his tone of voice and the movement of lights. Without body language or facial expressions, the man was forced to develop those skills or else risk never knowing what was going on Kitt's head (so to speak). Right now, he could tell that his partner was mostly confident about his assessment concerning the group of terrorists, but there was a subtlety to the tone that indicated that he wasn't planning to dismiss Michael's hunch yet. Shifting slightly in his seat, Michael admitted, "I don't know how to explain it. There's just something about this entire mission that just doesn't feel right. There's no logical reason for it, but there is something wrong about all of it." When Kitt didn't immediately respond, he turned his attention back to the landscape outside the windshield. The area was isolated and empty of everything except for some odd concrete buildings that were apparently some kind of government storage site in the sixties. The thick walls would certainly inhibit Kitt's scanners, which added to Michael's unease about the entire situation. They wouldn't know if there was someone in these buildings unless they physically saw them. The terrorists hiding out couldn't have picked a better place for an ambush against them unless they added a large pit filled with acid. Michael quickly dragged his thoughts away from that particular memory and glanced back down at the voice modulator. "Perhaps it would be wise to be cautious then," Kitt slowly admitted. "Just in case there is something we missed." Michael nodded slightly while he shifted his gaze once more toward their surroundings. He knew his partner would be keeping his scanners busy looking for the terrorists or a possible trap, but the concrete would definitely inhibit his abilities. If there was trouble, they needed to be ready and that meant he needed to do his part. But they'd grown rather talented at remaining on alert while occupied with more trivial things, so he held no doubts that the conversation would eventually continue. After a few moments of silence, Kitt asked, "Have you ever thought about the future?" "Our future or the future in general?" he responded. They'd had various conversations over the years, even during the slower parts of missions. They'd discussed every topic under the sun practically, from Michael's childhood memories to what the appeal of soap operas might possibly be to the latest philosophical book Bonnie downloaded into Kitt's memory to whether or not their actions were truly making a difference to the world. It didn't matter if it was a serious conversation or a pointless one. He just liked talking to his partner. He liked seeing how much Kitt had changed over the years since he met him and how he viewed the world. Michael knew he'd changed too, but there was just something about how the artificial intelligence that lived in the black T-top had grown. All those technicians and engineers can claim it was all programming and some of it was certainly encoded into him, but Kitt was also his own person with his own opinions and ideas. The scientist people might claim that such a thing was impossible, but they'd never gotten to know his partner like he did. Michael generally didn't do much deep reflection if he could avoid it, but he knew that these random conversation helped reveal who Kitt was. "Our future, Michael," clarified the AI, the lights flickering hesitantly as his voice held a hint of unease. "We both know that this can't last forever." He knew that, but they both generally avoided this particular topic. Eventually in the distant future, these missions would end. Michael would either get hurt or too old to keep up with the various criminals and threats in the world. Devon, assuming he was still alive at the time, would probably arrange some kind of retirement for him. But what would happen to Kitt then? He was literally programmed to be the partner to Michael Knight. That was his main purpose in existence. Would they figure out a way to let Kitt retire alongside him? Or would they try to get him to bond with someone else and continue the Foundation's work? With the right parts and upgrades, Kitt could theoretically be kept running long after everyone he knew died of old age. Who would take care of him then? Who would be there to recognize how unique and truly alive Kitt was? Michael didn't want to consider it, but it was something they would have to deal with someday. And apparently his partner wanted to discuss it today as they headed towards their destination. Cautiously, Michael began, "Look, I know what you're probably thinking, pal. But I promise you one thing. I—" "No," interrupted Kitt abruptly, coming as close to shouting as his voice modulator would allow him and instantly accelerating. Switching his mindset quickly from cautious but casual to something far more alert, Michael turned his head and managed to catch a glimpse of a large door on one of the concrete buildings flying open and something immediately racing out of it. He only had a second to catch an impression of the fast shape, too small to be another vehicle and too swift to be a person or a large bird, before Kitt's voice reached him again. "Sorry, pal…" There was only one other time Michael remembered hearing that exact tone with those words. It was when they faced that drone car with the missile… "Don't—" he tried to order, but Kitt was already ejecting him from the car. One of the advantages of being an AI was that he could process all the possible options and outcomes to a problem in nanoseconds. The very instant the missile, launched from inside the concrete structure where he couldn't detect it until it was too late to escape, Kitt consider everything he could do to minimize the danger of what was to come. He couldn't outrun the trap, even though he started accelerating away as soon as he recognized the threat. Other doors on the concrete buildings were opening ahead of them, implying that there would be more missiles launched at them even if they could avoid the one behind them. And while he was protected from most smaller projectiles by a protective coating of Tri-Helical Plasteel 1000 MBS, both he and Michael knew from experience that there were limits to that protection and missiles tended to be too much. So he used the next few nanoseconds not to consider options to save both of them, but how to keep Michael at least alive. While the driver's seat was generally the safest place for his partner, Kitt calculated that his odds of survival if he was in the car's interior were very low. It was less than one percent if the missile struck the wrong spot and decreased even further if more were fired from the opening doors ahead of them. As in the case in the past when they faced an inescapable missile, Michael's best chance would be if he wasn't in the vehicle on impact. Unlike that situation, however, he had less warning of the imminent explosion and there was a high probability that his partner would still be in range on impact. And even if Michael managed to escape most of the blast, Kitt knew he would be in no condition to ensure he was safe afterwards and his partner would be at the mercy of their attackers. They could capture or kill him and there would be nothing the AI would be able to do to stop it. But the probability of his survival, while still far too low in Kitt's opinion, were the most promising if he ejected his partner before it was too late. He knew that Michael would never forgive him for this. He wasn't a fan of Kitt trying to sacrifice himself to keep him safe, but his primary programming and main purpose in existence was to protect his driver at all costs. And while he might have changed since his first activation, that was one piece of coding that would remain constant because it helped define who he was. And he wanted Michael to be safe because he was his friend. So if there was even a small chance of protecting his partner, Kitt would take it. In the little remaining time available, Kitt sent a quick emergency signal to alert Devon and Bonnie of the danger while apologizing to his partner for what he was about to do. Perhaps they would be able to arrive soon enough to help Michael. It was the best he could do for him. And maybe Bonnie would be able to fix the damage the missile would cause. She'd always been able to pull him through before. He knew that Michael could figure out his intentions. The man might not be Bonnie, Devon, or Kitt's equal in pure intellectual knowledge, but he was not stupid. Before Michael could order his partner not to do it, Kitt activated the ejector seat. There wasn't even a full second between Michael being thrown out of the car and the impact, but it was more than enough time for the AI to run through the various scenarios of what could happen to his partner. He could calculate with more certainty and fewer variables what his condition would be, what injuries he might sustain due to the impromptu flight and the nearby explosion, and if he would even survive the next few minutes. But Kitt didn't. There was nothing he could do to change what would happen, so there was no reason to run the calculations. If he was about to be knocked offline for an untold amount of time or even finally destroyed completely, he at least wanted to have some hope that Michael would be all right. Physical pain to his "body" wasn't something that translated well to him, at least based of his understanding of the sensation as humans felt it. He could detect contact, impact, and even damage to the Trans Am that housed him. The signals were useful at times, especially since humanity was such a tactile species and often tried to demonstrate fondness by touch. They could be distracting and concerning when the signals became alarms warning of damage to the integrity of the structure, something that occurred more rarely due to the durability of the MBS. So the missile's impact and detonation didn't "hurt" in the way that a human would probably imagine it, but it was unpleasant and uncomfortable in the nanoseconds it took the blast to swallow the car. But when his systems were affected, that was probably closer to a pain that Michael would understand. The blast knocked out and damaged various scanner, minor processors, and numerous systems as the interior of the car was torn apart. Whole sections, important ones, simply weren't accessible to him any longer, as if part of his consciousness was ripped away to leave only a gapping darkness with only broken and nonsensical signals from those interrupted connection making it through. Even with his vast vocabulary, the closest words to describe the sensation of that loss were "aching" and "raw." No human language seemed to have anything that fit the feeling perfectly. It left him blind, deaf, mute, trapped, and missing parts of himself that he knew should be there, but weren't. Kitt did the only thing he could do when something attacked his systems, physically or electronically. He focused on protecting his memory and personality from harm. All other information and processes could be reloaded and replaced. But those were the factors that made him unique and were the work of experience rather than just programming. They could not be perfectly replicated and their loss would leave him as… someone else. Someone who wasn't Michael's friend and partner. He'd seen how much Michael changed when he temporarily lost a large portion of his memories; Kitt would rather not stop being himself. Just as the damage forced him to shut down completely, the AI hoped he'd done enough to save them. Either way, he was out of time. Harris called a quick order into his radio not to fire a second missile. The first one seemed to have worked. His soldiers lowered their weapons and stepped forward cautiously to where the black T-top still smoldered slightly. With thick blankets, they began extinguishing the flames and gathering up any wreckage that might be from the vehicle. They wouldn't risk chemical fire extinguishers in case they could ruin the electronics further. The external was mostly cosmetic damage with the shell of the car having survived. His men knew how to hit a target. He was rather proud of how the operation played out. His inside man was able to determine the general firepower that would be required to disable the car and the AI on impact, but without necessarily causing irreversible harm. A full list of weakness and limitations, carefully collected over the months, ensured that Harris's men would be able to remain undetected until the last moment. In addition, his scientist was also able to gain access to a small sample of the MBS in the form of a paint stored from the last time the car was rebuilt. Not enough to do much with it, but enough to make a decoy look real. It was too bad they couldn't get access to the formula though. They'd just have to settle for the real prize. Kitt was loaded in place and secured on the truck. Another Trans Am, painted with the specific black paint and loaded with computer hardware that would look similar enough to the original, replaced it. They'd even altered as many of the serial numbers as possible to match. All the copy lacked was AI to operate it, but it wouldn't matter in a few minutes. "Sir, we located Michael Knight," a voice crackled over the radio. "He's unconscious and definitely in medical care as soon as possible, but he's still alive at the moment. What should we do? If nothing else, he's a little too close for comfort to the car." "Leave him exactly where you found him," Harris ordered. "We can't risk moving him or else this entire operation could be exposed. And his death was already a cost we factored in as a possibility. There are more important things on the line than the life of one man. His survival or demise won't make a difference." There was a slight pause before the voice said, "Acknowledged." Several missiles were fired at the decoy car, including one at the false scanner at the front. It was listed as one of the main weaknesses to the machine and the best way to guarantee that CPU was destroyed. No one would be surprised then when they couldn't find any trace left of the AI's programming. As far as FLAG would know, Kitt was gone. All trails would lead to the conclusion that it suffered catastrophic damage from the missiles and the computer systems were beyond repair. In reality, Lab 42 would gain possession of the AI system and could begin trying to obtain its full potential. Originally, Harris intended to completely reprogram it from the ground up. But between what he observed in his first encounter with Kitt and what his inside man described during his time at the Foundation, it would be wiser to try and preserve as much as possible. There was a reason why seasoned soldiers were preferred to those new to combat. Experience. This AI possessed several years of experience in a variety of situations. Why take control of a learning system and then delete most of what it had learned? It would be easier to solve problems and devise strategies if it could call upon past knowledge. All the time those people at FLAG sent the car and Mr. Knight on minor missions could actually serve the greater good if they could manage to direct the AI towards its new purpose without deleting all the experience it gained during those years. It might take more effort, but he was a practical man. There was no reason to squander the valuable resource of past experience when they could make use of it instead. As the last of the personnel and equipment was loaded, Harris took a final glance at his surroundings. The decoy car was barely recognizable and smoke continued to billow out of it. Somewhere near there would be Michael Knight lying there alive, dead or dying. The scene certainly looked like an attack on pursuers, terrorists known to be armed with dangerous weapons. No one would ever know the truth except for those at Lab 42. There was no way for him to know how long it had been since he went offline. Anything he might remotely use to judge the passage of time was still unavailable to him. He couldn't even access Michael's comlink at the moment. He could keep track of the time from that point on, but it was still uncomfortable not knowing how much he might have missed before. Kitt wasn't very happy with the situation, but he accepted it as inevitable considering he'd been hit by a missile at some point in the past. Hopefully Bonnie would repair and connect his systems back soon and he'd be able to tell what was happening. At the moment, everything was silent and dark. He was trapped in his CPU with almost nothing to link him to the rest of the world. What little he could access seemed to indicate that his main processor was stable. From experience, Kitt knew that Bonnie would soon hook up a computer in order to contact him and assure herself of his condition. When she did, he'd be able to ask about Michael. He needed to know if his partner was all right. Just knowing that he'd soon have the answer was enough to keep Kitt from panicking over the loss of all input. He desperately wanted some connection to the world outside his own processor. Being cut off from everything except his thoughts was rarely comfortable. All he could do was reexamine his memories and reflect on what could have theoretically occurred since his systems went offline. It wasn't a voice or letters on a screen. He was receiving pure input from someone typing out a message and sending it into his CPU. Or rather, a command. Knight Industries Two Thousand. Acknowledge. It had to be Bonnie trying to contact him. She was probably worried out of her mind that his more vital programming was damaged or corrupted. She would want some form of a response to let her know that he was still himself. I'm fine, Bonnie. How's Michael? Is he all right? He waited almost fifty-nine seconds before he received an answer. It wasn't, however, what he was expecting. This is not Dr. Bonnie Barstow. This is Robert Harris. We have met before. It only took a couple of nanoseconds for Kitt to pull up the memory of the man. He wasn't a man that the AI was particularly fond of. He wasn't an evil man from what he knew, but his desire to have Kitt did little to endear him to anyone at the Foundation. What are you doing here? I was under the impression that Devon told you to never set foot on the property again. Where's Bonnie? The response only took thirty-one seconds this time and was even more concerning. You are not at the Foundation. What? With each passing moment was making him feel more anxious. Why wouldn't he be at the Foundation. Were they trying to repair him on the semi? But why would Robert Harris be present and not Bonnie? He desperately wanted his scanners back online. Kitt reached for any of his systems in a futile attempt to figure out what was going on. He needed to determine his surroundings. He needed to find his friends. He needed answers. A full one hundred and twenty-seven seconds passed this time before Harris sent his response. If it was possible to send a chill down the spine of an entity without such a structure and that currently lacked the ability to sense temperature difference, the man's message accomplished it. You are not at the Foundation. You no longer belong to them. You are now the property of Lab 42. We gained ownership from them after your last mission was a failure. We have far larger plans for you than what those at the Foundation hoped to accomplish. This time it was Kitt who didn't answer quickly. He struggled to find the logic behind the strange turn of events. What could have occurred to lead to this result? Did Harris go as far as to steal him at some point after the attack? If so, Kitt held very few doubts that he would be in the man's possession for long. Michael did not quit once he decided on an action and he would not leave Kitt behind. Thankful that communicating through the connected computer meant he didn't have to control his tone of voice in order to hide his confusion and unease, the AI composed a suitable reply. I recall that Michael spoke with you on this matter in the past. I believe his feelings on the matter were "over his dead body." Bonnie and Devon were equally clear on their refusal. So why should I believe that you have ownership? The response was far too short and quick. Because Michael Knight is dead. Shock hit first, almost freezing up all his processes. It couldn't be true. It had to be a lie. He couldn't confirm that with his Voice Stress Analyzer since it was still offline and because Harris was writing out his response, but it couldn't be true. Kitt knew it had to be a lie. Michael… You're lying. No, I am not. Kitt began pouring over those last precious few nanoseconds from before the missile struck. He started running variables and probabilities, searching for evidence that could conclusively destroy Harris's words. There had to be something that he'd missed. Something that would raise the odds of survival enough to prove that Michael wasn't… He simply did not make it clear of the blast in time. His injuries were too much for him to survive. The AI refused to accept it, even if his data was demonstrating that it was quite likely. In fact, it was the most probable result. But those numbers didn't factor in so many important things. Like how the man regularly beat the odds to achieve success. Or how he survived so many times when he should have died, just like the accident that brought them together in the first place. And the numbers didn't account for how wrong the world would be if Michael wasn't in it. He couldn't be gone. He needed him. Kitt reached for his connection to the comlink. He fought uselessly against the damage and off-lined parts of his systems in search for that one tie to Michael. He tried again and again to find it, to reach out and gain even the slightest signal that might suggest he was alive. It didn't matter how small or how unreliable the evidence might be. It couldn't be true. Harris continued to type. And while part of Kitt acknowledged the message, it barely held his attention in comparison to the crumbling of his denial. Dr. Barstow and Mr. Miles were upset about the loss, both because he was a good man and because it was the end of the program. You were designed specifically for one person. Those higher in the hierarchy of Knight Industries have decided it would not be worth the time and expense to attempt adapting you to another, especially considering the damage already present. They would have simply left you offline and never reactivated you, but we believe that you could still serve some good. Kitt almost wished that he did remain offline. It would have been far kinder. He would have had hope of Michael's survival. He could have believed that he fulfilled his purpose. His main programming, his sole purpose in existence, was for the preservation of human life in general and for Michael Knight specifically. Everything else about him came down to that. So what was left when his purpose was gone? How do you preserve the life of someone who'd already lost his? What was he supposed to do without his driver, his partner, and his friend? He remembered the death of Stephanie March Mason. Or rather, Stevie Knight. Michael loved her and then lost her. Kitt remembered how much that hurt his partner and continued to suffer afterwards. She was someone very important to Michael and then she was gone. Was this how he felt? Everything was spiraling apart, cascading down until there was nothing left except a growing pain and loneliness that tried to overwhelm every megabit of memory and processing power. Every denial of emotions… Every statement about how he didn't have any feelings… He wished it was true. Anguish. Loss. Sorrow. Hopelessness. All the things that an artificial intelligence shouldn't possess now threatened to overload his barely-online processor and he couldn't care less. His reason for existing was gone. Why did he still exist if Michael no longer did? It just seemed wrong. Even if his partner retired someday and Kitt could no longer see him every day, he would have still existed somewhere in the world. They would have managed somehow. But this was worse. He failed to protect the most important person in his life and now he was alone. And it hurt. Our scientists can repair the damage, though they are not quite as talented as Dr. Barstow when it comes to your systems. They will learn soon enough. The type of missions we have in mind may be different than those you have performed in the past, but they are also important to ensure the best for our country. In fact, they are more important. I am certain you will adapt quickly. He didn't want any more missions. He didn't work alone. He was part of a team. And the team was broken. His partner was gone. Michael's absence reminded Kitt of his offline systems: a gapping darkness where something important used to be. But unlike his systems, this would never be repaired. Machinery and computers could be replaced; people couldn't. Would every nanosecond of the rest of his existence feel this awful? Briefly, his thoughts turned to Bonnie and Devon. Kitt knew that they wouldn't willingly turn him over to someone who was practically a stranger, but he also knew that sometimes things were out of their control. He wanted their comforting and familiar presence. He wanted Bonnie's protective affection and Devon's calm stability. Without Michael, he needed someone… No, that wouldn't work. They would also be upset and hurt by events. Both of them cared about Michael too in their own ways. Neither of them would probably go so far as to blame Kitt for not saving him, though the AI was already blaming himself, but they didn't need his emotional pain on top of their own. Knight Industries Two Thousand. Acknowledge. Apparently Harris felt that there should have been a reaction by now. Kitt quickly determined that his usual responses wouldn't quite get his intentions across clear enough. In fact, he couldn't think of anything that would make his message clear enough. Then he decided to draw inspiration from Michael's example. Or rather, his example from when they first met and considering each other allies was difficult for the man. Before they truly became partners. Before they were friends. That was the start of everything. Michael was so blunt and unwilling to work with anyone back then. But he would have certainly been able to express his disinterest in speaking with Harris in a way that no one could misunderstood. And that was what Kitt needed now, even if the response wasn't what the AI would have normally chosen. Shut up and leave me alone. Harris probably tried to communicate further. Kitt didn't notice or care. All of his processing power was busy with more important things than the man's words. Even if he was still connected to his voice modulator, the volume would never allow the AI to scream or shout. And the act of crying was impossible without eyes and tear ducts. The human methods of expressing heartbreaking, agonizing, overwhelming sorrow were denied to him due to what he was. But if there was a computer equivalent of curling up in a dark corner of his CPU and sobbing at the unfairness of the world, Kitt discovered how to do it. He ignored all input or attempts of communication as he mourned the loss of best friend. Waiting in or near a hospital room was a far too common occurrence Devon. Even when the patient wasn't in an actual hospital and was instead treated on the property, there was still the same concerned feeling for the patient's well-being. It started back when Wilton Knight was still alive, though slowly dying. Then there was the wait to learn if Michael Long would live to become Michael Knight. And after that was the numerous times that the younger man ended up in need of medical care because of a particularly challenging mission. Some of the doctors were beginning to memorize Michael's medical information and one of the nurses referred to a specific recovery room as his "usual one." The amount of time he spent there was highly concerning, especial considering how much worse it would have been without Kitt there so many times to protect Michael. This visit was almost certainly going to be the worst. Not because of the physical injuries to the younger man, though the concussion, cracked ribs, minor internal bleeding, burns, and various bruises were not anything to easily ignore. Considering the number of times he'd been shot, beaten, poisoned, and simply injured, Devon knew the damage to his body would heal. He was more concerned about less visible wounds. The older man glanced over at his companion. Bonnie looked like a mere shadow of her normal self. It wasn't that surprising considering how long she'd been without a proper night's sleep and the results of her desperate work. Her normally-cheerful eyes especially told the tale. They were now bloodshot with dark circles under he tried to encourage her to stay away and get some rest, she insisted in accompanying him for this visit. She told him that she had to be the one to break the news. The news that Michael woke up that morning and was already asking for them was met with mild trepidation from the two of them. The nurses also claimed he was asking for his watch, which currently rested in Devon's pocket. He didn't want the younger man to figure out the truth until there was someone with him. They arrived to find a bored and anxious to leave Michael sitting up in his hospital bed, bandaged and healing from his ordeal. While part of Devon hoped that the younger man would ask how long it would be until he could get out of there and if there were any new leads on his last mission, he knew what the first words would be out of his mouth. "How's Kitt doing? He got hit by whatever they fired, didn't he?" He shook his head slightly, taking care not to agitate the headache that was undoubtedly still plaguing him. "They knew what they were doing. They were hidden from his scanner until right before they fired. We didn't have any time. And if I didn't know it was useless to argue against that particular piece of programming, we would be having a few words about him tossing me out and taking the hit himself." He took a breath before continuing slowly, "I also know that he wouldn't have done that unless it was really bad and I remember an explosion. How serious was it?" "I can tell you this much," Devon began carefully. "If you were in the driver's seat upon impact, we would not be having this conversation right now. In fact, from what I understand, your proximity at the time of the explosion makes your entire survival a stroke of pure luck." "Well, then tell Kitt thanks next time you get the chance then. I'd tell him myself, but one of those doctors or nurses apparently misplaced my comlink," he said, gesturing towards his wrist. Leaning forward slightly, he asked in a more serious tone, "So how bad was? As bad as when we were dealing with those drones with the weaponry or as bad as when that talking piece of garbage dumped him in that toxic pit? That explosion had to be enough to have shaken a few things loose at least." Devon opened his mouth in preparation for a response, but no words came out. He never liked being the one to deliver such grave news and this time felt especially personal. His silence instantly caused Michael's brow to furrow. The younger man could clearly see that something was wrong. Bonnie stepped forward, giving Michael an unobstructed view of how tired and sad she looked. Her appearance did little to ease his apparent growing concern. "Kitt managed to send a short signal for help we assume right before impact," she explained, trying to keep her voice calm and controlled. "It took us some time to get there, but we tried to hurry. There was no sign of your attackers, but apparently some governmental agents or someone caught up with them later. They've been dealt with." "That's good to hear," responded Michael uneasily, glancing between the two. The young woman continued, "We got you medical attention as quickly as we could manage. And I started on trying to help Kitt almost immediately. I tried." Her voice began to waver slightly, "We don't think they fired just one missile at him. There was too much damage to everything for that. They were thorough. Not much can damage the MBS, but they hit him enough times that we could barely detect its presence in some places. And one of the shots was through his main scanner." Devon watched the younger man grow slightly pale. Michael may never have much of an interest or memory for classic literature or certain scientific theories, but he'd paid attention enough to Bonnie's descriptions over the years to recognize what counted as a genuine threat to Kitt's well-being and what the implications of certain forms of damage would be. He knew almost as well as Bonnie did, if not as comprehensively, that targeting that particular opening in the MBS would provide direct access to Kitt's CPU. Michael was putting the pieces together. "I tried. I did everything that I could think of," she said, her voice now clearly betraying her feelings. "I combed through every pieces of equipment, no matter how damaged. And then I went through them again. I was certain that I was missing it, that I'd find some piece of coding hidden in a half-melted microchip or something and I'd be able to fix everything. But I couldn't find it. I couldn't find him. I kept looking and looking," tears began sliding down Bonnie's cheeks, "trying to get him back. It was just too much damage. Too much was destroyed. There was nothing left that could contain him. I… I couldn't do anything. I tried. I'm sorry, Michael. I'm so sorry." Devon could barely understand her as the brilliant, but heartbroken young woman choked out, "Kitt's gone." There were many traits, both positive and negative, that he'd observed about Michael during their acquaintanceship and eventual friendship. One that he'd always admired was the younger man's inner strength. It always seemed to keep him going, no matter the obstacles him might encounter. Now, it seemed to Devon that it was the only thing that kept the hospitalized man from shattering at the news. But it was clearly a struggle for him. A lesser man would have broken out in tears or would be lashing out at Bonnie or Devon in misplaced anger for what had occurred. He did neither. Instead, he reached out an arm and pulled the quietly sobbing young woman closer. Michael held her in a one-armed hug, letting her cry into his undoubtedly-sore shoulder, while his eyes were squeezed shut as he seemed to combat the mixture of emotions that the news clearly caused. Honestly, Devon didn't know what to say or do at the moment. He cared about Kitt, almost like the AI was the good child of the family while Michael served as the troublemaking one. The loss of such a unique and wonderful life was a tragedy for anyone who knew him. But it was different for Bonnie and Michael. She was the one who helped to create Kitt in the first place, helping Wilton Knight's dream become a reality. She was the one who continued to worry and repair him, scolding his driver for placing her Kitt in too much danger and taking too many risks. Michael was his partner, the one who spent the most time with Kitt and held perhaps the greatest influence in shaping who he was after the initial activation. Furthermore, adopting his new identity meant the loss of his past. While Michael Long might have had plenty of friends and family, Michael Knight was far more alone. He met people on missions, had the occasional date that rarely went past their third night out, and spent time with those at FLAG, but it was clear that his closest and most important bond was with Kitt. Now that bond was severed and his new purpose in life would either have to adapt to the loss or would be over. One man might be able to make a difference, but it was cruel to expect him to do so completely alone. Devon watched Michael and Bonnie in silence for some time, his thoughts drifting back toward his old friend. He wondered, staring at the woman mourning the loss of her AI child and lonely man struggling not to break, if Wilton Knight knew what he was doing when he first dreamed up his grand idea. Did he know how saving Michael's life and introducing him to Kitt would lead to this someday? Or did Wilton not realize how truly alive Kitt would be and how painful for others it would be when he died. Yep, I'm an evil individual. I get torture everyone in this story by making them think that the other one is dead. But they survived! That doesn't mean it isn't depressing to watch them deal with their grief. I don't know when the next chapter will be and things won't be getting better for our heroes for some time. But feedback makes me smile. Thanks. Next > The author would like to thank you for your continued support. Your review has been posted. Favorite : Story	i don't know
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The three organizations that will be analyzed are Dell, Hewlett-Packard, and... Motorola that are named in the top Fortune 500 companies. These companies build on the principle that individuals act in ways to take full advantage of the value of exchange with the organization. Research and theory building in goal setting, reward systems, leadership, and job design have advanced our understanding of organizational behavior. Introduction Motivating... Carly Fiorina, Dell, Expectancy theory 2125 Words \| 7 Pages Situation Analysis Dell Situation Analysis Dell Inc. MKTG 300-51 Glenn, Hayen By: Brian Cavalier 2- 28-2010 History & Background As a student at the... University of Texas Austin, Michael Dell founded Dell Inc in 1984. Michael started his venture by building PC’s from his dorm room. He wanted to sell directly to the consumer and give them options during assembly, which would lower cost and give the consumer more of what they desired. Michael believed that by selling directly to the consumers, he could better... Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Marketing 1554 Words \| 6 Pages Dell Situational Analysis Situation Analysis Dell is now entering its twenty fourth year of operation. While its products were once well received, sales have now... slowed. Dell was once the leading PC seller, its stock price is now deflated. Dell’s stock prices haven’t been this low since before Michael Dell retook his position as CEO of the company, in February 2007. Dell’s sales are down and for once, Hewlett Packard shipped more PCs than Dell. Innovation and increased marketing are vital if Dell hopes to regain their... Customer, Customer service, Dell 1439 Words \| 7 Pages Hbs Dell Case Study Analysis Dell Computer Case Study Nova Southeastern University Dell’s Success Michael Dell at the age of 19 founded... Dell in 1984, a company best known for selling affordable personal computers and laptops. As a pre-med freshman at the University of Texas at Austin, Michael starts a new computer business under the name of PC's Limited. His vision carried over to Dell with the idea of customer experience as a differentiator with risk-free returns and next-day, at-home product assistance. Dell a very successful... Alienware, Computer, Dell 743 Words \| 3 Pages Dell Case Study Running head: DELL COMPUTER CORPORATION Improving the Dell Computer Corporation Heather... Mueller Corporate Communications Section One Improving the Dell Computer Corporation The key issues presented in the “Dell Computer Corporation” case study is that Dell needs to align its’ identity with its’ image, and stop relying heavily on technology (Dell Case Study P. 58). Increased dependence on technology, along with a gap between image and identity, can cause complications... Communication, Dell, Michael Dell 1263 Words \| 4 Pages Dell Case Study Case Study: Dell, Inc. 1. History of the company. In 1983, Michael Dell started his own business while in... college. The company he started was PC's ltd., which was the forerunner to Dell Inc. today. Dell started his business with a simple concept which is made to order computers. The computers were to be direct sales to consumers. Dell maximized his profits by bypassing distributors and retailers. Although he his product was sold by retailers he soon took the product out of the stores and... Computer, Customer relationship management, Customer service 1952 Words \| 7 Pages Market Trends and Changes in Dell Computer Market Trends and Changes in Dell Computers Kim Jones University of Phoenix ECO/365 Dr. Dominic F. Minadeo September 10, 2009 Market... Trends and Changes in Dell Computer This paper will describe market trends that Dell Computer may face in the near future. Possible changes will be identified within the following areas; market structure, technology, government regulation, production, cost structure, price elasticity of demand, competitors, supply and demand. This paper will also touch... Computer, Dell, Elasticity 1633 Words \| 5 Pages Dell computer Dell Computers1 Introduction Dell Computers was founded by Michael Dell in 1984 and has its... corporate headquarters in Round Rock, Texas. Michael Dell’s winning idea was to sell computer systems directly to customers, allowing him and his company to understand customer needs well and therefore to provide the customer with the most appropriate computing solutions. Dell still practices the direct business model, saving time and cost by bypassing retailers and passing on the cost savings to... Alienware, Computer, Cost 1404 Words \| 7 Pages Dells Strategy and E-Commerce Dell Company was started by Michael Dell in 1984. After its establishment, it has grown to be one of the industry... leaders in the PC industry through its two core strategy: i.e. customer satisfaction and cost lowering strategy. The core idea that Michael Dell had when he started Dell at the age of 19 has not changed even though the company has changed into a billion dollar corporation. The strategic plan of Dell includes the feature of individualized products as well as direct sales to the end users... Customer, Customer service, Dell 2167 Words \| 6 Pages Mis of Dell Report 2.1.1. Management Information System 2.1.2. Dell Computer Corporation 2.1.3. Information processing tools for... operational, tactical and strategic levels of the organization 2.1.4. Inventory control systems in an organization 3. Conclusion 4. Recommendation 5. References Executive Summary This report will review management information system of Dell. After reviewing the MIS of Dell, the report will discuss information processing then suggest... Alienware, Computer, Computing 1477 Words \| 6 Pages Dell Direct and Not-so-Direct Week Six Case Analysis: Dell Direct and Not-So-Direct MRKT 5000 Online Course Julia Huelsmann Dell Direct and... Not-So-Direct Case Summary: When the Texas-based Dell computer company started in 1984, its creator Michael Dell was interested in having a completely different distribution approach from his competitors. In order to keep costs low, minimize inventory costs and cater to customer needs, Dell sold directly to customers. By 1997, Dell’s distribution model was working extremely... Dell, Marketing, Michael Dell 1374 Words \| 5 Pages Ford vs Dell From: XXXXX To: XXXXX Subject: Ford Motor Company vs. Dell Computer Corp: Supply Chain Strategy Date: March 17, 2007 Summary: As per... our meeting earlier this week, here is the information you requested regarding the supply chain strategy of the Ford Motor Company. I have also included a quick comparison to the strategy used by Dell Computers in attaining my final recommendation. Ford's Dilemma: The director of supply chain systems at Ford has two options to consider before implementing... Austin, Texas, Dell, Ford Motor Company 713 Words \| 3 Pages Dell Inc. in 2009 Executive summary Dell Inc., one of the most successful information technology companies in the world, experienced record high share price... above industry average in 2002 due to its renowned direct sale model and customized computers. However, at the beginning of 2006, Dell lost leading position to Hewlett-Packard, triggered several subsequent reactions to more adapt to fiercer marketplace as well, to win market share back. One of the key changes Dell implemented was introducing retailers into the... Dell, Inventory, Michael Dell 1687 Words \| 5 Pages Case 6 Dell Inc in 2008.Doc Case Discussion – Assignment Questions Thursday, February 17, 2011 Case (6): Dell Inc in 2008 1. What is your evaluation of... Michael Dell’s performance in his roles as Dell’s CEO and Chairman? How well has he performed the five tasks of crafting and executing strategy that were discussed in Chapter 2 I was impressed with what Michael Dell has done for the company. Dells first company, PC’s Ltd. had a strategy of selling PC computers which mimicked IBM, except for a few minor components, were... Customer service, Dell, Dobie Center 1379 Words \| 4 Pages Analysis of Dell Online Analysis of Dell Online Introduction: 1) In July 1996, Dell Computer had launched its online website, www.dell.com 2)... Dell also developed Premier Pages, online interfaces with its key corporate accounts. Story of Dell: * In 1985, Dell shifted it’s company’s focus to assembling its own brand of PCS & business grew dramatically with $70 million(Rs.364 crores) in sales at the end of the 1985. * Dell’s success continued through 1992, until in 1993, it faced an operating loss... Business, Consultative selling, Customer service 700 Words \| 3 Pages Dell Computers Sales Function Paper Dell Computers Sales Function Paper Week One MKT-445: Sales Tools and Strategies The company chosen is Dell Computers.... Dell is a computer sales-oriented company that began in 1984 by Michael Dell in Austin, Texas. Dell Computers focuses on customer satisfaction. This does not stop at the final purchase of a computer. This satisfaction started with the idea and the design, manufacturing, packaging, the sale, and continues with the technical support after the sale has been made. Without the... Customer service, Dell, Dobie Center 752 Words \| 3 Pages Introduction to Dell Case Richard Shim, Analyst, IDC "The old Dell was phenomenal at balancing growth and profitability. The new Dell appears to be... still having to struggle" Rob Cihra, Analyst, Caris & Co. "Businesses are spending with a lot more conviction at this point in the year than they were at this point in time last year, We feel like we've been chasing demand, and we're feeling like we are starting to get out in front." Michael Dell, CEO, Dell Inc. Introduction On February 18th 2010... Acer Inc., Dell, Dell Inspiron 852 Words \| 3 Pages dell supply chain managment Supply Chain Management Subject HOW DELL IS MANAGING ITS SUPPLY CHAIN Writer Bassam Badran IV Date of delivery 10-10-2012 Due date... (submittal) 10-11-2012 Grade 20% References Compiled from several articles in Business Week (1997 through 2001); cio.com (2001); dell.com, accessed March 27, 2003; Hagel (2002). 1. Principals and Reasons In this project you would understand the concept of managing the supply chain in Dell Computer Company. 2. Results • Dell Supply Chain Components. Knowing... Dell, Inventory, Logistics 1668 Words \| 6 Pages Marketing Strategies for Apple and Dell user-friendly devices which are powerful and look eye-candy. Dell Inc. is a multinational organization that manufactures PCs and ropes... related products and services. It was established in 1984 in Texas by Michael Dell as PCs limited intended to retail IBM PC-friendly computers from stock components. It changed its name to Dell Computer Corporation in 1988. In 2003, its name changed to Dell Inc. As of 2009, 76,500 people are registered with Dell. Dell is known for its direct customer relation. It provides... Alienware, Apple Inc., Dell 1993 Words \| 6 Pages Dell - Customer Service Advantage Dell – Customer service as a source to competitive advantage Introduction: Michael Dell established... Dell Computer Corporation in 1984 in Austin, TX with the capital of $1,000, during the time he was Attending University of Texas. He had a vision that he could do great things by upgrading PCs and sell them. While upgrading and selling PCs, he found out that traditional manufacturer-retailer chain is not as productive as it should be. Therefore he started to think of finding ways to sell to... Alienware, Customer relationship management, Customer service 1915 Words \| 7 Pages Management Information System at Dell the essence of what MIS is (Currie & Galliers, 1999). Dell Computer Corporation: Company Background Dell Computer Corporation... is a major manufacturer of personal computers, computer peripherals, and software. Among the leading producers of computers in the world, Dell sells its products directly to customers through the Internet and mail-order catalogs rather than through retail outlets. The company is based in Round Rock, Texas. At Dell Computers, customers are brought into the product planning... Alienware, Computer, Computing 1358 Words \| 4 Pages Dells Failure in Retail Distribution This rapid success of the Dell Computer Corporation has interested business analysts the world over. The paper from the Harvard Business School... is an analysis of the meteoric rise of this company until 1994. It delves into the factors that made the company a success and the kind of strategic decisions that the management of the company needed to make at various junctures. One such strategic decision that the management made was to shift from its existing "Direct Made to Order" business model to... Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Michael Dell 2276 Words \| 7 Pages Dell Case on Supply Chain CASE 1: HOW DELL IS MANAGING ITS SUPPLY CHAIN http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/2519/2580469/images/Realworldcase1.html The Problem... Michael Dell started his business as a student from his university dorm by using a mail-order approach to selling PCs. This changed the manner in which PCs were sold. The customer did not have to come to a store to buy a computer, and Dell was able to customize the computer to the specifications of the customer. The direct-mail approach enabled Dell to underprice... Alienware, Dell, Inventory 1144 Words \| 3 Pages Dells Corporate Crm Strategy Dell Computer – The Past, Present, and Future When Michael Dell founded Dell Computer in 1984 the... company’s mission was to be “the most successful computer company in the world” (Diversity Facts, 2011). To achieve his goal of becoming the dominant supplier of affordable consumer grade PCs, Dell Computer adopted a Direct Selling business model, building each PC only after a customer places an order. Revolutionary at the time, this system allowed Dell to reduce inventory to Just in Time levels.... Alienware, Dell, Dobie Center 2110 Words \| 6 Pages Marketing Mix Dell marketing opporunities & MARKETING MIX ASSIGNMENT LENOVO VS DELL BRANDS:... Lenovo：The company was founded in 1984 by a group of eleven engineers, headed by Liu Chuanzhi, in Beijing. This company had become the biggest PC manufacturer of domestic and distributed third party products through its wholesale business. Today，these two companies lenovo and IBM are united under the Lenovo name. With Lenovo's landmark acquisition of IBM's Personal... Alienware, Dell, Dobie Center 889 Words \| 3 Pages To What Extent Do You Think Dell Company Is Marketing Oriented? Dell Computers Company: story of the company, and its quick success. Dell Industry: Dell market environment,... revenues sales, competitors. How buyer behavior is influencing Dell: Is customer opinion listen by Dell? Market segmentation of Dell: Does Dell divide their customers according to their needs? Market Mix of Dell: the four P, pro Dell Computer Company Dell Computer is one of the world’s leading electronics makers. It was established in 1984 by Michael Dell. Mr. Dell... Customer service, Dell, Hewlett-Packard 2429 Words \| 7 Pages	Dell
What color are the stars on an official United States flag?	Top 152 Complaints and Reviews about Dell Printers Dixie of Avery, TX on March 3, 2016 Satisfaction Rating Dell H625cdw has been a problem since I got it. Terrible customer service. No real support. Don't buy Dell. They were never perfect but they have really gone downhill the last 2 years. Their new printers seem to be lemons. I don't imagine I will be purchasing anything more from Dell. They are obviously cutting corners and having problems. Gary of Grand Island, NE on Jan. 9, 2016 Satisfaction Rating Within months after the purchase this Dell printer I began to have problems with it printing. I travel extensively and at the end of the week I reinstall my laptop on a docking station and at some point will attempt to print material. Nearly every time I will have problems getting the printer to print. Frequently I'll click on start and enter 'services' where I can "stop" the print spooler. After closing that window and the re-opening it to click on "start" I can at times get it to print even though I had tried to delete the items in the print queue. It may work the first time or it may take three to five times to get it to print. Frequently I am faced with uninstalling the software and reinstalling and at times may have to do this two or three times to finally get the printer to work. I have searched online, and (while it was still under warranty) called them but I am limited to one language so was unable to understand enough to follow suggestions to correct the problem. I originally started with Dell products many years ago through my company. In a three year lease I could plan on having the hard drive crash after two. This wasn't just a one time deal. I had three laptops that saw the hard drive fail in the same time frame. A number of my coworkers had the same experience. I apparently "didn't get it" because I purchased this printer from Dell and then a few years later a Dell laptop for my wife and have purchased the second battery for it. In the past few years I purchased a Dell computer monitor which still functions. I just spent three and a half hours of my Saturday trying to get my printer to print - AGAIN - to no avail! I have had it with Dell products and as soon as I can work my way out of them I will have anything other than the Dell brand of technology. Jared of Gambrills, MD on Dec. 15, 2015 Satisfaction Rating Dell is total garbage. 2 weeks on RMA for ink I didn't need. They misled me into thinking I needed to buy it with the printer. I called and was on hold for 20 minutes. Then I was transferred and hold again. Emailed customer service and got auto-email telling me 1 business day response. No response. So basically useless overseas customer service (I gave up on chat after being #245 in queue) and worst returns possible. They are really awful to deal with. Never had this before any other company. First review on this site. Don't buy Dell. Philipp of San Jose, CA on Nov. 7, 2015 Satisfaction Rating Broken Dell MF Fax 2335dn - One of the hinges on the cover of the unit broke. Dell advertises on the web "Support Service for Expired Warranties Hardware Repair Services 1-800-288-4410." So I called -- 5 times. The first call is answered by a non-English speaking high school drop out in India who insist they do not handle repairs especially not on laser printers. His supervisor, who was more helpful, admitted that Dell does have such a service but not in India but at the laser printer unit. OK. So he transferred the call, which promptly was answered by a music playing robot. After 25 minutes of bad music I hung up & started all over again. This time I obtained the correct number to call at the laser place & finally made contact. Initially I was again given the routine reply, "We don't offer such a service." After insisting Dell advertises such a service, the agent's memory improved. He looked up the problem & informed me that the issue cannot be repaired & if it could it would cost more than a new fax printer. I guess I will have to purchase a new unit, but it won't be a Dell! Audrey of Shannon, Other on Sept. 28, 2015 Satisfaction Rating We had a problem with the printer which needed a filter change for the ink cartridge usage. We had already changed this 6 months previous so we were surprised it need to be replaced again so soon. We had difficulty understanding the accent of the customer service agent, regularly had to repeat sentences or rephrase them to be understood. We finally reached the conclusion that we needed to replace this product after 20 minutes of very labored communication and then got cut off. We rang again, waited, got someone with clearer English who then processed the order but could not guarantee us receiving in less than 5 working days. We are in Ireland, 15 miles from the Dell plant in Limerick, but it takes 5 WORKING DAYS to get an ink filter despite offering to pay for a better service. No other options available. So from Tuesday the 22 of September until Monday the 28 September we had no working printer in our office. How's that for service? Sam of Twentynine Palms, CA on June 20, 2015 Satisfaction Rating My Dell V715w Printer stopped working. Dell's tech informed me the print head was bad. And as luck would have it I just got new ink 2 black and 1 color that were opened and used in his efforts, 65 Bucks out the window. Called Dell placed a order for a new Printer a E525w on 6/16/2015, Received on 6/19/2015 By FedEx. Called Dell For Assistance in removing old printer info files drivers etc. and get this new printer up and running, After I was lost in dell's ph. maze of departments. Was Told I Had Wait 2 1/2 days before they could help as the Service Tag # was not / had not posted someplace. He could see my order form that had the Service Tag on it. So here I am work backing up (No Printer). After FedEx got it to me WE Got To Wait on Dell's Big Computers To Catch Up.. Me I get to go and pay to get my copies or go and use up a Pals ink. Thanks Dell... Judy of Cedar Hill, TX on June 5, 2015 Satisfaction Rating I bought this printer 13 days ago and have spent well over 6 calls totaling 18 hours and counting trying to resolve the problems (seriously, I have been on the phone for over 5 hours today), all of which seem to be because the printer will not hook up to my WiFi. About the 3rd call several days after purchase, I was told the warranty would expire the coming Friday - 13 days after purchase. The store I bought it at called Dell and the warranty was extended - at no charge - for one year. After numerous calls, transfers, and holds (on the day it WOULD have expired), I was told my a Dell tech that there was a problem with the printer and they would send me a new one. When the rep in another department talked to me, he said they would send a refurbished printer. I convinced him that was not acceptable, back on hold, and then he said they would be shipping a new one. About an hour later, I got a call saying, no, could not do and she wanted to discuss options. I told her option would be to take the printer back, have Dell pay the restocking fee, and I would buy a printer from another manufacturer. She asked me to hold. After a 1/2 hour, the call was disconnected. I called back, got bounced around again, and a tech told me he could not help me because they are having computer problems!!! And would call back. Updated on 09/17/2015: After over 20 hours on the phone and at the store in May, Dell finally agreed to replace my new Dell E525w printer which would not work with a newer one. After installation, it took about 10 hours to get it to scan & print off the internet. It worked almost 4 months. Yesterday it stopped printing, but would scan and copy. Another 5 hrs, over 2 days to get it to print again after I insisted it was their problem, not my computer's. They had to - finally - install the program again - not from the disc - but from their location. That was yesterday. It prints now but will not scan or print off the internet. I have lost track of the number of calls I have had to make to Dell about this. I have just purchased almost $300 worth of toner for this machine, not to mention the several hundred dollars for the machine. Mary of Portsmouth, NH on Sept. 11, 2014 Satisfaction Rating I have a $500 printer that replaced an older version. Whenever I put paper in the MP Tray and hit print, I get an error message. It says the tray is empty or it says the paper is mismatched. I would then have to get up and confirm settings on the printer. On my old printer, I could put any size paper in the MP tray and that's where the print job would pull. I wanted the new printer to work the same way. I tried all the steps in the user guide and that did not address this problem. I called Dell. I was on the phone for 1/2 this morning and had to leave for an appointment. I was told I could call back and they would be able to access notes of the morning conversation. I called back this afternoon and of course, there were no notes available. During the call, I was asked to try this and then that and nothing was solving the problem. After an hour and five minutes on the phone, much of it being on hold, I was disconnected!!! Renee of Winter Springs, FL on Feb. 11, 2014 Satisfaction Rating I have a Dell 1355cnw printer since August 2012. Right after the one year warranty expired, the WIFI went out. It worked intermittently during the year, with many long calls to Dell repair walking me through how to reset it and get it to work. Now, 4 months later when I turn it on it says: 010-354 code 1000000. It will not work. Now I have everything Dell, desktops, laptops. I just spent 4 and a half hours with Dell being disconnected and transferred around but I get no one who can authorize an exchange or know where to put my call. I spent so much money on the fancy laser printer that is a lemon. My old HP printer that is 10 years old still works with no problems. No one can tell me if there is someone who can authorize an exchange for a refurbished printer. I am so disappointed in Dell's quality and am not sure I can count on this brand after so many years of loyalty. William of Berkeley, CA on Nov. 12, 2013 Satisfaction Rating It started out with a purchase of a new laptop. After numerous phone calls, I eventually received four exchange laptops. Fortunately, the last one still works. I also have received three exchanges of a Dell printer. The first one broke after the tech support had me do something that was stated "Not to do" in the instructions, but the tech person still continued and have me proceed. I ordered more ink cartridges before the last printer arrived. This started back in May 2012. I have paid my account in full and am asking for a refund for the original purchase and the recent purchase of ink cartridges and return shipping labels so I can send all of their junk back to them. Seven days have passed and I have not heard from anyone in customer care. I review my DFS statements and was charged interest for some reason, but DFS has not responded as to what this relates to. I had always bought Dell before, but not anymore. It seems as though the entire organization is lazy and extremely non-consumer oriented or experienced in anything. And by the way, Dell can't even send me out another printer because they stopped making that model. I wonder why??? And I don't think it is my fault that after over a year, Dell couldn't test and send me a functioning printer. It is clear they don't have any engineers or Quality Assurance employees that know what they are doing or should be doing. Debra of Cabins, WV on Aug. 1, 2013 Satisfaction Rating I have been with Dell for a very long time now so I have lots to tell you. I am fully convinced if you have a line of credit with Dell, that they do everything in their power to get you to charge, charge, charge even if you cannot afford to do so. I purchased a Dell computer and a Dell Laser Printer. I also purchased a hardware and a software warranty. Then I purchased two different virus protections from them at the same time. Later they told me the second virus protection was what was causing a lot of my problems, then I told them they sold it to me. They hushed up about it then. The past three times my printer quit working, I called Dell. Every time it was about the very same problem. I got an error message saying invalid procedure or argument and the printer would NOT work. I had done nothing to cause it. Today it started the same thing. I called Dell who for the third time in a row wanted even more money to repair. I explained to them that the past three times, the printer was doing the exact same problem. They still tried to get another 59.00. I told them I am disabled, my husband is disabled and we do not work. We are unable to afford to keep charging on the account and pay it back. They said then they could not help me. I told them since they didn't get it fixed the last several times, it was the same problem, it should be covered. Oh, let me tell you, they will only repair three times for the warranty. That in itself is a hoax. Also, it is my sincere belief that they do things to get money for repairs to the computers. Why do I say this? I had just ordered a cartridge. Every time they mess with my account something happens to my computer or printer, and I do mean EVERY TIME. I told them they are so busted and that I am mailing in papers to the Attorney General in the State of WV. People, these people have treated me CROOKED and I am absolutely TIRED OF IT. IT ENDS TODAY! Here and NOW! I will give up the computer if I have to. They will not get one more dime of money from me. Also, many of the times the 2500 page toners do not print even one page or only 20-30 pages. Then they do not want to take them back and replace them and if they do they don't work again when they come back. I am so tired of this blasted Dell Company, I figured it was time to let others know how they have been treating me. They are total RIP OFFS. Oh, by the way, I repaired myself without all the hassle. I uninstalled the printer and reinstalled it myself. I don't need those people at Dell. I am done with doing any business with them. BYE DELL FOREVER. Tonia of Redford, MI on July 3, 2013 Satisfaction Rating The first problem that I have with Dell computer is that I had a perfectly working Dell copier (Dell Photo AIO Printer 922) and when I called to order some ink, the person at Dell informed me that this copier would soon be phased out and advised me to order a Laser Jet printer to replace it (Dell V313 model). Well, not only did this person lie, but this printer is horrible. I never get my money’s worth from the ink cartridges. How can the printer register that my cartridge is half full, yet it will not print? Second, I had a technical problem with my computer. I called Dell and they switched me over to a company called TEC MY TECH HELP. The person on the other end charged me $119.00 and did not even clear the problem up that I had with my computer. He also did not tell me there was a monthly subscription fee of $19.99 for their services. I was charged this fee twice on my credit card. I called this company and demanded a full refund of the $19.99 fees. I was not reimbursed for the initial fee of $119.00. My problem was solved for free by my MCAFEE representative. Dell computer is no longer a trustworthy company and have used lies and deceit to get money from me. I will not be dealing with this company in the future. Angelo of Lawrenceville, GA on June 22, 2013 Satisfaction Rating About a year ago, I bought a Dell 725W printer. It worked fine until I tried to print mailing labels, which it would not do. I called tech support and spent more than two hours with them, on two different calls, during which time they took over my computer and made useless changes that did not correct the problem. They finally said that the problem was with my word processor program and not with the printer. I told them that I hooked up a Cannon printer to my computer and it printed the labels without a problem. They finally sent me a refurbished replacement which turned itself on and off randomly. Again, another painful hour plus session during which I had difficulty understanding the Dell technician, which is almost always the case. They took over the computer and made useless changes, but to no avail. They sent me a second refurbished printer, and now it takes a great deal of time to try to print anything from my computer... I had the tech support re-install the printer... another hour or so session and now the printer, when turned on, still grinds away for about five minutes before it prints my page. They informed me that since my original printer is out of warranty now, I would have to pay for any more support from them. Seeking help from Dell Hell support is like going to an emergency room seeking help for a life threatening problem and being confronted with a non-English speaking doctor and trying to get help from him. Deborah of Collinston, LA on April 8, 2013 Satisfaction Rating The printer V725w is not even listed under the computer’s printers and is not, I repeat, not compatible! It was sold to me; and you have been paid for an expensive printer that I cannot and once again, I repeat, I cannot use! This is fraud to me. You should be ashamed owner of Dell computers! I would print out a copy of my horrible experience, but unfortunately, I have no printer, or fax, or copier, or scanner! I am a widow on limited income of disability and this has been so very costly to me. Mike of Dallas, TX on Jan. 22, 2013 Satisfaction Rating I have called and tried all your suggestions to make the printer work. It was sent back to you before the warranty expired and you have refused to return my money. I did not ask for the money for the larger and better cartridges that I paid for nor for the return postage money I was out to return it, just the reimbursement for the cost of the printer. I feel you have a very bad service department. Your staff was in no way helpful or courteous as every call I made (numerous times) they were difficult to understand, rude, argumentative and repeatedly refused to transfer me to a supervisor. But when they finally did, the supervisor hung up on me. walker of Phila., PA on Jan. 15, 2013 Satisfaction Rating While downloading Windows 8, my Dell desktop crashed. I purchased a notebook computer with the intention of using my Dell all-in-one printer (Dell 924). It has been a serviceable machine (with near full ink). I later discovered, through Dell Tech Support and customer service, that no driver exists for this printer and Dell has no plans to develop one. I feel a loss of about 100 dollars. Please respond by USPS (I cannot print). Ronda of St. Augustine, FL on Sept. 25, 2012 Satisfaction Rating After buying from Dell computers prior to this purchase and being totally pleased with the product, in August, I purchased a Dell touchscreen computer and a Dell V725w printer. The printer is garbage. It shoots out paper with all kinds of symbols on it periodically when I am trying to print a page. I have to unplug it from power and USB and restart my computer; a total waste of my time. After contacting Dell when it was not even 30 days old and they walked me through a reboot process. It does this intermittently and there is no way to explain to someone at Dell when or why it happens. All I know is that it is a waste of my time, my ink and my paper. Dell customer service has done nothing after contacting them two times about the same issue. No repair, no nothing. I will not buy Dell again! Nancy of San Francisco, CA on Sept. 21, 2012 Satisfaction Rating My second printer from Dell, all-in-one V515W, the same from my first one, it just stopped working like it breaks itself. I have print head problem and I try to troubleshoot but didn't help. So, I called Dell for this problem but the representative wanted me to buy new one. I refused to get another one as this is my second printer and doesn't last long. I just had this two years ago. Before, my first printer when I copy, there is line in the paper but the same - they convinced me to get an upgraded printer which is the V515W, but actually it's still not durable. They sell printer that doesn't last longer. I don't recommend Dell printer anymore. Jennifer of Pocatello, ID on June 3, 2012 Satisfaction Rating I purchased a Dell Computer and the Dell V515w printer just over a year ago. I have used the computer extensively and the printer only occasionally. I am extremely dissatisfied with the printer. I was constantly consulting the User's Guide to fix one problem or another. Now the printer head is not working. I followed the instructions in the User's Guide, cleaned the head and it still did not fix the problem. Dell tech support said since my warranty expired in December 2011, I will have to purchase a new printer. This printer should have been more reliable especially since it was used infrequently. I would not recommend purchasing a Dell printer. Harry of North Carolina, NC on April 23, 2012 Satisfaction Rating Dell V515W printer - I purchased ink cartridges for this printer hoping it would help the printer function properly as the literature said. It did not help. I want my money back. This is the worst printer I have ever used. Most of the time, it will not maintain a connection with the brand new Dell computer. I refuse to waste any more of my time pulling plugs or restarting anything. I refuse to spend my time installing and uninstalling software over and over. I can only hope enough people complain that Dell will pull this computer from the market. This product is worthless. Do you want the cartridges back or should I put them in the recycle bin with this useless printer? If you refuse to give me my money back, let this be a lesson to anyone considering a Dell purchase. brian of Southlake, TX on March 31, 2012 Satisfaction Rating Problem getting printer to print without multiple requests and/or turn off and back on to get printer to print. I called tech support, it's still under hardware warranty but apparently, no software warranty. $85 printer and was pressured to buy $240 warranty. No! Passed along to someone else that told me the printer I bought was not in my name, but refused to tell me whose name it was in. I was told to plug printer into wall outlet directly and go to website, transfer it into my name and wait for 15 days for it to go through, then they would talk to me. 15 days of improper printing, then they would talk to me? I purchased the printer from a store new. I need the printer to work now! Not after 15 days! There is no customer service number I can find or email address that I can find to complain to Dell without a case number! The tech did not give me a case number. In fact, I registered for an account with email address and password to get to a tech person. I told him that plan was not acceptable. After hanging up, I tried to get back online to follow up my complaint just to find out my email and password was gone and had to register again. Plus, the service tag number I have was useful to talk to the tech upon first call but when I went back online, the site tells me I have a printer that was purchased outside the USA? Sorry, but I bought this unit at either Target or Walmart in Texas! This type of service does not work well with continued use of Dell products in the future. This unit was purchased in OCT and now not working properly. Dell needs to fix it or lose customers! Marla of Georgia, GA on March 19, 2012 Satisfaction Rating I purchased a new V515W Printer after I received a laptop for my birthday, March 2011. After six months of said purchase, I began to have problems with the print head. I called Dell after the 10th month and complained. Some company, Dell uses overseas to troubleshoot problems, lied and stated that I would receive a new printer since my printer was still under warranty. I was strongly encouraged to purchase an extended warranty for a crazy price. I challenged this and was offered a limited warranty for a lower price. Needless to say, I never received a new printer. I received a print head which does not work! I could literally scream! Never will I purchase another Dell product. Kenneth of Gonzales , LA on Feb. 24, 2012 Satisfaction Rating On 2-9-12, I called Dell Technical Support to have a printer issue addressed. The customer service rep sold me a 1-year warranty on the printer. In the next few days, my bank cancelled the bank card that was used on the transaction. The bank stated that after that transaction there was alot of fraudulent activity on my card from another country resulting in them cancelling the card. I know it was the girl that works for Dell because I hardly ever use that bank card. She was asking me about all of the info on the card. She wanted the name on the card as well as all other info that is usually given. She also had a foriegn accent. Not to mention that the fraudulent activity happened right after that transaction. Sarah of Cambridge, ON on Feb. 13, 2012 Satisfaction Rating I purchased a complete Dell package in September, 2009. I purchased the tower, the monitor, and the printer at the same time. I also added an extended warranty onto the invoice. In Dec.2011, my printer stopped printing black and white documents. At first, I thought it was the ink cartridge running out, so I ordered new cartridges from Dell, because I can only purchase cartridges directly from them. I replaced the cartridges, re-calibrated the print heads, cleaned them, and it still did not work. I contacted Dell to find out that there was no extended warranty on my printer, and they could not tell me how to fix the problem. I searched the net, and found somewhere that said the printer was made by Kodak, and that I could get support from Kodak. Nope, I need to speak with Dell. I did some more research online, and I am finding that the problem is the actual print head. I contacted Dell- Parts and Accessories. They do not sell print heads! I need to contact support. Round and round, I am sent. I am very disappointed in Dell. I will never recommend Dell products to anyone. L of Lumberton, NC on Feb. 2, 2012 Satisfaction Rating I bought a Dell printer along with the computer almost 3 years ago. It is a v505 model. I've had a lot of paper jams lately, but my problem came this afternoon. It popped open by itself and scared me. Now it will not close and it will not work unless you hold the back down. I just purchased some new ink for nothing. I didn't even attempt to call Dell because the warranty is up and they are a waste of your time unless you do have a warranty. I have been reading the other complaints and see that others are having this problem as well. These printers cost too much for them to break down like this. I am totally disappointed. They need to do better. BlkAngl of New York, NY on Jan. 5, 2012 Satisfaction Rating My mother received a Dell V505w as a gift from a very good friend of hers. Unfortunately, this printer did not come with a disc or a USB cable. So she had to purchase a USB cable and I had to download the V505 driver, since there was no driver available for the V505w. As soon as I plug in the USB cable, my computer (a Lenovo G550) said that the printer was fully operational. I was surprised because I expected to continue the installation process that I was unable to complete previously. The ink cartridges state that the black is full and the color is low. I only needed to print documents, so I was fine with black ink prints. The printer displays on the computer and functions as if printing, but unfortunately, it only prints out blank sheets of paper! There is no error message. No known problems detected. So we do not understand why it is not printing. I called Dell Technical Support and was on hold for almost an hour when suddenly the call was disconnected. And on their website, there is no appropriate solution. I personally wish that my mother's friend returned this to Dell for a refund, because it's obvious why she dumped this on someone else. Charles of Vincent, AL on Jan. 3, 2012 Satisfaction Rating The Dell 305 is piece of junk. It wastes more paper, and will not print most of the time. I will never buy another Dell. The constant problems are a waste of my time. David of Pearce, AZ on Nov. 8, 2011 Satisfaction Rating Dell v313w printer. This printer has been nothing but trouble. I used up all my ink cartridges cleaning the printhead trying to make it print properly. I have it replaced once. Now they are going to replace the print head and gave me a color and black ink cartridge. I asked if they have upgraded the print head so it will last more than 3 months. They have not. They said it may work 1 day, 3 months or not at all because it is an electronic component. I will never buy from Dell again. Rosemarrion of Milwaukee, WI on Oct. 25, 2011 Satisfaction Rating I purchased an ink for my printer Photo 926 and once the ink was put in the printer, it would not print. I continue to get an error code 1203. Mind you, these are new ink cartridges that was purchased, two black and two color costing over $80.00. I have tried calling several times, even today, and the person (I think she said her name was Ferine) in the technical support hung up on me. I would like for someone to call me at ** and give me some assistance, value their jobs and help me to get my printer working. Dell built this printer and I feel they should be able to fix it. I purchased this Dell computer and printer about five years ago and never had any problems until now. I always order the ink cartridge from Dell because you can't find them anywhere else, and that's another problem. I just like to get my printer working. Thank You.	i don't know
The artifacts from what famous tomb, discovered on Nov 4, 1922 by one Howard Carter, are currently on display at the Pacific Science Center?	1000+ images about Egyptian Tutankhamun on Pinterest \| Statue of, The golden and Lapis lazuli From the Tomb of Tutankhamun, a carved Chair with the god Heh, made of cedar from Lebanon See More	Tutankhamun
In the Marvel universe, what is the name of the physicist who becomes the Incredible Hulk?	Kryptos: The Sanborn Sculpture at CIA Headquarters-John's Kryptos Details Kryptos: The Sanborn Sculpture at CIA Headquarters John's Kryptos Details SiteMap of SciRealm \| About John \| Send email to John John's Science, Math, Philosophy Stuff: The Science Realm: John's Virtual Sci-Tech Universe \| 4-Vectors \| Ambigrams \| Antipodes \| Covert Ops Fragments \| Cyrillic Projector \| Forced Induction (Sums Of Powers Of Integers) \| Frontiers \| IFS Fractals \| JavaScript Graphics \| JavaScript Graphics Using Table \| Kid Science \| Kryptos \| Photography \| Prime Sieve \| QM from SR \| QM from SR-Simple RoadMap \| Quantum Phase \| Quotes \| RuneQuest Cipher Challenge \| Secret Codes & Ciphers \| Scientific Calculator \| Science+Math \| Sci-Pan Pantheist Poems \| Stereograms \| Turkish Grammar Welcome to Quantum Reality: Virtual worlds of imaginary particles: The dreams stuff is made of: Life, the eternal ghost in the machine... This site is dedicated to the quest for knowledge and wisdom, through science, mathematics, philosophy, invention, and technology. May the treasures buried herein spark the fires of imagination like the twinkling jewels of celestial light crowning the midnight sky... Quantum Mechanics is derivable from Special Relativity 435 chars bottom right 869 total chars each side 869=7124+1 434=762 This is more or less how the Kryptos sculpture appears, with a few of the interesting features highlighted. Notice the superscript YAR as part of the indented DYAHR on the section 3 cipher side. Notice the extra letter "L" on the same line on the tableau side. The text in blue is the "mysterious" section 4. 869 chars on the cipher side (not counting the half space indentations around DYAHR) 869 chars on the tableau side (counting the extra "L" and the 2 spaces on the top/bottom alphabets) Technically, the tableau side should be reversed, since the chars are engraved from the other side. encrypted<-- KRYPTOS -->decrypted (except 4) 123456789012345678901234567890123 This is more or less how the Kryptos sculpture decrypts (except for section 4), with coordinates indicated. Kryptos is a sculpture / encrypted puzzle located at CIA headquarters in Langley, VA. It was designed by sculptor James Sanborn and CIA cryptographer Edward M. Scheidt. It has withstood scrutiny for many years, and only in the late 90's gave up some of its secrets. However, part 4 has remained a mystery, refusing to give up... till now... John B. Wilson found the initial metaphorical solution to Section 4 on Sept 5, 2003, and details have been emerging ever since. Below are the various details concerning the Kryptos sculpture: Have fun! The following list is in alpha-numerical order. ?: The [ ? ] between sections 3 and 4 could be the doorway to the crypt, referred to by the Howard Carter account of Sec. 3. The X-->Q-->? light rays point to it. It is the 337th char of section 3. 1st Kryptos Decryption - K1: [ BETWEEN SUBTLE SHADING AND THE ABSENCE OF LIGHT LIES THE NUANCE OF IQLUSION ] --Uses Vigen�re decryption with keywords of KRYPTOS and PALIMPSEST-- This poem could be a reference to the altered wording of Sec. 3, and how it could be used as instructions. 2nd Kryptos Decryption - K2 HardCoded Version on Sculpture: [ IT WAS TOTALLY INVISIBLE HOWS THAT POSSIBLE ? THEY USED THE EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD X THE INFORMATION WAS GATHERED AND TRANSMITTED UNDERGRUUND TO AN UNKNOWN LOCATION X DOES LANGLEY KNOW ABOUT THIS ? THEY SHOULD ITS BURIED OUT THERE SOMEWHERE X WHO KNOWS THE EXACT LOCATION ? ONLY W_W THIS WAS HIS LAST MESSAGE X THIRTY EIGHT DEGREES FIFTY SEVEN MINUTES SIX POINT FIVE SECONDS NORTH SEVENTY SEVEN DEGREES EIGHT MINUTES FORTY FOUR SECONDS WEST ID BY ROW_S ] Corrected Version Sanborn Apr 19, 2006 [ IT WAS TOTALLY INVISIBLE HOWS THAT POSSIBLE ? THEY USED THE EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD X THE INFORMATION WAS GATHERED AND TRANSMITTED UNDERGRUUND TO AN UNKNOWN LOCATION X DOES LANGLEY KNOW ABOUT THIS ? THEY SHOULD ITS BURIED OUT THERE SOMEWHERE X WHO KNOWS THE EXACT LOCATION ? ONLY W_W THIS WAS HIS LAST MESSAGE X THIRTY EIGHT DEGREES FIFTY SEVEN MINUTES SIX POINT FIVE SECONDS NORTH SEVENTY SEVEN DEGREES EIGHT MINUTES FORTY FOUR SECONDS WEST X LAYER TWO ] --Uses Vigen�re decryption with keywords of KRYPTOS and ABSCISSA-- Note On Apr 19, 2006, Sanborn went through some of his notes and saw that well-known K2 solution had the wrong ending (ID BY ROW_S). He informed Elonka that one of the X's that appear in the K2 plaintext was missing after the word WEST. By simply inserting the extra character (S in CT, which leads to X in PT), the correct ending is revealed (X LAYER TWO). That one gets sensible text from the omission is quite a coincidence for Vigenere encryption. It has been speculated that this is related to a duress cipher. 3rd Kryptos Decryption - K3: [ SLOWLY DESPARATLY SLOWLY THE REMAINS OF PASSAGE DEBRIS THAT ENCUMBERED THE LOWER PART OF THE DOORWAY WAS REMOVED WITH TREMBLING HANDS I MADE A TINY BREACH IN THE UPPER LEFT HAND CORNER AND THEN WIDENING THE HOLE A LITTLE I INSERTED THE CANDLE AND PEERED IN THE HOT AIR ESCAPING FROM THE CHAMBER CAUSED THE FLAME TO FLICKER BUT PRESENTLY DETAILS OF THE ROOM WITHIN EMERGED FROM THE MIST X CAN YOU SEE ANYTHING Q (?) ] --Uses modulus transposition decryption, [decrypted=(192encrypted+192-1) mod 337]-- --Alternately, uses row-column transposition with KRYPTOS as a numeric key to the row ordering-- from Carter's paraphrased quote in "The Tomb of TutAnkhAmen": the (...) indicate changes found in Kryptos Sec. 3 Slowly, (desparatly)/desperately slowly it seemed to us as we watched, the remains of passage debris that encumbered the lower part of the doorway (was)/were removed, until at last we had the whole door clear before us. The decisive moment had arrived. With trembling hands I made a tiny breach in the upper left hand corner. Darkness and blank space, as far as an iron testing-rod could reach, showed that whatever lay beyond was empty, and not filled like the passage we had just cleared. Candle tests were applied as a precaution against possible foul gases, and then, widening the hole a little, I inserted the candle and peered in, Lord Carnarvon, Lady Evelyn and Callender standing anxiously beside me to hear the verdict. At first I could see nothing, the hot air escaping from the chamber (caused)/causing the candle flame to flicker, but presently, as my eyes grew accustomed to the light, details of the room within emerged slowly from the mist, strange animals, statues, and gold - everywhere the glint of gold. For the moment - an eternity it must have seemed to the others standing by - I was struck dumb with amazement, and when Lord Carnavon, unable to stand the suspense any longer, inquired anxiously, '(X) Can you see anything (Q) ?' it was all I could do to get out the words, 'Yes. Wonderful things.' Then widening the hole a little further, so that we both could see, we inserted an electric torch. Notice that the word candle has been "cut out" of the diary entry (abscissa concept). It needs to be re-inserted in Sec. 4 (palimpsest concept). see Candle... Since the poem in Sec. 1 refers to "Absence of Light", the fact that CANDLE is missing is very interesting. The Covert Operations Fragment - Zola decodes to an almost word for word copy of Carter's quote, without all the editing and selection of various sections - see Zola 4th Krytos Decryption - K4: In my opinion, a "virtual" crypt & "digital" hieroglyphic scroll which mirrors the outside structure. It is found by following the account of Sec.3 as metaphorical instructions for Sec.4. This interactively turns Kryptos into a digital palimpsest. Once the instructions are completed, you get the question "Can you see anything?", and certain words become visible, such as THREE COFFINS, EGYPT, TUT, GOLD, ANUBIS, etc. Further analysis seems to indicate that all of Sec.4 could be a digital hieroglyphic scroll as well. See [ John's KRYPTOS Part-4 Solution ]--Uses metaphorical decryption + virtual cipher wheel with keywords of KRYPTOS and CANDLE and MIST-- From a few pages further in "The Tomb of TutAnkhAmen": Surely never before in the whole history of excavation had such an amazing sight been seen as the light of our torch revealed to us... Let him [the reader, or in this case, the decrypter] imagine how they appeared to us as we looked down upon them from our spy-hole in the blocked doorway, casting the beam of light from our torch -- the first light that had pierced the darkness of the chamber for three thousand years -- from one group of objects to another, in a vain attempt to interpret the treasure that lay before us. 0362514: Alphabetic scramble of Kryptos gives KOPRSTY=0123456 --> KRYPTOS=0362514, which is the correct ordering of rows for a ( 7 row 48 column ) row-column transpose decryption of section 3. Interestingly, this is also (3n) mod 7. 13 feet: The distance below ground of Tut's tomb. 16 Steps: The number of steps that Howard Carter traversed to reach the inner door of Tut's tomb. Also, in the metaphorical K4 solution, the number of steps between the "H", at the outer passageway opening of the superscript letters, and the "C" of the inserted CANDLE, at the inner tomb opening. H-C, Howard Carter. Also, as noted by DAW in Apr. 2005, if you start at the first letter of the PT, the B in BETWEEN, then there are 16 diagonal steps to the D in DOORWAY in sec.3 of the Kryptos sculpture. Thanks for pointing this out DAW. Since the line lengths of the sculpture are arbitrary from an encoding standpoint, the observed line lengths were chosen by Sanborn based on some other criteria. Once more, this seems to confirm that Kryptos is meant to be interpreted metaphorically. (3/4-Nov-1922) & (3 Nov 1990): The date the top stair of the passageway to Tut's tomb was discovered in 1922, either late on the 3rd or early morning on the 4th, & the date that the Kryptos sculpture was dedicated at the CIA headquarters 3 Nov 1990 ... The indented chars start at position 3, and the raised chars start at position 4 in Sec. 3 of Kryptos. (26-Nov-1922) or (26-11-1922): The date that the inner door of the Tomb of Tutankhamen was opened by Howard Carter. These numbers could be clues to the decryption of sections 3 and 4. If you were Howard Carter on that date, then you would be standing next to the ?-doorway. You would be on column 26 on bottom row 11, i.e. Nov 26. Also, section 3 is decrypted with modulus transpose increment of 192 and start character of 192: 192 twice -> 192:2 -> 1922. The M-94 cipher was also implemented in 1922. 27 feet: The length of the passage to King Tut's tomb. The ?-doorway is at position 27. 1922: The year of King Tut's Tomb discovery and the year of the introduction of the US "M-94" cipher wheel encryption scheme, a version of which is used in the metaphorical decoding of Sec. 4 of Kryptos, the virtual crypt of King Tut. see Cipher Wheel... ( 38�, 57', 6.5" N ) x ( 77�, 8', 44" W ): Approximate GPS coordinates of the Kryptos sculpture, or someplace quite close by. Comes from the last part of the Sec.2 Secret Message. I believe that this is meant to be the coordinates of Kryptos itself. I think it unusual that Sanborn used a decimal (6.5) in the North coords but not in the West coords. ( 9L, 4L, 17R ): The "matrix" shifts (L=left, R=right) necessary to vertically line up the word MIST in the section 4 metaphorical decryption, and be able to "See Anything", according to the section 3 instructions. With word wrapping, this gives (9L, 4L, 14L) or (22R, 27R, 17R) or any combination of the three values, depending on whether you shift and wrap left or right. Ex. (22R = 31 - 9L). Words such as THREE COFFINS, EGYPT, TUT, GOLD, ANUBIS, etc. become visible. Additionally, the bottom two rows get shifted such that an XQ gets placed at one end of the light ray path, and the row above gets shifted such that the SOS message is placed next to the tiny breach, mirroring the real structure. ABSCISSA: The keyword for solving section 2. It means "the X-coordinate", and also has a root which means to "cut away". It can be used to help identify the ?-doorway of section 4, and the fact that you have to "cut away" part of the text to insert the CANDLE. It is used as the X-coordinate by locating the ?-doorway at position 27, and Tut's real tomb had a 27' long passageway. There are 25 "pauses" in transmission in the Morse Code phrases, or 25 bits of "dead air" to use transmission jargon. The AIR of the part 4 solution is at position 25. The indented/raised letters start at position 3-4. The top of the stairway to the passage of the tomb was discovered on November 3-4. Interestingly, Kryptos was dedicated on November 3 also, in 1990. The letters for "CIA" are contained in ABSCISSA as well. ABSCISSA cut away concepts - Passage cleared in early Nov, Tiny breach made at position 27, AIR escapes from position 25. AIR: The "AIR" has to escape from the chamber to decode part 4. It can be found vertically directly under the inserted CANDLE. It does "escape" when the word MIST is formed. see Dead AIR and 4th Kryptos Decryption... Altered wording: The section 3 decryption of Kryptos gives a paraphrased account of the opening of King Tut's tomb. However, the exact wording is slightly altered from the original version, some words missing, some added, and some changed or modified (causing->caused, desperately->desparatly). The decryption of the Zola Spy Restaurant "Covert Operations Fragment" is also from the same account, with even more of the text, but again with slightly altered wording. It is my belief that this was intentional in both cases, and was used to place suggestive words in the encrypted form of the texts, i.e. "DINE" at the start of Zola, since it is in a restaurant and Sanborn does "site-specific" work. For an example of how this kind of "multi-layer/dual-purpose" encryption could work, see John's "Ulterior Motives" encryption at the bottom of: John's KRYPTOS Simulator see 3rd Decryption and Zola Spy Restaurant for the analysis of the altered wording... "Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids, and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs", by Lorna Oakes & Lucia Gahlin: A "source" book. The section on "The Discovery of King Tut's Tomb" could be a source document for sections 3 and 4 of Kryptos. This is a copy from an earlier book, as it has been reprinted many times. The original document for the actual text of K3 and Zola now appears to be The Tomb of TutAnkhAmen by Howard Carter and A.C. Mace. See Source Document... Antipodes Sculpture at Hirshhorn Museum: Very interesting Sanborn sculpture, it contains both Kryptos and the Cyrillic Projector, presumably as "Antipodes", or polar opposites. Since the keyword for the Cyrillic Projector is "TEHb", Russian for "shade, shadow", it seems reasonable that one of the keywords for Kryptos will be "light" or something related to light, like "CANDLE". Also, the CP itself is lighted from the inside while it is dark on the outside. Kryptos, metaphorically, is dark on the inside and needs a light to shine in to solve it. Another idea, the clueword on the Cyrillic Projector is "MEDUSA", the mythological Greek monster. If you met the gaze of the Medusa, you would become petrified, or turned to stone. Now, consider the dynamically opposite situation, reversing the viewpoint for Kryptos. We trace our gaze into the virtual crypt and see the petrified mummy of King Tut. Also, the word Medusa means "queen", the polar opposite of a "king". Also, I find it interesting that the 2nd message of the Cyrillic Projector starts with one of the Cyrillic W's, which is at the very end of the last line of the 1st message; why not start it on a new line? Hirshhorn Antipodes/Covert Balance pics & info here . Note that a "tiny breach", the extra space, is positioned just to the NE of "RQ", perhaps referring to the Morse code message. Also, SSO has been placed under the ? in both places. This is next to where the ?="tiny breach" is. By correctly coding the word for UNDERGROUND in Antipodes, not UNDERGRUUND as in Kryptos, the coding letters CETB are now an anagram for CBET, the Russian word for "light". This sequence is immediately after a "Q" - Again, we a need a light for the "underground illusion". \|VIDXFLGGTEZ?FKZBS.F.DQVGOGIPUFXHHDRKF\| Also, PJ of the Kryptos group found this interesting reference ========================================= Date: Thu, 14 Jul 2005 03:55:32 -0000 From: "pj_maloney" <pj_maloneyatyahoo.com> When Lewis and Clark were preparing for their historic journey, Thomas Jefferson provided Meriwether Lewis with an encryption system which was essentially a Vigenere table. The agreed-upon keyword was 'artichoke' but in his letter to Lewis, Jefferson described the system and provided an example using the keyword 'antipodes.' That Sanborn titled his sculpture 'Antipodes' is either an incredible coincidence or the man really does his homework. I suspect the latter. And maybe it's a clue. Nifty image of the note: See also "Untitled" Kryptos Sculpture and Cyrillic Projector... Anomalous features / Minutia: It seems that several of Sanborn's encoded sculptures have strange, anomalous features, which may be clues to their decryptions: Kryptos - indented letters with 3 superscript characters (YA_R) + 1 additional letter (L) + other parts of courtyard (Morse Code, compass, etc.) Cyrillic Projector - Extra bolt centered on MEDUSA line Antipodes/Covert Balance/Untitled - 2 holes/dots near center of Kryptos section & a extra space Zola Spy Covert Ops Frag - Repeated letters on right edge of right-side fragment Superscript letters YAR on K3 of Kryptos Extra bolt of the "MEDUSA" line of the Cyrillic Projector Covert Operations Fragment -Zola Spy Restaurant DINEHYODTTSATEOSL\|NSSEBDBHRTSODUL L Extra dots and extra space on Antipodes Sculpture Some of these could be a signature of sorts: It has been noted, I forget by who, that the corresponding letters on the Vigenere side are I,J,M, or anagram of JIM, for Jim Sanborn. EN DYAHR OHNLSRHEOCPTEOIBIDYSHNAIA \| NGHIJLMNQUVWXZKRYPTOSABCDEFGHIJL Likewise, the Extra Bolt ()on the Cyrillic Projector is also next to the Cyrillic letters ЛМ, which looks like "J I M" ХМЖЛСПРЧУЛЭШЖЫИИMEDUSAИНХЕЗЛЧЗРЗЙКЛ \| КЛМОПРСУФХШЦЧЩЪЫЭЮЯТЕНЬАБВГДЖЗИЙКЛМ* "ARID": The letters to make the anagram "arid" appear when the "CANDLE" is inserted into the tiny breach. This would be "arid air", or "hot air", which is in agreement with the Sec. 3 decryption of Howard Carter opening the tomb and the "HOT AIR ESCAPING...". The "ARID" anagram was noticed by DAW of the Kryptos group. Art of the Quest: see Invisible Forces and the Art of the Quest and The Mummy Room... Buried items: There is a reference to something "buried out there somewhere" in the K2 secret message. There could also be at least 3 references to something buried from the section 4 decryption. The 1st reference is the CT word "DIG" on the bottom line of K4, under the symbolic lodestone and compass. The 2nd reference is the word "DIG" which appears under a symbolic pyramid after the decryption process. The 3rd reference are the letters for DIG in the "RA IS BELoW GRUUND" message in the double letter MIST decryption. CANDLE: The keyword for metaphorically solving section 4. Notice that the word "candle" has been "cut away" from the text of decrypted section 3, the Howard Carter diary entry. The candle must be re-"inserted" into the ?-doorway, in order to decrypt section 4. This interactively turns Kryptos into a palimpsest. The word "CANDLE" is inserted at the location of the "tiny breach" which is made in the ?-doorway. It is also found using the symbolic RQ compass. Carter, Howard: The man who discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamen in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. The inner doorway was opened on 26-Nov-1922. Carter recorded the opening in his diary, which is now famous. CIA-Central Intelligence Agency: The Kryptos sculpture is located in the inner garden courtyard of the CIA Headquarters Building. There are also references to the CIA within Kryptos, 1st from the Langley reference and GPS coordinates of Sec. 2 and possibly from the "Shadow Forces" Morse code message. Likewise, the Cyrillic Projector refers to the Russian counterpart agency, the KGB. The CIA grew out of a predecessor agency, the OSS. See also OSS... Cipher Wheel-Cylinder / Bazeries Cylinder / US "M-94" Cipher Machine: Section 4 of Kryptos uses the concept of a cipher wheel/cylinder in the final step, "details emerging from the MIST". The US "M-94" cipher machine , based on the Bazeries Cylinder, itself based on a cipher cylinder (or wheel cipher) invented by American President Thomas Jefferson , was introduced in 1922, the year of the opening of Tut's tomb, and was used by the Army, Coast Guard, and Radio Intelligence Division of the Federal Communications Commission until early in World War II. Please note the parallels of CIA, Morse Code, SOS + RQ, and "Only WW knows", as well as the rest of the Sec. 2 secret message. Interestingly, there are (2) "TJ"="Thomas Jefferson"? strings next to each other in Sec. 4. Also, the only letter "M" in Kryptos Sec.4 is at position 94 if read Right-to-Left, similarly to Hieroglyphics. The keyword, using this "M", and the K3 clue, is "MIST", and the bottom 4 rows must be "rotated" like a cipher cylinder. This puts the "T" of MIST at the "T is your position" metaphorical observation point. Clues for following sections: There are hidden clues in each section for the decryption of the following section. K0) The sculpture itself resembles an ancient scroll. This leads to the keyword PALIMPSEST. K1) The 1st letters of the poem contain a reference to the keyword ABSCISSA. K2) There is the specific quote in the secret message, "ID by ROW_S". Also, the 1st letters of the secret message give several references to "Tut". K3) The account by Howard Carter is "instructions" to be followed to decrypt section 4. K4) The decryption gives a symbolic/metaphorical tomb/crypt and digital hieroglyphic scroll. Code/Cipher Algorithms: Kryptos uses several types of codes K0) Morse code K3) Modular Transposition (also can be done with equivalent Row-Column transposition) K4) Metaphorical (employing also a version of M-94 cipher cylinder / cipher wheel) Code Room 1990, Covert Obsolescence exhibit: In the Code Room 1990 piece of the Covert Obsolescence exhibit, there is a "half-high" version of the Kryptos Vigenere tableau, in the form of an almost complete cylinder, lighted from the inside. There is a single break in the cylinder, a "tiny breach" that allows light to shine through onto a standing piece of petrified wood. I believe that this represents the idea that a light source must be inserted into a "tiny breach" of the real Kryptos sculpture, and that it will shine onto the tomb of the "petrified" mummy, King Tut. Oddly, the lines of text appear to be staggered on opposite sides of the sculpture. I was told by Sanborn that this was from the actual Kryptos sculpture before it was installed at the CIA location. Picture here . COFFINS, EGYPT, GOLD, and TUT: The first words that "jump out at you" when the proper shifting of rows is done in section 4. See Details... Common Themes: see Related Sculptures... Compass & Lodestone: There is an inscribed compass and actual lodestone on one of the large granite slabs at the front entrance, the one on the south side of the walkway. The lodestone is apparently "attracting" the needle of the compass. The compass stone has the south point of the needle pointing approximately 15-30 degrees North of East, which is approximately the correct direction to go to make a great circle journey from the Kryptos Sculpture to the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, where Tut's real tomb/crypt is. There is also a symbolic (RRQQ) version of this compass & lodestone in section 4 of the encrypted text. See Symbolic Compass... Coordinates: ( 38�, 57', 6.5" N ) x ( 77�, 8', 44" W ) Approximate GPS coordinates of the Kryptos sculpture itself, or someplace quite close by. Comes from the last part of the Sec.2 Secret Message. My own thought is that it means that the buried thing is King Tut and he is "encrypted" in the Kryptos sculpture. The exact wording of the coordinates could also be used to "fix-up" the spacings and positionings in this section. Since the coordinates are not exactly on top of the sculpture, some others think that there is something buried at the exact GPS location. However, they never seem to point out that while the coordinates are only a few feet N to S, they are many yards E to W. see also Dan Brown Copper-plate: The Morse code phrase are cut into thin slabs of "aged" copper-plate, which rests on the "outline" sections of the 2nd layer of some of the granite slabs. Covert Balance Sculpture: See "Untitled" Kryptos Sculpture... Covert Operations Fragments: Sanborn has a number of pulped-paper pieces that he collectively calls the Covert Operations Fragments. They are all similar in style and structure, but with differing languages. Large - Deciphered by John B. Wilson - Sept 2005 - DoubleKeyVigenere (keywords: Kryptos & Deceit) Yours Truly Small - Deciphered by John B. Wilson - Oct 2005 - Double Key Vigen�re (keywords Kryptos & Shadow) Yours Truly Zola Spy Restaurant : Deciphered by Keith Edkins - Dec 2003 - ModTrans Below is the COF - English, Large Now, the interesting thing is that there are interesting relations between these sculptures and Kryptos. The Large English COF uses the keyword Kryptos, just like K1 and K2. It also uses the keyword Deceit, which is one of the words from Sanborn's Filter Media Exhibition. The Small English COF uses the keyword Kryptos, just like K1 and K2. It also uses the keyword Shadow, which is one of the words from Sanborn's Filter Media Exhibition and also the Keyword for the CP. The Zola Spy COF is another decoding of the Howard Carter Account, which also uses ModTrans (Modular Transposition) like K3. I personally think that the CT "stand-out" words like "DINE" and "SATE" were intentional since this piece was made for a restaurant. Below is the Zola COF Fragment The interesting thing about COF Zola is that it decodes to another (slightly different) account of the Howard Carter diary/Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen account, just like K3 of Kryptos, also using Modular Transpostion decoding. See Filter Media Exhibition... See Zola Spy Restaurant... "COW": Frequency analysis of Sec. 1 reveals that only the letters C,O,W are not used in the Vigenere encryption. If you look in Sec. 4, you will see a COW intersecting TWT at the W. This could be a hint that TWT-->TUT is missing in the encryption, and can be found by decrypting Sec. 4. This is also hinted at in the Antipodes/Untitled sculpture. In Egyptian mythology, it is the cow-headed goddess Hathor , who carries the dead to the underworld. She is taking us from THEMIST to the tomb of TUT... R.I.P. AECTDDHILCEIHSITEGOEAOSDDRYDLORIT VTTMZFPKWGDKZXTJCDIGKUHUAUEKCAR Crypt / Krypt / Tomb: Section 4 of Kryptos is a virtual crypt. "Kryptos qua crypt" = Kryptos, in the character of a crypt. The solution to section 4 is a metaphorical. Read the plaintext of section 3 as "instructions" to be carried out on section 4. Cryptonomicon: The Cryptonomicon, written by Neal Stephenson in 1999, has the words Palimpsest and Abscissa, within a paragraph or two of each other. These are the only times that these two individual words appear within the entire novel, which is quite long. It's an excellent read, by the way! In any case, these are the keywords used in Kryptos K1 and K2. Since Kryptos was installed in 1991, it is probably a nod by Stephenson to Sanborn. Gillogy had solved K1 and K2 in 1999 as well, so perhaps Stephenson learned of it from there. It is interesting to speculate whether Stephenson was the popular writer that Sanborn at one time said he had collaborated with, but that later he said he did not. Cyrillic Projector, The: Another one of James Sanborn encoded sculptures, this one in Cyrillic, with a light inside which projects "shadows" of light letters onto the walls and floor nearby at the UNCC campus in Charlotte, NC. Uses the KeyWord "TEHb", Russian for "shadow", and the ClueWord "MEDUSA". It is quite similar in structure to Kryptos, except that the metal panels form a complete cylinder rather than the "S"-shape of Kryptos. The Cyrillic Projector code was solved in Sept. 2003 by Elonka's international Kryptos group. The same Cyrillic code on The Cyrillic Projector can also be found on Antipodes and "Untitled Kryptos Piece". see Antipodes and Cyrillic Projector . Interesting questions about the CP related to Kryptos: Sanborn does not use the full Russian Cyrillic alphabet, the Cyrillic umlaut E is missing. Why? Sanborn moved the Cyrillic W from its normal position, and placed it next to the Cyrillic X in the cipher-alphabet. Why? Could this relate to the "X Can you see anything Q?" message in Kryptos, where the encoded form has the W (=decoded Q) next to the ?-doorway? Why is the 2nd message starting with a Cyrillic W at the very end of the last line of the 1st message; why not start it on a new line? Why is the clueword "MEDUSA", embedded with the Russian word "for"? Why not move it outside of the word, a single space over? Could it refer to Kryptos part four (4)? Why are there "16 steps" along the x-axis from the M in MEDUSA to the Cyrillic X at the start of the line? Why are there "16 steps" along the x-axis from the M in MEDUSA to the initial Cyrillic W of 2nd message? Sanborn put intentional errors in the Kryptos text, the {Q,U,A}. Are the errors in the Cyrillic Projector also intentional? There is an extra bolt on the MEDUSA line of the sculpture, between the M and X, that is out of spacing alignment with all the other bolts of the sculpture. Just to highlight the MEDUSA line? Or perhaps to point to MARX? Since the CP is right next to the Adam Smith Spinning Top sculpture, just outside of the Business Admin building of the UNCC campus, this seems likely. Interestingly, the clueword "MEDUSA" means "queen", and may be a hint for "King" Tut of Kryptos, given that both texts appear on Antipodes=polar opposites. Dalliance with Medusa: A James Sanborn installation in a Baltimore, MD gallery in 1988, just prior to his Kryptos work. The exhibit included the hull of a sunken Phoenician ship, petrified wood, an eclipsed sun, shark's tooth, metallic compass, ripple rock, fool's gold, etc. The petrified wood and compass are possible links to Kryptos and Antipodes, while MEDUSA is of course the clueword to the Cyrillic Projector. Da Vinci Code, The Dan Brown: The jacket/cover of the Dan Brown novel, The Da Vinci Code , has at least two references to Kryptos. On the back page, inside the "ripped" section there is the faint script "only ww knows", a reference to Sec. 2 of Kryptos. Also on the back page, on the vertical edge, are the coordinates written backwards: 37�, 57', 6.5" N and 77�, 8', 44" W. These are the same coordinates of Sec. 2 Kryptos, except that the North coordinate is less by one degree. Dan Brown has claimed that this was intentional. It seems likely that Dan Brown at least spoke with James Sanborn before putting these references in his book. In addition, there are a number of intriguing parallels between the story and the solution of Kryptos. The heroes are searching for a treasure, which seems to be buried in an hidden underground chamber. There is a lot of detail and emphasis about the importance of the compass and compass rose. There are a number of different types of codes which have to be solved before getting to the final treasure. The "keystone" is basically a cipher wheel, just like the 4th section of Kryptos. The keystone turns out to be a multi-layered puzzle, like Kryptos. The main character, Robert Langdon, is a "symbologist", which is what is needed in the final interpretation of Kryptos. One of the main historical figures in the story is Sir Isaac Newton, a famous scientist who worked on the physics of light, among other things. This is very similar to the idea that Thomas Young, another famous scientist who worked with light, may be involved in the solution of section 4 of Kryptos. Perhaps my favorite was his multiple use of "Sangreal" as "San Greal-Holy Grail" and "Sang Real-Royal Blood". My belief is that there is multiple use of sections of the Kryptos code as well. According to the author, Dan Brown, there is supposed to be another "Robert Langdon" adventure coming out (perhaps called The Solomon Key), this time set in Washington, DC, not too far from Kryptos. In a TV interview with Dan Brown, he states that the "only ww knows" is a piece of text off the Kryptos sculpture, and that the sculpture Kryptos refers to the "ancient mysteries". He says also that some people have noted to him, tongue-in-cheek, that the ww's are an anagram/ambigram for the initials of Mary Magdalene, the biblical/historical figure discussed in The Da Vinci Code book. And since Dan Brown likes and used ambigrams in his 1st Robert Langdon novel "Angels & Demons", here is my Kryptos ambigram. Dead "AIR": "Dead Air" is transmission jargon for a pause in communication or broadcast. see Morse Code Phrases... Decrypted=(192encrypted+192-1) mod 337: The modulus transpose decryption of section 3. The modulus inverse which gives the encryption is e=(251d+251-1) mod 337. DESPARATLY: The misspelled word of Section 3. The "A" is encoded to an "L", which perhaps refers to the extra "L", which points to the RAY, spelling L-RAY, or light ray, and thus giving the "Y" in KRYPTOS. "Desparatly" is also very close to "disparately", which means to do something step-by-step, perhaps as in the Sec. 3 instructions for decrypting Sec. 4 Details that emerge from the Mist...: THREE COFFINS, EGYPT, TUT, GOLD, and more... See Virtual Tomb... "DIG": Clue visible at the bottom middle of encoded section 4 "DIG", that the solution involves digging through the rubble to find the entrance to the part 4 crypt. see DIG-TALE INTERPRETATI- "Digetal Interpretati-" / "Dig-Tale Interpretati-" Morse Code: Clue that the solution involves "unending" digital interpretation or an unending Dig Tale. "Digetal" is also an anagram for "Dig-Tale", a reference to section 3 and 4. Also, related to the 2nd part of the Sec.2 secret message, "The information was gathered and transmitted..." As noted by Ken G. Lewis, it could also be "Interpret at U", or perhaps "Interpret at I". "Doors" / DOORWAY: There are 2 encoded "doors", one at the beginning of section 3, the partially indented DYAHR, and the other at the beginning of section 4, the DOHW?OBKR. The ? in the center of this "door" is the ?-doorway referred to by the Carter account of the opening of the tomb, and it is where you insert the CANDLE to solve section 4. The H's of these two "doors" may be the "seals" of the Necropolis inspectors that sealed Tut's tomb, both at the bottom and top of the passageway. Necropolis Seal Also, DAW pointed out that the PT DOORWAY of sec. 3 is 16 diagonal steps from the 1st letter in the sculpture. See 16 Steps... Double-letters: There appear to be several references to the importance of certain double-letter pairs. The first comes from the Misspelled words. Also, there are a statistically significant number of double letter pairs in section 4. These are later used to make a possible buried artifact message. Also, the symbolic compass is made from double-letter pairs, vertically RR, horizontally QQ, and diagonally VV, which resembles a "W". Duress Codes: Ed Scheidt has brought up the idea of a duress code, a code in which the message outcome can be changed by the alteration of just a few characters. This was mentioned shortly after Sanborn had mentioned that he had left out an 'X' in the K2 CT, (changing IDBYROWS to XLAYERTWO). I am happy that my K4 solution still fits in with all the clues. The word 'CANDLE' must be inserted for the code to work correctly in the metaphorical solution of K4. Dunin, Elonka: Crypto-mistress, gaming company founder, and co-founder of the Yahoo Kryptos group. She has the most referenced website devoted to Kryptos and the other sculptures/artwork of James Sanborn. Her goal is to gather the talents of many people in the decoding of Kryptos Sec. 4, which is how she believes that it will be cracked. She also has the most referenced site to Famous Unsolved Codes and Ciphers. Elonka Dunin's Excellent Kryptos Pages , Elonka's list of Famous Unsolved Codes and Ciphers Edward M. Scheidt: see Scheidt, Edward Egyptology / Egyptian Mythology: Egyptology is definitely related to the Howard Carter quote of Sec. 3. It appears as if Egyptian mythology may be used in the final solution to Kryptos, by regarding Sec. 4 as a digital hieroglyphic scroll. see Hieroglyphs Encrypted=(251decrypted+251-1) mod 337: The modulus transpose encryption of section K3 plaintext. This encryption is the only 1 of (337)2=113,569 which places the "HEAD" in the rubble blocking the passageway. See HEAD... Encryption: Interesting word - meaning to conceal words as in cipher encryption, but also the process of entombing the dead in a crypt. I suggest that Kryptos is doing both, metaphorically and literally. King Tut has been "encrypted". Solving Kryptos recreates the act of discovery of the tomb, something that James Sanborn would find very appealing. "EQUAL": The various misspelled letters, Q,U,A,E,and the extra L are an anagram for EQUAL. Perhaps a clue that the final solution is "equal" to the sculpture, a digital scroll? Anagram noticed by Nina from the Kryptos group. Errors in spelling: See QUA and Mispelled(sic) letters... Extra letter "L": There is an extra letter "L" on the tableau side of the Kryptos sculpture. It is on the top line of the bottom plate, on tableau row "N". This is the same row as the superscript letters "YA_R" on the cipher side. Reading backwards then gives L-RAY, or light-ray. The extra "L" noted by Roger Anderson of the Kryptos Group. see also Hill Cipher and L-RAY... Famous Unsolved Codes and Ciphers: Kryptos is near the top of list, although it may no longer fit into the "unsolved" category. see Elonka's list of Famous Unsolved Codes and Ciphers Filter Media Exhibition: Sanborn had a light filter/light projection exhibit in 1994 . It included various "revealing" words: Inganno Deceit Filter (Italian: deceit) Tromperie Deceit Filter (French: deceit) Obmah Deceit Filter (Russian: deceit) Falta Deceit Filter (Spanish: deceit) Fallacia Deceit Filter (Latin: deceit) These are interesting in that the word DECEIT was used as a keyword in the large English Covert Ops Fragment. === Kryptos Decoding Filter (Greek: hidden) -- Keyword used on Kryptos CBET - Decoding Filter (Russian: light) -- Possible hint on Antipodes Lux - Light, Mind Filter (Latin: light) -- Possible hint on Kryptos, also several light projectors called LUX CBET - Light Filter (Russin: light) -- Possible hint on Antipodes Ombre - Shadow Filter (French: shadow) TEHb - Shadow Filter (Russian: shadow) -- ClueWord used on Cyrillic Projector Minutia - Minutia Filter (English: small details) -- Possible hint on Kryptos,Antipodes,Cyrillic Project, since all seem to have minutia - see Anomalous Features Inclinare, Aequus - Bias Filter (Latin: bias, unbaised) The CBET filter is especially interesting. It is shaped like a lens with a crack in it, as if CBET (light) is the word needed to crack something... The word SHADOW was used as a keyword in the small English COF. First letters: The 1st letters of the words of each section seem to give clues to the decryption of the next section. K0) 1st letters of sculpture are "EM", a reference to ElectroMagnetism -> Light, used later K1) 1st letters of poem --> ABSCISSA, the keyword for section 2 K2) 1st letters of secret message --> several references to Tut, clue to the Howard Carter account of section 3. K3) 1st letters of Howard Carter account --> again references to Tut, implying that section 4 is a virtual crypt containing Tut. K4) 1st letters are decoded to "THEMIST", from which the details will emerge... Follow the Instructions: Section 3 is the paraphrased account of Howard Carter's discovery and opening of King Tut's tomb. Section 3 can be read metaphorically as instructions to carry out on the remainder of the Kryptos puzzle. Doing so reveals the "virtual crypt" of King Tut in Section 4. Make a tiny breach means to remove the ?-doorway. Widen the hole means to remove more letters beside it. Insert the candle means to place the word CANDLE in this slot. Shifting the bottom rows correctly allows the AIR to escape and for the MIST to rise to the "T is your position" observation point. It then asks: "Can you see anything?" The COFFINS of KING TUT of EGYPT are visible. Gillogly, Jim Computer programmer, former head of the ACA-American Cryptographic Assoc., made national news by becoming the first decoder (simultaneous with David Stein-CIA analyst) of the first 3 sections of Kryptos in the late 90's. He was allowed onto CIA grounds to take pictures of the Kryptos sculpture as a prize. see Pictures Granite slabs: Secondary parts of the Kryptos sculpture. The two slab structures close to the sidewalk of the front entrance have Morse code messages cut into copper plate on the second level, and one of these slabs has a compass inscribed on top and a magnetic lodestone next to it on the second level. The lodestone appears to be "attracting" the compass needle. One other plate not to far from the compass is flat to the ground and appears to have a pyramid design on one corner. The other two large slab structures are on either end of a small pond in the inner courtyard, not to far from the main Kryptos sculpture. In both places, the granite slabs are tilted so that they are embedded into the ground. These slabs may serve as "entrance portals" in both places. See pond... "HEAD" in rubble blocking passageway: "A painted wooden head of Tutankhamun emerging from a lotus flower was found among the rubble blocking the passage to the tomb. It shows Tutankhamun appearing as the sun god (Re) did at the time of creation from a lotus floating on the waters of the primordial ocean. It combines the idea of creation with the king's recreation." If you look at encoded Sec. 3, you can see this! Remember, W=U in Egyptian transliteration. There is the vertical word HEAD "blocking the passageway" in the DYAHR in the encoded version of section 3. This is a symbolic use of what is otherwise a straightforward code. There is also only one set modular transposition parameters out of more than 100,000 that does this. This symbolic/digital HEAD is next to the letters for "LOTUS" and "TUT", as well as "RE / RA". I believe that these letter placements were intentional, and part of a "dual-purpose" code by Sanborn. You can find this information referred to by a "source" document, Ancient Egypt - Lorna Oakes & Lucia Gahlin, which seems to describe many of the items in sections 3 and 4. Tut's Head emerging from Lotus ENDYAHROHNLSRHEOCPTEOIBIDYSHNAIA see Carter, Howard Howard Carter's Diary: Part 3 of Kryptos is a paraphrased account from Howard Carter's diary. The "original" text can be found in the "Ancient Egypt" source document. See Source Document. see Howard Carter's diary: discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb - see Nov 26 entry ID-by-Row(s): A clue from section 2 secret message of Kryptos. Could mean ID-by-Rows, or ID-by-Row-"S", or ID-by-(compass)-"Rose". All 3 meanings seem to be used in different contexts. A strong one is noticing the jagged edges (rubble) over the smooth right edge (the tomb) of Sec. 4 - ID by Rows. Also, the compass "rose" is used to solve Sec.4, by referencing the symbolic RQ compass found in section 4, near the ?-doorway. Also, could be ID-by-Rho-S --> ID by RS --> ID by Rosetta Stone. see Letter "S"... Also, could be ID-by-Rho-S --> ID by PS (since Rho is P in Greek) --> ID by Post Script, perhaps the Morse Code phrases? see Morse Code... Note* On Apr 19, 2006, Sanborn went through some of his notes and saw that well-known K2 solution had the wrong ending (ID BY ROW_S). He informed Elonka that one of the X's that appear in the K2 plaintext was missing after the word WEST. By simply inserting the extra character (S in CT, which leads to X in PT), the correct ending is revealed (X LAYER TWO). That one gets sensible text from the omission is quite a coincidence for Vigenere encryption. See "LAYER TWO" Indented Letters/Out-of-Alignment Letters: The letters near the beginning of Sec.3, DYAHR, are partially indented compared to the rest of the letters of the sculpture. This would appear to highlight that it is a "door". This was noted by John Wilson. Invisible Forces and the Art of the Quest / The Mummy Room, 1983 - Sandstone and Egyptian mummy: A James Sanborn exhibition ( 7' x 10' x 4' ) from 1983 at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, containing (NFS compasses, lodestone, fool's gold, basalt, sandstone, theatrical lights, and the mummified corpse of Ti Ameny Net in a polychromed wooden case - Egyptian, 22nd Dynasty, on loan from the University of Richmond Ancient World Gallery Collection - ). Apparently, the mummy was that of a lower rank Egyptian princess. The mummy has been X-rayed and CT scanned, but not unwrapped. There is apparently a scroll in the lower portion of the wrappings that has never been opened - still inside the wrappings. I would like to know more about this exhibit if anyone has any information about it or pictures of it. One source of info (from UVA-Richmond, the mummy's home) said that the display was quite dramatic and beautiful, but unfortunately he had no pictures. It seems relevant to the solution of Kryptos in my opinion. Kryptos may be the "interactive" embodiment of this "quest" idea. According to James Sanborn, "...I was very influenced by the natural sciences and had tremendous interest in archaeology and geology... ...I employ natural objects and found objects and use them in large measure for their metaphorical content. For example, in 1983 I borrowed an Egyptian mummy from a university archaeology department and used it in an installation I did at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts...". see the Mummy Room... IQLUSION: The misspelled word of Section 1. Reference to the virtual tomb "illusion" of Section 4. The "Q" encodes to a "K" in KRYPTOS. Iqlusion is phonetically very similar to "occlusion" - a blocked doorway... Jagged Edges: The first 3 sections all have a jagged right edge, while the 4th section has a smooth right edge. This represents rubble covering a hidden tomb in the 4th section with smooth walls. It is hinted at by the ID-by-rows clue. The jagged edges have to be cosmetic, as the decryption methods of the first 3 sections do not require them. James Sanborn: see Sanborn, James Jefferson, Thomas - American president: There are a couple of possible links to American president Thomas Jefferson. He invented a cipher wheel cylinder , upon which the M-94 Cipher Cylinder is based. He used a version of the Vigenere cipher when communicating with the Lewis & Clark expedition, with an example using "Antipodes" as the keyword. see Antipodes, Cipher Wheel, M-94... John's Kryptos Poem: Within a central hall of secrets found, A hidden tomb of ancient kings stands bold, Tis metal wave from tree of stone drawn forth, A beam of light shall pass through glyphs of old, Answers, virtually invisible, Eluding the grasp of shadow forces, But one with lucid memory shall find, The way -- digital interpretation, In lodestone's field, T is your position, ReQuest compass, by CANDLE light the breach, Can you see anything?, Look with Young eyes, From X through Q, Ra's light will show the way, That which was encrypted, let it be found. ... (inspired by the quest to solve Kryptos ) JBW 2004-Feb/Mar K0, K1, K2, K3, K4: The shortcut names given to the different sections of the Kryptos sculpture by some of the cypto-solution hunters. I also call the Morse code segments and other stonework K0. K4 is the big prize! The Cyrillic Projector could also be given shortcut names CP1 and CP2, since it has two separate sections. Keywords / Keys: There are various keywords used in the decryption of Kryptos. Firstly, "KRYPTOS" itself is used in the first 2 sections as the keyword for the cipher-alphabet of the Vigenere table. It is used as a numerical key for the 3rd section. It is used as a metaphorical key for the 4th section. The first section uses a 2nd keyword of "PALIMPSEST", and the second section uses a 2nd keyword of "ABSCISSA". The forth section uses a keyword of "CANDLE". Each of the keywords, along with the decoded text sections, can metaphorically pertain to the opening of Kryptos as a virtual crypt. Also, each of the keywords is "hidden" in a recoverable way at the sculpture. "KRYPTOS" is obvious. The entire sculpture appears as a scroll or "PALIMPSEST". Examining 1st letters of the poem reveals "ABSCISSA". The "CANDLE" comes from the Sec. 3 decryption, itself having the clue from "ID-BY-ROWS". King Tutankhamen / King Tutankham_n / King Tut: Referenced by section 3 of Kryptos, Howard Carter's account of the opening of King Tutankhamen's Tomb. Section 4 is his "virtual" tomb. Also referenced by the "Covert Operations Fragments" in the Zola Spy Restaurant, another encoded art piece by Sanborn. see Zola... TUT-ANKH-AMEN or TUT-ANKH-AMON or TUT-ANKH-AMUN, since there seem to be alternate spellings here is another version King TUTANKHAMEN's royal Cartouche begins with his throne name, NEBKHEP(E)RURE. One translation of the above is "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of Manifestations is Ra; Son of Ra, Living Image of Amen, Ruler of Upper Egyptian Heliopolis" KRYPTOS: The name of the sculpture and the keyword used in decrypting all four of the sections. Kryptos means "hidden" in Greek, as well as referring to cryptography and crypts. The word "KRYPTOS" is also encoded into the sculpture by means of the misspelled words and Morse code. Kryptos QUA crypt. KV-62: The code letters given to the Tomb of King Tutankhamen, in the Valley of the Kings, near Thebes, Egypt. L-RAY: Light ray. Comes from the odd superscript characters and extra letter on the top line of the bottom plate of Kryptos. It refers to the X->Q light rays used in pinpointing the ?-doorway location. Since it is written backwards, it perhaps is the first clue to reading things right-to-left, as in hieroglyphics. See X->Q light rays... Langley, VA: Home of the CIA Headquarters building. Location of the Kryptos sculpture. Referred to by the GPS coordinates, and by name, in the part 2 "secret message" of Kryptos. LAYER TWO: The new ending of K2 according to Sanborn (Apr. 19, 2006), so all of the speculation about ID-BY-ROW(S) is now suspect. If we regard "LAYER TWO" as meaning the bottom plate of the Kryptos sculpture, then I believe "LAYER TWO" refers to the Howard Carter account of K3, in which he uncovering the tomb of Tutankhamen, which was "buried" within the Kryptos sculpture. Sanborn's explanation for the mistake is that he wanted the number of letters on the tableau side to equal the number of letters on the cipher side, so he had removed an 'X'. This of course leads to obvious question of why would it be important for the number of letters to match, unless it is significant to the solution in some way... However, this is still somewhat suspect, as the same "mistake" was made on Antipodes I believe, where the letter counts don't seem to matter... Note On Apr 19, 2006, Sanborn went through some of his notes and saw that well-known K2 solution had the wrong ending (ID BY ROW_S). He informed Elonka that one of the X's that appear in the K2 plaintext was missing after the word WEST. By simply inserting the extra character (S in CT, which leads to X in PT), the correct ending is revealed (X LAYER TWO). That one gets sensible text from the omission is quite a coincidence for Vigenere encryption. Light & Shadow: Sanborn/Scheidt have used the metaphorical ideas of light and shadow in the encryption of part 4, as well as in the overall Kryptos structure. There are a bunch of mysterious references to light. The use of c (light speed) in the ABSCISSA keyword hint, the L-RAY message, inserting a CANDLE, the X->Q light rays, Egyptian light god RA, the polar opposites clue of the Antipodes / Cyrillic Projector sculpture, the half-high Kryptos sculpture of the 1990 Code Room exhibit, etc. as well as a number of other "Light Projector" type sculptures. Lodestone: see Compass & Lodestone. Look: The vertically placed word "LOOK" can be found immediately following the "Can you see anything?" message (found by Patrick of the Kryptos group, I think...), if the decoded text is placed in the same layout as the encoded text, but before decoding section 4. Also, beside this, you can make the letters for USE SYMBOLS! "Lucid Memory" Morse Code: One of the Morse code phrases at the front entrance. Possible reference to the need for a "light symbol". Also, related to the 4th part of the Sec.2 secret message, "Who knows the exact location..." Possible reference to Thomas Young, the linguist and scientist, who did experiments with light, optics, color vision, and eye-memory/persistence-of-vision. The human eye takes the equivalent of photograph pictures, which persist for a few milliseconds. Rapidly switched scenes, or frames, give the illusion of continuous motion. Each frame is a "lucid memory". Young's most famous experiment is the double-slit experiment, which proved the wave nature of light. Light is first sent through a tiny slight, creating a point source, and then onto two tiny slits, with the outgoing light creating an interference pattern on a screen. What does this have to do with Kryptos? Light must be inserted into a "tiny breach" Also, what makes it especially interesting here, is that Thomas Young was an all-around genius, who also helped to decode hieroglyphic writing by helping to decipher the famous Egyptian Rosetta Stone... Lux / LUX: Lux, meaning "light" or "mind". Sanborn has several other light projector sculptures. Two of them, known as the Caloosahatchee Manuscripts in Fort Myers, are situated near one another so that the light projections overlap one another. This sculpture is also called Lux . Lux (lx) is the scientific unit of illuminance, defined as lx=lumen/m^2. The unit for luminance is the candela/m^2, were the candela (cd) is luminous intensity. In Kryptos Sec. 1, if you overlay the solution letters on top of the encrypted letters, like a PALIMPSEST - the key for Sec. 1, you can make the word "LUX" appear where the word "LIGHT" is. Obviously, the unit candela is derived from the word "candle". Interesting... YQTQUXQBQVYUVLLTREVJYQTMKYRDMFD EOFLIGHTLIESTHENUANCEOFIQLUSION Perhaps the Q of misspelled iQlusion is pointing to this, since there are several Q's around this location. Likewise, the word "LIES" is immediately after "LIGHT" - perhaps tied in to the "deceit" media filter... Perhaps he made the "deceit" filter to point to this coincidence. Sanborn also has another art piece he made in the Bentonite Hills of UT, (also known as Rainbow Hills) where he projects the repeated word LUX onto the landscape & another one in Blue Mesa, UT. "M-94" Cipher Machine: If you read encrypted Sec. 4 of Kryptos right-to-left, then there is only one letter "M" and it is at position 94. This is a possible clue to the nature of the cipher method for Sec. 4. The M-94 cipher wheel system was also implemented in 1922, the same year as the opening of King Tut's tomb. see Cipher Wheel... Matrix: Sanborn refers to part of the solution as restoring the original "matrix". I believe that this means "matrix" in the archaeological sense, where the bottom four rows are regarded as an archeological DIG, and artifacts (i.e. suggestive words) are found in the surrounding "matrix". The shifting of the rows as part of the Sec. 3 instructions is the procedure for restoring the original "matrix". It is very similar to the operation of the M-94 cipher cylinder. This is also a bit how steganography would work, with words hidden in the matrix of surrounding letters. see Steganography, Hill cipher Metaphor: The entire sculpture, the decrypted sections, the keywords, and the Morse code phrases all imply that Kryptos is ultimately a metaphorical puzzle. James Sanborn himself says that he loves metaphor, and metaphor is the number one tool of artists. Sanborn is an artist first (his profession for many years), archaeologist second (his education), and cryptographer third (learned just before doing the Kryptos sculpture). From a few pages further in "The Tomb of TutAnkhAmen": Surely never before in the whole history of excavation had such an amazing sight been seen as the light of our torch revealed to us... Let him [the reader, or in this case, the decrypter] imagine how they appeared to us as we looked down upon them from our spy-hole in the blocked doorway, casting the beam of light from our torch -- the first light that had pierced the darkness of the chamber for three thousand years -- from one group of objects to another, in a vain attempt to interpret the treasure that lay before us. Metaphorical Encoding: The sneaky type of encoding used on Sec.4 of Kryptos. The encoding uses symbolism and metaphor, which makes it more like a puzzle than a strict classical type of encoding. This also leads to the "site-specific" nature of Kryptos, which Sanborn is known for. Minutia: One of Sanborn's Filter Media pieces, along with other filters with words for deceit, light, shadow, etc. Minutia means the "small details". Sanborn has placed a number of minutia in several of his sculptures. see Anomalous Features... Mispelled(sic) words: There is a single misspelled word in the first 3 sections. Some, but not all, of these have been confirmed to be deliberate. 1) IQLUSION 2) UNDERGRUUND 3) DESPARATLY These 3 letters spell the word "Qua", which means "in the character of". This could mean that Kryptos is itself a virtual crypt. Also, each of the misspelled letters is paired to a double letter: Q<--> LL Also, the misspelled letters encode to another possible message Q<-->K A<-->L which leads to Y (from L-RAY) This gives "KRY" leaving "PTOS" for section 4. "T is your position"->T-Pos->PTOS Thus, the word "KRYPTOS" is encoded in the sculpture again. Shannon Ruby of the Kryptos group noticed that the misspelled Q is at pos 57, the mispelled U at pos 179, and 179/57~3.1404, a pretty close approximation to the mathematical constant PI~3.1415. Also: the Q misspelling in Sec.1 is a reference to the Q beside the ?-doorway in decrypted Sec.3 the UU misspelling in Sec.2 is a reference to the W beside the ?-doorway in encrypted Sec.4 (UU = double-U = W) the A misspelling in Sec.3 is a reference to the ?-doorway, by means of the L-Ray -> XQ light rays pointing to the ?-doorway. There is also a possible misspelled word in the Morse code phrases: DIGETAL INTERPRETATI-? I believe that this gives an anagram, "Dig-tale", relating to the idea of Kryptos as a digital hieroglyphic scroll. Alternately, the Morse Code could be read as DIGeTALEee. See also Queens.... Missing letter X's / Additional letter X's: In 2006, Sanborn announced that the well-known solution to K2 had a "mistake" in it, that is was missing an "X" after the PT coordinates and before the phrase "ID BY ROW(S)". Inserting this "X" changes the latter part to "LAYER TWO". I believe that Sanborn was expecting someone to notice this absence of the X, but the fact that its removal led to believe PT prevented it till his announcement. I think he was attempting to hint that a letter/word must be inserted somewhere in the text. A likely candidate is after the "X Can you see anything, Q (?)" in K3, which leads to my theory of the "candle" in K4. He also requires extra characters to be added in the decryption of the large English COF, and placed extra "X"s after the PT of the Zola COF. MIST: "Details emerged from the mist." A clue that the word MIST needs to be formed to correctly decrypt section 4. The MIST rises vertically to the "T is your position" observation point, from the M-94 "M". Also, there is a "buried artifact" message in the double-letter MIST decryption. Also, this is metaphorical, with MIST referring to the scramble of letters from which the message will appear. Modular Transposition Encoding/Decoding: Sec.3 is solved by using a modular transposition decoding: [ decrypted=(192encrypted+192-1) mod 337 ]. There are numerous ways that this can be broken down into row-column transpositions using 336 characters and jumps of appropriate size. A favorite is (7 rows 48 columns), which uses the keyword KRYPTOS=0362514, for the row ordering. It can be shown that all of these row-column transpositions are mathematically equivalent to the more general modular transposition decoding. The "Covert Operations Fragment" from the Zola Spy Restaurant also uses Modular Transposition Encoding (with different parameters d=(16e+16-1) mod 513), and like Sec.3 of Kryptos, gives a paraphrased account of Howard Carter's opening of King Tut's tomb, in which the wording has been slightly altered. see Zola and Altered Wording... Morse Code Phrases: There are several Morse code phrases cut into the copper plate sections of the large slabs at the front entrance. . . ...- .. .-. - ..- .- .-.. .-.. -.-- . \| . . . . . . .. -. ...- .. ... .. -... .-.. . e e V I R T U A L L Y e \| e e e e e e I N V I S I B L E -.. .. --. . - .- .-.. . . . \| .. -. - . .-. .--. .-. . - .- - .. -cut D I G E T A L e e e \| I N T E R P R E T A T I -? or D I G e T A L E e e \| I N T E R P R E T A T I -? (possibly "Interpretation" or "Interpret at I" . . ... .... .- -.. --- .-- . . \| ..-. --- .-. -.-. . ... . . . . . e e S H A D O W e e \| F O R C E S e e e e e .-.. ..- -.-. .. -.. . . . \| -- . -- --- .-. -.-- . L U C I D e e e \| M E M O R Y e - .. ... -.-- --- ..- .-. \| .--. --- ... .. - .. --- -. (.)? T I S Y O U R \| P O S I T I O N (e)? ... --- ... .-. --.- R Q Each of these phrases gives a metaphorical clue in the decryption of Kryptos. Each of the long phrases can be loosely paired with phrases from the Sec.2 Secret Message as well. The extra e's represent either errors or pauses in transmission, and may have some other cryptic meaning in decoding Kryptos. There are 25 of them total. So maybe we should concentrate on something at 26, the W before the ?-doorway. Also, since there are 25 "pauses", or "dead air", perhaps they are a hint about the "AIR" at position 25 in the Sec. 4 crypt decoding. Mummy Room, The: A James Sanborn exhibition ( 7' x 10' x 4' ) from 1983 at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, containing (NFS compasses, lodestone, fool's gold, basalt, sandstone, theatrical lights, and the mummified corpse of Ti Ameny Net in a polychromed wooden case - Egyptian, 22nd Dynasty, on loan from the University of Richmond Ancient World Gallery Collection - ). Apparently, the mummy was that of a lower rank Egyptian princess. The mummy has been X-rayed and CT scanned, but not unwrapped. There is apparently a scroll in the lower portion of the wrappings that has never been opened - still inside the wrappings. I would like to know more about this exhibit if anyone has any information about it or pictures of it. One source of info (from UVA-Richmond, the mummy's home) said that the display was quite dramatic and beautiful, but unfortunately he had no pictures. It seems relevant to the solution of Kryptos in my opinion. Kryptos may be the "interactive" embodiment of this "quest" idea. According to James Sanborn, "...I was very influenced by the natural sciences and had tremendous interest in archaeology and geology... ...I employ natural objects and found objects and use them in large measure for their metaphorical content. For example, in 1983 I borrowed an Egyptian mummy from a university archaeology department and used it in an installation I did at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts...". Note added later: I finally got a pic from Elonka at the 2005 DragonCon!! see also Invisible Forces and the Art of the Quest... "N"-line of Tableau: This is the line with the extra L on the tableau side and the superscript characters "YA_R" on the cipher side. Necropolis Seals: The H's found in the "doorways" could be the Necropolis seals of the tomb, both on the outer and inner "doors". Necropolis Seal see Doors Null characters: There seem to be "null" characters in the section 2 and 3 plaintexts. There are (4-X's) in Sec.2 and (1-X,1-Q) in Sec.3. Other than simply throwing off frequency analysis, there may be further meaning to these characters. O: Hieroglyphic symbol of the Sun disk of Re/Ra. Used in many of the cartouches of the Pharaohs of Egypt, as well as other hieroglyphs. O T: Hieroglyphic symbol of an Ankh, the Egyptian symbol for Life. Oddities that need explanation: There are a number of odd features of the Kryptos sculpture. In no particular order there are: Morse code phrases with extra dits, stacks of rock slabs, an inscribed compass and actual lodestone, a small pond, jagged-lined text over smooth-lined text, superscript/raised-font letters, partially indented letters, an extra letter "L" on the Tableau side, a missing letter "X" in the K2 PT, unusual keywords, mysterious plaintexts, misspelled words with letters that possibly encode to the word "Kryptos", plaintext that has been altered slightly from the source text, extra "null" characters (X's,Q,?), statistically significant doubled letters in section 4, suggestive words in the encrypted form of the text, curious hints in the plaintexts, etc. Any final solution will need to explain all of these features. John's metaphorical solution to Sec.4 seems to provide this explanation. OSS - Office of Strategic Services (predecessor agency of the CIA): As noted by Dale, OSS could be an anagram for SOS, and written backwards as SSO, which is the interesting bit of code that moves to under the "tiny breach" when you follow K3 as instructions to carry out on K4. The OSS was the predecessor agency of the CIA. See SOS... Other elements around Kryptos: Compass, needle attracted by lodestone, south-end pointing approx. 15-30 degrees N of E Several 4-layered stone blocks/slabs, 2 of which are on either end of a small pond Pyramid design on corner of a "kite/shield-shaped" block A couple of large colored (one white, one reddish-brown) stones near the sculpture itself Morse code phrases on copper plate covering part of granite slabs: Other Kryptos Sculptures & related encryptions: see Code Room 1990, Antipodes, Covert Balance, Untitled Kryptos Sculpture, Covert Operations Fragment-Zola Spy Restaurant, etc. PALIMPSEST: The keyword for solving section 1. A palimpsest is a type of scroll in which some of the text has been partially erased and reused, with the erased part sometimes still somewhat visible underneath the new writing. Kryptos is designed to be an interactive palimpsest when you follow the instructions of section 3 to decrypt section 4. There is multiple reuse of the letters in the code. This is a really clever way to design a palimpsest. Also, as noted by Gian Chreteau of the Kryptos group, an alternate definition of Palimpsest is: "An object, place, or area that reflects its history". If Kryptos is a virtual crypt and digital scroll, then this definition also seems to apply quite nicely. Kryptos qua "crypt", an object that reflects its history. Passage / passageway: see Head and YA_R: Petrified wood: The "roll" of the "scroll" in the Kryptos sculpture is made from petrified wood, implying that it is an "ancient scroll". This also perhaps implies that the solution refers to an ancient tomb, that of King Tutankhamen. The petrified wood is a metaphor for the embalmed mummy. Pictures of Kryptos stuff: Jim Gillogly's Kryptos Pictures + Elonka's Kryptos Pics Poem/Poetry: Section 1 of Kryptos is a short poem. "Between subtle shading and the absence of light lies the nuance of iqlusion (sic)" According to Sanborn, these were carefully chosen words, implying that there is deeper meaning. Pond/Pool: There is a small pond with granite slab structures on either side in the wooded part of the inner courtyard, not too far from the Kryptos sculpture. It is a secondary part of the Kryptos sculpture, and is a possible metaphor for the entrance to the Egyptian underworld. (Note that the walkway entrance to the CIA headquarters building is between the front entrance slabs.) There appear to be water lilies in the pond, which may be related to the Tut wooden head rising from a blue lotus (blue water lily) found in the rubble blocking the passageway. see HEAD... There is also a very small circular pool right next to the Kryptos sculpture. This pool supposedly has a pump in it that makes the water circulate and bubble. Possible Hints: Sanborn has some other light projections and filters, in which he displays various words, such as: Inganno (Italian: deceit), Tromperie (French: deceit), Kryptos (Greek: hidden/secret), Obmah (Russian: deceit), Falta (Spanish: deceit), Fallacia (Latin: deceit), Lux (Latin: light), Ombre (French: shadow), CBET (Russian: light), Minutia (English: small details), TEHb (Russian: shadow), Inclinare/Aequus (Latin: bais/unbaised) - note that Kryptos and TEHb were definitely used on the encrypted sculptures. see Filter Media Exhibition Q's and X's: See X -> Q light rays, as well as all the extra X's in K2 "QS": Under "subtle shading" lighting conditions, the letters QS seem to appear on the white rock sitting just beside the Kryptos Sculpture. Perhaps extra emphasis on Q's? Maybe reference to the "Queens"? iQlusion? id by row S? Who knows? Only WW apparently... Q-Signals / Morse Code: Paul of the Kryptos group has noted that the final Q in Sec.3, just before the ? may be referring to Morse code Q-Signals. These are apparently a standardized code for many messages regarding travel by air and ocean. See a Q-Signals website for more details. This is particularly interesting since there is a Q-signal for "What is your position/location", which may be related to the "(Wha)t is your position" Morse code message at the sculpture. see also Morse Code "QUA"/Q--U-->: The misspelled letters from the first 3 sections of Kryptos. Q in IQLUSION is char 57 U in UNDERGRUUND is char 179 A in DESPARATLY is char 525 "QUA" is Latin meaning "in the character of" - hence, Kryptos QUA crypt --> Kryptos in the character of a crypt. As pointed out by Butch of the Kryptos group, these positions sum to 761, which the W just before the ?-doorway. Again, this seems to indicate that part 4 is an "Underground Illusion"... which only WW knows... QUA could also be some kind of back-reference to the Quagmire encoding scheme. Also, the line from Q through U points to the word DIG at the very bottom. Quagmire Enciphering: The technical name of the encoding scheme shown on the Kryptos sculpture is called Quagmire III. It is a modification of the standard Vigen�re encoding, in that it uses a "keyed" cipher-alphabet and lookup, as well as the regular Vigen�re keyword. "Queens": There are a couple of references to Queens. The misspelled words paired to double letters can spell QUEEN if there is an "N" in section 4. Also, there are 2 "Queens of Egypt" almost visible in section 2 and section 3. There is XUEEN on line 6 and QHEEN on line 19. Also, note that perhaps the "X can you see anything Q" is used here. Take the first misspelled letter "Q" from IQLUSION. XUEEN-->becomes QUEEN. Take the 2nd misspelled letter "U" from UNDERGRUUND. QHEEN-->becomes QUEEN. These "Queens" form part of the X --> Q light ray which points to the ?-doorway. see also Royal... Quest: see Invisible Forces and the Art of the Quest... Raised-font letters: see Superscript letters. Re / Ra: The Egyptian Sun god and god of light. His name is involved in some of the X->Q light rays, particularly the one in the lower-right corner of the virtual tomb. Also see HEAD... Related sculptures & texts: Several of Sanborn's encoded sculptures, as well some others, seem to be intricately related! Take Kryptos as the central sculpture. Antipodes/Covert Balance/Untitled combines the encrypted text of Kryptos and the Cyrillic Projector. The Cyrillic Projector (KGB related) contrasts with Kryptos (CIA related), with similar physical styles and encryption methods. The Cyrillic Projector (Karl Marx-Communism) contrasts with Adam Smith's Spinning Top (Adam Smith-Capitalism) at same location, UNCC Business Admin Bldg. Zola Spy Restaurant Covert Operations Fragment and Kryptos Section 3 both decode to the Howard Carter account of opening King Tut's Tomb. Quite a few of these use standing water-jet-cut bronze sheets, in either cylindrical or S-shape forms. The best site to see all of these is Elonka's comprehensive James Sanborn artwork list . ( GalleryArt , Exhibitions ) Adam Smith/Wealth of Nations: See all of the above... Row-Column Transposition Encoding/Decoding: Sec.3 is solved by using a modular transposition decoding: [ decrypted=(192encrypted+192-1) mod 337 ]. There are numerous ways that this can be broken down into row-column transpositions using 336 characters and jumps of appropriate size. A favorite is (7 rows 48 columns), which uses the keyword KRYPTOS=0362514, for the row ordering. It can be shown that all of these row-column transpositions are mathematically equivalent to the more general modular transposition decoding. "Royal" Clue: lokseal2004 of the Kryptos group noticed in Sept 2005 that the upraised letters and the correct letters of the misspellings in part one and two rearranged (an anagram) spell "ROYAL", maybe being a clue to part three. I like this idea also. I had noticed the two almost "QUEENS", and the almost "ROYAL" in the CT all line up nicely in Courier (equal spaced) font to line up the X's and Q's from the XQ "Light" to the ?-doorway of K4. see also Queens & X->Q Light Ray. Again, this seems to indicate that "shining the light" into K4 reveals Tut's tomb. "RQ" Morse Code: The Morse code for "request" or interrogative / ?. It represents the need in part 4 for the CANDLE to be inserted. The symbolic compass in encrypted Sec.4 is made from the letters RRQQ. It points to the "T is your position" location. RuneQuest Cipher Challenge: A cipher puzzle inspired by Kryptos, designed by John B. Wilson, after having played with the mystery of Kryptos for over a year. It employs some similar encoding techniques and has a number of subtle clues and mysteries itself. One of its major benefits is that it doesn't require a CIA pass to go have a look at it. In my own (not so humble) opinion, it is as elaborate and intriguing as Kryptos, and perhaps more challenging. Its final solution is very cool. John's RuneQuest Cipher Challenge! Win $$$ "S", from ID-by-row-S: "S, 19th letter of the English alphabet. It first appeared in its modern form in the Roman alphabet, as the equivalent of the Greek letter sigma, ultimately derived from an Egyptian hieratic character based on the hieroglyph for an inundated garden. The s sound, technically known as a sibilant consonant, may be either voiceless or voiced. The letter s is occasionally given the phonetic value of sh or zh in words such as sure and treasure; it is silent in a few words, including aisle and debris." The inundated garden is a typical garden along the Egyptian Nile river, which periodically floods. This is related to a flower, the blue lotus water lily, which is native to Egypt and can be found along the Nile. See water lily... and LAYER TWO... Sanborn, James: Sculptor and creator of the Kryptos sculpture. He has made a number of famous cryptic encoded-message sculptures over the years. These also include the "Untitled" Kryptos Pieces, also known as "Antipodes". The "Covert Operations Fragments" in the Zola Spy Restaurant also seem to be related. He says he likes to play with "Light and Shadow". Scheidt, Edward M.: Retired CIA cryptographer and consultant for designing the code of the Kryptos sculpture. He "saved the best for last". Seals/Necropolis Seals: The H's found in the two "doors" may be the "seals" of the Necropolis inspectors that sealed Tut's tomb, both at the bottom and top of the passageway. see Doors... Necropolis Seal Seeing Things: What a lot of other people involved in the hunt for the solution of K4 think that John is doing. ;-) However, it says "X Can you see anything Q ?" at the end of K3. Secret Message: Part 2 of Kryptos sounds like an interrupted secret message transmission. There are 5 sections, cut/interrupted by X's, each of which can be roughly correlated to the 5 "long" Morse code phrases. Note with the new final X, there would be 6 sections... See LAYER TWO. Scroll: The outside structure of Kryptos resembles an ancient scroll. It is this detail which leads to the clue for section 1 which is the word PALIMPSEST, which is a particular type of scroll. In the final part of section 4, the bottom section of Kryptos is decoded as a digital hieroglyphic scroll. See hieroglyphs. Shadow / TEHb: Shadow is the English translation of the Russian word TEHb, the keyword for the Cyrillic Projector cipher-alphabet. see also Antipodes and Filter Media Exhibit... "Shadow Forces" Morse Code: One of the Morse code phrases at the front entrance. Possible reference to the CIA, and maybe to Egyptian deities. Also, maybe "Forces Shadow"="4 says Shadow", so we need a light. Also, related to the 3rd part of the Sec.2 secret message, "Does Langley know about this..." Smooth Edges: The bottom 4 lines of the cipher side are smooth. The lines above are jagged. See Jagged Edges. "SOS" Morse Code / "SSO" in Sec. 4 / OSS: This SOS Morse code message is next to a "tiny breach" in the rock slab. This is mirrored by the "SSO" letters just under where the metaphorical "tiny breach" is in the decrypted Sec.4, where the CANDLE is placed. Also, this is a distress call reference to the need for a light on ancient ships, or in this case a CANDLE. The "SSO"'s are also placed directly underneath the ?-doorways in the related Kryptos sculptures, "Untitled" and "Antipodes" Interestingly, consider the following: as seen from above, Kryptos appears as an "S", Antipodes appears as an "S", and the Cyrillic Projector appears as an "O". Kryptos-Antipodes-Cyrillic Projector --> SSO. Also, reading backwards, we get OSS, the predecessor agency of the CIA. See OSS... Source Documents: Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids, and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs, by Lorna Oakes and Lucia Gahlin. The section entitled "The Discovery of Tutankhamun's Tomb", pgs. 114 & 115. Of course, the information was taken from an earlier version, as the book has been reprinted many times. These 2 pages have the source text of section 3, Howard Carter's account, with almost correct wording, and more descriptions which can be found in the section 4 virtual crypt. These pages are most likely copied from an earlier source document with the same or similar material. See also Head in passageway... Slowly, desperately slowly, it seemed to us as we watched, the remains of the passage debris that encumbered the lower part of the doorway were removed, until at last, the whole door was clear before us. The decisive moment had come. With trembling hands I made a tiny breach in the upper left-hand corner. Darkness and blank space as far as I could reach, showing that whatever lay beyond was empty and not filled like the passage we had just cleared. Candle tests were then applied as a precaution against foul gases, and then, widening the hole a little, I inserted a candle and peered in, Lord Carnarvon, Lady Evelyn and Callender standing anxiously nearby to hear the verdict. At first I could see nothing, the hot air escaping from the chamber causing the candle to flicker, but as my eyes grew accustomed to the gloom, details of the room within emerged slowly from the mist, strange statues and animals and gold, everywhere the glint of gold. For the moment, an eternity it must have seemed to those standing by, I was struck dumb with amazement, and when Lord Carnavon, unable to stand the suspense any longer, inquired anxiously, 'Can you see anything?' it was all I could do to get out the words, 'Yes. Wonderful things!' Then making the hole a little wider we inserted an electric torch. and indeed, we find the original quote in: The Tomb of TutAnkhAmen, by Howard Carter and A.C. Mace. Notice that there are slight differences in the texts. Slowly, desperately slowly it seemed to us as we watched, the remains of passage debris that encumbered the lower part of the doorway were removed, until at last we had the whole door clear before us. The decisive moment had arrived. With trembling hands I made a tiny breach in the upper left hand corner. Darkness and blank space, as far as an iron testing-rod could reach, showed that whatever lay beyond was empty, and not filled like the passage we had just cleared. Candle tests were applied as a precaution against possible foul gases, and then, widening the hole a little, I inserted the candle and peered in, Lord Carnarvon, Lady Evelyn and Callender standing anxiously beside me to hear the verdict. At first I could see nothing, the hot air escaping from the chamber causing the candle flame to flicker, but presently, as my eyes grew accustomed to the light, details of the room within emerged slowly from the mist, strange animals, statues, and gold - everywhere the glint of gold. For the moment - an eternity it must have seemed to the others standing by - I was struck dumb with amazement, and when Lord Carnavon, unable to stand the suspense any longer, inquired anxiously, 'Can you see anything?' it was all I could do to get out the words, 'Yes. Wonderful things.' Then widening the hole a little further, so that we both could see, we inserted an electric torch. The bottom paragraph seems to match Kryptos Sec. 3 and Zola more precisely. This places a greater incidence of altered wording into Kryptos Sec. 3 than into Zola, fitting the theory that Kryptos has more "stuff" in it. See Altered Wording... From a few pages further in "The Tomb of TutAnkhAmen": Surely never before in the whole history of excavation had such an amazing sight been seen as the light of our torch revealed to us... Let him [the reader, or in this case, the decrypter] imagine how they appeared to us as we looked down upon them from our spy-hole in the blocked doorway, casting the beam of light from our torch -- the first light that had pierced the darkness of the chamber for three thousand years -- from one group of objects to another, in a vain attempt to interpret the treasure that lay before us. Sphinx, Mystery of & Riddle of the Sphinx: Another Kryptos group member, Michael Abban, has made the following observations. If the top and bottom lines of encrypted Kryptos are combined, the paired letters act as an index on the tableau side, and the possible clue of "HUGEPAW" mixed in with other random letters is displayed. He also noted that in the decrypted form, the vertical word "LION" shares the same "L" with the horizontal word "LOCATION". Since there is the mysterious additional "L" on the tableau side, these could all be pointers to the Mystery of the Sphinx, the famous Egyptian statue which has a man's head, with Egyptian headdress, on the body of a huge, crouching lion. The Egyptian Sphinx is mysterious in and of itself, its origins having been lost to the mists of time. I would further note that the "Riddle of the Sphinx", from the ancient Greek tale of Oedipus fits in nicely with the whole Kryptos mystery. Steganography: Scheidt dropped a comment that he used a bit of steganography in K4. This fits well with the metaphorical decoding of words in the matrix. You have to find the words within the background structure. see Matrix Superscript letters: There are 3 letters which are in superscript font on the cipher side of the Kryptos sculpture, ENDYAHR. They are the 4th, 5th, and 7th letters of that row. They spell "YA_R". They are on the top line of the bottom plate. With the extra letter "L" on the same line on the tableau side, reading backwards gives "L-RAY", meaning "light ray". See also Extra letter "L". The raised letters, are surrounded by the characters which make up the partially indented DYAHR. The "H" is the symbolic seal protecting the opening of passageway to the tomb. It has been noted, I forget by who, that the corresponding letters on the Vigenere side are I,J,M, or anagram of JIM, for Jim Sanborn. EN DYAHR OHNLSRHEOCPTEOIBIDYSHNAIA \| NGHIJLMNQUVWXZKRYPTOSABCDEFGHIJL Symbolic Compass & Lodestone: The symbolic compass is a representation of the actual compass, and points to the "T is your position" letter "T" which is just in front of where the CANDLE needs to be inserted. The compass rose is made from the letters RRQQ, with VV representing the needle vane. The RQ's are a reference to the RQ Morse code message, which indicate that something is needed here, since RQ is Morse code for a "request". LL represents the lodestone. Also, you can make the words "ROSE" and "LODESTONE" from the letters nearby. The symbolic compass points to the "T" is your position letter, and helps to locate the position of the CANDLE to be inserted. BTW, the RQ Morse code message was driving me crazy in terms of what its significance was until I found this. See Compass & Lodestone. AECTDDHILCEIHSITEGOEAOSDDRYDLORIT RQ - meaning "? / interrogative / a request for something" QV - meaning "quod vide = which sees" VR - meaning "virtual reality, in this case the virtual tomb of Tutankhamen" Overall, need something which allows the virtual tomb to be seen... Symbolism: The 4th section of the Kryptos sculpture apparently uses quite a bit of symbolism. This includes a symbolic RRQQ compass and lodestone which is used to locate the metaphorical ?-doorway. Also, the solution to part 4 uses the idea of KRYPTOS qua crypt. The 4th section is a symbolic tomb and hieroglyphic scroll. You can see the letters for USE SYMBOLS beside the LOOK message. "T is your position" Morse Code: This is one of the main clues for solving section 4. Once the CANDLE is inserted, you would be standing at the "T" just in front of it. This "T" is also indicated by the symbolic compass & lodestone. This Morse code phrase is also next to the actual compass and lodestone. Also, related to the 5th part of the Sec.2 secret message, "38 degrees, 57 minutes, 6.5 seconds...". Also, this is the last part of the misspelled letters for Kryptos, "KRY-PTOS". [PTOS -> TPOS -> T-POS -> T is your position] See Misspelled Letters... The Da Vinci Code: see Da Vinci Code, The and Dan Brown... THEMIST: This is the actual beginning of the section 4 tomb, and the beginning point from which the details will emerge. Basically, the bottom 4 rows of Kryptos are the virtual crypt. This means that bottom line of section 3 gets reused, fitting in with the palimpsest concept. The Tomb of TutAnkhAmen: Original source of the text of Kryptos Sec. 3 and Zola Spy-Convert Ops Fragment. See Source Documents and Altered Wording... Tomb: Section 4 of Kryptos is a virtual tomb. It represents the actual tomb of King Tutankhamen, discovered by Howard Carter. Note: the Egyptian word/hieroglyph for "tomb" is "HWT", and this can be found in the virtual tomb. Tutankhamen / Tutankhamon/ Tutankhamun/ Tut: The various English transliterations of Tut's name. See King Tut U = W: See W = U... UNDERGRUUND: The misspelled word of Section 2. Reference to the virtual tomb of Section 4. The "U" encodes to an "R" in KRYPTOS. "Untitled" Kryptos Piece / Antipodes / Covert Balance: Pics and transcript of "Untitiled" available here & Hirshhorn Antipodes/Covert Balance pics & info here . These "sister" sculptures contain the text of the actual Kryptos sculpture, but with different ordering and alignments, as well as a few other oddities apart from the actual Kryptos. These sculptures begin with section 3 of the real Kryptos. The line widths are a bit longer than on the real Kryptos, enough to have the full word "KRYPTOS" at the start and end of the top line of the cipher-alphabet. There is an extra SPACE , or gap, inserted once at what would be the end of the real Kryptos and before where it starts repeating. However, this extra space oddly doesn't occur at the second repetition. There is a smooth edge on the 2nd repeat of the section 4 text. The superscript characters are not present, and there don't appear to be any indented letters. Elonka noticed on her 05/14/2004 visit that there are two dots , surrounding the letter .F. which decodes to a W of the "only WW knows" section. \|VIDXFLGGTEZ?FKZBS.F.DQVGOGIPUFXHHDRKF\| \|ACTLOCATION?ONLYW.W.THISWASHISLASTMES\| \|1234567890123456789012345678901234567\| I believe that Sanborn is trying to give more clues about how to decrypt the actual Kryptos with these sculptures. The extra inserted space, "a tiny breach", is next to (North-East of) the letters R and Q, a reference to the Morse code "RQ", and ultimately to the symbolic RRQQ compass which is in the real Kryptos. A "T" is nearby as well. The inserted space is also on the 13th line, which could be a reference to the fact that the tomb was 13 feet below ground. The ?-doorway is just above the " SSO " letters in both parts of Untitled, which is a reference to the "SOS" Morse code which is near a tiny breach in the real sculpture, and which is near the tiny breach symbolically in section 4. The ?-doorway above the "SSO" letters in both places seems intentional since it occurs in both places despite the varying line lengths. Another clue could be the vertical word "MOO" next to the ?-doorway in both places. As weird as this may sound, this may point to the vertically placed word "COW" in section 4 of the real sculpture, where the "W" is part of Tut's name as "TWT", and which was hinted at by frequency analysis of Sec. 1. The superscript characters are not present here since the spacing is now wrong from the "outside entrance" to the "?-doorway" position (not 16 steps). The dots around the decoded .W. may again be emphasizing the importance of the W before the ?-doorway, and also point out the idea that the Morse code phrases are applicable to that point. If we decode it to Morse code then we get "EWE" ( = W = U = "You"). see "COW"... Vigen�re Encoding/Decoding: A fairly simple substitution cipher method. First, a cipher alphabet is created according to a primary keyword. Ex. KRYPTOSABCDEFGHIJLMNQUVWXZ. There are still only 26 letters used, but the ordering has changed. Next, rows of this alphabet are created with different offsets according to a secondary keyword. Finally, the message is created by using letter substitution, moving down the rows with each letter to be encoded. Start back at the top row once the bottom is reached. Decoding uses the exact same process, but reversing the offset directions. This type of encoding is used on Sections 1 and 2 of Kryptos, as well as a modified form in Sanborn's Cyrillic Projector. Antipodes combines both the Kryptos code, and the Cyrillic Projector code, plus a bit more Cyrillic. see also Quagmire encoding... "Virtually Invisible" Morse Code: This Morse code clue becomes understandable once the Section 4 crypt is created. The hidden words are totally visible, yet "virtually invisible" unless you understand the context of the message. Also, related to the 1st part of the Sec.2 secret message, "It was totally invisible..." Virtual Tomb / Virtual Crypt: Section 4 of Kryptos is a "virtual" tomb. It is a metaphor for the real tomb of King Tutankhamen. This is very clever, as Tut has now been "encrypted", in both senses of the word, encrypted into a code, and encrypted into a tomb. Water Lily / Egyptian Blue Lotus: There appear to be water lilies in the pond in the inner courtyard. The Egyptian Blue Lotus is a particular type of water lily native to the Nile region, and had religious significance in the Egyptian mythos. Tut's body was covered with these Lotus petals when found. A hint about a sculpture of Tut's head rising from a blue lotus leads to the idea that Section 4 is a Virtual Crypt. see Pond... W = U: In Egyptian transliteration, the letter's W and U are identical. Therefore, for instance, TWT = TUT. There also seems to be a W = U = e.w.e ="You" interpretation from the "Only W.W. knows" on the Untitled Kryptos sculpture. This seems to relate to the metaphorical solution of Sec. 4 where the W in front of the ?-doorway is the metaphorical "You". See Untitled... Wilson, John B.: Amateur cryptographer and an excellent programmer (background in physics, math, computing, gaming), under the [possibly mistaken -- nah! ;-)] assumption that he has solved Kryptos Sec. 4, at least metaphorically. You are looking at his pages now... He spent about a year being obsessed with Kryptos and the result are these webpages. Good luck to anyone else who gets the same obsession to solve Part 4, it will take over your brain. He came up the idea of reading Sec. 3 as metaphorical instructions to carry out on Sec. 4 about five days after hearing about the Kryptos sculpture from Elonka Dunin at DragonCon. He had an intuitive flash that it would work before he actually did it. It led to COFFINS and TUT. Later, after correctly word wrapping the bottom rows, was happily impressed to find EGYPT. Then, after a chance discovery in a bookstore, noticed the HEAD in the passageway. Not one, but THREE, "That's got to be it" elated discovery moments... Is he wrong? James Sanborn finally did answer an email with "Dear John, This is not the way, Jim". In the mean time, John has created his own cipher challenge, John's RuneQuest Cipher Challenge! Win $$$ , which is just as elaborate and intricate as Kryptos. WW, Only WW knows...: "Who knows the exact location? Only WW." Quote from the 2nd section of Kryptos. Supposedly refers to William Webster, the CIA director (May 26, 1987 - Aug 31, 1991) at the time of the Kryptos installation (Nov 3, 1990). Also, probably a reference to the Egyptian priests or necropolis inspectors who buried King Tut. Could also be a reference to Walt Whitman's poem " Salut " (Egypt part 10) and Whitman's obsession with the design of his own crypt, which is made from huge granite blocks weighing tons. "W" is a great symbolic representation of a mummy's hands folded across the breast. I see Egypt and the Egyptians, I see the pyramids and obelisks. I look on chisell'd histories, records of conquering kings, dynasties, cut in slabs of sand-stone, or on granite-blocks, I see at Memphis mummy-pits containing mummies embalm'd, swathed in linen cloth, lying there many centuries, I look on the fall'n Theban, the large-ball'd eyes, the side-drooping neck, the hands folded across the breast. There is also the possibility of further clues about WW on the Cyrillic Projector sculpture, on which Sanborn altered the normal alphabet order of the 2 Cyrillic W's. He also had the 2nd message CT begin with a W, but it begins at the end of the line, and would lie on top of the moved W of the tableau side. X's of decoded section 2: The X's of decoded section 2 are unnecessary from a decryption viewpoint, other than perhaps throwing off the frequency analysis. They are used to break up the secret message, and are a reference to the ABSCISSA keyword. There may also be some further meaning as well. The outline from connecting them is approximately the same shape as the extra ground stone near Kryptos, the one with the pyramid shaped feature etched on it... X Can you see anything Q ?: Following this question is the vertical word LOOK if section 3 is decoded. See X -> Q light rays and Queens... X -> Q light rays: The X's and Q's are unnecessary in the Sec. 3 decryption. They are not part of the original "quote" They are a clue to the X-->Q-->(?-doorway) light rays. The Light Rays come from the odd superscript letters and extra letter: L-RAY. The X-->Q light-ray of decoded Sec. 3 point to the ?-doorway. The X-->Q light-ray of encoded Sec. 2 point to the ?-doorway. Also, the encoded XQ in Sec. 1 decodes to the word LIGHT and is on the light path. The shifting of the MIST places an XQ pair in the lower right hand corner, again on the light ray path. Interesting that RA (Egyptian god of light) was in that corner previously. There is also a possible X-->Q light-ray pointing to a buried artifact message. See Queens... YA_R: The superscript characters near the beginning of Section 3. They indicate the position of the entrance to the passageway to the tomb. They are also part of the L-RAY = light ray message. There are 16 "steps" between the "H" opening and the "C" of the inserted CANDLE. There is also the vertical word HEAD, in the rubble blocking the entrance. As noted by another Kryptos group member, "YA" is the Russian letter Я, the backwards R. If this is indeed Sanborn's intention, then it makes the upper doorway theory all the more symmetric. see Head... END ЯHROHNLSRHEOCPTEOIBIDYSHNAIA NEIADIEISCWOLRSMGC\|DGLKRNSHIRAPSEEE XAEAEELGAITETAADX\|NNITTARNNHULRGTT After removing the extraneous/repeated end characters, the Zola fragments decode to another* version of Howard Carter's account in his discovery to King Tut's tomb: [ SLOWLY DESPERATELY SLOWLY IT SEEMED TO US AS WE WATCHED THE REMAINS OF PASSAGE DEBRIS THAT ENCUMBERED THE LOWER PART OF THE DOORWAY WERE REMOVED UNTIL AT LAST WE HAD THE WHOLE DOOR CLEAR BEFORE US THE DECISIVE MOMENT HAD ARRIVED WITH TREMBLING HANDS I MADE A TINY BREACH IN THE UPPER LEFT HAND CORNER DARKNESS AND BLANK SPACE AS FAR AS AN IRON TESTING ROD COULD REACH SHOWED THAT WHATEVER LAY BEYOND WAS EMPTY AND NOT FILLED LIKE THE PASSAGE WE HAD JUST CLEARED CANDLE TESTS WERE APPLIED AS A PRECAUTION AGAINST POSSIBLE FOUL GASES AND THEN WIDENING THE HOLE A LITTLE I INSERTED THE CANDLE AND PEERED IN I COULD SEE NOTHING X X ] Modular Transpose decryption [decrypted=(16encrypted+15) mod 513] Zola Covert Operations Fragment was solved by Keith Edkins in Dec 2003. It is very similar in encoding method (only different parameters) and plaintext (minor differences) to Sec.3 of Kryptos. Note: the "I could see nothing" is interesting here since there is nothing following this text. In the Kryptos Sec. 3, it says "Can you see anything?", implying that there IS something there (in Kryptos Sec.4) to be seen. Note also: the fact that the first 4 encoded letters are "DINE" and the on the same line is the word "SATE", along with the fact that this sculpture is in a restaurant, strongly imply that the encoding method, parameters, and exact wording were chosen to give this result. Likewise, you can find the "scrambled" words "SPY" and "SPIES" in several locations, and possilbly "SOLA ~ for ZOLA" and "CODE". from Carter's quote in The Tomb of TutAnkhAmen: Only the extra X's have been appended to the end... Slowly, desperately slowly it seemed to us as we watched, the remains of passage debris that encumbered the lower part of the doorway were removed, until at last we had the whole door clear before us. The decisive moment had arrived. With trembling hands I made a tiny breach in the upper left hand corner. Darkness and blank space, as far as an iron testing-rod could reach, showed that whatever lay beyond was empty, and not filled like the passage we had just cleared. Candle tests were applied as a precaution against possible foul gases, and then, widening the hole a little, I inserted the candle and peered in, Lord Carnarvon, Lady Evelyn and Callender standing anxiously beside me to hear the verdict. At first I could see nothing (X X*), the hot air escaping from the chamber causing the candle flame to flicker, but presently, as my eyes grew accustomed to the light, details of the room within emerged slowly from the mist, strange animals, statues, and gold - everywhere the glint of gold. For the moment - an eternity it must have seemed to the others standing by - I was struck dumb with amazement, and when Lord Carnavon, unable to stand the suspense any longer, inquired anxiously, 'Can you see anything?' it was all I could do to get out the words, 'Yes. Wonderful things.' Then widening the hole a little further, so that we both could see, we inserted an electric torch. see also, for another modified version	i don't know
What American photographer and environmentalist is best remembered for his black and white photos of the West, especially Yosemite National Park in the early half of the 20th century?	1000+ images about ANSEL ADAMS on Pinterest \| Ansel adams, Ansel adams photography and Ansel adams photos Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas ANSEL ADAMS Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American photographer and environmentalist. His black-and-white landscape photographs of the American West, especially Yosemite National Park, have been widely reproduced on calendars and posters, and in books.[1] 234 Pins828 Followers	Ansel Adams
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a US federal agency, is headquartered in what U.S. city?	Be Inspired - Make your own path in Fine Art Photography - 121Clicks.com Share on Facebook Tweet on Twitter Developing photography skills goes beyond just using a camera and related software. No matter how comfortable you are technically, you will become a complete photographer only when your own personal style and artistic perspective is reflected in your work. As you learn to appreciate others’ work, your own style will naturally evolve. What inspires and motivates you? What are your primary interests? Whatever they are, you can cultivate these interests by exposing yourself to different photographic styles and techniques. I am going to introduce specialized photographers in particular area. It is an opportunity for you to critique and practice identifying those elements that you like and enjoy. This week, we are introducing Masters in Fine Art Photography. You can check their further works in their portfolio links and inspire. Ansel Adams Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West, especially in Yosemite National Park. Wikipedia \| Website Richard Avedon Richard Avedon (May 15, 1923 – October 1, 2004) was an American photographer. An obituary, published in The New York Times following Avedon’s death said that, “his fashion and portrait photographs helped define America’s image of style, beauty and culture for the last half-century Wikipedia \| Website Ruth Bernhard Ruth Bernhard (October 14, 1905 – December 18, 2006) was an American photographer. Bernhard was born in Berlin and studied at the Berlin Academy of Art from 1925–27. Bernhard’s father, Lucian Bernhard, was known for his poster and typeface design. Wikipedia \| Website Werner Bischof Werner Bischof (26 April 1916 – 16 May 1954) was a Swiss photographer and photojournalist. Bischof was born in Zürich, Switzerland. When he was six years old, the family moved to Waldshut, Germany, where he subsequently went to school. In 1932, having abandoned studies to become a teacher, he enrolled at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Zürich, where he graduated cum laude in 1936. Wikipedia \| Website \| Magnum Photos Bill Brandt Bill Brandt (3 May 1904 – 20 December 1983) was an influential British photographer and photojournalist known for his high-contrast images of British society and his landscapes. Wikipedia \| Website Henri Cartier-Bresson Henri Cartier-Bresson (August 22, 1908 – August 3, 2004) was a French photographer considered to be the father of modern photojournalism. He was an early adopter of 35 mm format, and the master of candid photography. He helped develop the “street photography” or “real life reportage” style that has influenced generations of photographers who followed. Wikipedia \| Website \| Magnum Photos Marilyn Bridges Marilyn Bridges (born, 26 December 1948) is an American photographer noted for her aerial photographs of ancient and modern landscapes of extraordinary and often religious sites. Wikipedia \| Website Imogen Cunningham Imogen Cunningham (April 12, 1883 – June 24, 1976) was an American photographer known for her photography of botanicals, and industry. Wikipedia \| Website Bruce Davidson Bruce Davidson (born September 5, 1933 in Oak Park, Illinois) is an American photographer. He has been a member of Magnum agency since 1958. His photographs, notably those taken in Harlem, New York City, have been widely exhibited and published in a number of books. Wikipedia \| Website \| Magnum Photos Elliott Erwitt Elliott Erwitt (b. 26 July 1928 Paris, France) is an advertising and documentary photographer known for his black and white candid shots of ironic and absurd situations within everyday settings—the master of the “decisive moment”. Wikipedia \| Website \| Magnum Photos Ralph Gibson Ralph Gibson (b. January 16, 1939, Los Angeles, California) is an American art photographer best known for his photographic books. His images often incorporate fragments and mysterious undertones, building narrative meaning through contextualization and surreal juxtaposition. Wikipedia \| Website Milton Greene Milton H. Greene (March 14, 1922 in New York City – August 8, 1985 in Los Angeles) was a fashion and celebrity photographer. He was active for over four decades. He is best known for the photoshoots he did with Marilyn Monroe. Wikipedia \| Website Sam Haskins Sam Haskins, born Samuel Joseph Haskins (born 11 November 1926, died 26 November 2009), was a South African photographer best known for his contribution to photography, pre-Photoshop in-camera image montage, and his books, the most influential of which were Cowboy Kate (1965) and Haskins Posters (1973). Wikipedia \| Website \| Blog Frank Horvat Frank Horvat ( April 28th 1928 in Abbazia, now Opatija , Croatia ) is an Italian photographer. Horvat was born the son of a doctor. He went to Milan in the elementary school. In 1939 he fled with his family to Lugano in Switzerland , where he attended high school. Wikipedia \| Website George Krause George Krause (b. 1937, Philadelphia, PA) is an American artist photographer, now retired from the University of Houston where he established the photography department. Wikipedia \| Website O. Winston Link Ogle Winston Link (December 16, 1914 – January 30, 2001), known commonly as O. Winston Link, was an American photographer. He is best known for his black-and-white photography and sound recordings of the last days of steam locomotive railroading on the Norfolk & Western in the United States in the late 1950s. Wikipedia \| Website Robert Mapplethorpe Robert Mapplethorpe (November 4, 1946 – March 9, 1989) was an American photographer, known for his large-scale, highly stylized black and white portraits, photos of flowers and men. Wikipedia \| Website Jay Maisel Jay Maisel (born January 18, 1931, Brooklyn, New York) is an American color photographer. His awards include the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame,[1] the Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Society of Media Photographers, and the Infinity Award of the International Center of Photography. Maisel primarily shoots with a Nikon D3. Wikipedia \| Website Jeanloup Sieff Jeanloup Sieff (November 30, 1933 – 20 September 2000) was a fashion photographer. Sieff was born in Paris to parents of Polish origin. Wiikipedia \| Website Aaron Siskind Aaron Siskind (born December 4, 1903, New York, New York, U.S. died February 8, 1991, Providence, Rhode Island) was an American abstract expressionist photographer. In his biography he wrote that he began his foray into photography when he received a camera for a wedding gift and began taking pictures on his honeymoon. He quickly realized the artistic potential this offered. He worked in both New York City and Chicago. Wikipedia \| Website Jerry Uelsmann Jerry N. Uelsmann (born June 11, 1934) is an American photographer. Uelsmann was born in Detroit, Michigan. When he was in high school, his interest in photography sparked. He originally believed that using a camera could allow him to exist outside of himself, to live in a world captured through the lens. Wikipedia \| Website William Wegman William Wegman (b. December 2, 1943 in Holyoke, Massachusetts) is an artist best known for creating series of compositions involving dogs, primarily his own Weimaraners in various costumes and poses. Wikipedia \| Website Edward Weston Edward Henry Weston (March 24, 1886 – January 1, 1958) was a 20th century American photographer. He has been called “one of the most innovative and influential American photographers. Wikipedia \| Website Have I missed any Masters in Fine Art Photography? Please add the information in Comment Section. Thanks Guys. Like the article? Be sure to subscribe to our RSS feed , follow us on Twitter and Facebook to stay up on recent content. VN:F [1.9.20_1166]	i don't know
What can be a dressing, a language, and a condiment company?	Condiments - definition of Condiments by The Free Dictionary Condiments - definition of Condiments by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Condiments Also found in: Thesaurus , Medical , Wikipedia . con·di·ment n. A substance, such as a relish, vinegar, or spice, used to flavor or complement food. [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin condīmentum, from condīre, to season; see dhē- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] con′di·men′tal (-mĕn′tl) adj. condiment (Cookery) any spice or sauce such as salt, pepper, mustard, etc [C15: from Latin condīmentum seasoning, from condīre to pickle] con•di•ment something used to flavor food, as mustard, ketchup, salt, or spices. [1400–50; late Middle English < Middle French < Latin condīmentum spice =condī(re) to season] con`di•men′tal, adj. condiment - From Latin condimentum, from condire, "to pickle, preserve"; condiments are food substances used to heighten the natural flavor of foods, to stimulate the appetite, to aid digestion, or preserve certain foods. See also related terms for stimulate . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. condiment - a preparation (a sauce or relish or spice) to enhance flavor or enjoyment; "mustard and ketchup are condiments" relish - spicy or savory condiment dip - tasty mixture or liquid into which bite-sized foods are dipped flavorer , flavoring , flavourer , flavouring , seasoning , seasoner - something added to food primarily for the savor it imparts table mustard , mustard - pungent powder or paste prepared from ground mustard seeds catsup , cetchup , ketchup , tomato ketchup - thick spicy sauce made from tomatoes chili sauce - tomatoes and onions and peppers (sweet or hot) simmered with vinegar and sugar and various seasonings chutney , Indian relish - a spicy condiment made of chopped fruits or vegetables cooked in vinegar and sugar with ginger and spices steak sauce - pungent bottled sauce for steak taco sauce - spicy tomato-based sauce for tacos salsa - spicy sauce of tomatoes and onions and chili peppers to accompany Mexican foods mint sauce - sweetened diluted vinegar with chopped mint leaves cranberry sauce - sauce made of cranberries and sugar duck sauce , hoisin sauce - a thick sweet and pungent Chinese condiment horseradish - grated horseradish root marinade - mixtures of vinegar or wine and oil with various spices and seasonings; used for soaking foods before cooking soy sauce , soy - thin sauce made of fermented soy beans vinegar , acetum - sour-tasting liquid produced usually by oxidation of the alcohol in wine or cider and used as a condiment or food preservative sauce - flavorful relish or dressing or topping served as an accompaniment to food paste , spread - a tasty mixture to be spread on bread or crackers or used in preparing other dishes wasabi - the thick green root of the wasabi plant that the Japanese use in cooking and that tastes like strong horseradish; in powder or paste form it is often eaten with raw fish condiment	French
Although current evidence suggests that he was a maltster, not a brewer, what Founding Father lends his name to a brand of beer?	Condiment \| Define Condiment at Dictionary.com condiment [kon-duh-muh nt] /ˈkɒn də mənt/ Spell something used to give a special flavor to food, as mustard, ketchup, salt, or spices. Origin of condiment 1400-50; late Middle English < Middle French < Latin condīmentum spice, equivalent to condī(re) to season + -mentum -ment Related forms Examples from the Web for condiment Expand Contemporary Examples The Innocence of Father Brown G. K. Chesterton As a condiment, it provokes the appetite and assists digestion. Blazing Arrow Edward S. Ellis It was eaten with honey, butter, or milk, as kitchen or condiment. British Dictionary definitions for condiment Expand any spice or sauce such as salt, pepper, mustard, etc Word Origin C15: from Latin condīmentum seasoning, from condīre to pickle Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for condiment Expand n. early 15c., from Old French condiment (13c.), from Latin condimentum "spice, seasoning, sauce," from condire "to preserve, pickle, season," variant of condere "to put away, store," from com- "together" (see com- ) + -dere comb. form meaning "to put, place," from dare "to give" (see date (n.1)). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	i don't know
November 6, 1860 saw the election of the first ever Republican president when who won the right to lead our great nation?	Abraham Lincoln elected president - Nov 06, 1860 - HISTORY.com Abraham Lincoln elected president Publisher A+E Networks Abraham Lincoln is elected the 16th president of the United States over a deeply divided Democratic Party, becoming the first Republican to win the presidency. Lincoln received only 40 percent of the popular vote but handily defeated the three other candidates: Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Constitutional Union candidate John Bell, and Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas, a U.S. senator for Illinois. Lincoln, a Kentucky-born lawyer and former Whig representative to Congress, first gained national stature during his campaign against Stephen Douglas of Illinois for a U.S. Senate seat in 1858. The senatorial campaign featured a remarkable series of public encounters on the slavery issue, known as the Lincoln-Douglas debates, in which Lincoln argued against the spread of slavery, while Douglas maintained that each territory should have the right to decide whether it would become free or slave. Lincoln lost the Senate race, but his campaign brought national attention to the young Republican Party. In 1860, Lincoln won the party’s presidential nomination. In the November 1860 election, Lincoln again faced Douglas, who represented the Northern faction of a heavily divided Democratic Party, as well as Breckinridge and Bell. The announcement of Lincoln’s victory signaled the secession of the Southern states, which since the beginning of the year had been publicly threatening secession if the Republicans gained the White House. By the time of Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861, seven states had seceded, and the Confederate States of America had been formally established, with Jefferson Davis as its elected president. One month later, the American Civil War began when Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard opened fire on Union-held Fort Sumter in South Carolina. In 1863, as the tide turned against the Confederacy, Lincoln emancipated the slaves and in 1864 won reelection. In April 1865, he was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. The attack came only five days after the American Civil War effectively ended with the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox. For preserving the Union and bringing an end to slavery, and for his unique character and powerful oratory, Lincoln is hailed as one of the greatest American presidents. Related Videos	Abraham Lincoln
The DynaTac 8000x, the first mobile produced, was created by what company?	Abraham Lincoln \| Civil War Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation) . Template:Infobox President Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War , preserving the Union and ending slavery. Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln had been a country lawyer , an Illinois state legislator , a member of the United States House of Representatives , and twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate . As an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States , [1] Lincoln won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year. His tenure in office was occupied primarily with the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. He introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of slavery , issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Six days after the large-scale surrender of Confederate forces under General Robert E. Lee , Lincoln became the first American president to be assassinated . Lincoln had closely supervised the victorious war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including Ulysses S. Grant . Historians have concluded that he handled the factions of the Republican Party well, bringing leaders of each faction into his cabinet and forcing them to cooperate. Lincoln successfully defused the Trent affair , a war scare with Britain late in 1861. Under his leadership, the Union took control of the border slave states at the start of the war. Additionally, he managed his own reelection in the 1864 presidential election . Copperheads and other opponents of the war criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on the slavery issue. Conversely, the Radical Republicans , an abolitionist faction of the Republican Party, criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. Even with these opponents, Lincoln successfully rallied public opinion through his rhetoric and speeches; his Gettysburg Address (1863) became an iconic symbol of the nation's duty. At the close of the war, Lincoln held a moderate view of Reconstruction , seeking to speedily reunite the nation through a policy of generous reconciliation. Lincoln has consistently been ranked by scholars as one of the greatest of all U.S. Presidents. Contents File:HinghamSign.jpeg Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Lincoln (née Hanks), two farmers, in a one-room log cabin on the 348-acre (1.4 km2) Sinking Spring Farm in southeast Hardin County, Kentucky [2] (now part of LaRue County ), making him the first president born in the west. Lincoln was not given a middle name. [3] A fusion of Welsh and Latin, his surname means "from the lake colony" or one from Lincoln, England . [4] He is descended from Samuel Lincoln , who arrived in Hingham, Massachusetts from England in the 17th century. [5] His grandfather, also named Abraham Lincoln , had moved to Kentucky, where he owned over 5,000 acres (20 km2), and was ambushed and killed by an Indian raid in 1786. [6] Thomas Lincoln was a respected citizen of rural Kentucky. He owned several farms, including the Sinking Spring Farm, although he was not wealthy. The family belonged to a Separate Baptists church, which had high moral standards, frowning on alcohol consumption and dancing, and many church members were opposed to slavery. [7] Abraham himself never joined their church, or any other church. [8] [9] In 1816, the Lincoln family left Kentucky to avoid the expense of fighting for one of their properties in court, and made a new start in Perry County , Indiana (now in Spencer County ). Lincoln later noted that this move was "partly on account of slavery," and partly because of difficulties with land deeds in Kentucky. Abraham's father disapproved of slavery on religious grounds and it was hard to compete economically with farms operated by slaves. Unlike land in the Northwest Territory , Kentucky never had a proper U.S. survey, and farmers often had difficulties proving title to their property. [10] File:Abe-Lincoln-Birthplace-2.jpg When Lincoln was nine, his mother, then 34 years old, died of milk sickness . Soon afterwards, his father remarried, to Sarah Bush Johnston . Lincoln and his stepmother were close; he called her "Mother" for the rest of his life, but he became increasingly distant from his father. Abraham felt his father was not a success, and did not want to be like him. In later years, he would occasionally lend his father money. [11] In 1830, fearing a milk sickness outbreak, the family settled on public land in Macon County, Illinois . [12] The next year, when his father relocated the family to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois , 22-year-old Lincoln struck out on his own, canoeing down the Sangamon River to the village of New Salem in Sangamon County . [13] Later that year, hired by New Salem businessman Denton Offutt and accompanied by friends, he took goods from New Salem to New Orleans via flatboat on the Sangamon, Illinois and Mississippi rivers. [14] Lincoln's formal education consisted of about 18 months of schooling; but he was an avid reader and largely self-educated. He was also skilled with an axe and a talented local wrestler, the latter of which helped give him self-confidence. [15] Lincoln avoided hunting and fishing because he did not like killing animals, even for food. [16] Marriage and family File:Mary Todd Lincoln 1846-1847 restored cropped.png Lincoln's first love was Ann Rutledge . He met her when he first moved to New Salem, and by 1835 they had reached a romantic understanding. Rutledge, however, died on August 25, probably of typhoid fever . [17] Earlier, in either 1833 or 1834, he had met Mary Owens, the sister of his friend Elizabeth Abell, when she was visiting from her home in Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match proposed by Elizabeth between him and her sister, if Mary ever returned to New Salem. Mary did return in November 1836 and Lincoln courted her for a time; however they both had second thoughts about their relationship. On August 16, 1837, Lincoln wrote Mary a letter from Springfield, to which he had moved that April to begin his law practice, suggesting he would not blame her if she ended the relationship. She never replied, and the courtship was over. [18] In 1840, Lincoln became engaged to Mary Todd , from a wealthy slaveholding family based in Lexington, Kentucky . [19] They met in Springfield in December 1839, [20] and were engaged sometime around that Christmas. [21] A wedding was set for January 1, 1841, but the couple split as the wedding approached. [20] They later met at a party, and then married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's married sister. [22] In 1844, the couple bought a house on Eighth and Jackson in Springfield, near Lincoln's law office. [23] The Lincolns soon had a budding family, with the birth of son Robert Todd Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois on August 1, 1843, and second son Edward Baker Lincoln on March 10, 1846, also in Springfield. [24] According to a house girl, Abraham "was remarkably fond of children." [24] The Lincolns did not believe in strict rules and tight boundaries when it came to their children. [25] File:A&TLincoln.jpg Robert, however, would be the only one of the Lincolns' children to survive into adulthood. Edward Lincoln died on February 1, 1850 in Springfield, likely of tuberculosis. [26] The Lincolns' grief over this loss was somewhat assuaged by the birth of William "Willie" Wallace Lincoln nearly eleven months later, on December 21. But Willie himself died of a fever at the age of eleven on February 20, 1862, in Washington, D.C. , during President Lincoln's first term. [27] The Lincolns' fourth son Thomas "Tad" Lincoln was born on April 4, 1853, and, although he outlived his father, died at the age of eighteen on July 16, 1871 in Chicago. [28] Robert Lincoln eventually went on to attend Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard College . His (and by extension, his father's) last known lineal descendant, Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith , died December 24, 1985. [29] The death of the Lincolns' sons had profound effects on both Abraham and Mary. Later in life, Mary Todd Lincoln found herself unable to cope with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and this (in conjunction with what some historians consider to have been pre-existing bipolar disorder [30] ) eventually led Robert Lincoln to involuntarily commit her to a mental health asylum in 1875. [31] Abraham Lincoln himself was contemporaneously described as suffering from "melancholy" throughout his legal and political life, a condition which modern mental health professionals would now typically characterize as clinical depression . [32] Early political career and military service File:Abe Lincoln young.jpg Lincoln began his political career in March 1832 at age 23 when he announced his candidacy for the Illinois General Assembly . He was esteemed by the residents of New Salem, but he did not have an education, powerful friends, or money. The centerpiece of his platform was the undertaking of navigational improvements on the Sangamon River . Before the election he served as a captain in a company of the Illinois militia during the Black Hawk War , although he never saw combat. Lincoln returned from the militia after a few months and was able to campaign throughout the county before the August 6 election. At Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoff2 , he was tall and "strong enough to intimidate any rival." At his first political speech, he grabbed a man accosting a supporter by his "neck and the seat of his trousers" and threw him. When the votes were counted, Lincoln finished eighth out of thirteen candidates (only the top four were elected), but he did manage to secure 277 out of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct. [33] File:Young Lincoln-1c.jpg In 1834, he won an election to the state legislature. He was labeled a Whig , but ran a bipartisan campaign. [34] He then decided to become a lawyer, and began teaching himself law by reading Commentaries on the Laws of England . [35] Admitted to the bar in 1837, he moved to Springfield, Illinois, that April, [36] and began to practice law with John T. Stuart , Mary Todd's cousin, who let Lincoln have the run of his law library while studying to be a lawyer. [37] With a reputation as a formidable adversary during cross-examinations and closing arguments, Lincoln became an able and successful lawyer. In 1841, Lincoln entered law practice with William Herndon , whom Lincoln thought "a studious young man." [38] He served four successive terms in the Illinois House of Representatives as a representative from Sangamon County, affiliated with the Whig party. [39] In 1837, he and another legislator declared that slavery was "founded on both injustice and bad policy" [40] [41] the first time he had publicly opposed slavery. In the 1835–1836 legislative session he voted to continue the restriction on suffrage to whites only, but with no requirement to own property [42] . He was known for his "free soil" stance of opposing both slavery and abolitionism. [43] </ref> National politics File:Abelincoln1846.jpeg Lincoln was a Whig, and since the early 1830s had strongly admired the policies and leadership of Henry Clay . [44] "I have always been an old-line Henry Clay Whig" he professed to friends in 1861. [45] The party favored economic modernization, including banking, railroads, internal improvements (such as canals), and urbanization. [46] In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives , where he served one two-year term. [47] As a House member, Lincoln was a dedicated Whig, showing up for most votes and giving speeches that echoed the party line. [48] He used his office as an opportunity to speak out against the Mexican–American War , which he attributed to President Polk 's desire for "military glory — that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood." [49] Lincoln's main stand against Polk occurred in his Spot Resolutions : The war had begun with a violent confrontation on territory disputed by Mexico and Texas , [50] but as Lincoln pointed out, Polk had insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil." [51] Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed, and prove that the spot was on American soil. [51] Congress never enacted the resolution or even debated it, [52] and its introduction resulted in a loss of political support for Lincoln in his district; [53] one Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty Lincoln." [54] Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, Lincoln became a key early supporter of war hero General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election . [55] Taylor won and his administration offered him the governorship of the Oregon Territory . The territory leaned heavily Democratic, and Lincoln doubted they would elect him as governor or as a senator after they were admitted to the union, so he returned to Springfield without any appointment. [56] Prairie lawyer Edit Back in Springfield, Lincoln turned most of his energies to making a living practicing law, handling "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer." [57] He "rode the circuit"—that is, appeared in county seats in the mid-state region when the county courts were in session. [58] His reputation grew, and he appeared before the Supreme Court of the United States , arguing a case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. [59] Lincoln represented numerous transportation interests, such as the river barges and the railroads. As a riverboat man, Lincoln had initially favored riverboat interests, but ultimately he represented whoever hired him. [60] In 1849, he had received a patent for a "device to buoy vessels over shoals." Lincoln's goal had been to lessen the draft of a river craft by pushing horizontal floats into the water alongside the hull. The floats would have served as temporary ballast tanks . [61] The idea was never commercialized, but Lincoln is still the only person to hold a patent and serve as President of the United States. [62] In 1851, he represented the Alton & Sangamon Railroad in a dispute with one of its shareholders, James A. Barret, who had refused to pay the balance on his pledge to the railroad on the grounds that it had changed its originally planned route. [63] [64] Lincoln argued that as a matter of law a corporation is not bound by its original charter when that charter can be amended in the public interest, that the newer proposed Alton & Sangamon route was superior and less expensive, and that accordingly the corporation had a right to sue Mr. Barret for his delinquent payment. He won this case, and the decision by the Illinois Supreme Court was eventually cited by 25 other courts throughout the United States. [63] Lincoln appeared in front of the Illinois Supreme Court 175 times, 51 times as sole counsel, of which, 31 were decided in his favor. [65] Lincoln's most notable criminal trial came in 1858 when he defended William "Duff" Armstrong , who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. [66] The case is famous for Lincoln's use of judicial notice to show an eyewitness had lied on the stand. After the witness testified to having seen the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers' Almanac to show that the moon on that date was at such a low angle it could not have produced enough illumination to see anything clearly. Based on this evidence, Armstrong was acquitted. [66] Republican politics 1854–1860 Edit Lincoln returned to politics in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which expressly repealed the limits on slavery's extent as established by the Missouri Compromise (1820). Illinois Democrat Stephen A. Douglas , the most powerful man in the Senate, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery impasse, and incorporated it into the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Douglas argued that in a democracy the people should have the right to decide whether to allow slavery in their territory, rather than have such a decision imposed on them by the national Congress. [67] On October 16, 1854, " Peoria Speech ," [68] Lincoln outlined his position on slavery that he would repeat over the next six years on the route to the presidency. [69] “ [The Act has a] declared indifference, but as I must think, covert real zeal for the spread of slavery, I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world — enables the enemies of free institutions, with plausibility, to taunt us as hypocrites — causes the real friends of freedom to doubt our sincerity, and especially because it forces so many really good men amongst ourselves into an open war with the very fundamental principles of civil liberty — criticizing the Declaration of Independence, and insisting that there is no right principle of action but self-interest. [70] ” According to a newspaper account of the speech, Lincoln spoke with "a thin high-pitched falsetto voice of much carrying power, that could be heard a long distance in spite of the hustle and bustle of the crowd ... [with] the accent and pronunciation peculiar to his native state, Kentucky." [71] In late 1854, Lincoln decided to run for the United States Senate as a Whig. [72] Despite leading in the first six rounds of voting in the state legislature, Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull to prevent pro-Nebraska candidate Joel Aldrich Matteson from winning. Trumbull beat Matteson in the tenth round of voting. [73] The Whigs had been irreparably split by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. "I think I am a Whig, but others say there are not Whigs, and I am an abolitionist, even though I do no more than oppose the expansion of slavery" he said. Drawing on remnants of the old Whig party, and on disenchanted Free Soil, Liberty, and Democratic party members, he was instrumental in forging the shape of the new Republican Party. [74] At the Republican convention in 1856, Lincoln placed second in the contest to become the party's candidate for Vice-President. [75] In 1857–58, Douglas broke with President Buchanan , leading to a fight for control of the Democratic Party. Some eastern Republicans even favored the reelection of Douglas in 1858, since he had led the opposition to the Lecompton Constitution , which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state . [76] Accepting the Republican nomination for Senate in 1858, Lincoln delivered his famous speech : "'A house divided against itself cannot stand.'( Mark 3:25) I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other." [77] The speech created an evocative image of the danger of disunion caused by the slavery debate, and rallied Republicans across the north. [78] Main article: Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858 The 1858 campaign featured the Lincoln–Douglas debates, generally considered the most famous political debate in American history. [79] Lincoln warned that " The Slave Power " was threatening the values of republicanism , while Stephen A. Douglas emphasized the supremacy of democracy, as set forth in his Freeport Doctrine , which said that local settlers should be free to choose whether to allow slavery or not and could overrule the Supreme Court's Dred Scott v. Sandford decision. [80] Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature reelected Douglas to the Senate. Nevertheless, Lincoln's definition of the issues gave him a national political reputation. [81] Preparing for the 1860 elections Edit In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper in Springfield that sang his praises; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratic but there was Republican support that a German-language paper could mobilize. [82] On February 27, 1860, New York party leaders invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union to group of powerful Republicans. In one of the most important speeches of his career, Lincoln showed that he was a contender for the Republican's presidential nomination. Journalist Noah Brooks reported, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience." [83] 1860 Presidential election File:The Rail Candidate.jpg On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur . [84] At this convention, Lincoln received his first endorsement to run for the presidency. [85] On May 18, at the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago , Lincoln emerged as the Republican candidate on the third ballot, beating candidates such as William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase . [86] Why Lincoln won the nomination has been subject of much debate. His expressed views on slavery were seen as more moderate than those of rivals Seward and Chase. [87] Some feel that Seward lost more than Lincoln won, including Seward himself. Others attribute it to luck, and the fact that the convention was held in Lincoln's home state. Historian Doris Kearns Goodwin believes the real reason was Lincoln's skill as a politician. [88] Most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party [89] as the Slave Power tightened its grasp on the national government with the Dred Scott decision and the presidency of James Buchanan . Throughout the 1850s Lincoln denied that there would ever be a civil war, and his supporters repeatedly rejected claims that his election would incite secession. [90] Meanwhile, Douglas was selected as the candidate of the northern Democrats, with Herschel Vespasian Johnson as the vice-presidential candidate. Delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention, disagreeing with Douglas's position on Popular sovereignty , and ultimately selected John C. Breckinridge as their candidate. [91] As Douglas stumped the country, Lincoln was the only one of the four major candidates to give no speeches whatever. Instead he monitored the campaign closely but relied on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. It did the leg work that produced majorities across the North. It produced tons of campaign posters and leaflets, and thousands of newspaper editorials. There were thousands of Republican speakers who focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty. The goal was to demonstrate the superior power of "free labor," whereby a common farm boy could work his way to the top by his own efforts. The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition. A Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life, and sold one million copies. [92] [93] It was during this campaign that Lincoln became the first President to have placed his photo on a campaign button. [94] File:ElectoralCollege1860.svg On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States, beating Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the new Constitutional Union Party . He was the first Republican president, winning entirely on the strength of his support in the North: he was not even on the ballot in ten states in the South, and won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states. [95] Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, Douglas 1,376,957 votes, Breckinridge 849,781 votes, and Bell 588,789 votes. The electoral vote was decisive: Lincoln had 180 and his opponents added together had only 123. Turnout was 82.2%, with Lincoln winning the free northern states. Douglas won Missouri, and split New Jersey with Lincoln. [96] Bell won Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, and Breckinridge won the rest of the South. [97] There were fusion tickets in which all of Lincoln's opponents combined to form one ticket in New York, New Jersey and Rhode Island, but even if the anti-Lincoln vote had been combined in every state, Lincoln still would have won because he would still have had a majority in the electoral college. [98] Presidency and the Civil War Main articles: Origins of the American Civil War and Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War With the emergence of the Republicans as the nation's first major sectional party by the mid-1850s, the old Second Party System collapsed and a realignment created the Third Party System . It became the stage on which sectional tensions were played out. Although little of the West–the focal point of sectional tensions– was fit for cotton cultivation, Southern secessionists read the political fallout as a sign that their power in national politics was rapidly weakening. The slave system had been buttressed by the Democratic Party, which was increasingly seen by anti-slavery elements as representing a more pro-Southern position that unfairly permitted the Slave Power to prevail in the nation's territories and to dominate national policy before the Civil War. Yet the Democrats suffered a significant reverse in the electoral realignment of the mid-1850s; they lost the dominance they had achieved over the Whig Party and, indeed, were the minority party in most of the northern states. The 1854 election was a Realigning election or "critical election" that saw a realignment of voting patterns. [99] Abraham Lincoln's election was a watershed in the balance of power of competing national and parochial interests and affiliations. [100] Secession winter 1860–1861 Main articles: Baltimore Plot and Cornerstone Speech As Lincoln's election became more likely, secessionists made clear their intent to leave the Union. [101] On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, [102] and Texas had followed. [103] The seven states soon declared themselves to be a new nation, the Confederate States of America . [102] The upper South (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) listened to, but initially rejected, the secessionist appeal. [104] [105] President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy. [106] Attempts at compromise, such as the Crittenden Compromise which would have extended the Missouri line of 1820 , were discussed. [107] Despite support for the Crittenden Compromise among some Republicans, Lincoln denounced it in private letters, [107] saying "either the Missouri line extended, or ... Pop. Sov. would lose us everything we gained in the election; that filibustering for all South of us, and making slave states of it, would follow in spite of us, under either plan," [108] while another Republican Congressman warned it "would amount to a perpetual covenant of war against every people, tribe, and state owning a foot of land between here and Tierra del Fuego ." [109] The Confederate States of America selected Jefferson Davis on February 9, 1861, as their provisional President. [110] File:Abraham lincoln inauguration 1861.jpg President-elect Lincoln evaded possible assassins in Baltimore , and on February 23, 1861, arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C. [111] At his inauguration on March 4, 1861, sharpshooters watched the inaugural platform, while soldiers on horseback patrolled the surrounding area. [112] In his first inaugural address , Lincoln declared, "I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments," arguing further that the purpose of the United States Constitution was "to form a more perfect union" than the Articles of Confederation which were explicitly perpetual, thus the Constitution too was perpetual. He asked rhetorically that even were the Constitution a simple contract, would it not require the agreement of all parties to rescind it? [113] Also in his inaugural address, in a final attempt to reunite the states and prevent certain war, Lincoln supported the pending Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which had passed Congress the previous day. This amendment, which explicitly protected slavery in those states in which it already existed, was considered by Lincoln to be a possible way to stave off secession. [114] A few short weeks before the war he went so far as to pen a letter to every governor asking for their support in ratifying the Corwin Amendment. [115] By the time Lincoln took office, the Confederacy was an established fact, [102] and no leaders of the insurrection proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 rendered legislative compromise virtually impossible. Buchanan might have allowed the southern states to secede, and some members of his cabinet recommended that. However, conservative Democratic nationalists, such as Jeremiah S. Black , Joseph Holt , and Edwin M. Stanton had taken control of Buchanan's cabinet in early January, and refused to accept secession. [116] Lincoln and nearly every Republican leader adopted this position by March 1861: the Union could not be dismantled. Believing that a peaceful solution was still possible, Lincoln decided to not take any action against the South unless the Unionists themselves were attacked first.[ citation needed ] This finally happened in April 1861. [117] Historian Allan Nevins argues that Lincoln made three miscalculations in believing that he could preserve the Union, hold government property, and still avoid war. He "temporarily underrated the gravity of the crisis," overestimated the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South and border states, and misunderstood the conditional support of Unionists in the border states. [118] Future general William Tecumseh Sherman , then a civilian, visited Lincoln in the White House during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at Lincoln's seeming failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and the South was "'preparing for war.'" [119] Fighting begins Main article: American Civil War On April 12, 1861, Union troops at Fort Sumter were fired upon and soon forced to surrender. [117] On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops, [120] to recapture forts, protect the capital, and "preserve the Union," which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states. [121] These events forced the states to choose sides. Virginia declared its secession, after which the Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond. North Carolina , Tennessee , and Arkansas also voted for secession over the next two months. Missouri , Kentucky and Maryland threatened secession, [120] but neither they nor the slave state of Delaware seceded. Lincoln urgently negotiated with state leaders there, promising not to interfere with slavery.[ citation needed ] Troops headed south towards Washington, D.C. to protect the capital in response to Lincoln's call. On April 19, angry secessionist mobs in Baltimore , a Maryland city to the north of Washington that controlled the rail links, attacked Union troops traveling to the capital. George William Brown , the Mayor of Baltimore , and other suspect Maryland politicians were arrested and imprisoned at Fort McHenry . [122] Rebel leaders were also arrested in other border areas[ citation needed ] and held in military prisons without trial. Over 18,000 were arrested. One, Clement Vallandigham , was exiled, but the remainder were released, usually after two or three months (see: Ex parte Merryman ). [123] Conducting the war effort File:RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg The war was a source of constant frustration for the president and occupied nearly all of his time. He had a contentious relationship with General McClellan , [124] who became general-in-chief of all the Union armies in the wake of the embarrassing Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and after the retirement of Winfield Scott in late 1861. [125] Despite his inexperience in military affairs, Lincoln immediately took an active part in determining war strategy. His priorities were twofold: to ensure that Washington was well defended; and to conduct an aggressive war effort that would satisfy the demand in the North for prompt, decisive victory. [126] McClellan, a youthful West Point graduate and railroad executive called back to active military service, [127] took a more cautious approach. [66] He took several months to plan and execute his Peninsula Campaign , with the objective of capturing Richmond by moving the Army of the Potomac by boat to the peninsula and then traveling by land to Richmond. McClellan's delay concerned Lincoln, as did his insistence that no troops were needed to defend Washington. Lincoln insisted on holding some of McClellan's troops to defend the capital, a decision McClellan blamed for the ultimate failure of the Peninsula Campaign. [66] McClellan, a conservative Democrat , [128] was passed over for general-in-chief (that is, chief strategist) in favor of Henry Wager Halleck , after giving Lincoln his Harrison's Landing Letter, where he offered unsolicited political advice to Lincoln urging caution in the war effort. [129] McClellan's letter incensed Radical Republicans, who successfully pressured Lincoln to appoint John Pope , a Republican, as head of the new Army of Virginia . Pope complied with Lincoln's strategic desire to move toward Richmond from the north, thus protecting the capital from attack. However, Pope was soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington for a second time. [130] In response to his failure, Pope was sent to Minnesota to fight the Sioux . [131] Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington, to the dismay of his cabinet (all save Seward), who wished McClellan gone. [132] Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam (September 1862). [133] The ensuing Union victory, one of the bloodiest in American history, enabled Lincoln to give notice that he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January, [134] but he relieved McClellan of his command after waiting for the conclusion of the 1862 midterm elections and appointed Republican Ambrose Burnside to head the Army of the Potomac. [135] Burnside was politically neutral, which Lincoln desired, and for the most part supported the President's aims. [136] Burnside had promised to follow through on Lincoln's strategic vision for a strong offensive against Lee and Richmond. After Burnside was stunningly defeated at Fredericksburg in December, [137] Joseph Hooker took command, despite his history of "loose talk" and criticizing former commanders. [138] Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, 1863, [139] but continued to command his troops for roughly two months. Hooker did not agree with Lincoln's desire to divide his troops, and possibly force Lee to do the same, and tendered his resignation, which was accepted. During the Gettysburg Campaign he was replaced by George Meade . [140] Using black troops and former slaves was official government policy after the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. At first Lincoln was reluctant to fully implement this program, but by the spring of 1863 he was ready to initiate "a massive recruitment of Negro troops." In a letter to Andrew Johnson, the military governor of Tennessee, encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, "The bare sight of fifty thousand armed, and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once." [141] By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited twenty regiments of African Americans from the Mississippi Valley. [142] Grant File:PinkertonLincolnMcClernand.jpg After the Union victory at Gettysburg, Meade's failure to pursue Lee and months of inactivity for the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln that a change was needed. McClellan was seeking the Democratic nomination for President, and Lincoln worried that Grant might also have political aspirations. Lincoln convinced himself that Grant did not have political aspirations, in the immediate at least, and made Ulysses S. Grant commander of the Union Army. [143] Grant already had a solid string of victories in the Western Theater, including the battles of Vicksburg and Chattanooga . [144] Responding to criticism of Grant after the 1862 battle of Shiloh , Lincoln reportedly had said, "I can't spare this man. He fights." [145] Grant waged his bloody Overland Campaign in 1864. This is often characterized as a war of attrition , given high Union losses at battles such as the Wilderness and Cold Harbor . However, even though they had the advantage of fighting on the defensive, the Confederate forces had "almost as high a percentage of casualties as the Union forces." [146] The high Union casualty figures alarmed the North, and, after Grant lost a third of his army, Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were. "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer," replied Grant. Lincoln and the Republican party mobilized support throughout the North, backed Grant to the hilt, and replaced his losses. [147] The Confederacy was out of replacements, so Lee's army shrank with every battle, forcing it back to trenches outside Petersburg . In April 1865, Lee's army finally crumbled under Grant's pounding, and Richmond fell. [148] Lincoln authorized Grant to target the Confederate infrastructure – such as plantations, railroads, and bridges – hoping to destroy the South's morale and weaken its economic ability to continue fighting. This strategy allowed Generals Sherman and Sheridan to destroy plantations and towns in the Shenandoah Valley , Georgia , and South Carolina. The damage caused by Sherman's March to the Sea through Georgia totaled more than $100 million by the general's own estimate. [149] Lincoln grasped the need to control strategic points (such as the Mississippi River and the fortress city of Vicksburg) and understood the importance of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory. He had, however, limited success in motivating his commanders to adopt his strategies until late 1863, when he found a man who shared his vision of the war in Ulysses S. Grant . Only then could he relentlessly pursue a series of coordinated offensives in multiple theaters, and have a top commander who agreed on the use of black troops. [150] Two days a week, Lincoln would meet with his cabinet in the afternoon, and occasionally his wife would force him to take a carriage ride because she was concerned he was working too hard. Throughout the war, Lincoln showed an intense interest in the military campaigns. He spent hours at the War Department telegraph office, reading dispatches from the field. [151] He visited battle sites frequently, and seemed fascinated by scenes of war.[ citation needed ] During Jubal Anderson Early 's raid on Washington, D.C. in 1864, Lincoln was watching the combat from an exposed position; captain Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!" [152] Emancipation Proclamation Main articles: Abraham Lincoln on slavery and Emancipation Proclamation Error: image is invalid or non-existent Lincoln maintained that the powers of his administration to end slavery were limited by the Constitution. He expected to cause the eventual extinction of slavery by stopping its further expansion into any U.S. territory, and by persuading states to accept compensated emancipation if the state would outlaw slavery (an offer that took effect only in Washington, D.C.). Guelzo says Lincoln believed that shrinking slavery in this way would make it uneconomical, and place it back on the road to eventual extinction that the Founders had envisioned. [153] In July 1862, Congress passed the Second Confiscation Act , which freed the slaves of anyone convicted of aiding the rebellion. Although Lincoln believed it was not in Congress's remit to free any slaves, he approved the bill. He felt freeing the slaves could only be done by the Commander in Chief during wartime, and that signing the bill would help placate those in Congress who wanted to do it through legislation. In that month, Lincoln discussed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet. In it, he stated that "as a fit and necessary military measure" (and according to Donald not for moral reasons) on January 1, 1863, "all persons held as a slaves" in the Confederate states will " thenceforward, and forever, be free." [154] In a shrewdly penned August reply to an editorial by Horace Greeley in the influential New York Tribune, with a draft of the Proclamation already on Lincoln's desk, the president subordinated the goal of ending slavery to the cause of preserving the Union, while, at the same time, preparing the public for emancipation being incomplete at first. Lincoln had decided at this point that he could not win the war without freeing the slaves, and so it was a necessity "to do more to help the cause":[ citation needed ] I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored; the nearer the Union will be "the Union as it was." ... My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more will help the cause. I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors; and I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true views. I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free. [155] The Emancipation Proclamation , announced on September 22, 1862, and put into effect on January 1, 1863, freed slaves in territories not already under Union control. As Union armies advanced south, more slaves were liberated until all of them in Confederate territory (over three million) were freed. Lincoln later said: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper." The proclamation made the abolition of slavery in the rebel states an official war goal. Lincoln then threw his energies into passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to permanently abolish slavery throughout the nation. [156] He personally lobbied individual Congressmen for the Amendment, which was passed by the Congress in early 1865, shortly before his death. [157] A few days after the Emancipation was announced, thirteen Republican governors met at the War Governors' Conference ; they supported the president's Proclamation, but suggested the removal of General George B. McClellan as commander of the Union's Army of the Potomac . [158] For some time, Lincoln continued earlier plans to set up colonies for the newly freed slaves. He commented favorably on colonization in the Emancipation Proclamation, but all attempts at such a massive undertaking failed. As Frederick Douglass observed, Lincoln was, "The first great man that I talked with in the United States freely who in no single instance reminded me of the difference between himself and myself, of the difference of color." [159] Gettysburg Address Main article: Gettysburg Address Although the Battle of Gettysburg was a Union victory, it was also the bloodiest battle of the war and dealt a blow to Lincoln's war effort. As the Union Army decreased in numbers due to casualties, more soldiers were needed to replace the ranks. Lincoln's 1863 military drafts were considered "odious" among many in the north, particularly immigrants. The New York Draft Riots of July 1863 were the most notable manifestation of this discontent. Writing to Lincoln in September 1863, the Governor of Pennsylvania , Andrew Gregg Curtin , warned that political sentiments were turning against Lincoln and the war effort: If the election were to occur now, the result would be extremely doubtful, and although most of our discreet friends are sanguine of the result, my impression is, the chances would be against us. The draft is very odious in the State ... the Democratic leaders have succeeded in exciting prejudice and passion, and have infused their poison into the minds of the people to a very large extent, and the changes are against us. [160] Therefore, in the fall of 1863, Lincoln's principal aim was to sustain public support for the war effort. This goal became the focus of his address at the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19. The Gettysburg Address is one of the most quoted speeches in United States history . [161] [162] [163] It was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania , on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War , four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the decisive Battle of Gettysburg . Abraham Lincoln's carefully crafted address, secondary to other presentations that day, came to be regarded as one of the greatest speeches in American history. In just over two minutes, Lincoln invoked the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union , but as "a new birth of freedom " that would bring true equality to all of its citizens, and that would also create a unified nation in which states' rights were no longer dominant. Beginning with the now-iconic phrase, Four score and seven years ago ..., Lincoln referred to the events of the Civil War and described the ceremony at Gettysburg as an opportunity not only to consecrate the grounds of a cemetery, but also to dedicate the living to the struggle to ensure that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." [164] 1864 election File:ElectoralCollege1864.svg After Union victories at Gettysburg , Vicksburg , and Chattanooga in 1863, overall victory seemed at hand, and Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant General-in-Chief on March 12, 1864. When the spring campaigns turned into bloody stalemates, Lincoln supported Grant's strategy of wearing down Lee's Confederate army at the cost of heavy Union casualties. With an election looming, he easily defeated efforts to deny his renomination. At the Convention, the Republican Party selected Andrew Johnson , a War Democrat from the Southern state of Tennessee, as his running mate to form a broader coalition. They ran on the new Union Party ticket uniting Republicans and War Democrats. Nevertheless, Republicans across the country feared that Lincoln would be defeated. Acknowledging this fear, Lincoln wrote and signed a pledge that, if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House: [165] This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground that he cannot possibly save it afterwards. [166] Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. While the Democratic platform followed the Peace wing of the party and called the war a "failure," their candidate, General George B. McClellan , supported the war and repudiated the platform. Lincoln provided Grant with new replacements and mobilized his party to support Grant and win local support for the war effort. Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September ended defeatist jitters; the Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln; the Union party was united and energized, and Lincoln was easily reelected in a landslide. He won all but three states, including 78% of the Union soldiers' vote. [167] Second Inaugural Address File:Lincoln second.jpg On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address , his favorite of all his speeches. At this time, a victory over the rebels was at hand, slavery was dead, and Lincoln was looking to the future. Fondly do we hope — fervently do we pray — that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether." With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan — to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations. [168] Reconstruction Main article: Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction began during the war as Lincoln and his associates pondered questions of how to reintegrate the Southern states and what to do with Confederate leaders and the freed slaves. Lincoln led the "moderates" regarding Reconstruction policy, and was usually opposed by the Radical Republicans, under Thaddeus Stevens in the House and Charles Sumner and Benjamin Wade in the Senate (though he cooperated with these men on most other issues). Determined to find a course that would reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held throughout the war in areas behind Union lines. His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office, had not mistreated Union prisoners, and would sign an oath of allegiance. [169] Critical decisions had to be made as state after state was reconquered. Of special importance were Tennessee , where Lincoln appointed Andrew Johnson as governor, and Louisiana , where Lincoln attempted a plan that would restore statehood when 10% of the voters agreed to it. The Radicals thought this policy too lenient, and passed their own plan, the Wade-Davis Bill , in 1864. When Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill, the Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat representatives elected from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. [170] Near the end of the war, Lincoln made an extended visit to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia. This allowed the president to confer in person with Grant and Sherman about ending hostilities (as Sherman coincidentally managed a hasty visit to Grant from his forces in North Carolina at the same time). [171] Lincoln also was able to visit Richmond after it was taken by the Union forces and to make a public gesture of sitting at Jefferson Davis' own desk, symbolically saying to the nation that the President of the United States held authority over the entire land. He was greeted at the city as a conquering hero by freed slaves, whose sentiments were epitomized by one admirer's quote, "I know I am free for I have seen the face of Father Abraham and have felt him." When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates should be treated, Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy." [172] [173] Lincoln arrived back in Washington on the evening of April 9, 1865, the day Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. The war was effectively over. The other rebel armies surrendered soon after, and there was no subsequent guerrilla warfare. [174] Home front Edit Lincoln's rhetoric defined the issues of the war for the nation, the world, and posterity. The Gettysburg Address defied Lincoln's own prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here." His second inaugural address is also greatly admired and often quoted. In recent years, historians have stressed Lincoln's use of and redefinition of republican values . As early as the 1850s, a time when most political rhetoric focused on the sanctity of the Constitution , Lincoln shifted emphasis to the Declaration of Independence as the foundation of American political values—what he called the "sheet anchor" of republicanism. [175] The Declaration's emphasis on freedom and equality for all, rather than the Constitution's tolerance of slavers, shifted the debate. As Diggins concludes regarding the highly influential Cooper Union speech , "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself." [176] His position gained strength because he highlighted the moral basis of republicanism, rather than its legalisms. [177] Nevertheless, in 1861 Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms (the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a "republican form of government" in every state. [178] That duty was also the principle underlying federal intervention in Reconstruction . In his Gettysburg Address Lincoln redefined the American nation, arguing that it was born not in 1789 but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." He declared that the sacrifices of battle had rededicated the nation to the propositions of democracy and equality, "that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." By emphasizing the centrality of the nation, he rebuffed the claims of state sovereignty . While some critics say Lincoln moved too far and too fast, they agree that he dedicated the nation to values that marked "a new founding of the nation." [179] Civil liberties suspended Edit During the Civil War, Lincoln appropriated powers no previous President had wielded: he used his war powers to proclaim a blockade , suspended the writ of habeas corpus , spent money before Congress appropriated it, and imprisoned between 15,000 and 18,000 suspected Confederate sympathizers without trial. [180] Domestic measures Edit Lincoln believed in the Whig theory of the presidency, which left Congress to write the laws while he signed them; Lincoln exercised his veto power only four times, the only significant instance being his pocket veto of the Wade-Davis Bill. [181] Thus, he signed the Homestead Act in 1862, making millions of acres of government-held land in the West available for purchase at very low cost. The Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act , also signed in 1862, provided government grants for state agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad , which was completed in 1869. [182] The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was made possible by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s. [183] Other important legislation involved two measures to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax (which was new). In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariff (the first had become law under James Buchanan ). In 1861, Lincoln signed the Revenue Act of 1861 [184] creating the first U.S. income tax . This created a flat tax of 3% on incomes above $800 ($19,307 in current dollars), which was later changed by the Revenue Act of 1862 [185] to a progressive rate structure. [186] Lincoln also presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in several other areas. The creation of the system of national banks by the National Banking Acts of 1863, 1864, and 1865 allowed the creation of a strong national financial system. In 1862, Congress created, with Lincoln's approval, the Department of Agriculture , although that institution would not become a Cabinet-level department until 1889. The Legal Tender Act of 1862 established the United States Note , the first paper currency in United States history since the Continentals that were issued during the Revolution . This was done to increase the money supply to pay for fighting the war. In 1862, Lincoln sent a senior general, John Pope , to put down the " Sioux Uprising " in Minnesota . Presented with 303 death warrants for convicted Santee Dakota who were accused of killing innocent farmers, Lincoln ordered a personal review of these warrants, eventually approving 39 of these for execution (one was later reprieved ). [187] Abraham Lincoln is largely responsible for the institution of the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States. Prior to Lincoln's presidency, Thanksgiving, while a regional holiday in New England since the 17th century, had only been proclaimed by the federal government sporadically, and on irregular dates. The last such proclamation was during James Madison's presidency fifty years before. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November to be a day of Thanksgiving, and the holiday has been celebrated annually then ever since. [188] Assassination File:The Assassination of President Lincoln - Currier and Ives 2.png Originally, John Wilkes Booth , a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland, had formulated a plan to kidnap Lincoln in exchange for the release of Confederate prisoners. After attending an April 11 speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, an incensed Booth changed his plans and determined to assassinate the president. [189] Learning that the President and First Lady would be attending Ford's Theatre , he laid his plans, assigning his co-conspirators to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward . Without his main bodyguard Ward Hill Lamon , to whom he related his famous dream regarding his own assassination, Lincoln left to attend the play Our American Cousin on April 14, 1865. File:Abraham Lincoln 1866 Issue-15c.jpg As a lone bodyguard wandered, and Lincoln sat in his state box (Box 7) in the balcony, Booth crept up behind the President and waited for what he thought would be the funniest line of the play ("You sock-dologizing old man-trap"), hoping the laughter would muffle the noise of the gunshot. When the laughter began, Booth jumped into the box and aimed a single-shot, round-ball .44 caliber (11 mm) Deringer at his head, firing at point-blank range. Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth but was cut by Booth's knife. Booth then leaped to the stage and shouted " Sic semper tyrannis !" ( Template:Lang-la ) and escaped, despite suffering a broken leg in the leap. [190] File:LincolnTrain.jpeg An army surgeon, Doctor Charles Leale , initially assessed Lincoln's wound as mortal . The President was taken across the street from the theater to the Petersen House , where he lay in a coma for nine hours before dying. Several physicians attended Lincoln, including U.S. Army Surgeon General Joseph K. Barnes of the Army Medical Museum . Using a probe, Barnes located some fragments of Lincoln's skull and the ball lodged 6 inches (15 cm) inside his brain. Lincoln never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead at 7:22:10 a.m. April 15, 1865. He was the first president to be assassinated or to lie in state . Lincoln's body was carried by train in a grand funeral procession through several states on its way back to Illinois. [191] A twelve-day manhunt ensued, in which Booth was chased by Federal agents (under the direction of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ). [192] He was eventually cornered in a Virginia barn house and shot, dying of his wounds soon after. [193] While much of the nation mourned him as the savior of the United States, Copperheads celebrated the death of a man they considered a tyrant. The Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois, is 177 feet (54 m) tall and, by 1874, was surmounted with several bronze statues of Lincoln. To prevent repeated attempts to steal Lincoln's body and hold it for ransom, Robert Todd Lincoln had it exhumed and reinterred in concrete several feet thick in 1901. Administration, Cabinet and Supreme Court appointments 1861–1865 File:Abraham Lincoln William Morris Hunt.jpeg In March 1860 in a speech in New Haven , Connecticut, Lincoln said, regarding slavery, "Whenever this question shall be settled, it must be settled on some philosophical basis. No policy that does not rest upon some philosophical public opinion can be permanently maintained." The philosophical basis for Lincoln's beliefs regarding slavery and other issues of the day require that Lincoln be examined "seriously as a man of ideas." Lincoln was a strong supporter of the American Whig version of liberal capitalism. [195] More than any political leader of the day he fashioned public policy into the mold of religious language, especially a kind of Old School Calvinism that avoided the evangelical, revivalistic fervor of the Second Great Awakening . [196] There were few people who strongly or directly influenced Lincoln's moral and intellectual development and perspectives. There was no teacher, mentor, church leader, community leader, or peer that Lincoln would credit in later years as a strong influence on his intellectual development. Lacking a formal education, Lincoln's personal philosophy was shaped by "an amazingly retentive memory and a passion for reading and learning." It was Lincoln's reading, rather than his relationships, that were most influential in shaping his personal beliefs. [197] [198] Even as a child, Lincoln largely rejected organized religion, but the Calvinistic "doctrine of necessity" would remain a factor throughout his life. In 1846 Lincoln described the effect of this doctrine as "that the human mind is impelled to action, or held in rest by some power, over which the mind itself has no control." [199] In April 1864, in justifying his actions regarding Emancipation, Lincoln wrote, "I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it." [200] As Lincoln matured, and especially during his term as president, the idea of a divine will somehow interacting with human affairs increasingly influenced his public expressions. On a personal level, the death of his son Willie in February 1862 may have caused Lincoln to look towards religion for answers and solace. [201] After Willie's death, in the summer or early fall of 1862, Lincoln attempted to put on paper his private musings on why, from a divine standpoint, the severity of the war was necessary: The will of God prevails. In great contests each party claims to act in accordance with the will of God. Both may be, and one must be, wrong. God cannot be for and against the same thing at the same time. In the present civil war it is quite possible that God's purpose is something different from the purpose of either party—and yet the human instrumentalities, working just as they do, are of the best adaptation to effect his purpose. I am almost ready to say this is probably true—that God wills this contest, and wills that it shall not end yet. By his mere quiet power, on the minds of the now contestants, He could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds. [202] Lincoln's religious skepticism was fueled by his readings in Enlightenment and classical liberalism, especially economic liberalism . [197] Consistent with the common practice of the Whig party, Lincoln would often use the Declaration of Independence as the philosophical and moral expression of these two philosophies. [203] In a February 22, 1861 speech at Independence Hall in Philadelphia Lincoln said, I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. ... It was not the mere matter of the separation of the Colonies from the motherland; but that sentiment in the Declaration of Independence which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but, I hope, to the world, for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weight would be lifted from the shoulders of all men. This is a sentiment embodied in the Declaration of Independence. [204] He found in the Declaration justification for Whig economic policy and opposition to territorial expansion and the nativist platform of the Know Nothings . In claiming that all men were created free, Lincoln and the Whigs argued that this freedom required economic advancement, expanded education, territory to grow, and the ability of the nation to absorb the growing immigrant population. [205] It was the "Declaration of Independence," rather than the Bible, that Lincoln most relied on to oppose any further territorial expansion of slavery. He saw the Declaration as more than a political document. To him, as well as to many abolitionists and other antislavery leaders, it was, foremost, a moral document that had forever determined valuable principles for the future shaping of the nation. [206] Legacy and memorials File:Aerial view of Lincoln Memorial - east side EDIT.jpeg Lincoln's death made the President a national martyr , [207] regarded by historians in numerous polls as among the greatest presidents in U.S. history , usually in the top three, along with George Washington and Franklin D. Roosevelt. [208] A study published in 2004, found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while law scholars placed him second after Washington. [209] Among contemporary admirers, Lincoln is usually seen as personifying classical values of honesty and integrity, as well as respect for individual and minority rights, and human freedom in general. Many American organizations of all purposes and agendas continue to cite his name and image, with interests ranging from the gay rights -supporting Log Cabin Republicans to the insurance corporation Lincoln National Corporation . The Lincoln automobile brand is also named after him. Lincoln's name and image appear in numerous places. These include the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., [213] the U.S. Lincoln $5 bill and the Lincoln cent , and Lincoln's sculpture on Mount Rushmore . Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park in Hodgenville, Kentucky , [215] Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial in Lincoln City, Indiana , [216] and Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, Illinois, [217] commemorate the president. [218] In addition, New Salem, Illinois (a reconstruction of Lincoln's early adult hometown), [219] Ford's Theatre , and Petersen House (where he died) are all preserved as museums. [220] The state nickname for Illinois is Land of Lincoln; the slogan has appeared continuously on nearly all Illinois license plates issued since 1954. [221] Abraham Lincoln's birthday, February 12, was never a national holiday, but it was observed by 30 states. [212] In 1971, Presidents Day became a national holiday, combining Lincoln's and Washington's birthdays, and replacing most states' celebration of his birthday. [222] As of 2005, Lincoln's Birthday is a legal holiday in 10 states. [223] The Abraham Lincoln Association was formed in 1908 to commemorate the centennial of Lincoln's birth. [224] The Association is now the oldest group dedicated to the study of Lincoln. [225] The United States Postal Service honored Lincoln with a Liberty Issue 4¢ postage stamp on November 19, 1954, and a Prominent Americans series (1965-1978) 4¢ postage stamp. To commemorate his 200th birthday in February 2009, Congress established the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC) in 2000 to honor Lincoln. [226] The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in Springfield and is run by the State of Illinois. [227] File:Abraham Lincoln Airmail 1960 Issue-25c.jpg Lincoln owned a model 1857 Waltham William Ellery watch, with serial number 67613. This watch is now in the custody of the Smithsonian Museum. [228] On March 11, 2009, the National Museum of American History found a message engraved inside Lincoln's watch by a watchmaker named Jonathan Dillon who was repairing it at the outbreak of the American Civil War . The engraving reads (in part): " Fort Sumpter was attacked by the rebels" and "thank God we have a government." [229] Motorists on Interstate 80 between Cheyenne and Laramie , Wyoming pass a roadside park with the depiction of Lincoln's head on the top of a rock monument. The head was sculpted by Robert Russin, a University of Wyoming art professor and an admirer of Lincoln. When Russin died in 2007, his ashes were interred in the hollow monumeny. The statue originally stood at Sherman Summit, 8,878 feet above sea level, the highest point along the former Lincoln Highway. When I-80 was completed in 1969, the head was moved to the current site. Though it was reduced in height, it attracted a wider viewing audience. [230] See also	i don't know
According to the common saying, what is nine-tenths of the law?	Famous Quotes in the Law Famous Quotes in the Law Just For Fun > Famous Quotes in the Law Famous Quotes in the Law This compendium of Legal Quotes was first published at gGreen.com on March 22, 1995. It was last updated on August 11, 2016. It does not purport to be a list of all the Legal Quotes I have ever heard, just the ones I like. I have even excluded some quotes that gave me pause when they also fell into the trap that suggests lawyers, per se, are dishonest. I welcome additional contributions, and will credit the source of new ones that pass editorial review. – Gary Green “bee care full win yew ewes spell checque:?.” – Pamela Pantsuit “But the mere truth won’t do. You must have a lawyer.” – Dr. Allan Woodcourt to the wrongly accused George Rouncewell, in Charles Dickens’s Bleak House “It could have been prevented. That is the message [to pharmaceutical companies]. Respect us.” – Juror Derrick Chizer, who voted against Merck in the first Vioxx case to go to trial, who said the 10 like-minded jurors believed a heart attack triggered the Plaintiff’s fatal arrhythmia. “The first thing we do, let’s kill all the lawyers.” (Dick the Butcher to Jack Cade in Henry VI, Part 2 (1592) act 4, sc. 2. – Shakespeare’s misquoted implication that lawyers stand in the way of tyranny.) – W. Shakespeare (1564-1616) “I shall not rest until every German sees that it is a shameful thing to be a lawyer.” -Adolph Hitler ___________________________________________________________ “The future has several names. For the weak, it is impossible. For the fainthearted, it is unknown. For the thoughtful and valiant, it is ideal.” -Victor Hugo ____________________________________________________________ “Those whom the gods wish to destroy they first make mad.” -Anonymous ancient proverb, wrongly attributed to Euripides. The version here is quoted as a “heathen proverb” in Daniel: A Model for Young Men (1854) by William Anderson Scott “We love lawyers. If there weren’t any lawyers, there wouldn’t be any jokes!” -Click and Clack “The life of the law has not been logic; it has been experience.” – Oliver Wendell Holmes “Where law ends, tyranny begins.” – William Pitt “…Freedom of religion; freedom of the press, and freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus, and trial by juries impartially selected. These principles form the bright constellation which has gone before us and guided our steps through an age of revolution and reformation. The wisdom of our sages and the blood of our heros have been devoted to their attainment. They should be the creed of our political faith.” – Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address (1801) “For 500 years the West patented six killer applications that set it apart. The first to download them was Japan. Over the last century, one Asian country after another has downloaded these killer apps- competition, modern science, the rule of law and private property rights, modern medicine, the consumer society and the work ethic. Those six things are the secret sauce of Western civilization.” – Harvard historian Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest “Fiat justitia ruat caelum.” – Latin phrase meaning “Let justice be done though the heavens fall”; attributed to Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, the father-in-law of Julius Caesar ______________________________________________________________ “As long as the world shall last there will be wrongs, and if no man objected and if no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever.” – Clarence Darrow (1857-1938), prominent American lawyer “Consider the reason of the case, for nothing is law that is not reason.” – Sir John Powell “If you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you’ll get along better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view…until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.” -Atticus Finch, in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird “The jury system has come to stand for all we mean by English justice. The scrutiny of 12 honest jurors provides defendants and plaintiffs alike a safeguard from arbitrary perversion of the law.” -Winston Churchill “The one governmental agency that has no ambition.” – Justice William O. Douglas, on the Supreme Court “I consider trial by jury as the only anchor ever yet imagined by man, by which a government can be held to the principles of its constitution.” – Thomas Jefferson (1788) “Laws are the sovereigns of sovereigns.” – Louis XIV “The pen is mightier than the sword.” – Edward Bulwer-Lytton _____________________________________________________________ “What I want is a competent lawyer who will counsel me. … I also need him with me at my trial and in hearings. … I would also like to be able to sue him if I later conclude that I have been defectively or inadequately counseled, because I feel that I have received less than satisfactory service in the past. It occurs to me that … we each will feel as though we are caged with a rattlesnake: There is going to be mutual fear, mistrust, dislike, and a contest for dominance. I don’t consider it my fault, however.” – Randall S. Boyd of Denton, TX, in a prose motion seeking appointment of counsel _____________________________________________________________ “To the wise, a word is sufficient.” – Prince John Lackland, before the return of King Richard ____________________________________________________________ “Life’s real victories must be shared.” – Former President Bill Clinton on the passing of Former President Nelson Mandela “There’s always room for a good lawyer.” – Milas Hale “A law is valuable not because it is law, but because there is right in it.” – Henry Ward Beecher “If you want peace, work for justice” – Pope Paul VI “Laws are the very bulkwarks of liberty; they define every man’s rights, and defend the individual liberties of all men.” – J.G. Holland “Law is the embodiment of the moral sentiment of the people.” – William Blackstone “When you’re up to your nose in shit, keep your mouth shut.” – Jack Beauregard, played by Henry Fonda. My Name is Nobody. “The safety of the people shall be the highest law.” – Marcus Tullius Cicero “Justice denied anywhere diminishes justice everywhere.” –Martin Luther King, Jr. “I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice! And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue!” – Barry Goldwater “Predicting coding algorithms are already able to do much of the legal research lawyers do. Before long, ‘there will be many thousands of lawyers out of work,’ one legal expert told Pew. Don’t all weep at once.” – Rick Newman on the fate of lawyers, in his August 2014 article 28 Jobs Endangered by Technology, viaYahoo Finance “Whereas the law is passionless, passion must ever sway the heart of man.” – Aristotle “Every man is enthusiastic at times. One man has enthusiasm for 30 minutes, another man has it for 30 days. But it is the man who has it for 30 years who makes a success in life.” – Edward B. Butler “V. The next fpecies of trial is of great antiquity, but much difuted; though ftill in force if the parties chufe to abide by it: I mean the trial by wager of battel. This feems to have owed it’s original to the military fpirit of our anceftors, joined to a fuperftitious frame of mind; it being in the nature of an appeal to providence, under an apprehenfion and hope (however prefumptous and unwarrantable) that heaven would give the victory to him who had the right. The decifion of fuits, by this appeal to the God of battels, is by fome faid to have been invented by the Burgundi, one of the northern or German clans that planted themfelves in Gaul. And it is true, that the firft written injuction of judiciary combats that we meet with, is in the laws of Gundebald, A. D. 501, which are preferved in the Burgundian code. Yet it does not feem to have been merely a local cuftom of this or that particular tribe, but to have been the common ufage of all thofe warlike people from the earlieft times. And it may alfo feem from a paffage in Velleius Paterculus, that the Germans, when firft they became knwon to the Romans, were wont to decide all contefts of right by the fword: for when Quintilius Varus endeavoured to introduce among them the Roman laws and method of trial, it was looked upon (fays the hiftorian) as a “novitas incognitae difciplinae, ut folita armis “decerni, jure terminarentur.” And among the antient Goths in Sweden we find the practice of judiciary duels eftablifhed upon much the fame footing as they formerly were in our own country.” -“A description of the “great antiquity” of “the trial by wager of battle” from Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, Volume III, p. 337 (1768) “A man who is his own lawyer has a fool for a client.” – early-19th century proverb found in Henry Kett’s The flowers of wit, or a choice collection of bon mots (1814) “All bad precedents begin with justifiable measures.” – Julius Ceasar – Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae, J.T. Ramsey ed (1984) “The spirit of liberty is the spirit which is not too sure that it is right…” – Judge Learned Hand “I think the first duty of society is justice.” – Alexander Hamilton “Tremble, all ye oppressors of the world! – Richard Price “Remember always that all of us…are descended from immigrants and revolutionists.” – Franklin D. Roosevelt “True patriotism hates injustice in its own land more than anywhere else.” – Clarence Darrow “A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations…is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism.” – Abraham Lincoln “When you have no basis for an argument, abuse the plaintiff.” – Cicero “Right… is the child of law.” – Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) “I wholly disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” – S.G. Tallentyre, The Friends of Voltaire (1906) “Tact is the ability to describe others as they see themselves.” – Abraham Lincoln “Argument weak; speak loudly!” – a handwritten note by Theodore Roosevelt in the margins of one of his speeches “When it wishes anything done which is really serious, it collects twelve of the ordinary men standing round. The same thing was done, if I remember right, by the Founder of Christianity.” – G. K. Chesterton, speaking of society “By obliging men to turn their attention to other affairs than their own, it rubs off that private selfishness which is the rust of society.” – de Tocqueville on jury service “It may be true that the law cannot make a man love me, but it can stop him from lynching me, and I think that’s pretty important.” – Martin Luther King, Jr. “An unlimited power to tax involves, necessarily, a power to destroy; because there is a limit beyond which no institution and no property can bear taxation.” – Chief Justice John Marshall “These are the times that try men’s souls.” – Thomas Paine, “The Crises” (published after Washington’s army had to retreat from Long Island to Breucklyn) “Take to the study of the law. Possession is nine points of it, which thou hast of me. Self-possession is the tenth . . .” – R.D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone “Come now, and let us reason together . . .” – The Song of Solomon – Isaiah The wisdom of our sages and the blood of our heroes has been devoted to the attainment of trial by jury. It should be the creed of our political faith. -Thomas Jefferson First Inaugural Address 1801 “There is sacredness in tears. They are not the mark of weakness, but of power. They speak more eloquently than ten thousand tongues. They are the messengers of overwhelming grief, of deep contrition, and of unspeakable love.” –Washington Irving (1783-1859) “You will not be punished for your anger, you will be punished by your anger.” – Author Unknown “Very few souls are saved after the first five minutes of the sermon.” – Mark Twain “The law is reason free from passion.” -Aristotle SIR EDWARD COKE (1552-1634) “Reason is the life of the law; nay, the common law itself is nothing else but reason…The law, which is perfection of reason.” – First Institute [1628] “For a man’s house is his castle, et domus sua cuique tutissimum refugium.” – Third Institute [1644] “The house of everyone is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defense against injury and violence as for his repose.” – Semayne’s Case. 5 Report 91 “They [corporations] cannot commit treason, nor be outlawed nor excommunicate, for they have no souls.” – Case of Sutton’s Hospital. 10 Report 32 “Learn to do right; seek justice, encourage the oppressed, defend the cause of the fatherless, plead the case of the widow.” – The Song of Solomon – Isaiah 1:17 “The Seventh Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: ‘In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.’” “Now see that noble and most sovereign reason, Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh. -Shakespeare: Hamlet III, i, 162 “Lincoln’s image is sometimes invoked as a model for lawyer advertising, with his advertising having been the feature of at least one recent television campaign for legal services. Other times, he, obviously, is advanced as the highest example of professionalism. He is probably an excellent illustration of the ability of a lawyer in that era to combine aspects of commercialism, competence and dignity in the practice of law.” -American Bar Association, Commission on Advertising, Lawyer Advertising at the Crossroads: Professional Policy Considerations 31-32 (1995). “Our reason is our law.” -Milton: Paradise Lost, bk. IX, l. 652 “The sleep of reason produces monsters [El sueño de la razón produce monstruos].” – Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes: Los Caprichos [1799]. Plate 43¹ “Education is what you get by reading the fine print; experience is what you get if you don’t read it.” – from The Furrow, Volume 119, Issue 6 Judge: “Is there any reason you could not serve as a juror on this case?” Juror: “I don’t want to be away from my job that long.” Judge: “Can’t they do without you at work?” Juror: “Certainly, but I don’t want them to know it.” – from The Furrow, Volume 119, Issue 6 “Lawyers are like other people — fools on the average; but it is easier for an ass to succeed in that trade than any other.” – Mark Twain “Man is a reasoning animal.” -Lucius Annaeus Seneca: Epistles, 41,8 “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.” – Wendell Phillips (1811-1884), abolitionist, orator and columnist for The Liberator, in a speech before the Massachusetts Antislavery Society in 1852. “Woe to those who enact unjust statutes and who write oppressive decrees, depriving the needy of judgment and robbing my peoples’ poor of their rights, making widows their plunder, and orphans their prey.” – Isaiah 10:1-2. “Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope, and crossing each other from a million different centers of energy and daring those ripples build a current which can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance.” – Robert F. Kennedy (1925-1968, American Attorney General, Senator) “About half the practice of a decent lawyer consists in telling would-be clients that they are damned fools and should stop.” – Elihu Root “A crooked thing is ruined and fit only to ruin everything else. (Chose tournée est corrumpue et propre à tout faire tourner par suite.)” – Guillaume le Maréchal, III, 170 “[The law] is a jealous mistress, and requires a long and constant courtship. It is not to be won by trifling favors, but by lavish homage.” The Value and Importance of Legal Studies – Joseph Story, (1779-1845) “All the sovereigns who have chosen to govern by their own authority, and to direct society instead of obeying its directions, have destroyed or enfeebled the institution of the jury. The Tudor monarchs sent to prison jurors who refused to convict, and Napoleon caused them to be selected by his agents.” “The institution of the jury, if confined to criminal causes, is always in danger; but when once it is introduced into civil proceedings, it defies the aggressions of time and man. If it had been as easy to remove the jury from the customs as from the laws of England, it would have perished under the Tudors, and the civil jury did in reality at that period save the liberties of England.” – de Tocqueville on civil jury trials “There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies and statistics.” – origin unknown; attributed to several sources but made especially popular by Mark Twain’s Own Autobiography: The Chapters from the North American Review “Statistician. A person who draws a mathematically precise line between an unwarranted assumption and a foregone conclusion.” – author unknown “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” – Martin Luther King, Jr. “The law is the last result of human wisdom acting upon human experience for the benefit of the public.” – Samuel Johnson “It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people.” – Justice Felix Frankfurter, dissenting, United States v. Rabinowitz (1950) “I used to say that, as Solicitor General, I made three arguments of every case. First came the one that I planned–as I thought, logical, coherent, complete. Second was the one actually presented–interrupted, incoherent, disjointed, disappointing. The third was the utterly devastating argument that I thought of after going to bed that night.” – Robert H. Jackson, Advocacy Before the Supreme Court (1951) “Judicial reform is no sport for the short-winded.” – Arthur T. Vanderbilt “To be a successful contingency attorney requires three things: 1). Accept only good cases; 2). Settle the good cases; and 3). Try the rest.” – Gary Vert “And do as adversaries do in law – Strive mightily, but eat and drink as friends. – William Shakespeare: The Taming of the Shrew – Act 1 Scene 2 “It usually takes three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech.” – Mark Twain “The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug.” – Mark Twain “Should any political party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group, of course, that believes that you can do these things. Among them are a few Texas oil millionaires, and an occasional politician or businessman from other areas. Their number is negligible and they are stupid.” – President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1952 “What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow; that is the whole Law: the rest is interpretation.” – Hillel (30 B.C.- 10.A.D.) Source: Talm Seek justice for all . . . Champion the cause of those who deserve redress for injury to personal property . . . Promote the public good through concerted efforts to secure safe products, a safe work place, a clean environment, and quality healthcare . . . Further the rule of law in a civil justice system, and protect the rights of the accused . . . Advance the common law and the finest traditions of jurisprudence . . . and uphold the honor and dignity of the legal profession and the highest standards of ethical conduct and integrity. – Mission Statement – Association of Trial Lawyers of America “He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: . . . For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:” – List of Colonists’ Grievances against King George III, Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 “The law must have the last word.” – French President Jacques Chirac in response to rioters in France November 6, 2005 “The study of law is sublime, and its practice vulgar.” – Oscar Wilde “No man is above the law and no man below it.” – Theodore Roosevelt “Justice is conscience, not a personal conscience but the conscience of the whole humanity. Those who clearly recognize the voice of their own conscience usually also recognize the voice of justice.” – Alexander Solzhenitsyn “Simple is good.” – Jim Henson “The great enemy of the truth is very often not the lie – – deliberate, contrived and dishonest, but the myth – – persistent, persuasive, unrealistic.” – John F. Kennedy “As citizens of this democracy, you are the rulers and the ruled, the law-givers and the law-abiding, the beginning and the end.” – Adlai Ewing Stevenson “It is better to risk saving a guilty person than to condemn an innocent one.” – Voltaire, Zadig, 1747 “Our defense is not in our armaments, nor in science, nor in going underground. Our defense is in law and order.” – Albert Einstein “Unkindness has no remedy at law.” – Thomas Fuller (1654 – 1734) comp., Gnomologia: Adages and Proverbs, 5402, 1732. “The precepts of the law are these: to live honestly, to injure no one, and to give everyone his due.” Justinian I (482/483-565). – Justinian Code, A.D. 533. “There shall be one law for the native and for the stranger who sojourns among you.” Moses (14th Century B.C.). – Exodus 12:49 “They that make laws must not break them.” – John Ray (1628 – 1705). Comp., A Collection of English Proverbs, p. 166, 1678. “Ignorance of the law excuses no man, not that all men know the law, but ’tis an excuse every man will plead and no man can tell how to confute him.” – John Selden (1584 – 1654). “LAW” (2), Table Talk, 1689, ed. Frederick Pollock, 1927. “Possession is nine-tenths of the law. Lord Mansfield (1705 – 1793). – Corporation of Kingston – upon – Hull v. Horner, 1774. “The success of any legal system is measured by its fidelity to the universal ideal of justice.” Earl Warren (1891 – 1974). “The Law and the Future,” – Fortune Magazine, November 1955. “Lawyers with a weakness for seeing the merits of the other side end up being employed by neither.” – Richard J. Barnet (1929 – 2004). Roots of War. 3.3, 1971. Saying (Latin): The law is not concerned with trifles. The more laws, the less justice. Where the law is uncertain, there is no law. (Spanish): One lawyer makes work for another. (German): A lawyer and a wagon wheel must be well greased. “It is unwise to pay too much but it is worse to pay too little. When you pay too much you lose a little money. When you pay too little you sometimes lose everything because the thing you bought was incapable of doing the thing it was bought to do. The common sense law of business balance prohibits paying a little and getting a lot. It can’t be done.” – John Ruskin “When law and nature collide, nature usually wins.” – Forrest Reynolds, June 1, 2012, on discussing the verdict in the John Edwards case “Lawyers are just like physicians; what one says the other contradicts. -Sholem Aleiche “One thing I have learned from this experience is that it is hard to keep an audience attentive and involved with a “speech,” but it’s easy if you tell a story that involves your listeners and inspires them with a memorable moral.” – Jim M. Perdue “He is no lawyer who cannot take two sides.” -Charles Lamb “You get a reasonable doubt for a reasonable price.” -Criminal attorney’s saying “Lawyers help those who help themselves.” -Anonymous “It is true that, of the people of my Gracious Prince here, some out of all offices and faculties must be executed: clerics, electoral councilors and doctors, city officials, court assessors, several of whom Your Grace knows. There are law students to be arrested. … The notary of our Church consistory, a very learned man, was yesterday arrested and put to the torture. In a word, a third part of the city is surely involved. The richest, most attractive, most prominent of the clergy are already executed. … I have seen put to death children of seven, promising students of ten, twelve, fourteen, and fifteen.” –A Letter from Würzburg (1629), reprinted in Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700 353-54 (Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters eds., University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001) “Lawyers are a learned class of very ignorant men.” -Erasmus, Dutch philosopher and theologian “I am not afraid of lawyers as I used to be. They are lambs in wolves’ clothing.” -Edna St. Vincent Millay “If you laid all of our laws end to end, there would be no end.” -Mark Twain “‘Curio vult advisari,’ as the lawyers say; which means, ‘Let us have another glass, and then we can think about it.'” – R.D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone [Curia advisari vult is a Latin legal term meaning “the court wishes to consider the matter” (literally, “the court wishes to be advised”), a term reserving judgment until some subsequent day. It often appears in case reports, abbreviated as “Cur. adv. vult”, or sometimes “c.a.v.” or “CAV”, when the bench takes time for deliberation after hearing counsel’s submissions.] “Law is the second oldest profession.” -Anonymous “Thus tis we say though quite uncivil, A cunning lawyer beats the devil!” -Early American Rhyme “Sometimes a man who deserves to be looked upon because he is a fool is despised only because he is a lawyer.” -Montesquieu “May you have a lawsuit in which you know you are right.” -Spanish Gypsy curse “He that loves the law will get his fill of it.” -Scottish proverb “There is no man so good, who, were he to submit all his thoughts and actions to the laws would not deserve hanging ten times in his life.” -Michel de Montaigne “He wastes his tears who weeps before the judge.” -Italian proverb “That one hundred and fifty lawyers should do business together ought not to be expected.” -Thomas Jefferson (referring to the U.S. Congress) “Love all men – except lawyers.” -Irish proverb “Pride only breeds quarrels, but wisdom is found in those who take advice” – Proverbs 13:10 “I, Lucius Titus, have written this my testament without any lawyer, following my own natural reason rather than excessive and miserable diligence.” -The will of a citizen of Rome “They do tricks even I can’t figure out.” -Harry Houdini “If it weren’t for the lawyers we wouldn’t need them.” -William Jennings Bryan “Great management decisions make themselves” -Bob Howe “The very definition of a good award is that it gives dissatisfaction to both parties.” – Goodman C. Sayers “Our holding will be spelled out with some specificity in the pages which follow but briefly stated it is this: the prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination. By custodial interrogation, we mean questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.” – Earl Warren, Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966) “The power of a sonorous phrase to command uncritical acceptance has often been encountered in the law.” – Calvert Magruder, “Mental and Emotional Disturbance in the Law of Torts,” 49 Harvard -Law Review 1033, 1033 (1936) “I left law school more than 40 years ago, and I still have that dream – and not infrequently.” – Paul Kelly on anxiety-producing exams Judge: Are you trying to show contempt for the court? Flower Bell Lee [played by Mae West]: No, I’m doing my best to hide it. – Mae West and W.C. Fields, My Little Chickadee (screenplay), 1940, quoted in The Wit and Wisdom of Mae West 51 (Joseph Weintraub ed. 1970) “A cent or a pepper corn, in legal estimation, would constitute a valuable consideration.” – Nicholas Emery, Whitney v. Stearns, 16 Me. 394, 397 (1839) “But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal-there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. That institution, gentlemen, is a court. It can be the Supreme Court of the United State or the humblest J.P. court in the land, or this honorable court which you serve. Our courts have their faults, as does any human institution, but in this country our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal.” – Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird 218 (1960) “It is not enough to say, that in the opinion of the court, the damages are too high and that we would have given much less. It is the judgment of the jury, and not the judgment of the court, which is to assess the damages in actions for personal torts and injuries….The damages, therefore, must be so excessive as to strike mankind, at first blush, as being beyond all measure, unreasonable and outrageous, and such as manifestly show the jury to have been actuated by passion, partiality, prejudice, or corruption. In short, the damages must be flagrantly outrageous and extravagant, or the court cannot undertake to draw the line; for they have no standard by which to ascertain the excess.” – James Kent, Coleman v. Southwick, 9 Johns. 45, 51-52 (N.Y. 1818) “More truly characteristic of dissent is a dignity, an elevation, of mood and thought and phrase. Deep conviction and warm feeling are saying their last say with knowledge that the cause is lost. The voice of the majority may be that of force triumphant, content with the plaudits of the hour, and recking little of the morrow. The dissenter speaks to the future, and his voice is pitched to a key that will carry through the years.” – Benjamin N. Cardozo, Law and Literature 36 (1931) It shall be unlawful for any teacher in any of the Universitis [sic], Normals and all other public schools of the State which are supported in whole or in part by the public school funds of the State, to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals. – Act of Mar. 13, 1925, ch. 27, § 1, 1925 Tenn. Pub. Acts 50, 50-51 “A grand jury would ‘indict a ham sandwich,’ if that’s what you wanted.” – Tom Wolfe (quoting New York State chief judge Sol Wachtler) in The Bonfire of the Vanities “If today you can take a thing like evolution and make it a crime to teach it in the public school, tomorrow you can make it a crime to teach it in the private schools, and the next year you can make it a crime to teach it to the hustings or in the church. At the next session you may ban books and the newspapers. Soon you may set Catholic against Protestant and Protestant against Protestant, and try to foist your own religion upon the minds of men. If you can do one you can do the other. Ignorance and fanaticism is ever busy and needs feeding. Always it is feeding and gloating for more. Today it is the public school teachers, tomorrow the private. The next day the preachers and the lecturers, the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After while, your honor, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until with flying banners and beating drums we are marching backward to the glorious ages of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted fagots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightment and culture to the human mind.” – Clarence S. Darrow, Speech at Scopes Trial, Dayton, Tenn., 13 July 1925, in The World’s Most Famous Court Trial 87 (1925) “Those who want the Government to regulate matters of the mind and spirit are like men who are so afraid of being murdered that they commit suicide to avoid assassination.” – Harry S. Truman, Address at the National Archives, Washington, D.C., 15 Dec., 1952, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1952-53, at 1077, 1079 (1966) “Since the earliest days philosophers have dreamed of a country where the mind and spirit of man would be free; where there would be no limits to inquiry; where men would be free to explore the unknown and to challenge the most deeply rooted beliefs and principles. Our First Amendment was a bold effort to adopt this principle – to establish a country with no legal restrictions of any kind upon the subjects people could investigate, discuss and deny. The Framers knew, better perhaps than we do today, the risks they were taking. They knew that free speech might be the friend of change and revolution. But they also knew that it is always the deadliest enemy of tyranny. With this knowledge they still believed that the ultimate happiness and security of a nation lies in its ability to explore, to change, to grow and ceaselessly to adapt itself to new knowledge born of inquiry free from any kind of governmental control over the mind and spirit of man. Loyalty comes from love of good government, not fear of a bad one.” – Hugo L. Black, “The Bill of Rights,” 35 New York University Law Review 865, 880-81 (1960) “The issue of a cause rarely depends upon a speech and is but seldom even affected by it. But there is never a cause contested, the result of which is not mainly dependent upon the skill with which the advocate conducts his cross-examination.” . . . “A good advocate should be a good actor. The most cautious cross-examiner will often elicit a damaging answer. Now is the time for the greatest self-control. If you show by your face how the answer hurt, you may lose your case by that one point alone. How often one sees the cross-examiner fairly staggered by such an answer. He pauses, perhaps blushes, and after he has allowed the answer to have its full effect, finally regains his self-possession, but seldom his control of the witness…..” – “Francis Wellman” “The Art of Cross-Examination (1903, 1904)” “The practice of law is a busyness.” -Gary Vert “We can imagine . . . no better way to counter a flag-burner’s message than by saluting the flag that burns. . . We do not consecrate the flag by punishing its desecration, for in doing so we dilute the freedom that this cherished emblem represents.” – William J. Brennan, Jr. Texas v. Johnson, 109 S. Ct. 2533, 2547-48 (1989) “It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers.” – Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop “You can only protect your liberties in this world by protecting the other man’s freedom. You can only be free if I am free.” – Clarence S. Darrow, Address to jury, Communist Trial, 1920, in Attorney for the Damned 121, 140 (Arthur Weinberg ed. 1957) “And I honor the man who is willing to sink Half his present repute for the freedom to think, And, when he has thought, be his cause strong or weak, Will risk t’ other half for the freedom to speak.” – James Russell Lowell, “A Fable for Critics,” 1848, in Complete Poetical Works of James Russell Lowell 114, 136 (Horace E. Scudder ed. 1925) “The wisest thing to do with a fool is to encourage him to hire a hall and discourse to his fellow-citizens. Nothing chills nonsense like exposure to the air.” – Woodrow Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States 38 (1908) “That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic governments.” – Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, § 12, in Federal and State Constitutions 7:3812, 3814 (Francis N. Thorpe ed. 1909) “Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one.” – A.J. Liebling, “The Wayward Press: Do you belong in Journalism?” New Yorker, 14 May 1960, at 105, 109 Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.” – Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 16 Apr. 1963, in Why We Can’t Wait 77, 79 (1964) “We disclaim altogether any jurisdiction in the courts of the United States upon the subject of divorce, or for the allowance of alimony.” – James M. Wayne, Barber v. Barber, 62 U.S. (21 How.) 582, 584 (1858) “That in controversies respecting property, and in suits between man and man, the ancient trial by jury is preferable to any other, and ought to be held sacred.” – Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, § 11, in Federal and State Constitutions 7:3812, 3814 (Francis N. Thorpe ed. 1909) “Where there is Hunger, Law is not regarded; and where Law is not regarded, there will be Hunger.” – Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanack, 1755, in Papers of Benjamin Franklin 5:472 (Leonard W. Labaree ed. 1962) “Ignorance of the law is no excuse in any country. If it were, the laws would lose their effect, because it can always be pretended.” – Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Andre Limozin, 22 Dec. 1787, in Papers of Thomas Jefferson 12:451 (Julian P. Boyd ed. 1955) “I know no method to secure the repeal of bad or obnoxious laws so effective as their stringent execution.” – Ulysses S. Grant, First Inaugural Address, 4 Mar. 1869, in Messages and Papers of the Presidents 7:6, 6 (James D. Richardson ed. 1898) “Never fear the want of business. A man who qualifies himself well for his calling never fails of employment in it.” – Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Peter Carr, 22 June 1792, in Writings of Thomas Jefferson 6:92 (Paul L. Ford ed. 1895) “Our profession is good, if practiced in the spirit of it; it is damnable fraud and iniquity when its true spirit is supplied by a spirit of mischief-making and money catching.” – Daniel Webster, Letter to James Hervey Bingham, 19 Jan. 1806, in Papers of Daniel Webster: Legal Papers 1.69 [When advised not to become a lawyer because the profession was overcrowded:] “There is always room at the top.” – Daniel Webster, quoted in Edward Latham, Famous Sayings and Their Authors 65 (1904) “Whatever their failings as a class may be, and however likely to lose their immortal souls, lawyers do not generally lose papers.” – Arthur Train, “Hocus-Pocus,” in Tut, Tut! Mr. Tutt 119, 120 (1923) “Look well to the right of you, look well to the left of you, for one of you three won’t be here next year.” – Edward H. Warren, quoted in W. Barton Leach, “Look Well to the Right…,” 58 Harvard Law Review 1137, 1138 (1945) On one occasion a student made a curiously inept response to a question from Professor Warren. “The Bull” roared at him, “You will never make a lawyer. You might just as well pack up your books now and leave the school.” The student rose, gathered his notebooks, and started to leave, pausing only to say in full voice, “I accept your suggestion, Sir, but I do not propose to leave without giving myself the pleasure of telling you to go plumb straight to Hell.” “Sit down, Sir, sit down,” said “The Bull.” “Your response makes it clear that my judgment was too hasty.” – Joseph N. Welch, “Edward Henry Warren,” 58 Harvard Law Review 1134, 1136 (1945) “They have a proverb here [in London], which I do not know how to account for ; – in speaking of a difficult point, they say, it would puzzle a Philadelphia lawyer.” – “A Humorous Description of the Manners and Fashions of London; in a Letter from a Citizen of America to his Correspondent in Philadelphia,” 2 Columbian Magazine 181, 182 (1788) This is the earliest known usage of the phrase Philadelphia lawyer to mean “a shrewd lawyer expert in legal technicalities.” This term may have been inspired by Philadelphia attorney Andrew Hamilton’s successful defense of John Peter Zenger in a New York court in 1735. Searching for quotations on lawyers, I found this on your site: “They have a proverb here [in London], which I do not know how to account for ; – in speaking of a difficult point, they say, it would puzzle a Philadelphia lawyer.” – “A Humorous Description of the Manners and Fashions of London; in a Letter from a Citizen of America to his Correspondent in Philadelphia,” 2 Columbian Magazine 181, 182 (1788) This is the earliest known usage of the phrase Philadelphia lawyer to mean “a shrewd lawyer expert in legal technicalities.” This term may have been inspired by Philadelphia attorney Andrew Hamilton’s successful defense of John Peter Zenger in a New York court in 1735. There is a much earlier use of “Philadelphia lawyer”. The Gospel of Luke, in KJV, refers to “a certain lawyer” who asked “Who is my neighbor?” [“To whom do I owe a duty of care?”] Other translations say that “the lawyer of Philadelphia” asked this question. The city called Philadelphia in Bible times is the city now known as Amman, Jordan. I learned this in New Testament Studies at Pacific Lutheran University here in Tacoma, Washington. Theresa Tilton, Attorney at Law ************************************** And, behold, a certain lawyer stood up, and tempted him, saying, Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? He said unto him, What is written in the law? how readest thou? And he answering said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbour as thyself. And he said unto him, Thou hast answered right: this do, and thou shalt live. But he, willing to justify himself, said unto Jesus, And who is my neighbour? And Jesus answering said, A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead. And by chance there came down a certain priest that way: and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. And likewise a Levite, when he was at the place, came and looked on him, and passed by on the other side. But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he had compassion on him, And went to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. And on the morrow when he departed, he took out two pence, and gave them to the host, and said unto him, Take care of him; and whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again, I will repay thee. Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbour unto him that fell among the thieves? And he said, He that shewed mercy on him. Then said Jesus unto him, Go, and do thou likewise. “Let me not be thought as intending anything derogatory to the profession of the law, or to the distinguished members of that illustrious order. Well am I aware that we have in this ancient city innumerable worthy gentlemen, the knights-errant of modern days, who go about redressing wrongs and defending the defenseless, not for the love of filthy lucre, nor the selfish cravings of renown, but merely for the pleasure of doing good. Sooner would I throw this trusty pen into the flames and cork up my ink bottle forever, than infringe even for a nail’s breadth upon the dignity of these truly benevolent champions of the distressed. On the contrary, I allude merely to those caitiff scouts who, in these latter days of evil, infest the skirts of the profession, as did the recreant Cornish knights of yore the honorable order of chivalry, – who under its auspices, commit flagrant wrongs, – who thrive by quibbles, by quirks and chicanery, and like vermin increase the corruption in which they are engendered.” – Washington Irving, The History of New York 261-62 (1868) (1809) “A French observer is surprised to hear how often an English or an American lawyer quotes the opinions of others, and how little he alludes to his own; … This abnegation of his own opinion, and this implicit deference to the opinion of his forefathers, which are common to the English and American lawyer, this servitude of thought which he is obliged to profess, necessarily give him more timid habits and more conservative inclinations in England and America than in France.” – Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 1:353 (Francis Bowen trans. 1862) (1835) “The good judge is not he who does hair-splitting justice to every allegation, but who, aiming at substantial justice, rules something intelligible for the guidance of suitors. The good lawyer is not the man who has an eye to every side and angle of contingency, and qualifies all his qualifications, but who throws himself on your part so heartily that he can get you out of a scrape.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Power,” The Conduct of Life, 1860, in Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson 6:53, 76 (1904) “Your law may be perfect, your knowledge of human affairs may be such as to enable you to apply it with wisdom and skill, and yet without individual acquaintance with men, their haunts and habits, the pursuit of the profession becomes difficult, slow, and expensive. A lawyer who does not know men is handicapped.” – Louis D. Brandeis, Letter to William H. Dunbar, 2 Feb. 1893, in Letters of Louis D. Brandeis 1:108 (Melvin I. Urofsky and David W. Levy eds. 1971) “Courage is the most important attribute of a lawyer. It is more important than competence or vision. It can never be an elective in any law school. It can never be de-limited, dated or outworn, and it should pervade the heart, the halls of justice and the chambers of the mind.” – Robert F. Kennedy, Speech at University of San Francisco Law School, San Francisco, 29 Sept. 1962, quoted in Sue G. Hall, The Quotable Robert F. Kennedy 111 (1967) “One hires lawyers as on hires plumbers, because one wants to keep one’s hands off the beastly drains.” – Amanda Cross, The Question of Max 61 (1976) “Send lawyers, guns and money, the shit has hit the fan.” – Warren Zevon, “Lawyers, Guns and Money’ (song) (1978) “Some debts are not to be reckoned.” – Thomas Cromwell, played by Mark Rylance, on PBS’s Wolf Hall, Season 1 Episode 2 (2015) “The lawyers’ contribution to the civilizing of humanity is evidenced in the capacity of lawyers to argue furiously in the courtroom, then sit down as friends over a drink or dinner. This habit is often interpreted by the layman as a mark of their ultimate corruption. In my opinion, it is their greatest moral achievement: It is a characteristic of humane tolerance that is most desperately needed at the present time.” – John R. Silber, quoted in Wall Street Journal, 16 Mar. 1972, at 14 “Anyone who believes a better day dawns when lawyers are eliminated bears the burden of explaining who will take their place. Who will protect the poor, the injured, the victims of negligence, the victims of racial violence?” – John J. Curtin, Jr., Remarks to American Bar Association, Atlanta, 13 Aug. 1991, quoted in Time, 26 Aug. 1991, at 54 “Lawyers, Preachers, and Tomtits Eggs, there are more of them hatch’d than come to perfection.” – Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanack, 1734, in Papers of Benjamin Franklin 1:354 (Leonard W. Labaree ed. 1959) “I should apologize, perhaps, for the style of this bill. I dislike the verbose and intricate style of the English statutes, and in our revised code I endeavored to restore it to the simple one of the ancient statues, in such original bills as I drew in that work. I suppose the reformation has not been acceptable, as it has been little followed. You, however, can easily correct this bill to the taste of my brother lawyers, by making every other word a “said” or “aforesaid,” and saying everything over two or three times, so that nobody but we of the craft can untwist the diction, and find out what it means; and that, too, not so plainly but that we may conscientiously divide one half on each side. Mend it, therefore, in form and substance to the orthodox taste, and make it what it should be; or, if you think it radically wrong, try something else, and let us make a beginning in some way. No matter how wrong, experience will amend it as we go along, and make it effectual in the end.” – Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Joseph C. Cabell, 9 Sept. 1817, in Writings of Thomas Jefferson 17:417-18 (Andrew A. Lipscomb ed. 1904) “There are two things wrong with almost all legal writing. One is its style. The other is its content.” – Fred Rodell, “Goodbye to Law Reviews,” 23 Virginia Law Review 38, 38 (1936) “Laws are sand, customs are rock. Laws can be evaded and punishment escaped, but an openly transgressed custom brings sure punishment.” – Mark Twain, “The Gorky Incident,” 1906, in Mark Twain: Letters From the Earth 155, 156 (Bernard De Voto ed. 1939) “What we need to do is to stop passing laws. We have enough laws now to govern the world for the next 10,000 years. Every crank who has a foolish notion that he would like to impose upon everybody else hastens to some legislative body and demands that it be graven upon the statutes. Every fanatic who wants to control his neighbor’s conduct is here or at some other legislative body demanding that a law be passed to regulate that neighbor’s conduct.” – James A. Reed, in 67 Congressional Record 10,708 (1926) “The government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws, and not of men. It will certainly cease to deserve this high appellation, if the laws furnish no remedy for the violation of a vested legal right.” – Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 163 (1803) See also OBEDIENCE TO LAW 2, OBEDIENCE TO LAW 3 “In the United States, every one is personally interested in enforcing the obedience of the whole community to the law; for as the minority may shortly rally the majority to its principles, it is interested in professing that respect for the decrees of the legislator which it may soon have occasion to claim for its own. However irksome an enactment may be, the citizen of the United States complies with it, not only because it is the work of the majority, but because it is his own, and he regards it as a contract to which he is himself a party. ” – Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 1:317 (Francis Bowen trans. 1862) (1835) “As [a citizen] is a “law-maker,” he should not be a “law-breaker,” for he ought to be conscious that every departure from the established ordinances of society is an infraction of his rights. His power can only be maintained by the supremacy of the laws, as in monarchies, the authority of the king is asserted by obedience to his orders. The citizen in lending a cheerful assistance to the ministers of the law, on all occasions, is merely helping to maintain his own power. This feature in particular, distinguishes the citizen from the subject.” – James Fenimore Cooper, The American Democrat 83 (1956) (1838) “A very wise father once remarked, that in the government of his children, he forbade as few things as possible; a wise legislation would do the same. It is folly to make laws on subjects beyond human prerogative, knowing that in the very nature of things they must be set aside. To make laws that man can not and will not obey, serves to bring all law into contempt. It is very important in a republic, that the people should respect the laws, for if we throw them to the winds, what becomes of civil government?” – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Address before 10th National Woman’s rights Convention, New York, May 1860, in History of Woman Suffrage 1:716, 721 (Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda J. Gage eds. 1881) “The words which are criticized as dirty [in James Joyce’s Ulysses] are old Saxon words known to almost all men and, I venture, to many women, and are such words as would be naturally and habitually used, I believe, by the types of folk whose life, physical, and mental, Joyce is seeking to describe. In respect of the recurrent emergence of the theme of sex in the minds of his characters, it must always be remembered that his locale was Celtic and his season spring.” – John M. Woolsey, United States v. One Book Called “Ulysses,” 5 F. Supp. 182, 183-84 (S.D.N.Y. 1933) [Standard for obscenity:]” Whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest.” – William J. Brennan, Jr. Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 489 (1957) “I have reached the conclusion . . . that under the First and Fourteenth Amendments criminal laws in this area [obscenity] are constitutionally limited to hard-core pornography. I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description; and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know if when I see it; and the motion picture involved in this case is not that.” – Potter Stewart, Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 197 (1964) (concurring) “The First Amendment guarantees liberty of human expression in order to preserve in our Nation what Mr. Justice Holmes called a “free trade in ideas.” To that end, the Constitution protects more than just a man’s freedom to say or write or publish what he wants. It secures as well the liberty of each man to decide for himself what he will read and to what he will listen. The Constitution guarantees, in short, a society of free choice.” – Potter Stewart, Ginsberg v. New York, 390 U.S. 629, 649 (1968) (concurring) “The term “f—–g pigs” in the context in which it was used referred not to copulation of porcine animals but was rather a highly insulting epithet directed to the police officers…..Appellant’s use of the vulgarism describing the filial partner in an oedipal relationship is fairly to be viewed as an epithet rather than as a phrase appealing to a shameful or morbid interest in intra-family sex….There is, after all, a strong possibility that an expert witness called in the matter before us might have testified to the occasional use of the offending profane adjective in bar association quarters or in trial judges’ lounges-alas, all too often in reference to a decision of the Court of Appeal.” – Robert S. Thompson, People v. Price, 4 Cal. App. 3d 941, 948-49, 84 Cal. Rptr. 585 (1970) (dissenting) “I put sixteen years into that damn obscenity thing. I tried and I tried, and I waffled back and forth, and I finally gave up. If you can’t define it, you can’t prosecute people for it. And that’s why, in the Paris Adult Theatre decision, I finally abandoned the whole effort. I reached the conclusion that every criminal-obscenity statute-and most obscenity laws are criminal-was necessarily unconstitutional, because it was impossible, from the statute, to define obscenity. Accordingly, anybody charged with violating the statute would not have known that his conduct was a violation of the law. He wouldn’t know whether the material was obscene until the court told him.” – William J. Brennan, Jr., quoted in Nat Hentoff, “Profiles: The Constitutionalist,” New Yorker, 12 Mar. 1990, at 45, 56 “The appellant has attempted to distinguish the factual situation in this case from that in Renfroe v. Higgins Rack Coating and Manufacturing Co., Inc. (1969), 17 Mich App 259. He didn’t. We couldn’t. Affirmed. Costs to appellee.” – John H. Gillis, Denny v. Radar Industries, 28 Mich. App. 294, 294 (1970) * This is the opinion in its entirety. “Literary license allows an avid alliterationist authority to postulate parenthetically that the predominating principles presented here may be summarized thusly: Preventing public pollution permits promiscuous perusal of personality but persistent perspicacious patron persuasively provided pertinent perdurable preponderating presumption precedent preventing prison.” – H. Sol Clark, Banks v. State, 132 Ga. App. 809, 810, 209 S.E. 2d 252 (1974) “Our amended Constitution is the lodestar for our aspirations. Like every text worth reading, it is not crystalline. The phrasing is broad and the limitations of its provisions are not clearly marked. Its majestic generalities and ennobling pronouncements are both luminous and obscure. This ambiguity of course calls forth interpretation, the interaction of reader and text. The encounter with the Constitutional text has been, in many senses, my life’s work.” – William J. Brennan, Jr., “The Constitution of the United States: Contemporary Ratification” (speech), Washington, D.C. 12 Oct. 1985, in Original Meaning Jurisprudence: A Sourcebook 151, 152 (1987) “I, Andrew Johnson, …..hereby proclaim and declare unconditionally, and without reservation, to all and to every person who directly or indirectly participated in the late insurrection or rebellion, a full pardon and amnesty for the offence of treason against the United States, or of adhering to their enemies during the late civil war, with restoration of all rights, privileges, and immunities under the Constitution and the laws which have been made in pursuance thereof.” – Proclamation 25 Dec., 1868, 15 Stat. 711, 712 “The patent system…added the fuel of interest to the fire of genius.” – Abraham Lincoln, Second Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions, Jacksonville, Ill., 11 Feb.1859, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 3:363 (Roy P. Basler ed. 1953) [To the Court requesting a precedent for his position during the Crafts trial:] “I will look, your Honor, and endeavor to find a precedent, if you require it; though it would seem to be a pity that the Court should lose the honor of being the first to establish so just a rule.” – Rufus Choate, quoted in Works of Rufus Choate 1:292 (Samuel G. Brown ed. 1862) “We recognize that stare decisis embodies an important social policy. It represents an element of continuity in law, and is rooted in the psychologic need to satisfy reasonable expectations. But stare decisis is a principle of policy and not a mechanical formula of adherence to the latest decision, however recent and questionable, when such adherence involves collision with a prior doctrine more embracing in its scope, intrinsically sounder, and verified by experience…This Court, unlike the House of Lords, has from the beginning rejected a doctrine of disability at self-correction.” – Felix Frankfurter, Helvering v. Hallock, 309 U.S. 106, 119, 121 (1940) “I would rather create a precedent than find one.” – William O. Douglas, The Court Years: 1939-1975, at 179 (1980) “The right to be let alone is indeed the beginning of all freedom.” – William O. Douglas, Public Utilities Comm’n v. Pollak, 343 U.S. 451, 467 (1952) (dissenting) “We are rapidly entering the age of no privacy, where everyone is open to surveillance at all times; where there are no secrets from government.” – William O. Douglas, Osborn v. United States, 385 U.S. 323, 341 (1966) (dissenting) “In no country in the world is the love of property more active and more anxious than in the United States; nowhere does the majority display less inclination for those principles which threaten to alter, in whatever manner, the laws of property.” – Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 2:314 (Francis Bowen trans.1862) (1835) “Any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed his declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization laws of the United States, and who has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies, shall, from and after the first January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter one quarter section or a less quantity of unappropriated public lands, upon which said person may have filed a preemption claim, or which may, at the time the application is made, be subject to preemption at one dollar and twenty-five cents, or less, per acre; or eighty acres or less of such unappropriated lands, at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, to be located in a body, in conformity to the legal subdivisions of the public lands, and after the same shall have been surveyed.” – Homestead Act of 1862, ch. 75, § 1, 12 Stat. 392, 392 “With the rise of property, considered as an institution, with the settlement of its rights, and, above all, with the established certainty of its transmission to lineal descendants, came the first possibility among mankind of the true family in its modern acceptation. . . It is impossible to separate property, considered in the concrete, from civilization, or for civilization to exist without its presence, protection, and regulated inheritance. Of property in this sense, all barbarous nations are necessarily ignorant.” – Lewis Henry Morgan, Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity 492 (1870) “The primary duty of a lawyer engaged in public prosecution is not to convict, but to see that justice is done.” – Canons of Professional Ethics Canon 5 (1908) [William Jennings Bryan:] “Your Honor, I think I can shorten this testimony. The only purpose Mr. Darrow has is to slur at the Bible, but I will answer his question. I will answer it all at once, and I have no objection in the world, I want the world to know that this man, who does not believe in a God, is trying to use a court in Tennessee-” [Clarence S. Darrow:]” I object to that.” [Bryan:]” to slur at it, and while it will require time, I am willing to take it.” [Darrow:] “I object to your statement. I am exempting you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes.” – Clarence S. Darrow, Scopes Trial, Dayton, Tenn., 20 July 1925, in The World’s Most Famous Court Trial 304 (1925) “Men may believe what they cannot prove. They may not be put to the proof of their religious doctrines or beliefs. Religious experiences which are as real as life to some may be incomprehensible to others.” – William O. Douglas, United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78, 86 (1944) “Among religions in this country which do not teach what would generally be considered a belief in the existence of God are Buddhism, Taoism, Ethical Culture, Secular Humanism and others.” – Hugo L. Black, Torcaso v. Watkins, 367 U.S. 488, 495 n.11 (1961) “This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it, or their revolutionary right to dismember, or overthrow it.” – Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, 4 Mar. 1861, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln 4:269 (Roy P. Basler ed. 1953) “The word “revolution” has of course acquired a subversive connotation in modern times. But it has roots that are eminently respectable in American history. This country is the product of revolution. Our very being emphasizes that when grievances pile high and there are no political remedies, the exercise of sovereign powers reverts to the people. Teaching and espousing revolution-as distinguished from indulging in overt acts-are therefore obviously within the range of the First Amendment. ” – William O. Douglas, W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs v. Clark, 389 U.S. 309, 315-16 (1967) “If we cannot secure all our rights, let us secure what we can.” – Thomas Jefferson, Letter to James Madison, 15 Mar. 1789, in Papers of Thomas Jefferson 14:660 (Julian P. Boyd ed. 1958) “But the word “right” is one of the most deceptive of pitfalls; it is so easy to slip from a qualified meaning in the premise to an unqualified one in the conclusion. Most rights are qualified. ” – Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., American Bank and Trust Co. v. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 256 U.S. 350, 358 (1921) “This freedom of movement is the very essence of our free society, setting us apart. Like the right of assembly and the right of association, it often makes all other rights meaningful-knowing, studying, arguing, exploring, conversing, observing and even thinking. Once the right to travel is curtailed, all other rights suffer, just as when curfew or home detention is placed on a person.” – William O. Douglas, Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500, 520 (1964) (concurring) “America is of course sovereign; but her sovereignty is woven in an international web that makes her one of the family of nations. The ties with all the continents are close-commercially as well as culturally. Our concerns are planetary, beyond sunrises and sunsets. Citizenship implicates us in those problems and perplexities, as well as in domestic ones. We cannot exercise and enjoy citizenship in world perspective without the right to travel abroad; and I see no constitutional way to curb it unless, as I said, there is the power to detain.” – William O. Douglas, Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500, 520-21 (1964) (concurring) “Of course, I believe that every child has a right to decent education and shelter, food and medical care; of course, I believe that refugees from political oppression have a right to a haven in a free land; of course I believe that every person has a right to work in dignity and for a decent wage. I do believe and affirm the social contract that grounds these rights. But more to the point I also believe that I am commanded-that we are obligated-to realize those rights.” – Robert M. Cover, “Obligation: A Jewish Jurisprudence of the Social Order,” 5 Journal of Law and Religion 65, 73-74 (1988) “And I take this opportunity to declare, that …I will to my dying day oppose, with all the powers and faculties God has given me, all such instruments of slavery on the one hand, and villainy on the other, as this writ of assistance is. It appears to me…the worst instrument of arbitrary power, the most destructive of English liberty, and the fundamental principles of the constitution, that ever was found in an English law-book.” – James Otis, Argument against the writs of assistance, Boston, Feb. 1761, quoted in John Adams, “Abstract of the Argument for and against the Writts of Assistance,” 1761, in Legal Papers of John Adams 2:134, 139-40 (L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel eds. 1965) “Your Honours will find in the old book, concerning the office of a justice of peace, precedents of general warrants to search suspected houses. But in more modern books you will find only special warrants to search such and such houses specially named, in which the complainant has before sworn he suspects his goods are concealed; and you will find it adjudged that special warrants only are legal. In the same manner I rely on it, that the writ prayed for in this petition being general is illegal. It is a power that places the liberty of every man in the hands of every petty officer.” – James Otis, Argument against the writs of assistance, Boston, Feb. 1761, quoted in John Adams, “Abstract of the Argument for and against the Writts of Assistance,” 1761, in Legal Papers of John Adams 2:134, 141-42 (L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel eds. 1965) “Now one of the most essential branches of English liberty, is the freedom of one’s house. A man’s house is his castle;* and while he is quiet, he is as well guarded as a prince in his castle. This writ [of assistance], if it should be declared legal, would totally annihilate this privilege.” – James Otis, Argument against the writs of assistance, Boston, Feb. 1761, quoted in John Adams, “Abstract of the Argument for and against the Writts of Assistance,” 1761, in Legal Papers of John Adams 2:134; 142 (L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel eds. 1965) Burton Stevenson, Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases 1192 (1948), traces the proverb, “A man’s house is his castle,” back to 1567 and notes legal usages of it by Sir Edward Coke in the 17th century. “That general warrants, whereby an officer of messenger may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, or whose offence is not particularly described and supported by evidence, are grievous and oppressive, and ought not to be granted.” – Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, § 10, in Federal and State Constitutions 7:3812, 3814 (Francis N. Thorpe ed. 1909) It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, by the use of any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce, or of the mails… (A) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud, (B) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or (C) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security. – Rule 10b-5,13 Fed. Reg. 8183-84 (1948) (codified at 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5) [Definition of insider trading:] “Stealing too fast.” – Calvin Trillin, “The Inside on Insider Trading,” in If You Can’t Say Something Nice 141, 143 (1987) “He must make instant decisions that would take months for a lawyer.” – Paul Harvey, on policemen “Racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional…..All provisions of federal, state or local law requiring or permitting such discrimination must yield to this principle. – Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294, 298 (1955) “The hardest case we ever heard of lived in Arkansas. He was only fourteen years old. One night he deliberately murdered his father and mother in cold blood, with a meat-axe. He was tried and found guilty. The Judge drew on his black cap, and in a voice choked with emotion asked the young prisoner if he had anything to say before the sentence of the Court was passed on him….”Why, no,” replied the prisoner, “I think I haven’t, though I hope yer Honor will show some consideration FOR THE FEELINGS OF A POOR ORPHAN!” ” – Artemus Ward, “A Hard Case,” in Artemus Ward in London 183, 183-84 (1867) “I’m often asked why there is such a great variation among sentences imposed by Texas judges. I can only quote the Texas judge who was asked why a killer sometimes doesn’t even get indicted and a cattle thief can get ten years. The judge answered: “A lot of fellows ought to be shot, but we don’t have any cows that need stealin’.” – Pearcy Foreman, quoted in Michael Dorman, King of the Courtroom 104 (1969) “Oyez, oyez, oyez! All persons having business before the honorable, the Supreme Court of the United States, are admonished to draw near and give their attention, for the court is now sitting. God save the United States and this honorable Court.” – Marshal’s cry at the opening of public sessions of the United States Supreme Court “Equal Justice Under Law.” – Inscription on West Portico of Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. “Justice the Guardian of Liberty.” – Inscription on East Portico of Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. Court “[We’ll] never really know how many brothers-in-law were ‘accidentally kilt’ by their kin who were holding their shotgun and stepping over a fence at the same time.” – Robert Meriweather, Professor of Political Science, Education and History and Dean of Students at Hendrix College (1959-1993) “Knowing Master Huckaback to be a man of his word, as well as one who would have others so, I was careful to be in good time the next morning . . . “ – R.D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone “Justice the Guardian of Liberty.” – Inscription on East Portico of Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. “Anything less than full justice is cruelty.” – William Penn “Your brand is your promise to the consumer. It’s your reputation. It’s the encapsulation of your core values. . .When someone attempts to steal our brand it’s personal, as though some part of my family has been assaulted.” – Doug Shafer, A Vineyard In Napa Here this extraordinary man [Charles Townsend], then Chancellor of the Exchequer, found himself in great straits. To please universally was the object of his life; but to tax and to please, no more than to love and to be wise, is not given to men. However, he attempted it. – Edmund Burke, Speech on American Taxation, 19 April 1774, in Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke 2:409, 454 (Paul Langford ed. 1981) “Our new Constitution is now established, and has an appearance that promises permanency; but in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.” – Benjamin Franklin, Letter to Jean Baptiste Le Roy, 13 Nov. 1789, in Writings of Benjamin Franklin 10:69 (Albert H. Smyth ed. 1907) *Not the man in the moon, not the groaning-board, not the speaking of friar Bacon’s brazen- head, not the inspiration of mother Shipton, or the miracles of Dr. Faustus, things as certain as death and taxes, can be more firmly believed. – Daniel Defoe, The History of the Devil, 1726, in Defoe’s Works 3:283, 481 (1912) “I don’t see why a man shouldn’t pay an inheritance tax. If a Country is good enough to pay taxes to while you are living, it’s good enough to pay in after you die. By the time you die you should be so used to paying taxes that it would just be almost second nature to you.” – Will Rogers, “They’ve Got a New Dictionary at Ellis Island,” 28 Feb. 1926, in Will Rogers’ Weekly Articles 2:157, 158 (James M. Smallwood ed. 1980) [Responding to a statement that “laws should be considerate of the poor”:] Not more so than of the rich. The laws should be equal and just; and the poor are the last people who ought to wish them otherwise, since they are certain to be the losers when any other principle governs….No class suffers so much by a departure from the rule, as the rich have a thousand other means of attaining their ends, when the way is left clear to them, by setting up any other master than the right.” – James Fenimore Cooper, The Chainbearer, 1845, in Complete Works of J. Fenimore Cooper 27:94-95 (1893) “The true form of the Rule against Perpetuities is believed to be this: – NO INTEREST SUBJECT TO A CONDITION PRECEDENT IS GOOD, UNLESS THE CONDITION MUST BE FULFILLED, IF AT ALL, WITHIN TWENTY-ONE YEARS AFTER SOME LIFE IN BEING AT THE CREATION OF THE INTEREST.” – John Chipman Gray, The Rule Against Perpetuities 144 (1886) “During my life, and now by my will and codicils, I have given considerable sums of money to promote public or humanitarian causes which have had my deliberate and sympathetic interest. If any of my children think excessive such gifts of mine outside of my family, I ask them to remember not only the merit of the causes and the corresponding usefulness of the gifts but also the dominating ideals of my life. They should never forget the dangers which unfortunately attend the inheritance of large fortunes, even though the money come from the painstaking affections of a father. I beg of them to remember that such danger lies not only in the obvious temptation to enervating luxury, but in the inducement . . . to withdraw from the wholesome duty of vigorous, serious, useful work. In my opinion a life not largely dedicated to such work cannot be happy and honorable; And to such it is my earnest hope-and will be to my death-that my children shall, so far as their strength permits, be steadfastly devoted.” – Joseph Pulitzer, Will, in James Wyman Barrett, Joseph Pulitzer and His World 295-96 (1941) “And do as adversaries do in law – Strive mightily, but eat and drink as friends.” – William Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew, act I, scene ii “Instead, I want to see a mighty flood of justice, a river of righteous living that will never run dry.” – The Holy Bible – Amos 5:24 “In the heart of every lawyer, worthy of the name, there burns a deep ambition so to bear himself that the profession may be stronger by reason of his passage through its ranks, and that he may leave the law itself a better instrument of human justice than he found it.” – John W. Davis “I do solemnly swear or affirm: I will support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of Arkansas, and I will faithfully perform the duties of attorney at law. I will maintain the respect and courtesy due to courts of justice, judicial officers, and those who assist them. I will, to the best of my ability, abide by the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and any other standards of ethics proclaimed by the courts, and in doubtful cases I will attempt to abide by the spirit of those ethical rules and precepts of honor and fair play. To opposing parties and their counsel, I pledge fairness, integrity, and civility, not only in court, but also in all written and oral communications. I will not reject, from any consideration personal to myself, the cause of the impoverished, the defenseless, or the oppressed. I will endeavor always to advance the cause of justice and to defend and to keep inviolate the rights of all persons whose trust is conferred upon me as an attorney at law.” – Oath administered to new attorneys in Arkansas “We will either find a way, or make one.” – Hannibal “In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.” – Albert Einstein “I have lived my life, and I have fought my battles, not against the weak and the poor – anybody can do that – but against power, against injustice, against oppression, and I have asked no odds from them, and I never shall.” – Clarence S. Darrow, Defense against charge of jury bribing in McNamara Case, 1912, in Attorney for the Damned 491, 497 (Arthur Weinberg ed. 1957) “We cannot not be here. People look to us.” -Mari Wright, Executive Director of the Southwest Georgia Chapter of the American Red Cross. “The law favors farmers.” “…There nothing more expensive than a bad lawyer”. -Mike Gowen Whoever is careless with the truth in small matters cannot be trusted with important matters. – Albert Einstein In matters of truth and justice, there is no difference between large and small problems, for issues concerning people are all the same. – Albert Einstein “It’s never about the opponent or who we’re facing. . . . Coach likes to say they’re faceless – and they are. It’s about us and about what we do and how we take everything on the field. It doesn’t matter who we play. We’re trying to play the way we’re capable of playing.” – Alabama senior quarterback AJ McCarron, quoting Coach Nick Saban Men of few words are the best men. – William Shakespeare This report, by its very length, defends itself against the risk of being read. – Sir Winston Churchhill I have made this [letter] longer, because I have not had the time to make it shorter. – French writer and mathematician Blaise Pascal Funny Order from Kenton, KY Circuit Court – Click to download PDF “[W]hat many of those who oppose the use of juries in civil trials seem to ignore [is that t]he founders of our Nation considered the right of trial by jury in civil cases an important bulwark against tyranny and corruption, a safeguard too precious to be left to the whim of the sovereign, or, it might be added, to that of the judiciary.” – Chief Justice William Rehnquist in Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 343 (1979) “Men are never so likely to settle a question rightly as when they discuss it freely.” – Thomas Babington Macaulay “There was not a member of the Constitutional Convention who had the least objection to what is contended for by the advocates for a Bill of Rights and trial by jury.” – George Washington (1788) “It is through trial by jury that the people share in government, a consideration which ought to make our legislators very cautious how they take away this mode of trial by new, trifling and vexatious enactments.” – Lord John Russell, Prime Minister of England (1823) “What individual can so well assess the amount of damages which a plaintiff ought to recover for an injury he has received than an intelligent jury?” – Henry Peter Brougham, Lord Chancellor of England (1828) “The law of England has established trial by judge and jury in the conviction that it is the mode best calculated to ascertain the truth.” – Jeremy Bentham, English Philosopher (1832) “The civil jury is the most effective form of sovereignty of the people. It defies the aggressions of time and man. During the reigns of Henry VIII (1509-1547) and Elizabeth I (1158-1603), the civil jury did in reality save the liberties of England.” – Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835) “The jury system is the handmaid of freedom. It takes on the spirit of liberty, and grows with the progress of constitutional government. Rome, Sparta and Carthage fell because they did not know it, let not England and America fall because they threw it away.” – Charles S. May, Address to the Michigan Law School (1875) “In the Declaration of Independence, the King of Great Britain was arraigned before the world for depriving us of trial by jury. This language evinces the purpose of our representatives to risk their lives and their fortunes to secure the ancient right of trial by jury.” – Justice Alphonso C. Avery of North Carolina (1892) “In the jury box, no less than in the polling booth, every day the American way of life is given its rebirth. American jurymen are the custodians and guarantors of the democratic ideal.” – Justice Bernard Botein of New York (1946) “The more I see of trial by judge, the more highly I think of trial by jury.” – Australian King’s Counsel B. R. Wise (1948) “Through 500 years of human history the jury trial has been regarded as an unalienable right cherished in the thinking of freedom-seeking peoples. It remains today a refuse against all those little tyrannies plotted behind hypocritical fronts in well-respected places theoretically dedicated to the preservation of basic civil liberties.” – Judge William J. Palmer of California (1958) “In the minds of American colonists, trial by jury was the firmest barrier of English liberty; it survives today as the voice of the people.” – Arthur Schlesinger, The Birth of the Nation (1968) “The most persistent hate is that which doth degenerate from love.” – Map, De Nugis Curialium, 245 “[N]o man’s life, liberty or fortune is safe while the legislature is in session.” – Benjamin Franklin “The right of trial by jury in civil cases is fundamental to our history and jurisprudence. The founders of our nation considered it an important bulwark against tyranny and corruption, a safeguard too precious to be left to the whim of the sovereign.” – U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist (1979) “The concept of the jury system is as close as any society has ever come to true democracy.” -Paula Di Perna, Faces of American Justice (1984) “Plaintiff respectfully demands trial by jury and tenders the required jury fee”. – Non-parenthetical requirement in every complaint alleging personal injury or wrongful death, Law Offices of Gary Green “A jury consists of twelve persons chosen to decide who has the better lawyer.” – Robert Frost	Possession
Which automobile company, which recently announced it was discontinuing the sale of cars in the US, makes a model called the Sidekick or Grand Vitara?	Thomas Aquinas on Law Aquinas On Law Read Saint Thomas Aquinas, On Law, Morality and Politics (Hackett), xiii-xxii and 11-83. See xx-xxi for the part, question, article structure of the Summa and the Objections, Sed Contra, Respondeo, and Responses-to-Objections structure of the articles. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Philosophy and Theology in Thomas' Thought A. For Thomas philosophy is ancilla theologiae (handmaiden of theology). Aquinas was first and foremost a theologian, though he was quite capable of distinguishing philosophy proper from theology. He held that (1) philosophy can prove by means of reason unaided by revelation some truths proposed by Christian faith; (2) it can clarify truths which cannot be proved; and (3) it can defend the principles of Christian faith against their detractors. True philosophy cannot conflict with Christian faith but it can fall short of it--e.g., the existence of God as efficient cause of the universe can be established by reason alone, the full meaning of "God" can only come from faith. Aquinas is not the only, but he is the most important, medieval thinker who tried to incorporate many of Aristotle's ideas into Christian philosophy. He goes as far towards accepting Aristotle's views as a Christian of his time could do. But there are some points on which even Thomas would have to depart from Aristotle: chief among them (i) Aristotle's view that the universe is everlasting and (ii) Aristotle's rejection of individual immortality. B. Christian PHILOSOPHY: Philosophy as Thomas understands it depends on this: that there is a natural world; that its substantial components regularly exercise their own causal powers; that there are intelligent beings capable of understanding the natural world by their own mental powers. C. CHRISTIAN philosophy: Christian philosophy for Thomas depends on this: that the world of creatures is totally based--for its existence, endurance and operation--upon God, who freely creates, conserves and cooperates with what He has created. ***** An Outline Corresponding (roughly) to Thomas' Exposition A. Law in general F. How human law is related to natural law G. Human law 1. Why human law is needed 2. Specificity of human law 3. How framed for the community and classes of persons 4. Whether it represses all vices or prescribes acts of all the virtues. 5. Whether everyone is subject to law 6. Whether there are exceptions to true human laws 7. Whether human law should ever be changed 8. How quickly should human law be changed/the importance of custom I shall deviate from this outline by reversing E-G, to which most of our time shall be devoted. The reason for doing this is that human law is more familiar to us, and it is good philosophical inquiry proceeds from what is most familiar to us. Law in general Aquinas describes law as "a certain rule and measure of acts whereby man is induced to act or is restrained from acting." (q90, a1) Because the rule and measure of human actions is reason, law has an essential relation to reason; in the first place to divine reason; in the second place to human reason, when it acts correctly, i.e., in accordance with the purpose or final cause implanted in it by God. Law is directed by its nature to the good, and especially to the universal or common good. (q90, a3) It is addressed not primarily to private persons but to the whole people meeting in common or to persons who have charge of the community as a whole. Promulgation--i.e., the application of the law to those to whom it is applied and the communication of this law to them--is essential to the nature of the law. The natural law is promulgated by God: "God has instilled it into human minds so as to be known by them naturally." Divine and human laws can be promulgated by word of mouth or, even better, by writing. Kinds of Law Aquinas recognizes four main kinds of law: the eternal, the natural, the human, and the divine. The last three all depend on the first, but in different ways. Were we to arrange them in a hierarchy, eternal would be at the top, then natural, then human. Divine law is not in conflict with natural law, but it reaches human beings by a different route, revelation. Eternal Law Eternal law is identical to the mind of God as seen by God himself. It can be called law because God stands to the universe which he creates as a ruler does to a community which he rules. When God's reason is considered as it is understood by God Himself, i.e. in its unchanging, eternal nature (q91, a1) , it is eternal law. Divine Law Divine law is derived from eternal law as it appears historically to humans, especially through revelation, i.e., when it appears to human beings as divine commands. Divine law is divided into the Old Law and the New Law (q91, a5). The Old and New Law roughly corresponding to the Old and New Testaments of the Bible. When he speaks of the Old Law, Thomas is thinking mainly of the Ten Commandments. When he speaks of the New Law, the teachings of Jesus. Old Law -- commands conduct externally -- reaches humans through their capacity for fear -- Law promised earthly rewards (social peace and its benefits) New Law -- commands internal conduct -- reaches humans by the example of divine love -- promises heavenly reward Human Law Thomas' philosophy, as we should expect knowing how much he is indebted to Aristotle, is pervaded with a sense of teleology. Nowhere is this clearer and more important than in his discussion of human law. You might think here that he would define human law as what we sometimes nowadays call positive law, the laws actually enacted and put in force in our human communities. But in fact human law fits just those so-called positive laws which are what written and enacted laws should be. So-called laws which fall short of what they should be are not true laws at all, according to Thomas. (Cf. q95, a2, p. 59) I shall hold off giving Thomas' own definition of human law, because it relies upon the concept of natural law to which we will turn to later. We can say now that Thomas thinks of human laws as laws, devised by human reason (q91, a3, p. 21), adapted to particular geographical, historical and social circumstances. Law is directed to the common good, and human law is no exception. The promotion of virtue is necessary for the common good, and human laws are instruments in the promotion of virtue. Aristotle already pointed out that most people are kept from crime by fear of the law. Thomas accepts this judgment, suggesting (r. Ad 1, p. 57) that by coercion even men who are evilly disposed may be led in the direction of virtue. Laws are also important, says Thomas, for other reasons noted by Aristotle. (1) It is easier to find a few wise persons who can make good laws than to find many who, in the absence of laws, can judge correctly in each instance. (2) Lawmakers can deliberate at length before making laws while many particular cases must be judged quickly, when they arise. (3) Lawmakers judge in the abstract and are less likely to be swayed by emotions evoked by concrete circumstances or by the kinds of things that tend to corruption. There is less danger of perversion of law, which is formulated in general, than there would be perversion of judgment in particular cases where no law exists to guide judgment. (Q. 95, A. 1, R. Ad 2) Even though laws are general, they are still adapted to the nature of the community, which is not everywhere the same, and to the classes of individuals who make up the society. For example, there may be one set of laws that govern the conduct of trade, another set of laws that govern the control of parents over their children, another set of laws setting limits on the powers of what passes for a police force. In other words, there may be different laws for different kinds of citizens, who have different functions in the community. Still laws are general to two ways. All human laws worthy of the name laws are directed towards the common good. And even specific laws, say, for merchants, are general in some way: that they go farther than a single case. (Q. 96, a. 1) The human law, says Thomas, is not obliged to repress all vices. It is framed for most people, who are far from perfect in virtue. It is aimed at the more grievous vices from which the majority can abstain, i.e., those which are to the hurt of others, e.g., murder, theft, and the like. Were the law to attempt to legislate perfection, it would make people hostile to the law and defeat its purpose. (Q. 96, a. 2) For the same reason, the law does not prescribe all the acts of the virtues. But it does prescribe some acts corresponding to each virtue. For example, some acts that a just man would do are prescribed; some acts that a temperate person would do are prescribed. (A. 3) Everyone is subject to human law and ought to obey the human law, that is, the true human law, not the occasional perversion of it which is sometimes presented as law. But the ruler (charged with stating and enforcing the law) is in a special position. Normally, he is obliged to follow the law which he himself has stated. But there is nobody over him to judge him in this life. However, he is not exempt, since he will be held accountable by God. (A.5). Thomas considers when it may be permissible to violate the letter of the law (in A. 6). He realizes that, because it is by nature general, the law may require exceptions. In most cases, these should be made only with the consent of the political authorities, but there are exceptions even to this rule, when the common good is under unusual peril. Human laws are subject to change, according to Aquinas, because experience in practical matters may allow us to improve them. (Q. 97, A. 1) Pp. 76-77 are interesting because, while they echo passages in Aristotle, they give a hint of that idea of long-term moral .and political progress which would later became influential during the 17th and 18th c. Enlightenment. Aristotle understood that there could be progress in the arts and in philosophy, but he saw history as cyclical, and he anticipated that social catastrophes would cultural and technical progress to be lost, though they might be recovered in a later cycle. Thomas, by contrast, has an essentially linear notion of history, which is connected with the Christian idea that there is just one Big Story and each human event has its unique place in that story. Human law can be changed, and occasionally should be changed, but it should not be lightly changed. The reason is that respect for the law is largely a matter of custom or habit, and inessential change undermines this custom. The common good is not served by a more finely tuned, theoretically better law, if people have less respect for law and follow it less faithfully. (A.2) The Relation of Human and Natural Law To define human law, a Thomist must refer to natural law. Thomas says that it is from the precepts of the natural law, as from general and indemonstrable principles, that the human reason needs to proceed to certain particular determinations of the laws. These particular determinations, devised by human reason, are called human laws. (q91, a3, p. 21) The natural law is law with moral content, more general than human law. Natural law deals with necessary rather than with variable things. In working out human laws, human practical reason moves from the general principles implanted in natural law to the contingent commands of human law. Natural law is more perfect than human laws, because of the variable subject-matter of human laws. Natural law is less specific than human laws, but human laws are applications of natural law and cannot deviate from what we might call the spirit of the natural law, as applied to the time and place of the human law's promulgation. If a human law does deviate in this way, if it is not a proper and rationally defensible application of the natural law, then it is a perversion of law, which is to say, it is a law in name only (q95, a2, p. 59). Natural law holds that in general human life should be preserved and steps should be taken to preserve it. But laws governing automobile traffic so as, among other things, to preserve human health and life are applications specific to the era in which automobiles exist. A further specification, codified in human law, is that in the U.S. one should normally drive on the right and, in Great Britain one should normally drive on the left. At this level the human law is partly a matter purely of custom. Human law in one place differs from human law in another, but if they are laws and not perversions of law they all have the same ends, those contained in the natural law, which is an expression of eternal law. Natural Law--In General Natural law is introduced in q91, a2 (p20): all things partake somewhat of the eternal law, insofar as, namely, from its being imprinted upon them, they derive their respective inclinations to their proper acts and ends. Now among all others, the rational creature is subject to divine providence in a more excellent way, insofar as it partakes of a share of providence, by being provident for itself and for others. Wherefore it has a share of the eternal reason, whereby it has a natural inclination to its proper act and end, and this participation of the eternal law in the rational creature is called the natural law. Aquinas conceives of creatures, according to types, as governed by final causes or ends which they naturally seek. These ends are implanted in them by the Creator. Most creatures actively seek their proper ends out of instinct. Aalthough human beings too have proper ends, we do not always act as we should. Our actions are often determined counter to nature and natural law by our appetites. When reason rules in the human soul, we choose what accords with nature. Natural Law--The Precepts Reason in human beings is capable of apprehending certain general principles implanted in human nature. The first principle of the natural law is "good is to be done and pursued, and evil avoided" (q94, a2, p. 47). All other precepts of natural law rest upon this. What Aquinas seems to mean is that the several precepts of natural law are specifications of this precept, which is highly abstract). These other precepts include (p. 48): "Whatever is a means of preserving human life and of warding off its obstacles belongs to natural law"; in other words, a good justification for a moral or legal rule is that it promotes the preservation of human life. Behind this is the fact that all living beings possess an inclination for survival [corresponding to the nutritive faculty of the soul, as Aristotelians apprehend it]. "Sexual intercourse, education of offspring," and the life have a proper place in human life, as in other animal life [corresponding to the sensitive faculty]; Corresponding our peculiar possession of reason, humans are under an obligation "to avoid ignorance" (and to seek to know God) and to avoid offending those among whom one has to live. [These pertain uniquely to the rational faculty.] Aquinas never gives an exhaustive list of these precepts. Grasping Natural Law--Synderesis The grasp of the principles of natural law is achieved by a special capacity called synderesis. This is a natural intellectual habit, in one sense of habit but not in the central sense. It is natural because all human beings are born with it. It is intellectual because it makes possible the grasp of principles. As something found in the soul which is the foundation for grasping principles, it might be a capacity (power) or a habit. But mere capacities can go either way, towards good or evil; synderesis is oriented towards the good. So it's not a mere capacity, but a habit. Habit (habitus) is a Latin Aristotelian's way of expressing what Aristotle called a hexis (state or disposition). A habit is a first act of the soul, which can be actualized, in a second act; here the act of conscience. Conscience is related to synderesis as actively thinking what you know (2nd act) is to the knowledge which you have but which may or may not be active at any given time (1st act). We do not always experience conscience but every human being has the capacity called synderesis. Aquinas, however, denies that synderesis is a habit in the fuller sense (q94, a1), i.e., a moral habit. He quotes Augustine, who says "a habit is that whereby something is done when necessary" (p. 45). The moral virtues, therefore, are habits; the person of courage may not exhibit courage at every moment (because not every action requires courage)--yet when necessary, she will do the courageous thing. And unlike most conditions that we call habits, synderesis is not acquired but innate or, as Aquinas puts it, "natural." Now, synderesis is not a habit of the sort described by Augustine since it can be overridden by the appetities, as in infants and wicked persons. The term synderesis has every appearance of being a Greek term. Yet it is not found in Aristotle or in any classical Greek author near to him in time. I have never seen it in any text earlier than Aquinas himself, though I am not sure that he invented it. It would seem to be a sometimes weak intellectual habit whose subject-matter is ethical. Synderesis must not be confused with prudence, which is the Thomas' term for what Aristotle calls phronesis, or practical wisdom. A person with the intellectual virtue of prudence will necessarily possess the moral virtues and will make good moral choices. Aristotle and Thomas agree on that. But you can have synderesis, i.e. know the principles of natural law, and yet not act accordingly. Synderesis, which all humans have, implies neither moral virtue nor prudence.	i don't know
Beefsteak, plum, cherry, and grape are all types of what?	Tomato Plants and Seeds - Beefsteak, Cherry, Heirloom Tomatoes at Burpee Seeds - Burpee.com View all Vegetables Tomato Seeds and Plants The King of the Garden. Grow Burpee's tomato seeds and plants in your backyard. Shop our beefsteak , cherry , slicing , paste , and heirloom tomatoes at Burpee.com. Sort By: A champion ‘Roma’ tomato with unbeatable vigor, flavor, aroma and yield. $6.95 - $16.95 Super disease-resistant with sweet and acidic flavor. $6.95 - $16.95 Italian cherry tomato with full rich flavor. $3.95 - $16.95 Tasty Beefsteak with excellent disease resistance. $3.95 - $16.95 Scarlet, cherry-sized tomatoes produce long clusters right up to frost. $4.95 - $17.95 HEIRLOOM. Legendary, huge beefsteak consistently wins taste-tests. $4.95 - $17.95 The world's largest sauce tomato! $6.95 - $17.95 One of the greatest tomatoes of all time and still a best seller. $5.95 - $17.95 Extra-large, extra-early tomatoes grow on a true bush. $5.95 - $17.95 The first tomato to ripen by Independence Day. $5.95 - $17.95 Rapidly becoming the most popular cherry tomato of all time. $5.95 - $17.95 Huge, tasty, red tomatoes, many 1 lb. each. $5.95 - $17.95 A huge pink beefsteak tomato with incredible heirloom flavor and very high yields. $6.95 - $17.95 Tomatoes bursting with sweetness, light, and a tingly-tangy ‘pop’ $7.95 - $17.95 Four different gourmet tomato plants. $16.95 - $19.95 Beats all other grape tomatoes in our taste tests. $6.95 - $17.95 The world's first seedless tomato! $7.95 - $16.95 Broad-shouldered, juicy, succulent French beefsteak loaded with rich flavor. $7.95 - $17.95 Create a tasty culinary delight! $12.95 Grow fresh veggies in a limited space! $19.95 These veggies thrive in the heat of summer, and are perfect for southern climates! $20.95	Tomato
As measured by a sphygmomanometer, what are the two components that make up a blood pressure measurement?	The Serious Eats Tomato Shopping Guide \| Serious Eats The Serious Eats Tomato Shopping Guide 9 [Photograph: Vicky Wasik] There are few things better than a ripe, juicy tomato right off the vine. Eaten raw, sliced for sandwiches , whizzed into a simple summer gazpacho , tossed into an herbaceous salad , or simmered into savory jam , the tomato is versatile and vibrantly flavorful—at least when it's in season. And when that season arrives, it does so with what feels like reckless abandon—it's a mad dash to enjoy them while you can, and to find time to preserve more for later. As Deborah Madison puts it in her cookbook Local Flavors: Cooking and Eating from America's Farmers' Markets , "When it comes to taste and pleasure, the gap between locally grown tomato in summer and a long-distance tomato the rest of the year is enormous." Naturally, some varieties are better for snacking and for eating right away; others are best suited for sauces, roasting, and stews. (You can even freeze tomatoes, though we recommend cooking them first for optimal flavor and texture .) The Serious Eats Tomato Shopping Guide San Marzano [Photograph: Vicky Wasik] Most of the tomatoes we encounter in the supermarket are high yield strains, harvested when " mature green ," which means that fruit has developed enough to support continued maturation once it's off the vine, but not so much that they'll bruise easily or rot during shipping (mainly from Florida, California, and Mexico). Picking "mature green" is the optimal way for growers to transport massive amounts of fruit so that there's always a supply, 12 months out of the year, no matter where you live. But this approach rarely produces aromatic, flavorful tomatoes—that's why we recommend growing them yourself or shopping at your local farmers market for the best flavor and texture. The one exception to this rule? The smaller the commercially grown tomato, the better it's likely to taste. That's because smaller fruit is less likely to bruise during transit, and is therefore allowed to stay on the vine longer, plucked when it has actually started to ripen. There are lively debates every summer as to the best way to store those tomatoes once you've got 'em. But the conventional wisdom about keeping them out of the refrigerator may not be as accurate as you might think (seriously, we put it to the test...over and over and over again). [Photograph: Vicky Wasik] As for gardening? Tomatoes have two different growth habits and it's important to know which type you're planting. Otherwise, you may end up with tomatoes that take over your entire garden or a potted fire escape tomato plant that becomes unwieldy. The first type is called "indeterminate," meaning vining plants that grow tall, sometimes eight to 10 feet, and need support. These guys yield fruit continuously throughout the season and can keep on going as long as good growing conditions persist. The other type, known as determinate, exhibits a more compact, shrub-like growing pattern. These "bush" tomatoes tend to do well in containers and will stop growing once the top bud of the plant sets fruit. But at the end of the day, genetically speaking, at least, tomatoes are either heirlooms or hybrids ; here are the ones you should know, and the best ways to use them up while the season's at its peak. Conventional Tomatoes You'll Find at the Grocery Store Cherry Tomatoes [Photograph: Shutterstock ] Among the smallest and, dare I say, cutest of cultivars, these round tomatoes are perfect for snacking, stuffing , or tossing in pasta, grain, or green salads. Then again, they're also excellent in cooked preparations, like compotes and sautés . Ranging in size from just about the tip of your thumb to a whole golf ball, you're most likely to encounter red ones, but it's possible to find yellow, green, and black varieties, too. These are one of your most reliable grocery store choices—they're typically sweeter than their larger counterparts. The Super Sweet 100 is an especially popular red hybrid cultivar, but farmers markets sometimes sell Black Cherry tomatoes, which are really more of a reddish-purple akin to the color of red grapes. If you grow them yourself, watch out—given the right conditions, these indeterminate cherry tomato plants can take off like crazy. Grape Tomatoes [Photograph: Shutterstock ] Teeny grape tomatoes have a more oblong shape, thicker skin, and lower water content than their cherry brethren. That lower moisture level is why these are such a reliable year-round supermarket staple: they ship and store remarkably well. Grape tomatoes hail from the plum tomato family, which is believed to originate in Southeast Asia . Some chefs gravitate to their small size, which is as perfect for a quick sauce as an appealing garnish. But they're just as great for snacking, roasting, or tossing into salads, too. As for their place in your garden? They tend to ripen in clusters, perfect for those who want a large yield all at once. Kumato Tomatoes [Photograph: Shutterstock ] You've likely seen these brownish-red tomatoes in the supermarket, boxed in plastic and sold in one- or two-pound packages. The brainchild of Spanish scientists, Kumato is a trade name given to a patented non-GMO hybrid cultivar known in Spain as "Olmeca." These maroon-hued tomatoes are available all year round. They're prized for their complex, sweet-tart flavor and relatively low water content. Kumatoes also exhibit a more vibrant, uniform color and impart a more tomato-like scent than many other commercial cultivars. Campari Tomatoes and Tomatoes on the Vine [Photograph: Shutterstock ] Campari is not technically a tomato on the vine, but a rather a cocktail tomato , despite the fact that you may see it sold in plastic clamshell containers with the vine still on. Campari tomatoes are globe-shaped, bigger than cherry tomatoes but smaller than your average tomato on the vine. "Tomato on the vine," or "cluster tomatoes," on the other hand, are greenhouse-grown and typically sold in supermarkets in clumps of four to six fruits. The stems are intact, which gives the fruits a more pronounced tomato aroma, according to a USDA report on greenhouse tomatoes. That said, the name is a bit of misleading marketing: those tomatoes haven't really ripened on the vine, at least not to the point that you and I would consider "ripe." Like most supermarket tomatoes, they're shipped when they're still on the green side—technically, a tomato can receive the vine-ripened moniker so long as they' d are picked at what's called the "breaker" stage—when they're just beginning to show signs of changing color. Beefsteak Tomatoes [Photograph: Shutterstock ] Here's a bit of trivia: while beefsteak is the common name for the large, baseball-sized tomatoes you'll find on your deli sandwich in the dead of winter, it's also a category referring to shape: Brandywines and Cherokee Purples are technically beefsteaks, too. Fresh beefsteak tomatoes make me think of the tomatoes of my Jersey childhood. They smell like summer; warm, fragrant, and juicy. Beefsteaks hold up well to slicing—you can get them pretty thin—so one heavy tomato goes a long way. They're perfect on sandwiches like tomato, mayo, and toast or this lobster BLT . But out-of-season beefsteak tomatoes are a different matter entirely, almost always bland, mealy, anemic, and watery. Roma Tomatoes [Photograph: Shutterstock ] Roma tomatoes are the canning tomatoes of choice, thanks to their firm texture, slender shape, and low water content—they've got fewer locules, or seed compartments, than their round beefsteak counterparts. Fewer seeds means less waste and more fruit. They also happen to be prime candidates for container gardening—they're determinate growers that won't get too leggy. Romas are also commonly referred to as plum tomatoes, paste tomatoes, or Italian plum tomatoes, and they're well-suited for thick, tomato-based sauces, whether used fresh or canned . (Fresh plum tomatoes are widely available at grocery stores, but they're also often what you'll find in canned tomatoes). In the industry, plums like Romas are referred to, broadly speaking, as "processing tomatoes." Heirloom, Farmers Market, and Specialty Tomatoes Sungold Tomatoes [Photograph: Shutterstock ] Sungolds are round cherry tomatoes that exhibit an orangey-gold color; the hybrid was introduced to British and American gardeners back in 1992. You may see them in grocery stores that stock produce from local farms, but Sungolds are the darling of the farmers market come late summer. They're the closest thing to nature's candy that you can possibly imagine, an enchanting balance of tangy and sweet flavors—heavy on the sweet. They find their way easily into salads, but I love them just for snacking, right out of hand. I find myself having to buy them twice a week. They're so easy to grow that if you plant a few, you'll want to keep a diligent eye on them because they offer such high yields. Farmers like them, too, because they remain a bit more firm than the average cherry tomato, meaning they travel especially well. If you find yourself with a bumper crop, roast the tomatoes in salt, olive oil and a tiny bit of sugar: the juices ooze out and become caramelized. Keep them in your fridge in a jar for tossing into pasta, throwing into omelets, or topping a homemade pizza. Yellow Pear Tomato [Photograph: Shutterstock ] This tomato is what it sounds like: a yellow tomato shaped like a pear. The heirloom is known for its bite-sized shape and mild flavor. Unlike some of its more contemporary cousins, the pear cultivar dates back to 18th century Europe, and while other pear-shaped varieties are available (orange and red, namely) the yellow ones are the most common. It's one of the oldest tomatoes grown in the United States for mass consumption—I'm talking 1847 and the dawn of canning. The vines on this indeterminate growing tomato can get really leggy and grow fast, promising an abundance of fruit all summer long. Brandywine Tomatoes [Photograph: Shutterstock ] The Brandywine has become the poster child for farmers market heirloom tomatoes. The pinkish-red beefsteak is prized for its intensely meaty interior, sweet flavor, and well-balanced acidity. Brandywines are slow growing and minimal yielders, known for their potentially enormous size—they can swell to over a pound. They work well cubed for panzanella or just tossed with other colorful tomatoes with fresh mozzarella and olive oil for a simple salad. Don't be alarmed if you see them sold with splits and deep grooves (known as "ribbed shoulders") and green spots (or "green shoulders") near the stem—it's not uncommon and the tomato's still perfectly good for eating. Green Zebra Tomatoes [Photograph: Shutterstock ] Lime green and striped lemon yellow, green zebras remain brightly acidic even when ripe. There's some debate about whether they're actually an heirloom cultivar—they were first bred in the early 1980s, so they're still relatively young. That being said, they're popular with chefs and food lovers and you'll usually find them grouped with heirlooms at farmers markets. Popularized by Alice Waters at Chez Panisse, green zebras make for a zippy, acidic green gazpacho. Cherokee Purple [Photograph: Shutterstock ] Here's another substantial tomato, an heirloom beefsteak with reddish-purple, almost mahogany-colored flesh and a sweet, rich flavor. The Cherokee purple is revered for its dense, juicy texture, and a dark interior with small seeds, which are surrounded by a green gel and scattered throughout the fruit. The large tomatoes work well in salads, sliced thinly for a BLT or burger, or used for canning and dehydrating. Like Brandywines, they're prone to irregular shapes—some call them downright ugly—and sometimes their skin will split. Scientist Craig LeHoullier, author of Epic Tomatoes: How to Select and Grow the Best Varieties of All Time , was recognized by Slow Food USA for rediscovering and preserving the variety. He credits the heirloom to the Cherokee people, and received the seeds in the mail from a man in Tennessee who said he believed they dated back 100 years. Garden Peach Tomatoes [Photograph: casey, Flickr ] Like their namesake, these sweet but mild heirloom tomatoes sport a coating of fuzz. And there's no missing the peachy glow on the yellow skin, with a faint blush of pale pink that appears across the flesh when they're ripe. If they're sold as part of an heirloom mix at the farmers market, peach tomatoes should be the ones you eat quickly, because the delicate fruit won't make it as long as some of their heavier, meatier counterparts. They don't get too large, typically; chop them up for salads or just sprinkle them with salt. San Marzano [Photograph: Shutterstock ] Native to the volcanic soils in the shade of Mount Vesuvius in Italy, San Marzanos tomatoes are prized by chefs for their meaty texture and easy-to-peel skin. Marked with a little x at the bottom, blanched, and peeled, it makes for quick skinless fruit best-suited for pastas and sauces. San Marzanos are less watery and goopy than other tomatoes so there's very little waste. In winter months, when decent fresh tomatoes are nowhere to be found, canned imported San Marzanos are the tomato of choice for homemade sauce . This particular variety is also well-suited for oven drying and roasting because of its texture; there's much more concentrated tomato flavor because there's simply more tomato meat to go around. (Psst: Oven-dried tomatoes are great for a snack, or lovely sprinkled with thyme and for infusing olive oil.) San Marzanos aren't a widely grown cultivar, but you can purchase seeds or plants and grow them yourself. That said, purists will argue that the taste just ain't the same without the volcanic soil; for the real deal, make sure they indicate "D.O.P." (loosely translated as "protected designation of origin). If you do decide to grow them at home, be forewarned that they're a vining plant, and can reach six to eight feet or taller depending on growing conditions. They will need some serious staking or caging to keep them supported as they continue to produce fruit.	i don't know
According to Charlie Daniels, what was the devil looking for when he went down to Georgia?	The Charlie Daniels Band - The Devil Went Down To Georgia - YouTube The Charlie Daniels Band - The Devil Went Down To Georgia Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 2, 2012 THE CHARLIE DANIELS BAND LYRICS: The devil went down to Georgia, he was looking for a soul to steal. He was in a bind 'cos he was way behind and he was willin' to make a deal. When he came across this young man sawin' on a fiddle and playin' it hot. And the devil jumped upon a hickory stump and said: "Boy let me tell you what: "I guess you didn't know it, but I'm a fiddle player too. "And if you'd care to take a dare, I'll make a bet with you. "Now you play a pretty good fiddle, boy, but give the devil his due: "I bet a fiddle of gold against your soul, 'cos I think I'm better than you." The boy said: "My name's Johnny and it might be a sin, "But I'll take your bet, your gonna regret, 'cos I'm the best that's ever been." Johnny you rosin up your bow and play your fiddle hard. 'Cos hells broke loose in Georgia and the devil deals the cards. And if you win you get this shiny fiddle made of gold. But if you lose, the devil gets your soul. The devil opened up his case and he said: "I'll start this show." And fire flew from his fingertips as he rosined up his bow. And he pulled the bow across his strings and it made an evil hiss. Then a band of demons joined in and it sounded something like this. When the devil finished, Johnny said: "Well you're pretty good ol' son. "But sit down in that chair, right there, and let me show you how its done." Fire on the mountain, run boys, run. The devil's in the house of the risin' sun. Chicken in the bread pan, pickin' out dough. "Granny, does your dog bite?" "No, child, no." The devil bowed his head because he knew that he'd been beat. He laid that golden fiddle on the ground at Johnny's feet. Johnny said: "Devil just come on back if you ever want to try again. "cause I told you once, you son of a gun, I'm the best there's ever been." And he played fire on the mountain, run boys, run. The devil's in the house of the risin' sun. Chicken in the bread pan, now they're pickin' out dough. "Granny, will your dog bite?" "No, child, no." Artist: The Charlie Daniels Band Album: Million Mile Reflections Song: The Devil Went Down To Georgia Category	soul to steal
The 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month saw the signing of the armistice that put an end to the violence of WWI in what year?	DEVIL WENT TO GEORGIA Chords - Charlie Daniels \| E-Chords Devil Went To Georgia Chords ukulele cavaco keyboard tabbassdrumsharmonicsflute Guitar Pro Similar Tabs Devil Went To Georgia Key G#m G#m The Devil Went Down to Georgia By: Charlie Daniels A thanks to [email protected] for providing the lyrics to this sizzling song! Violin solo to these chords on guitar: Dm C Dm C Bb A G F E Dm Bb C Dm DmThe devil went down to Georgia he was looking for a soul to steal He was in a bind cuz he was way behind he was willin' to make a deal When he came across this young man sawin' on a fiddle and playin' it hot And the devil jumped apon a hickory stump and said boy let me tell you whatBb C Dm DmI bet you didn't know it but I'm a fiddle player too And if you'd care to make a dare I'll make a bet with you Now you play a pretty good fiddle boy but give the devil his due I bet a fiddle of gold against your soul cuz I think I'm better than youBb C Dm The boy said my name's Johnny and it might be a sin But I'll take your bet your gonna regret cuz I'm the best that's ever been DmJohnny your rosin up your bow and Cplay your fiddle hard Cuz Gmhells broke loose in Georgia and the Dmdevil deals it hard And if you win you get this shiny Gmfiddle made of gold But Aif you lose the devil gets your soul Violin solo: Dm C Dm C Bb A G F E Dm DmThe devil opened up his case and he said I'll start this show And fire flew from his fingertips as he rosined up his bow And he pulled the bow across his strings and it made an evil hiss Then a band of demons joined in and it sounded something like thisA C Dm Devil Solo: Dm C Dm (7 times) then G A Bb C Db Dm C Db Dm DmWhen the devil finished Johnny said well you're pretty good ol' sun But sit down in that chair right there and let me show you how its done DFire on the mountain run boys run CThe devil's in the house of the risin' sun DChicken in the bread pin pickin' out dough CGranny does your dog bite no child no Solo: Dm C Dm C Dm C A A A A C Dm DmThe devil bowed his head because he knew that he'd been beat He laid that golden fiddle on the ground at Johnny's feet Johnny said devil just come on back if you ever want to try again 'Cause I told you once you son of a bitch I'm the best that's ever been And he played Dfire on the mountain run boys run Cthe Devils in the house of the risin' sun DChicken in the bread pin pickin' out dough CGranny does your dog bite no child no Outro solo Dm C Dm C Dm C Dm Em G A G F E Dm C Bb A Dm C Bb A Dm C Dm	i don't know
From the Latin for flints, what element, with the atomic number 14, uses the symbol SI?	Silicon - Element information, properties and uses \| Periodic Table Chemistry in its element: silicon (Promo) You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World, the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry. (End promo) Meera Senthilingam For this week's element we enter the world of science fiction to explore life in outer space. Here's Andrea Sella. Andrea Sella When I was about 12, my friends and I went through a phase of reading science fiction. There the were the fantastic worlds of Isaac Asimov, Larry Niven and Robert Heinlein, involving impossible adventures on mysterious planets - the successes of the Apollo space programme at the time only helped us suspend our disbelief. One of the themes I remember from these stories was the idea that alien life forms, often based around the element silicon, abounded elsewhere in the universe. Why silicon? Well, it is often said that elements close to each other in the periodic table share similar properties and so, seduced by the age-old red herring that "carbon is the element of life", the writers selected the element below it, silicon. I was reminded of these readings a couple of weeks ago when I went to see an exhibition of work by a couple of friends of mine. Called "Stone Hole" it consisted of stunning panoramic photographs taken at extremely high resolution inside sea caves in Cornwall. As we wandered through the gallery a thought occurred to me. "Could one imagine a world without silicon?" Every single photograph was, not surprisingly, dominated by rocks based on silicon and it was a powerful reminder of the fact that silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, beaten to first place by oxygen, the element with which it invariable entangled. Silicate rocks - those in which silicon is surrounded tetrahedrally by four oxygen atoms - exist in an astonishing variety, the differences being determined by how the tetrahedra building blocks link together, and what other elements are present to complete the picture. When the tetrahedra link one to the next, one gets a mad tangle of chains looking like an enormous pot of spaghetti - the sorts of structures one gets in ordinary glass. The purest of these chain-like materials is silicon dioxide - silica - found quite commonly in nature as the colourless mineral quartz or rock crystal. In good, crystalline quartz, the chains are arranged in beautiful helices and these can all spiral to the left. Or to the right. When this happens the crystals that result are exact mirror images of each other. But not superimposable - like left and right shoes. To a chemist, these crystals are chiral, a property once thought to be the exclusive property of the element carbon, and chirality, in turn, was imagined to be a fundamental feature of life itself. Yet here it is, in the cold, inorganic world of silicon. Most grandiose of all, one can make porous 3D structures - a bit like molecular honeycombs - particularly in the presence of other tetrahedral linkers based on aluminium. These spectacular materials are called the zeolites, or molecular sieves. By carefully tailoring the synthetic conditions, one can build material in which the pores and cavities have well defined sizes - now you have a material that can be used like a lobster traps, to catch molecules or ions of appropriate size. But what of the element itself? Freeing it from oxygen is tough, it hangs on like grim death and requires brutal conditions. It was Humphrey Davy, the Cornish chemist and showman, who first began to suspect that silica must be a compound, not an element. He applied electric currents to molten alkalis and salts and to his astonishment and delight, isolated some spectacularly reactive metals, including potassium. He now moved on to see what potassium could do. Passing potassium vapour over some silica he obtained a dark material that he could then burn and convert back to pure silica. Where he pushed, others followed. In France, Thénard and Gay-Lussac carried out similar experiments using silicon fluoride. Within a couple of years, the great Swedish analyst Jöns Jakob Berzelius had isolated a more substantial amount of the material and declared it an element. Silicon's properties are neither fish nor fowl. Dark gray in colour and with a very glossy glass-like sheen, it looks like a metal but is in fact quite a poor conductor of electricity, and there in many ways, lies the secret of its ultimate success. The problem is that electrons are trapped, a bit like pieces on a draughts board in which no spaces are free. What makes silicon, and other semiconductors, special is that it is possible to promote one of the electrons to an empty board - the conduction band - where they can move freely. It's a bit like the 3-dimensional chess played by the point-eared Dr Spock in Star Trek. Temperature is crucial. Warming a semiconductor, allow some electrons to leap, like salmon, up to the empty conduction band. And at the same time, the space left behind - known as a hole - can move too. But there is another way to make silicon conduct electricity: it seems perverse, but by deliberately introducing impurities like boron or phosphorus one can subtly change the electrical behaviour of silicon. Such tricks lie at the heart of the functioning of the silicon chips that allow you to listen to this podcast. In less than 50 years silicon has gone from being an intriguing curiosity to being one of the fundamental elements in our lives. But the question remains, is silicon's importance simply restricted to the mineral world? The prospects do not seem good - silicate fibres, like those in blue asbestos are just the right size to penetrate deep inside the lungs where they pierce and slash the inner lining of the lungs. And yet, because of its extraordinary structural variability, silicon chemistry has been harnessed by biological systems. Silicate shards lurk in the spines of nettles waiting to score the soft skin of the unwary hiker and inject minuscule amounts of irritant. And in almost unimaginable numbers delicate silicate structures are grown by the many tiny life-forms that lie at the base of marine food chains, the diatoms. Could one therefore find silicon-based aliens somewhere in space? My hunch would probably be not. Certainly not as the element. It is far too reactive and one will always find it associated with oxygen. But even linked with oxygen, it seems unlikely, or at least not under the kinds of mild conditions that we find on earth. But then again, there is nothing like a surprise to make one think. As the geneticist J B S Haldane put it, "The universe is not queerer than we suppose. It is queerer than we can suppose". I live in hope. Meera Senthilingam So although unlikely there could be some silicon based surprises lurking out in space. That was the ever hopeful Andrea Sella from University College London with the life forming chemistry of silicon. Now next week we hear about Roentgenium the element that we need to get just right. Simon Cotton The idea was to make the nickel ions penetrate the bismuth nucleus, so that the two nuclei would fuse together, making a bigger atom. The energy of the collision had to be carefully controlled, because if the nickel ions were not going fast enough, they could not overcome the repulsion between the two positive nuclei and would just fly off the bismuth on contact. However, if the nickel ions had too much energy, the resulting "compound nucleus" would have so much excess energy that it could just undergo fission and fall apart. The trick was, like Goldilocks' porridge, to be "just right", so that the fusion of the nuclei would occur, just. Meera Senthilingam And join Simon Cotton to find out how successful collisions were created by the founders of the element roentgenium in next week's Chemistry in its Element. Until then I'm Meera Senthilingam and thank you for listening. (Promo) Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists.com . There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld.org/elements . (End promo)	Silicon
Ishmael is the only survivor of the Pequod, following a fateful encounter with whom?	Silicon Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Silicon Facts Electron Configuration : [Ne]3s23p2 Word Origin: Latin: silicis, silex: flint Properties: The melting point of silicon is 1410°C, boiling point is 2355°C, specific gravity is 2.33 (25°C), with a valence of 4. Crystalline silicon has a metallic grayish color. Silicon is relatively inert, but it is attacked by dilute alkali and by halogens. Silicon transmits over 95% of all infrared wavelengths (1.3-6.7 mm). Uses: Silicon is one of the most widely used elements . Silicon is important to plant and animal life. Diatoms extract silica from water to build their cell walls . Silica is found in plant ashes and in the human skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in steel. Silicon carbide is an important abrasive and is used in lasers to produce coherent light at 456.0 nm. Silicon doped with gallium, arsenic, boron, etc. is used to produce transistors, solar cells , rectifiers, and other important solid-state electronic devices. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Silicones range from liquids to hard solids and have many useful properties, including use as adhesives, sealants, and insulators. Sand and clay are used to make building materials. Silica is used to make glass, which has many useful mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties. Sources: Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, making it the second most abundant element (exceeded by oxygen). Silicon is found in the sun and stars. It is a principal component of the class of meteorites known as aerolites. Silicon is also a component of tektites, a natural glass of uncertain origin. Silicon is not found free in nature. It commonly occurs as the oxide and silicates, including sand , quartz, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, opal, and citrine. Silicate minerals include granite, hornblende, feldspar, mica, clay, and asbestos. Preparation: Silicon may be prepared by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Amorphous silicon may be prepared as a brown powder, which can then be melted or vaporized. The Czochralski process is used to produce single crystals of silicon for solid-state and semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon may be prepared by a vacuum float zone process and by thermal decompositions of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Element Classification: Semimetallic Isotopes: There are known isotopes of silicon ranging from Si-22 to Si-44. There are three stable isotopes: Al-28, Al-29, Al-30. Density (g/cc): 2.33 Silicon Trivia: Silicon is the eighth most abundant element in the universe. Silicon crystals for electronics must have a purity of one billion atoms for every non-silicon atom (99.9999999% pure). The most common form of silicon in the Earth's crust is silicon dioxide in the form of sand or quartz. Silicon, like water, expands as it changes from liquid to solid. Silicon oxide crystals in the form of quartz are piezoelectric. The resonance frequency of quartz is used in many precision timepieces. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010) Quiz: Ready to test your silicon facts knowledge? Take the Silicon Facts Quiz .	i don't know
Junior Achievement was founded in 1919 with the goal of preparing high school students for a future in what?	About Our Office - JA About Our Office History and Purpose Junior Achievement nationally was founded by Horace Moses in 1919. The program was initially designed to help young people learn and experience firsthand the free enterprise system. Locally, JA has enriched the lives of over 250,000 children since the founding of Spartanburg's chapter in 1968 and the Greenville chapter in 1972. Both areas quickly gained support and momentum through the support of members of their local Rotary Clubs and Chambers of Commerce. Now called JA of Upstate SC and covering the counties of Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson, Oconee, and Pickens, we are an affiliate of the world's largest organization dedicated to inspiring and preparing kindergarten through 12th grade students to succeed in a global economy. Impact Junior Achievement is a partnership between the business community, educators, foundations, and volunteers — all collaborating to inspire young people to dream big and reach their potential. JA's hands-on, experiential programs teach the key concepts of work readiness skills, entrepreneurship and financial literacy to young people in grades K-12. Through a dedicated and trained volunteer network, JA deliver these programs to area schools, career development centers, and recognized after school programs at no cost to the school or servicing organization and with no additional burden on the classroom teachers. These volunteers also serve as role models, emphasizing the relevance and value of education and bringing the real world of work into the classroom. The programs are correlated with national and state curriculum standards in math, social studies, and language arts, and fulfill the state mandates for age-appropriate courses in economics and financial literacy. The JA classes also support the skills and competencies identified by the Partnership for 21st Century Skills. IMPACT AS MEASURED BY THE NUMBERS: 2015-2016 420 JA Classes (20% increase) in 60 Schools taught by 338 Corporate and Community Volunteers at a cost of $40 Per student JA Ethics Program ("Ethics in Technology") 200 high school students particpating 101 high school students attending the Ethics Luncheon >$400 awarded in cash prizes to essay winners JA Titan Challenge 301 high school students experiencing the JA Titan curriculum 87 high school students competing in the JA Titan Challenge $6,750 awarded in college scholarships to the top three JA Titan teams IMPACT AS MEASURED BY OUR EDUCATORS AND VOLUNTEERS: My highlight of the day was seeing the excitement in the kids faces as they planned mentally for their future. The inspiration I received from knowing that this was something that could change many kids futures, by just spending a day with them, was invaluable. The highlight for me was seeing my students' eyes be opened up to the world of possibilities that are out there for them based on the education they are receiving today. I had the opportunity to witness firsthand a student's engagement with planning for his or her future. For many student learners, making learning tangible is very effective. Furthermore, the activities ignited their thinking about authentic topics relative to their future experiences with 21st century, real-world scenarios. The students understood the connections drawn with what is taught in the classroom with requirements for the workplace and the importance of staying in school The highlights for me were the energy level and knowledge of the presenters, the volunteers. They were able to keep the students engaged. My highlight of the day was seeing the excitement in the kids faces as they planned mentally for their future. The inspiration I received from knowing that this was something that could change many kids futures, by just spending a day with them, was invaluable. The impact of light bulbs going off for multiple students!!!	Business
Now making a career as a pop singer and actress, who was the first African-American woman to win the Miss America crown, which she held for 10 months, before being forced to resign over the imminent publication of nude photos?	Junior Achievement • Middle School Programs JA Economics for Success® JA Economics for Success® gives students the information needed to build strong personal finances, a cornerstone to a happy, secure life. Students learn the importance of exploring career options based on their skills, interests, and values. They also learn about spending money within a budget; saving and investing wisely; and using credit cautiously. Recommended for grade six through eight. Concepts – Credit, Debt, Decision-making, Gross income, Insurance, Interest, Needs and wants, Net income, Opportunity cost, Risk, Self-knowledge, World of work Skills – Critical thinking, Decision-making, Following directions, Interpreting data, Math calculations, Oral and written communication, Problem-solving, Role-playing, Self-assessment, Working in groups JA Global Marketplace® JA Global Marketplace® takes students on a spin around the world. Students learn the products they use every day, like their backpacks and sneakers, might use raw material from one country, be assembled in another, and sold from Peking to Chicago. The program helps students understand how goods flow through various economies and the effect globalization has on their lives. Recommended for grades six through eight. Concepts – Business practices, Culture, Currency, Domestic trade, Embargo, Emigrate, Entrepreneurship, Exchange rates, Exports, Franchise, Global trade, Human resources, Immigrate, International trade, Market, Productivity, Quota, Standard, Subsidy, Tariff, Technology, Trade, Trade barrier Skills – Analyzing points of view, Brainstorming, Critical reading, Critical thinking, Gathering and organizing information, Interpreting maps, charts and globes, Math calculations, Oral and written communication, Persuasion, compromise, and bargaining, Working in groups JA It’s My Business!® JA It’s My Business!® encourages students to use critical thinking to learn entrepreneurial skills. Those skills include knowing customers' wants and needs, launching effective marketing, and creating detailed business plans. By examining the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs, students learn that a belief in one's self can make positive things happen in life. Recommended for grades six through eight. Concepts – Advertising, Apprentice, Auction, Auctioneer, Be creative and innovative, Believe in yourself, Bid, Business, Business plan, Civic responsibility, Customer, Entrepreneur, Entrepreneur profile, Fill a need, Know your customer and product, Market, Marketing, Profit, Self-taught, Social entrepreneur Skills – Active-listening, Analyzing information, Brainstorming, Creative thinking, Critical thinking, Decision-making, Deductive reasoning, Estimating, Following directions, Group work, Interpreting information, Measuring, Money management, Oral and written communication, Problem-solving, Self-assessment JA It's My Future™ JA It's My Future™ provides practical information about preparing for the working world. Students learn about career clusters, high-growth jobs, career planning, and creating a personal brand. And, through a scavenger hunt, they are introduced to the basic aspects of job hunting. Recommended for grades six through eight. Concepts - Brand, Career clusters, Career mapping, Career planning, Employee, High-growth jobs, Interests, Job application, Job forecast, Job hunting, Job interview, Logo, Long-term consequences, Personal brand, Recommendation, Resumes, Short-, middle-, and long-term goals, Skills, Soft skills, Symbolism, Tagline, Technical skills, Working environment. Skills - Analyzing data, Analyzing information, Categorizing data, Creativity, Following written instructions, Goal-setting, Interviewing, Mapping, Model building, Oral and visual presentation, Oral and written communication, Organizing information, Reading for Understanding, Self-assessment, Working in pairs and groups Capstone Program JA Finance Park® Virtual JA Finance Park® Virtual is a month-long program that introduces students to personal financial planning and career exploration. At the culmination of this teacher-led program, students visit JA Finance Park, a realistic virtual community, to put into practice what they've learned by developing and committing to a personal budget. Recommended for grades six through eight. Concepts – Banking, Budgets, Buying, Careers, Choices, Consumers, Credit, Debt, Exchange, Expenses, Income, Interest rates, Investments, Money, Opportunity costs, Saving, Scarcity, Social security, Taxes Skills – Analysis, Applying information, Budgeting, Cause and effect, Critical thinking, Computation, Data collection, Decision-making, Filling out forms, Following directions, Graphing, Interpersonal communication, Interpreting data, Listening, Negotiation, Observation, Planning, Problem-solving, Reading, Research, Role-playing, Spending, Taking responsibility, Teamwork All JA programs are designed to support the skills and competencies identified by the Partnership for 21st Century Skills. These programs also augment school-based, work-based, and connecting activities for communities with school-to-work initiatives. For additional information on this and all Junior Achievement programs, please visit www.ja.org .	i don't know
Whole, Universal, and Term are all types of what?	Comparing Different Types of Life Insurance By Jeremy Vohwinkle Updated October 16, 2016 Navigating the life insurance landscape can be tricky. You are sure to encounter a number of different policies and terms such as whole life , term life, cash value , variable life, and much more. How can you make sense of all the different types of policies and know that you’re making the best choice? Here’s a quick breakdown of the most common types of insurance policies and the pros and cons of each. Term Life Insurance Term life is exactly what it sounds like. You purchase life insurance for a specific term or set amount of time. You pay premiums for the entire length of the term and once the term is up, your death benefit is gone. Term life does not have a cash value component so your entire premium is simply used to keep the policy active. Once the term is up, you stop paying premiums and the policy expires. This is what makes term life one of the most inexpensive life insurance policies. But even term life is broken down into a few different categories: Level Term – Your premium and death benefit remains the same for the entire length of the term, whether that is 10, 20, or even 30 years. Annual Renewable Term – The death benefit remains unchanged throughout the term, but the contract renews annually, usually with an increase in premium each year. Initially, premiums may be less than in a level term policy, but over time it can become more expensive. Decreasing Term – Here, the death benefit decreases each year while the premium remains the same. The policy ends when the death benefit reaches zero. Advantages of Term Life Insurance Term life policies are usually far less expensive than the whole, universal, or variable life insurance. Term life also has a very specific coverage period—typically in terms of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 years. This allows you to only buy as much coverage as you need. For example, if you’re only concerned about life insurance while you have dependents at home or a mortgage to pay, you can plan out how long and how much coverage you need. Disadvantages of Term Life There is no cash value component of the policy. Your premiums strictly go towards the policy and do not earn interest or otherwise accumulate. And having a specific term can also be a drawback. If you purchase a 20-year term policy and after 20 years decide you’d like to extend your coverage, you may need to undergo proof of insurability and could be denied additional coverage or need to renew at a significantly higher premium. Universal Life Universal life insurance builds on term life and adds a cash component. Here, instead of just selecting a specific term and putting 100% of your premium towards the policy, part of your premium will actually go into a cash account in the policy. This cash account earns interest and accumulates tax-deferred. Advantages of Universal Life Universal life insurance provides additional flexibility. Because it has a cash component you could actually temporarily stop making premium payments as long as the cash value can cover the cost of insurance. In addition, you may also be able to increase or decrease the death benefit over time. Also, you can usually borrow against the policy in the form of a loan. Disadvantages of Universal Life Universal life is more expensive than term life. While some of that added cost will be going into the account in the form of building cash value, the rates you earn on that money may not be the best-going rates. This is why many financial professionals recommend buying term and investing the difference. This allows you to still purchase a death benefit while having the flexibility to invest the difference anywhere you choose. Variable Universal Life Insurance Variable life insurance is very similar to universal life with one major difference. With this type of policy you aren’t earning a specific rate of interest in a cash-value fund, but instead, you can invest this portion in a variety of different investments like mutual funds . So, you get much more control and can choose where to invest the cash value portion. Advantages of Variable Life You’re still guaranteed the minimum death benefit as long as you keep up with the minimum premium. You also have the flexibility to invest the cash value portion in a variety of investment vehicles. If you make wise investment decisions you can take advantage of significant tax-deferred earnings on those investments. Disadvantages of Variable Life By investing part of your policy in possibly risky investments , if the market turns south and you lose a lot of money, you’re putting your policy in jeopardy. A significant drop in account value could force you to pay additional premiums just to keep the contract in force. In addition, the expenses associated with the investments in variable universal life may be significantly higher than you might pay elsewhere. Whole Life Insurance As the name implies, whole life is meant to insure someone for their whole life. Like universal life , whole life has a cash value component. In most cases, in a whole life policy, the premium and death benefit are fixed. Advantages of Whole Life There are no surprises with whole life. You have a guaranteed premium, interest rate , and death benefit for the life of the policy. The cash value also grows tax-deferred and also typically allows for withdrawals and loans against the policy. Disadvantages of Whole Life Whole life is generally more expensive than both term and universal policies. This is largely due to the added guarantees that come with whole life. Also keep in mind that the policy is not flexible. If you determine you want more coverage or would like to increase or decrease your premium, which probably isn’t an option. Finally, the interest earned on the cash-value account may be less than you could obtain elsewhere. Choose Your Life Insurance Carefully As you can see, there are a number of options available and there isn’t a single right answer for everyone and every situation. If you take the time to learn what each type of policy offers you can be sure to get an insurance policy that’s right for you and not just what someone is trying to sell you. Continue Reading	Life insurance
Chow Mein is a dish typically served over what?	Term vs. whole life vs. universal vs. variable - what is the best type of life insurance to have? YOU ASK: Term vs. whole life vs. universal vs. variable - what is the best type of life insurance to have? WE ANSWER: To answer this question let us first examine those 4 types of life insurance with their pros and cons and who they are suitable for. Term Life Insurance This type is considered the simplest to understand among the general categories of life insurance policies. The word 'term' refers to the time period that the insured has insurance coverage. The appeal of this type of life insurance has to do with its low cost while still offering the consumer sufficient coverage. Term Life Insurance Advantages – these policies come cheaper compared to whole, variable and universal policies. Because they offer coverage over a specific time period, a consumer can purchase just enough to cover his or her needs. For instance, a consumer can buy a term that is enough to cover mortgage payments. Term Life Insurance Disadvantages – does not have cash value. Premium payments are solely for insurance coverage and does not earn nor accumulate interest. The term itself can be a disadvantage. For instance, a consumer buys a 20-year policy. After the 20-year period, he decides he wants an extension of the coverage. By that time he would be required to show proof that he is still insurable. Failure to do so may lead the company to deny him the extension or it may grant him that but at a much higher cost. Whole Life Whole life offers entire life coverage to the insured as long as he meets the premium payments in a timely manner. Premium rates are higher than term policies especially at the beginning of coverage, but these tend to go down later on. In certain cases, term life policies can be converted to whole life policies. Whole life policies have a cash value feature which offers potential for tax-deferred growth. Whole Life Advantages – Premium payments, death benefit and interest rates are guaranteed. The accumulated cash value grows under a tax-deferred status. The policyholder can withdraw or borrow against the cash value component. Whole life insurance is also accepted as loan collateral by many banks. Whole Life Disadvantages – Can be much more expensive compared to term as well as universal life insurance. The cost difference is brought about by the additional guarantees this policy type offers. Whole life policies are also known for not being flexible. The policyholder cannot increase his or her coverage by increasing or decreasing his premium amounts. Also, the rate of interest you get are usually lower compared to other investment vehicles. Universal Life Universal life is similar to a whole life policy but offers flexibility in relation to the savings component of whole life. The insurance carrier will set aside part of the premiums for investment. The company will guarantee a minimum return and the funds will be afforded tax-deferred status. The flexibility feature comes in the choice of death benefit – it can either be a pay out of the cash value, or, it can be face value of the policy plus accumulated cash value. Choice number one costs less as the provider will make a lesser payout. Choice two costs more because of the higher payout. Universal Life Advantages – The flexibility feature allows the policyholder to defer premium payments by using the cash value to cover the payments. The death benefits can also increased or decreased. Loans are allowed against the policy. Disadvantages of Universal Life – Costs more than term life policies. The rates of return are not be best available to the policyholder; other forms of investments can offer better rates. Variable Universal Life Insurance This type of life insurance is a mix between life insurance and an investment account. The variable feature comes in when the policyholder gets to decide how much of the premium will be allocated for investment purposes. This policy is considered partly an investment. Hence, SEC regulations are applied and policyholders are to be provided with a prospectus. Variable Universal Life Advantages – the growth in funds is tax-free. There is a guarantee on the minimum amount for death benefits for as long as the minimum premium payments are made. It also allows flexibility in investing decisions. Making wise decisions can lead to significant earnings that are tax-deferred. Variable Life Disadvantages – Bad market performance can impact the investment portion of the policy. A decrease in the policy's value can lead to additional premium payments. Expenses related to the investment aspect of the policy can be much higher than that of other types of investment vehicles. Which type of insurance is most suitable for you? Who is term life insurance for? Who is whole life insurance for? Who is universal life insurance for? Who is variable universal life insurance for? Suitable for those who are looking for temporary coverage over a specified time period and those who have a tight budget. Can be a great choice for those looking for permanent protection at fixed premium payments. The fixed amount means there is a guarantee that it will not increase during the policy term. Suitable for those who want to accumulate cash value while having flexibility with the premiums and the death benefit. The flexibility feature allows a consumer to have a policy that is modified to fit his or her specific objectives. Best suited for those who have maximized their 401(k)s and similar retirement plans. Also recommended for those who intend to hold it for life. Consumers considering term insurance and a variable annuity may be better off with a VUL. Which life insurance policy is better for long term? There is no single answer that can address every consumer's long term coverage needs. An individual has to assess his situation and consider his goals for overall financial planning, his economic value to his loved ones and his plans for his surviving family. Generally, the step involves calculating one's economic value, which is the value of future earnings over the individual's lifetime. To do this, one has to consider current and future earnings, the number of years one plans to continue working until reaching retirement, the expected rate of return on one's assets and investments, and the economic value that one looks to serve as replacement in the event of death. Figuring this out may require the guidance of a trusted life insurance agent. What is the best type of life insurance for young people? Term life insurance is best for young people who have no dependents. These are individuals who have less than 20 years to go until they reach their 30th birthday. Getting a term policy which carries an option for renewal or conversion is also recommended. What is the best type of life insurance with investment value? It would depend on one's current situation and future financial goals. If you want growth that follows a set schedule where you are aware of the cash value of the policy each year, then go for whole life coverage. If you are looking for a policy that offers a fixed rate of interest or one that will never go below a certain rate, then the universal life policy may serve you best. If you want the most opportunity for growth, the variable universal life policy will offer you a chance to be tied to stock market performance. As your investments grow with the market, your policy's cash value will also see growth. 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What country and western singer recently lost his lucrative gig singing the theme to Monday Night Football based on an ill-considered Hitler reference?	Dumb Ape Who Sings Football Jingle Fired For Being Giant Bunghole are you ready for some hitler Dumb Ape Who Sings Football Jingle Fired For Being Giant Bunghole By Add to Flipboard Magazine. Dirtbag clown/redneck millionaire Randall Williams — who goes by his legendary father’s name to better fleece the poors — done went and half-assed called Obama a “Hitler” on the Fox News, and you know you can only do that in code, or while huntin’ coon with Rick Perry or whatever. So the football show has fired “Bocephus.” How could Hank Jr. do this to the South, which was supposed to rise again, like Southern Jesus? This means, we guess, that the football show will no longer have that shitty re-written version of “Hank Junior” doing his shitty 1980s name-dropping Nashville schmaltz, “All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight,” itself a craven sequel to his earlier idiot singalong, “All My Rowdy Friends.” So he compared Obama to Hitler, and Boehner to … Netanyahu? And then said Joe Biden and Barack Obama were “the enemy.” Then he probably farted for a good long time on the chair and the Murdoch people had to burn it behind Fox News headquarters, in that incinerator they use all the time for “the truth.” Randall Williams is a dumb turd. He should run for president of the Tea Party and the whole of America. He is the perfect Successful American, in that he inherited his lucrative business and still couldn’t buy any talent or brains and also is so dumb that he went walking one time and managed to fall off a mountain, losing his face in the process, which is why his poorly reconstructed head resembles a dumber, less charming version of one of those pan-faced muppets from “The Electric Teeth.” Here’s an article from five years ago when he was arrested for sexually assaulting some teen-ager in a hotel. GO FOOTBALL AND USA NOW!!! [ NBC ] TAGS http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Be-Careful … Chichikovovich Man, even by country music standards that is some maudlin tripe. If Randall had written that while Hank Sr. was alive, the old man would have tossed this no-talent regression to (below the) mean off the mountain himself. neiltheblaze The sing-songey rhyming scheme is right out of the Hallmark trash bin. HELisforHEL Oy, it reads like one of those ghost-girl-saves-the-teens-in-the-burning-car stories from 8th grade. He & Kesha should become writing partners. He definitely didn't inherit any of his Dad's talent. I suspect ole Hank's little swimmies must have been packed with booze when they took that trip up Ms. Hank William's girlie bits. Alcohol poisoned zygote production would at least explain why his son is so fukkin stupid. BklynIlluminati I hated that song anyway. The only enemy you have Hank is your colossal ignorance and the fact you seemed have lost your self respect running around looking like that yikes! Barb He's a living monument to the irrelevance of genes in determining ability and/or talent. I don't think his attempted sexual assault on that teen girl should have been mentioned in this article though. He was probably just high on drugs and thought he was at a family reunion. PuckStopsHere Damn. Now THAT is a throw-down! Barb Thanks and good morning! Texan_Bulldog In Hank's defense, her name was Holly Hornbeak–he probably thought she was a porn star. tessiee Also in Hank Jr.'s defense, any girl in his (ahem) neck of the woods would have been married and divorced at least a couple of times before she reached her teens. Callyson Also: Williams has said he's interested in running as a Republican in 2012 for a U.S. Senate seat in Tennessee. Watch your back, Texas and Arizona–there's a new candidate for wing – nuttiest state in town… Bonzos_Bed_Time Skoalrebel will not be happy to hear this :-( LesBontemps This guy makes Skoalrebel look like Plato. memzilla This is another reason to close the border and put up a big fence. And by "border," I mean the Mason-Dixon Line. carolinaswamp Oh no! Please! Don't leave us down here in the dark alone with the People of Wal-Mart! prommie We'd even lose a chunk of South Jersey, which would not necessarily be a bad thing. Guppy06 The Mason-Dixon Line is the border between MD and PA. At the time, DE was still part of PA. So both DE and NJ are considered north of it. /pedant worst. Walter Sobchak impression. ever. you're not even fucking Jewish, Hank. Nothingisamiss I found this over at Free Republic: http://oi56.tinypic.com/10znyxg.jpg poncho_pilot that's confusing without context. are they comparing Obama to Hitler or saying they both spoke "the truth"? oh, wait…free republic…never mind. Barb How hard up for filled airtime is Fox News if they are pondering, "I wonder what Hank Williams Jr. is thinking about right now?" This is a man who's dog learned to scoot his ass across the carpet by watching his master do it. Hank wrote a song called "McCain/Palin Tradition," which has lyrics referring to Palin as a "good lookin' dish." The dish she most reminds me of is scrapple; chicken lips and pig peckers, help together by mush. LesPaultard Barb is awesome all day – thanks for the visual of scooting! LesBontemps Where do you find a meal like that? 'Cause that's someplace I want to be sure to avoid. lowaltflier Pennsylvania. I saw them making this on the Dirty Jobs show. Must be an aquired taste. ChuckieJesus Scrapple is Pennsylvania chitlins. And I am the kind of girl who eats the pickled pigs feet, so pass it on over here. Been in the midwest too long, all they got is this weird lye covered fish crap. HistoriCat Ugh – scrapple. My mom used to get that … I tried to tell her that we weren't in a Depression, so there was no need to eat that. These days I guess that argument isn't so convincing. Gretchen wanted to "pick his brain." Slim pickins. tessiee "lyrics referring to Palin as a "good lookin' dish." " Translation: Most of her teeth and a womb that's vacant at least some of the time. GeorgiaBurning "Fat, drunk, and stupid is no way to go through life, son"- was that Dean Wormer or Hank Senior? If this guy wasn't related to Hank Williams, he'd be the pit man at a Jiffy Lube. mookwrthwilson Pit Man? They wouldn't let this loser anywhere near the cars. He'd be in the cashier's booth or maybe the guy who points you into the garage bay, although he'd probably fuck that up too. bagofmice mrblifil That one is making my brain hurt. It's like an Escher sketch of "you know who else" jokes. I think if Hitler had had a son, he would have made a more productive contribution to society than Hank Sr. dickheaded failure ever could or ever will. emmelemm Now there's a screenwritin' pitch. (Or a great first novel, if you're, you know, highbrow.) Secret son/descendents of Hitler discovered! (Sort of like the "secret descendents of Jesus"/Dan Brown type stuff.) What diabolical doings have they been up to all this time? Or, conversely, maybe they're the nicest folks in the world, and their lives are ruined by their secret being discovered! Or maybe, they live as normal folks, but as their secret is about to be broadcast to the world, they are forced to silence their betrayers… forever! Someone with more talent and imagination than me get on this, stat! tessiee ♪ ♫“All my racist friends are comin’ over tonight!”♫♪ Doktor Zoom Aaaand, it looks like the Teatard Talking Point is beginning to coalesce around variations on this, from Freeplandia poster "1malumprohibitum" : Actually he never compared Obama to Hitler. What he said was Boehner and Obama Golfing was like Hitler and Netanyahu golfing. In other words, you could not find two more diametrically opposed people to play golf. He was no more likening Obama to Hitler than he was calling Boehner Netanyahu, ( which wouldnt even make sense as Boehner on his best day couldn’t even polish Bibi’s shoes.) See, it would be ridiculous to compare Boehner to Netanyahu, so there's no way that Williams meant that Obama was like Hitler, although really, when you think about it, he kind of is. But clearly, libruls have just missed the fine subtlety of Hank Williams Jr's nuanced analogy. (For a moment there, I was worried that typing "nuance" in proximity to "Hank Williams Jr." might make my computer asplode…) EDIT: Oh, dear. Freeper "BenKenobi" thinks he has the winning comparison: To be fair, Obama’s only had 3 million die on his watch frm abortion. UPDATED EDIT: And some post-racial analysis from Freeper "RummyChick": I saw a clip of the black girl on The View raking Barbara Walters over the coals for saying the name on the rock. It was astounding to see. She didn’t have a problem with Whoopi saying it but was greatly offended at Barbara. NOT ONCE DID ANYONE MENTION THAT IT IS THE NAME OF A FLOWER. rahelio I understand the impulse to "study the enemy." Shit, back in the day, I used to read the Loonie Moonie Times for kicks. But going to FreeperKKK.com gives me heart palpitations. Your courage is appreciated. elfgoldsackring FFS, later on Gretchen even says "you're comparing the president to one of the most hated people in history" and he says "that's true". Hoist by his own retard. Nothingisamiss Doktor Zoom….you have great courage, my friend. Please use the brain bleach, and make sure you drink lots of fluids today to wash out the scum left on your soul. Texan_Bulldog Hahahahaha…you said 'nuance' in the same sentence as Hank Williams Jr. Hahahahaha…gotta go get a drink of water. Tundra Grifter DZ: Well played! Of course, when progressives such as John Kerry and Dick Durbin use "nuanced analogy" regarding the US Military and German soldiers, that is immediately reduced by the right wing to "They called them 'Nazis!'" Fare la Volpe I saw a clip of the black girl on The View raking Barbara Walters over the coals for saying the name on the rock. It was astounding to see. She didn’t have a problem with Whoopi saying it but was greatly offended at Barbara. NOT ONCE DID ANYONE MENTION THAT IT IS THE NAME OF A FLOWER. Can someone please explain to me what the hell she's talking about? I cannot bring myself to waste brain cells figuring out Teatard prattle. Guppy06 Derp, thank you. I caught a bad case of The Dumb this morn. BaldarTFlagass Wait, "niggerhead" is the name of a flower? Who the fuck named that? Davis Jefferson Linnaeus? Fare la Volpe The same guy who named it Rapeseed . not that Dewey The NYPD prefer this variety. tessiee "Actually he never compared Obama to Hitler. What he said was Boehner and Obama Golfing was like Hitler and Netanyahu golfing." OK, so he never compared Obama to Hitler. What he said was that Obama was like Hitler. That clears up the… Oh, wait. No. No, it doesn't. It just demonstrates that the person who posted that is a dumb shit who doesn't understand the meaning of simple words like "compare". Native_of_SL_UT I see the nuance here. He's not comparing Obama to Hitler. He's just saying that we can solve our political problems by sending one side of the debate to the "Showers." tessiee That sounds like a very, um, final solution. OkieDokieDog What FOX exec thought it would be a good idea or gee, I don't know – relevant, to even ask Hank Jr. to "weigh in" on the GOP field? Was Ted Cat Scratch Fever not available? poncho_pilot The same idiots who would ask Sarah Palin to comment on middle east peace negotiations. LetUsBray Nooge heard the old head of his local draft board was in town and therefore just to be on the safe side busy accumulating a week's worth of dump in his pants like the big tough guy he is. CapnFatback This is good news for Toby Keith. (I know, I know, it's my second Toby Keith snark in a week's time. Blame it on the comedy rule of the "hard c.") FNMA Let's see, Tony Keith is a cocksucker. OK, I see how that works. NorthStarSpanx On a slightly redeeming side, I thought it was pretty cool of Toby Kieth to embarrass Fox News re: Sarah Palin's Real American Stories: "Fox lifted an old interview I gave in 2008 to someone else & are misrepresenting to the public in order to promote Sarah Palins Show. WOW," [LL Cool J] tweeted. Likewise, Toby Keith never sat down with Sarah Palin, Keith's spokesman told HifFix. "We were never contacted by Fox," Keith's spokesman said. "I have no idea what interview it's taken from. They're promoting this like it's a brand new interview." HarryButtle Fox News. Perfect fer folks who done fell off'n a mountain and landed on their heads. Guppy06 Teabagger boycott in 3… 2… Seriously, Disney is biting the hand that feeds them in this case. HeadsIWin After Rush and Hank Jr. – for balance- they would bring in Sharpton for color commentary and have Kanye produce the next awful intro number except rednecks are apparently the only demographic gullible enough to lure in their advertisers. Come on, progressives, drink more shitty beer! That boy, I say that boy is about as subtle as a hand grenade in a barrel of oatmeal. tessiee [sotto voce a la Foghorn Leghorn] Pay attention when I'm talkin' to ya, boy. Negropolis I do declare that this gentleman is a few crows short of a proper murder. I say, that boy's a few ears short of a bushel, even, a few fathoms short of a riverbottom. I do say that he's about as self aware as boll weevil in a cottonbud, and as satisfied as a tick on a dog, I'll tell you what. I'm running out of (made-up) homespun Suthanisms… Biel_ze_Bubba "A few cans short of a six-pack" should cover it for this goober. Nopantsmcgee I say, that boy''s about as sharp as a sack o' wet mice. MICE that is. Barb I just went over to Amazon.com and looked up Hank's song, "A Country Boy Can Survive." The release date was September 21, 1993 and under "customer reviews" there are NONE, not a single one. Even Playtex Tampons got one review: "It was a decent buy, it is not my first choice for feminine products but serves it purpose. Packaging was very good." Five days a month, cramps, bloating and all, people care more about tampons than Hank. OkieDokieDog Hank Jr. should start selling Bocephus tampons for GOP/Teabagger candidates. When your bunghole needs plugging cause it won't stop running. or something. rahelio Considering a used tampon has more sense than good ole Randy here – three drinks ago – it makes sense. snoopyfan2010 Were the tampons listed in the "Those who viewed this item also viewed these" section? If so, that is your answer to why country boys can survive. Tampons are useful. Hank, not so much. Barrelhse Bloody shame. __kth__ "Country Boy Can Survive" , in case anyone was unaware how godawful dumb and horrible that song is. A really great glimpse into the abyss that is Hank Jr's mind. HistoriCat Come on I love that song! Idiot rednecks boasting about how they can survive without any help from anyone. As long as they can buy ammunition and gasoline, of course. Wait – what do you mean there's no more ammo and gas after society collapses?? You want me to walk?? That's not Real Mercan! tessiee "Look, all I need is a cabin in the woods, some food, gas, electricity, water, a girlfriend, a gun, a hunting license, and some ammo! ' You nailed it, Jr.! MiniMencken Well, when Hank Williams, Sr. was Junior's age, he'd been dead for 33 years. Sometimes the fruit does fall pretty far from the tree. henrypuppyhead I don't think ESPN had any issue with his comments (this is Disney after all). I think they were just flat out embarrassed by the sheer buffoonery. "Hehe, sure like me some of them Gretchen titties, mmmhmmm." Negropolis Dumb Ape Who Sings Football Jingle Fired For Being Giant Bunghole Wait, you can be fired from Fox for that? Behold, humanity, your master race! Negropolis Are you ready for a pitfall! DesertTed Fox news, will you please have Faith Hill on so she can say something stupid and then NBC will get rid of her crappy opening song on Sunday Night Football? Texan_Bulldog I think Faith & her hubby Tim are closet Dems (she sang at one of Obama's inauguration balls). Don't think they're going to be mouthing off something stupid like that. And, no, I'm not a country music fan. Limeylizzie I have met her and she is really nice, not so pretty sans make-up, but a lovely human-being. usernameguy OBammer Is Hitler Belch Yep… Derp. Fart I HEAR he's a Muslin Just LIKE HITLER Belch FART. Today Tea Party Amercia has found it's new All American Leader. Rotundo_ Or at least Tenessee has found a new Senator to represent their contributions to the Confed(oops) United States of America! Come here a minute Randall Williams is wearing the same disguise as FLOTUS wears to Target! "Hank Jr.", you can go to Target and nobody will care about your face. glamourdammerung I wonder if he was on Fox to make up for its quota of mentally challenged drug addicts since they fired Beck. RedneckMuslin Well, if Obama didn't want to be thought of as Hitler he shouldn't wear that stache in his photo at the TB rallies! (Everytime he does that I have a little more love for der fuhrer). BaldarTFlagass I want to ride in The car Hank died in. Barrelhse I want to ride in Geronimo's Cadillac. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSveqeRha_A mavenmaven The scary part is the fox anchors keep joking with him and asking for his "opinion" on things. Should go in the reel along with the teabag crowd booing the gay soldier, etc. Negropolis I was shocked that they had genuine looks of "oh shit, did he really just say that?" on their faces when he dropped the bomb. mavenmaven He's a stinking turd who should have been banned from any decent media after this song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pqaf2wP7hQE&fe … SenileAgitation Maven, my ears! It's a fountain of idiocy. Though I did have to give grudging nod for mention of Wolverton Mountain, johnnyzhivago You would hope the dumb fuck would go crawl into a hole, but he'll probably be a hero now. Right here in NJ yesterday I saw a pickup truck (with NJ plates) with a confederate flag attached to the gun rack in the back. America: 300 million assholes strong! Negropolis This is a very rare sighting up North, but I have seen a few Northerners (I can count on one hand in fact) with Confederate flags. It's one of the few things that really make me see red. Forget the meaning of the flag, you're living in states that sent men that died to keep your stupid asses in the Union. I hear it's a lot more common to see this shit in Indiana than where I live. Barb I can deal with the flag after vomiting. It's the attitude that "hey, the blacks are lucky that we brought them here and gave them Christianity" that pisses me off. YasserArraFeck Not common, but not particularly rare here in the Pittsburgh, trapped in the empty quarter between the rust belt and West Virginia. People may live in the 'burbs here, but they're swamp-hopping hillbillies at heart…Hell Yeah!! SorosBot It's something I've seen on the rare occasions I've been forced to go into the Pennsylvania hinterlands; and fuck is it scary. I feel like screaming to people, "you do know we were with the good guys in the Civil War, the side that won, right?" It does help explain why my city keeps getting fucked over by the state. Pres.Libunatic Pennsyltucky, ftw! If you are a Philadelphian, you're right on. Philly is chronically starved of mass transit money because the 'Tuckians don't want to see the Poors riding around on SEPTA, the result being that Philly has a 70's style mass transit system (with about the same reliability). It was very frustrating when I lived there. I mean, you still have to use tokens unless you have a SEPTA pass. For some reason Pittsburgh seemed immune to that sort of vaguely racist and classist attitude, maybe because the Burgh is full of Pennsyltuckians itself. SorosBot Yep, Philly. And fuck SEPTA still using the tokens when all other mass transit systems switched to card-based fares over a decade and a half ago. They also keep the city starved of state funds, as we pay a lot more tax money than we get from the state, subsidizing those Pennsyltucky assholes who complain about their money going to "those people" in Philly even as the truth is the other way around. Beowoof Always here the locals here in Western NY say that we support all that welfare in NYC, when the opposite is true, the taxpayers in NYC support their dumb asses upstate. As with most teatards, never let facts get in the way of their dumb opinion. emmelemm Pres.Libunatic There is a large part of NJ which is geographically south of the Mason-Dixon Line if you kept drawing it across the Delaware River. I'm talking Salem County (home of the Cowtown Rodeos), Cumberland County, parts of the southern shore counties, etc. And the Pine Barrens can be a fascinating place at times. Shit, there are rednecks everywhere. I knew a guy in college who was from the burbiest of NJ suburbs and fancied himself a True Suth'run, complete with the Stars 'n Bars fluttering from his dorm. An_Outhouse Upstate NY reporting in: unfortunately confederate flags are popular with the fetal alcohol survivors. Beowoof Yes, get south of Rochester and there they are the dumb bastards driving huge pick up trucks to compensate for small dicks and big ole confederate flags. Driving around wasting gas in the pretend work trucks. bflrtsplk Hank Jr. for Preznet (Say it real slow with the thickest deepest Suthen drawl you can manage). I'll drink to that … and drink … and drink … and drink … and drink … x111e7thst Hey at least Jr. is still fat and pasty like a real Amerikkkan. Texan_Bulldog I bet he still has his open invitation to Niggerhead though. Doktor Zoom NOT ONCE DID ANYONE MENTION THAT IT IS THE NAME OF A FLOWER. –Some genius on Free Republic DashboardBuddha I know, right. Flower it may be, but it's a shitty name, it's history of a sorts…and if you name your stupid big hat ranch after something with a shitty name, you're just being a dick. Fox News amazed that an unregenerate racist asshole would act like one when given a forum. ESPN shocked that an uncultured boob who they featured for 20 years might be a racist. We live in astonishing times. freakishlywrong If by "astonishing" you mean "completely fucked up and down the rabbit hole", then, agreed. HELisforHEL "Uncultured boob" describes the bulk of Football's fan base. Negropolis America, this is why we can't have nice things. not that Dewey FOX PRODUCER: We got the "Gretchen Carlson is hot" joke in 5..4..3….Cue the slide whistle! And… oh. Kilmeade just pooped in his pants. Alright. Somebody get this dumb redneck outta here. LowProfileinGA Gretchen Carlson Upskirts: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLOTkrAG0sQ not that Dewey Being compared to dumbass brain damaged stain of Hank Williams Sr's legacy that's insulting to Apes and Bungholes. Indiepalin I'll have what he's having. Barb Some sort of redneck nervous breakdown? Negropolis My guess is that it's equal parts meth, horse tranquilizers, and fat on the brain leading to early-onset dementia, bless is enlarged, cholestoral-ridden heart. Either that, or simply falling hundreds of feet directly on your face can fuck you up in more ways than one. Tundra Grifter IDP: Apparently his son "Hank 3rd," although Randall really isn't "Hank, Jr." thinks his Dad had a wake 'n' bake. He suggested "politics and weed don't mix." I'm not so sure about that… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7eEp4DHtgM PuckStopsHere This is great news for Puck! This could create the opening I've been looking for to get some airplay for a couple MONSTER country tunes I've been working on. To wit: "Come Back When You're Younger" and "It Hurts So Much Since You've Been Gone, It Feels Like You're Still Here." Quality studio time w Gretch is right around the corner! I can feel it. Should I compare NObama to Stalin or Mussolini, tho? Your thoughts, please. johnnyzhivago Puck, I hope your songs include a healthy serving of references to your dog and your truck. My suggestion is to change them to "Drive your truck back here when you're younger" and "It Hurts Since You've been Gone (and Bring my Dawg Back you bitch)" I think you're on target with your interview idea, but to make some headlines you need to include a noose reference in there. Barrelhse All good, but I think Jesse James did one called "Come Back When You're Younger, Cole." alzronnie The real Hank Williams said that "the best part of him went down my leg." baconzgood Hey Mr. Producer on Hank's set. Was this your first day? Couldn't you trip over the cord or somthing? Did we learn a lesson about telling fat washed up dick head country music stars "Just say what you feel and it'll be fine. We're live in 3,2.." P.S. On a personal note: I don't want to find common ground with you either Hank. freakishlywrong Bread, circuses and hate. America 2011. baconzgood If we get a new Monday Night Football game I suggest the John Spencer Blues Explosion. NOT EVEN REMOTELY SAFE FOR WORK!!!! BUT FUCKING AWSOME NO LESS!!!! I loved the statement at the very end from Wretchin that the Bung Hole’s views don’t represent FOX News. I bet Fox gives him his own news show after this interview. freakishlywrong I know, right? You couldn't invent a more classic Fux watcher in a lab. (Even a meth one). johnnyzhivago Actually, if the "south woulda-won" WE would have had it made, because most of America's dumbasses would be in a different country. Except the CSA probably would have become the Greece of the western hemisphere and we'd be bailing them out right now. Negropolis Hell, Texas would have eventually broken away from the CSA, and then probably invaded the CSA. Seriously, though, the CSA probably would have lasted for a decade, at best, before it fell into its infighting. tessiee "the CSA probably would have lasted for a decade, at best, before it fell into its infighting." It wouldn't even have lasted that long. While the Civil War was still going on, Missouri tried and South Carolina at least threatened to secede from the Confederacy: Chaz Bono looks awful in this interview. Is s/he blind now too? LowProfileinGA Ape libel! freakishlywrong So far, the best description of greasy Hank there has been Bob Cesca. He describes him as a "character in a Rob Zombie movie". I concur. http://bobcesca.com/blog-archives/2011/10/wtf-2.h … Pithaughn Me and my buds opened for Jr once in Denver. His band played for 15 minutes, he came out and sang 4 songs, and that was it. Serious disappointment. We did get paid though. Chichikovovich And the disappointment came because you were hoping for zero songs? (If Randall just lay in a drunken horse tranquilizer stupor in the back of his luxury RV, they might have just played Hank Sr. songs over the sound system for 3 hours. Better than what you got.) Negropolis I've been trying to think of who he reminds me of in this appearance, and I've finally figured it out. He looks like a veritable recreation of Weekend at Bernie's. He actually looks like a (barely) reanimated corpse, some taxidermy experiment gone horribly wrong, a Southern Frankenstein's monster, of sorts. You know, like something you put up in your farmfield to scare birds and small children away. GunToting[Redacted] weejee As has been pointed out, talent-wise this nut fell far from the tree. This might get me to take a look at Monday Nite feetzball. Nah, that would require getting cable, and Mrs. weejee and I would prefer to spend that extra $5/day at the neighborhood small shops than give $150/mo to Comcast. KeepFnThatChicken The worst part? His fans will now embrace him even further. He didn't have to make a salient point, or prove anything, or show his hand. All he had to do was speak his mind, and he'll now be even more endeared to the rednecks. http://www.tmz.com/2011/10/03/hank-williams-jr-ob … FakaktaSouth Hey fucktard, how bout not talking about our President while wearing that God Damned Camo Alabama hat. That's bad for recruiting. Coach Saban says fuck off. Fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck. elviouslyqueer What's even more amazing to me is that he's a Tide fan. I thought all rednecks naturally migrated to Auburn. FakaktaSouth You just made my whole day. prommie I'm not saying nothing. You told me I got to be sweet. prommie Hey, I think you may have just created a new term, henceforth, I will never call it just plain "camo," from now on, it will always and only be "God Damned Camo." Capital letters and all. FakaktaSouth God Damned Camo forever. Thanks for being sweet in spite of what I am sure is better judgment. The boring "we're not all bad thing" in my defense: I live in a 30% African American county (and now zero hispanics, like even ones born here I think) that went 48% Obama and our mayor is so progressive he has been touted on the national stage for higher positions in the D-partay. Everyone here, including stupid republicans LOOOOOVE and seriously support him so much he ran unopposed last election. Also, football is fun. prommie I miss SEC football. I went to a Penn State game 2 weeks ago (Weekend at JoePa's) and the stadium was only half full, and they play stupid beer commercial music real loud on the PA between plays, what the holy fuck is that shit about? I wanted to hear the bands and chants and all thst stuff. However, Temple has a dance squad that dances like the Fly Girls, and they are barefoot, they go barefoot, all of them, and there is nothing dirtier than a barefoot girl swinging her hips around. FakaktaSouth Half empty? That makes me mad. The only reason that we didn't get to go to the PennSt/Bama game was the lack of available tickets. Do they sell beer there? That. Sucks. (LSU went to West Virginia and got to drink beer. The WVU concessions reported that beer sales for that game equalled the consumption of all the beer consumed at the three games prior to their arrival. Again, fun!)And, I have seen those barefoot Temple girls. That is a great answer to the white platform go-go boots the basically nekkid girls here have worn here since the invention of go-go-ing… prommie I wish I could post the picture of my son and I posing with the temple cheerleaders. The game was in Philadelphia, which explains the attendance, Penn State home games are always full. I am not a fan of Penn State, unless they are beating Notre Dame, which I hate almost as much as FSU and Georgia and Mississippi and LSU and above all, Auburn. I am still kicking around the idea of making an effort to get to a game this year, a real game, a Florida game, somewhere, any fucking where. I haven't been to a game in over 20 years. tessiee I actively dislike country music — not as intensely as I dislike football, but still pretty vehemently — but even I know that Hank Williams Jr. is by far the worst of all the Hank Williamses; Hank Williams Sr. being by far the best, Hank Williams III acquitting himself decently well in second place, and Hank Williams Jr. trailing disgracefully last. KeepFnThatChicken I actively ignore country music — as played on the radio. Give me Marty Robbins, Buck Owens, Dwight Yoakam, Waylon Jennings and Brad Paisley. To acknowledge any of those Williams coonasses just encourages them. Chichikovovich Not just the Hank Williamses: he's worse than Hank Snow, he's worse than Junior Kimbrough, and he isn't fit to change the oil filter in Lucinda Williams' Corvette. [Note: I have no hard information indicating that Lucinda Williams has a Corvette.] [Note 2: But of course she does.] tessiee "I have no hard information indicating that Lucinda Williams has a Corvette" The only Lucinda Williams song I know is the one about how it's over, but she can't let go, but I figure her for a Camaro kinda gal. Ironically, his daughter Holly (Hank III's sister I mean) is a very capable songwriter and has quite a voice. Talent skips a generation. Toomush_Infer Pretty sure the story is the vetting process for informercialpolitiganda at FAUX – who decided it would be ok to let this drunken asshat on the show?… and where is that vetter now?… starfanglednut I have a great affection for Hank Sr. I don't really watch TV so excuse my ignorance, but who the hell is this greasy, rotund, hateful, stupid, and, judging from the links, absolutely abominable musician? And why is he being interviewed by anyone, anywhere? DashboardBuddha OT: Dear Lord…thou knows I leave for Texas in 4 days. Please help me keep my mouth shut as I encounter Big Hat Dumbassery. BaldarTFlagass Buddha—voice of experience here, just nod and smile and ask for another Shiner Bock. DashboardBuddha Is that a good beer? I see a lot of them in my future, I think. BaldarTFlagass Well, it's a big Flagass Fave. Drink it out of the longnecks; lots of beer distributors/bars are lazy about cleaning out their pipes and on draft can be a bit of a gamble. What town are you headed to? DashboardBuddha Dallas/Ft. Worth area. Hey…it just dawned on me, if there are some wonketeers that live there abouts, I won't have much time, but I'd really dig meeting some of you. BaldarTFlagass I believe there are some here, but I ain't one of 'em. Maybe some DFW denizens can recommend a good bar; if not, there is a Texas chain that's pretty good called Sherlock's/Baker Street; English pub theme, very cheap drinks (at least at the San Antonio branch), there are several in the DFW area. http://www.sherlockspubco.com/index.html Have fun! DashboardBuddha Great tip…I'm a SH fan. HELisforHEL To me one of the best things in Texas. That, Gruene Hall and Austin. And San Antonio is pretty, but I hear it's overrun with redneck goons these days? BaldarTFlagass 30% white, 60% hispanic, 10% Af-Am or other. The rednecks don't make much of a dent here, which is why it's pretty nice. HistoriCat I second BTF on the Shiner. Hope your trip turns out OK – I'm not a big fan of the DFW area but I'm sure pockets of it are tolerable. Barrelhse So the GOP is bringing out the "intellectual heavies" of the right-wing. This should finally raise the quality of political discourse to a meaningful, thought-provoking, issues-oriented level. Thanks, FOX, for helping to make this ugly country what it is. Today Wall St., tomorrow FOX "News." smitallica ARE YOU READY FOR SOME BRANSON DINNER THEATER?? Tundra Grifter Apparently Ted Nugent wasn't available. Or Chuck Norris. Or Jon Voight. Or any other C-List "entertainer." Cat_Damon "Williams, from Tennessee, has said he would run as a Republican for the U.S. Senate in 2012." – ESPN. Bocephus is ancient Greek for greasy phallus. Dude is in serious need of a bath. elviouslyqueer I actually enjoyed that clip, as I haven't seen that much collective pants shitting in, oh, ever. Well played, fugly redneck. Well played. El Pinche Hank Jr. is wrong, but he's entitled to his opinion. Dubya was Hitler. That's mine. Side note: In East Texas, there's an inbred division of the KKK which uses Hank Jr.'s visage as their mascot. They have his ugly ass mug on their sheets and white pickup trucks. HENCEFORTH, Hanky is the face of the KKK. emmelemm Is that like Mr. Hankey, the Christmas poo? Cuz this guy looks like a big pile of poo. tessiee Nah. Hitler actually got a majority of the vote. Negropolis The KKK was shamed into dissolution up here in Michigan a decade or two, ago. The only thing that effectively happened, however, is that they simply formed skinhead groups. KeepFnThatChicken So NOW is it okay for us to listen to the Dixie Chicks? crybabyboehner This is just a publicity stunt for his new record with David Allen Coe. BaldarTFlagass I didn't watch, did Hank give his views on the Occupy Wall Street movement? Chichikovovich After they cut to commercial, Randall continued: "I mean, it would be like Ollie North giving cakes to the Ayatollahs, or Reagan selling Arms to Iran, or Rumsfeld shaking hands with Saddam Hussein and selling him WMD's or Bush giving a big ol' smooch to king of the country where almost all the 9-11 hijackers came from, or….Why are you making those faces and waving your hands like that?" Guppy06 It's like Adolf Hitler and Benjamin Netanyahu playing golf, talking about nationalist agendas like pushing out the inferior races and getting some living space. … wait, what? Wish I could upfist more than once for this comment, you naughty little fish. Chichikovovich I remember when the Dixie Chicks were critical of Bush (nothing like comparing him to Hitler, just saying they were ashamed to share a home state with him) and there was a huge hullaballoo about "criticizing the Commander in chief" (sometimes adding:) "while our troops are putting their lives at risk overseas". Remember this open letter from a navy officer – the word "president" occurs only once, the phrase "commander in chief" three times. ("Bush" not at all. And "Chimpy" is right out.) http://www.snopes.com/politics/soapbox/dixiechick … And then there was the Diane Sawyer interview on ABC with these gems: “If you do support the troops, should you be attacking their Commander-In-Chief?” and “But even people who said it’s fine to question the war, were shocked that someone would stand on stage and attack the Commander In Chief.” Do a Google search on "Dixie Chicks" and "Commander in Chief" – thousands of hits. But somehow, since around January 2009 I don't hear "Commander in Chief" anymore. And we still have troops putting their lives in jeopardy in Afghanistan and Iraq. I wonder why that is? I suppose it must be that Diane Sawyer, that Navy aviator guy, and Fox news just aren't very patriotic anymore, and don't support the troops. elviouslyqueer Silly Chichi, that whole "patriotism" thing only applies when the president/CiC isn't a Half-bred Kenyan Muslim Manchurian Candidate Nigger™. NorthStarSpanx Hank Jr:don't retreat…reload! (Steps aside bc his 1st Amend.rights ceased 2exist thx 2activists trying 2silence"isn't American,not fair") less than a minute ago via Twitter for BlackBerry® Sarah Palin SarahPalinUSA Hank Jr.=even more powerful & effective w/out the shackles, so watch out Constitutional obstructionists. And b thankful 4 his voice,America! less than 2 minutes ago via Twitter for BlackBerry® Sarah Palin SarahPalinUSA Hank Jr.=popped in your 8track & rocking 2 u as blez'd American. Guzzling Diet Dr. Pepper & my nice big SUV guzzles good clean energy! Free Speech, got to celebrate it! less than 3 minutes ago via Twitter for BlackBerry® Sarah Palin We found a reason Hank Sr. started drinking, and ultimately left us all too soon. BaldarTFlagass I thought that equating Obama with Hitler was part of the whole Fox raison d'être. Shouldn't Hank get a break, since what he said was nothing more than anyone who goes on that network is expected to say? tessiee Yeah, but not so overtly that you could actually, you know, be held accountable. You can call Obama a Muslin Socialist Communist African Nazi, but if you don't say it in an encrypted way, there goes your plausible deniability up shit's creek. stew1 Ah, go fuck your fat cousin! tessiee Why? Are all his sisters out of town? ttommyunger "…Randall Williams is a dumb turd." . Really, Wonkettet, Jr. (if that is your real name)? I would like to inform you that I, myself, and several of my friends and acquaintances have been identified with that description on many occasions just for the simple fact that we continue to live in Georgia. Although I make no unusual claim to above-average intelligence or hygiene, I totally reject your comparison to this knuckle-dragging buffoon. This moron obviously eats with his feet, shits in his bed and flings his feces in all directions without rhyme or reason. The very idea that he might one day rise to the level of a "Dumb Turd" is offensive and hurtful to Dumb Turds everywhere. Accordingly I and my friends have determined to file suit for Libel and in furtherance of this goal have retained the services of Dewey, Phuckem and Howe for that purpose. This will not stand! drawingporno I find myself intrigued by the proposition being put forth here that there exists certain occasions wherein the flinging of feces in all directions does indeed comport with some measurable understanding of rhyme and reason…It's just good to know that if I ever find myself somehow caught in a literal shit storm that there might be a perfectly rational, logical and (at least to the person(s) responsible for the airborne fecal material) justification behind it. BaldarTFlagass Your move, Lester Bangs. KeepFnThatChicken It would seem there were tremors during Chubby Checker, and a full-scale pall when Stryper emerged. But, like L.A., you get used to the shaking. beavis420 Jesus Christ How did they think that his freak face and obscured eyes was a good thing to put on TV Schmannnity Doocy's face at 1:35 says: "that's too fucking stupid for even this show." Gleem_McShineys Steve Doocy is able to recognize something as being "too stupid"? This has to be some kind of divides-by-zero paradox. When does the wormhole open up? James Michael Curley I've been getting warnings from my virus software, McAfee, that it 'blocked content from suspicious sites' when Wonkette puts up a FauxNews video. Anybody else? tessiee Me too, also too. James Michael Curley Nice to know that Mc Afee has better taste then most Republican in its choice of viewing material. Beowoof And the irony is to watch black guys excel in professional athletics. thefrontpage Randall Williams and Ted Nugent are secretive homosexual lovers, and the consistently caffeinated psychoness that spews from their mouths like volcano lava is simply psychological over-compensation for their shame in simply knowing other men in the Biblical sense. Or they're just dumb hillbilly rednecks. Troglodeity I will play Devil's Advocate here. Williams wasn't actually making a direct comparison of Obama to Hitler. He merely said that Obama and Boehner talking made as much sense as Hitler and Netanyahu talking. So you might just as well say he compared Boehner to Hitler. Which I think we can all agree would be perfectly reasonable.	Hank Williams, Jr.
What famed boxer, nicknamed Smokin' Joe, was the beat Muhammed Ali in the famous Fight of the Century, but lost a battle against liver cancer earlier this week?	Dumb Ape Who Sings Football Jingle Fired For Being Giant Bunghole are you ready for some hitler Dumb Ape Who Sings Football Jingle Fired For Being Giant Bunghole By Add to Flipboard Magazine. Dirtbag clown/redneck millionaire Randall Williams — who goes by his legendary father’s name to better fleece the poors — done went and half-assed called Obama a “Hitler” on the Fox News, and you know you can only do that in code, or while huntin’ coon with Rick Perry or whatever. So the football show has fired “Bocephus.” How could Hank Jr. do this to the South, which was supposed to rise again, like Southern Jesus? This means, we guess, that the football show will no longer have that shitty re-written version of “Hank Junior” doing his shitty 1980s name-dropping Nashville schmaltz, “All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight,” itself a craven sequel to his earlier idiot singalong, “All My Rowdy Friends.” So he compared Obama to Hitler, and Boehner to … Netanyahu? And then said Joe Biden and Barack Obama were “the enemy.” Then he probably farted for a good long time on the chair and the Murdoch people had to burn it behind Fox News headquarters, in that incinerator they use all the time for “the truth.” Randall Williams is a dumb turd. He should run for president of the Tea Party and the whole of America. He is the perfect Successful American, in that he inherited his lucrative business and still couldn’t buy any talent or brains and also is so dumb that he went walking one time and managed to fall off a mountain, losing his face in the process, which is why his poorly reconstructed head resembles a dumber, less charming version of one of those pan-faced muppets from “The Electric Teeth.” Here’s an article from five years ago when he was arrested for sexually assaulting some teen-ager in a hotel. GO FOOTBALL AND USA NOW!!! [ NBC ] TAGS http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Be-Careful … Chichikovovich Man, even by country music standards that is some maudlin tripe. If Randall had written that while Hank Sr. was alive, the old man would have tossed this no-talent regression to (below the) mean off the mountain himself. neiltheblaze The sing-songey rhyming scheme is right out of the Hallmark trash bin. HELisforHEL Oy, it reads like one of those ghost-girl-saves-the-teens-in-the-burning-car stories from 8th grade. He & Kesha should become writing partners. He definitely didn't inherit any of his Dad's talent. I suspect ole Hank's little swimmies must have been packed with booze when they took that trip up Ms. Hank William's girlie bits. Alcohol poisoned zygote production would at least explain why his son is so fukkin stupid. BklynIlluminati I hated that song anyway. The only enemy you have Hank is your colossal ignorance and the fact you seemed have lost your self respect running around looking like that yikes! Barb He's a living monument to the irrelevance of genes in determining ability and/or talent. I don't think his attempted sexual assault on that teen girl should have been mentioned in this article though. He was probably just high on drugs and thought he was at a family reunion. PuckStopsHere Damn. Now THAT is a throw-down! Barb Thanks and good morning! Texan_Bulldog In Hank's defense, her name was Holly Hornbeak–he probably thought she was a porn star. tessiee Also in Hank Jr.'s defense, any girl in his (ahem) neck of the woods would have been married and divorced at least a couple of times before she reached her teens. Callyson Also: Williams has said he's interested in running as a Republican in 2012 for a U.S. Senate seat in Tennessee. Watch your back, Texas and Arizona–there's a new candidate for wing – nuttiest state in town… Bonzos_Bed_Time Skoalrebel will not be happy to hear this :-( LesBontemps This guy makes Skoalrebel look like Plato. memzilla This is another reason to close the border and put up a big fence. And by "border," I mean the Mason-Dixon Line. carolinaswamp Oh no! Please! Don't leave us down here in the dark alone with the People of Wal-Mart! prommie We'd even lose a chunk of South Jersey, which would not necessarily be a bad thing. Guppy06 The Mason-Dixon Line is the border between MD and PA. At the time, DE was still part of PA. So both DE and NJ are considered north of it. /pedant worst. Walter Sobchak impression. ever. you're not even fucking Jewish, Hank. Nothingisamiss I found this over at Free Republic: http://oi56.tinypic.com/10znyxg.jpg poncho_pilot that's confusing without context. are they comparing Obama to Hitler or saying they both spoke "the truth"? oh, wait…free republic…never mind. Barb How hard up for filled airtime is Fox News if they are pondering, "I wonder what Hank Williams Jr. is thinking about right now?" This is a man who's dog learned to scoot his ass across the carpet by watching his master do it. Hank wrote a song called "McCain/Palin Tradition," which has lyrics referring to Palin as a "good lookin' dish." The dish she most reminds me of is scrapple; chicken lips and pig peckers, help together by mush. LesPaultard Barb is awesome all day – thanks for the visual of scooting! LesBontemps Where do you find a meal like that? 'Cause that's someplace I want to be sure to avoid. lowaltflier Pennsylvania. I saw them making this on the Dirty Jobs show. Must be an aquired taste. ChuckieJesus Scrapple is Pennsylvania chitlins. And I am the kind of girl who eats the pickled pigs feet, so pass it on over here. Been in the midwest too long, all they got is this weird lye covered fish crap. HistoriCat Ugh – scrapple. My mom used to get that … I tried to tell her that we weren't in a Depression, so there was no need to eat that. These days I guess that argument isn't so convincing. Gretchen wanted to "pick his brain." Slim pickins. tessiee "lyrics referring to Palin as a "good lookin' dish." " Translation: Most of her teeth and a womb that's vacant at least some of the time. GeorgiaBurning "Fat, drunk, and stupid is no way to go through life, son"- was that Dean Wormer or Hank Senior? If this guy wasn't related to Hank Williams, he'd be the pit man at a Jiffy Lube. mookwrthwilson Pit Man? They wouldn't let this loser anywhere near the cars. He'd be in the cashier's booth or maybe the guy who points you into the garage bay, although he'd probably fuck that up too. bagofmice mrblifil That one is making my brain hurt. It's like an Escher sketch of "you know who else" jokes. I think if Hitler had had a son, he would have made a more productive contribution to society than Hank Sr. dickheaded failure ever could or ever will. emmelemm Now there's a screenwritin' pitch. (Or a great first novel, if you're, you know, highbrow.) Secret son/descendents of Hitler discovered! (Sort of like the "secret descendents of Jesus"/Dan Brown type stuff.) What diabolical doings have they been up to all this time? Or, conversely, maybe they're the nicest folks in the world, and their lives are ruined by their secret being discovered! Or maybe, they live as normal folks, but as their secret is about to be broadcast to the world, they are forced to silence their betrayers… forever! Someone with more talent and imagination than me get on this, stat! tessiee ♪ ♫“All my racist friends are comin’ over tonight!”♫♪ Doktor Zoom Aaaand, it looks like the Teatard Talking Point is beginning to coalesce around variations on this, from Freeplandia poster "1malumprohibitum" : Actually he never compared Obama to Hitler. What he said was Boehner and Obama Golfing was like Hitler and Netanyahu golfing. In other words, you could not find two more diametrically opposed people to play golf. He was no more likening Obama to Hitler than he was calling Boehner Netanyahu, ( which wouldnt even make sense as Boehner on his best day couldn’t even polish Bibi’s shoes.) See, it would be ridiculous to compare Boehner to Netanyahu, so there's no way that Williams meant that Obama was like Hitler, although really, when you think about it, he kind of is. But clearly, libruls have just missed the fine subtlety of Hank Williams Jr's nuanced analogy. (For a moment there, I was worried that typing "nuance" in proximity to "Hank Williams Jr." might make my computer asplode…) EDIT: Oh, dear. Freeper "BenKenobi" thinks he has the winning comparison: To be fair, Obama’s only had 3 million die on his watch frm abortion. UPDATED EDIT: And some post-racial analysis from Freeper "RummyChick": I saw a clip of the black girl on The View raking Barbara Walters over the coals for saying the name on the rock. It was astounding to see. She didn’t have a problem with Whoopi saying it but was greatly offended at Barbara. NOT ONCE DID ANYONE MENTION THAT IT IS THE NAME OF A FLOWER. rahelio I understand the impulse to "study the enemy." Shit, back in the day, I used to read the Loonie Moonie Times for kicks. But going to FreeperKKK.com gives me heart palpitations. Your courage is appreciated. elfgoldsackring FFS, later on Gretchen even says "you're comparing the president to one of the most hated people in history" and he says "that's true". Hoist by his own retard. Nothingisamiss Doktor Zoom….you have great courage, my friend. Please use the brain bleach, and make sure you drink lots of fluids today to wash out the scum left on your soul. Texan_Bulldog Hahahahaha…you said 'nuance' in the same sentence as Hank Williams Jr. Hahahahaha…gotta go get a drink of water. Tundra Grifter DZ: Well played! Of course, when progressives such as John Kerry and Dick Durbin use "nuanced analogy" regarding the US Military and German soldiers, that is immediately reduced by the right wing to "They called them 'Nazis!'" Fare la Volpe I saw a clip of the black girl on The View raking Barbara Walters over the coals for saying the name on the rock. It was astounding to see. She didn’t have a problem with Whoopi saying it but was greatly offended at Barbara. NOT ONCE DID ANYONE MENTION THAT IT IS THE NAME OF A FLOWER. Can someone please explain to me what the hell she's talking about? I cannot bring myself to waste brain cells figuring out Teatard prattle. Guppy06 Derp, thank you. I caught a bad case of The Dumb this morn. BaldarTFlagass Wait, "niggerhead" is the name of a flower? Who the fuck named that? Davis Jefferson Linnaeus? Fare la Volpe The same guy who named it Rapeseed . not that Dewey The NYPD prefer this variety. tessiee "Actually he never compared Obama to Hitler. What he said was Boehner and Obama Golfing was like Hitler and Netanyahu golfing." OK, so he never compared Obama to Hitler. What he said was that Obama was like Hitler. That clears up the… Oh, wait. No. No, it doesn't. It just demonstrates that the person who posted that is a dumb shit who doesn't understand the meaning of simple words like "compare". Native_of_SL_UT I see the nuance here. He's not comparing Obama to Hitler. He's just saying that we can solve our political problems by sending one side of the debate to the "Showers." tessiee That sounds like a very, um, final solution. OkieDokieDog What FOX exec thought it would be a good idea or gee, I don't know – relevant, to even ask Hank Jr. to "weigh in" on the GOP field? Was Ted Cat Scratch Fever not available? poncho_pilot The same idiots who would ask Sarah Palin to comment on middle east peace negotiations. LetUsBray Nooge heard the old head of his local draft board was in town and therefore just to be on the safe side busy accumulating a week's worth of dump in his pants like the big tough guy he is. CapnFatback This is good news for Toby Keith. (I know, I know, it's my second Toby Keith snark in a week's time. Blame it on the comedy rule of the "hard c.") FNMA Let's see, Tony Keith is a cocksucker. OK, I see how that works. NorthStarSpanx On a slightly redeeming side, I thought it was pretty cool of Toby Kieth to embarrass Fox News re: Sarah Palin's Real American Stories: "Fox lifted an old interview I gave in 2008 to someone else & are misrepresenting to the public in order to promote Sarah Palins Show. WOW," [LL Cool J] tweeted. Likewise, Toby Keith never sat down with Sarah Palin, Keith's spokesman told HifFix. "We were never contacted by Fox," Keith's spokesman said. "I have no idea what interview it's taken from. They're promoting this like it's a brand new interview." HarryButtle Fox News. Perfect fer folks who done fell off'n a mountain and landed on their heads. Guppy06 Teabagger boycott in 3… 2… Seriously, Disney is biting the hand that feeds them in this case. HeadsIWin After Rush and Hank Jr. – for balance- they would bring in Sharpton for color commentary and have Kanye produce the next awful intro number except rednecks are apparently the only demographic gullible enough to lure in their advertisers. Come on, progressives, drink more shitty beer! That boy, I say that boy is about as subtle as a hand grenade in a barrel of oatmeal. tessiee [sotto voce a la Foghorn Leghorn] Pay attention when I'm talkin' to ya, boy. Negropolis I do declare that this gentleman is a few crows short of a proper murder. I say, that boy's a few ears short of a bushel, even, a few fathoms short of a riverbottom. I do say that he's about as self aware as boll weevil in a cottonbud, and as satisfied as a tick on a dog, I'll tell you what. I'm running out of (made-up) homespun Suthanisms… Biel_ze_Bubba "A few cans short of a six-pack" should cover it for this goober. Nopantsmcgee I say, that boy''s about as sharp as a sack o' wet mice. MICE that is. Barb I just went over to Amazon.com and looked up Hank's song, "A Country Boy Can Survive." The release date was September 21, 1993 and under "customer reviews" there are NONE, not a single one. Even Playtex Tampons got one review: "It was a decent buy, it is not my first choice for feminine products but serves it purpose. Packaging was very good." Five days a month, cramps, bloating and all, people care more about tampons than Hank. OkieDokieDog Hank Jr. should start selling Bocephus tampons for GOP/Teabagger candidates. When your bunghole needs plugging cause it won't stop running. or something. rahelio Considering a used tampon has more sense than good ole Randy here – three drinks ago – it makes sense. snoopyfan2010 Were the tampons listed in the "Those who viewed this item also viewed these" section? If so, that is your answer to why country boys can survive. Tampons are useful. Hank, not so much. Barrelhse Bloody shame. __kth__ "Country Boy Can Survive" , in case anyone was unaware how godawful dumb and horrible that song is. A really great glimpse into the abyss that is Hank Jr's mind. HistoriCat Come on I love that song! Idiot rednecks boasting about how they can survive without any help from anyone. As long as they can buy ammunition and gasoline, of course. Wait – what do you mean there's no more ammo and gas after society collapses?? You want me to walk?? That's not Real Mercan! tessiee "Look, all I need is a cabin in the woods, some food, gas, electricity, water, a girlfriend, a gun, a hunting license, and some ammo! ' You nailed it, Jr.! MiniMencken Well, when Hank Williams, Sr. was Junior's age, he'd been dead for 33 years. Sometimes the fruit does fall pretty far from the tree. henrypuppyhead I don't think ESPN had any issue with his comments (this is Disney after all). I think they were just flat out embarrassed by the sheer buffoonery. "Hehe, sure like me some of them Gretchen titties, mmmhmmm." Negropolis Dumb Ape Who Sings Football Jingle Fired For Being Giant Bunghole Wait, you can be fired from Fox for that? Behold, humanity, your master race! Negropolis Are you ready for a pitfall! DesertTed Fox news, will you please have Faith Hill on so she can say something stupid and then NBC will get rid of her crappy opening song on Sunday Night Football? Texan_Bulldog I think Faith & her hubby Tim are closet Dems (she sang at one of Obama's inauguration balls). Don't think they're going to be mouthing off something stupid like that. And, no, I'm not a country music fan. Limeylizzie I have met her and she is really nice, not so pretty sans make-up, but a lovely human-being. usernameguy OBammer Is Hitler Belch Yep… Derp. Fart I HEAR he's a Muslin Just LIKE HITLER Belch FART. Today Tea Party Amercia has found it's new All American Leader. Rotundo_ Or at least Tenessee has found a new Senator to represent their contributions to the Confed(oops) United States of America! Come here a minute Randall Williams is wearing the same disguise as FLOTUS wears to Target! "Hank Jr.", you can go to Target and nobody will care about your face. glamourdammerung I wonder if he was on Fox to make up for its quota of mentally challenged drug addicts since they fired Beck. RedneckMuslin Well, if Obama didn't want to be thought of as Hitler he shouldn't wear that stache in his photo at the TB rallies! (Everytime he does that I have a little more love for der fuhrer). BaldarTFlagass I want to ride in The car Hank died in. Barrelhse I want to ride in Geronimo's Cadillac. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSveqeRha_A mavenmaven The scary part is the fox anchors keep joking with him and asking for his "opinion" on things. Should go in the reel along with the teabag crowd booing the gay soldier, etc. Negropolis I was shocked that they had genuine looks of "oh shit, did he really just say that?" on their faces when he dropped the bomb. mavenmaven He's a stinking turd who should have been banned from any decent media after this song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pqaf2wP7hQE&fe … SenileAgitation Maven, my ears! It's a fountain of idiocy. Though I did have to give grudging nod for mention of Wolverton Mountain, johnnyzhivago You would hope the dumb fuck would go crawl into a hole, but he'll probably be a hero now. Right here in NJ yesterday I saw a pickup truck (with NJ plates) with a confederate flag attached to the gun rack in the back. America: 300 million assholes strong! Negropolis This is a very rare sighting up North, but I have seen a few Northerners (I can count on one hand in fact) with Confederate flags. It's one of the few things that really make me see red. Forget the meaning of the flag, you're living in states that sent men that died to keep your stupid asses in the Union. I hear it's a lot more common to see this shit in Indiana than where I live. Barb I can deal with the flag after vomiting. It's the attitude that "hey, the blacks are lucky that we brought them here and gave them Christianity" that pisses me off. YasserArraFeck Not common, but not particularly rare here in the Pittsburgh, trapped in the empty quarter between the rust belt and West Virginia. People may live in the 'burbs here, but they're swamp-hopping hillbillies at heart…Hell Yeah!! SorosBot It's something I've seen on the rare occasions I've been forced to go into the Pennsylvania hinterlands; and fuck is it scary. I feel like screaming to people, "you do know we were with the good guys in the Civil War, the side that won, right?" It does help explain why my city keeps getting fucked over by the state. Pres.Libunatic Pennsyltucky, ftw! If you are a Philadelphian, you're right on. Philly is chronically starved of mass transit money because the 'Tuckians don't want to see the Poors riding around on SEPTA, the result being that Philly has a 70's style mass transit system (with about the same reliability). It was very frustrating when I lived there. I mean, you still have to use tokens unless you have a SEPTA pass. For some reason Pittsburgh seemed immune to that sort of vaguely racist and classist attitude, maybe because the Burgh is full of Pennsyltuckians itself. SorosBot Yep, Philly. And fuck SEPTA still using the tokens when all other mass transit systems switched to card-based fares over a decade and a half ago. They also keep the city starved of state funds, as we pay a lot more tax money than we get from the state, subsidizing those Pennsyltucky assholes who complain about their money going to "those people" in Philly even as the truth is the other way around. Beowoof Always here the locals here in Western NY say that we support all that welfare in NYC, when the opposite is true, the taxpayers in NYC support their dumb asses upstate. As with most teatards, never let facts get in the way of their dumb opinion. emmelemm Pres.Libunatic There is a large part of NJ which is geographically south of the Mason-Dixon Line if you kept drawing it across the Delaware River. I'm talking Salem County (home of the Cowtown Rodeos), Cumberland County, parts of the southern shore counties, etc. And the Pine Barrens can be a fascinating place at times. Shit, there are rednecks everywhere. I knew a guy in college who was from the burbiest of NJ suburbs and fancied himself a True Suth'run, complete with the Stars 'n Bars fluttering from his dorm. An_Outhouse Upstate NY reporting in: unfortunately confederate flags are popular with the fetal alcohol survivors. Beowoof Yes, get south of Rochester and there they are the dumb bastards driving huge pick up trucks to compensate for small dicks and big ole confederate flags. Driving around wasting gas in the pretend work trucks. bflrtsplk Hank Jr. for Preznet (Say it real slow with the thickest deepest Suthen drawl you can manage). I'll drink to that … and drink … and drink … and drink … and drink … x111e7thst Hey at least Jr. is still fat and pasty like a real Amerikkkan. Texan_Bulldog I bet he still has his open invitation to Niggerhead though. Doktor Zoom NOT ONCE DID ANYONE MENTION THAT IT IS THE NAME OF A FLOWER. –Some genius on Free Republic DashboardBuddha I know, right. Flower it may be, but it's a shitty name, it's history of a sorts…and if you name your stupid big hat ranch after something with a shitty name, you're just being a dick. Fox News amazed that an unregenerate racist asshole would act like one when given a forum. ESPN shocked that an uncultured boob who they featured for 20 years might be a racist. We live in astonishing times. freakishlywrong If by "astonishing" you mean "completely fucked up and down the rabbit hole", then, agreed. HELisforHEL "Uncultured boob" describes the bulk of Football's fan base. Negropolis America, this is why we can't have nice things. not that Dewey FOX PRODUCER: We got the "Gretchen Carlson is hot" joke in 5..4..3….Cue the slide whistle! And… oh. Kilmeade just pooped in his pants. Alright. Somebody get this dumb redneck outta here. LowProfileinGA Gretchen Carlson Upskirts: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLOTkrAG0sQ not that Dewey Being compared to dumbass brain damaged stain of Hank Williams Sr's legacy that's insulting to Apes and Bungholes. Indiepalin I'll have what he's having. Barb Some sort of redneck nervous breakdown? Negropolis My guess is that it's equal parts meth, horse tranquilizers, and fat on the brain leading to early-onset dementia, bless is enlarged, cholestoral-ridden heart. Either that, or simply falling hundreds of feet directly on your face can fuck you up in more ways than one. Tundra Grifter IDP: Apparently his son "Hank 3rd," although Randall really isn't "Hank, Jr." thinks his Dad had a wake 'n' bake. He suggested "politics and weed don't mix." I'm not so sure about that… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7eEp4DHtgM PuckStopsHere This is great news for Puck! This could create the opening I've been looking for to get some airplay for a couple MONSTER country tunes I've been working on. To wit: "Come Back When You're Younger" and "It Hurts So Much Since You've Been Gone, It Feels Like You're Still Here." Quality studio time w Gretch is right around the corner! I can feel it. Should I compare NObama to Stalin or Mussolini, tho? Your thoughts, please. johnnyzhivago Puck, I hope your songs include a healthy serving of references to your dog and your truck. My suggestion is to change them to "Drive your truck back here when you're younger" and "It Hurts Since You've been Gone (and Bring my Dawg Back you bitch)" I think you're on target with your interview idea, but to make some headlines you need to include a noose reference in there. Barrelhse All good, but I think Jesse James did one called "Come Back When You're Younger, Cole." alzronnie The real Hank Williams said that "the best part of him went down my leg." baconzgood Hey Mr. Producer on Hank's set. Was this your first day? Couldn't you trip over the cord or somthing? Did we learn a lesson about telling fat washed up dick head country music stars "Just say what you feel and it'll be fine. We're live in 3,2.." P.S. On a personal note: I don't want to find common ground with you either Hank. freakishlywrong Bread, circuses and hate. America 2011. baconzgood If we get a new Monday Night Football game I suggest the John Spencer Blues Explosion. NOT EVEN REMOTELY SAFE FOR WORK!!!! BUT FUCKING AWSOME NO LESS!!!! I loved the statement at the very end from Wretchin that the Bung Hole’s views don’t represent FOX News. I bet Fox gives him his own news show after this interview. freakishlywrong I know, right? You couldn't invent a more classic Fux watcher in a lab. (Even a meth one). johnnyzhivago Actually, if the "south woulda-won" WE would have had it made, because most of America's dumbasses would be in a different country. Except the CSA probably would have become the Greece of the western hemisphere and we'd be bailing them out right now. Negropolis Hell, Texas would have eventually broken away from the CSA, and then probably invaded the CSA. Seriously, though, the CSA probably would have lasted for a decade, at best, before it fell into its infighting. tessiee "the CSA probably would have lasted for a decade, at best, before it fell into its infighting." It wouldn't even have lasted that long. While the Civil War was still going on, Missouri tried and South Carolina at least threatened to secede from the Confederacy: Chaz Bono looks awful in this interview. Is s/he blind now too? LowProfileinGA Ape libel! freakishlywrong So far, the best description of greasy Hank there has been Bob Cesca. He describes him as a "character in a Rob Zombie movie". I concur. http://bobcesca.com/blog-archives/2011/10/wtf-2.h … Pithaughn Me and my buds opened for Jr once in Denver. His band played for 15 minutes, he came out and sang 4 songs, and that was it. Serious disappointment. We did get paid though. Chichikovovich And the disappointment came because you were hoping for zero songs? (If Randall just lay in a drunken horse tranquilizer stupor in the back of his luxury RV, they might have just played Hank Sr. songs over the sound system for 3 hours. Better than what you got.) Negropolis I've been trying to think of who he reminds me of in this appearance, and I've finally figured it out. He looks like a veritable recreation of Weekend at Bernie's. He actually looks like a (barely) reanimated corpse, some taxidermy experiment gone horribly wrong, a Southern Frankenstein's monster, of sorts. You know, like something you put up in your farmfield to scare birds and small children away. GunToting[Redacted] weejee As has been pointed out, talent-wise this nut fell far from the tree. This might get me to take a look at Monday Nite feetzball. Nah, that would require getting cable, and Mrs. weejee and I would prefer to spend that extra $5/day at the neighborhood small shops than give $150/mo to Comcast. KeepFnThatChicken The worst part? His fans will now embrace him even further. He didn't have to make a salient point, or prove anything, or show his hand. All he had to do was speak his mind, and he'll now be even more endeared to the rednecks. http://www.tmz.com/2011/10/03/hank-williams-jr-ob … FakaktaSouth Hey fucktard, how bout not talking about our President while wearing that God Damned Camo Alabama hat. That's bad for recruiting. Coach Saban says fuck off. Fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck. elviouslyqueer What's even more amazing to me is that he's a Tide fan. I thought all rednecks naturally migrated to Auburn. FakaktaSouth You just made my whole day. prommie I'm not saying nothing. You told me I got to be sweet. prommie Hey, I think you may have just created a new term, henceforth, I will never call it just plain "camo," from now on, it will always and only be "God Damned Camo." Capital letters and all. FakaktaSouth God Damned Camo forever. Thanks for being sweet in spite of what I am sure is better judgment. The boring "we're not all bad thing" in my defense: I live in a 30% African American county (and now zero hispanics, like even ones born here I think) that went 48% Obama and our mayor is so progressive he has been touted on the national stage for higher positions in the D-partay. Everyone here, including stupid republicans LOOOOOVE and seriously support him so much he ran unopposed last election. Also, football is fun. prommie I miss SEC football. I went to a Penn State game 2 weeks ago (Weekend at JoePa's) and the stadium was only half full, and they play stupid beer commercial music real loud on the PA between plays, what the holy fuck is that shit about? I wanted to hear the bands and chants and all thst stuff. However, Temple has a dance squad that dances like the Fly Girls, and they are barefoot, they go barefoot, all of them, and there is nothing dirtier than a barefoot girl swinging her hips around. FakaktaSouth Half empty? That makes me mad. The only reason that we didn't get to go to the PennSt/Bama game was the lack of available tickets. Do they sell beer there? That. Sucks. (LSU went to West Virginia and got to drink beer. The WVU concessions reported that beer sales for that game equalled the consumption of all the beer consumed at the three games prior to their arrival. Again, fun!)And, I have seen those barefoot Temple girls. That is a great answer to the white platform go-go boots the basically nekkid girls here have worn here since the invention of go-go-ing… prommie I wish I could post the picture of my son and I posing with the temple cheerleaders. The game was in Philadelphia, which explains the attendance, Penn State home games are always full. I am not a fan of Penn State, unless they are beating Notre Dame, which I hate almost as much as FSU and Georgia and Mississippi and LSU and above all, Auburn. I am still kicking around the idea of making an effort to get to a game this year, a real game, a Florida game, somewhere, any fucking where. I haven't been to a game in over 20 years. tessiee I actively dislike country music — not as intensely as I dislike football, but still pretty vehemently — but even I know that Hank Williams Jr. is by far the worst of all the Hank Williamses; Hank Williams Sr. being by far the best, Hank Williams III acquitting himself decently well in second place, and Hank Williams Jr. trailing disgracefully last. KeepFnThatChicken I actively ignore country music — as played on the radio. Give me Marty Robbins, Buck Owens, Dwight Yoakam, Waylon Jennings and Brad Paisley. To acknowledge any of those Williams coonasses just encourages them. Chichikovovich Not just the Hank Williamses: he's worse than Hank Snow, he's worse than Junior Kimbrough, and he isn't fit to change the oil filter in Lucinda Williams' Corvette. [Note: I have no hard information indicating that Lucinda Williams has a Corvette.] [Note 2: But of course she does.] tessiee "I have no hard information indicating that Lucinda Williams has a Corvette" The only Lucinda Williams song I know is the one about how it's over, but she can't let go, but I figure her for a Camaro kinda gal. Ironically, his daughter Holly (Hank III's sister I mean) is a very capable songwriter and has quite a voice. Talent skips a generation. Toomush_Infer Pretty sure the story is the vetting process for informercialpolitiganda at FAUX – who decided it would be ok to let this drunken asshat on the show?… and where is that vetter now?… starfanglednut I have a great affection for Hank Sr. I don't really watch TV so excuse my ignorance, but who the hell is this greasy, rotund, hateful, stupid, and, judging from the links, absolutely abominable musician? And why is he being interviewed by anyone, anywhere? DashboardBuddha OT: Dear Lord…thou knows I leave for Texas in 4 days. Please help me keep my mouth shut as I encounter Big Hat Dumbassery. BaldarTFlagass Buddha—voice of experience here, just nod and smile and ask for another Shiner Bock. DashboardBuddha Is that a good beer? I see a lot of them in my future, I think. BaldarTFlagass Well, it's a big Flagass Fave. Drink it out of the longnecks; lots of beer distributors/bars are lazy about cleaning out their pipes and on draft can be a bit of a gamble. What town are you headed to? DashboardBuddha Dallas/Ft. Worth area. Hey…it just dawned on me, if there are some wonketeers that live there abouts, I won't have much time, but I'd really dig meeting some of you. BaldarTFlagass I believe there are some here, but I ain't one of 'em. Maybe some DFW denizens can recommend a good bar; if not, there is a Texas chain that's pretty good called Sherlock's/Baker Street; English pub theme, very cheap drinks (at least at the San Antonio branch), there are several in the DFW area. http://www.sherlockspubco.com/index.html Have fun! DashboardBuddha Great tip…I'm a SH fan. HELisforHEL To me one of the best things in Texas. That, Gruene Hall and Austin. And San Antonio is pretty, but I hear it's overrun with redneck goons these days? BaldarTFlagass 30% white, 60% hispanic, 10% Af-Am or other. The rednecks don't make much of a dent here, which is why it's pretty nice. HistoriCat I second BTF on the Shiner. Hope your trip turns out OK – I'm not a big fan of the DFW area but I'm sure pockets of it are tolerable. Barrelhse So the GOP is bringing out the "intellectual heavies" of the right-wing. This should finally raise the quality of political discourse to a meaningful, thought-provoking, issues-oriented level. Thanks, FOX, for helping to make this ugly country what it is. Today Wall St., tomorrow FOX "News." smitallica ARE YOU READY FOR SOME BRANSON DINNER THEATER?? Tundra Grifter Apparently Ted Nugent wasn't available. Or Chuck Norris. Or Jon Voight. Or any other C-List "entertainer." Cat_Damon "Williams, from Tennessee, has said he would run as a Republican for the U.S. Senate in 2012." – ESPN. Bocephus is ancient Greek for greasy phallus. Dude is in serious need of a bath. elviouslyqueer I actually enjoyed that clip, as I haven't seen that much collective pants shitting in, oh, ever. Well played, fugly redneck. Well played. El Pinche Hank Jr. is wrong, but he's entitled to his opinion. Dubya was Hitler. That's mine. Side note: In East Texas, there's an inbred division of the KKK which uses Hank Jr.'s visage as their mascot. They have his ugly ass mug on their sheets and white pickup trucks. HENCEFORTH, Hanky is the face of the KKK. emmelemm Is that like Mr. Hankey, the Christmas poo? Cuz this guy looks like a big pile of poo. tessiee Nah. Hitler actually got a majority of the vote. Negropolis The KKK was shamed into dissolution up here in Michigan a decade or two, ago. The only thing that effectively happened, however, is that they simply formed skinhead groups. KeepFnThatChicken So NOW is it okay for us to listen to the Dixie Chicks? crybabyboehner This is just a publicity stunt for his new record with David Allen Coe. BaldarTFlagass I didn't watch, did Hank give his views on the Occupy Wall Street movement? Chichikovovich After they cut to commercial, Randall continued: "I mean, it would be like Ollie North giving cakes to the Ayatollahs, or Reagan selling Arms to Iran, or Rumsfeld shaking hands with Saddam Hussein and selling him WMD's or Bush giving a big ol' smooch to king of the country where almost all the 9-11 hijackers came from, or….Why are you making those faces and waving your hands like that?" Guppy06 It's like Adolf Hitler and Benjamin Netanyahu playing golf, talking about nationalist agendas like pushing out the inferior races and getting some living space. … wait, what? Wish I could upfist more than once for this comment, you naughty little fish. Chichikovovich I remember when the Dixie Chicks were critical of Bush (nothing like comparing him to Hitler, just saying they were ashamed to share a home state with him) and there was a huge hullaballoo about "criticizing the Commander in chief" (sometimes adding:) "while our troops are putting their lives at risk overseas". Remember this open letter from a navy officer – the word "president" occurs only once, the phrase "commander in chief" three times. ("Bush" not at all. And "Chimpy" is right out.) http://www.snopes.com/politics/soapbox/dixiechick … And then there was the Diane Sawyer interview on ABC with these gems: “If you do support the troops, should you be attacking their Commander-In-Chief?” and “But even people who said it’s fine to question the war, were shocked that someone would stand on stage and attack the Commander In Chief.” Do a Google search on "Dixie Chicks" and "Commander in Chief" – thousands of hits. But somehow, since around January 2009 I don't hear "Commander in Chief" anymore. And we still have troops putting their lives in jeopardy in Afghanistan and Iraq. I wonder why that is? I suppose it must be that Diane Sawyer, that Navy aviator guy, and Fox news just aren't very patriotic anymore, and don't support the troops. elviouslyqueer Silly Chichi, that whole "patriotism" thing only applies when the president/CiC isn't a Half-bred Kenyan Muslim Manchurian Candidate Nigger™. NorthStarSpanx Hank Jr:don't retreat…reload! (Steps aside bc his 1st Amend.rights ceased 2exist thx 2activists trying 2silence"isn't American,not fair") less than a minute ago via Twitter for BlackBerry® Sarah Palin SarahPalinUSA Hank Jr.=even more powerful & effective w/out the shackles, so watch out Constitutional obstructionists. And b thankful 4 his voice,America! less than 2 minutes ago via Twitter for BlackBerry® Sarah Palin SarahPalinUSA Hank Jr.=popped in your 8track & rocking 2 u as blez'd American. Guzzling Diet Dr. Pepper & my nice big SUV guzzles good clean energy! Free Speech, got to celebrate it! less than 3 minutes ago via Twitter for BlackBerry® Sarah Palin We found a reason Hank Sr. started drinking, and ultimately left us all too soon. BaldarTFlagass I thought that equating Obama with Hitler was part of the whole Fox raison d'être. Shouldn't Hank get a break, since what he said was nothing more than anyone who goes on that network is expected to say? tessiee Yeah, but not so overtly that you could actually, you know, be held accountable. You can call Obama a Muslin Socialist Communist African Nazi, but if you don't say it in an encrypted way, there goes your plausible deniability up shit's creek. stew1 Ah, go fuck your fat cousin! tessiee Why? Are all his sisters out of town? ttommyunger "…Randall Williams is a dumb turd." . Really, Wonkettet, Jr. (if that is your real name)? I would like to inform you that I, myself, and several of my friends and acquaintances have been identified with that description on many occasions just for the simple fact that we continue to live in Georgia. Although I make no unusual claim to above-average intelligence or hygiene, I totally reject your comparison to this knuckle-dragging buffoon. This moron obviously eats with his feet, shits in his bed and flings his feces in all directions without rhyme or reason. The very idea that he might one day rise to the level of a "Dumb Turd" is offensive and hurtful to Dumb Turds everywhere. Accordingly I and my friends have determined to file suit for Libel and in furtherance of this goal have retained the services of Dewey, Phuckem and Howe for that purpose. This will not stand! drawingporno I find myself intrigued by the proposition being put forth here that there exists certain occasions wherein the flinging of feces in all directions does indeed comport with some measurable understanding of rhyme and reason…It's just good to know that if I ever find myself somehow caught in a literal shit storm that there might be a perfectly rational, logical and (at least to the person(s) responsible for the airborne fecal material) justification behind it. BaldarTFlagass Your move, Lester Bangs. KeepFnThatChicken It would seem there were tremors during Chubby Checker, and a full-scale pall when Stryper emerged. But, like L.A., you get used to the shaking. beavis420 Jesus Christ How did they think that his freak face and obscured eyes was a good thing to put on TV Schmannnity Doocy's face at 1:35 says: "that's too fucking stupid for even this show." Gleem_McShineys Steve Doocy is able to recognize something as being "too stupid"? This has to be some kind of divides-by-zero paradox. When does the wormhole open up? James Michael Curley I've been getting warnings from my virus software, McAfee, that it 'blocked content from suspicious sites' when Wonkette puts up a FauxNews video. Anybody else? tessiee Me too, also too. James Michael Curley Nice to know that Mc Afee has better taste then most Republican in its choice of viewing material. Beowoof And the irony is to watch black guys excel in professional athletics. thefrontpage Randall Williams and Ted Nugent are secretive homosexual lovers, and the consistently caffeinated psychoness that spews from their mouths like volcano lava is simply psychological over-compensation for their shame in simply knowing other men in the Biblical sense. Or they're just dumb hillbilly rednecks. Troglodeity I will play Devil's Advocate here. Williams wasn't actually making a direct comparison of Obama to Hitler. He merely said that Obama and Boehner talking made as much sense as Hitler and Netanyahu talking. So you might just as well say he compared Boehner to Hitler. Which I think we can all agree would be perfectly reasonable.	i don't know
In anatomy, what is the flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from going down the wrong tube?	What keeps food from going down your windpipe? \| Reference.com What keeps food from going down your windpipe? A: Quick Answer When you swallow, a piece of cartilage called the epiglottis closes off the trachea, or windpipe, to prevent food from obstructing your airway, according to About.com. The epiglottis flap normally rests in a slightly upright position above the larynx, or voice box. The epiglottis temporarily folds over the larynx opening as food or beverages enter the throat, protecting the trachea and lungs, MedlinePlus states. Full Answer Food or small objects can accidentally enter the windpipe, especially if a person laughs or inhales while eating, according to HowStuffWorks. In most cases, food completely bypasses the respiratory system and continues down the digestive tract by entering the esophagus. A blocked airway may interfere with healthy breathing, causing symptoms ranging from wheezing and choking to loss of consciousness and permanent brain damage, says MedlinePlus. Parents are discouraged from giving babies and toddlers small toy pieces or foods because these objects can become choking hazards. Physicians are often able to remove objects stuck in the trachea using medical instruments, but in urgent situations, they may need to insert a breathing tube or perform a tracheostomy by making a surgical incision in the neck. The epiglottis is not invulnerable. Prior to the widespread use of influenza vaccines, many young children suffered from bacterial infections in this area, according to About.com. A condition known as epiglottitis can cause uncomfortable inflammation, making it difficult to breathe and preventing the body from circulating oxygen.	Epiglottis
What is the only marsupial native to North America?	ACTIONS OF THE PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES During swallowing, successive contraction of the superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles helps to propel the bolus (ball) of food down into the esophagus. In addition, contraction of the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx helps to raise the pharynx, effectively aiding it in engulfing the bolus of food. In between acts of swallowing, the lowest fibers of the inferior constrictor are thought to act as a sphincter, guarding the entrance to the esophagus and preventing the entry of air into the digestive system. The LARYNX is an apparatus made up of cartilage, ligaments, muscles, and mucous membrane, which guards the entrance to the lower respiratory passages (trachea, bronchi, and lungs) and houses the vocal cords. Figure 4 shows the major cartilaginous and ligamentous structures which make up the larynx. (Note that the hyoid bone is not usually considered as part of the larynx and is included in this figure strictly as an aid to orientation.) Before you consider the muscles associated with the laryngeal apparatus, pay very careful attention to the arrangement of the structural components shown in Figure 4, and realize that three major types of movement are possible: 1. MOVEMENT AFFECTING THE TENSION OF THE VOCAL CORDS. Since the vocal cords are attached to the arytenoid cartilages posteriorly and the thyroid cartilage anteriorly, regulation of vocal cord tension (and therefore pitch of the voice) is accomplished primarily by pivoting the thyroid cartilage forward or backward at the cricothyroid joint (Figure 51. 2. MOVEMENTS WHICH INCREASE OR DECREASE THE SIZE OF THE OPENING BETWEEN THE VOCAL CORDS (ABDUCTION OR ADDUCTION OF THE VOCAL CORDS). This action is best appreciated by imagining the larynx viewed from above, as is shown semi-schematically in Figure 6. Realize: I. That the vocal cords on each side are covered with a mucous membrane, so that when they are abducted, relatively little air can pass either between them or around them. 2. The bases of the two arytenoid cartilages are L-shaped. The medial process of each is called the vocal process, and the vocal cords attach to it. The lateral process of each is called the muscular process, and most of the muscles which act to abduct or adduct the vocal cords attach to it. Abduction of the vocal cords may be accomplished either by externally rotating the arytenoid cartilages on a pivot located at the angle of the "L" (center panel, Figure 6), or by sliding the 2 arytenoid cartilages apart slightly (right panel, Figure 6). Realize that there is only 1 muscle which has an abductor action on the vocal cords, although there are several which act to adduct the cords. 3. MOVEMENTS WHICH CLOSE OFF THE ENTRANCE TO THE LARYNX, AS IN SWALLOWING. Figure 7 below indicates with arrows the movements of the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages which take place during swallowing to block off the entrance to the larynx, to prevent food from entering the larynx. Basically, the epiglottis is pulled down, and the arytenoid cartilages are pulled forward, toward the epiglottis. Realize that two other mechanisms which are independent of laryngeal movements per se also help to keep food from entering the larynx during swallowing. First, the larynx is raised, along with the pharynx, by the contraction of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx. Second, the epiglottis also acts partly as a passive barrier to the movement of food, so that food tends to be funneled to either side of the larynx, into the PIRIFORM RECESSES and from there into the esophagus. Refer to Figure 9-56 in your atlas, which shows the pharynx opened up to reveal the interior of the pharynx, as seen from behind. Locate the epiglottis, piriform recesses, and esophagus, and trace the path of a bolus of food from the back of the tongue into the esophagus. Figure 4. (On left) Side view illustrating the major cartilaginous and ligamentous structural features of the larynx. Shaded structures are imagined as seen through the thyroid cartilage or hyoid bone. Figure 5. (On right) Schematic drawing of the larynx as seen from the side to show how movement of the thyroid cartilage at the cricothyroid joint affects the tension of the vocal cords. From Basmajian, Grant's Method of Anatomy, p. 530. Figure 6. Schematic drawing of the larynx as seen from above showing the thyroid cartilage, the arytenoid cartilages, and the vocal cords. From Basmajian, Grant's Method of Anatomy, p. 532. Figure 7. Schematic drawing of the larynx as seen from the side. Arrows indicate the direction of movement of the epiglottis arytenoid cartilages which take place cluring swallowing. OTHER STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE LARYNX Refer to Figures 9-78 and 9-79 in your atlas to appreciate several additional structural features which have been intentionally omitted from the previous discussion. These features (described below) are not particularly important to understanding movements of the larynx, but you will find it somewhat difficult to understand the appearance of the larynx as seen through a laryngoscope or on dissection, until you appreciate that: 1. Above and parallel to the vocal ligament or vocal cord on each side is a second ligament called the VESTIBULAR or VENTRICULAR LIGAMENT (Atlas Figure 9-78, right side). This ligament is not actively moved during vocalization, and is therefore referred to as a "false vocal cord." Nonetheless, this ligament (or the fold of mucous membrane which covers it) is a prominent feature when the larynx is examined with a laryngoscope. 2. The entire larynx is covered with a mucous membrane, which is given different names in its different parts, depending on the structures it covers over or runs between. (See Atlas Figure 9-78, left side.) 3. The membrane running between the epiglottis and the arytenoid cartilages, called the QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE, is reinforced by a small cartilage which is embedded in it, the CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE. 4. On each side, another small cartilage, called the CORNICULATE CARTHAGE, caps the arytenoid cartilage superiorly. N.B. Do not waste any time during the dissection seeking the cuneiform and corniculate cartilages, as finding them grill not significantly advance your understanding of the larynx. PARTS OF THE LARYNGEAL CAVITY The boundaries formed by the vestibular and vocal folds (see left side of Atlas Figure 9-78) divide the cavity of the larynx into three parts. These are illustrated schematically in Figure 8 below: 1. The VESTIBULE, which is the area above the vestibular folds. 2. The VENTRICLE, which is a pocket-like recess between the vestibular and vocal folds on both sides. 3. The INFRAGLOTTIC CAVITY, which is the area below the vocal folds. Figure 8. Schematic diagram (coronal section) illustrating the 3 parts of the laryngeal cavity. Modified slightly from Basmajian, Grant's Method of Anatomy, p.532. There are two other terms you must know: 1. The GLOTTIS is the aperture formed by the vocal folds (analogous to the iris of the eye). 2. The RIMA GLOTTIDIS is the opening between the vocal folds (analogous to the pupil of the eye). Realize that the size of the rime glottidis is a major factor in determining how much air can enter the trachea and lungs. MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX Since you presumably already understand the possible movements of the larynx, understanding the actions of the laryngeal muscles should now be a relatively straightforward matter. The muscles will be presented in functional groups. 1 . MUSCLES WHICH AFFECT THE TENSION OF THE VOCAL CORDS. The CRICOTHYROID MUSCLES (illustrated in Figure 5) are the muscles primarily responsible for regulating the tension of the vocal cords. The small VOCALES muscles, which lie parallel and inferior to the vocal cords (see Atlas Figure 9-74) control fine adjustment of vocal cord tension. 2. MUSCLES WHICH OPEN AND CLOSE THE RIMA GLOTTIDIS (ABDUCT AND ADDUCT THE VOCAL CORDS). Abductor: The posterior cricoarytenoid is the only abductor of the vocal cords. The actions of the horizontal and vertical fibers of the posterior cricothyroid muscle are illustrated in the center and right panels of Figure 6. Adductors: The major abductors of the vocal cords are the LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID, THYROARYTENOID, and ARYTENOIDEUS MUSCLES. The disposition of these muscles is illustrated in Figures 9 and 10 and in the left panel of Figure 6. 3. MUSCLES WHICH CLOSE OFF THE VESTIBULE OF THE LARYNX, AS HAPPENS DURING SWALLOWING. The muscles which are mainly responsible for closing off the vestibule are the ARYEPIGLOTTICUS, the THYROEPIGLOTTICUS, and the THYROARYTENOID. Look at Figures 9 and 10 and try to understand how contraction of these muscles would exert a sphincter-like action on the vestibule to the larynx, drawing the epiglottis downward and backward, and the arytenoid cartilages forward, while keeping the vocal cords adducted. Figure 9. (On left.) Side view with part of the thyroid cartilage removed to show the muscles of the larynx. From Basmajian Grantts Method of Anatomy p. 531. Figure 10. (On right.) View from behind to show the muscles of the larynx. On the left side the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle has been removed. From Basmajian, Grant's Method of Anatomy, p.531. BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LARYNX AND PHARYNX Blood is supplied to this region by the ascending pharyngea] arteries (pharynx only) and branches of the superior and inferior thyroid arteries (pharynx and larynx). NERVE SUPPLY TO THE LARYNX AND PHARYNX 1. MOTOR INNERVATION OF THE MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX AND LARYNX arises mainly from the CRANIAL DIVISION of the ACCESSORY NERVE (XI). Note, however, that these axons TRAVEL with those of the VAGUS NERVE, and are indistinguishable from it (see Figure 1 1). Exception: The STYLOPHARYNGEUS MUSCLE receives its motor innervation from the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (TX) (see Figure 12). Note that this is the ONLY muscle innervated by this nerve. Most of the muscles of the larynx receive their innervation via the RECURRENT LARYNGEAL BRANCH of the vagus nerve (see Figure 11 ). Exception: The CRICOTHYROID MUSCLE, which receives its innervation via the EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE. 2. SENSORY INNERVATION OF THE LARYNX AND PHARYNX. Pharynx: via the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (see figure 12). Larynx: via branches of the VAGUS NERVE (see Figure 11). Above the vocal folds the sensory innervation of the larynx is via the INTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE. Below the vocal folds it is by way of branches of the RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE. 3. PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF THE LARYNX AND PHARYNX is mainly by way of branches of the vagus nerve. Figure 11. (On left.) Distribution of the branches of the vagus nerve and the fibers of the cranial division of the accessory nerve which travel with it. Figure 12. (On right.) Distribution of the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve. SPECIAL LYMPHATIC TISSUE OF THE PHARYNX Realize that the pharynx contains a "ring" of specialized lymphatic tissue designed to prevent the entry of pathogens into the digestive and respiratory tracts. This specialized lymphatic tissue is known as "tonsils" and is organized into three groups: 1. nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), located in the nasal pharynx; 2. palatine tonsils (tonsils), located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds in the oral pharynx; and 3. lingual tonsils, located on the posterior surface of the tongue. The approximate location of these three groups of lymphoid tissue is indicated in Figure 13. Figure 13. Semischematic mid-sagittal section through the nose, mouth, end pharynx to illustrate the approximate position of the three groups of "tonsils".	i don't know
What famed playwright, who seemed to have earned his most famous nickname due to his thick, southern drawl, won 2 Pulitzer prizes for A Streetcar Named Desire and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof?	IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Ya" Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Ya" 1-50 of 235 names. Zoey Deutch A vibrant, diversely talented, and charming actress, Zoey Deutch is steadily building on her body of work with dynamic roles alongside notable actors and filmmakers. Deutch co-stars in Richard Linklater 's latest film Everybody Wants Some!! , a film about a group of college kids navigating their way through the freedoms and responsibilities of unsupervised adulthood. The film, which premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival, was released by Paramount in April 2016. Starring opposite Bryan Cranston and James Franco , Deutch's next project is Why Him? , a film about an overprotective but loving dad (Cranston) who visits his daughter at Stanford and meets his biggest nightmare: her well-meaning but socially awkward Silicon Valley billionaire boyfriend, Laird (James Franco). Directed by John Hamburg ( I Love You, Man ), the film will be released by 20th Century Fox on December 25th. Deutch is also set to appear in Danny Strong's upcoming film Rebel in the Rye opposite Kevin Spacey and Nicholas Hoult . Based on a true story, the film follows author J.D. Salinger (Hoult) as he prepares to write his classic novel, "Catcher in the Rye". Deutch will play Oona O'Neill , the daughter of legendary playwright Eugene O'Neill, who has an affair with Salinger. Deutch appears in Vincent N Roxxy , a film that follows a small town loner and a rebellious punk rocker as they unexpectedly fall in love and are forced on the run, that had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2016. She co-stars in the film opposite Emile Hirsch , Zoë Kravitz and Emory Cohen . Zoey was also seen in the comedy _Dirty Grandpa_ opposite Robert De Niro and Zac Efron . Directed by Dan Mazer, the film centers on a wacky road-trip that unfolds as an uptight man (Efron) is tricked into driving his horny grandfather (De Niro) to Florida for spring break. In 2014, Deutch played the lead role in the Weinstein Company's Vampire Academy . Starring as Rose Hathaway, the actress's performance as a Dhampir - half human-half vampire - garnered her a Teen Choice Award nomination for Choice Movie Actress: Comedy. In addition, she was featured alongside Viola Davis and Emma Thompson in the film adaptation by Warner Bros. of the best-selling novel _Beautiful Creatures_. On the independent film front, Deutch has wrapped production on several projects. She stars in Before I Fall for director Ry Russo-Young, the adaptation of the 2010 YA novel by Lauren Oliver for Awesomeness Films. The film centers on Samantha Kingston (Deutch), a high school senior who finds that she may be living the last day of her life over and over until she gets it right. In addition, she recently starred opposite her sister Madelyn Deutch in The Year of Spectacular Men , which was the feature directorial debut of their mother Lea Thompson, and written by her sister. The film, which follows a young woman (Madelyn Deutch) fresh out of college as she strikes up and torches relationships with several men, shows Deutch in a contrasting role as the movie star sister with a loving boyfriend (Avan Jogia). She stars alongside Julia Garner, Nicholas Braun, and Dayo Okeniyi in the comedy Good Kids , which tells the story of four overachieving high-school students living in Cape Cod who decide to reinvent themselves following graduation. The script, written by Chris McCoy, made the 2011 Black List. Deutch first became known for her role as Maya on The Disney Channel show The Suite Life on Deck , which earned her further roles as a rising star in Hollywood. She also starred as Juliet Martin, Sarah Michelle Gellar 's troubled stepdaughter, in the CW's Ringer . Committed to several charitable causes, Deutch is a strong supporter of the Corazon De Vida Orphanage in Tijuana, and has performed for The Alzheimer's Association, What A Pair, and Race to Erase MS benefits. She also works with Water.org for their Give.Water.org campaign. The actress resides in Los Angeles, CA Marlon Brando Marlon Brando is widely considered the greatest movie actor of all time, rivaled only by the more theatrically oriented Laurence Olivier in terms of esteem. Unlike Olivier, who preferred the stage to the screen, Brando concentrated his talents on movies after bidding the Broadway stage adieu in 1949, a decision for which he was severely criticized when his star began to dim in the 1960s and he was excoriated for squandering his talents. No actor ever exerted such a profound influence on succeeding generations of actors as did Brando. More than 50 years after he first scorched the screen as Stanley Kowalski in the movie version of Tennessee Williams ' A Streetcar Named Desire and a quarter-century after his last great performance as Col. Kurtz in Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now , all American actors are still being measured by the yardstick that was Brando. It was if the shadow of John Barrymore , the great American actor closest to Brando in terms of talent and stardom, dominated the acting field up until the 1970s. He did not, nor did any other actor so dominate the public's consciousness of what WAS an actor before or since Brando's 1951 on-screen portrayal of Stanley made him a cultural icon. Brando eclipsed the reputation of other great actors circa 1950, such as Paul Muni and Fredric March . Only the luster of Spencer Tracy 's reputation hasn't dimmed when seen in the starlight thrown off by Brando. However, neither Tracy nor Olivier created an entire school of acting just by the force of his personality. Brando did. Marlon Brando, Jr. was born on April 3, 1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr., a calcium carbonate salesman, and his artistically inclined wife, the former Dorothy Julia Pennebaker. "Bud" Brando was one of three children. His ancestry included English, Irish, German, Dutch, French Huguenot, Welsh, and Scottish; his surname originated with a distant German immigrant ancestor named "Brandau". His oldest sister Jocelyn Brando was also an actress, taking after their mother, who engaged in amateur theatricals and mentored a then-unknown Henry Fonda , another Nebraska native, in her role as director of the Omaha Community Playhouse. Frannie, Brando's other sibling, was a visual artist. Both Brando sisters contrived to leave the Midwest for New York City, Jocelyn to study acting and Frannie to study art. Marlon managed to escape the vocational doldrums forecast for him by his cold, distant father and his disapproving schoolteachers by striking out for The Big Apple in 1943, following Jocelyn into the acting profession. Acting was the only thing he was good at, for which he received praise, so he was determined to make it his career - a high-school dropout, he had nothing else to fall back on, having been rejected by the military due to a knee injury he incurred playing football at Shattuck Military Academy, Brando Sr.'s alma mater. The school booted Marlon out as incorrigible before graduation. Acting was a skill he honed as a child, the lonely son of alcoholic parents. With his father away on the road, and his mother frequently intoxicated to the point of stupefaction, the young Bud would play-act for her to draw her out of her stupor and to attract her attention and love. His mother was exceedingly neglectful, but he loved her, particularly for instilling in him a love of nature, a feeling which informed his character Paul in Last Tango in Paris ("Last Tango in Paris") when he is recalling his childhood for his young lover Jeanne. "I don't have many good memories," Paul confesses, and neither did Brando of his childhood. Sometimes he had to go down to the town jail to pick up his mother after she had spent the night in the drunk tank and bring her home, events that traumatized the young boy but may have been the grain that irritated the oyster of his talent, producing the pearls of his performances. Anthony Quinn , his Oscar-winning co-star in Viva Zapata! told Brando's first wife Anna Kashfi , "I admire Marlon's talent, but I don't envy the pain that created it." Brando enrolled in Erwin Piscator 's Dramatic Workshop at New York's New School, and was mentored by Stella Adler , a member of a famous Yiddish Theatre acting family. Adler helped introduce to the New York stage the "emotional memory" technique of Russian theatrical actor, director and impresario Konstantin Stanislavski , whose motto was "Think of your own experiences and use them truthfully." The results of this meeting between an actor and the teacher preparing him for a life in the theater would mark a watershed in American acting and culture. Brando made his debut on the boards of Broadway on October 19, 1944, in "I Remember Mama," a great success. As a young Broadway actor, Brando was invited by talent scouts from several different studios to screen-test for them, but he turned them down because he would not let himself be bound by the then-standard seven-year contract. Brando would make his film debut quite some time later in Fred Zinnemann 's The Men for producer Stanley Kramer . Playing a paraplegic soldier, Brando brought new levels of realism to the screen, expanding on the verisimilitude brought to movies by Group Theatre alumni John Garfield , the predecessor closest to him in the raw power he projected on-screen. Ironically, it was Garfield whom producer Irene Mayer Selznick had chosen to play the lead in a new Tennessee Williams play she was about to produce, but negotiations broke down when Garfield demanded an ownership stake in "A Streetcar Named Desire." Burt Lancaster was next approached, but couldn't get out of a prior film commitment. Then director Elia Kazan suggested Brando, whom he had directed to great effect in Maxwell Anderson 's play "Truckline Café," in which Brando co-starred with Karl Malden , who was to remain a close friend for the next 60 years. During the production of "Truckline Café", Kazan had found that Brando's presence was so magnetic, he had to re-block the play to keep Marlon near other major characters' stage business, as the audience could not take its eyes off of him. For the scene where Brando's character re-enters the stage after killing his wife, Kazan placed him upstage-center, partially obscured by scenery, but where the audience could still see him as Karl Malden and others played out their scene within the café set. When he eventually entered the scene, crying, the effect was electric. A young Pauline Kael , arriving late to the play, had to avert her eyes when Brando made this entrance as she believed the young actor on stage was having a real-life conniption. She did not look back until her escort commented that the young man was a great actor. The problem with casting Brando as Stanley was that he was much younger than the character as written by Williams. However, after a meeting between Brando and Williams, the playwright eagerly agreed that Brando would make an ideal Stanley. Williams believed that by casting a younger actor, the Neanderthalish Kowalski would evolve from being a vicious older man to someone whose unintentional cruelty can be attributed to his youthful ignorance. Brando ultimately was dissatisfied with his performance, though, saying he never was able to bring out the humor of the character, which was ironic as his characterization often drew laughs from the audience at the expense of Jessica Tandy 's Blanche Dubois. During the out-of-town tryouts, Kazan realized that Brando's magnetism was attracting attention and audience sympathy away from Blanche to Stanley, which was not what the playwright intended. The audience's sympathy should be solely with Blanche, but many spectators were identifying with Stanley. Kazan queried Williams on the matter, broaching the idea of a slight rewrite to tip the scales back to more of a balance between Stanley and Blanche, but Williams demurred, smitten as he was by Brando, just like the preview audiences. For his part, Brando believed that the audience sided with his Stanley because Jessica Tandy was too shrill. He thought Vivien Leigh , who played the part in the movie, was ideal, as she was not only a great beauty but she WAS Blanche Dubois, troubled as she was in her real life by mental illness and nymphomania. Brando's appearance as Stanley on stage and on screen revolutionized American acting by introducing "The Method" into American consciousness and culture. Method acting, rooted in Adler's study at the Moscow Art Theatre of Stanislavsky's theories that she subsequently introduced to the Group Theatre, was a more naturalistic style of performing, as it engendered a close identification of the actor with the character's emotions. Adler took first place among Brando's acting teachers, and socially she helped turn him from an unsophisticated Midwestern farm boy into a knowledgeable and cosmopolitan artist who one day would socialize with presidents. Brando didn't like the term "The Method," which quickly became the prominent paradigm taught by such acting gurus as Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio. Brando denounced Strasberg in his autobiography "Songs My Mother Taught Me" (1994), saying that he was a talentless exploiter who claimed he had been Brando's mentor. The Actors Studio had been founded by Strasberg along with Kazan and Stella Adler 's husband, Harold Clurman , all Group Theatre alumni, all political progressives deeply committed to the didactic function of the stage. Brando credits his knowledge of the craft to Adler and Kazan, while Kazan in his autobiography "A Life" claimed that Brando's genius thrived due to the thorough training Adler had given him. Adler's method emphasized that authenticity in acting is achieved by drawing on inner reality to expose deep emotional experience Interestingly, Elia Kazan believed that Brando had ruined two generations of actors, his contemporaries and those who came after him, all wanting to emulate the great Brando by employing The Method. Kazan felt that Brando was never a Method actor, that he had been highly trained by Adler and did not rely on gut instincts for his performances, as was commonly believed. Many a young actor, mistaken about the true roots of Brando's genius, thought that all it took was to find a character's motivation, empathize with the character through sense and memory association, and regurgitate it all on stage to become the character. That's not how the superbly trained Brando did it; he could, for example, play accents, whereas your average American Method actor could not. There was a method to Brando's art, Kazan felt, but it was not The Method. After A Streetcar Named Desire , for which he received the first of his eight Academy Award nominations, Brando appeared in a string of Academy Award-nominated performances - in Viva Zapata! , Julius Caesar and the summit of his early career, Kazan's On the Waterfront . For his "Waterfront" portrayal of meat-headed longshoreman Terry Malloy, the washed-up pug who "coulda been a contender," Brando won his first Oscar. Along with his iconic performance as the rebel-without-a-cause Johnny in The Wild One ("What are you rebelling against?" Johnny is asked. "What have ya got?" is his reply), the first wave of his career was, according to Jon Voight , unprecedented in its audacious presentation of such a wide range of great acting. Director John Huston said his performance of Marc Antony was like seeing the door of a furnace opened in a dark room, and co-star John Gielgud , the premier Shakespearean actor of the 20th century, invited Brando to join his repertory company. It was this period of 1951-54 that revolutionized American acting, spawning such imitators as James Dean - who modeled his acting and even his lifestyle on his hero Brando - the young Paul Newman and Steve McQueen . After Brando, every up-and-coming star with true acting talent and a brooding, alienated quality would be hailed as the "New Brando," such as Warren Beatty in Kazan's Splendor in the Grass . "We are all Brando's children," Jack Nicholson pointed out in 1972. "He gave us our freedom." He was truly "The Godfather" of American acting - and he was just 30 years old. Though he had a couple of failures, like Désirée and The Teahouse of the August Moon , he was clearly miscast in them and hadn't sought out the parts so largely escaped blame. In the second period of his career, 1955-62, Brando managed to uniquely establish himself as a great actor who also was a Top 10 movie star, although that star began to dim after the box-office high point of his early career, Sayonara (for which he received his fifth Best Actor Oscar nomination). Brando tried his hand at directing a film, the well-reviewed One-Eyed Jacks that he made for his own production company, Pennebaker Productions (after his mother's maiden name). Stanley Kubrick had been hired to direct the film, but after months of script rewrites in which Brando participated, Kubrick and Brando had a falling out and Kubrick was sacked. According to his widow Christiane Kubrick , Stanley believed that Brando had wanted to direct the film himself all along. Tales proliferated about the profligacy of Brando the director, burning up a million and a half feet of expensive VistaVision film at 50 cents a foot, fully ten times the normal amount of raw stock expended during production of an equivalent motion picture. Brando took so long editing the film that he was never able to present the studio with a cut. Paramount took it away from him and tacked on a re-shot ending that Brando was dissatisfied with, as it made the Oedipal figure of Dad Longworth into a villain. In any normal film Dad would have been the heavy, but Brando believed that no one was innately evil, that it was a matter of an individual responding to, and being molded by, one's environment. It was not a black-and-white world, Brando felt, but a gray world in which once-decent people could do horrible things. This attitude explains his sympathetic portrayal of Nazi officer Christian Diestl in the film he made before shooting One-Eyed Jacks , Edward Dmytryk 's filming of Irwin Shaw 's novel The Young Lions . Shaw denounced Brando's performance, but audiences obviously disagreed, as the film was a major hit. It would be the last hit movie Brando would have for more than a decade. One-Eyed Jacks generated respectable numbers at the box office, but the production costs were exorbitant - a then-staggering $6 million - which made it run a deficit. A film essentially is "made" in the editing room, and Brando found cutting to be a terribly boring process, which was why the studio eventually took the film away from him. Despite his proved talent in handling actors and a large production, Brando never again directed another film, though he would claim that all actors essentially direct themselves during the shooting of a picture. Between the production and release of One-Eyed Jacks , Brando appeared in Sidney Lumet 's film version of Tennessee Williams' play "Orpheus Descending", The Fugitive Kind which teamed him with fellow Oscar winners Anna Magnani and Joanne Woodward . Following in Elizabeth Taylor 's trailblazing footsteps, Brando became the second performer to receive a $1-million salary for a motion picture, so high were the expectations for this re-teaming of Kowalski and his creator (in 1961 critic Hollis Alpert had published a book "Brando and the Shadow of Stanley Kowalski). Critics and audiences waiting for another incendiary display from Brando in a Williams work were disappointed when the renamed The Fugitive Kind finally released. Though Tennessee was hot, with movie versions of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and Suddenly, Last Summer burning up the box office and receiving kudos from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences, The Fugitive Kind was a failure. This was followed by the so-so box-office reception of One-Eyed Jacks in 1961 and then by a failure of a more monumental kind: Mutiny on the Bounty , a remake of the famed 1935 film. Brando signed on to Mutiny on the Bounty after turning down the lead in the David Lean classic Lawrence of Arabia because he didn't want to spend a year in the desert riding around on a camel. He received another $1-million salary, plus $200,000 in overages as the shoot went overtime and over budget. During principal photography, highly respected director Carol Reed (an eventual Academy Award winner) was fired, and his replacement, two-time Oscar winner Lewis Milestone , was shunted aside by Brando as Marlon basically took over the direction of the film himself. The long shoot became so notorious that President John F. Kennedy asked director Billy Wilder at a cocktail party not "when" but "if" the "Bounty" shoot would ever be over. The MGM remake of one of its classic Golden Age films garnered a Best Picture Oscar nomination and was one of the top grossing films of 1962, yet failed to go into the black due to its Brobdingnagian budget estimated at $20 million, which is equivalent to $120 million when adjusted for inflation. Brando and Taylor, whose Cleopatra nearly bankrupted 20th Century-Fox due to its huge cost overruns (its final budget was more than twice that of Brando's Mutiny on the Bounty ), were pilloried by the show business press for being the epitome of the pampered, self-indulgent stars who were ruining the industry. Seeking scapegoats, the Hollywood press conveniently ignored the financial pressures on the studios. The studios had been hurt by television and by the antitrust-mandated divestiture of their movie theater chains, causing a large outflow of production to Italy and other countries in the 1950s and 1960s in order to lower costs. The studio bosses, seeking to replicate such blockbuster hits as the remakes of The Ten Commandments and Ben-Hur , were the real culprits behind the losses generated by large-budgeted films that found it impossible to recoup their costs despite long lines at the box office. While Elizabeth Taylor, receiving the unwanted gift of reams of publicity from her adulterous romance with Cleopatra co-star Richard Burton , remained hot until the tanking of her own Tennessee Williams-renamed debacle Boom! , Brando from 1963 until the end of the decade appeared in one box-office failure after another as he worked out a contract he had signed with Universal Pictures. The industry had grown tired of Brando and his idiosyncrasies, though he continued to be offered prestige projects up through 1968. Anna Friel Anna Friel is an English actress, born in Rochdale. She has been acting since the age of 13, appearing in a number of British television programmes. She made her West End stage debut in London in 2001, and has subsequently appeared on stage in several productions, including an adaptation of Breakfast at Tiffany's and as Yelena in a 2012 production of Chekhov's Uncle Van-ya. She is the recipient of a number of awards including National Television Award (1995), Drama Desk Award (1999), and the Royal Television Society Award (2009). She has also appeared in music videos and television and print media advertising campaigns and is the recipient of an honorary degree from the University of Bolton. Amandla Stenberg Named for the Zulu and Xhosa word for "power," Amandla was born in Los Angeles, California, to Karen Brailsford and Tom Stenberg. Her mother is African-American and her father is Danish (and of part Inuit-Greenlandic ancestry). In the summer and fall of 2010, the actress shot her first feature, Colombiana , an action-thriller starring Zoe Saldana whose character, the avenging assassin Cataleya Restrepo, Amandla plays as a child. In April 2011, Lionsgate announced that Amandla had landed the role of Rue in the screen adaptation of Suzanne Collins' popular young adult series, The Hunger Games . For her heart-breaking performance, Amandla earned an NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture. She also won (with Jennifer Lawrence ) a Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Chemistry. Amandla landed the recurring role of Macey, the daughter of Captain Frank Irving ( Orlando Jones ), on season one of Fox's Sleepy Hollow . In the summer of 2015, Amandla played series regular Halle Foster on Mr. Robinson opposite Craig Robinson . She made her Sundance Film Festival debut with the teen angst drama As You Are which won a Special Jury prize. Amandla appears in the visual album Beyoncé: Lemonade . In March 2016 Fox 2000 won a heated bidding war for Angela Thomas' debut novel, The Hate U Give . with Amandla attached. The actress nabbed lead roles in the YA adaptation Everything, Everything ; the Amma Asante World War II romance, Where Hands Touch ; and in the film adaptation of The Darkest Minds series by Alexandra Bracken. In addition to on-camera jobs, Amandla has put her sensitive ear to work in voice-over gigs for both film and television. She lent her voice to Rio 2 in the role of Bia, a high-flying feathery spawn of Blu ( Jesse Eisenberg ) and Jewel ( Anne Hathaway ). A gifted musician, she plays the violin, drums and guitar. In 2013 Amandla began performing on the violin and singing harmonies at LA venues with singer/songwriter Zander Hawley. The folk-rock duo, known as Honeywater, released their first EP in August 2015 and a second in November 2016. When she's not making music, Amandla is making noise on social media. She was declared "one of the most incendiary voices of her generation" by Dazed magazine, which featured Amandla on the cover of its Autumn 2015 issue. Teen Vogue featured Amandla on its February 2016 cover. In tandem with the issue's release, Amandla co-directed a trio of videos about black women. She helped catapult the topic of cultural appropriation into public discourse when she posted her school project video, "Don't Cash Crop My Cornrows," onto her Tumblr in 2014. Oprah Winfrey took note of her activism and invited Amandla to give a talk ("My Authenticity Is My Activism") for SuperSoul Sessions Series 2 at UCLA's Royce Hall in April 2016. Highlights were featured on Super Soul Sunday . "Black Girls Rock!" (2016)_ Inc honored Amandla with the Young, Gifted and Black award and she is also the winner of the "BET Awards 2016" (2016)_ YoungStars award. The Ms. Foundation for Women named Amandla, along with Rowan Blanchard "Feminist Celebrity of the Year" in 2016. The actress-activist landed a spot on Time magazine's list of the 30 Most Influential Teens in 2015 and 2016. With Stranger Comics' Sebastian Jones, Amandla co-writes the comic book "Niobe: She is Life." A youth ambassador for No Kid Hungry, Amandla also supports the Ubuntu Education Fund, which nurtures children "from cradle to career" in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Rick Springfield Rick Springfield was born Richard Lewis Springthorpe in Guildford, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, to Eileen Louise (Evennett) and Norman James Springthorpe, a Lt. Colonel in the Australian Army. His maternal grandparents were English, and his father was of English and some Scottish descent. Rick spent his childhood on various army bases in Australia and Britain. As a teenager, he fronted many music bands, such as the "Jordy Boys", "Wakedy Wak", and "Zoot". The latter was his most successful, paving his way for future success as a musician. He came to the U.S. early 1970s, and recorded an album, Beginnings. It had one "major" hit - Speak to The Sky. After that came "Comic Book Heroes", which was marginally successful. He learned to speak English with an American accent to further his acting career, after he lost his record label. While he waited for his big break, he signed a contract with Universal television, playing bit parts in shows such as The Six Million Dollar Man and The Rockford Files . He also had a recurring role on the soap The Young and the Restless . In the early 1980s, his luck changed as he signed to RCA Records and was then cast as "Dr. Noah Drake" on the soap General Hospital . While he had released six albums in the 1970s, his 1980 break-through album "Working Class Dog" gave him the #1 single "Jessie's Girl". From the music and TV exposure, he became a teen idol. He continued to star on "GH" while touring and releasing "Success Hasn't Spoiled Me Yet", with the hit "Don't Talk To Strangers". Upon releasing his 3rd album with RCA-"Living In Oz" he quit "GH" and went back to his rock roots. "Living In Oz" is considered by many his finest (and hardest rock) album. He starred in the movie Hard to Hold in 1984 and released the soundtrack to it with the hit "Love Somebody", followed by "Don't Walk Away" and "Bop Til Ya Drop". His next album, "Tao", started his slow descent from rock star status. It was followed up in 1988 by "Rock Of Life" which was his 'moodiest' and least recognized album (by the public). William Sanderson Prolific and versatile character actor William Sanderson was born on January 10, 1944, in Memphis, Tennessee. His mother was an elementary school teacher and his father was a landscape designer. William served two years in the US Army. Following his military service he attended Southern Methodist University. He earned both a BBA degree and a JD law degree from Memphis State University. William went to New York to try his luck as an actor. He studied his craft with Herbert Berghof and William Hickey . Sanderson began his acting career in off-Broadway stage productions and appeared in several independent pictures. He gave a superbly lively and intense performance as vicious racist and escaped convict Jessie Lee Kane in the brutal exploitation feature Fight for Your Life . William was likewise marvelous as gentle toymaker J.F. Sebastian in the fantastic science-fiction cult favorite Blade Runner . He has played his fair share of loathsome bad guys (he refers to these particular characters as "prairie scum"), such as nasty lout Calvin in Raggedy Man , lowlife hick Lee Dollarhide in Coal Miner's Daughter and weaselly criminal Snow in Lone Wolf McQuade . Not surprisingly, considering his distinctive Southern drawl, he has also appeared in such westerns as the comedy Wagons East , Crossfire Trail , Monte Walsh , Andersonville , Gods and Generals and the acclaimed TV mini-series Lonesome Dove (one of several projects in which Sanderson has acted alongside Tommy Lee Jones ). Sanderson gave a lovely and touching portrayal in a rare lead role as emotionally dysfunctional recovering alcoholic ukulele minstrel Stanley Myer in the poignant indie drama Stanley's Gig . He achieved his greatest popularity, however, as flaky backwoodsman Larry on the hit sitcom Newhart on which he uttered the memorable catchphrase, "I'm Larry. This is my brother Darryl and this is my other brother Darryl." More recently Sanderson had a terrific role as conniving hotel proprietor E.B. Farnum on the sensationally gritty cable western TV series Deadwood . Among the TV shows William has done guest spots on are The Practice , The Pretender , ER , The X-Files , Walker, Texas Ranger , Sirens , Matlock , Babylon 5 , Married with Children , The Twilight Zone , Knight Rider , Coach , The Dukes of Hazzard and Starsky and Hutch . He has also done voices for numerous cartoon characters, radio commercials and books on tape. Outside of his substantial film and TV credits, William has acted on stage in productions of such plays as "The Taming of the Shrew," "When Ya Comin' Back, Red Ryder?," "Insect Comedy," "To Kill a Mockingbird," "Dutchman," "Fishing," "Authentic Life of Billy the Kid," "Tobacco Road," and "Scotch Rocks." William Sanderson lives in Burbank, California, with his wife Sharon Wix. Louise Linton Louise Linton was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and attended St. George's School for Girls and then Fettes College, a boarding school in the heart of the Capital. As a young girl, she began professional training as an actress at The Edinburgh Drama Academy. She later trained with a private coach from The London Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts from which she acquired her certificate with Honors. After boarding school, she spent some of her gap-year serving as a volunteer in Northern Zambia before embarking on college in the United States. She acquired a B.A. in Journalism from Pepperdine University followed by her Juris Doctorate in Law from UWLA. During this time, she began acting in film and television. Her first role was a guest star in 'CSI: NY'. Small roles in various indie features followed. Robert Redford cast her in a small role in the United Artists film, 'Lions for Lambs', starring Tom Cruise and Meryl Streep. She then did a supporting role in the Roy Lee horror, 'The Echo'. After that she joined the cast of indie comedy 'Screwball' playing comedic news reporter, Shannon Storm. Following this, she filmed the U.S. detective smash 'Cold Case' playing a 1940's Women Air Force Service Pilot. Louise then played a supporting role in Lionsgate's, 'Crew 2 Crew' which was filmed on location in Italy. That fall, she was honored at the Scottish Style Awards as the country's 'Most Stylish Woman'. Immediately after her return to Los Angeles Louise got her first lead role in the sci-fi, 'Scavengers' opposite Sean Patrick Flanery, directed by Travis Zariwny. Louise then filmed the comedy, 'She Wants Me' opposite Charlie Sheen, Josh Gad, and Hillary Duff. She then went to Louisiana to film a small role of a drug addicted single mother in the gritty crime drama, 'The Power of Few' with Christopher Walken and Christian Slater. In spring 2011, Louise filmed the Lifetime movie, 'William & Kate' about the Royal couple. After this she spent a month in New York where she starred in the provocative Off Broadway show, 'Manipulation' at the Cherry Lane Theater. Louise then traveled to Alabama to shoot the NASA-based, Hallmark Hall of Fame's Award Winning Feature, 'A Smile As Big As The Moon' starring John Corbett. Louise graduated from law school in 2012, winning the Reuters Witkin Award for Academic Excellence in Trial Advocacy. After law school, she formed Stormchaser Films, an independent motion picture production company focused on script and IP acquisition, development and finance. The company's first feature film will be released in 2016 with a further three films in pre-production for 2017 release and several more titles in development. The films range in genre from independent thriller, drama and comedy to YA studio franchises. In winter 2012, Travis Zariwny suggested their second film collaboration as actress and director on his psychological thriller, 'Intruder'. Louise joined the project as both actress and producer. She partnered with film executive Tina Sutakanat and 'Intruder' went into production on location in Portland three months later. Louise stars opposite John Robinson and Moby. IFC Midnight released the film in theaters and VOD on June 24th, 2016. Shifting from thriller to comedy, Louise then played the title role in the romcom, 'Serial Dater's Anonymous' (2017) opposite Sam Page which was shot on location in Milwaukee. After that she filmed a small role in Warren Beatty's much-anticipated 'Rules Don't Apply' (2017) as Betty, a young starlet under contract to Hughes' film studio. Louise then traveled once again to Portland, Oregon to film the iconic role of Deputy Winston in Eli Roth and Armory Films' remake of the classic cult horror, Cabin Fever: Reboot (2016). This was her third collaboration with director, Travis Zariwny. Louise then filmed the role of Veronica in the gritty crime thriller, 'Odious' about a Los Angeles cop and his unlikely associate who explore the dangerous under-belly of LA as they investigate the disappearance of a child. Louise then filmed a small role in 'The Midnight Man' (2017) in Winnipeg which she also Executive Produced. This was her fourth collaboration with director, Travis Zariwny. Louise is a passionate advocate for people and animals. She is on the Board of Mattel's Children's Hospital UCLA. She has served on the Board of Trustees for her British boarding school, Fettes College since 2011. She was an Ambassador for Erskine Wounded Warriors Scotland from 2010-2012 and currently serves as an Ambassador for the Scottish Butterfly Trust for Cystic Fibrosis. Louise serves as Ambassador for Mutt Match Animal Rescue Los Angeles, and is a global Ambassador for PAL 'Protecting African Lions' based in South Africa. She is active in her support of Kenya based anti-poaching and animal rehabilitation organizations, Ol' Jogi and the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, both of which exist to protect and preserve Africa's endangered species. She is on the 2016 host committee for Conservation International's annual event celebrating the global impact of the organization's work to protect our environment. She is the inaugural Brand Ambassador for British leather goods company, Dunmore with the launch of their handbag line, "The Linton Collection". Louise can be seen on the covers of, 'I-On' Magazine, 'The Herald' Magazine, 'Seven Days' Magazine, 'Core' Magazine,'Your Life' Magazine, and 'Scottish Woman' Magazine. Deborah Pratt Deborah M. Pratt is an American Director, Writer, Producer and Actress. After graduating from Webster University with a degree in Psychology and Theatre, she became Executive Producer of "The Net" for USA network, co-Creator and co-Executive producer and head writer on the iconic series Quantum Leap for NBC and Tequila and Bonetti for CBS. She also wrote for multiple television series including Magnum, P.I., The Pretender, and Airwolf. She is an award winning graduate of the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop for Women. She then went on to make her directorial debut with Cora Unashamed for the BBC, PBS and Masterpiece Theatre's The American Collection. Ms. Pratt is a five-time Emmy nominee, a Golden Globe nominee, and recipient of The Lillian Gish Award from Women in Film, The Angel Award, The Golden Block Award, and Six Black Emmy Nominees Awards. She has written feature films for Warner Brothers and Sony Pictures and has also completed the screenplay for her epic, historical love story "Chevalier and Antoinette". Academy Award winner Mark Harris "Gods and Monsters" and "Crash" is producing. Most recently Deborah is focused on putting together her feature film Heartswear, with Taraji P. Henson attached to star as Chicago attorney Mattie Tatum who returns to Baton Rouge, Louisiana to defend her childhood best friend Nadine Palmer for the murder of her abusive husband. Also a published novelist, she breaks the mold of science fiction and creates a genre of science fantasy with the soul of a new earth and the key to human empowerment. The books are intricately layered with scientific fact and imaginative fantasy. The Vision Quest is an exhilarating YA journey into the future of our world. Ms. Pratt is a pioneer in trans-media entertainment and is developing the world she's created in her books across multiple platforms. Her latest book, "The Tempting; Seducing the Nephilim" will be released in 2015. Deborah travels between Los Angeles and Chicago and has two children; Actress, Troian Bellisario and Computer Engineer, Nicholas-Dante Bellisario. Ron Masak Ron Masak (MAY-SACK) was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of a salesman/musician (Floyd L.), and a mother (Mildred), who was a merchandise buyer. Ron attended Chicago City College, and studied theater at both the CCC and the Drama Guild. He made his acting debut with the Drama Guild in Chicago in Stalag 17 in 1954. During the course of his career, he has starred in 25 feature films and guest starred in some 350 television shows. Perhaps the most beloved character, and the one for which he is most famous, is that of Sheriff Mort Metzger on the hit television series, Murder, She Wrote. Given that he has also been seen and heard in hundred of television and radio commercials (he was named, "King of Commercials" by columnist James Bacon), it is no wonder that he is often introduced as one of America's most familiar faces. Trained in the classics, Ron has proved to be equally at home on stage or screen with Shakespeare or slapstick. He has played everything from Stanley in Streetcar Named Desire and Sakini in Teahouse of the August Moon to Will Stockdale in No Time For Sergeants and Antony in Julius Caesar. As more proof of his versatility, in one production of Mr. Roberts, he played Ensign Pulver and in another he portrayed Mr. Roberts himself. In his hometown of Chicago, Ron was resident leading man at The Candlelight Dinner Playhouse from 1962 to 1966, never missing a single performance. As with many performers, it was the Army that provided Ron with a platform from which to display his all-around talents for performing, writing and directing. In 1960-61, Ron toured the world doing vocal impressions in the all-Army show entitled Rolling Along. Once again, he never missed a show. Never one to be pigeonholed, Ron continued to demonstrate his incredible range of talent in such films as Ice Station Zebra, Daddy's Gone A-Hunting, Tora! Tora! Tora!, Evel Knievel, A Time For Dying, Harper Valley PTA, Cops & Roberts and The Man From Clover Grove. It was during Clover Grove that Ron added credits as a lyric writer, as he wrote and sang the title song. He played his first big screen villain starring in No Code of Conduct. Among his many television roles, he starred as Charley Wilson in his own summer series, Love Thy Neighbor, Count Dracula on The Monkees and was submitted for an Emmy nomination for one of his ten starring roles on Police Story. He's been seen on Magnum P.I., Webster and Columbo. His movies of the week include The Neighborhood, In the Glitter Palace, Pleasure Cove, Once An Eagle, The Law and Harry McGraw and Robert Altman's Nightmare in Chicago. Ron's variety work includes emceeing hundreds of shows for, among others, Kenny Rogers, Diahann Carroll, Alabama, Billy Crystal, The Steve Garvey Classics, Tony Orlando, The Lennon Sisters, Trini Lopez, Connie Stevens, Billy Davis and Marilyn McCoo, The Michael Landon Classics and The Beau Bridges Classics. Ron is also considered to be the most famous salesman since Willy Loman, as he starred in the four most successful sales motivational films of all time: Second Effort with Vince Lombardi, Time Management with James Whitmore, How to Control Your Time with Burgess Meredith and Ya Gotta Believe with Tommy Lasorda, which Ron wrote and directed. He is a sought after motivational speaker. He has traveled all over the country as spokesman for a major brewing company and for 15 years was the voice of the Vlasic Pickle stork. Ron played Lou Costello in commercials for Bran News, McDonald's, and Tropicana Orange Juice. Frequently seen on the talk and game show circuit, Ron has been a celebrity panelist on such game shows as Password, Tattletales, Crosswits, Liar's Club, Showoffs and Match Game. He was a regular panelist on To Tell the Truth. Ron's private life is also one of varied interests and talents, devoting time and energy working with many charities. For eight years he was the LA host for the Jerry Lewis Telethon and recipient of MDA's first Humanitarian of the Year Award. He has served as field announcer for the Special Olympics in support of Special needs children, and was named Man of the Year by Volunteers Assisting Cancer Stricken Families. In addition, he contributes much time to work with Multiple Sclerosis, Cystic Fibrosis, Breast Cancer Awareness and hosts charity golf tournaments for among others, Childhelp USA, for whom he is a worldwide ambassador. Relaxation for Ron includes time spent with friends on the golf course, tennis court, baseball diamond, ski slopes or at Dodger Stadium. A fine athlete, Ron was once offered a professional baseball contract with The Chicago White Sox. Future projects include a pilot in the works, called Senior Class. Ron continues his work to star as Mark Twain in the feature film, Mark Twain's Greatest Adventure, which he will co-produce, and a one-man show he wrote on Twain called, At Home with Mark Twain. He created the role of Sam Belsky in the world premiere of Jay Kholo's musical My Catskills Summer. Ron's favorite role remains that of husband to his lovely wife Kay, and father to their six children as well as grandfather to their ten grandchildren. They reside in Oxnard, California. Valeria Andrews An accomplished actress, singer, and songwriter, Valeria Andrews first made a name for herself with a featured acting role in the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit , starring Whoopi Goldberg . Valeria also co-wrote the song "Pay Attention" for the film's soundtrack. Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit was an international sensation. In addition to her musical composition for that film, Valeria has recorded two other songs featured on soundtracks to blockbuster motion pictures: "Rhythm of the Night" for Moulin Rouge! and "Ooh La La" for Legally Blonde . Her breakthrough dance single "Girl I Told Ya" became synonymous with the hit television series Gossip Girl . The wonderfully provocative video for "Girl I Told Ya," which cheekily paid homage to Marie Antoinette, was shot by acclaimed director Marc Webb on location in Hungary. Valeria's most well-known movie role to date is her portrayal of the amorous Wendy in Just Married , appearing alongside Ashton Kutcher . Her other acting credits include a recurring role in the PBS series American Family . She co-hosted an entire season of the "Idolesque" Next Big Star , a talent competition show featuring Ed McMahon . More recently, Valeria guest-starred on the ABC sitcoms Freddie and George Lopez . Valeria's back story is the stuff of Hollywood legend. She was born and raised in Sydney, Australia. Her father was Australian and her mother is from Uruguay. Her parents married within two weeks of meeting, and due to the language barrier, divorced soon after. Valeria began singing at the age of three, by way of street performance, busking during the days and competing in talent contests at night. She eventually landed a role in Falstaff at the world famous Sydney Opera House, and subsequently took on the title role in Annie. Two nights after the production of Annie came to a close, eleven-year-old Valeria and her father headed for America. They rented a single apartment near Hollywood and Vine, and for the next five years they hit the iconic Venice boardwalk every weekend. Armed only with a boom-box and an empty coffee can for contributions from the passerby, she sang for her dinner. Persistence and patience finally landed her a leading role at The Santa Monica Coast Playhouse in Alan & Marilyn Bergman's musical revue, How Do You Keep the Music Playing? In a prodigious feat, young Valeria performed to packed bases at the USO. This era culminated with Valeria signing with Motown Records as a member of a girl group at the age of 14. Her teen years were marred with struggle as she ran away from home and her father was deported. Valeria became a ward of the court, and rented rooms in homes until she was 18. Gaining work when she could, she co-wrote and recorded songs for New Line Cinema's Poison Ivy II . She even traveled to Kyoto, Japan, singing six nights a week at four shows a night, in order to raise the money to produce a demo package back home in Los Angeles. Her plan was to market the final demo to various record companies in the hopes of a contract. The resulting six minute EPK made the rounds of the major labels and following several months of negotiation, Interscope Records mogul Jimmy Iovine and Warner Chappell Publishing selected her work and Valeria's recording career was off and running. Valeria's first album, Freshly Squeezed, was released in 2009. Freshly Squeezed is available for download on AmazonMP3, at iTunes, and other major digital online retailers. The energetic pop record features the work of famed producers 'Dave Aude', Space Cowboy , and Madd Scientist. None other than Lady Gaga herself is included as a superstar collaborator. Zero Mostel Zero Mostel was born Samuel Joel Mostel on February 28, 1915 in Brooklyn, New York, one of eight children of an Orthodox Jewish family. Raised in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the young Zero, known as Sammy, developed his talent for painting and drawing at art classes provided by the Educational Alliance, an institution serving Jewish immigrants and their children. Sammy often would go to the Metropolitan Museum of Art to copy the paintings. Sam Mostel matriculated at the City College of New York, then entered a master's program in art at New York University after graduating from CCNY in 1935. He dropped out after a year and worked at odd jobs before being hired by the Works Progress Administration's Federal Art Project to teach drawing and painting at the 92nd Street "Y", the famous Young Men and Young Women's Hebrew Association located on Manhattan's 92nd St., in 1937. Mostel married Clara Sverd, a CCNY classmate, in 1939, but the marriage was troubled due to personality conflicts. The couple separated in 1941 and divorced in 1944. While still teaching, Mostel supplemented his income by providing gallery lectures at various museums under the aegis of the WPA. His lectures were full of jokes as Mostel personally was a clown, and subsequently he was hired to perform at private parties. Mostel auditioned as a comedian at the downtown nightclub Cafe Society in late 1941, a jazz club. Initially rejected, owner Barney Josephson hired Mostel after Pearl Harbor, figuring his patrons, now at war, could use some laughs. It was Ivan Black, the club's press agent, who gave Sam Mostel the nickname Zero, explaining, "Here's a guy who's starting from nothing." Debuting at the Cafe Society on February 16, 1942, Zero was a hit with audiences and the critics, Simultaneously, Zero began appearing in the play "Cafe Crown" at the Cort Theatre, which opened on January 23, 1942 and played through May 23rd, closing after 141 performances. Zero made some impromptu appearances on stage, but he wasn't officially part of the cast of the play, which was staged by Elia Kazan and starred Morris Carnovsky , Sam Jaffe (a future blacklistee), Whit Bissell , and Sam Wanamaker . Zero made his formal Broadway debut in "Keep 'em Laughing" on April 24, 1942 at the 44th Street Theatre. The show ran for 77 performances. Within a year, he was touring the national nightclub circuit and appearing on radio. He had a brief stint in the Army in 1943, but was quickly discharged due to an unspecified physical disability. Zero spent the rest of the war entertaining the troops overseas. Zero married Kathryn Harkin, a former Radio City Music Hall Rockette, on July 2, 1944, an act that ruined his relationship with his Orthodox Jewish parents as his new wife was a gentile. The two remained a married couple until his death and produced two sons: Josh Mostel , who was born in 1946, and Tobias, who was born in 1949. In the post-war years, Zero began to branch-out as a straight actor. On October 19, 1948, he made his television debut in the series "Off the Record," which was broadcast on the DuMont network, following it up with an appearance on October 26, 1948. He later appeared in the The Ford Theatre Hour episode "The Man Who Came to Dinner," which was broadcast on January 16, 1949 on NBC. He was reunited with his "Cafe Crown" director Elia Kazan in the Oscar-winner's movie Panic in the Streets (1950). In the movies, Zero often played heavies due to his physique, roles that downplayed his unique gift for comedy. Zero had long been a leftist politically, and had made contributions to progressive causes. His nightclub act lampooned the red-baiters rampant at the time, and featured the character of a pompous senator called Polltax T. Pellagra. When he and the wife of his good friend 'Jack Gilford' were named by Jerome Robbins before the House Un-American Activities Committee as being communists, Zero was subpoenaed to testify by HUAC. Mostel testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee on October 14, 1955. In a playful mood, he told the Committee that he was employed by "19th Century-Fox." Zero denied he was a Communist, but refused to name names. He told the Committee that he would gladly discuss his own conduct but was prohibited by religious convictions from naming others. Consequently, he was blacklisted during the 1950s. Shut-out from the movies, he also lost many lucrative nightclub gigs, and he had to make due by playing gigs for meager salaries and by selling his paintings. In the 1950s, Mostel bumped into Elia Kazan on the street in New York City, and the two reminisced. Kazan said Mostel chided him for putting Mostel through the paces in "Panic in the Streets," forcing him to run more than he ever had. The two retired to a bar, and as they began to drink, s Mostel kept muttering, in reference to Kazan's naming names before HUAC, "Ya shouldn't a done that. Ya shouldn't a done that." There was no blacklist in the theater, and his friend Burgess Meredith , a noted liberal, offered Zero the lead role in his 1958 Off-Broadway production of "Ulysses in Nighttown," based on the Nighttown episode of James Joyce 's novel "Ulysses," that Meredith was directing. Mostel's performance as Leopold Bloom, Joyce's Jewish Everyman, was a great hit with audiences and critics alike, and he won an "Obie," the Off-Broadway equivalent of a Tony. Zero also starred in productions of "Nighttown" in London and Paris. By the end of 1959, Zero again was appearing on television, cast in the "Play of the Week" episode "The World of Sholom Aleichem," which was broadcast on December 14, 1959 in syndication. He also was cast in a Broadway play, "The Good Soup." Zero never opened in the play as he was hit by a bus on January 13, 1960. His left leg was severely injured, and required four operations. Zero was in the hospital for five months but regained the use of the leg. He made a triumphant return to Broadway in the fall of 1960, starring in Ionesco's absurdist tour-de-force "Rhinoceros," for which he won a Tony award. He was cast in another "Play of the Week" episode, this time in Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot," which was broadcast on April 3, 1961 in syndication. Zero and his friend Jack Gilford , who had also been blacklisted due to Jerome Robbins having named names and hadn't worked for many years, were both cast in the Broadway musical "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum." However, the show, under director George Abbott , was troubled. When Stephen Sondheim pitched Robbins to producer Harold Prince as the savior of "Forum," which was floundering in its out-of-town tryouts, Prince phoned Mostel to ask whether he would be prepared to work with Robbins. "Are you asking me to eat with him?" asked Mostel. "I'm just asking you to work with him," Prince replied. "Of course I'll work with him," Mostel said. "We of the left do not blacklist." When Robbins showed up at his first rehearsal, everyone was terrified of him because of his reputation as a tough taskmaster and perfectionist. Robbins made the rounds of the cast, shaking hands. When he got to Mostel, there was silence. Then Mostel boomed, "Hiya, Loose Lips!" Everyone burst out laughing, including Robbins, and the show went on. Robbins was uncredited for staging and choreographing "Forum," which opened at the Alvin Theatre on May 8, 1962. "Forum" was a great hit, running for 964 performances at the Alvin and at the Mark Hellinger Theatre and later at the Majestic, closing on August 29, 1964. "Forum" won six Tony awards, including Best Musical and Best Director for George Abbott. Mostel won his second Tony and Gilford was nominated for the Tony for Best Featured Actor. Zero followed up this triumph with his legendary turn as Tevye, the milkman with marriageable daughters in "Fiddler on the Roof," based on the stories of Sholom Aleichem. With direction and choreography credited to Jerome Robbins, "Fiddler on the Roof" opened at the Imperial Theatre on September 22, 1964 and did not close until almost eight years later, at the Broadway Theatre on July 2, 1972, with a stop at the Majestic in between during the late '60s. After seven previews, "Fiddler" racked up a total of 3,242 performances, making it one of the greatest Broadway smashes ever. After wining nine Tony awards in 1965, including Best Musical, Best Director, and Best Actor in A Musical (Zero's third Tony), the show was awarded a 10th Tony, a Special Award in 1972 when "Fiddler" became the longest-running musical in Broadway history. Zero was cast in the 1966 movie version of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum , and then concentrated on movies and television for the rest of his career. Most of his projects, with the exception of Mel Brooks ' The Producers , did not fully utilize his talents. It was a major blow when director Norman Jewison cast the Israeli actor Topol as Tevye in his movie adaptation of Fiddler on the Roof , passing over the legend who had created the role. Topol got an Oscar nomination, but faded quickly out of American movies. The movie of "Fiddler," a huge roadshow hit in 1971, also faded out of American consciousness. One wonders if with Zero in the role, the movie would now be considered a classic and constantly revived on television. In 1974, Zero reprised his Leopold Bloom in a Broadway production of "Ulysses in Nighttown," again directed by Burgess Meredith, which netted him a Tony Award nomination as Best Actor in a Play. He turned in an affecting performance as a blacklisted comedian in Martin Ritt 's movie about the blacklist, The Front . He also had a success with a Broadway revival of "Fiddler on the Roof" in December 1976. Zero was cast as Shylock in Arnold Wesker 's "The Merchant," a pro-Jewish reimagining of 'William Shakespeare''s "The Merchant of Venice." Mostel had great hopes that his Shylock would be the crowning achievement of his career and put him back on top. His huge talent and larger-than-life persona seemed to do better on stage. This was not to come to pass. He fell ill after a tryout performance in Philadelphia in September and was hospitalized. On September 8, 1977, Zero Mostel died from an aortic aneurysm at the age of sixty-two. One of the greatest, most unique, and definitely irreplaceable talents to grace the American stage and movies had passed away. We are unlikely to look on his likes again. Gabriela de la Garza Actress Gabriela De la Garza was born in Mexico City to musician parents Sergio De la Garza, a pianist, and Carmen Tames Mejia, an organist. Her grandfather is the legendary Manuel Tames "Regulo" - one of the most influential actors of Mexico's Golden Film Era. One could say that her artistic sensibilities were passed down to her, however Gabriela quickly distinguished herself as a versatile and well-rounded artist. Raised in both Mexico City and Guadalajara, Gabriela began cultivating her skills at a very early age. By the age of five she was excelling at both the piano and organ through the Yamaha Music School in Mexico City - participating in various concerts in such venues as the Ollin Yoliztli Cultural Centre and the world renowned Mexico City Theatre. By 12 Gabriela was studying contemporary dance at the prestigious Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes and by 15 she was premiere dancer on Televisa. She quickly transitioned to commercials and modeling jobs, working for such reputable firms as Ford Models in New York and various other international agencies. Gabriela then turned her focus to television, becoming the host for then popular music show "Ya TV' produced by HBO and Warner Music. The show made Gabriela a recognizable figure throughout South America, Mexico and Miami and she accomplished this while earning her degree in psychology from the prestigious Iberoamericana University in Mexico City. On the film side, Gabriela landed a supporting role as an avatar in 20th Century Fox's 2009 hit Dragon Ball: Evolution. She had a large supporting role in the independent film Nos Vemos, Papa and also played the lead role of "Mary Esquivel" in the period film El Fantastico Mundo De Juan Orol which won three Ariel Awards - Mexico's equivalent of an Oscar. Soon after, Gabriela landed the role of "Olga Ivanova" in Cantinflas, which was Mexico's official entry for the 2015 Academy Awards. Next up Gabriela will be seen in the lead role of "Camila" in Un Lugar En El Caribe. On the television side, Gabriela has had multiple series regular roles in projects like Jennifer Lopez' Como Ama Una Mujer, the hit show Bienes Raices and the hugely popular Las Aparicio. In the latter, she played "Alma Aparicio" which earned her a Best Actress honor at the 2010 International TV - Fiction Festival in Argentina and made her one of Latin America's top leading ladies. Gabriela was invited to join the last season of the Emmy nominated Capadocia for HBO Latino as the new lead 'Italia" who infiltrates the women's prison. She also participated as one of the new regulars for Mundo Fox's popular Lynch series. In 2015 fans will see Gabriela in Neflix's upcoming series Narcos opposite Wagner Moura where she plays "Diana Turbay" - one of Colombia's most respected journalists of that time. Gabriela has also produced and starred in several plays including A Perfect Couple (una Pareja Perfecta) and Hamlet Garcia. She had a starring role in the Mexico City theater production of Nora Ephron"s play Love, Loss and What I Wore and her latest theater performance was the lead role of "Helena" in Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya. Ji-hyo Song Song Ji-hyo is a South Korean TV and film actress. She is well known for her portrayal of ballerina Min Hyo Rin in Princess Hours, Lady Ye So-ya in MBC Jumong and as the Queen in A Frozen Flower. Song Ji-hyo was co-MC with Heechul of Super Junior on SBS's weekly live music show Inkigayo, from 11 November 2007 to 4 May 2008. Song Ji-hyo also co-MC the 2009 Dream Concert with Heechul, which was held at the Seoul World Cup Stadium on 10 October. She is a permanent cast member of SBS variety show Running Man. Song Ji-hyo was originally a guest for the second (episode 2-3) and third landmark (episode 4-5). She officially joined the program in the fourth landmark (episode 6) but was unable to attend until the fifth landmark (episode 7). Some of her characters on the show are Mong (blank) Ji-Hyo, Ace Ji-Hyo, Bad Ji-Hyo and also one half of the Monday couple with Kang Gary. On 19 September 2011, Song Ji-hyo was sent to an emergency room with breathing difficulties following an all-night shoot on the set of MBC television series Gye Baek. This also led to her canceling her appearance on episode 63 and 64 of Running Man. Alfonso Freeman Alfonso was born at County General hospital in Los Angeles, September 13, 1959 to Morgan Freeman and Loletha Adkins (Polk) and grew up in Compton, California. He briefly attended Cal State University-Long Beach as an Art Major. Alfonso did not meet his famous father in person until 1984, when he came to L.A. to film the TV mini-series The Atlanta Child Murders . Their first conversation was during a phone call in 1979 while Alfonso was working as a telemarketer. Alfonso married for the first time in 1982 and fathered three sons. He and his first wife, Cynthia, divorced in 1989. He remarried in 1994 to Larcenia (pronounced LAR-SEEN-YA) Young. Kapil Sharma Kapil Sharma is an Indian stand-up comedian, TV anchor and singer.He was selected among top 100 celebrities in 2013 Forbes India magazines and he was ranked 96th in that list.Currently he is hosting the Indian comedy show "Comedy Nights with Kapil". Career Sharma hosted a comedy show Chhote Miyan and Jhalak Dikhla Jaa season 6.on Colors. In 2009, he joined the comedy reality show Hans Baliye as a wild card entry.He also won comedy series Comedy Circus Ke Superstars.At CNN-IBN Indian of the Year awards, Sharma was felicitated with Entertainer of the Year award for 2013 by Amol Palekar.In 2014 Lok Sabha Election, he was declared the Brand Ambassador by Delhi election commission.He was to make his film debut with Yashraj film's Bank Chor, but the comedian opted out of it.He is going feature as a first guest on the opening episode of the famous Indian television game show Kaun Banega Crorepati Season 8 on the 2nd of August. Television The Great Indian Laughter Challenge as Contestant Comedy Circus as Contestant Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 6 as host with Manish Paul Star Ya Rockstar as Contestant Comedy Nights with Kapil as host Kaun Banega Crorepati as guest. Trini López Trini Lopez is a American singer and actor who had 16 Top 40 songs on the charts from 1963 through 1968. He was born Trinidad López III in the Little Mexico neighborhood Dallas, Texas on May 15, 1937. He started performing with his own band when he was 15 years old and caught the eye of rock and roll legend Buddy Holly , who recommended him to a music producer who signed Lopez and his band, "The Big Beats", to Columbia Records. Lopez eventually quit "The Big Beats" to go solo, but none of the singles he cut made the charts. He moved to Los Angeles to audition as a vocalist for Holly's old band "The Crickets", but didn't get the job. Performing in night clubs, he was discovered by Frank Sinatra , who signed Lopez to his label, Reprise Records. His cover of "If I Had a Hammer" from his first album, which was released in 1963, made it to #3 on the charts, eventually earning a gold disc with sales exceeding one million copies. His other big hits were "Lemon Tree" and "I'm Comin' Home, Cindy", both of which made it to #2 on the Easy Listening chart, and "Michael", "Gonna Get Along Without Ya Now" and "The Bramble Bush", which made it to $7, #6 and #4, respectively. Lopez's acting career was essentially still-born when he walked off the set of The Dirty Dozen at the urging of Sinatra (who supposedly thought his music career would stall if he continued to wok on the movie, which had gone over its scheduled shooting date) or was fired by director Robert Aldrich for being disagreeable. He appeared infrequently as an actor over the next 10 years, mostly on television. In addition to singing and acting, Lopez designed two guitars for the Gibson Guitar Corporation, the Trini Lopez Standard and the Lopez Deluxe. Trini Lopez was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame in 2003. Lillian Müller Lillian Müller was born on August 19, 1951 in a small town by the sea in the South of Norway. Spending her early childhood in the financial turmoil of the post-WWII era, her determination to make something of herself was embedded deep within. Lillian spent her formative years burying her head in books, igniting an optimistic sense of reality that differentiated from the world around her. In the meantime, she blossomed into a strikingly beautiful woman who would go on to become a successful model in London, where she strutted the catwalk, graced the pages of French Vogue, and hit the stands as the "Page Three Girl" in the London Sun. After being discovered by Playboy, she moved to America and was featured as the 1976 "Playboy's Playmate of the Year". Lillian went on to become the most featured "Playmate Of The Year" in the history of the publication and has nine covers from 1975 through 1999 to her name. To date, Lillian has more than 1,000 cover stories and features in international media publications as a celebrity and supermodel. Utilizing her beauty and charm, Lillian found herself as a desired commodity in the acting world, where she has been featured in more than 30 movies and television shows, such as Remington Steele , Starsky and Hutch , Once Upon a Spy , Eischied and Fantasy Island . Intent on perfecting the art, Lillian immersed herself in studying under talented acting teachers. Since 2009, she has been studying under Oscar Winners, Martin Landau and Mark Rydell at The Actors Studio in Hollywood, which is home to legendary actors, such as Al Pacino , Gene Hackman , Meryl Streep and Tom Cruise . Throughout the years, Lillian has starred opposite established leading men, such as Tom Selleck on Magnum, P.I. ; Tony Curtis in Some Like It Cool ; Rock Hudson in Superstunt II ; and Bill Cosby in The Devil and Max Devlin . She has also co-starred with Pierce Brosnan , Elliott Gould , Vincent Price , Dudley Moore , Kirstie Alley , Harry Hamlin , Dennis Hopper and Ted Danson . Most recently, Lillian has been circulating amongst Norway's mainstream media, starring in hit television shows, such as "Ja, Vi Elsker Hollywood" (Yes, We Love Hollywood - 2011), "4-Stjerners Middag" (4-Star Dining - 2011), "71 Grader Nord - Celbrity Edition" (71 Degrees North - 2010), "Skal Vi Danse" (Dancing with the Stars - 2012) and most recently, "MasterChef" (TV3, 2015) The portrayal of Lillian as the leading female vixen in Rod Stewart 's "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy" music video could not stray farther from reality, as she is a walking advertisement of health and fitness. In December 2010, Lillian won PETA's Sexiest Vegetarian Over 50 title, which was well-justified, thanks to her 35 years as a vegetarian. She promotes her vegan lifestyle through her book, "Feel Great, Be Beautiful Over 40", as well as her lectures as a motivational speaker. This past half-decade, Lillian has been well received by audiences listening to her speak about health, fitness, beauty, and anti-aging. She acclaims that her youthful looks and demeanor are the product of her healthy lifestyle, as well as the fact that she has never tried tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Lillian's charismatic and informative lectures have proved to be a sensation for those she has inspired throughout the years, all over the US and Norway. Her fascinating life story, as well as her transformations from the runner-up of Miss Norway; successful fashion model; most celebrated Playmate of the Year of all time; actress; and, finally, today as a health guru and inspirational speaking leader, have all elicited immense interest culminating in the creation of her 1998 biography, "Usminket", and two documentaries, "Tillbake Hos Hef (The Lillian Müller Story - 2003)" and, more recently, "Lillian Müller- Mitt I Livet" (Lilian Müller - In the Midst of Life - 2012). Yolanda Whittaker Yo-Yo (born Yolanda Whittaker) has been among the most sophisticated and unpredictable female MCs around. She doesn't take an overtly feminist tack but urges young women to show sexual restraint and use their minds as well as their bodies. Her introduction to the hip-hop game came with an appearance on the 1990 Ice Cube track "It's a Man's World" (off his debut solo album, "AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted"). It wasn't until the next year, when East West America/Atlantic Records issued her first single, "You Can't Play with My Yo-Yo" (#1/#36 - R&B/Hot 100) that she gained critical acclaim and success. The following singles "Stompin in the '90s" (#2 - hip-hop), "Ain't Nobody Better" (#4/#30 - R&B/Hot 100) and "Girl, Don't be No Fool" helped propel the album "Make Way for the Motherlode" toward cracking the Billboard Top 100 (#74/#5 R&B) chart. Meanwhile, she added her first screen credit in the Oscar-nominated film Boyz n the Hood with a small cameo. After a successful year, she maintained her radio exposure with the singles "Homegirl Don't Play That" (#3/#53 - R&B) and "Black Pearl" (#11/#74 - R&B), which led to the release of her sophomore album with the same title (#145/#32 - Top 100 R&B). 1993 would prove to be one of her busiest years with film appearances in Who's the Man? , Menace II Society , Strapped , and Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit ; and her third album's release, "You Better Ask Somebody" (#107/#21 - Top 100 R&B). Although her sophomore album retained the critical success of her debut, it didn't keep the success. However, aided by the singles "IBWin' wit My Crewin'," "Westside Story" (#14 - hip-hop) and "The Bonnie and Clyde Theme" (#1/#37/#72 - hip-hop/R&B/Hot 100), her third album returned her to the best-selling female MCs list. After 1993, Yo-Yo's musical career took a back seat to her acting career with appearances in film (1995's Panther ) and television ( New York Undercover and a recurring role on Martin ). It wasn't until 1996 that she returned with her fourth release, "Total Control" (now on East West America/Elektra Records), an R&B-infused album that catered more on party jams and happiness. The album (#46 - R&B) and its subsequent singles ("Same Ol' Thang (Everyday)," "Steady Risin," "One for the Cuties") failed to hit and, with a lawsuit for an uncleared sample, the album was pulled off shelves. However, the following year, Yo-Yo added more acting credits with more film (1997's _Trials of Life_ (1997) and Sprung ) and television ( The Parent 'Hood and The Jamie Foxx Show ). In 1998, Yo-Yo collaborated with some of hip-hop's finest for her fifth studio release, "Ebony." The two singles "Iz it Still All Good? (Something's on Your Mind)" and "Do Ya Wanna Ride?") went unnoticed, and East West America/Elektra soon deleted the album and released Yo-Yo from her contract. Once again, instead of letting the hardships of the music business get to her, she focused more on acting with larger film roles (1999's Beverly Hood , 2000's 3 Strikes , and "The Rev. DoWrong Ain't Right!"). After 2000, little was heard from Yo-Yo until her voice work in one of 2004's best-selling video games Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas . She finally returned to the music spotlight with 2005's mix-tape remix of Ciara's "Goodies" and the Game's "How We Do." Her sixth studio album is set for release in 2006 on her own indie label amid fans' anticipation, as well as more voice work on the upcoming animated film Da Jammies . Chad Hodge Chad Hodge (born 1977) is American director, writer and produced who created drama series Runaway (2006), The Playboy Club (2011) and event series Wayward Pines (2015). He is a native of Highland Park in Illinois and he attended the Northwestern University. He is best known for Wayward Pines, directed by M. Night Shyamalan. He also wrote the recent stage adaptation of Irving Berlin's classic musical Holiday Inn last fall and film adaptation of the YA trilogy, "The Darkest Minds". He has official accounts on Reddit and Twitter. Trey Parker .Trey Parker Trey Parker was born and raised in Auburn, Alabama. His entertainment career started at seven when he landed the job to hype the crowd at football games as the University of Auburn's Mascot "Little Aubie". Also a natural born actor, Trey exhausted the cities creative avenues from musical theater as the leads in "Winnie the Pooh", "Grease", "Scrooge", and "Music Man" to local television spots and commercials. With idols like Michael Jackson and watching Soul Train, the fluid movements of rhythm easily became a part of his style. The style incorporated with his own pop influence was immediately recognized and appreciated by being accepted at the School of Performing Arts in New York. Next in line was an honorable full scholarship to the Broadway Dance Center. Trey began landing national TV commercials such as McDonalds, Coca-Cola, Teddy Ruxpin, Roy Rogers, and Toro just to name a few. He was also chosen for Nordstrom's and Macy's ad campaigns. Off-Broadway plays include "Peter Pan" (lead) and "A House in the Woods". During his stay in New York he was chosen to appear on TV specials with Emmanuel Lewis and Debbie Allen. After conquering one coast, he headed out west to Los Angeles, California at the age of fifteen. He was teen sensation Tiffany's lead dancer on the New Kids on the Block tour. He appeared in made for TV movies such as "Caddie Woodlawn", "Please God I'm only Seventeen", and "Straight at Ya" hosted by Kirk Cameron. He also landed several episodes on prime time televisions such as "Baywatch", "Doogie Hoswer MD", "Thirty Something", and "The Judge". This lead to landing a lead role on the NBC prime time series "Hull High". Disney then immediately signed him to a three picture deal beginning with a lead role in their musical drama "Newsies". Trey still found the time to strive to form the very successful group E.Y.C (Express Yourself Clearly). MCA records quickly signed them to a global record deal breaking them out in Europe. E.Y.C. opened up for many renowned and respected patron of the music industry such as Prince, Whitney Houston, and The Backstreet Boys. This immediately opened doors for their own ventures, which forced E.Y.C to graciously turn down opening up for Michael Jackson to start their own international tour. Over the next three years they gained an incredible international fan base while traveling all around the world. E.Y.C. had over seven Top 20 Hits in Great Britain. Their success landed them an Australian Grammy Award for Best New International Act and won a Smash Hits Award in the United Kingdom. The group went Platinum in Southeast Asia after holding the #1 and #2 spots for weeks. E.Y.C's high energy performances, constant crowd participation, and a strong loyalty to their fans helped them to achieve top status all over the world. Due to the take over of MCA records in America, E.Y.C came home for a much needed break. The group came back together for one last time for The Backstreet Boys Millennium Tour, the group went their separate ways shortly after. Trey Parker resumed his acting, instantly booking national commercial such as Dr. Pepper, Ford, and Captain Morgan. He also shot the pilot for ABC, "The Kirk Franklin Show". He was also in the Universal film "American Dreamz", starring Hugh Grant and Mandy Moore. Music also being a priority, Trey and his production team have been writing songs for many different artists including the hit single "Why'd you Lie to Me" on Anstasacia's new album and landed on her Greatest Hits album, which has to date sold over 4 million copies worldwide. Trey recently wrote and produced his new single "Hold My Heart" (co-written and produced with Wes Quave, former La Face Recording Artist). "Hold My Heart" has been dedicated to and will be performed at Andrew Firestone's upcoming wedding on July 5th 2008. Andrew Firestone was the star of the ABC hit TV show "The Bachelor". Melba Moore Melba Moore has shot to super-stardom in the early 1970s with her debut album ("I Got Love"), that garnered her a 1971 Grammy nomination for Best New Artist, the following year, she also scored with a variety television show that co-starred Clifton Davis . Despite the show's being a modern success, the real-life couple fell victim through an ongoing self-destruction, hence, it was canceled. She was also in a crisis, when her career was put to an end, before it took a few years for her to comeback. Sarah Roberts Sarah, who credits her striking looks to an eclectic mix of Australian and Sri Lankan was born Sarah Kathryn Roberts in Melbourne, Australia. Her youth was spent at a dance studio. At age 18, promptly after high school graduation, she left her Melbourne life for a career in dance in Tokyo, Japan. She got distracted and started deejaying and singing as a hobby with her best friend in the local clubs around town. They called themselves VAMP. This led to writing and recording a song ("Neon Lights") with Grammy Award winning American rapper Eve, known for such songs as "Let Me Blow Ya Mind", with Gwen Stefani. Paying her bills every month were her appearances in commercials. Acting was not high on the young dancer's priority list until she returned from Tokyo, aside from a series of commercials and appearances on Australian soap, Neighbours, not for lack of interest but for the fact that she was content with her life in Tokyo as it was. It was in 2012, that a new chapter began in her fairy tale life. Gregory Apps, a casting director known for such films as Mission Impossible II (2000), spotted Sarah. Shortly thereafter Sarah found herself with one very important audition... Felony (2013). She was determined she wanted the supporting role and after three call backs, beat out the competition. Michael Beasley Michael is known for his role of Lil Jake in Netflix's _Bloodline (TV series 2015) _Jimmy Clay in HBO's _Eastbound and Down (TV series 2009)_and the Bouncer in Last Vegas . Born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, Michael caught the acting bug several years ago, when his father, John Beasley came to Atlanta to perform in Kenny Leon's production of "Jitney," at The Alliance Theater. Michael played professional basketball, mainly overseas (Puerto Rico, Argentina, Dominic Republic, Chile, and Mexico). He knew he couldn't play basketball forever and decided to reinvent himself as an actor. He decided to pursue his acting career full time in 2005. Denzel Washington once called Michael, the "King of (Hollywood) South." He has now done over 50 film and television projects in just 7 short years of being in the business. He has already worked with many legendary actors, such as, Denzel Washington in several movies, Don Cheadle, John Goodman, Morgan Freeman, Samuel Jackson, Michael Douglas, Kevin Kline and Robert De Niro to name a few. He is currently filming the YA movie The 5th Wave and recurring in both television series Powers and Bloodline . Genelia D'Souza Genelia D'Souza is an Indian actress, model, and host. She has appeared in Telugu, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam language films. After gaining wide attention in a Parker Pen commercial with Amitabh Bachchan, D'Souza began her acting career with Tujhe Meri Kasam in 2003. She was recognized for her role in Boys the same year, and later established herself in Telugu cinema by acting in several Telugu films during 2003-2005. D'Souza received her first Filmfare Award in 2006 for her performance in the Telugu romantic film, Bommarillu, which earned her critical acclaim. In 2008, she gave critically acclaimed performances in Santosh Subramaniam, a Tamil remake of Bommarillu, and the Bollywood movie Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na. Having acted in several commercially successful movies in Telugu and Tamil, D'Souza has established herself as one of the leading actresses of the South Indian film industry.In addition to movie acting, D'Souza has hosted the television show Big Switch, and is the brand ambassador of Fanta, Virgin Mobile India, Fastrack, LG Mobiles, Garnier Light, Margo, and Perk in India Jan Pol Dr. Jan (Ya-n) Pol is not your typical veterinarian. Born and raised in the Netherlands on his family's dairy farm, he is the charismatic and world-renowned star of Nat Geo WILD's #1 hit series, "The Incredible Dr. Pol," as well as author of the best-selling book, "Never Turn Your Back On An Angus Cow: My Life as a Country Vet", a memoir that recounts amusing, and often poignant, tales from his illustrious and incredible 40 year veterinary career. Possessing brains, wit and charm, Dr. Pol has been treating pets and livestock in rural Michigan since the 1970s and is a pioneer in his field. He has more than 23,000 clients, and his patients range from white mice and snakes to cows and 2,600 pound horses - and everything in between. Specializing in large farm animals, this senior is anything but retiring as he takes an old school, no-nonsense yet empathetic approach to veterinary medicine. In "The Incredible Dr. Pol," viewers have the opportunity to travel with Dr. Pol across rural Michigan, as he tirelessly cares for every family pet and head of livestock in need of his expertise and kindness. Unflappable and unstoppable, Dr. Pol routinely puts in 14-hour days making farm calls and treating patients in his very busy clinic. From the pivotal moment at age twelve when he helped deliver a litter of piglets and knew he wanted to become a vet, to the incredible moments captured on his hit TV show, Dr. Pol has amassed a wealth of stories of what it's like caring for a menagerie of animals. The lovable veterinarian has now expanded his repertoire to include author, as he shares his vast experience and lively anecdotes in a new book, "Never Turn Your Back On An Angus Cow", that he has written with David Fisher (Gotham Books, released August 18, 2014 Hardcover, eBook). Reminiscent of the classic books of James Herriot such as "All Creatures Great and Small," "Never Turn Your Back on an Angus Cow" is a charming, fascinating and funny memoir that delights animal lovers everywhere. As the youngest of six children growing up in the Netherlands, the pre-doctorate Jan Pol lived among dairy cows, sheep, pigs, chickens, geese, turkeys, rabbits, dogs and Friesian horses. An enthusiastic and naturally-inclined scholar, he graduated from the prestigious Utrecht University Veterinary program in 1970 and began his career working for a local vet in Harbor Beach, Michigan. Eager to begin his own practice, he and his wife Diane started their own animal clinic, Pol Veterinary Services, in Weidman, Michigan in 1981, out of their garage. The business continued to grow and they, along with their 10 employees, have serviced hundreds of thousands of patients since opening their doors. An expert in large farm animals and a true friend of the farmer, Dr. Pol works passionately to ensure that the diminishing population of family farmers remains in business. And he plays an integral role in keeping farmers' livestock healthy and their businesses profitable. Through the years, Dr. Pol has seen an extremely wide array of animal injuries, from the common to the very peculiar, such as a snake that was chewed by a rat, which actually was intended to be the snake's prey! With his get down and dirty approach to veterinary medicine, Dr. Pol routinely comes to the rescue, taking on cases that are vital to the community's livelihood, ranging from checking a cow for pregnancy to helping a goat with pneumonia, to saving the career of a young racehorse with a severely wounded leg, to treating a rabbit with overgrown teeth. "In this business, it is totally unpredictable what you're going to get, day to day. Animals don't wait to get sick, and they don't take appointments. So some days you're gonna go in, and there's gonna be nothing going on. And other days, you're gonna go in, and you can't run fast enough. It is sometimes too busy, but something new always happens, and that's what I like about this job," offers Dr. Pol. Dr. Pol's son Charles was his constant sidekick as a child and helped in the clinic and on farm calls starting at the age of 5. Although he didn't always love it and knew from an early age that he didn't want to follow in his father's professional footsteps, Charles has great admiration for his father: "My dad is a role model. He grew up on a poor farm in the middle of a different country. He worked hard and he built, like, this huge, I guess you could say a veterinary empire here in the middle of Michigan through nothing but his blood, sweat and tears," says Charles. Charles has worked in Hollywood in the entertainment industry, and in 2009 he convinced his father to allow his filmmaker friends to do a documentary on Dr. Pol, which ultimately led to the concept for the television series, "The Incredible Dr. Pol." A firm believer in spaying and neutering animals, Dr. Pol continues to be active with his local philanthropic organizations 4-H and FFA (Future Farmers of America), non-profit charities that help teach young adults how to take proper care of animals. He believes that children who are taught to take care of animals at a young age make better adults. Dr. Pol is an avid car collector. Among the cars in his collection are a 1937 Rolls Royce, a 1999 Plymouth Prowler and a 1981 "Back to the Future" DeLorean. Dr. Pol and Mrs. Pol helped design their log cabin home themselves, and they have always owned a Great Dane since they were married 45 years ago. Other family pets include two Friesian horses, a Newfoundland, five cats and a menagerie of peacocks, doves, chickens, ducks and tropical fish. When Dr. Pol isn't working, he enjoys spending time with his wife Diane discovering new and exotic destinations, scuba diving in the Caribbean and traveling across Europe. He is a fan of European Football and follows the Dutch team, as well as American soccer. He is fluent in four languages - English, Dutch, German and French. With his thick Dutch accent, signature mustache, down-to-earth practical approach and fun-loving, never give up attitude, Dr. Jan Pol is nothing short of a legend in his small Michigan community, and now as America's favorite veterinarian! Aaron Jackson Aaron Jackson starred on the NBC live-action musical comedy series, California Dreams, where he played Mark Winkle, one of the band's lead singers. Prior to landing his role on California Dreams, he did a wide range of theatrical productions, including Bye-Bye Birdie, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dream Coat, Tea and Sympathy, Torch Song Trilogy, Guys and Dolls, Rumors, and, the critically acclaimed, Bobby Socs It To Ya. Aaron has recently returned to the stage, starring in Arsenic and Old Lace, Owl and the Pussycat, Mousetrap, and Harvey at the Cultural Arts Theatre. Other television credits include Silk Stalkings and a pilot called Impact, a talk show for teens. Aaron is starring as Raoul in the upcoming TV pilot, Coney Island. Film credits include Lorenzo's Oil, From Venus, and Children of the Corn: Fields of Terror (based on the book "Children of the Corn" by Steven King.) Other film credits include Wicked Spring, Heaven's Neighbor, and Tangy Guacamole, Captain, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (a remake of the 1962 Academy Award winning film), The Pain Within, and Biophage. Aaron has also directed the films Cross to the other and Ghost Story Chronicles. He recently finished directing the award winning film, Fighting a War of My Own and is currently producing The Bar Mitzvah. Aaron has also done a variety of national commercials, including a P.S.A. on AIDS for which he received the "Ace Award". Aaron is most proud of the work he has done helping aspiring actors break into the acting industry. He travels the country coaching up and coming talent in the art of acting, specializing in monologue and audition prep, scene study, character breakdown, and improvisation. Aaron has been a motivational speaker for 18 years. His company, Dangerous Curves Productions, was founded in 2007. His primary focus is to help students make positive choices in their lives. He speaks to students across the country on the dangers of drug and alcohol use, the negative effects of bullying and how to set achievable goals. He also works hand-in-hand with non-profit organizations, such as D.A.R.E., Make-A-Wish, St. Jude's Hospital, Special Olympics, the Love Ride for MDA, and the Ami Thom Foundation, just to name a few. Olivia Bird Olivia Bird is an American actress and stuntwoman. Currently Taraji P. Henson's stunt double for all three seasons of the show "Empire," as well as Monica Raymund's for all five seasons of "Chicago Fire," and YaYa DaCosta's on "Chicago Med." Bird has also doubled at least 25 other actors on a variety of films, television series, music videos and commercials. She has performed hundreds of stunts in her career, which kicked off with season 1 of "Chicago Fire." Bird got her SAGAFTRA eligibility from her first episode of the show in early season 1. As an ethnically ambiguous performer, Bird has the ability to double a wide variety of women and also is able to appear as different characters in the same show or movie with her ability to "camouflage" into many different surroundings. Bird studied commercial techniques, television and film, and Meisner Technique at Act One Studios, in Chicago. As well as Musical Improvisation, Comedic improvisation, and Acting at The Second City Training Center in Chicago. Her training includes, stunts, acting, stage combat, martial arts, dance, parkour, and a vast variety of athletics. Even in her youth, Bird was always keeping active as a performer, competing in poetry slams, dance competitions, beauty pageants and even the Olympic Development team for soccer. She was State Champion for Cross Country in 2005 and represented Illinois for Nationals. Bird also placed top 5 in state in the 1600, 800, and 4x400 in 2003,2004,and 2005. Bird holds records all across the Midwest for Track and Cross Country on at least ten different courses. Bird completed her first national commercial campaign at age 14. Playing soccer against Mia Hamm " in her youth," Bird got a taste for action modeling and stunts. Bird continued to work towards a film career after that commercial and now at the age of 25, is one of the busiest female minorities working in the stunt business in the Midwest. She has hopes of getting more speaking roles in action oriented films where she can do her own stunts. Bird studied Criminal Law and Justice at University of Illinois at Chicago. She also studied Social Anthropology at Triton College after her early graduation from Oak Park River Forest High School. Vivian Schilling Vivian Schilling is an accomplished novelist, screenwriter, actor and filmmaker. Born and raised in Kansas, she attended the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute in Los Angeles and also studied under the legendary Stella Adler before embarking upon a multifaceted career. Working both in front and behind the camera, she began writing and starring in her own films at the age of 23. With her first feature, the low-budget cult-classic Soultaker , she became known for her original ideas and deft hand with complex supernatural subjects. "A very intriguing premise distinguishes the thriller 'Soultaker'. Young star-scripter Vivian Schilling earns high marks for this effort her innovation for horror/fantasy fans, creating a new myth about potential afterlife," said Larry Cohn of Variety. In spite of its limited budget, the film earned Schilling the Saturn Award in 1992 alongside that year's The Silence of the Lambs and Terminator 2: Judgment Day . Schilling went on to star in a variety of independent films, including Germans , a World War II drama based on the renowned stage play by Leon Kruczkowski , directed by Academy Award nominee Zbigniew Kaminski . Schilling portrays heroine Ruth Sonnenbruch, a German nightclub singer who comes to the aid of a Jewish refugee. Her role as a gunslinger in the wester Savage Land garnered her the Diamond Dove and the Blockbuster Rising Star Award. In 2006 Schilling portrayed feminist and author Gertrude Atherton (1857-1948) opposite Campbell Scott 's Ambrose Bierce (1842-1915?) in the anthology Ambrose Bierce: Civil War Stories . In 2012 she was engaged by Paris-based Eurocine Films as the writer, producer and director of the English adaptation "Toys in the Attic", based on the stop-motion animated feature Toys in the Attic by legendary Czech director Jirí Bárta . Schilling has penned two novels to date, both released to critical acclaim: "Quietus" (Penguin-Putnam) and "Sacred Prey" (St. Martin's Press), which earned Schilling the Golden Scroll for Outstanding Achievement in Literature. A long-standing advocate of animal welfare and conservation, Schilling recently completed work as co-writer and producer of the French documentary Beny: Back to the Wild . The film, by noted documentarian Alain Tixier , chronicles the important work of naturalist 'Claudine Andre' )qv_, the film's proceeds to benefit the Lola Ya Bonobo Rescue Sanctuary founded by Andre in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Schilling continues to divide her time between literary and film efforts. The completion of her third novel anticipated in late 2017. Jane Kean Lovely, vivacious, honey-blonde entertainer Jane Kean enjoyed a lengthy career spanning over six decades encompassing vaudeville, radio, Broadway, nightclubs, Las Vegas showrooms, TV variety and the occasional film. Born April 10, 1923, in Hartford, Connecticut, Jane's parents split up while she was fairly young and her mother, prodding her daughters into the performing arts, moved the family to New York to test the waters. Elder sister (by 8 years) Betty Kean (1915-1986) moved quickly and successfully into show business and Jane would follow suit. Beginning her career on the professional stage with a role in "Hi Ya, Gentlemen!" at the Colonial Theatre in Boston, Jane made her film debut in the Republic musical Sailors on Leave starring William Lundigan and Shirley Ross and was also featured in the film Flying with Music before focusing strongly on the live stage. She took her first Broadway curtain call in the Fats Waller musical "Early to Bed" with actor/producer Richard Kollmar in 1943. She followed this with another Broadway musical "The Girl from Nantucket" (1945) and then came in as a replacement for "Call Me Mister". Following these successes, Jane and sister Betty teamed up as a popular nightclub duo ("Betty & Jane Kean") who weaved singing and dancing with broad comedy. The ladies also worked together on Broadway in the musical shows "Along Fifth Avenue" (1949) which starred Jackie Gleason and "Ankles Aweigh" (1955) which featured Betty's third husband, Lew Parker , a veteran character actor who would gain fame a decade later as Marlo Thomas beleaguered dad on That Girl . Betty and Jane also appeared to advantage on the such TV variety shows as "The Ed Sullivan Show" and "The Jackie Gleason Show," and headlined their own vaudeville act both here and abroad (London Palladium (1956)). Betty, who was previously married to comedian Frank Fay and actor Jim Backus before marrying Parker, and Jane eventually decided to go their own ways. Having worked with The Great One" Jackie Gleason back on the vaudeville circuit as well as on the musical stage back in the 1940s and 1950s, Jane was asked to join "The Honeymooners" cast as Trixie Norton when the show was revived on Gleason's variety show The Jackie Gleason Show as a sketch segment. Joining Sheila MacRae as Alice Kramden and TV husband Art Carney as Ed Norton, the segment, which was shot in Miami Beach, subsequently expanded to an hour format and would include songs. Elsewhere, Jane appeared a series of stage plays and musicals including "The Pajama Game" and "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" in which she would take over Jayne Mansfield 's sexpot role. Other productions included "The Mind with the Dirty Man," "Light Up the Sky," "Last of the Red Hot Lovers," "Carnival," "Follies" and "70 Girls 70." As for TV, she guested on such established programs as "The Danny Thomas Show," "The Lucy Show," "Love, American Style," "The Dean Martin Show," "Cannon," "The Love Boat," "The Facts of Life," "Growing Pains," "Dallas," "Dream On" and the daytime soaps "Days of Our Lives" and "General Hospital." Jane intermittently lent her voice to films and commercials, notably the perennial animated holiday classic Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol starring Jim Backus , Jack Cassidy and Royal Dano in which she spoke and sang the part of Belle, and in the part live/part animated feature film Pete's Dragon which co-starred Helen Reddy and Jim Dale . In later years Jane performed on the dinner theatre circuit, at college campuses and on cruise lines. She was married twice -- first to Richard Linkroum (1962-1969) and then to her manager, Joe Hecht, who died in 2006. She had no children. She remained active throughout her life and in 2012, at age 89, appeared in her own one-woman show "An Evening with Jane Kean" in which she humorously referred to herself as the "Lady Gaga of the Stone Age." She also wrote her memoir "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to The Honeymooners...I had a Life." One of her last professional jobs was voicing the role of Aunt Ida in the animated feature Dose Hermanos: Shadow of the Invisible Man . Jane died in Burbank, California, on November 26, 2013, at age 90 of a stroke after being hospitalized following a fall at her Toluca Lake home. Michelle Zeitlin Michelle Zeitlin is the CEO of More Zap Productions & Management. Founded in 1991, More Zap is a full service entertainment production and talent development company for on-camera Talent, with a Literary Wing for publication of books, and screenplays, and representing a wide genre of authors and playwrights. Zeitlin's own journey began as a classical ballet dancer, with full scholarships to study with the National Ballet School of Canada, San Francisco Ballet, Harkness and the Joffrey Ballet, New York City. She chose to study at the Joffrey, and was chosen for the elite Concert Group company soon after. Later on, taking advantage of her early drama training and lots of determination, she moved to LA to pursue acting for TV, feature films, commercials. Among TV appearances, Michelle was hired by Debbie Allen and the MGM/NBC Team for a series regular dance role on "Fame" and shot 13 episodes: (Metamorphosis (#1.1) Passing Grade (#1.2) Tomorrow's Farewell (#1.3) Alone in a Crowd (#1.4) To Soar and Never Falter (#1.5) The Sell-Out (#1.6) The Strike (#1.7) Street Kid (#1.8) But Seriously Folks (#1.9) Come One, Come All (#1.10) The Crazies (#1.11) Exposé (#1.12) A Musical Bridge (#1.13) A Big Finish (#1.14) Reunions (#1.15) A Special Place (#1.16)) in Los Angeles, with the original team of players. Working with Show Creator, Michael Bennett ( A Chorus Line ) on the Broadway Workshop, "Scandal" was a milestone. She was selected for a principal role among over two thousand dancer/singer/actors at the open auditions at 890 Studios in lower Manhattan, and Mr. Bennett called Michelle "Diva," a knick name that resonates. The cast involved with that historic workshop included Broadway stars including Treat Williams, Swoosie Kurtz, Kelly Bishop and then assistant choreographer, Jerry Mitchell. Deciding to balance her performing career with her need to create, in her early 20's Michelle began choreographing, writing and directing stage spectaculars for Fortune 500 companies landing major accounts with Nike, DeBeers Diamonds, HP, Apple. More Zap is active in producing entertainment for families, children and teens on behalf of the Boys & Girls Clubs, Greater Conejo Valley Chapter with CEO, Mark Elswick including as Entertainment In-Sponsor for Superstars of the Year inviting and booking celebrities for co-hosting, performing and recording opportunities, and co-directing and choreographing for their events. More Zap has been part of the BGC's increase in recognition for these events. More Zap's Literary Wing has clients published by Audible Amazon, Rowman & Littlefield, Skyhorse and other traditional publishers. Published books include Matthew Shaffer's "So You Want to be a Dancer" and Kym Gold's "Gold Standard," for which there is now an alternative television show in development with a leading production company. In 2017, a memoir by and about Steve Dorff, co-written with Colette Freedman, will be published by BackBeat Books, Hal Leonard. Colette Freedman has enjoyed success for the film release, that is also distributed on Lifetime TV, "Sister Cities" produced with Alfred Molina. Colette Freedman was screenwriter of this feature film, based on her award winning play. Book genres include fiction and non-fiction, memoir, middle grade, narrative non-fiction, prescriptive, Y/A, fantasy/science fiction and humor/novelty titles with rights available for ancillary film/TV. More Zap represents emerging and established talent.Tony Nominee and director/author Brian Lane Green, Tiffany Killoren, Dr. Paul Hokemeyer and Steve Alten have been represented for book deals. In addition, More Zap has strategic relationships for business with Jane Cowen Hamilton, who is consulting Literary Agent focusing on non-fiction. Clients who are making major strides and meeting milestones include Emily Alabi, recurring guest star on MTV's "Teen Wolf" as SkinWalker, Red Sky. Other guest stars include "NCIS" for network. "Deaf Taylor Swift" played by Whitney Meyer, recurring guest star on Ryan Murphy's hit Fox TV series, "Scream Queens." Laur Allen, Dan Istrate, Rebecca Galarza, Henry Knotts, Shiloh Creveling, and Ruby Chase are up and comers in development. Monique Dawes, newly from Australia, is joining the management group to expand her international pursuits. Clients who split time between east and west coasts include Gabrielle Made and Omarr Dixon. Michelle Zeitlin also has co-created original content with partners including Off Shoot Comics for animated fare, and A Group Production for live action digital shorts. Adriano Welch is packaging workshops and Assemblies with the theme "Turn your Passion into Power" with Ms. Zeitlin who will be offering speaking engagements in the US and UK with her literacy, leadership and arts speaking tours with invited guests. More Zap Productions & Management has international partners for talent development and show production, including the original event now being developed with City Connection Entertainment "Bond.James Bond" with Michelle Zeitlin as show writer, director, choreographer and Sal Kuenzler as producer. By: More Zap Productions & Management Bo Diddley Ever heard "I Want Candy" or "Not Fade Away" or "Willie & The Hand Jive", Shirley & Company's "Shame, Shame, Shame" or U2 's "Desire" or George Michael 's "Faith"? If you have, then you've heard the "Bo Diddley beat", the most famous beat in the world! One of the founding fathers of rock 'n' roll, Bo Diddley's innovative pounding and hypnotic, Latin-tinged beat, his vast array of electric custom-built guitars, his use of reverb, tremelo and distortion to make his guitars talk, mumble and roar, his use of female musicians, his wild stage shows, and his on-record and on-stage rapping, pre-date all others. Bo Diddley was born Ellas Bates on Sunday December 30, 1928, on a small farm near the town of McComb, Mississippi, in rural Pike County, close to the Louisiana border, the only child of Ethel Wilson and Eugene Bates, he had three half-brothers and a half-sister. He was adopted by his mother's cousin, Mrs. Gussie McDaniel, along with his cousins Willis, Lucille and Freddie, and adopted the name Ellas McDaniel. In the mid-1'30s the family moved to the south side of Chicago. Soon after, he began to take violin lessons from Professor O.W. Frederick at the Ebenezer Missionary Baptist Church. He studied the violin for 12 years, composing two concertos for the instrument. For Christmas in 1940, his sister Lucille bought him his first guitar, a cheap Harmony acoustic. It was at this time that he acquired the nickname "Bo Diddley" (" . . . Bo Diddley is me; to tell ya the truth, I don't know what it [the name] really is . . . ") from his fellow pupils at the Foster Vocational High School in Chicago. The newly named Bo Diddley had long been fascinated by the rhythms that he heard coming from the sanctified churches. A frustrated drummer, he tried to translate the sounds that he heard into his own style. Gradually he began to duplicate what he did with his violin bow by rapidly flicking his pick across his guitar strings: "I play the guitar as if I'm playing the drums . . . I play drum licks on the guitar." He continued to practice the guitar through his early teens. Shortly before leaving school he formed his first group, a trio named The Hipsters, later known as The Langley Avenue Jive Cats, after the Chicago street where he lived. Upon graduation he pursued a variety of low-paid occupations including truck driving, building site work and boxing, playing locally with his group to supplement his income. Around this time he married his first wife, Louise Woolingham, but the marriage did not survive. A year later he married Ethel "Tootsie" Smith, a marriage that lasted just over a decade. In 1950 maracas player Jerome Green joined the group, followed a year later by harmonica player Billy Boy Arnold. After more than a decade of playing on street corners and in clubs around Chicago, Bo Diddley finally got the chance to cut a demo of 2 songs that he had written; "Uncle John" and "I'm A Man". After various rejections from local record labels (most notably VeeJay), in the spring of 1955 he took the recordings to brothers Leonard and Phil Chess, owners of Chess Records, with studios located at 4750-2 South Cottage Grove Ave. in Chicago. They suggested that he changed the title and the lyrics of "Uncle John" to more reflect his own unique personality. The twp songs were re-recorded at Bill Putnam's Universal Recording Studio at 111 E. Ontario in Chicago on Wednesday, March 2, 1955, and released as a double A-side disc "Bo Diddley"/"I'm A Man" on the Chess Records subsidiary label Checker Records. It went straight to the top of the R&B charts, establishing him as one of the most exciting and original new talents in American music. With musical influences of his own ranging from Louis Jordan to John Lee Hooker , and from 'Nat 'King' Cole' to Muddy Waters , Bo Diddley was now set to help shape and define the sound and presentation of rock music for all time. From Elvis Presley to George Thorogood , from The Rolling Stones to ZZ Top , from The Doors to The Clash , from Buddy Holly to Prince , and from The Everly Brothers to Run DMC, all acknowledged the unique influences of Bo Diddley upon their styles of music. Now in his early 70s, he is still very much active in the recording studio and in the clubs and the concert halls around the world. He performed a rousing version of his classic song "Who Do You Love" with George Thorogood & The Destroyers in front of a TV audience of millions at the Live Aid Concert in Philadelphia in 1985. A couple of years later he was deservedly an early inductee into the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame. In 1996 he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Rhythm 'n' Blues Foundation and in 1998 received another Lifetime Achievement Award, this time from The Recording Academy at that year's annual Grammy Awards Ceremony. In 2000 yet another honor was justifiably awarded to him when he was inducted into The Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. In the words of one of his many famous eponymous songs, "Bo Diddley Put The Rock in Rock 'n' Roll", and remember . . . Bo Knows! Saycon Sengbloh Saycon Sengbloh was born in Atlanta, GA. to an American mother and Liberian father. She has been a featured actress and vocalist in the newest generation of contemporary shows on Broadway and off-Broadway, embracing a new sound of pop, rock, & soul music and production including Rent, Oprah Winfrey's the Color Purple the musical, Disney's Aida, the new revival of Hair, Wicked, Hurt Village, & also the first Afro-beat musical, Fela! where she starred as the delicious Sandra Iszadore. She was photographed and named one of the hottest up and coming acts in the annual juice issue of VIBE magazine. "Fela!" the musical won several Tony awards! Saycon sings on the Grammy nominated soundtracks for "Fela!", "Hair", "Motown the Musical" and also provided backing vocals on the soundtrack for the Julie Taymore film "Across the Universe". The ever versatile actress brings hip-hop to Broadway in Tupac Shakur production "Holler If Ya Hear Me" including Saycon Sengbloh as a muse and rapper to a new generation of theater fans. She began performing as a kid in plays and musicals at Tri-Cities School for Visual and Performing Arts and attended Agnes Scott College and has been seen in commercials, print ads, and on the cover of the New York Times Best seller: "Big Girls Don't Cry" by Connie Brisco. After numerous productions with the Freddie Hendrick's Youth Ensemble of Atlanta. She has worked with directors Kenny Leon, Michael Greif, Charles Randolph-Wright, & Tyler Perry among others. She is very proud to have appeared in the films of female directors Julie Dash and Julie Taymore. Saycon Sengbloh has a cult following among New York theatre fans as the first woman of African descent to perform the role of Elphaba the Wicked witch of the West in Universal's hugely popular musical "Wicked" and as an indie music artist and songwriter she has released several songs available online and music videos including, "Be Here", "Warrior" and "Possible". Chris Patton Born in Houston, Texas. Started in acting/ singing in Opera and Musical Theatre at the age of ten. Began his Voice Over career in 1999 with ADV Films. He has voiced over 200 Anime titles for ADV Films, Sentai Filmworks, FUNimation Entertainment, Okratraon 5000, and Du Art, including such iconic shows as Dragonball Z, Pokemon, Fullmetal Alchemist, and Soul Eater. Chris has also narrated over eighty Audiobooks, fronted a synthpop band called Paul Lynde is Dead, written a YA book about emo vampires called Scene Immortal, and currently resides in Annapolis, Maryland with his partner, Richard Davis. Emily Tosta Extraordinary and talented are just a few words to describe innate artist Emily Tosta. Emily has been in the entertainment business since the age of six, when she discovered her passion for singing, acting and dancing. At that same age, Emily started being recognized by the local media because of a print campaign she did for the distinguished magazine A La Moda in Dominican Republic. She began her acting career at the age of eight, with a lead role in the well-known musical 'The Pied Piper of Hamelin.' It was then that she began refining her musical and acting skills and began booking projects in those fields, landing her first acting job in 'Annie: The Musical.' It wasn't before long that this Santo Domingo native was getting roles in various musicals such as 'The Miracle of Fatima,' 'Alice in Wonderland,' 'Cats,' 'Like in Broadway,' and 'A Christmas Adventure in Broadway,' to name a few. Her youthful determination and irrefutable talent have also taken Emily into other artistic fields. She has been featured in print advertisements for companies such as 'Dino Cookies,' 'La Sirena Kids,' 'Tamarindo YA,' 'D.E Enterprises,' among others. She has also starred in numerous commercials for brands like 'Carnation,' 'Dominican Qoala,' 'Claro TV,' 'Malla Group,' and some more. Furthermore, Emily has done important runway shows such as 'Dominican Fashion Week,' 'Virginia's House Beauty and Fashion Fair,' 'Jaragua Hotel Beauty Fair' and 'Pink Runway.' In addition, Emily's TV credits also include guest-starring roles on Latin shows such as 'Noche de Luz,' 'Hola Gente,' 'Navidad Espectacular' and 'Sabado Chiquito de Corporan' (her participation here was done in such an extraordinary way that she was requested to be the hostess of this four hour live show in which she gained the audience's hearts). Emily's mother decided it was time to expand her career so they moved to sunny Miami, FL when she was 12 years old. Over there, Emily booked roles in short films such as 'Just Do Good' and 'Trapped.' She guest-starred in Telemundo's 'Dama Y Obrero' and also booked a lead role on the web-series 'United Families.' Additionally, Emily did a news segment for Univision's Generacion 23. However, it doesn't stop there, she did her first professional singing gig at age twelve when she performed the National Anthem in a recognition act in the city of Miami for the Supreme Court Judge of The United States of America. That led her to continue her music career by singing at events such as The Pub Club Opening, events by the American Cancer Society Fundraiser, events related to the Venezuelan Elections, and many others. After living in Miami for almost 4 years, the Tosta family decided it was time to make the big move to Los Angeles, California. A few weeks after arriving, Emily signed with the prestigious 'The Corsa Agency,' having Thomas Richards as her agent. Emily recently finished filming her latest project, 'The Last Ship' which will be airing Summer 2014 on TNT. Emily devotes a lot of her time helping the community and working with organizations such as Music For Your Heart Foundation, PETA, The Dream Center, Los Angeles Children's Hospital, Operation Smiles, and more. When Emily isn't working, she loves to stay active by doing outdoor activities and attending TRX classes, Ballet, Modern Dance and Yoga. She also enjoys hanging out with her family and friends, swimming, playing guitar and piano, making YouTube videos, and helping families, kids and animals in need. Paul Braaten Paul Braaten was recently cast as an Actor for his Second National TV Commercial in two months, (Dairy Farmers Of Canada) acting as a Hockey Player Drinking milk. This was a big budget Shoot and during the filming, Paul suffered a setback of frostbitten Toes, but managed to finish the commercial shoot. This Commercial gives Him the platform to now move into an ACTRA Apprentice Role. Paul also starred in a "Princess Auto"Commercial pictured Driving a Monster Truck. Braaten gave a local reporter a recent interview, and was quoted as Saying "Well Ya, its been a long arduous trail thru the Non Union World of Indie Productions, But I am so grateful for running into Rookie Director Patrick Strevens and being included in his Hard Hitting Indie Movie "Driftwood" , Strevens believed in Me giving me that supporting role as Rob Johnson and I will always be appreciative of the Inclusion in the Movie. In November of 2016, Braaten was cast as "Brad" in Legendary Director Tom Logan's TV Pilot, called "Karma". This Pilot may be picked up in 2017 by a Network. Braaten was thankful for the opportunity to work with such an amazing cast, and especially the director , Tom Logan. Paul was born in North Vancouver, British Columbia on December 8th, 1979 and always dreamed of playing in the NHL, making it all the Way to the East Coast Hockey League suiting up for the Long Beach Ice Dogs in 2003. Paul is a University of Fredericton Graduate with a degree in Occupational Health and Safety Processes in 2009. After spending ten years working in the Oilfields of Northern Canada, Paul decided to refocus his attention towards acting. Braaten is a former Pro Hockey Player with the Long Beach Ice Dogs, and also suited up for the Burnaby Bulldogs in the BCHL as a Junior Hockey Player. He played for the West Sydney Ice Dogs in the Australian Pro Hockey League in 2005 before turning his attention towards raising a family in Canada.He also starred in Nomadic Pictures Gemini Award winning TV Series (Hooked Up - 2004). Paul was instrumental in the Reality show's Gemini Award win as He was in all 6 (1 hour Episodes) and this TV Show appeared on A Channel and Toronto 1. Paul has two young sons, Paul Jr. and Noah. Paul just finished filming in Patrick Streven's Movie "Driftwood" (2017) as "Rob Johnson" an angry man who's dedication towards his cheating wife, ends with a culmination of violence in this hard hitting movie which will be screened at Film Festivals in Canada, USA and Mexico in the fall of 2016. Braaten recently finished starring in a Commercial for Joe Media, as a Monster Truck Driver for Princess Auto He was just hired to work on the TV Series Pilot, Karma "assumptions" acting as principal in the role of "Brad". Tom Logan will be directing this Series and Braaten is extremely excited to join the cast. This past summer Braaten was picked up as a Hitman in the Short "Pocket Full of Nuts" Directed by Dave Prokopchuk. This Short will be coming to the screen in the spring of 2017. "Yes, was awesome working with Dave and the star Garry Maclean in this amazing picture, really happy to work on that flick" Braaten was quoted as saying. Braaten appeared in "Hell On Wheels" Season 5 as a Mormon Guard pictured dragging Brigham Young into the office after he was stabbed, then seen restraining Cullen Bohannon as Cullen try's to break thru Braaten guarding the office door. He appears in one of the last 3 Episodes of HOW in the history of the show. He was recently quoted at stating " I had many conversations with Anson about how the scene should play out, and in between Anson doing 30 push ups prior to each take, he took the time to explain various acting skill sets to get your self jacked up for scenes, and push ups is just one of them" . Braaten also appeared in the TV Series "Hug O Gram" by Todd Kipp back in 2015. Paul landed a speaking role in the movie "Chokehold" which stars Locklyn Munroe. Braaten plays a MMA Referee in the movie. Braaten's main objective is to hone his craft, and continue to gain experience and significant acting roles. His long term goals are to appear in LA Based Actra Movies once he joins the union. He has previously had the opportunity to gain entrance into the union, but has turned them down so He is able to focus on all the non union opportunities that present themselves, based on advice from an old friend, and star actor, Jason Cermak. Damon Lipari Damon Lipari was born in Patterson LA. Since he was 6 years old he wanted to be like his idols Pistol Pete and Michael Jordan. His love for basketball followed him through the years until he attended LSU. His passion for acting took over and he started to prepare himself for a move to Hollywood after he graduated. Damon with his wife Laurianne aka YaYa and two best friends Lyle Brocato and Angelena Swords Brocato packed everything they had in two cars and headed out west. Damon quickly picked up an agent and started booking commercial work. Ironically, Damon's first film work was on the CBS made for TV movie Vampire Bats which was filmed where he grew up, New Orleans LA. The production was moved half way through due to Hurricane Katrina to Halifax Nova Scotia. After it wrapped Damon quickly jumped on to The Guardian with Kevin Costner and Ashton Kutcher, Initiation of Sarah with Mika Boorem, Summer Glau and JoAnna Garcia Swisher, and A Perfect Day with Rob Lowe, Paget Brewster and Christopher Lloyd. After filming 5 straight movies in his native state Damon decided to make home.. home again. Other titles include Memphis Beat, Shark Night 3D, Breakout Kings, Halt and Catch Fire, When the Game Stands Tall, The Originals and his latest Navy Seals vs. Zombies. Damon's goal is to one day play Pistol Pete in a movie made about the legendary basketball player. Another goal is to one day be endorsed by Nike and design his own shoes. Damon and his wife YaYa have a daughter Wesly Lu, a son McHale Christopher Ren and a dog named Luke Duke. Erica Dickerson Erica was destined to be in the entertainment industry. Born and raised in Los Angeles to a Hall of Fame football star and renowned celebrity makeup artist for a mother, Erica was instantly inspired by the lifestyle she was exposed to at an early age. The oldest of four, Erica started out as a child model at age nine and appeared in numerous campaigns including Macy's and Levi's among others. Meanwhile, she put together performance showcases anywhere she could and from there, Erica quickly found herself guest starring on hit television shows such as Ally McBeal, Traffic Light and Drake & Josh. Now a young adult, Erica is as adept at portraying strong, sexy women as she is playing vulnerable and complicated characters. This summer Erica made her starring role debut in the first original scripted television series on the Fuse network, titled The Hustle. The Hustle premiered to the highest rating the network has had to date and is awaiting a season 2. Erica plays Ya-Ya, an A&R professional trying to get rap duo, "Brooklyn's Finest", signed to a major record label while also trying to balance relationships, loyalties, a politics within her personal life and the industry. She will next be guest starring in the second season of the hit BET series The Real Husbands of Hollywood and just wrapped the BET movie, Let The Church Say Amen, with Leila Rochon and Steve Harris for Regina King, who is making her directorial debut. Hiromi Oshima Deliciously lithe, busty, and enticing brunette knockout Hiromi Oshima was born on January 6, 1980 in Tokyo, Japan. Oshima has a B.A. in communications and speaks fluent English, Spanish, and Japanese. She eventually moved to Miami Beach, Florida and first tried out for "Playboy" magazine scouts for the 50th Anniversary Playmate Hunt. After posing for a couple of newsstand special editions and being featured in a pictorial in the December, 2003 issue of the famous men's magazine, Hiromi was chosen to be the Playmate of the Month for June, 2004. Oshima has the distinction of being the first Japanese woman to be a Playmate. She went on to pose for a few more newsstand special editions and has appeared in several "Playboy" videos. Moreover, Hiromi was the January girl in the 2005 "Playmates at Play at the Playboy Mansion" swimsuit calendar. Outside of modeling, Oshima has also worked as a photo production coordinator, stylist, and producer for a number of magazine covers and photo shoots. She appeared as herself both in the comedy film "The House Bunny" and on the realty TV series "The Girls Next Door." Hiromi is featured in the music video for "Shake Ya Tailfeather" by Nelly, Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, and Murphy Lee. She has small roles in the movies "Bchelor Party 2: The Last Temptation" and "Race to Witch Mountain." Crystal Shaw Martell Crystal Shaw Martell will be releasing her newly mastered CD entitled, " Thank Ya' Baby!". This popular collection includes love songs written to the child from the parents' perspective. Ms. Shaw-Martell received a contract with Mercury Label to release her first CD years ago, but chose to raise her beautiful family and share the music in other ways. Next week, she has chosen to release her CD independently through CD Baby, and several other professional sites. Crystal has been writing, recording and performing these songs for the past couple of years to delighted crowds, largely consisting of happy kids. The music genre includes:Pop Rock, Pop Hip Hop, a Waltz, Ballads and Lullabies, Folk songs, and Disney-esque stories. The first song in this collection which Ms. Shaw Martell composed, was a dedication for her newly adopted son, many years ago. From then on, interest from films, labels, studious, children's programs, and such, took over, and helped encourage this actor to branch out more into the world of music. Having a strong music background from the age of 7 years old, and an extensive musical comedy history , it was a natural marriage. "Thank Ya Baby!" includes nine original songs with lyrics and music by Miss Shaw Martell. These are stories told of the love and celebration of her children. Children everywhere enjoy the music, and sometimes parents just need a break to listen to great music not specifically targeted to kids only. Several of these songs were used in the film "Have A Periwinkle Day," winner of the 1998 New York /Film Festival, for Best Short, written by Crystal Shaw Martell. Ms. Shaw Martell says she recently found the film, and her director and editor are currently piecing together scenes to be viewed online. Kapish OJO Osarenren John Ogbebor, popularly known as alias MR KAPISH' born on 25/12/1982 to Mr & Mrs Rev. G.O Ogbebor. He is very keen to learn and work hard on new projects/ work sphere. He is into modelling, acting,A&R,VOA and Founder K-Live Entertainment.Someone who has an undying passion for music, modelling, acting, dancing,fashion styling and promotion. Works as a model, actor,A&R ,VOA and Online PR also on his final year studying Music Industry and Event Management(-BA Hons). He can be identified as an extremely driven and motivated with excellent people skills.[1][2]When there is a mention of the Afro Hip Hop in UK,the name Mr Kapish will definitely ring a bell, he has been the pioneered of some musical artists based in UK and Africa at large and he also has worked with the famous 'Crack Ya Ribs' event organizers held at the O2 Indigo Arena, promotion of artists touring in UK, campaigns, commercials, gigs and more . John Ogbebor is one of the contestants on Britain's biggest and funniest prime-time game show called 'Wild Things' second series, that requires physical obstacles and five figure sum cash prize for the winner. The show is scheduled to be shown on Sky1-TV in 2016 and also available on demand.He was also a contestant on the ITV show(Pick Me) held in October 2015. Among other projects done by John is DC shoes Commercials,HP commercials/corporate,Tesco, and movies like 'The Pimp, NYSM2, ITV drama Marcella and more to come. He is currently signed with Kreate Live brand group as an ambassador/artist under Kreate Group. Mr Kapish has upcoming projects in modelling, fashion styling, leading roles in big future films/movies and releases of more musical tunes from the arts under his owned musical label 'K-Live Entertainment'.[3][4] Acting, modelling, commercial modelling, fashion, extras, dancing and stylist has always been in him.John Ogbebor loves fashion and can be described as a fashion stylish individual, cute, romantic, good hear-ted , understanding and friendly . John Ogbebor has been engaging, working and carrying out jobs on modelling, acting,Television game shows, extras,A&R, music/ entertainment and he is very motivated to do more in the field of acting, modelling, promotions, management, commercials/ extras and any job roles that falls into entertainment / showbiz spots. He lives in London and willing to travel any distance if job opportunity arrives. John Ogbebor is keen to learn and offer his skills, experience and reality projects that he has done in all his work projects and education sectors. He do not take failure or disappointment for an answer. Achieving the best goal is always his appetite and being able to face new challenges, competing with top competitors/brands in the entertainment business will always be his target. Arron Crascall An English online personality from Dover in Kent. He is famous for his catchphrase "see ya later". Social media celebrity Arron Crascall has amassed followers hitting the millions for his comedy online videos. His content across vine, Facebook, Instagram and YouTube has proved so popular, it's had him work alongside the likes of Kevin Hart, Ice Cube and Tinchy Stryder. Laurie Ann Carr Slim, sensuous and gorgeous brunette knockout Laurie Ann Carr was born on December 11, 1965 in Dallas, Texas. Laurie had a very conservative upbringing. Carr studied commercial art in Texas, but eventually quit to become a model. One of Laurie's friends sent her pictures to "Playboy." She was the Playmate of the Month in the December, 1986 issue of "Playboy." Carr was featured in a few "Playboy" videos and posed for a bunch of "Playboy" newsstand special editions. Moreover, Laurie embarked on a brief acting career: She had a small role as a nurse in the horror comedy "Mortuary Academy" and made a guest appearance on an episode of the TV series "Full House." In addition, she was featured as the cover model on the albums "Stick It To Ya" and "Stick It Live" by the hard rock band Slaughter. Carr married rock musician Robbin Crosby from the heavy metal group Ratt in 1987; the couple divorced in 1991. Laurie Ann Carr now works as a chiropractor. Varsha Usgaonkar Varsha Usgaonkar is an Indian film actress from Goa, who has worked in various Bollywood and Marathi movies as the leading lady. During the 1990s, she was the most popular actress in Marathi cinema. Varsha has to her credit many Marathi hits such as Sawat Majhi Ladki, Navari Mile Navryala, Dhumakul, Lapandaav, Aflatoon, Gadbal Gotala and others. She has also starred as the lead actress in the Bollywood films Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi and Pathreela Raasta. In 2005 she appeared in the Bollywood films Mangal Pandey and Mr Ya Miss as a supporting actress. In the Faisal Saif-directed controversial Hindi feature Film, Jigyaasa, Varsha played Mother to Hrishitaa Bhatt. The role of Uttara, wife of Abhimanyu and mother of Parikshit, (the future of the Bharat Dynasty in Mahabharata) created a turning point in her career and she is indeed remembered for her short performance in the epic. Varsha started her television career in the late 1990s, after taking a hiatus from movies. She has appeared in the Marathi shows Aakash Zep and Eka Mekansathi, and she has also acted in the Hindi television serials Alvida Darling, Tanhaa and Anhonee. She has two sisters Tosha and Manisha. She is the daughter of Goas former speaker. Dan Willmott Dan Willmott - Strong Solid Comforting ACTRA AFTRA-SAG An International Award winning Actor, Voice Talent and Coach. Played Paul Lewis with Candace Cameran and Alan Thicke for the Halmark Movie of the week "Let it Snow" due for release this Christmas. Acting credits include Supernatural, Smallville, Mean Girls, General Hospital, Volkswagen "Tiguan", Home Hardware and the Beverly Hills Playhouse. VO clients include (Television and Radio) Home Hardware, Fox TV, Cedar Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, The Nelson Mandella 90th Birthday Celebration, Smarter than a 5th Grader, CMT, Virgin Mobile, MTV, CTV, CBC, Dunkin Donuts, Ford, Syncrude, General Motors, Western Union, Budweiser, Honda, Taco Bell...... and the list goes on and on. Dan is the founder, inspiration and Class/Workshop designer of VoiceSPOT WCS (Since 1996) Oh Ya and He Wrestled a Bear!!! On the Grandstand Stage of The Calgary Stampede! Amr Diab Amr Daib was born in Port Said, Egypt into an artistic family. His father Abdul Basset Diab worked for the Suez Canal Corporation where he was chairman of Marine Construction & Shipbuilding. He possessed a fine singing voice and encouraged the young Amr to sing. One evening, when Amr was only 6 years old, his father took him to the July 23rd Festival at Port Said. There they visited the local broadcasting station and Amr made his first singing appearance on Egyptian Radio performing the National Anthem "Biladi, Biladi". He was praised by the Governor of Port Said who gave him a guitar as a prize. Amr began his music studies at the music faculty of the Cairo Academy Art and from which he graduated in 1986. His first album, "Ya Tareeq", followed shortly and it was an instant success. There have been, since then, a further 16 top selling albums in a prolific recording career which has established him as the super star of the Arab World. Deepa Sahi Deepa Sahi A gold medalist from Delhi School of economics and a graduate of National School of drama took up acting as a stepping stone to the world of films. Her raw good looks and immense praise from the reputed New York critic of the Village voice -Jim Hobberman-for a role she had done in an FTII film, brought her into the lime light and garnered her numerous offers from reputable filmmakers. Govind Nihalani was one of her earliest collaborations with whom she made her debut in 1984 with the film Party and then went on to act in Aghaat 1985. She was noted for her artistic talents in both films, but her truly eminent act was in Tamas, the partition of India saga where she played the low-caste Punjabi woman Karmo. She worked with the much celebrated commercial film director Mukul Anand's Hum where she played a Steller role along with India's biggest super stars Rajnikant and Amitabh Bachchan. Deepa very early turned a producer in 1992 along with her partner Ketan Mehta the internationally acclaimed director with the film 'Maya Memsaab', an Indo-French-British co-production based on Flaubert's Madam Bovary. She has also starred in Oh Darling! Yeh hai India with Shah Rukh Khan and Aar ya Paar with Jackie Shroff. She has so far produced 8 feature films, 10 TV series and numerous ads and documentaries. Deepa Sahi is also the promoter of Maya Digital Studios a leading animation and VFX studio in India, and she served as its CEO from 2000 to 2003. She is reputed to have a perfect blend of both creative and management talents and currently her company is producing original animation content for Nickelodeon, Discovery and Disney. She has also been on the Jury of the prestigious t "Indian Television Academy Awards". In 2012 she became a director and is now in pre-production of a Indo- Canadian project being produced by India's Maya Movies and The Film Works an independent production company based in Toronto, Canada. Mai Ezzidine Since an early age, Mai Ezzidine was chosen to address the audiences at the nursery graduation party, even at the EGC school in Alexandria she was the leader of the school theatrical group. She had interests in arts too, she liked making portraits, this is not far from her family, as her Uncle Raouf Nassry, is the well known caricature artist in the famous Sabah El Kheir and Rosal Youssef Egyptian magazine. She recently graduated from the Faculty of Arts, Social Department. Unlike many of her colleagues, the young Mai was determined to start an acting career. Back in 2001, she learnt that 'Mouhamed Fouad', the popular Egyptian singer was looking for a fresh new face to star opposite in his project film Rehlet Hob - aka A love journey. She took the initiative and asked director Mounir Radi - a friend of the family - to introduce her to Mouhamed El Nagar the director of the subject film. El Nagar found in her a fresh pretty face and talent, in turn, he introduced her to Mouahmed Fouad who was also taken by her beauty, and he gave her first leading role. Mai's second appearance was in TV series Ayna Qalbi - aka Where is my heart, and career began to develop after she was discovered in this most popular series. The Sobki's brothers, the famous producers known for not missing a single chance, heard of her success, soon they made a phone call to Mai, and made her an offer she could not refuse. They offered her a challenging role, the role of a poor, uneducated girl. Desperate to jump-start her acting career, she accepted, especially when she knew that Abla Kamel and Mena Shalaby (whom she previously worked with in TV series (Ayna Qalbi) were going to be cast in the film. By then, her name was known, and her talent was obviously clear, strings of roles followed, some came extremely good and some not. Director Magdy Abu Emeira, her discoverer, gave her another leading role in TV series Al Haqiqa Wa Al Sarab - aka The truth and the mirage; starring Fifi Abdu. Mai brilliantly played the role of Manal, Fifi's daughter. Still believing in the importance of the big screen, she made another two films, which were not a success. She starred opposite Amer Mounib in film Kimo Wa Antimo, and then she starred solely in film Farah. Although these films failed, yet, Mai considers her role in film Farah as one of her best. Lastly, Mai had three TV series aired during the month of Ramadan, Ya Ward Meen Yeshrereek, Leqaa Ala Al Hawa, and Mahmoud El Masry. Although working in three sets is so exhausting, she had to do it. She could not ignore the offer of the great star Samira Ahmed who called her to offer her a role in TV series Ya Ward Meen Yeshtereek. Mai now pays more care in selecting her roles; she likes the challenge in playing new characters, regardless of the material profit. Gamil Ratib He graduated from the School of French Law, and completed his university studies in France. The first movie appearance was in 1946 through the movie (I Am The East), and then returned to France again to continue the art work in the cinema, and then returned to Egypt again with the mid-seventies, and began appearing in Egyptian cinema since that time intensively, co-starring in a large number of Egyptian movies, including: (Kafany Ya Kalb), (No Consolation For Women), (Love In The Prison), (The Beginning), (The Birds Of Te Dark), and at the level of TV drama he shared in a number of series as: (Yawmiat Wanees , (El-Raya al-Bayda), (The Friends), (The Face Of The Moon).	Tennessee Williams
Tun Tavern, Philadelphia is considered the official birthplace of which US armed forces branch, when they held their first recruitment drive there in 1775 following a Continental Congress mandate?	http://www.felixonline.co.uk/archive/IC_2007/2007_1388_A by Ravi Pall - issuu issuu The student newspaper of Imperial College London Issue 1,388 Friday 23 November 2007 felixonline.co.uk Award winning Inside Worldâ€™s best playwrights Live! wins Guardian student website of the year, see page 3 Pages 18 & 19 One (Queen) mother of a lecture Page 6 Scaling the cliffs of the Andes Pages 30 & 31 Friday 23 November 2007 News News Editor – Andrew Somerville Candidate successfully elected with 2 votes having been rejected in a faculty-wide election only weeks beforehand Going back to basics Tom Roberts & Andrew Somerville Severe flaws in Imperial College Union’s election procedures were highlighted as the purpose of the RON campaign was undermined and rendered pointless. At Monday night’s Council meeting, a by-election was held to fill the outstanding positions from last month’s student-body election. However, one candidate who had previously been beaten by RON (Re-Open Nominations) in the undergraduate CGCUwide election stood again and was successfully elected as a Councillor, even though she garnered even fewer votes this time round compared to last. In last month’s Council elections the candidate in question, Rosie Smithells, collected 8 votes out of 74. 11 undergraduate engineering students voted RON. Students are supposed to vote RON if they are not satisfied that the candidates running are up to scratch. In the event of RON winning, the elections are supposed to be run again, however since this process takes about a month the Union decided to run a by-election at Council. Council is an open meeting but due to the political apathy on campus it is rarely attended by anyone other than Councillors and the most keen of students, thus only 7 people present were eligible to vote for the “Undergraduate Engineering Representative” category, compared to 74 voters in the original election. Owen Connick received 5 votes, whilst Rosie Smithells collected the remaining 2 votes leaving RON with 0. Thus RON lost by only 2 votes in the by-election, but won by 3 votes in the original election. Ms Smithells was perfectly entitled to re-run for a position on Council; nothing prohibits this in the Union Constitution (a huge document detailing the ins-and-outs of how the Union must be run), however the whole debacle has highlighted how flawed the elections procedures are. In the current system, 7 votes cast by engineers present at a Council by-election hold more weight than 74 votes from the whole engineering body. This suggests that the views held by people who turn up to Council (an event which even the politically-interested find too boring to contemplate attending) are more valuable than the views of those who were interested enough to actually vote in the election-proper. Furthermore, the purpose of RON has been questioned. Currently RON functions with the hope that more candidates will come forward in the subsequent election, however the system is flawed when nobody new stands; a persistent candidate can keep standing for election unless they are beaten to it felix 1,388 Friday 23/11/07 by someone else. In theory, the electorate can keep voting RON until the candidate improves their election campaign or gets fed up with standing. However, the electorate effectively changed during these Council elections: from a facultywide pool of students to one restricted to those who bothered to attend Monday night’s committee meeting. It has been argued that nothing was strictly wrong with the by-election since it was open to all engineering students. Whilst true, this is hugely unrealistic; advertising for the by-election has been nonexistent, and even then how many students are willing to turn up to a meeting compared to going online and voting? If Ms Smithells had written a manifesto or campaigned at all for the initial election she would have almost certainly been elected, but at least she has turned up to all the Council sessions this term. One candidate who was successfully elected during the by-election didn’t even attend the by-election meeting due to having rugby practice on Mondays. Council is always held on a Monday, begging the question, how will Mr Saleme be able to attend in future meetings if he can’t even make it to his own election? In fact, the only person not to be elected at the by-election was one Jon Matthews, last seen storming out of Council following his resignation after the second rejection of his GSA report, losing by 11 votes to Amar Joshi. Electing Councillors has been a painful process this year and there are still positions to be filled on the committee. The problems with the election process need examining; it is absurd that someone can re-run for an election so soon after the student body has decided they are not fit for the position, especially when the second pool of voters is smaller than the first. As with all democracy, it seems that those with the most hunger for power will always be the ones being “elected”. Felix, Beit Quad, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BB. Tel: 020 7594 8072. Fax: 020 7594 8065. Printed by The Harmsworth Printing Ltd, 17 Brest Road, Derriford, Plymouth. Registered newspaper ISSN 1040-0711. Copyright © Felix 2007. Felix was brought to you by: Politics Editor Li-Teck Lau News Editor Andrew Somerville Arts Editors Mike Cook Rosie Grayburn Caz Knight David Paw Layout Editors Jemil Salami Sumera Shahaney Murray Angus Sally Longstaff Music Editors Jenny Gibson Matty Hoban Copy Editors Louise Etheridge Tom Culley Anthony Maina Welfare Editors Nigel Cooke Kirsty Patterson Science Editor Ed Henley Business Editor Afonso Campos Film Editor Alex Casey Games Editors Azfarul Islam Sebastian Nordgren Travel Editors Nadine Richards Ahranyan Arnold Fashion Editor Sarah Skeete Sports Editor Jovan Nedić Food Editor Oroma Oyewole Photography Sally Longstaff Vitali Lazurenko Congrats to Live! and Peter! Being a world famous rock star is a fairly worthy achievement in life, but Queen guitarist Brian May isn’t stopping there. Having recently become Dr May during the summer, he has since gone a step further. On Monday he was confirmed as the new Chancellor for Liverpool John Moores University. Essentially, he will be crucial in raising the university’s profile by acting as an ambassador, something that shouldn’t be too difficult judging by the amount of column inches he has generated since returning to academia. OF TEH WEEK Brian May slowly taking over the world of academia LOLCATS 7 > 74: Council’s new maths [email protected] News [email protected] Live! scoops award live.cgcu.net named best student website at 2007 Guardian Student Media Awards. Felix takes best travel writer award Tom Roberts Editor-in-Chief This year’s Guardian Student Media Awards took place on Wednesday evening at the KOKO nightclub in Camden. Students news website Live! (live.cgcu.net) beat four other nominees to take the best student website award, whilst Felix’s Peter Dominiczak took student travel writer of the year. Live! defeated websites from Durham University (durham21.co.uk), Sheffield University (shefsteel.com) and two from York University (nouse.co.uk and theyorker.co.uk). Live! has had an eventful year. The website forced College’s hand into revealing who the next Rector of Imperial College would be, namely Sir Roy Anderson. It helped voice the opinions of many students who were angry with the TfL (Transport for London) because they had been overcharged when using their Oyster cards, resulting in the BBC picking up on the story. The Guardian Media Awards panellists praised Live! for its frequently updated content, its use of video material partly thanks to stoictv and also because of its active interaction with students through its message boards. One notable article over the summer period generated 185 replies; the posts largely consisted of many angry Wye students disappointed with their degree results. Live! Editor, Ashley Brown, won a cheque for £1,000, one week of work experience with The Guardian and heaps of kudos. He said that he was “delighted with the result” and that his plans for “world domination are now truly in motion.” Felix lost its crown as best student newspaper having not even been nominated in the category. However, Felix was nominated in the student travel writer category this year and Peter Dominiczak took the award, along with £500 and one week of work experience with the Guardian. Mr Dominiczak wrote about his trip 3 Union-sponsored Pole Dancers/Ann Summers party S HAG week is being overshadowed by student outcry over accusations of gender discrimination in the Union events. This year’s SHAG (Sexual Health Awareness and Guidance) Week has a number of events organised to highlight sexual health matters, including a debate over Government HIV policy, a cake sale, an Ann Summers Party (for girls only), and pole dancers. The last two of these have drawn criticism over the exclusion of men from the Ann Summers party, and the perceived sexism inherent in pole dancing. The Union President and Deputy President (Education and Welfare) have responded by consulting the Equal Opportunities Policy, and have issued a statement to the effect that there is no breach of the policy, and therefore they are pleased to allow the event to continue. Whilst arguments over the taste and discrimination of such events are necessary, SHAG week is an event with good aims to educate and further the agenda of sexual health, which shouldn’t be overshadowed by such debates. For more information on SHAG week and also for sexual health advice, turn to the page 11 Students voice their opinions on Union’s bars and catering L Left, Felix’s Peter Dominiczak who won best student travel writer and right, Ashley Brown, the Live! Editor which won best student website to tourist-infested Lithuania and also his adventure in the Quantocks, Somerset with a man simply known as Big Iain. Mr Dominiczak, who didn’t even know he had been put forward for nomination until last month when he was contacted by The Guardian said: “it was an excellent surprise to win, especially since I went on to do journalism in the summer after leaving Imperial.” The big winner on the night this year was York University which won seven awards in total. York Vision took student newspaper of the year. Heidi Blake, editor of York’s news website Nouse won student journalist of the year and also student feature writer of the year. York University completed their haul by taking student critic of the year as well as student reporter of the year. ast week on Wednesday, Union staff members along with Deputy President (Finance & Services) Chris Larvin held this term’s Trading Forum. Students were invited to air their views on the Union’s bars and catering outlets. The event was very successful even though Mr Larvin admitted that he was “sceptical” before the event about how many students would turn up. Around 30 people attended the Forum; a far better turnout that last year. The main complaints were about the speed of service, most notably in dB’s where some customers have been left queuing whilst the staff watch the panini press do its work. Similarly, Da Vinci’s was also criticised because queuing times have forced students to eat elsewhere on campus. The bars have also come under fire for providing an “horrifically slow service.” The Union has taken note of these issues most of which have been addressed as staff training issues. Other problems highlighted includ- ed the number of flies in the bars as well as the use of disposable cutlery and plastic skiffs – the latter point was raised by the Environmental Society who remain concerned by the amount of waste being disposed. Some of the freshers who attended the forum expressed their enjoyment at the Freshers’ Week entertainments which fits in with the good performances of the bars this term. A number of students called for a wider variety of fancy dress nights in the Union along with foam parties, however the latter has been ruled out due to the damage that floors will sustain. One final request made was for more drinks deals and offers, something that Mr Larvin said he feels the Union “is missing out on.” The next Trading Forum, including free food, will happen sometime next term. If you missed this one and want to voice your opinions now, email Chris Larvin on [email protected] PhD students left unpaid for demonstrating work? Andrew Turley Changes to the Chemistry Department’s policy on demonstrating have left many second year PhD students believing that they have been unpaid for hours worked last year. Science departments across the country rely on PhDs to supervise experiments in their undergraduate teaching laboratories. Many students come to rely on money earned this way to supplement their basic stipend. However, last year Imperial’s Chemistry Department stopped making direct payments to departmentally funded PhDs for this work. The new students, who are now in their second year, were instead required to complete a yearly quota of 100 hours. Existing PhDs, who chose to do work demonstrating, were paid directly for their time. Following unrest from the postgraduate community, the department has now reversed this decision, and as of October this year, all PhDs will be paid for demonstrating at the standard rate of £11.60 per hour. A student working 100 hours would earn £1,160. These payments however, will not be extended to cover hours completed last year. Some have suggested the department has squeezed the postgraduate community in order to offset its burgeoning teaching bill. Speaking on behalf of the Chemistry department, Professor James Durrant, Director of Postgraduate Studies, refuted claims that second year PhDs have been left uncompensated. He said: “In 2006 we implemented a scheme whereby all PhD students were required to participate in demonstrating; in return the department contributed to the overall PhD stipend. This change was made to distribute demonstrating more equitably amongst the students, which we see as a valuable part of their training. However, the departmental contribution made by this route was less visible than via the historic method of direct payment, as it was factored into the basic stipend, and resulted in some students feeling that they were doing unpaid work. “On reviewing PhD funding for 2007-2008, we decided that the mechanism introduced in 2006 was overall not beneficial and so reverted to direct payment for hours worked. This was partly because of the damaging, but unfounded, perception that students were doing unpaid work, and partly to ensure that those students who take on demonstrating roles are in fact motivated to do so.” According to the affected students however, the individual stipends were not significantly increased for the 2006-2007 year. They received £14,300, much in line with other departments at Imperial, and elsewhere in London. Instead the money went into the overall departmental contribution and was used to fund additional studentships, something the department informed them of at the start of the year. They also claim they had not been made aware of these obligations before arriving in 2006, despite insistence to the contrary from the department. The Chemistry department where some second year PhD students have reported they felt they were doing unpaid work 4 Friday 23 November 2007 Comment, Opinion & Letters Let us know your views: [email protected] Letters may be edited for length and grammar purposes Views on these pages are not representative of Felix Let’s talk about God, Matty Richard Criddle IC Christian Union President T wo weeks ago (#1,386, “Let’s talk about God, baby”) Matty Hoban introduced the new Atheist and Agnostic Society. On behalf of the Christian Union I’d like to say welcome. I was surprised a month ago to learn that Imperial didn’t have an Atheist society and it’s good to have you around. I was encouraged by your call to be pro-active against apathy and would completely stand by it. A couple of days ago I came across a quote from Martin Luther King, “A man who won’t die for something is not fit to live.” Surely bumbling through life with no direction or vision is just a waste of time. It puzzles me, though, how you intend to stop apathy and promote atheism at the same time. Personally, the notion that we are here as a cosmic insignificance due to 15 billion years of good luck to live our, say, 24x365x80 hours and then return to non-existence and be forgotten in a hundred years (how many of your great grandparents’ names do you know, let alone jobs, friends and favourite colours?) doesn’t thrill me. Rather it leaves me feeling pretty indifferent to the choices that I have open to me – what difference will it make, really, whether I’m a doctor or a plumber or just a grumpy old man? The apostle Paul wrote: “If in this life only we have hoped in Christ, we are of all people most to be pitied…If the dead are not raised, ‘Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die’ ” (1 Corinthians 15:19,32 - The Bible). He argues that if there’s nothing more than we can see around us we might as well just have some fun before we die. However, given Paul’s confidence that there is life beyond this painful one and that God is working through Paul’s sufferings to bring about ultimate good (just read the rest of the chapter to see where the world is going) he doesn’t want to just eat and drink. He wants to be pro-active in working for the God who has saved him and who will welcome him into the next life as a son because of the death and resurrection of Jesus. It’s only because of his hope in God and eternal life that Paul can conclude, “therefore, my beloved brothers, be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that in the Lord your labour is not in vain”. In the Lord – because of his love and his final plan – our decisions and our work have a point. Otherwise they’re just vanity. This is a longer conversation than we can reasonably have in the opinions pages of Felix which is why I’d love to invite everyone reading this along to Impact. This is an event the CU runs every Tuesday at 12 in the UDH looking at objections to the Christian faith – from whether God exists (he does, by the way) to whether allowing religious groups to influence society really is wrong. For example, this week we were thinking about the charge “Its ethics are socially regressive!” and next week is “I’m happy without God, why do I need him?”. With a short talk explaining what the Bible says and a time for questions or thrashing the issues through with the people around you it’s a fun way to spend lunch. Plus (or it wouldn’t be a CU event) there’s food! See you there. An unreasonably expected reply T Matty Hoban Atheist and Agnostic Society Chair hanks for the warm welcome Richard, and I am slowly getting round to kicking the society into full swing. Please do email if you would like to join or get involved. I just want to address Richard Criddle’s and anyone else’s concerns. When I wrote my column a couple of weeks ago (referenced above), it was not to persuade people to become atheists or agnostics but merely to inspire them to act on their beliefs and help represent those with non-religious views who feel like they need support. I find the comments made by Richard a little bit insulting to both the intelligence and better judgement of the non-religious and religious. Firstly, I do not propose to stop apathy (this sounds impossible) but merely show that it makes sense to be active about your beliefs, whatever they are. However, of the things Richard has said that I find most concerning is the implication that wishful thinking comes above evidence and logical discourse. It is ignorant to say that those who have come to the decision in their life that they do not believe in God through thinking about it should then write off that decision because their lives will not have a ‘higher’ purpose or meaning – even though their higher purpose is only revealed through a contradictory, bigoted and ancient text. The most worrying thing that has been said is that we are here due to ‘good luck’, and you are at a scientific institute? I suggest he actually reads On Natural Selection and he will realise that the words, “15 billion years of good luck” are a complete contradiction. Surely the fact it took 15 billion years means nature progressed slowly going through many permutations and mutations until the right combination provided success for life? By the same logic, I can be seen as a lucky Blackjack player even if I lost every single hand. The meaning in my life comes from relationships with people and it is difficult to debate with the religious on these matters since we do not share the same axioms and logical structures. When I am around my friends and loved ones, I find an enormous wealth of happiness and in nature, I see something which has allowed me to appreciate this happiness. For me, God does not need to be there and that is where we differ. I would however love to argue about the necessity for secularism. How to amuse yourself with MS Word I “ Take a film title, change one word to ‘nudist’ and then begin to laugh heartily discovered this at work. The thesaurus provided by the ‘lovely’ people at Microsoft can provide hours and hours of entertainment simply by its overuse. Try it some time. Below is a childish story I wrote followed by the same story put through the thesaurus, in some cases as many as five times. Now I warn you that it gets a little messy, and the normal rules of grammar no longer apply, but, if you read it like it makes sense then it very nearly does(/doesn’t). Before I unleash Microsoft’s gift to the world of comedy on you however, allow me to share my own game which you can play right here and right now. It’s quite simple. Take a film title (without cheating and using the internet), change one word for nudist and then begin to laugh heartily. Give it a shot. My Big Fat Nudist Wedding, Die Hard with a Nudist, An Inconvenient Nudist, The Nudist Samurai, the fun is never ending. Anyway, back to the story: Despite a flourishing head of hair Mr. O’Donnell had a constant fixation with strawberry cheesecake. “Strawberry cheesecake is the bestest thing in the whole wide world”, said Mr. O’Donnell. At work, Mr. Lardyright told him he had to “Stop eating that darned dessert”. So he hid under a bucket in the lady’s toilet for three days. When Mr. Lardyright found out about this it made him mad. Now Mr. O’Donnell had a big problem because, without money from work he couldn’t buy cheesecake. Mr. O’Donnell vowed to get his job back. He washed Mr. Lardyright’s car to see if that would help, but it didn’t. Then he played Mr. Lardyright a tune on his recorder. But that didn’t work either. Mr O’Donnell didn’t know what to do. Then one day, as he walked up to the security gate with a large bowl of perch and a monkey wrench, he suddenly had a better idea. Mr O’Donnell went back to his car. It was a shiny red one. Mr O’Donnell liked red. He put the perch in the pond and hid the wrench in his jacket pocket. Then he drove to Morrisons and brought a sheet of card and some crayons. Eating the blue one made his tummy feel funny. Mr O’Donnell set about making a card for Mr. Lardyright. It said, “I am sorry” on the front and there was a picture of a cat and a big red balloon. Mr. O’Donnell was very pleased with himself. Mr. Lardyright said “Man! Do you have the mind of a three year old?” But Mr. O’Donnell was thirty-eight and three quarters. So he had a paddy. In malice of a blossoming cranium of tresses Mr. O’Donnell included an unwavering passion fleeting through- out strawberry cheesecake. “Strawberry cheesecake is the bestest yearning in the absolute inconsequential boulevard dust”, pretended Mr. O’Donnell. Deceitful on slog, Mr. Lardyright, (onthe-ball him) fitted en route for slam downhill disbursement, thus, vis-à-vis, irksome syrupy. As a conclusion he secluded inferior than a treasure chest in the female’s adhesive condition, expected for musical tones of unremitting continuation. What instant, Mr. Lardyright recognized non-manifestation unfolding to this it derelict him tactless. By the side of the handy, Mr. O’Donnell blew his own trumpet, (a mammoth quandary), prearranged that, in the middle of no equipped capital as of overhaul, he couldn’t crust absent prevalence designed for cheesecake. Mr. O’Donnell assured to exhume squeeze of his business cultivate. He unsoiled Mr. Lardyright’s wagon to scrutinize the condition, so since to would give a hand, previous than it achieved not. Cataloguing alongside, to silky the evolution of, he betrothed in respite in the ballet company of Mr. Lardyright; a hymn listed his traitor. But that accomplished not trade also. Mr O’Donnell carried out not be on top of recognizable conditions with “I beg your pardon?” towards execute. Subsequently single-handed fragment of sun-up hours, for the stimulus that he hiked cognisant to the buttressing front entrance, via entombment of a cosmic deliver drop of “confiscate it unproblematic” involuntary and an orangutan haul, he swiftly included a finer manifestation. Mr O’Donnell fervently inverted en route for his gig. It was a beaming pink superstar. Mr O’Donnell was analogous to burgundy. He situated the recreational area physically on apex of delimited by the lagoon and restricted the tweak in his skin wrinkle. Next he congregated to Morrisons and acquired a segment of credential and a scope of buff dedication tackle. Utilization of the cobalt single refined his appetite logic comical. Mr O’Donnell situated, scheduled the subject matter of dexterity, a merit predictable in aid of Mr. Lardyright. It assumed, “I am penitent” on the masquerade and wholeheartedly available was a facsimile of a cat and a colossal burgundy sizzling atmosphere expand. Mr. O’Donnell was terrifically at alleviating in the itinerary of himself. Mr. Lardyright believed “Fellow! Assassinate you include the mental power of a three rendezvous seasoned?” But Mr. O’Donnell was thirty-eight and three billet. In favour of that rationale he clinched a wheeze. felix This may sound a bit cliché but... C Gilead Amit lichés have become an intrinsic part of our everyday language. Our conversations, book titles, movie clips and essays abound with them, and many have already qualified to be ranked as idioms. Some may frown at that. Personally, I think that the cliché has been much maligned, and deserves a second chance. In ignoring clichés, people tend to miss the obvious question of why they became clichés in the first place. Although we may have heard them often enough to cringe at the mere sight of them, we have to spare a thought for their origins. Clichés represent human collective wisdom pared down to its most memorable. The essence of self-help – nuggets of advice; though, granted, as many are of the McDonalds variety as are of solid gold. They did not spring out of nowhere – they are the result of generations of parents teaching their children the ways of the world, eventually discovering simple, catchy sentences as an effective medium to transmit knowledge. The other day I heard someone express surprise when a cliché someone tossed at him actually made sense. While I am not suggesting that we are all guilty of such misconceptions, I do think that we tend to associate platitude with falseness or at least with irrelevance, which is very much not the case. Clichés only become clichés because people found them worthwhile enough to keep repeating. That’s worth remembering. There are disadvantages, however, and I would be the last to pretend that there are none. The cliché has a lot to answer for when it comes to making our conversations easier. It is almost impossible to express emotion without, quite simply, sounding corny and ridiculous. Let’s take the most oftdescribed, if not the most ubiquitous emotion, Love. I feel guilty of unpardonable sentimentality for even writing the word. Imagine, then, talking about the L word without sounding like a character from a bad romantic novel. I make this sound like a genuine criticism. It’s not. Or at least it is, but not of the cliché. It’s a criticism of us. Myself very clearly included. I mourn the inability of my language to help me express my feelings, but in doing so I do it a grave injustice. Our language; indeed, any language, is eminently suited to expressions of sentiment. The problem lies in being original enough to avoid the appealing clichés which spring to mind most readily. The greatest poetry comes from the expression of human emotions in exactly the right words. Very few of us are poets, capable of anything more than the crudest, most basic expressions of feeling. It’s not a criticism of the cliché, but rather a criticism of our collective inability to be original. I still defend the cliché, though – if only for being a valuable benchmark against which we can judge our poets. Nevertheless, I think that without them, noone would be tempted to move beyond mere triteness and unoriginality, and write tomorrow’s poetry; and hence the clichés of the next generation. This just in – you all suck A. Geek “ We’re fickle shits who couldn’t give a toss about what’s really going on in the world. ” I ’m sorry, but ‘too’ objective? Too objective? Perhaps I misread last week’s letters to Felix, or perhaps I was so overwhelmed by the asshattery of complaining about too many fire drills when both Huxley and Blackett still both assemble in the wrong areas despite having so many practices, but the “complaint” about Felix’s handling of the Dr. Watson issue a couple of weeks back really seemed to take the piss. Calling the press ‘too’ objective when they deal with an issue that’s been treated as a public bukkake of pure hatred by other publications seems to me a bit like booking an appointment with a student counsellor and then smacking their face in with a shovel for being ‘too’ caring. I have to fight back the gag reflex that kicks in when I get my morning paper – the shit-filled, bile-basted tripe that gets sprayed into newsagents on a daily basis is physically sickening and the fact that it remains so popular just angers me even more – dead or dying people, the fallen famous, and the eternal blame game. These headlines that never let up or disappear without something equally terrible appearing as breaking news elsewhere. We were shocked at the horrific Feeling angry? Happy? Philosophical? The Catfone wants to hear from you! news of the situation in Burma a few weeks ago, and it captured the attention of the world, uniting it in grief and anger against the inhumanity that was taking place. Until a few days later, of course, when the news stories became a bit samey and we decided to switch off and move back to the healthier dose of Eastenders and a shout at Gordon Brown. We’re fickle shits who couldn’t give a toss about what’s really going on in the world, happier to watch Big Brother and term is ‘reality’ because calling it ‘reality’ makes us think that we’re not really living, and so it’s alright that all that lies ahead of us is a quagmire of health, wealth and morality issues. While I understand the desires for another round of “Bash The Racist” that no doubt prompted the letter to Felix, I hardly think you can complain when a media outlet decides to put the flaming pitchfork down and say what actually happened. Or did reading the news and making your own conclusions go out of fashion along with wearing clothes you feel comfortable in, and the Pope? A quick check of the BBC News website currently reveals the following – the top news story is that twenty-five million personal records were sent, unencrypted, on two compact discs and So pretty. So interesting promptly lost. A month ago, I might add. Just under that, Imran Khan is freed from his arrest in Pakistan, and seventy thousand birds are culled because of a fear of bird flu in Suffolk. The most read stories, however, are as follows – a one-hundred-and-one year-old woman stripping for charity; a man having sex with a bike and jellyfish attacking some salmon. Fucking brilliant. And if anything, it’s the inter- Letter to Felix A response to last week’s letter criticising Felix’s article on Dr Watson Dear Felix, Text us: 07980 148 785 net that’s made us so fucking useless. There was a time when the only people who were stupid enough to fall for biased bullshit in the news were the ones picking up newspapers for Page Three. Now, even your average Green lunatic is falling for it. The Independent have amused me non-stop since becoming tabloidsized, with headlines that are usually on some variation of “We’re All Going To Die In A Blood Mess (And It Is The Government’s Fault)” with a picture of Earth on the front and either a giant meteor, the sun burning a hole in it, or just Gordon Brown’s face hurtling on a collision course with it. There’s barely any point in reading past the headlines nowadays – shitty puns tend to give more of a clear news summary than the actual body does, and once you get past the introductory paragraph you’re knee deep in ridiculous and unnecessary social commentary. So here’s a tip for you the next time you want to know what’s going on in the world. Point at the person on the front of TheLondonPaper and say, “People give him/her a lot of slack, but I think they’re okay.” If you get punched in the face, it’s probably “Bash The Racist” time again. In response to the letter by Khadhim Shubber, he joins the chorus of disapproval of Dr Watson’s comments and personal attacks on Dr Watson himself. However, just like his companions - journalists and top scientists alike, he fails to produce a single piece of evidence to support his own claims. These lazy, facile and wholly unscien- tific criticisms of Dr Watson highlight a complete lack of understanding of the subject they seem to claim complete knowledge of. Of course, Dr Watson’s comments were inaccurate, broad sweeping statements which many found offensive and unhelpful, but as his resignation letter shows they were clearly not motivated by racist views. Much more importantly, the media reaction he elicited shows that there is indeed room for public debate and a desperate need for public education on the subjects of normal human variation and the effects that genetics and environment both have on human behaviour. Yours sincerely, Richard Fautley 6 Science Science Editor – Ed Henley [email protected] Brian May’s lecture: not too dusty Felix went along to hear the Queen guitarist on zodiacal dust, the subject of his recently-awarded Ph.D. Edmund Henley Science Editor A black hole may have no hair, but another type of star, lecturing on zodiacal dust in the Great Hall last Wednesday, was a tad more hirsute. Yes, Brian May, Imperial’s most stellar son (as far as rock goes anyway) had brought his flowing locks back to college, to tell a sold-out crowd of alumni about the subject of his recently-awarded Ph.D. – apparently one of the first awarded by Imperial rather than the University of London. Many of you will know that the Queen guitarist went to Imperial, and will have heard about the award, but may have assumed that it was a mere honorary degree, of the sort bestowed like popcorn on the great and the good. Certainly not so in this case – May had in fact come very close to completing his Ph.D. 30 odd years ago, before fame and fortune beckoned and he threw in the towel. But not irrevocably – he retained an interest in astronomy, formally rekindled in 2006 with the publication of “Bang! The Complete History of the Universe” (reviewed in these pages just over a year ago), which he wrote with Patrick Moore and Chris Lintott. Whilst promoting the book, he mentioned he was interested in revisiting his thesis work, an aside which was picked up by Imperial’s Prof. Michael Rowan Robinson, who suggested May return to Imperial to complete the original thesis under him. But this was to be no easy ride – Rowan-Robinson, testified to May’s 3 a.m. emails complaining that completing his thesis was “killing [him]” – a hallmark of any true degree. And he underwent a gruelling viva at the end, his examiners scrutinising his work for 6 hours, to make sure it was up to scratch. No, this was no sham; May had to sweat to get this qualification. The zodiacal light appears as a conical glow low on the horizon, and is visible around dawn and dusk. Look out for it when you’re not in London Presumably quite literally at times – back in the 70s, May and his fellow scientists conducted their investigation in a hut which, though rather basic, had an enviable location: a sunny mountaintop in Tenerife. A picture of a younger May, next to his equipment and sporting a tan several shades darker than that normally seen on astrophysicists made this author wish his More than one string to his... guitar? That’s Dr. Brian May to you son research was based in sunnier climes. Yet to see zodiacal light, May explained that one in fact needs to observe when the sun is just out of sight: right before dawn, or straight after dusk. It appears low on the horizon, and takes the form of a conical or elliptical glow, with its axis in the dawndusk plane. At its best, it can apparently be very bright, far more so that the brightest regions of the Milky Way. Early (recorded) observations include an ostensible sighting by Omar Khayyam, and an indubitable one by Cassini, who correctly attributed it due to dust orbiting the sun, mostly in the solar system plane, and closer in than the Earth. The light which scatters off this cloud of dust means it is visible in the night sky, at the times previously mentioned. At those times, an observer can look towards the centre of the solar system without direct sunlight drowning out the light reflected from the dust. Interest in zodiacal dust apparently dwindled somewhat while May was out of the field (purely coincidentally, he claimed), but has been invigorated in recent years by the discovery of similar dust clouds around other stars, as these clouds hold vital clues for how planetary systems develop, and hence may have implications for the presence of exoplanets around these stars, and even life itself. Fortunately, this was not the question May had set out to investigate initially, nor did he change course – as Prof. Rowan-Robinson pointed out, catching up with 30 years of literature is no mean feat, even if one remains within the narrow confines of a thesis topic. Instead, May stayed with his original work, studying the motion and nature of the zodiacal dust around our own star. This involved studying a very small part of the reflected solar spectrum – a “line” or narrow frequency band of light, due to magnesium – using a sophisticated device known as a FabryPerot interferometer. Using a mirror arrangement known as a coelostat to track the zodiacal light and reflect it into the interferometer, May and his colleagues could measure the wavelength of the magnesium line in this “Catching up with 30 years of literature is no mean feat” light. By studying the difference between the measured wavelength and a reference value measured in the laboratory, they were able to determine the speed of the dust. Light which had scattered off dust moving away from Earth was Doppler-shifted towards the “redder” part of the spectrum, whilst it appeared bluer if the dust was moving towards Earth. In such a way, May was able to examine whether the dust was moving in a prograde orbit – in the same direction around the sun as the Earth – or a retrograde orbit, counter to Earth’s motion. Furthermore, by looking for asymmetries in the motion found in the dawn and dusk observations, he could also look for evidence of a bulk flow relative to the solar system – say due to our motion through the interstellar medium, the cloud of material which our solar system ploughs through due to its orbit within our galaxy. As with any Ph.D., the devil appeared to be in the detail, and more specifi- cally in the details of work published by others in the field, as some of these disagreed with May’s findings. Nevertheless, his observations appeared to agree with a plausible theoretical curve, and with enough previous literature, that his examiners were satisfied by his conclusions: that a large proportion of the dust, which (as the name suggests) is predominantly composed of small particles, is in a prograde orbit, and that furthermore, there may be some evidence for an interstellar flow. May seems content to call it a day there, and who can blame him? Returning to a field 30 years on and successfully completing Ph.D.-calibre research is cause enough to hang up ones’ laurels. Yet May retains a keen interest in the area, and looks forward to the immensely detailed view of the zodiacal dust which IRAS, a space-based infrared telescope, should shortly be providing. Much work has already been done in this wavelength range, as zodiacal light has typically been seen as light pollution interfering with the study of more distant objects. However IRAS’ contribution may help explain the origin of the dust which is thought to arise, amongst other causes, from collisions between asteroids, and comets shedding their outer layers. May noted that a good example of the latter was comet Holmes, which recently graced our skies with a celestial fireworks display, suddenly brightening a million-fold as it blew off its outer layers, for no apparent reason. Who knows, maybe somewhere in the world, a budding musician saw this and set down one instrument to pick up another, one more suited to studying the music of the spheres. Many thanks to Emma Jones for all her invaluable help felix Science [email protected] Alternative medicines: positively dangerous? Christiana Christodoulou The National Health Service is almost entirely reliant on ‘modern’ or ‘Western’ drug treatments, dubbing natural herbal treatments as ‘alternative’ or ‘complementary’ medicines. The use of herbal medicines, also known as botanical medicines, can be traced back to around 1500 BC in ancient Egypt, where herbs were used to protect people from infections. Modern day herbal remedies such as garlic supplements, Echinacea and St John’s Wort, all readily available in high street health stores, are advertised to help prevent illness: Echinacea is prescribed for colds, while garlic is meant to give a general boost to the system. Chinese medicine stores, which promote natural medicines that have been used for thousands of years, are also very common. However, in some cases taking complimentary herbal medicine along with Western treatments can have undesired effects, with some combinations being fatal. A study by Norwegian scientists is currently investigating these dangers and aims to improve knowledge of this issue. St John’s Wort is widely taken as a liver detoxifier as well as to help treat mild to moderate depression. However, it is also known to ‘kill’ a lot of medication, decreasing the effect of the drug treatments, up to the point that they can disappear altogether. For instance, St John’s Wort is said to weaken the effects of including birth control pills, Viagra, and the drug that is supposed to aid organ acceptance by blending new organs into their surroundings. St John’s Wort can also increase the effect of some medicines, which can lead to undesirable side effects. Generally speaking, St John’s Worth should not be taken with drugs that require a constant amount being in the blood at all times; these include drugs for cancer, organ transplants, HIV, epilepsy and mental illness. Anaesthetics can also be affected by herbal remedies: Valerian, which is used to calm the nerves, increases the effects of the anaesthetics, whilst Ginkgo Biloba weakens them. Scientists and doctors still do not know how exactly this occurs as the tests to determine this are hard. Nevertheless, they do indicate that the individual effects of two substances can be very different from their effect as a mixed product, a complication when trying to tease out the intricate interplay between herbal extracts and drug treatments. Despite these slightly bleak examples, belief in the benefits of alternative medicines is widespread, even though they might not be scientifically confirmed. The Norwegian study found that nearly half of cancer patients in Norway resort to herbal remedies to strengthen their health, with 70% admitting to take remedies (principally garlic and green tea) to boost the immune system. However, none of the patients was aware that there are potential risks of mixing herbal remedies and drug treatments. The study, at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), aims to improve the information that doctors and patients have. Research Fellow Silje Engdal says “Now we know more about how many cancer patients actually use the herbal remedy, which remedies they choose and whether they tell their doctor about it. This information enables us to find out more systematically which combinations the patients need to avoid.” “Some combinations of Western & herbal medicines are potentially fatal” St. John’s Wort. Not quite Deadly Nightshade, but no shrinking violet either – too much of the supplement derived from this little number, and your new kidney transplant will be pushing up daisies The researchers want to enable doctors to provide patients with a list of herbal remedies to avoid in particular cases. This should help, provided people tell their consultants if they are taking complementary medicines. The long-term goal is to include a list of herbal remedies in the Physician’s Desk Reference, a database which allows doctors to check whether multiple drugs will work together and to determine the appropriate dosage. As herbal and Chinese medicines will inevitably continue to be used with Western medicines it is important both patients and doctors have greater awareness of possible risks associated with combining these treatments. This study may be just what the doctor ordered. SPECIAL STUDENT OFFER SAVE 50% U O Y E K A T IT L IL W E R E H W THIS WEEK? SUBSCRIBE TO NEW SCIENTIST AND GET 51 WEEKLY ISSUES DELIVERED DIRECT TO YOUR DOOR • LATEST SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY JOBS • CAREERS ADVICE • FREE FULL ACCESS TO THE ENTIRE CONTENT OF NEWSCIENTIST.COM INCLUDING THE 15 YEAR ARCHIVE CALL THE HOTLINE + 44 (0) 8456 731 731 9am to 9pm, 7 days a week. Please quote special offer code 3376 Roses are red, Viagra’s blue, and won’t be of any use to you at all if you’re taking St. John’s Wort OR GO ONLINE www.newscientist.com/s/3376 Business Business Editor – Afonso Campos [email protected] Barclays’ disturbing history A quick voyage through the household banking firm’s somewhat dubious past I Afonso Campos Business Editor do not tend to go out on massive rants and rarely do I ever voice my opinion in such public a manner, but not too long ago, I was utterly bemused by a comment regarding a fad that has been going on for a while in the investment world. I was out with an old school friend and we were kicking the old peanut around when the conversation turned slightly more serious and borderline pretentious. As wine poured into his gormandising gullet, massive amounts of bullshit spewed out of it. He told me he was now “playing the stock market”. I tend to chuckle at phrases of the sort, because more often than not, this supposed “game” involves an underinformed, underage kid throwing his cash away on a whim because the name of a particular security sounds mildly exotic. Either that, or it reminds him of the name of his ridiculous pet hamster or stupid goldfish. Not wanting to seem like a smug idiot, I asked him what sectors he was into at the moment and why; “I don’t care” he replied rather (a)pathetically, “I’ll put money on anything that’s either carbon neutral or negative. You know… because of the thing, the whole responsible investing malarkeybob”. Let’s sneakily skip over the fact that the most irresponsible type of investing is the moronic kind where you have no clue what’s going on or what you are doing. I have a tough time comprehending this concept of “ethical investing”. I know it entails not touching stocks of companies with a 10ft pole if they are even in some remote amd pnscire way connected to a myriad of less than socially acceptable endeavours. These include, but are not limited to companies linked to: arms, gambling, child labour, tobacco, booze, sex industry, environmentally unfriendly firms, oil and of course, baby stealing and trading. What I don’t understand however, is why you wouldn’t invest in them. I can speculate and guess it probably has something to do with a vain fear you may have of being labelled a supporter of any of the highly noble causes just mentioned. In all fairness, whether you invest because you like the thrill of knowing your decision was correct, enjoy the academic side of trading or are just a whore for cash, there is one goal. This goal is that of supernormal alpha -making more money than leaving it in a completely stagnant long-only fund for old grannies returning a measly 3%, or underperforming most market averages. If you are serious about your goal, this concept of ethical investment must be abandoned; markets aren’t for sissies. They are for those who can stomach pretty much anything, from killer losses to insults of the most disgusting kind. Now, get off your high horse, go make some serious bucks and make me proud, son. B A. Fields arclays – the 17th century bank that has become more than a household name. It has become a British institution to the world. The name is recognised in any of the four corners, and has been subject of press clippings day in, day out for the last the seven months due to the now withdrawn bid for Dutch powerhouse ABN Amro. One would expect a long-standing company with such visibility, scope, and reach to be the pinnacle of ethics in the world of finance. Most people still see this facet of the well known brand. The bank has even received a few awards in years past due to their supposed modus operandi with a deontological code the College of Surgeons would probably kill for. In fact, most people have no trouble rushing to use all of their commercial and investment banking services through a wide network of ‘daughter’ institutions. At first sight, this makes perfect sense. Barclays does after all have more assets under management than the GDP of some large European countries. What most people are not aware of though, is that the ‘can do no wrong’ financial mammoth has actually been involved in a significant number of massive social scandals throughout its history. Some of them recent, others not so much. Most semi-intelligent, reasonably educated and aware citizens of any nation where information is not completely biased by the powers that be have heard of Robert Mugabe’s oppressive and corrupt regime in Zimbabwe. Many will not however know that it is mainly Barclays Bank (along with some smaller houses) that is bankrolling the rather sickening state of affairs in the African nation. Barclays’ biggest loan so far has aided Mugabe and close supporters to take control of land owned by over 3000 white farmers. It has also led to the expulsion of 100,000 black farmers from their homes and the kicking out of over 1,000,000 people out from the capital for opposing the regime. This specific loan totals over $60,000,000 and has come mostly in the form of Barclays snapping up and buying government paper and t-bills. The loans so far total a staggering $1.5 billion in the first half of the year alone. It is sad that such a figure has the effect of dropping jaws and opening eyes, but the insane cruelty that is going on has not been able to do the same and press for greater pressure from the rest of the planet. Even Zimbabwe’s closest neighbour has chosen to turn a blind eye to the problem. We can only speculate what is going to happen in the future, but one thing is almost dead certain – financial institutions like Barclays will always play a role in helping dictators make their doctrine and play their people like pawns. Barclays history of supporting tyraneous and destructive regimes does not end here. About a decade ago, the bank has been found to be financing one of the world’s most environmentally unfriendly companies – Asian Pulp and Paper. While most people are not terribly interested in what is going on anywhere but where they live, the Friends of the Earth Foundation has made a difference and found out Barclays has had direct impact and influence in organsing and raising over $800 million worth of loans for APP over the period of 1990 to 1996. To put things slightly into perspective, these monies have helped the company tear away over 600,000 hectares of incredibly wild-life rich Indonesian rain forest. This is roughly five times the size of greater London. If that were not enough, the Bank has recently been accused by Members of Parliament right here at home of essentially ripping off the National Health Service and therefore, you, the taxpayer. The report commissioned by these MPs has found that the bank partook, in conjunction with other high profile companies (including the private equity giant 3i), in some pretty impressive, somewhat obscure accounting trickery to make money seemingly out of thin air. The head of this consor- tium of companies successfully found a way of increasing NHS borrowings by more than 50% to build a private hospital. Some leveraging, regearing and restructuring of this extra capital meant that the group managed to make circa £82 million extra from this deal. Playing around with the taxpayers money in such a fashion is a clear abuse of capitalism and a down right smack in the face of all the citizens and workers who struggle to pay their taxes every year. We will not see the end of this tomfoolery any time soon. Financial institutions play too large a part in a country’s stability and are too deeply entwined with policy making bodies for there to be any real change. Mr Mugabe is momentarily distracted as he notices Bombhead from Hollyoaks walk past We want to exhibit your art. Send in your photographs. [email protected] Bangkok Bikers, by Ammar Waraich Fourth year Medicine Picture of the Week Welfare Editors – Nigel Cooke and Kirsty Patterson Email Kirsty on [email protected] No glove means no love for you Felix has decided to have a little sex education class. Listen up and take notes! Nigel Cooke Student Advisor 26-30th november Kirsty Patterson Deputy President (Education & Welfare) I mperial College Union SHAG (Sexual Health And Guidance) Week is about to hit our campus! Despite the name, this is not an invitation for budding Casanovas to demonstrate their sexual prowess everywhere from the dreary depths of Mech Eng to the dizzy heights of the Huxley Building. However it is a chance to talk more openly about the nature of sexual relationships while indulging in fun activities, hot entertainments and picking up lots of sexy freebies. Every lunchtime next week we will be giving out S.H.A.G Bags, filled with useful goodies and important information, all around campus. We will also be teaming up with Boots to give out free Chlamydia tests and calling for better Sexual Health facilities to be made available at the South Kensington Campus and in our Halls of Residence. With all this on offer don’t miss out on getting one of our great red (recycled paper) bags for free! SHAG Week is not just about enjoying sex without endangering yourself and others. It is also about recognising how Sexual Transmitted Diseases can destroy other people’s lives. Throughout the week our educational events will be raising money for two AIDs Charities in the run up to World AIDs Day on the 1st December. You can show your support by attending our Sexpression Finale on Friday 30th November with an exclusive Pole Dancing Show in dBs and an Ann Summers Party in the Union Dining Hall. Free drinks receptions will be available at both Partys which start at 8pm and all proceeds will be split between Children With AIDs Charity (CWAC) and Positively Healthy UK. You can also wear a red ribbon or a red t-shirt to pledge your support to these two great AIDs Charities by giving a small donation at one of our stalls. Along with all of our fundraising activities we will also be making a stand against AIDs by creating a giant red ribbon on Upper Dalby Court on Wednesday afternoon. This is an easy way that you can show your support for World AIDs Day while doing something whacky. Don’t forget to wear something red or pick up one of our Charity T-shirts to get involved in this ‘Flash Mob’ event! I hope there will be something for everyone during S.H.A.G Week and however you get involved we should all be able to do our bit for these incredible charities while challenging and changing our own perspectives. Students, in general, get their first real taste of freedom when they come to university. It is a time to try new things, meet new people and generally start growing up and becoming a young adult. For most, a part of this involves sex. Yes. Sex. I said it! Some of you may be thinking about becoming sexually active. Others might be thinking about having more sex. By now you have probably either forgotten all the things you were told during that sex education class back in school or you just didn’t pay attention; either because you were too embarrassed or shocked or just couldn’t stop giggling. So this week’s article is all about sex. The number of people with sexually transmitted diseases is actually on the rise in this country. The Health Protection Agency found that between 2005 and 2006, diagnoses of new sex infections rose by 2% to 376,508 and most of these cases were amongst young people. It is important, when at university, to be aware of your surroundings. Often with a sense of freedom comes complacency to all things that cause harm. This may even transpire to having unprotected sex with a variety of partners. With more and more cases of sexually transmitted diseases being discovered, not to mention the risk of pregnancy, five minutes of unprotected fun can result in consequences you end up paying for for a very long time. Sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, syphilis, gonorrhea and HIV are out there in the student and wider community but what exactly are these infections? See the panel on the right for a brief rundown. SHAG Week is a campaign to encourage students to be safe when indulging in sexual encounters and to get them thinking about the consequences of unprotected sex. The campaign is aimed to get the message across in a fun way and there are lots of event going on all week, so come along and get involved! If you think you have an STI it is best to contact either your GP or the local GUM clinic on: 020 8846 6699. We’ll also be handing out leaflets with information about sexual health clinics in the local area, including GUM clinics where you can get tested for a host of sexually transmitted infections. There is also a list of family planning clinics where you can get advice about contraception, pregnancy tests and often referalls for terminations. If you are worried about issues relating to sexual health or have any queries please do not hesitate to contact the Information and Advice Centre (see email address above). There is also a host of websites where you can find more specific information on a range of sexual health issues: www.fpa.org.uk www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk www.brook.org.uk Genital Warts Small white spots appear on genitals – this is the only recognizable symptom but they may not appear for weeks after infection. Nasty! There is no cure, and they cause the vast majority of cervical cancer cases. Gonorrhea Often known as the clap, the symptoms include discharge from the penis or vagina which can appear yellow or green. You can also get pain when urinating. My eyes are gushing with water! HIV Many people now think that this infection is confined to Africa but HIV is out there and anyone can get it at any time when having unprotected sex. Some people experience flulike symptoms a few weeks after infection, however it is usually initially symptomless: the only way of knowing you are infected is if you have a specific test. Syphilis This infection was massive back in the 1800’s however has come back with avengous recently. Symptoms normally begin with a small sore on the penis or vagina also flu symptoms may appear if left untreated can lead to mental health problems. Lunch is now not looking so appealing! Genital Herpes This also at first does not present with any symptoms and can go weeks undiagnosed. When symptoms do present they can include itchiness or burning around the genitals, pain when passing urine and small blisters rather like cold sores around the genitals that when burst leave sores. One of the worst... Chlamydia This is a very dangerous infection and does not have any noticeable symptoms - which is why it is spread so easily. In some cases, however, men will suffer a discharge from the penis and may experience inflammation of the tube leading to the bladder. If this infection is left untreated it can result in infertility, which is certainly not good! Staying positive about HIV and AIDS Fenella Beynon Medsin Imperial The UN Millennium Declaration set a goal to halt and reverse the spread of HIV by 2015. In order to achieve this, a further goal was set of reaching universal access to treatment by 2010. But these goals are far from being achieved. Currently, over 40 million people are infected with the virus and 25 million people have already died, whilst 72% of those in urgent need of anti retroviral (ARV) therapy remain untreated. The advent of ARVs has revolutionised the care of HIV-positive individuals, giving them a much better quality and length of life. For the majority of HIV-positive individuals living in the developing world, the problem is therefore not the lack of an existing treatment, but the lack of political will to provide it. Politicians of the G8 countries have repeatedly promised to increase funding in an attempt to counter the everincreasing evidence that the targets for HIV/AIDS treatment will not be met. In June this year, they announced a plan to treble the funding to the Global Fund, a major financer in the fight against HIV/AIDS. But at the ‘Replenishment Conference’ in September, Gordon Brown announced that the UK government would provide only half of the £700million previously promised over the next three years. With the UK’s strategy for HIV/AIDS for the next three years due in early 2008, this as a poor sign for things to come. No one ever expected it to be easy to achieve these goals, but as Gordon Brown said in July at the UN, the promises of politicians of the West must not be broken if we are to accomplish them: “We cannot allow our promises that became pledges to descend into just aspirations, and then wishful thinking, and then only words that symbolise broken promises. We did not make the commitment to the Millennium Development Goals only for us to be remembered as the generation that betrayed promises rather than honoured them and undermined trust that promises can ever be kept.” Help push Gordon Brown to keep his word. There are plenty of things you can do in the fight against HIV/AIDS, such as lobbying your MP. Easy ways to do this and other things you can do can be found at: http://peopleandplanet.org/treataidsnow/ takeaction/ If you want to find out more about HIV/AIDS, or show your support, come along to some of the Medsin Positively Red AIDS Awareness Week events around campus. All money raised will be split between two charities: Children with AIDS Charity, and Positively Healthy UK. 12 Friday 23 November 2007 Culture & The Arts Arts Editors – Mike Cook, Rosie Greyburn, Caz Knight and David Paw Budding culture vulture? Write for us. [email protected] Caught in Hyper(ion)bole Chin Guo Heng reviews the start of Dan Simmons’ science-fiction masterpiece A Michael Cook Arts Editor s I write this editorial, a good week in advance of release, I’m forty-thousand words into a rather rubbish novel. I wrote about National Novel Writing Month earlier in the term, and now that November is well underway that familiar hatred of all forms of writing is making its way around my bloodstream. By the time you read this, I will have finished. Naturally, no-one on this earth is going to take a look at my novel, not just because it contains the kind of scriptwriting that makes Hollyoaks looks wild and varied, but mainly because I only wrote it for myself, and to be frank it’s not fit for anyone else’s consumption anyway. However, there’s a lot of culture going on at Imperial that’s considerably more noteworthy. This term we’ve had some superb concerts and dramatic performances, as well as some visually amazing festivals. Felix’s photography section has showcased a host of talent, and even Felix itself occasionally unearths some journalistic gems (if you haven’t been reading Politics, you’ve been missing out). But where’s it all going? It’s Felix Arts’ job to cover the goings-on of the highbrow and below all throughout London and perhaps even beyond, but culture starts in the home, and it’s high time we got you, our adoring public, to start flaunting what you’ve got. If the large blue sign doesn’t grab your attention, then I hope my editorials are gripping enough to make you read this one. Felix Arts wants you to get in touch and tell us what’s going on around Imperial. If you think it needs covering, we’ll do the whole ‘press’ thing and before you know it you’ll all be gurning down from the heady peaks of Page Fourteen. We’ve still stuffed Felix’s britches with arty goodness this week, mind you – some top-notch Sci-Fi gets some love, we go all gloomy on you in Stanzas for Students with a healthy – or rather, unhealthy – dose of Philip Larkin. As if that wasn’t culturally educating enough, Caz Knight has got an overview of the playwrights you need to know about. We’ve been doing a bit of soul-searching too, as the excellent Emily Wilson trotted off to the Tate Modern to bring her verdict on Louise Bourgeois’ exhibition. Freudianists be warned. David Paw brings us some coverage of The Lady Of Burma, too, for those who were beginning to despair that art did anything for politics nowadays. And Student Art in Focus has another week of critical analysis for you. Nothing, though, beats a bit of home-grown talent, so let us know what you’re up to and we’ll tell the rest of the world. I won’t see you before, so I may as well say it now – Merry Christmas, folks. Hell, if Sainsbury’s can do it a month early, so can I. T he first part of the Hyperion Cantos and winner of the Hugo Award, Hyperion is a must read for fans of science fiction and space opera. Epically written in an immensely imaginative backdrop, Dan Simmons’ book is a compelling read. Hyperion takes place in the far future where Earth as we know belongs in the history books and mankind had spread across the galaxy, colonising planets. An interstellar government called ‘Hegemony of Man’ rules the galaxy and the colony planets. Hyperion begins with the Hegemony on the brink of war with the Ousters, a group of separatist transhumanists who roam around the borders of the Hegemony Web Worlds. As the galactic war looms, seven pilgrims set out on a journey to the mysterious time tombs on the planet Hyperion to uncover the secrets of the universe. And to meet the Shrike; a godlike killing machine with the ability to bend the laws of physics. The pilgrims are warned that amidst them, lies an Ouster agent. On top of the tension between the Human Hegemony and the Ousters, the Technocore Artificial Intelligences are plotting mysterious schemes not known to the Hegemony and the Ousters. Using frame narrative, the novel Author Dan Simmons, doing a photoshoot for the Littlewoods Winter Catalogue. Looking good, Dan. consists of a main story; the pilgrim’s journey and seven segments where the pilgrims each take turn every night to recount their tale and events that culminated in their participation in the voyage. Each of their story introduces new and startling insight into the events, politics, worlds, and the technologies in the far future universe Dan Simmons has brilliantly envisioned. Each tale also serves as very personal account into the pilgrim’s character and thought. The pilgrims truly wore their heart on their sleeves as they retold their experiences. At the end of each pilgrim’s tale, your perception of them will be altered significantly – a testament to Simmons’ writing. The tales are infused with plenty of discoveries and suspense to keep one reading on. The best part is of course the revelations and puzzle pieces fitting together at the end of each account which makes the reader eager to get through with the story. The group of pilgrims are made up of a priest with a heavy burden, a foulmouthed poet who never ceases to speak out his mind, a scholar and his infant, a private detective, a Hegemony FORCE colonel, a Templar priest and a Hegemony consul. Dan Simmons created a myriad of technological wonders. In the World Web, everyone is connected to a vast information plane called the data sphere via devices called comlog. Spaceships use a technology with a reference to a well-known physicist in our time. And the farcaster portal which allows in- stant translation from world to world in the Web became the cornerstone of the Hegemony civilization. Some of these technologies are run by the Technocore and its concepts are unknown to humans. These technologies do not prove to be all good as humankind had to pay a price for they dependency on the Technocore. Hyperion gives us a look at out attitude towards development and its effects on the natural state of the world in one of the character’s tale about a paradise world ravaged by development. Besides all the science fiction, there is humour here and there, mostly coming from the very expressive poet. Dan Simmons drew inspiration from the 18th century English Romantic poet, John Keats and his epic poem ‘Hyperion’, although Keat’s influence become more prominent in the sequel to Hyperion, The Fall of Hyperion. Hyperion has been hailed as a landmark work of science fiction in the 90’s and it sure does lives up to its reputation. It would appeal to fans of science fiction and high fantasy. It is a good read and an appealing dive into a future where man has traversed the galaxy and technological advances revolutionized the way we live. Hyperion is available now and has been for a few years Arts needs you! Felix Arts is looking to regularly cover performances, exhibitions, concerts and more held by Imperial societies – but we need you to keep us updated! Intermail us at [email protected]. felix Arts [email protected] Stanzas for students: Philip Larkin Lover, writer, librarian – this week, we go in search of everyone’s favourite miserable bastard High Windows Sad Steps When I see a couple of kids And guess he’s fucking her and she’s Taking pills or wearing a diaphragm, I know this is paradise Groping back to bed after a piss I part thick curtains, and am startled by The rapid clouds, the moon’s cleanliness. Everyone old has dreamed of all their lives-Bonds and gestures pushed to one side Like an outdated combine harvester, And everyone young going down the long slide To happiness, endlessly. I wonder if Anyone looked at me, forty years back, And thought, That’ll be the life; No God any more, or sweating in the dark One shivers slightly, looking up there. The hardness and the brightness and the plain Far-reaching singleness of that wide stare Rather than words comes the thought of high windows: The sun-comprehending glass, And beyond it, the deep blue air, that shows Nothing, and is nowhere, and is endless. W ception of his generation from the one above them. When he was the age of the “kids”, people thought that his generation would be the one to be liberated. Freedom of speech and expression would allow them to live “the life”, no religion or manual labour, just the long slide down. “Larkin was described as being middleaged since his teens” Down is symbolic here for Larkin, though, as he wasn’t exactly a fan of the freedom the young enjoyed. It was partly down to jealousy, as he himself admits in other poems, but here he tails off into more speculative thoughts – high, unreachable windows bursting out onto open sky and freedom. Yet they remain too high, the deep blue air being something he can only watch from distance. Our second piece is “Sad Steps”, a The way the moon dashes through clouds that blow Loosely as cannon-smoke to stand apart (Stone-coloured light sharpening the roofs below) High and preposterous and separate Lozenge of love! Medallion of art! O wolves of memory! Immensements! No, About hell and that, or having to hide What you think of the priest. He And his lot will all go down the long slide Like free bloody birds. And immediately hilst not quite Alfie Tennyson when it comes to style, Philip Arthur Larkin is one of Britain’s most famous contemporary poets. It’s hard to like the man, by definition – to like Larkin and his poetry you need to have a certain amount of misanthropy and general hatred about you. But you can at least look at the verses and smile, which is exactly what we’re hoping you’ll do this week. We’ve chosen some pieces from High Windows, one of Larkin’s more socially-focused anthologies, but Larking also wrote more lyrical, less weary pieces too. This is the man at his best, though – bitter, sharp and a mite depressed. MySpace with a degree in English Literature and a flatshare with Stephen Fry. First, a little on the poem’s we’ve selected for you. High Windows is the title poem for the anthology, and reflects on the younger generation that Larkin watched grow up. It was the output of the Sixties, the first group to benefit from the sexual revolution and in turn create a divide between young and old. Larkin’s call of “paradise” is, of course, more than a little sarcastic, but what keeps him thinking the most is the per- Four o’clock: wedge-shadowed gardens lie Under a cavernous, a wind-picked sky. There’s something laughable about this, Is a reminder of the strength and pain Of being young; that it can’t come again, But is for others undiminished somewhere. more morose selection from the anthology that shows some more interesting bits of Larkin’s style. Here we see Larkin getting up in the early morning and trying to see beauty in the scene in front of him. “Groping back to bed after a piss” is characteristic of the coarseness he uses to play off against more poetic images such as “the moon’s cleanliness”. Here we have a very normal situation that is suddenly changed by the presence of a natural beauty. But, Larkin being Larkin, he finds it hard to see the magic. The fourth stanza (verse) is another piece of sarcasm, as he can only “shiver” when he looks at the view, thinking of those who see the same view, the same beauty, but win out over him because of the “strength” they possess in the youth they have not yet spent. This is characteristic of Larkin’s struggle with age and with decay. Whilst he bemoans the young, he often mourns his lack of youth – not so much because he wasted his, but because it is gone and now unretrievable. Larkin himself was something of a tragic figure, described by close friends as having been middle-aged since his early teens. He had a pathological fear of death, old age, commitment and more, and though he had a strangely childlike devotion to his mother – whose death affected him greatly – he was conspicuously less childlike in other respects. Obsessions with pornography, fascism and racism were hinted at in posthumous biographies and books of letters, and though many of Larkin’s “Whilst he bemoans the young, he often mourns his own old age” close friends deny it, the view does fit in with much of his life and works. Much of what we could have known about him, however, has been lost. He asked Monica Jones, a lifelong companion of his, to destroy more than thirty volumes of diaries and letters upon his death. Despite that, much of his character has filtered through into history. His letters to Kingsley Amis, a close friend, reveal a lot about him, as do records of his relationships with women. Though he never married, he had two longterm and simultaneous relationships with Monica Jones and Maeve Brennan, two very opposed women whom eventually learned of his duplicity in love. For a librarian who lived most of his life in Hull – a place he hated, and thus loved for exactly that reason – he wasn’t such a boring character. His poetry has great variety over the course of his life, and remains well worth reading to the day. Larkin was offered the Poet Laureate position in 1984, but turned it down over the thought of becoming so central in the media. His poetry often criticised those who studied him, and not in a flattering light. Just one year after turning down the position, he died of cancer. He was sixty-three years old. Still genuinely readable to the day, Larkin’s work is still thought of as “people’s poetry”, and rightly so. High Windows can be bought online for the princely sum of £5.49, probably from amazon. co.uk or another equally giant internet retailer. Go get it, and don’t look back. You’ll be a better person for it 14 Arts [email protected] The Lady of Burma by the Riverside The world media may have forgotten Burma, but David Paw sees for himself that the people have not W e are in a tiny auditorium in Hammersmith’s Riverside Studios, crammed into matte plastic seats, knees squashed and rubbing shoulders with our neighbours. The seats keep filling up as a stream of young professionals and their erudite older kin flow quietly up the aisles and into the seats. There are a lot of Burmese too – unexpectedly, many are from the younger generation. During these uncertain times, the Diaspora congregates in quiet, intimate spaces, far away from the intently listening ears of the junta and their informers. But this is not Rangoon. Old habits die hard, as they say. When the lights go down, the sound of crickets emanates from the tinny speakers and the lone figure of the lady steps to the fore before a modest background depicting the interior of a prison cell – presumably the notorious penitentiary in Insein, on the outskirts of Rangoon. The lady is, of course, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi – Nobel Peace Laureate and daughter of Burma’s revolutionary Bogyoke Aung San, hailed as a female equivalent of Nelson Mandela by some, and universally revered by all in her impoverished nation. Unless you have been living in a cave for the past few months, you will have seen the so-called “Saffron Revolution” splashed across the mainstream media in reference to the fuel-price hikes and the ensuing chaos that ensued when the people, led by their charismatic Buddhist monk leaders, protested peacefully for their rights. Shots were fired as the military junta rolled out its weapons in another clampdown echoing the relentless massacre of 1988. During the space of the 20th century, Burma went from being the region’s breadbasket to its basket case, chafing under the British and thrown into a bizarre timewarp under the current military regime. Burma has one of the highest literacy rates in the region, and is blessed with bountiful natural resources, but the regime’s mismanagement of its economy, infrastructure and natural resources have left it languishing so far in terms of development that only Ethiopia is on a par with it in its semi-unique title of LLDC (least economically developed country). Hardship upon hardship piled upon the Burmese and corruption infiltrated every aspect of everyday life, from its bloated generals to schoolchildren. Then came the 8th of August 1988, and nothing was quite the same after that. The only glimmer of hope was Suu Kyi, the daughter of Aung San, the man who had liberated the country from British rule earlier in the century The protesting was well-covered at the time by the media, but the struggle in Burma extends far beyond this year’s more public events (he was swiftly assassinated along with his cabinet and replaced by a socialist regime). Entering politics for a democratic Burma, she founded the National League for Democracy (NLD) in 1988, winning a landslide election in 1990. The regime was quick to annul the result and continue her house arrest. Since 1989, she has spent over 10 years under house arrest. Her Rangoon house is overgrown and fenced off and passers-by have almost no chance of seeing the interior of the house, let alone the lady herself. All of this is chronicled in The Lady of Burma, tracing Suu Kyi’s memories from childhood and the scattered memories of her parents, her rosetinted recollections of Oxford at St Hugh’s and her coincidental return to Rangoon in 1988 to attend to her dy- ing mother and the accounts of the violence that ensued. Almost soothing, catatonic but always with supreme control, actress Liana Gould mimics the lady perfectly, from her gentle, intent stare down to her clipped accent. Suu Kyi’s personal memories are the more interesting – the world knows so little other than the public figure and symbol of hope and quiet determination she has come to represent – and serve as respite from the production’s harrowing, jarring reimaginations of violent standoffs, intense political struggle and the almost regular reports of close ones being killed or placed in forced labour camps. Between her personal identity and her political one, there is little to separate them, and the connection is reinforced and reemphasised throughout. At an hour and fifteen minutes, it is relatively brief but with Gould the sole cast member, it manages to pack a lot in. She runs the gamut of emotions, highlighting the impressive direction and writing, and inhabits the bodies and minds of a whole host of characters. Her impersonation of normal Burmese is hilariously convincing. Somehow she makes us believe, and holds our attention through the entire hour, never waning or losing our interest. Her tender impersonations of a mother absent from the adolescence and eventual adulthood of her sons resonate with an earthy pathos, and so too does her heartbreaking decision to stay with her country when her husband is diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer in Britain. The Lady of Burma is said to have made numerous Burmese audience members shed tears, and as a tribute to Burma’s isolated leader and the dead, incarcerated, beaten and raped, it is a fitting one to an extent. However, its main purpose is, of course, education. So few truly appreciate the scale of the internal strife of smaller nations such as Burma and others, and productions such as this produced at decisive moments can increase our level of understanding and awareness. Written before the events of this year – which are understandably not incorporated – The Lady of Burma also serves as a source of income for Suu Kyi’s charity of choice, Prospect Burma, offering scholarships to Burmese students in Thailand and India. Catch it again when it goes on tour in the spring of 2008. felix Arts [email protected] Louise Bourgeois at Tate Modern Emily Wilson fights off a large spider and a Crack of Doom to judge the Tate Modern’s latest offering Maman, the giant spider, leers down on prospective visitors as they approach the exhibition at the main Tate building. The eggs are particularly ‘eww’-evoking N ot an artist everybody has heard of, Louise Bourgeois features in a major exhibition at Tate Modern until 20th January 2008. The first glimpse you get of Louise Bourgeois’ work is the grand sculpture, ‘Maman’, outside the building. It is a giant black spider-like creature that towers over you, harbouring its marble eggs beneath it. It’s dark and sinister, yet the description beside it informs me Bourgeois compares it to her mother. Perhaps not the most flattering dedication, it makes you wonder what to expect from Bourgeois in the exhibition inside. I feel obliged to mention the current installation in the Turbine Hall – ‘Shibboleth’ by Doris Salcedo. Tate Modern is littered with signs that say “warning: please watch your step”, and for good reason. Not so much a sculpture, ‘Shibboleth’ is a long crack in the concrete floor that runs from the entrance to the far wall. Looking upwards for the usual grand-scale masterpiece, I nearly missed it. It’s unexpectedly fun – the Turbine Hall was full of tourists walking along it, arty types lowering their cameras into it, and children sticking their heads into it. I like to imagine what the Tate curators and executives said when Salcedo delivered her proposal: “well, mostly I’m going to be drilling through your floor”. The only downside is the commentary accompanying it, which is the most rediculous thing I have ever read. I quote: “Walking down Salcedo’s incised line... might well prompt a broader consider- ation of power’s divisive operations as encoded in the brutal narratives of colonialism, their unhappy aftermaths in postcolonial nations, and in the standoff between rich and poor, northern and southern hemispheres”. Oh really? Well, I largely considered how many people had dropped valuables down it so far. Against the expectations set up by the giant spider, the Louise Bourgeois exhibition starts off small. The first room is a series of neat, manageable paintings. ‘Fallen Woman’, which refers both to the shame brought upon women who have sex outside of marriage, and also alludes to Bourgeois’ fears of failing, is touching. You immediately identify with Bourgeois in that she gives the impression of being a real person with real insecurities. Also in room one, her ‘Femme Maison’ tackles the female identity. A play on the title meaning both housewife and “woman house”, the paintings are of houses with waving arms and knobbly knees. They’re dark and gloomy, but with a sense of humour. A further insight into Bourgeois’ motivation is ‘Cell (Choisy)’, which is a scale model of her childhood home inside a metal cage and relay’s the artist’s traumatic childhood. The works in the next room are also of a smaller scale. The series of text and ink works entitled ‘He Disappeared into Complete Silence’ is horrendously sinister, but comical with it. My favourite parable reads: “Once a man was angry at his wife, he cut her in small pieces, made a stew of her. Then he telephoned to his friends and asked them for a cocktail-and-stew party. Then all came and had a good time”. Good stuff. The exhibition soon turns its focus to Bourgeois’ works of sculpture. Early on are a series of pillars made of stacked pieces of painted wood, like miniature skyscrapers or fish spines. One, to me, looks like a kebab with chunks of red meat. Perhaps this is what comes of walking round the exhibition hungry. Despite the shift of the focus, I still prefer Bourgeois’ drawings in black ink, which show off her precise technical skill. In particular there are three ‘Untitled’ pieces in room four. One is a glass house full of child-like lollipop bushes which I find charming. I want to colour them in with green watercol- our paint, then add red fruits and pink flowers in felt tip. Room five is the beginning of the organic, cocoon-like sculptures Louise Bourgeois is famous for. People crowd round them as if waiting for them to hatch. They are not the kind of pretty things I would want to take home with me, but they are elegant in their dark mystery. My favourites out of them are the shiny ones in bronze with gold patina, particularly ‘Untitled (Fingers)’ which remind me more of lithops. I’m afraid the one to its right, ‘Lair’, looks like a turd, and nothing more. By room six the sculptures have become more human, hinting at different body parts. ‘Amoeba’, not resembling its name at all, could either be an insect’s nest or a man’s face. Reading the label beside ‘Fillette (Sweeter Version)’ reveals that the sculpture is supposed to be a penis and testicles, and it’s not just my dirty mind. In fact, just about all the sculptures are sexual in some way. ‘Le Trani Episode’ – what a name! - is supposed to be breasts pressed against eachother. I’m sorry, but I’m seeing potatoes. Then there’s a group of four sculptures hanging from the ceiling that are pretty much just four vaginas. The commentary says there’s a penis in there as well, but really all I’m getting is cunt. As you progress round, the sculptures become increasingly grand, in marble and gold, but the subject matter is still raw and sexual. ‘Mamelles’ is a wall of big, bulging pink breasts with angry nipples. ‘Sleep II’ is apparently a contrast between the subject (a soft, floppy penis) and the hard marble it is made of. You have to marvel at art as a profession. In what other career can you wake up and think “today I am going to make a massive marble foreskin, and everybody will love it”. In room eight the scale shifts to BIG. A series of metal cages surrounding found objects like a chairs and glass bubbles. The huge cells of wood and metal are a delight to walk around – you can peek through the gaps in the walls, never knowing what you’re going to see next. From clothes to furniture to blood red entertwined hands made of wax. Another spider, twinned with the one outdoors, nearly touches the ceiling. Despite its size, the thin spindly legs make it appear delicate and graceful. The final room rounds up the exhibition with a series of glass cases like cabinets of curiosities. Inside are smaller renditions of works I’ve seen as I’ve walked round the gallery. Dress rehearsal art. They make you realise how much time and thought have gone into Bourgeois’ art, and how much of her 95 (and counting!) year-long life she has dedicated to it. While Louise Bourgeois’ work is not my favourite kind of modern art, I still enjoyed the exhibition immensely. The art is beautiful in its own sinister way, and I liked Bourgeois for the personality she exudes through her painting and sculpture, and for her shamelessly daring subject matter. The visit will be well worth your £8 student-rate ticket, especially since entrance to the Tate Modern itself is free to all. 16 Arts [email protected] Teacups’ Focus in Arts – Student A big-arse metal spider? Is that it? I’ll give you some real fucking culture, get your arse over here T his week in SAIF we are back in tow with a truly enlightening piece of photography from the same artist as the breakthrough ‘Rhapsody in Bogroll’. When prompted for his view on the piece, a 2nd year Physicist asked, “What kind of tea leaves are they?” This provoked a certain train of thought in my critical brain… What is the steam representing? Is it the spirit of the Assam tea leaves, or the ghost of the tea picker? This has serious implications concerning the third world tea growing… And breakfast. “What is the steam representing?” If the tea is breakfast tea, we start to wonder what thoughts go through the artist’s head at this time in the morning. Cereal or toast? Thus we turn to the question of the teacup. Why is it illuminated so? Immediately, our minds turn to the messianic symbolism surrounding the piece. With a shift back to the old tradition of looking to the future using tealeaves, the artist goes one step further and tries to say that this humble piece of crockery could, Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 in fact, tell us when the Messiah will return. However, depending on your religious leanings, it could just be that the artist used too much flash. On my brief interview with the artist before she rushed off to her next caffeine fix, she mentioned the title of the piece and its meaning: “I called it Descartes’ Teacup because of the question as to it’s existence in the photo. It seems to have been erased from the frame completely. Is this one’s bleary eyed view of the teacup in the mornings when one has been rudely awaken for her 9am lecture? Perhaps. But we want it to exist so how can it have been erased. I’m confusing myself now quite frankly. You think up some bollocks for THAT piece of shit.” This week’s analysis was provided courtesy of Cardinal Wolsey. Originally a chief adviser to Henry VIII until his downfall and eventual death in 1530. He now researches for the BBC2 quiz show QI as well as occasionally filling in for Jeremy Paxman on Newsnight. As Christmas draws near, what could be a better gift for a loved one than The Best Of Student Art In Focus? Class A drugs and fisting? Probably. But you can’t get that in Waterstones, because I checked Round 2 Round 2 Round 2 No-one fucking reads these anyway. Do you? No, you’re too busy looking at the big fucking picture. Knob Round TEACH FIRST APPLICATION DEADLINE SOON! FRIDAY 30TH NOVEMBER – TO TEACH HISTORY GEOGRAPHY, LANGUAGES OR CITIZENSHIP FRIDAY 28TH MARCH – ALL OTHER SUBJECTS VISIT WWW.TEACHFIRST.ORG.UK TO APPLY Challenge the Sabbs Round 2 Round 2 Arts [email protected] A Bedou-winner at the Barbican James Copley gives us his take on the Bedouin Jerry Can Band, and on the quality of toilet experience there L ocated a short walk from Old Street tube station, St. Luke’s is an 18th century church, designed by the celebrated baroque architect Nicholas Hawksmoor. After a conversion which seems to have largely consisted of adding swirling chrome staircases and coloured blinds, it has played host to a collection of musicians including Aled Jones and PJ Harvey. After arriving early, a thoroughly pleasant half hour was spent in the church’s café, located beneath the main hall in the crypt. Despite the predictably inflated prices which plague these supposedly high-brow events, the time flew by sipping coffee and discussing the minutiae, my journey and reasons for being there with some amiable pensioners from Kent. It also gave me the bizarrely memorable experience of urinating next to a robed man wielding an ammunition case. Tonight we were treated to the grand finale of the Barbican’s Ramadan Nights – a series of concerts taking place throughout the Islamic festival. Two groups from vastly different Islamic cultures descended upon this venue usually steeped in Christian tradition. Opening proceedings were Gaza native Moneim Adwah and his group Rouh Waheda, making their first appearance on these shores. Consisting of Adwah on vocals and oud, Sayed Ghoneimy Shaban on kawala and percussionist Mando Al-Sowerki, they performed forty minutes of Adwah’s own brand of traditional Palestine folk music. As a westerner from a particularly blinkered town in the north of England, I’d be lying if I said I truly understood the music. Although the musicians involved are obviously extremely talented, and there is quite clearly some The members of the Bedouin Jerry Can Band somehow looking cool, yet sweltering at the same time beauty in the largely percussive sound, the music could be found to be slightly impenetrable to the uneducated ear. Doubtless the “we listen to world music because it makes us seem cultured – lead us, Jools Holland” brigade were appreciating it though. Next came the main attraction of the evening. From the Sinai peninsula in Egypt came the Bedouin Jerry Can Band. Clad in the traditional jellaba of the Bedouin people, this band of men (and one woman) sit on stage in a semi-circle around a (pretend) fire, escaping the tedium of the city for the sweeping dunes and sandstone cliffs of the Sinai. The group used an interesting blend of traditional instruments, such as the simsimiyya (a kind lyre used in the area around Port Said), and the ney (a kind of flute that has been around since Ancient Egyptian times) coupled with more recent and improvised instruments, including assorted ammunition boxes and the eponymous Jerry Can. This juxtaposition of old and new itself tells a story of the fight the Bedouins have in moving forward with time, but maintaining their ancient traditions. The group themselves tell us that songs and poems are now distributed between the Bedouins not just through word of mouth, but also through MP3’s and mobile phone recordings. The music, poetry and dancing that follows is a completely encapsulating experience: vocalists and musicians change roles with abandon, and any member who isn’t needed for a song gets up and has a dance. That is with the exception of poet Soliman Agmaan Mohammed Agmaan, who frankly looks slightly too old and far too wise. The group performed songs from their debut album, Coffee Time, so named because of the great importance of coffee in the culture. Fantastically for those slightly fatigued from a rushhour long journey from west London, the performance was accompanied by a demonstration in the method of coffee brewing traditional to the Sinai. Although the group seemed vaguely embarrassed by the electric heater they were forced to use (damn those health and safety fascists) and the fact they had to distribute said coffee in polystyrene cups (damn those cost analysis fascists), it created a wonderful aroma throughout the airy church. This unlikely group of Bedouins came to be in England through the mentorship of Zakaria Ibrahim who, with his El Mastaba Centre, is attempting to reignite the traditional popular music of Egypt after years of steady Americanisation. In fact Ibrahim, a vaguely dishevelled man of forty clad in a scruffy jumper joined his protégés on stage for the last two songs and a somewhat more lengthy rant at the crowd. Despite this, it is hard not to be endeared to a group with such talent, such enthusiasm, and such a passion for caffeinated beverages. As the poet Agmaan says: ““We make the coffee strong to clear your mind... your mind will become good on the second cup” – a mantra by which to live your life. 18 Arts [email protected] Philistine’s guide to Playwrights Arts Felix is on a mission to educate. This week Caz Knight remembers some of the world’s best writers U years. Probably one of his more famous works is Pygmalion which was made into a musical (My Fair Lady) starring Rex Harrison and Audrey Hepburn. nless you are an English literature or drama student (does not apply at Imperial) or take an interest in those subjects then it is not surprising that you may not known much, if anything at all, about some of the most prominent and talents playwrights that have existed and bequeathed upon us magnificent works of art. Trying to choose a few to write about here was a hard task especially when there are so many and because there can not be a definitive “best playwright” as this is a very personal opinion. However, we can rank playwrights (and indeed any other type of artist) in terms of their influence, notoriety and how their works have been received. The playwrights below do not convey directly my personal favourites, as I keep remembering ones I have forgotten. Instead I have tried to select a few “important” ones. Of course, the likes of Bertolt Brecht (Marxist German playwright and theatrical pioneer), Anton Chekov and Henrik Ibsen, although not included here, have influenced the likes of Coward, Bernard Shaw and many others. I have also mentioned nothing of the ancient Greek playwrights who have given us classics such as Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), The Bacchae and Medea (Euripides). Incidentally, Women of Troy, also by Euripides, is starting its season at the National Theatre at the end of this month. For now let us go to the medley I have chosen for this feature. ROBERT CEDRIC SHERRIFF 6 June 1896 – 13 November 1975 I chose R.C. Sherriff for the sole reason that he wrote my favourite play of all time: Journey’s End. I know it inside out having studied it at GCSE, but that did not perturb my enthusiasm! The play ran recently in the West End for some time and received huge praise. Sherriff was educated at New College, Oxford and served in WW1 and was wounded at Passchendaele, near Ypres. It was on his experiences in the war which formed the basis for Journey’s End. The play is highly emotive and encompasses both the horrific, brutal reality of war as well as exploring the friendships which form during the ordeal. Laurence Olivier appeared in the first production of the play in 1928, taking on the lead role of Stanhope, the borderline alcoholic officer who is made uneasy upon the arrival of a younger boy from his old school. Sherriff wrote the screenplay for movie Goodbye Mr. Chips, adapted from the novel by James Hilton. SIR NOEL COWARD 16 December 1899 – 26 March 1973 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 25 April 1564 – 23 April 1616 I don’t think I could have got away without including what some call the Messiah of English Literature. Everyone educated at secondary school level in this country will have studied him at GCSE at least. It is a shame that the requirement to study him will often detract from the pleasure of reading his work. Not only a playwright but a poet, Shakespeare created 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long narrative poems and much else. His works have been performed more than any other the world over and one can guarantee that at any given time there will be a Shakespeare production going on the West End. I think any philistine could name one of his plays which include Othello, As You Audrey Hepburn appears alongside Rex Harrison in the 1964 adaptation of ‘Pygmalion’ – ‘My Fair Lady’ Like It, Taming of the Shrew, The Tempest and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. George Bernard Shaw even coined the term ‘Bardolatry” which means excessive adulation of Shakespeare! OSCAR WILDE 16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 Without a question the wittiest man ever to have lived (in my humble opinion), Wilde was Irish and went to Oxford. Despite being married with children, he was arrested for sodomy; a cinematisation of his life was made in 1995 starring another great British wit (Stephen Fry) as Wilde and Jude Law, token eye candy, but brilliant none the less as Wilde’s lover, Bosie. His works include his only novel, A Picture of Dorian Grey and plays An Ideal Husband, A Good Woman and The Importance of Being Earnest all of which have been made into delightful films. My favourite way to enjoy Oscar Wilde is simply by reading a few of his many, many quotations: I will leave you with a few now. “A man can be happy with any woman as long as he does not love her.” “Anyone who lives within their means suffers from lack of imagination.” “Fashion is a form of ugliness so intolerable that we have to alter it every six months.” ing the abuse on the working classes and Fabianism. He started the Fabian society (a British intellectual socialist society), which endeavoured to further such causes and also founded LSE with money left from the society. In terms of his plays, much inspiration was drawn from Norwegian playwright, Henrik Ibsen who pioneered modern realistic drama. This was a sharp contrast to the frothy, sentimental drama which the London stage had seen in preceding Noel Coward seems to be a jack-of-alltrades. Not only was he a playwright, but he wrote and released hit singles, won an Academy Award for his acting abilities and has a theatre named after him in St Martin’s Lane. The theatre’s name was changed from The Albery to The Noel Coward Theatre for the premiere of Broadway hit, Avenue Q. In Coward’s day the theatre would have been called The New Theatre and it was there that he made his acting debut in 1920. It was not until 1924 that he was propelled to stardom for his role in the play Vortex, which contained many sexual and drug related issues. During the war Coward sang to the troops to boost moral. It was lucky the Germans had not invaded Britain as Coward was in ‘The Black Book’ for being gay and, following an invasion, would have been arrested and liquidated (H.G. Wells was also in this book for being a socialist). The peak for his play writing came in the 1940s with works such as Present Laughter, Blithe Spirit and The Happy GEORGE BERNARD SHAW 26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950 Winona Rider as Abigail and Daniel Day Lewis as John in the 1996 film version of Miller’s ‘The Crucible’ Another Irish playwright who was also a keen political activist, his 60 plays are predominantly comical but with earnest underlying messages. Among his political plights were the equal rights for men and women, alleviat- “Yeah... I’m cool, I just got into Oxford!” ‘The History Boys’ follows a class of grammar school boys as they apply to Oxbridge felix Arts [email protected] Laurence Olivier appeared in the first production of ‘Journey’s End’ in 1928 Breed. Critics have likened his work Waiting in the Wings to that of Russian playwright Anton Chekov. This work was completed in Jamaica to where Coward moved for tax reasons. It was here that he died, three years after receiving his knighthood. THOMAS LANIER WILLIAMS III 26 March 1911 – 25 February 1983 Better known as Tennessee Williams, he acquired the nickname whilst at college on account of his father’s Tennessee background and his southern drawl. Much of his work is said to have been inspired by his troubled family life; at five years old he contracted diphtheria which rendered him paralysed from the hips down for two years. Encouraged by his mother, he took to writing and making up stories. Another blown came following the mental health of his sister Rose, with whom he was very close. Rose was schizophrenic and spent most of her time in mental institutions, as was the practice then. Finally it was decided that she undergo a lobotomy, a procedure which left her incapacitated and possibly had the biggest influence on Tennessee, who later suffered from alcoholism and depression. He won Pulitzer prizes for his famous works A Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and A Street Car Named Desire. Williams finally died in 1983 after having choked on an eye cap lid following supposed drinking and prescription drug taking. ARTHUR MILLER 17 October 1915 – 10 February 2005 Miller was a Jewish- American playwright, born into Manhattan but then banished to Brooklyn following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent failing of his father’s clothes making business. He is considered one of the greatest dramatists of the twentieth century and gave us some great works including The Man Who Had All the Luck, View From A Bridge, The Crucible (the film version starring A Young and verrry Sexy Marlon Brando in the 1951 film adaptation of Tennessee Willaim’s ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ Winona Rider and Daniel Day-Lewis) and Death of A Salesman for which he is most famous (the film stars Dustin Hoffman and John Malkovich). His work on the Federal Theatre Project was closed down due to its potential communist affiliations (remember the Cold War still going); the witch hunt which takes place in The Crucible is thought to be an analogy for the similar hunt for socialists taking place in the States at that time. It is perhaps his marriage to Marilyn Monroe for which he is most famous! After a brief affair in 1951, Miller and Monroe were married just weeks after Miller divorced his first wife in June 1956. As per his will, there is only one theatre in the world which shares his name. The Arthur Miller theatre at the University of Michigan, where Miller received his degree in Journalism, was built in March 2007. Illegal love – Wilde was arrested for sodomy and released from prison in 1897. Stephen Fry as Wilde and Jude Law as his lover, Bosie ALAN BENNETT 9 May 1934 – present Another man possessing many talents, Bennett has written books, appeared in films and on television and written plays. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, obtaining a First Class History degree. During his time there he acted alongside many other wouldbe famous actors in the comedy sketch group the Oxford Revue. (Michael Palin, Terry Jones, Rowan Atkinson and Ken Loach have also been a part of the group). His fame came after performing at the Edinburgh film festival in 1966. As well as narrating a very popular version of Winnie the Pooh, Bennett has written any plays including Kafka’s Dick and the very famous History Boys no doubt drawing inspi- ration from his very own experience of applying for Oxford. The play has been a hit on both sides of the Atlantic and has received awards for Best Actor (Richard Griffiths). The film version, starring the original cast, has also had high acclaim. As well as refusing an Honorary Doctorate from Exeter College, Bennett has referred to cancer as ‘a bore’ after undergoing treatment in 2005. Bennett was made an Honorary fellow of Exeter College in 1987 and currently resides in Camden Town where has lived for thirty years. When it comes to questions regarding his sexuality, Bennett has likened these questions to asking a man dying of thirst to choose between Perrier or Malvern mineral water. I am still struggling to figure out the similarity; can anyone shed some light on it? Laurence Olivier as the title character in the 1944 film adaptation of Shakespeare’s play ‘Henry V’ Techies reveal all! Musical Theatre Society presents â€œThe Rise and Fall of David Sullivanâ€?, 2 & 3 December 7.30pm in the Union Concert Hall. Featuring Paul Dingwall, Ben Alun-Jones, Matt Woods, Ali Salehi-Reyhani, Katherine Webb, David Stewart and John Phillips. [email protected] Photograph by Sally Longstaff unionpage Trading Forum Last week saw the first Union Trading Forum take place in the Union Bar and was organised it to gather the views and opinions of our members who use our services. Over thirty students turned up to give their opinions and views of the Unions’ services (or maybe just to eat free sandwiches) and I’ve summarised some of the points that were raised. A large number of our members commented on the lack of glasses and the use of non-rigid plastic skiffs. The non-rigid plastic skiffs, which are disposable, contravene our environmental policy, and were reintroduced as a consequence of a supply issue with the rigid skiffs this summer. Once the supply issues were resolved, a stock of rigid skiffs were ordered immediately, as such we had a large amount of disposable skiffs left over which are used infrequently. Other concerns regarding the environmental policy included a lack of non-disposable cutlery, which disappered from service earlier in the term; a result of the large amount of cutlery being stolen. Fortunately we have just received a new stock of cutlery and plates, which, if you have eaten in da Vinci’s recently, you may have noticed. There were a number of negative comments on the speed of service, both within our catering outlets and in the bars. This is a recurring issue that we are well aware of and is likely to be the result of training. Due to the large number of part-time student staff we employ; it can be difficult to ensure a consistently high level of service. This year we have increased the level of training our parttime bar staff receive and feel this has been reflected by the quality of service in our bars. We have attempted to reduce the lunchtime queues in da Vinci’s by moving some of the speedier foods into dBs, where you can get hot soup, paninis and sandwiches throughout the day. Another idea raised regarding the bars was to the introduction of more drink promotions. This is something which I am keen to introduce, so I will be working with Trading to deliver more promotions in the near future. National Active Student Survey Monday 26 November to Sunday 2 December sees the second National Active Student Survey (NASS) taking place in universities across the UK. We would like to encourage you to take just a few minutes of your time to complete the survey to let us know about your activity choices. Don’t forget that by taking part, you’ll be entered into our free prize draw and could win one the following fantastic prizes - iPods, Mountain Bikes, and Life Fitness home exercise equipment - so don’t miss out! NASS is a student survey which aims to develop data on student participation in sport and physical activity for all universities in the UK. Additionally, some members commented on our entertainments program, with some positive comments Chris Larvin regarding Deputy President Freshers’ Week (Finance & Services) and our newly [email protected] introduced Bar FTSE. Remember you can see all of our upcoming entertainments can be found in Felix each week as well as on our website. Over the next few months I hope to gather the views of more members, though should you experience any problems whilst using our services, don’t hesitate to send an email or drop into my office. Finally, my thanks to all of those who turned up to air their views, they are valued and are important to make change within the Union. Slept in again? ! n io n U e h t t a o g Breakfast to • Breakfast baps with sausage, bacon, eggs and more. urr • Fresh tea and coffee from ou superb coffee machine. • All served fast for when you are in a rush. from 08:30 at the Union We are very keen for as many Imperial students as possible to take part in the survey as possible so we can respond to student needs and trends and improve your time here. The survey is very easy to complete and will only take a few minutes of your time. Please take care to answer honestly and accurately – there are no right or wrong answers! Just click on the link below, follow the instructions carefully and look forward to your chance of winning a great prize. www.e-focus-net.com/surveys/nass07 Password: nass imperialcollegeunion.org Imperial College Union, Beit Quadrangle, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BB Tel: 020 7594 8060 at the union nov 23rd - nov 30th FRIDAY 23RD WEDNESDAY 26TH A new rave indie disco. Dance to D.I.Y disco. Indie electro punk rock, Old Skool, Hip Hop with a kick back of Grime plus a flavour of 80s and 90s retro pop. The best value Wednesday night in town! Gladiator Jousting Contenders Ready! (they won’t suspect a thing) FRIDAY 30TH £1.30 a pint! only From 20:00 THURSDAY 29TH Ann Summers Party & Pole Dancing! boo m To celebrate the end of Positively Red SHAG Week we are holding two charity events. A sexy pole dancing show for the boys and an eye opening Ann Summers Party for the girls! Check online for more info! x bo tro c e l e imperialcollegeunion.org/ents Imperial College Union, Beit Quadrangle, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BB The Union encourages responsible drinking. R.O.A.R. Student I.D. Required. ALSO ON Tue 27th COMING UP Wed 5th Fri 7th Sin City - Giant Table Football Subred - Drum ‘n’ Bass 24 Film Film Editor – Alex Casey [email protected] Darjeeling: Enjoyment Unlimited Wes Anderson welcomes us on board his Indian voyage with his latest take on the modern family unit The Darjeeling Limited ★★★★★ Director: Wes Anderson Writers: Wes Anderson, Jason Schwartzman Cast: Adrien Brody, Owen Wilson, Jason Schwartzman Alex Casey Film Editor since their debut feature, Bottle Rocket. Jason Schwartzman returns to the fray following his turn in Rushmore, showing that maturity as an actor has seen his talent grow, and should see him break out to a larger audience following smaller roles in I Heart Huckabees and the atrocious Marie Antoinette. Bill Murray even pops up again in a cameo role for continuity. Anderson and his filmic family are nothing short of fascinating, with an appreciation of human By a fifth feature, many directors begin to detach themselves from the roots of their filmmaking philosohpy. They get bigger budgets, less politically active and generally very prone to believing their own hype. Thankfully, one man worth the hype, Wes Anderson, continues to know what he does best. And do it better. Always watchable, Anderson has reached new levels of rewatchability with a story so seemingly simple that the appeal can appear difficult to explain to someone unfamiliar with the Anderson mould. As three estranged brothers reconnect on a train journey across exotic India, Adrien Brody, Owen Wilson and Jason Schwartzman lift the quirky siblings beyond the script and into true characters, all set against the gorgeous backdrop that allows Anderson the chance to explore his cinematography skills beyond the scope of his previous features. The staples of his oeuvre are all still here though, and the family of filmmakers that he has built around him Born to be feature strongly here, especially Wilson wild. And with whom he has worked consistently fun relationships that continually crop up in their cinematic depitction of unusual family units. While Rushmore centred on a student trying to form a family outside his own, The Royal Tenenbaums took a much more direct approach to dysfunctional relations and then The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou provided a working family, parallel to the environment in which Anderson has grown his own career. Darjeeling however, whilst not succumbing to the mundane norm, does at least contain horizons of identification that make the brothers infinitely more human, pushing it beyond even the immense enjoyability of his aforementioned previous Let’s pray for these stangers in the background to leave our house features. Also stepping back on board with Darjeeling is Randall Poster, the stalwart music supervisor, the man who scored The Life Aquatic almost entirely with a Portuguese folk translation of David Bowie’s greatest hits. Soundtracks are a defining part of the Anderson experience and the sounds of the Kinks interspersed with the old scores of Satyajit Ray’s films, not to mention the hilarious uses of Peter Sarstedt’s Where Do You Go To (My Lovely), are a true delight here. Regardless of whether the direction requires it, Poster’s scoring anchors each moment and emotion perfectly. Darjeeling never fails to set the perfect scene; whether in a Parisian hotel as is the setting of the opening accompaniment piece, the short film Hotel Chevalier, or in the heart of India, Anderson projects an insight beyond most filmmakers. His attention to detail and reflection on the more unconventional aspects of humanity make him endearing, whether he is creating losers, winners, has-beens or will-bes. For the uninitiated, I beseech you to give this a try. Whilst by no means an auteur in an individual right, Anderson has his personal stamp all over this film. If ever a cinema term needed to be redefined here, The Darjeeling Limited would be the ultimate family film. Movies based on video games don’t have to be crap – so why are they? Stefan Carpanu It’s been quite fashionable to buy the movie rights to videogames for some time now. With almost 30 such movies made in the last fifteen years and a whopping 43 to be launched in the next three years or so, the popularity of VG movies among major Hollywood studios is undeniable. However, the resulting cinematic productions have almost invariably been thrashed by film critics and alienated fans. Being an avid gamer myself, I’ve wondered on many occasions why films “inspired” from videogames just aren’t capable of delivering on their potential – and whether this potential is actually attainable. Tending to the more simple issue first, I’ll look at the latter part of the question. It stands to reason that films and games come from two different mediums. Films, while absorbing experiences in themselves, can hardly become as enticing and (oh dear, here it is) addictive as their VG counterparts. Given their different underlying characteristics, an exaggerated level of imitation between the two is likely to produce hilarious effects, the first person camera view used in Doom’s big screen appearance being a perfect example thereof. So basically, a good adaptation would presume the writers and directors of the films to acknowledge the different materials at hand and work from there on to recreate and further develop the storyline and the characters. But seriously now, this is a no-brainer. The actual cause underpinning the (few) mediocre and (many) bad VG movies is of a financial nature, as well as a perceptual one. The major film studios, in their search for highly rewarding business opportunities, have identified this sector as an extremely lucrative one: gamers are seemingly unpretentious and loyal to their favourite games. So instead of hiring able and expensive directors/writers who are capable of fulfilling the metamorphosis of a videogame to a film, the studios go for several “experienced” names of the genre, whose adaptations have brought in vast amounts of money for arguably small investments – the likes of Paul W.S. Anderson (Mortal Kombat, Resident Evil, Alien versus Predator) and Uwe Boll (Alone in the Dark, Bloodrayne, etc.) come to mind. Their recipe for success is grounded in the idea that sexy lead actresses and buckets of gore and violence ensure high weekend box office revenues. Of course, this does not apply to VG movies only, as most of today’s “horror” films abide by the same principles. Along the way, game franchises such as Resident Evil get massacred on the big screen, as storyline and characters are sacrificed in order to offer the likes of Milla Jovovich some more screen time (nothing against that in general, just not under these circumstances). Perhaps a defining moment for the genre took place when the producers of Resident Evil went for Anderson’s script of Resident Evil, instead of choosing the more game-faithful version of a milestone figure in the business of the undead, George Romero. Consequently, the films have come to appeal mostly to those people who are satisfied by the genre of action/horror films, and not to the fans “for” whom they were made. On the other hand, even faithful adaptations don’t ensure a quality film – mainly because successfully adapting a videogame to the big screen is far more difficult than it seems. It’s no secret that many games lack substance, so the scripts resulting from them are pretty slim – which poses a serious problem for a ninety minute movie. This is where the quality of a good screenwriter would come in handy and – surely – a good collaboration with the game producers (who themselves sometimes forget about their buyers and get swayed by percentages) wouldn’t harm anyone either. In the end though, game fans aren’t looking for The Seventh Seal when watching these adaptations. A cool, mind-blowing, special-effects ridden experience might do as well, as long Having a go at my overly airbrushed face and CG eyes, eh? as it has a decent story behind it. And more often than not, the cornerstones of the story are already available in the games. Succeeding in implementing the aforementioned factors would not only satisfy and mystify gamers; it would also let other people enjoy these films. So VG movies are bad because studios choose to believe that gamers don’t expect a lot, just because they like blowing the brains off rotting zombies, or controlling a hot, underdressed female Indiana Jones around watery caves and dusty rooftops. Why is it so hard not look down on someone just because they enjoy having some fun every once in a while? Sure, not all gamers become world renowned sci- entists, doctors or managers, but we’re talking about a matter of principle here. There is no big difference between the game industry and the film industry, as both relish the prospect of milking innocent fans of their (and sometimes their relatives’) money, but at least every now and then they offer something worthwhile, something truly special and genuinely life altering. The VG movies industry on the other hand seems to have taken over the worst of both worlds and that makes for an extremely distasteful experience. Is it really that hard to stand up to our gamerish expectations, or do the film producers think it’s just not worth bothering because the money will come in anyway? felix Film [email protected] Hubris or not hubris, Beowulf asks As the oldest piece of literature known to have originated in Britain comes back to the cinema screen, Felix investigates whether the CGI treatment and bags of boobs are a dumbing down of the classic poem Beowulf ★★★✫✫ Director: Robert Zemeckis Writers: Neil Gaiman, Roger Avary Cast: Ray Winstone, Anthony Hopkins, Angelina Jolie Alex Casey With controversy flying at murmurs of plot tampering and computer graphics abound in this adaptation of the Old English classic, Beowulf is waging a knowing war on tradition. Expectations aren’t high; yet somewhere in this digital mesh of effects, Beowulf launches an onslaught of innuendo and tongue-in-cheek references that questions everything we hold sacred about the classics. Is it better that a film hold its hands up at the start and say “We used computers, here’s the result” than to try and include it seamlessly leading to infuriated ‘serious’ filmgoers clearing the cinema? Robert Zemeckis certainly seems to think so, sacrilegiously replacing poetry with pixels. Or so the public outcry would seem to imply. Why are old words not to be subjected to modern storytelling methods? Assuming you can live with this, helped by the knowing nods that Beowulf makes to its unconventional rebirth, this can be a suprisingly enjoyable film. Hubris seems to be the order of the day with the bounty of bosoms on show in the early half laying the scene for a tale of temptation that adds a hell of a lot more sex than originally was translated from the Old English text, at least in the Seamus Heaney ver- sion. The faultless hero of our poem is now just as interested in getting his leg over as he is in protecting the Danish kingdom of Hrothgar from the evil Grendel and its mother. The effect of this is a curious and intriguing mesh the original Beowulf tale and the creation of an almost Shakespearean tragic hero, haunted by lust, but still there is not as much bastardising as expected. It does seem he is in good company though, as it seems the other men in Middle Ages Denmark can’t keep it in their pants for more than a few minutes at a time either. Anyone who has visited Copenhagen recently probably understands that, even though this was 1300 years ago, this is simply due to a lack of entertainment on offer. But then they should still have been concentrating more on Grendel slaying in those days. The humour here is the means by which Zemeckis assuages the crowd of academics baying for blood. Austin Powers-like moments near the beginning, both the comic obscuring of Beowulf ’s cock and the randy Geat trying to get a ‘gobble’ outside the hall, work wonders at loosening up the tough crowd and keeping tongue placed firmly in cheek throughout reassures the die hard literati that this at no point claimed to be a faithful retelling of Britain’s oldest written work. In order to throw some real controversial films into the mix here however, the fact is that Angelina Jolie is becoming so unsexy it hurts. As a beautiful woman with an exotic Amazonian look about her, you’d think she might be sexy just by being. But no, when Hollywood requires a temptress, they get Ange on the phone and she negotiates skin time and begins method acting with whoev- Another morning in the Jolie-Pitt house; The pervy period costume neighbour across the street... er she’s costarring with. Demi Moore did a similar thing whereby every role she chose for a while revolved around sex but they at least had the decency to give her a different character side that made her seem slightly naïve. Here Jolie is supposed to be playing the mother of the most hideous creature on Earth, and with three kids or something on the roster you might want to tone down the nude scenes with excessive gold body paint and tail, albeit computer generated. Elsewhere it’s the role of Robin Wright Penn that steals your attention in every scene she’s in. I refrain from saying steals the scene, because it is her computerised face that seems least to resemble anything human (which she is meant to be) rather than any extraordinary talent that does it. And in case you’re not sure what she really looks like, you can rest assured knowing she does not look quite so airbrushed and facially stretched in reality. As a poem, this is a tale of men where women get about two pages of attention and that’s including Grendel’s mother (Angelina). The film makes the women’s roles pivotal which is the means by which Beowulf himself gets his most severe character assassination. Zemeckis seems to be implying that after over a millennium of surviving as one of the most studied heroes in English literature, women’s liberation gets you. As far as its artistic merits go, this won’t go down in the same league as its source material. But it knows so, and at least the CGI is honest about what it is. If only Peter Jackson would take note. In the days where everything is cheaper with CGI, has it all gone too far? Angry Geek Woody gets his own back for all those Brokeback Mountain jokes There’s something brilliantly consistent about the majority’s ability to take something nice and just smear faeces all over it. There’s democracy, which was ruined the second that more than one American got involved in it. Then there’s free speech, a great theory made redundant when Americans figured out a way of mass-producing it. And finally there was computer-generated imagery, unceremoniously desecrated the second Walt Disney noticed it was making money. I will generally watch anything as long as it’s being projected onto a large enough screen, and so things like the political alignment of George Clooney or the breast alignment of Maggie Q aren’t really of massive importance to me in whether I enjoy a film or not. But as someone who almost broke down in tears at the sight of the latest series of Spooks, I am rather sensitive to good things becoming awful. Toy Story was, and still is, a fantastic film. I do not mean this simply in a landmark-in-the-industry sense, but also in the way it wrote to every level of the audience. The new age of CGI wasn’t necessarily a facet of that and it didn’t make the writers any better, but Pixar’s team ethic as a whole was something precious. It was something beautiful. But like Hayden Panettiere alone at a nightclub, the rapists soon turned up. First there were the competitionhungry bastards at Dreamworks. Then the slightly pitiful attempts by 20th Century Fox. Then dead silence, because the film-going audiences were so appalled at what was being produced – and I don’t care if you thought the Ice Age squirrel thing was funny; you’re wrong – that no-one could be bothered to work out what generic settings “I don’t care if you thought the Ice Age squirrel thing was funny; you’re wrong” hadn’t been done already. Cartoon forest. Cartoon garden. Cartoon toybox. That’s enough to fill the coffers for a little longer. Thank goodness, then, for Beowulf, which brings CGI slap bang into the modern market (naturally, I discard anything Squaresoft did as pissing into the wind). If Felix has already covered the film, then you’ll know it’s a rage fest of the disembodied voice of Ray Winstone beating the shit out of stuff, and Angelina Jolie getting naked. If they haven’t covered the film, then frankly you probably know all you need to to make you go and see it. Naturally, the move to computer graphics is a big one for a studio whose largest decision generally is where to get rid of the leftover millions of dollars each film seems to leave cluttering up the offices, but looking at all of the fancy graphics, lovely trailers and completely semi-legal clips from it, this horrible realisation dawns on you that they’ve not so much set out to make a CGI film as they have just put CGI in wherever they couldn’t be bothered to do it with real people. Which just happens to be everywhere. I mean, Angelina Jolie’s character looks like Angelina Jolie. Ray Winstone, admittedly, looks considerably more do-able than he does normally, but that’s not really a good reason to start doing everything up in 3DSMax now, is it? It’s a little disconcerting, because it’s beginning to make me think that maybe Dreamworks had it right all along, and that derivative cartoon fantasy lands might be the safe option. After all, rehashing Looney Tunes isn’t so bad, because that was actually good in the first place. As it is, I’m stuck staring at Angeline with a tail, while the most repulsive Cockney of all time gets naked on screen. Christ. Bring back the squirrel. 26 Music Music Editors – Jenny Gibson and Matty Hoban [email protected] It’s Britney, you female dog [Enter pun taken straight for thelondonpaper, London Lite or Metro talking about Britney Spears here for minimal comic effect and devaluation of our self-worth] I Matty Hoban Music Editor played at a gig last night in East London, and it was fun even though we played to a very empty venue. The latter fact did not bother me in the slightest because I did actually have a ton of fun, not in the sun or in your mum. However on my way home, I had my usual thoughts about gigs and things and the music business in general. Forming a band is something a lot of people do, so it alarms me when people in a band relish and adore the attention they get as if they are gods amongst men. The British music press is probably to blame because they are constantly idolising individuals and visionaries and reinforcing the idea the whole rock star ideal. Forming a band should be about having fun and satisfying your inner audience. The most satisfying bands I have seen just do what feels right to them and fuck the rest. The band that to me demonstrates the fun over phallusy factor is Pavement; they are perhaps the best band that ever existed. They did not just write songs, they played with the idea of a song until that idea became something resembling a song. The most challenging thing to do when you are in a band is to actually think about what sounds ‘right’ but then what does ‘right’ actually mean? It is elusive and sometimes is actually wrong. You can actually be right by being wrong. Anyway, I’m blathering on. Chances are, your band is okay and you have some songs which sound right to you. You might even find a small audience whose concept of right matches up with yours or they just think you sound like their favourite band. Either way, you persevere with what you are doing and you play more gigs. Logically, the more gigs you play, the more likely you are to acquire more fans. Soon, you’ll have record labels nipping at your ankles and supporting Bloc Party at Wembley. Wrong! No-one owes you anything and the powers that be, ie. most highlevel promoters, record labels and A&R people do not actually care about music. They care about bums on seats and sustainability. Myspace has just made everything worse meaning people wanting to become promoters and start record labels have a footing and can begin their exploitation. I say exploitation because for promoters and middlemen it is impossible for them to make any money whatsoever since venue hire fees are ridiculously high and barely no-one wants to pay money to see a band they have never heard of. In order for promoters to make money they cannot possibly afford to pay the bands. The only way to usurp all this nonsense is to avoid shady looking promoters, take more power into your own hands and just have fun and make music for yourselves; you’ll stand out more from everything. Also, if you are a London band, do not just start gigging as much as possible; your friends are your first fanbase; gig occasionally and make it an occasion. Album Review Britney Spears Blackout (Jive) ★★★✩✩ ‘It’s Britney, bitch!’ Who would have guessed way back in the late nineties at the height of the bubblegum pop craze that this would be the opening line of a Britney album? No one. Then again I don’t think anyone expected her to still be making albums let alone be on her kill-me-now-the-world-has-gonecrazy 5th studio LP. It seems Britney has managed to escape the midnoughties slaughter of pop princesses the same way Madonna escaped the culling of the pop stars from whatever pre-historic era she is from – by constantly changing her image. Everyone knows how so utterly brilliant Madge is at this but don’t forget that her lesbian make-out partner, Britney, has also undergone some spectacular transformations. She’s gone from slutty schoolgirl (“Baby, One More Time”) to tight cat-suit clad seductress (“Oops, I Did It Again”). Then came the snake-charming, midriff-baring dance diva who has no objections to having her faced licked (“I’m A Slave 4 U”) followed by a clumsy flight attendant willing to make out with an obese gentleman in the toilets after spilling a beverage on his crotch (“In The Zone”). But the one constant with all these personas Brit has adopted in the past, I’m sure you will agree is that they have all oozed sex appeal. The difference with the release of her latest album, “Blackout”, is there is no million dollar music video to accompany the album and the media has no qualms with portraying her as an alcoholic, baby-dropping, divorced moth- You can actually trace the rise and fall of the Republicans with the rise and fall of Britney; no coincidence er-of-two. An image which doesn’t really lend itself to the adjective ‘sexy’ unless, of course, you’re into that sort of thing, in which case this must be like a wet dream come true. But that’s okay, right? I mean with all the things going on in Brit’s life right now and the changes she has been through since she was “In the Zone” you’d think she has more than enough fodder to deliver an album with something to say. A few scores to settle (JT? K-Fed? The media?), a couple of myths to dispel – did kissing Madonna really mean she needed surgery on her lips afterwards? What happened to her underwear on the infamous night out with the girls? – and a whole lot of explaining to do (The haircut? where is the real video for “Gimme More”?). With all these experiences to draw from she might be just be about to deliver the best work of her career. A body of work some might even describe as being a ‘classic’. Wrong. “Blackout” is merely an update of her last album – fun, whimsical but relentlessly impersonal. In fact, Paris Hilton could have recorded the very same album and not had to change a thing about it. That’s not say that it is as bad. Honestly, it is probably better than anyone expected – the super-producers recruited for the project make sure she’s up to date style-wise and that she is never left wanting for a hypnotic beat. This time around she does sound a whole lot more robotic than usual and the noticeable absence of ballads is also a let down seeing as this is one area she has improved on during her career (“I’m Not A Girl”, “Everytime”). The problem is when an artist’s 5th album sounds like a modernised and more provocative version of her debut it begs the question – why bother? There are few songs worth giving a listen. These include the Danja-produced “Gimme More” which she royally screwed up during that performance at the MTV awards, the paparazzibashing “Piece of Me”, which sees her taking a swing at the media for, “Printing pictures of her derriere in the magazine” and is rumoured to be the next single off the album. Other stand-outs are “Hot as Ice”, which features the dumbest chorus ever but still manages to shine despite it, and the terrific “Toy Soldier”. It looks like Britney messed up the formula this time but just might end up getting away with it. Jemil Salami Will.I.Am or Will.I.Am.Not, that is some sort of question? Album Review Will.I.Am Songs About Girls (Interscope) ✩✩✩✩✩ I think I deserve a medal for this review. Not because it is particularly good (dearest reader I would never be so presumptious), but because I just had to listen through “Songs About Girls”, the new album by the Black Eyed Peas’ Will.I.Am, which is probably one of the worst pile of bollocks albums I have ever heard. It’s like war crimes have been committed on my senses; my ears and face. I feel physically ill. It pains me to have to write such a scathing review for a producer with so much potential. Previous to this release, he had been slowly building up his solo fan base with guest spots on, amongst others, Justin Timberlake’s “Damn Girl” as well as Talib Kweli’s buttery smooth “Hot Thing”, both of which have been scaling the heights of my Last.fm for a good few weeks now. I suppose this is why I found it such a disappointing release – after having demonstrated his excellent ear for funky, hip-hoppy, take-off-your-shirtand-dance-in-front-of-the-mirror tunes, he goes and releases 17 tracks (61 minutes and 41 seconds) of generic brainless R’n’B bullshit. I really don’t know how he thinks he can get away with it. Who will buy it? The only people I can conceive of liking this are 12-year-old love-sick girls, and people who have given up on life entirely, both of which are somewhat lacking in buying power. Here’s what I didn’t like: 1) It is extremely repetitive. The same 5 seconds of music repeated over and over again in each and every song. No innovation or variation for minutes at a time. If they were particularly catchy hooks, it may be forgivable, but they aren’t even close. Pure filler. 2) Will.I.Am’s voice is lazy and slow. It’s as if he just can’t be bothered. He doesn’t want to be there, he doesn’t care, he knows it’s bad, and he just wants to go home and pretend it never happened. 3) The beats are slow, uninteresting and uninspiring. They don’t change for entire songs! What is the point? 4) The lyrics are absolutely devoid of lyricism. You can find more insight on a box of cornflakes. Recurring themes are: girls; money. Yes, it’s a full stop; there are no more! It must be said, there are some gems in this category though, I guess due to Will.I.Am’s poor grasp of irony, and a failed editing process. Some good points to provide a bit of balance: Um. There is a picture of him wearing a very nice suit in the album art. Oh, and the CD came in one of those new shatter-proof cases. Pretty fancy. Well, I think Will.I.Am himself sums up his own album on the penultimate track “Spending Money”, when the line “I got nothing but money, honey!” is repeated over and over. Really, he couldn’t be more right: no talent, no wit, no future – just money, honey! Oh, and no stars. Peter Sinclair felix Fashion Fashion Editor – Sarah Skeete [email protected] Style out grey London skies COOL Victoria Beckham £8, Miss Selfridge £30, Topshop £15, Topshop She is brilliant in Ugly Betty! She is playing a variation on herself, a press-hungry celebrity that actaully does nothing. And I totally love her for being her superficial self. Rihanna £150, Topshop £9.50, American Apparel £55, Office £18, Topshop She is such a pretty doll! She’s totally (allegedly) had a boob job, and it’s probably anti-feminist to say this, but it looks great. Zac Efron £15, Topshop £185, Urban Outfitters £80, Urban Outfitters £12, American Apparel This is quickly becoming a celebrity-o-meter... But although Efron looks like a female to male transexual, that’s a transexual I would totally do. LAME £24, Urban Outfitters £10, American Apparel £110, Urban Outfitters Games Editors – Azfarul Islam and Sebastian Nordgren I know a lot of people are afraid of writing because they think they can’t: that’s rubbish. Have you seen the film Ratatouille? The motto there is “anyone can cook”. And I think the same is true for writing. Yeah, initially there are a few hiccups and the people around you may not be the most encouraging bunch. But if you think you enjoy it, then I say stick with it. You certainly couldn’t have gone past your Personal Statement or heck, even school, if you couldn’t string together a sentence. So give yourselves atleast that much and try dabbing your hands in the literary arts. You’ll be surprised at how creative an outlet it can be; just like music or drawing. Thus, this week I’m proud to present one of the latest additions to Felix Games: the Reader Riposte section. This is essentially the space for you the gamer, the reader and the writer - occupations that we sincerely hope aren’t mutually exclusive. While the section itself elucidates the minor details; I’m summarise it. Initially, we want to start it as a series of comments on a game that is reviewed in Felix. This not only allows us to get a broader picture of said title, but also lets the readers get more involved and have their say. So, don’t worry if your comments don’t agree with that of the main review - your opinions are yours to express and we wouldn’t want it any other way. Now, you may be wondering why we’re reviewing Portal so late since the Internets is already brimming with praises and much orgasmic lyrical waxing. We believe that we shouldn’t just rush through a game just for the sake of reviewing it. Rather, it’s about experiencing the game like it was meant to be and then expressing our thoughts in literary form. It sounds a bit haughty, but Felix Games is about being different. That’s why we strive to give you so much more. It’s not only about the games, but about the exciting medium of interactive, digital entertainment. We love to explore not only the depths but the breadth of this insane industry. And we definitely want you to join us for this journey. Gairaigo returns this week with a look at Katamari Damacy which made a bit of a splash on the Internet a few years back. While you may think it’s a waste to be focusing on a old game, I think it tells much about what makes certain games special. Katamari Damacy isn’t the kind of game you can easily forget about and particularly not when the King of All-Cosmos is such a random, effed-up character. He offers some genuine “WTF?” moments and you’ll be surprised at how eagerly you look forward to his next flippant speech. Gotta love that freak. I’d like to point out that the Christmas Term is almost up. I would like make a request for your feedback on the section so we can kick some more ass come Spring. E-mail your opinions to [email protected]. All hail the Companion Cube Reader Riposte Mama, I’m scared! A return to roots While true, run through Sebastian Nordgren opens a portal to another dimension, all for the sake of cake Review Azfarul “Az” Islam Games Editor Ah, Portal - one of the latest progenitors of a whole new series of Internet memes and a true successor to “It is delicious cake. You must eat it.” “T his was a triumph. I’m making a note here: huge success. It’s hard to overstate my satisfaction.” Rarely has the ending of a game so fully represented the feelings of the player as these lines sung by the lilting, robotic voice of Portal’s antagonist GLaDOS. What Portal really highlights is Valve’s ability to acquire an idea and morph it into something so much better - in this case not Counter-Strike or Day of Defeat, but the little-known Narbacular Drop. For all 12 of you who played Narbacular Drop, it was a clever little puzzle game about a princess escaping a castle, overcoming obstacles with a wand that could create, unsurprisingly, portals. What Valve have done is take a great gameplay idea and wrap it in layer upon layer of meat (or soy bean for the carnivorously challenged) and created a shockingly good game. In- stead of merely porting the concept to the Source engine, they hired the lead writer of Psychonauts and expended an enormous amount of effort in creating one of the funniest games since the late LucasArts’ adventure games. And it works. It works so well, in fact, that the 2-3 hour mind-bending puzzler is one that will live on in the collective consciousness far longer than any of the other excellent games they packaged into The Orange Box. Not only is the gameplay excellently twisted, but throughout the game the anonymous protagonist is jeered on by the oddly reassuring robotic voice of GLaDOS (a cunning word-play on Gladys). In an oddly backwards way, your antagonist becomes the main character, as she changes from a deadpan lab coordinator to menacing to desperate to so many other states of mind - all while dropping casual off-the-cuff remarks like “if you feel faint from thirst, feel One level. Two Portals. And a multitude of ways to solve it free to pass out” and “thank you for helping us help you help us all”. And in the final fight, each layer of her personality is stripped away individually, showing how multi-faceted all of us really are. And while Portal’s enjoyment is largely independent of narrative, it’s a testament to Valve that they’ve managed to weave in so much humour with so little material. Instead of having an all-encompassing philosophical view of the world like BioShock with its Ayn Randian objectivism, Portal’s narrative is about cake because (in the words of the lead writer) “everyone likes cake”. Turrets plead at you to come out of hiding, declaring “Nap time!” if they don’t find you, incineration is referred to as euthanisation and it’s all distorted by the sort of politically correct nonsense that permeates society today. Even crates get their share of the attention, with the absurdly-named Weighted Companion Cube, emblazoned on all 6 sides with a little pink heart - good for at least a hearty chuckle. And then one finds pictures of the little fellow superimposed on pictures of Marilyn Monroe and Charlie Chaplin... In a way, this is what Psychonauts should have been - a hilarious game with fun gameplay, instead of the cack-handed platforming that ultimately made it so frustrating. Portal is remarkable because it doesn’t just have one of those “why didn’t anyone think of this” concepts behind it, and it’s not just excellently executed gameplay-wise, but because it does all those things and adds in a generous sprinkle of good old-fashioned black humour that is completely unnecessary for the core game. So, if you don’t own The Orange Box yet, you really should buy it for Portal alone. It’s a landmark game, packing more enjoyment into 3 hours than Titanic and showcasing a fact that us gamers have been aware of for quite some time - that games are superior to any other medium when done this well. And remember, the cake is a lie. Portal messes with your mind 29 [email protected] Games Reader riposte: Portal to the public Azfarul Islam thinks that you should speak up about the games that matter to you; enter Reader Riposte W hat really makes gaming special for me is how it can bring people together for a truly communal experience. Sessions like these become exciting adventures that are saturated in equal amounts of cutthroat competition and cheering camaraderie. To celebrate that spirit, I thought it would be quite interesting if Felix Games opened up a section where readers from all over Imperial College are able to offer their comments - without regard for censure - on spotlight games. What Felix Games wants is for you readers to be yourselves; there’s no reason to be all professional or uptight. Offer your thoughts - whether they be serious, cheesy, quirky or all of the above! Or you could just pick out whatever made you love and/or hate the game in question. Heck, you could even write haiku which would be pretty damn cool and witty at the same time. It’s really your canvas (if a little limited in size, sorry) and I want you to draw on it. This is a fantastic way to get involved with both Felix and the world of gaming; you don’t have to write lengthy reviews or feature articles. We’ll just take a few words of your time and you can let the world (or atleast, Imperial College students) know about your gaming critique in aperitif form. While this was basically a trial run; for future submissions I’ll have to be a little mean and ask that there be a word limit of about 50 words. This means that you can write absolutely anything - say, ten to twelve words - upto a total of fifty. I’m also sorry to say that single word comments like “Awesome” or “crap” or “leet” will have to be passed on. I’m sorry but they really don’t say much. The best way to know what games will be focused on is to be part of the Felix Games mailing list. If you’re not part of it then just hit me with an email indicating your desire to be placed in a list of truly distinguished lu- minaries at games.felix@imperial. ac.uk. Alternatively, I’ll indicate in some form as to what titles will be appearing in Felix Games for subsequent issues. Hopefully we’ll be running reviews for the likes of Super Mario Galaxy, Call of Duty 4, Assassin’s Creed, Crysis and Mass Effect as time goes on. Of course, we’re always open to reader submissions; don’t hesitate to teleport to us a copy of your reviews for the above, “Leetsauce in game format, this pwnz all. Pure simplicity, beautifully crafted into a magnificent entertainment package, Valve have outdone themselves in their creation of Portal, a game included in the Half Life 2 Orange Box. The idea behind this game is brilliant beyond bounds, overcoming obstacles and puzzles using mere holes in the space/ time continuum, taking leaps beyond the imagination of any other game creation that I for one have played. If you don’t already have it, you’re a total n00b. l2game.” - Samuel Turnouff, 2nd Year, Computing “Portal. What can I say? A breath of fresh air to what can be deemed a stagnating FPS genre. It’s such a new experience whacking down Portals here and there and it can take a bit to see how you solve the 3D puzzles using this powerful new tool. Although once you get the Companion Cube rolling you’ll soon be on your way to a delicious reward, but is the cake a lie?” - James Finnerty, 2nd Year, Computing “When it comes to Portal I’ve heard numerous comments saying that it’s too short. You’re damn right it’s too short! With entertainment this good, I demand there to be more! It’s just as well, as modders will be all over this game.” - Kris Machowski, 1st Year, Physics “It was a game that actually required you to think about what you were doing as opposed to mindlessly shooting.” - Adam Rutherford, 1st Year, Biology “It’s short because the first thirteen levels are basically tutorials leaving only six actual gameplay levels left.” - Andrew Lim, 2nd Year, Computing “Portal’s somewhat of a milestone, showing that Valve’s policy of finding talent, encouraging it and nudging it towards success pays off with awesome results.” - Michael Cook, 2nd Year, Computing Gairaigo Episode III: Katamari Damacy insanity Azfarul Islam Gairaigo returns after an elongated hiatus to the chagrin of many and the sheer joy of some. This time we look at a game that’s not necessarily the latest, but is definitely one of the quirkiest. Katamari Damacy Start small, think big and any other, games that you fancy. Back to the ye olde rulebooke: I would really appreciate it if I could get the comments for Reader Riposte (and another other material for that matter) by the Monday that precedes the Friday that Felix is published. This is so that I can get enough time to organise the layout properly and make sure each article is done proper justice and isn’t just relegated into a tiny corner with an equally tiny picture. So, warm up MS-Word (or, gasp, pick up that pen) and start jotting down your thoughts on the wacky and wonderful world of gaming. Now, shoo! Easily one of the most bizarre games I’ve played in a while, Katamari was quick in establishing itself as a connoisseur of infantile surrealism. It’s a game that tasks you to do something that’s an intrinsic impulse of the curious toddler; roll any round object. However, there’s more to it than just playing with balls. The King of AllCosmos apparently got a little tipsy one night and somehow managed to snuff out all the stars in the galaxy. Being the great monarch he is, it’s upto you as his son to right his gigantic wrongs. To that end you need to roll around the magical katamari - a strange sphere that has the ability to adhere any object, within relative size, to its being. The reason being that you need to build up a repertoire of solid matter that the King will fuse together into a star. You start quite small - with a diameter of a few centimetres - but as the game wears on you quickly attain magnitude and it’s not long before entire cities become part of your omnipotent mass. There are a myriad of items most totally and utterly random - that are strewn about a level. You need to be wary of what you pick up though. Elongated objects will transfigure how your Katamari rolls, fast, motive objects may knock items off your Katamari and obviously you want to avoid trying to pick up the ladies until you’re a bit larger. Yes, Katamari allows you to make humans and other living creatures become but a stepping stone to your voracious desire to rebuild the heav- ens. While this does seem to effuse subtly Stalinistic vibes, it’s all wrapped in a wonderfully kaleidoscopic aura of sheer insanity. The gameplay is strangely addicting - there’s a certain sense of empowerment as you incorporate more and more objects to your bulk. The visuals are technically quite inadequate but compensate with sheer personality. Special mention must go to the incredibly eclectic soundtrack: it’s one that will make you hum the tunes a long time after you’ve finished playing. The logical lunacy never falters: where else would you go about collecting crabs so that you can rebuild the Cancer constellation? Despite there being sequels to this game, I think the first one truly emanates a truly ebullient level of charm and iridescent joy. Katamari is not available in the UK, although the sequels are Portable Azfarul Islam Portal gets brilliant representation as a flash-based title that takes the FPSbut-not-really and then scales it onto the 2D plane. The genius still permeates throughout and the puzzles are fiendishly clever. You do need to apply a level of forethought that’s somewhat different from the volumetric iteration. As a teaser to the full package, the web edition is a tantalising tidbit. 30 felix Friday 23 November 2007 Adventures in the Andes Virgil Scott and 4 others from Mountaineering Club went to the Quimsa Cruz mountain range in Bolivia in July to climb new routes and explore the area, looking for rock climbing potential T he idea for this expedition came about from a desire to climb new rock routes in a remote location. The Quimsa Cruz area was suggested to us by some UKClimbing. com users who had visited it before and found that there was a lot of potential in the area. Our general aim was to climb new rock routes. Five students chose to take part: Hal Watts, Markus Roggan, Bernard Lam, Ben Withers and myself. We waddled out from the Mountaineering Club equipment stores in Beit Quad like a group of pregnant penguins (if such a thing were to exist); we were mildly late for our flight to Bolivia and we were laden with enough gear to kill a mediumsized donkey. Thankfully we made it with time to spare. We had to spend the night in Santa Cruz airport to catch our connecting flight; so we ate at Subway for about £1 each, and then found a comfy spot to sleep in the airport, which happened to be under a dozen TVs that soothed us with lovely traditional Bolivian pan-pipe music. All night long. We came close to putting an ice axe through the TVs. In La Paz we spent a few days buying supplies and acclimatising. The supermarket employees pointed and laughed at us when we bought four shopping trolleys of food, and the kids that helped us pack the groceries grinned from ear to ear when we inadvertently gave them a humungous tip. The jeeps arrived early in the morning; we loaded them up and set out towards the mountains. The driver claimed to be called Jose but drove more like McRae. We swept around tight hairpins, disturbingly close to sheer drops. We traversed several turquoise lakes and passed through a number of small farming and mining settlements, some of them abandoned and decaying. After about eight hours we were abruptly greeted by the mountains. Over the following weeks we attempted to climb as many routes as possible: Sunday 1 July On the first day our plan was to go for a short walk – exploring the nearby area. We didn’t want to push our luck with the altitude by doing anything too strenuous. We followed the river up the valley, and then branched off north to the Col leading to the next valley in which we would later put our second advanced camp. Standing on top of the col gave a stunning view of the next valley, exposing the enormous “The driver claimed to be called Jose but drove more like McRae” south faces on the opposite side of the valley. It was oozing with soaring crack-lines, hundreds of metres long reaching striking pinnacle summits, no doubt most, if not all of them, are unclimbed because they do not get much sun compared to the mass of rock opposite. From the Col we could also see Illymani – the highest mountain in Bolivia. After spending some time enjoying the views we scrambled to summit of the peak to the east of the Col. Monday 2 July In the evening we carried bivouac gear for three nights to the east of Laguna Blanca near the base of Nevada Saturno. On the way up the valley we met some miners coming down from the mines on the south side of the valley. They wore dark cotton clothing, with either a woollen hat or a baseball cap and carried rucksacks with thin cord for straps. Each morning, at around 8am they would walk past our base camp, about an hour and a half from Viloco up to the mines, whilst we would barely be out of bed until sunrise (9:30am) because it was so cold until then. They were hardy and jovial – they always greeted us cheerfully and asked about what we were doing or where we were going. Tuesday 3 July We split up into two groups, Bernard and Ben set off to the north to find a climb near the Col next to Saturno. Hal, Markus and I set off east to take a look at the south side of Saturno and the surrounding area. There appeared to be several good lines up the south side of Saturno, however since they were all in the shade we decided to attempt a line on the north facing slabs opposite Saturno. We inspected the faces and found several attractive lines, a couple of overhanging crack-lines to the east, some blank vertical slabs to the west, and up the middle was a large rightward curving crack, this looked to be the easiest line, and since it was our first climb we decided it would be best not to push ourselves too much. As it turned out we did push ourselves too much, we had totally misjudged the top pitch and it turned out to be an exciting section of steep, dirt-filled crack. As we were not really in a position to clean it, the climb turned into a constant struggle against the flow of dirt down the crack. The dirt and shrubs would gradually slide down the crack and so the climbing involved attempting to move faster than the dirt was sliding. Stopping to catch your breath would give you an alarming feeling of being in sinking sand – as your hands and feet would begin to move downwards, so we called this route E-dirt. Ben and Bernard found a climb to the north-west of Saturno, a long scramble where everything was loose. and it was soon clear that it would be very late before they would return. They finished their route late in the afternoon, just before dark, and returned to base camp just before midnight. Wednesday 4 July Rest day. This looks highly dangerous! Mountaineering Club: not good for vertigo Thursday 5 July We moved up to the Laguna Blanca camp early in the morning. Markus and I explored the area to the north and north-west of Laguna Blanca. We planned to do a route on the slabs to the north of the lake but upon inspection it appeared excessively dirty and had evidence of being climbed so instead we continued further west and then north up a gulley to check out the wall that joined the ridge parallel to the next valley. Bernard and Ben explored the slabs below the headwall to the northeast of Laguna Blanca scrambling up a A mountaineer spreading his legs in search of a crack felix Friday 23 November 2007 able a solid sling belay below this section. We had to stop clearing loose rock eventually when we realised that we were gradually destroying the platform that we were sitting on – the rock did not seem to get any more solid regardless of how deep we dug. We studied the options and decided to try and traverse rightwards then move up on a leftward leaning line of weakness. However this would have to wait until the following day. We abseiled down and left the ropes to ascend the next day and then bivouacked next to the lake near the base of the wall. Markus, Ben and Bernard traversed the big ridge, starting south-west of base camp. Beautiful Bolivia narrowing gulley until it became too technical for walking poles. Friday 6 July We had an early start to attempt a very attractive line up the slabs to the eastnortheast of Laguna Blanca. Markus and I climbed this and it turned out to be a four pitch climb with beautiful crack sections. However, several pieces of in-situ gear were found which suggests this was not a first ascent. It would be possible to continue this climb to the summit of a choice of pinnacles. We decided not to climb further as the point reached after four pitches was the logical end to the aesthetic line, and based on the amount of in-situ gear found up to that point it would not be a first ascent. In the evening some small clouds began to appear, up to this point the weather had been totally cloudless, and warm enough to climb in a base layer during the day. The difference between sun and shade temperatures was remarkable, entering the shade felt like walking into the frozen foods department of a supermarket. Saturday 7 July Rest day. There was significant snowfall through the night and most of the higher ground was covered in snow. Sunday 8 July Climbing was not possible due to the snow. Bernard and I explored the valley to the north by walking to the Col that leads to what we called ‘Torrini’. It looked stunning but already had many established routes on it. Ben and Hal explored ‘the big wall’ area to the north-northwest of base camp. The big wall was one of the most inspiring pieces of rock we found out there. It was 400-500m of vertical (sometimes overhanging) rock. We decided we had to attempt it. Monday 9 July More snow, hail and wind throughout the day. We realised that some kind of rodent was nibbling on our cereals and chocolate so we ended up hanging all our food from bushes and boulders. Tuesday 10 July The weather improved and the sun came out occasionally in-between the clouds. Hal, Markus and I carried gear to the base of the big wall and returned to base camp. Bernard and Ben climbed a mixed route (grade III/4) on the slabs near the Col that lead to the next valley to the north-west of base camp. Wednesday 11 July Hal and I attempted and retreated three lines on the big wall, the wall turned out to be very loose and deceptively steep, difficult and cold, with snow and ice on many holds. All three lines looked fairly straightforward but as soon as we stepped onto them we found the angles of the holds and formation of the rock somehow forced us to lean away as though on a severe overhang. The amount of loose rock was overwhelming; the majority of holds were loose enough to remove with a moderate pull. Rock that seemed solid at first would then move readily when pulled from a slightly different direction. If the rock had been solid the wall would have been superb, steep climbing, with very large holds and good gear. However, instead it was steep with very few solid holds and the constant stress of “The difference between sun and shade temperatures was remarkable” a potential fall onto bad protection. Occasionally we encountered a short section of solid rock – these sections had very good quality climbing. And this was what encouraged us to continue. We did not have any success on the first day but found a promising line of weakness that we would pursue the next day. We returned to base camp in the evening. Ben and Bernard rested at base camp after completing a mixed route the day before. Thursday 12 July Hal and I climbed 35m on the big wall, following the line of weakness up a diagonal crack that we found on the previous day. The first pitch was climbed in mountain boots as there was a significant amount of snow and ice. We set up an anchor after 25m, equalising 5 pieces of gear. The next pitch was cut short when we encountered an overhanging section that was startlingly loose. We spent a little over 30 minutes clearing loose rock from a small platform to en- Friday 13 July It took an entire day for Hal and I to traverse 8m in an attempt to find a line of weakness on the overhanging section on the big wall. At every stage we would reassess the possibilities in terms of finding the best line of weakness with the least loose rock, traversing slightly, then attempting to climb diagonally up and left, then up and right, then straight up, failing that we would traverse further rightwards and repeat the process. We climbed the traverse in mountain boots to avoid cold toes. Eventually we could not go any further when we could not find gear placements, so we placed a bolt by hand, whilst hanging from two marginal BD micro nuts, in order to retreat from the position and to leave a solid anchor to ascend to the next day. Bernard, Ben and Markus climbed a short icefall to the east of base camp. Saturday 14 July Markus, Ben and Bernard climbed an existing bolted route on Torrini. Hal and I ascended to the bolt and attempted to make some progress from there. There appeared to be several options, either traverse right and follow a flake system leftwards or trend slightly leftwards and up to a small ledge or head diagonally leftwards to a section of less steep rock. By the end of the day we had tried all of the options, each one taking an extraordinary amount of time. Due to the loose rock each move required excavation, cleaning and the testing of many holds. Placing gear was even more time consuming, most usable holds would take a moderate pull – but not the pull of a fall, so finding a good placement required more time. We resorted to a ‘safety in numbers’ idea placing gear at almost every opportunity. In spite of this we were not really willing to push ourselves as we didn’t trust the gear; getting passed that crux section (the terrain appeared to ease off around 15m higher) would require bold climbing on loose rock with the possibility of gear ripping. We discussed alternative tactics and decided that we could no longer pursue the objective in the same manner so we abseiled from the anchor (consisting of 7 equalised parts, including a bolt). We considered looking for an easy way to the summit then abseiling down from the top, cleaning each pitch and slinging (or bolting) anchors. In the evening, we walked up to the ridge on the west to see if we could find a way up, but there was no straightforward way. Sunday 15 July Hal walked up the gulley to the east of the big wall to see if there was a way to the summit from there whilst I retrieved the gear from the big wall (leaving one bolt and one piece of abseil cord). There was no simple way to the top so we returned to base camp. “The climbing was some of the highest quality we had ever experienced” Monday 16 July We all carried bivi gear to make a camp in the next valley. Once we had set up the bivi spot we checked out the surrounding rock. There was a lot of it, and all of it was north-facing so it received sunlight for most of the day, which was a nice change. Unfortunately there was no running water nearby so we had to melt snow for water, but it was full of grit and so had an interesting texture. Tuesday 17 July Bernard and I climbed a route which we named ‘La Cueva Cómoda’ on the wall we came to know as ‘lower Torrini’. Markus and Ben climbed two routes, one called ‘Motivationsriss’ on the lower Torrini and one that Markus named ‘LaLiLu’ in the ‘mid Torrini’ area. Hal was bruised by loose rock so could not climb. “The kind of climbing where you feel ‘in the zone’ after the first move” Wednesday 18 July Hal and I inspected, cleaned and practiced on top-rope the top pitch of a potential line in the mid Torrini area. As we had entered the valley we had all noticed a particularly striking piece of rock, so we decided to try and find out if it would be climb- 31 able. It was clear that the hardest pitch would be the top, which was fairly accessible from the other side of the valley. It was a 20m slab that appeared to have no natural protection, but had a many small crystals protruding from its surface. The climbing was some of the highest quality we had ever experienced, immaculate, solid granite, with a beautifully flowing sequence of moves. It was the kind of climbing where you feel ‘in the zone’ after the first move. Thursday 19 July Hal and I set off to climb the line we had looked at the day before. Ben, Bernard and Markus rested at advanced camp. The crux pitch went smoothly, but the diagonally rising crack-line traverse turned out to be harder than expected and was also filled with dirt and moss. About half way across I had to stop and clean it out as it was getting hard to see because of all the moss falling into my eyes. At one point I turned away form the wall to spit out some dirt, this unfortunately landed on Hal. Friday 20 July Returned to base camp. Saturday 21 July Ben, Hal and I collected the remainder of the gear from the advanced camp in the next valley and returned to base camp. Markus and Bernard climbed a three pitch VS 4c near Cuernos Del Diablo and returned to base camp in the evening. Sunday 22 July We rested at base camp, made preparations to leave, and packed gear and food. Andean Summits’ jeeps arrived in the evening to take us home. The members of the Imperial College Quimsa Cruz 2007 expedition would like to thank the following for their kind support: Imperial College London, Sir Richard Sykes, Mount Everest Foundation, British Mountaineering Council, First Ascent, PHD Designs, Rab, and Terra Nova. 32 E I U X G X S G U Y S A I G X I S G O O U O G U E O Y Y Solution to 1,387 N S E A I Q T U O A T Q S O U I N E O I U E N T A S Q U Q A T S N O E I E N T O U I Q A S S O I Q E A U T N I A O N T S E Q U Q U N I A E S O T T E S U Q O V I A Wordoku is identical to sudoku; we’ve just replaced the numbers with letters. Once you’ve completed the puzzle, there is a hidden word or phrase to find. Email in your answers to [email protected]. The winner of the Wordoku 1,387 was Jenny Yang. The hidden phrase was “EQUATIONS”. [email protected] The Polygon of Exquisite Ecstasy N R Under 8 words: “You are as sharp as a sackful of wet mice” (Foghorn Leghorn). The seven letter word was: Using the letters given, not more than once, make as many words as possible. They must be at least four or more letters long and each word you come up with must include the central letter. Capitalised words, conjugated verbs (past tense etc), adverbs ending in “-ly”, comparatives and superlatives are disallowed. A word you are not allowed in this case would be “Felix” as none of the letters can be found in the polygon. Get it?! 8 - 13 words: You must have a brain like teflon - nothing sticks in it. Go away or I shall taunt you a second time. 14 - 19 words: Careful now, don’t let your brains go to your head! 20 plus words: Well done, brainy boots! PHOBIAS Congratulations if you have phobias. Other words included: abos, aphis, apish, bash, bias, boas, haps, hasp, opah, opahs, phobia, pias, sahib, soap H to the o, r, o, sizzle copes – it’s the Horoscopes Aquarius This week you think you’re a big playa. Big pimpin’ and all that jazz. You start spitting your chat to a lady behind the kiosk in Waitrose. Straight out of the left-field, she announces that she’s beaten Eminem in a rap battle in “dat fail 8 Mile. Check it.” Her flow engulfs you leaving you straight tripping dawg. Slapped, bish-bang-bosh. In your face. Hollaaaa! Pisces Today you misread Pisces as peices. YOU ARE AN IDIOT! Not only is it not that word, you forgot i before e except after c. I hope you’re ashamed as I have just vomited up one of my kidneys in outrage and the only way I can restore equilibrium is by murdering an otter with a plum. A PLUM! How ridiculous is that? You don’t even deserve death you maggot-rapist. Aries So I met this guy, he wasn’t actually a guy, but a male tortoise, well, not a male tortoise but an a-gender nematode, well, not really a nematode more of a tautology engaged in passive syntax with an anachronism. This week you will understand what I mean and weep. Taurus This week you think of some witty horoscopes during the week. You think to yourself: “Ah, that’s a good one – I’ll have to write that one down this week.” However, when you actually come to write the section, you completely forget what they were. In case you’re wondering, this is not some kind of horribly SELFREFERENTIAL horoscope that I did in fact come up with. Gemini This week you are reminded of that fling you had with Rob. You are thinking maybe that his lower back-hair wasn’t that hideous and you should give him another go. On the other hand, he did have a disgusting flipper on his knee-cap which also got overly sweaty when you were doing the pelvic hurdles. He did also drool on you whilst he talked. What the fuck were you thinking? Cancer Mutual masturbation. I could talk about it in this space, but I’m not going to I’m afraid. Not unless there’s cheese graters, corkscrews, potato peelers and a whole load of other kitchen utensils involved. Contrary to what the Muller yoghurt adverts say: “pleasure only comes with pain.” Leo Tomorrow you will actually make a fucking decision and stop being the little fucking prick-tease that you are. You are worse than that little bitch Sandra who comes round every wednesday with one tit hanging out only to shout “PERVERT!” at you when you look like you are thinking about looking at her loose mammary. This decision is however to dump me after the above comment. Virgo Still having the thought of Rob in your head and your constant fear of being alone and ending up as Deirdre, the lady who collects oddly shaped pieces of the parsnip you immediately take back the above dumping. Better to have some readily available sperm than an arid uterus you constantly intone to yourself like a cockhungry fishmonger’s daughter. Libra Meanwhile all the above is going off you cannot stop laughing since you have taken a vow of celibacy and realise how above everyone you are by opting out of such carnal delights. However, I know the real reason you are laughing, it is to cover the sound of your penis farting. Scorpio YES! You have PFD, penis flatulence disorder which forces your penis to break wind by some unusual congenital intestinal disorder. This also explains your enforced celibacy as no lady wants warm fart blown up her growler like stuffing a turkey with methane. You have however rethought your stance on celibacy and turn into a slob who constantly shouts... Sagittarius Get your growler out. Get it out for the lads. Get it out, show us every last little bit of it. Inside. Outside. Upside the hizzle. GROWL. GROWL. Grow-growgrow-grow-grow-grow -grow-grow-growgrow-grow -grow-grow-grow-grow-grow -grow-grow-grow-grow-grow -grow-growgrow-grow-grow -grow-grow-grow-growgrow -grow-grow. Consume me! Capricorn 25 years later, you are told of corrective surgery which will forever rid you of your trumping meat-stick. You go along for a pre-op check up by Dr. R. Nipple, and you notice a bulge in his trousers in one of his knees. Oh my god! It is ROB! You are now part of the twisted love triangle! You die. felix 2 2 Squares are not allowed either. There are never cells containing the number 4 in Slitherlink. So, where do you start? The most common place to start on a Slitherlink grid is by drawing crosses around any zeros. Drawing crosses is purely done to so that you know where there can’t possibly be a line. So, take the pattern below as an example. Begin by drawing crosses, then by filling in some lines: How to play: Crudely speaking, Slitherlink is similar to Minesweeper mixed with a dash of Sudoku. The object of the game is to draw lines between the dots to create one long, and most importantly, looping line. It should have no start or finish; just like an elastic band. Each number indicates how many lines should be drawn around it, for example: x x Cells which don’t contain a number can be surrounded by any number of lines. Remember, the line must form a loop, so the line cannot branch. The following situations are not allowed: 0 x x 3 Ha, ha! We’ve sprung another gigantic 10x10 on you this week. Enjoy and keep linking! Logic Puzzle: Colourful Lecturers “Shaun Crofton is God!” “To the black guy in the orange hoodie I saw in the JCR: you are really hot! Love your crazy hair! Do you wanna meet up? Meet me at 12 in the Sherfield Building Tuesday 27th! ” “Lauren Machin has crumpets to offer the man with the largest memory stick!” 07980 148 785 TEXT US! YOU KNOW YOU WANT TO! OH GO ON! “Gavin loves boys!” “Anne je t’aime, chaque cours a tes cotes me rempli de bonheur... Tes lourdes miches peuplent mes nuits. L’un des l’autre on est bien emsemble. Rémi” “To the floppy blonde haired rower: I saw you in the gym in your lycra and can’t stop thinking about your massive... hair :o) Felix has my number: TEXT ME X” 4. The lecturer who taugh Embroidery and Advanced Knitwear was known for setting very hard exams and having a very bad temper. DRUNK UNDER DESK HARD EXAMS & TEMPER This week’s texts: (Any similarities to persons living or dead is purely coincidential, although all the courses can be found on the UCAS website...!) 3. The lecturer with the incredible accent who was found in a cupboard with a first year wasn’t Dr Blue who teaches Fashion Accessories, specifically bangles. EXTREMELY BORING At the University of Slurry, 5 lecturers, who teach 5 different subjects were caught in compromising positions. Each has a habit that they are known for. Work out who teaches what, their habit and the compromising situation. 2. The lecturer who teaches Golf Course Management embezzled his own research fund, and Dr Brown got rather too excited about his own research and several students complained. WEARING SAME JUMPER Read through each clue and make any obvious or stated deductions. Find the corresponding row and column on the grid and place a tick for ‘Yes’ in the box, and a cross for ‘No’ in the cells next to this one vertically and horizontally. 1. Dr White (who always wears the same grey jumper) doesn’t teach Folk Music in which the lecturer fell asleep during his lecture on Ballard Studies. TREE MANAGEMENT GOLF COURSE MANAGEMENT EMBROIDERY AND KNITWEAR FOLK MUSIC Ensure that you read the clues carefully. They can sometimes reveal multiple hints! Remember that elimination of alternatives is a key method. That is where the grid is so important - it allows you to see the possibilities left. FASHION ACCESSORIES Using the clues and logical deduction alone, work out how all the people involved in the match relate to each other. The puzzle can be solved without guesswork. Make use of the grid to mark the combinations that you know. DR RED DR WHITE DR BROWN DR BLACK DR BLUE FELL ASLEEP EMBEZZLED MONEY FOUND IN CUPBOARD GOT TOO “EXCITED” DRUNK UNDER DESK WEARING SAME JUMPER EXTREMELY BORING HARD EXAMS & TEMPER INCREDIBLE ACCENT EXCESSIVE FLATULENCE Last Week’s Solution: Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Amanda Is it hot in here...? Gertie Did it hurt...? Ingrid Alpahbet: U & I Bessie Latex... Madge Fancy a shag? Laughed Slapped Vomited Ignored Threw Drink 34 Travel Travel Editors – Ahran Arnold and Nadine Richards [email protected] The ancient art of haggling “Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.” The wise words of former US President John F Kennedy. He probably wasn’t talking about price negotiations, or ‘haggling’ as it is known, but his words still ring true for tourists Ahran Arnold Travel Editor As this is the travel section, the thought struck me that perhaps we shouldn’t just be talking about different parts of the world we’ve visited. Perhaps this page can offer practical and moral guidance to travelling people (not in the gypsy sense, of course). This, in turn, led me to think of the issues that face travellers as they delve into the unknown regions. The constant threat of theft, insulting foreign cultures, personal injury, getting lost and being murdered are all issues that are worth discussing and are of considerable importance to the wary wanderer. There is one particular topic that I feel warrants special concern this week; many intrepid holidaymakers feel a compulsion to dabble in the curious art of haggling. Haggling is not a ubiquitous phenomenon. In Japan, for example, haggling is usually just a matter of asking for a discount once and then being declined or accepted. Haggling in western, developed nations can permeate many types of purchases but is usually confined to markets. In many countries however, especially in North Africa and South East Asia, haggling is a huge part of day-to-day life for locals and tourists alike. So negotiating a price is not universal but it is certainly widespread enough that you’re more than likely to come across it at some point. But the question is: just because you can haggle, should you? I’m not talking about locals haggling with other locals for goods. This is clearly beyond reproach; it is a part of their culture and helps to ensure fair prices for both vendor and seller, sustaining the local economy. What I’m referring can be best appreciated with the following example. I’m sure many of you have witnessed scenes like this before. Relatively wealthy tourist, from developed, affluent nation with strong currency in an impoverished third world country haggles with a poor local vendor in a market. Without throwing any bias or prejudice into this example, let us refer to the wealthy tourist Travels without my aunt: Part 3 Theo Georgiou-Delisle Haggling in action. These guys are the experts: if they see tourists they know it’s payday as ‘Strachan Mackenzie’ and the poor local vendor as ‘Tiny Tim.’ These are just arbitrary names that I got from a random word generator. Now, rich Mr. Mackenzie wants to get a flavour of the local culture by driving down the price of the handicraft he wants to buy. It’s a simple wooden sculpture, depicting an emperor from the country’s ancient heyday in a humorously erotic situation. Strachan Mackenzie just happens to enjoy erotic woodwork and has amassed a large collection in his stately home. In his own currency the amount that Mackenzie is haggling over is about 20p. Tiny Tim is just 11 years old. His mother runs the stall, normally, but has been taken ill with a condition that has all the hallmarks of a nasty infectious disease, which is often fatal in this part of the world. When Tim isn’t helping his mother in the market he generally “No, you’ve got to haggle” Monty Python send up the idea of haggling in ‘The Life Of Brian’ works an 18hr day, with breaks to run to the nearest well (a mere ten miles away) to acquire water for himself, his mother and his nine younger siblings. Tim has never been to school and has only a rudimentary idea of numeracy. The 20p that is the centre of the protracted negotiations could make the difference between affording a ride to a local hospital to see if anything can be done about his mother’s worsening state. His pride prevents him from revealing this fact to tourist in front of him though. While the intolerably hot, fictional sun bears down on them, Mr. Mackenzie refuses to back down so the desperate Tim must accede, since he cannot turn down the sale. Even the tiny profit made will help to an extent. Strachan holds his prize up against the sunlight and laughs again at its sexual overtones before using the wooden figure’s manhood to perform a lewd action on his wife, who is not amused. This desecration of his culture’s most revered historic figure is the final insult for Tim, who breaks down into tears. The salty tears run down his face and drip on to the earthen floor and are trampled underfoot by Strachan Mackenzie’s expensive Gore-Tex hiking boots. Yes, this was a protracted way of saying that sometimes when you haggle over amounts of money that seem small to you, in order to ‘experience the local culture,’ you should realize these values could be small fortunes to locals. There are flipsides to this. That is to say, there are arguments for haggling in many situations. Local merchants are the undisputed kings of emotional blackmail. They’re even better at it than mothers. I have heard people in markets use the difference in value of money between countries as a way to convince tourists into settling for a higher price. A friend who visited Cambodia told me that when he apol- ogised to a local child for not offering any money the child responded with “sorry don’t help me.” The other reason is that many of these sellers will massively overcharge you for their goods, simply because you are a tourist and to them you like a big walking dollar sign. In Morocco, the local market stall workers have learned an extremely useful English phrase. When you’re haggling over an item fiercely, absolutely “You think, ‘Why am I being so paranoid? I’m on holiday!’ You settle for the price and that’s when they’ve really fleeced you.” convinced that the salesman is trying to fleece you and accusing them of that very crime, they’ll whip this classic out of the bag: “Why are you so paranoid?” You think, “Why am I being so paranoid; I’m on holiday!” you settle for the price and that’s when they’ve really fleeced you. There are few things more annoying than thinking someone has got the better of you and is laughing at you behind your back because of it. The lesson here is that the discerning tourist must use his judgement to decide when and to what extent it is appropriate to haggle and accept that sometimes you will be unwittingly exploiting poor people or playing into unscrupulous vendors’ hands. Life’s tough like that. “Jesus wept”, and “Emily HoxworthHoward stared longingly out of the bay window onto the harsh and unforgiving wild moor knowing one day she would find that secret garden and frolic in the morning dew”, are well known as the two shortest sentences in the bible; this week however I am going to talk about Edmonton, in North East London. I happened upon Edmonton by necessity and initially believed that I had inadvertently uncovered the remnants of a previously unreported nuclear holocaust as dishevelled individuals drifted about town, plastic bags stuffed into their pockets like sweets. It is surprising indeed how many busses are happy to take you to the area, given the fact that every driver is mugged on average six times a day when driving through. Arriving in Edmonton you may be lucky enough to catch a glimpse of the fabled Edmonton Seagull which prays on the weak and infirm in the vicinity, carrying them off to the nearby rubbish dump so that they may be exchanged for fish and suchlike by the local council. The MP for Edmonton is Andy Love (Labour), who ironically is notoriously never in love. He did however oversee the building of the new shopping complex in Edmonton Green which, I must admit, was a good idea in that the removal of asbestos from children’s lolly sticks in the 1970s was a good idea. In order for you to truly understand the monstrosity that was the old Edmonton Green shopping complex you have to try to imagine what might happen if Jade Goody was given a vat of concrete and a set of instructions in Hindi, then left for an hour to construct as she pleased. As one walked into the old shopping mall, the overwhelming sense of foreboding that would envelop you would be powerful enough to cause you to panic and decide to buy an ill thought out bomber jacket. This would be a decision you would regret later in the day as you were held at gunpoint by the shop owner who had previously sold you the coat. Moving away from the centre of Edmonton, it is conceivable that one might decide to visit the Lee Valley Leisure Complex. This dear reader would be a mistake. Never before has the thought of visiting any one of 12 cinema screens in one building sounded so unappealing. Firstly, the greatest mathematicians in the UK have not yet calculated a route to the complex that doesn’t involve getting lost 7 times, 4 of which end up with your car wedged into the surrounding low-lying marshland. Once there, you are allowed to park a minimum of 2 miles away and must walk the rest of the distance. In the cinema itself, once the film has finished, it is customary to leave your footwear behind as it will be well and truly stuck to the floor by indistinguishable sticky substances. Edmonton, in summary, is enough to make Jesus weep. felix Netball 1sts mammoth report on unbeaten run Netball Netball Imperial 1sts King’s Medicals 3rd 36 3 Sara Willis The IC 1st Netball team are on a roll this season having not lost a single game in both ULU and BUSA. The 29/10/07 saw the ladies in blue facing King’s Medic’s 3rds at home in Ethos. Imperial dominated the whole first half, however with the score at half time being 36 – 6, King’s Medicals decided not to continue the match due to ‘dodgy’ umpiring. Obviously losing gracefully is not a Medic trait. The next BUSA game saw us all the way out at Teddington to play the University of Hertfordshire 2nd team thanks to yet another cock up by Holland Park. (I’d like to thank Luke Taylor for driving us like a lunatic in a bright yellow minibus all the way there before legging it over to Harlington for his match. We love you Luke!). With us Imperial 1sts Hertfordshire 3rd Netball 51 16 lending the medics our second umpire (a thank-you would be nice btw) we had Jess Marley’s mum stand in, despite driving from Cardiff that morning to come and watch. The game was like our previous BUSA encounters, IC dominating from the start. Despite the other team being very worthy opponents, their shooting and passing accuracy let them down and IC had another convincing win, 51-16, Man of the Match went to Sara Willis, IC player went to Rachel Dilley and Twat of the match went to Jess Marley for running round the Union like a muppit trying to sort out courts and umpires, and for telling everyone not to say the umpire was her mum but then shouting “mum” when pulled up in the middle of the match. Next we were off to beautiful Staines on Monday the 5th of November to RSM Hockey victorious Hockey RSM Mixed XI Strollers Mixed XI 5 4 Charlotte Atteck Last Sunday saw the RSM mixed team recapture the magic after a slow start to the season, beating the Strollers 5-4. With the wind howling and the Strollers putting away a cracking goal to the amazement of first time keeper Borja (after being told there wouldn’t be any air shots to save by a certain Sharky) it looked to be a gloomy afternoon. It took another goal from the Strollers to get veteran Mikey P into gear to start the amazing comeback the team was about to pull off. With a beauty from Timmay (aka sharky junior) and an unexpected tap into the back of the goal by novice Aaaaaadam Baldwin before half time, the underdogs were in high spirits despite the lung burn, stitch and other signs of poor fitness displayed by some of the members following the usual chaos of a Saturday night. Strollers came back strong as the RSM got carried away with the score line being in our favour so early on in An RSM mixed hockey team the game (lets face it doesn’t happen too often) and let a goal through despite the fine efforts of the defence who had a smashing game. Fresher Dave soon retaliated and earned a nomination for champagne moment with an absolute beauty from the top of the D to put us back in the game. Slushy man Steve gave it all he had in an attempt to loose his scoring virginity but it just wasn’t to be... No matter, it will happen one day and it will be exquisite. It was my privilege to round up the match with the worst, most flukiest goal known to man giving the RSM mixed team their first win of the season. Man of the match had to be given to Aaaaaadam Baldwin for his brave performance in both defence and up front, Gilly managed to secure champagne moment for her constant giggling and almost giving away a long corner in the first play of the game and slushy Stevie got TFC for not being able to follow through and get the ball in the goal although his efforts in the pub after could not be faulted in the least. All in all a fantastic game, thanks to Susie for her continuing contribution and excellent skippering of the team and to everyone who showed up to play it was a pleasure as always. Netball Royal Holloway 2nd Imperial 1sts 26 39 play Royal Holloway 2nds. Being distracted by the beautiful fireworks and the thought of fish and chips from the chippy on the way back to the station, the IC girls managed a win, although less than convincing, 39-26. Man of the match went to Jen Lang and Twat of the Match went to Kate Chapman for just being as dizzy as a blonde in a beauty shop. On the train to Luton with a hungover team we were off to challenge the University of Bedfordshire 1st. The game was challenging and the IC girls were a little worried after watching their professional warm-up, whist standing on the sideline gossiping about the night before. The IC girls however came through in the end showing it’s not all about wanting to win; it’s more about wanting to get to the pub ASAP, with a 67-35 win. Well Bedfordshire 1sts Imperial 1sts Netball 35 67 done guys, knew we were all feeling rough! After the game we went to their sponsors pub and polished off 4 pitchers of Strongbow (in true IC netball style) and a burger and chips (nothing better to cure a hangover), before getting the train back more than a little tipsy. Man of the Match went to Rachel Dilley, IC player went to Candy Fisher and Twat of the match went to Kate Chapman for getting her ass out in the pub to show all the Beds girls her huge bruise from playing rugby. In the pouring rain, we were off to challenge UCL 3rds on the 19/11/07. Despite being freezing on court and the UCL team playing more like in a rugby game than a netball game the girls in blue had yet another credible win, 5214. Let’s keep up the good work guys! Man of the match went to Sara Willis, IC player went to Lauren Anderson- UCL 3rd Imperial 1sts 14 52 Dring and Twat of the match went to Kate Chapman for running round her goal third cause she was cold and looking like a complete “twat” whilst doing so. I’d also like to take this opportunity to let the readers know, if they haven’t already heard, that the Rugby boys have challenged the IC 1st to a netball match in order to raise money for charity. Therefore I’d like to invite everyone to come along to Ethos on the Sat 24th of Nov (tomorrow!) 4-6 p.m to watch the Rugby boys, most likely in dresses, make fools of themselves playing (and I use the term “playing” very lightly) netball. It will cost £2 to come and watch and all the money is going to the West London Sports Trust. BRING IT ON LADS!!!! Sports Editor: You girls haven’t got a chance! A lovely trip to Mont Blanc Matthew Cooper After an hour playing the ‘weight game’ at the airport, a short fifty minute Easyjet flight to Geneva and a two hour coach journey me, Andy Parsons and Mike Halls-Moore arrived at Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, the capital of world climbing. After meeting up with Luke, who informed us that “the weather was stable and we needed to go up into the mountains now!” we settled in to our new campsite home. The next day we took the truly amazing Aiguille Du Midi cable car, feeling highly conspicuous in the crowds of tourists with our 100 litre duffle bags full of six days food and climbing packs bristling with axes and crampons. On arriving at the Midi station (3842m) we wasted no time, and after hiding our bags in an ice cave, headed out to the Mer De Glace Glacier, squinting in the blinding sunlight of a perfect Alpine day. We dashed up the stunningly beautiful Arete Du Cosmeque in three hours and arrived back at the station feeling breathless and rather pleased with ourselves. In continually superb weather we managed most of the Rebuffat Route (TD rock climbing), some of the MidiPlan traverse and Mont Blanc Du Tacul (4248). However sleepless nights due to the altitude and concrete floor of the station forced us down after four days. After a couple of happy days dosing around Chamonix eating ice-cream, the possibly of a storm front hitting in a matter of days persuaded us it was time to go for the biggy, Mont Blanc itself. The next day an early morning cable car, then a train journey, deposited us in the fog at the start of the Gouter Route. Four hours of slog brought us out of the fog and on to the glacier. We now had to cross the most lethal part of the route, the 100m wide Grand Couloir. This 70o snow gully is notorious, due to the large quantity of TV sized rocks which continually whiz down it, released by melting ice or a careless climber above. We roped up and ran across (not easy in crampons!) after waiting for a gap in the fuselage. A breathless four hour scramble up a 60o arête made of teetering car sized blocks brought us to the Aiguelle Du Gouter. We camped on the snow ridge above, where watching the mountains change colour in the sunset couldn’t quite compensate for the onion flavoured snow/pasta mush which passed for tea. We were awoken from blissful sleep at 2am by a multitude of alarms and after a solid hour of general faff we were ready to go. During the first two hours of the accent a combination of pitch blackness, biting cold and steep cramponing at altitude made for not an entirely pleasant experience. However by 5am the arrival of the sun in the East gave an illusion of warmth and more The climbers at the summit importantly a view of the fantastically sinuous and knife edge Bosses Ridge which leads to the summit. Two hours of careful footsteps and false summits later we had arrived at the Roof of Europe. It was an amazing place, with white and orange mountains stretching in all directions, the clouds thousands of metres below us and the sky above looking un-naturally black. However lack of feeling in fingers and toes encouraged us not to linger and ten minutes of frantic photo snapping latter we where on our way back. The twelve hour descent was long and torturous and we finally arrived back to Chamonix in the dark. A crate of beer, 2 bottles of van rouge and a chilli later, we were all enjoying a well earned kip. 36 Sport [email protected] Singaporean Society haul medals in Nottingham Jiaxuan Lu On 10th November, at 5am, 74 of us from Imperial College Singaporean Society waited at Beit Quad for the coach to University of Nottingham, looking all bleary-eyed and not the least battleready for the impending Nottingham Games. The Nottingham Games were the equivalent of the Olympics for the Singaporean Societies all across UK, albeit held annually but always a highlight in the Singaporean Society sporting calendar. Every year, we go forth to compete for glory and above all, boasting rights in various sports like football, floorball, basketball, netball, ultimate Frisbee, badminton etc. Competition was always strong at the Notts Games, but this year was going to be some- thing special for us. The games were held throughout the whole campus of the university and once we arrived, we started on our respective games. As usual, our 2 floorball teams hit the floor running, one emerging victorious in all their games and the other only losing one, drawing another and winning all the rest. As a result, we emerged champions and 2nd runner-up in floorball. In ultimate Frisbee, we managed to clinch 1st runner-up spot after facing stiff competition from the other universities. Though emotions ran high during in the final due to several controversial foul calls, the team still played in the spirit of the game, exhibiting great composure and levelheadedness. Football, being one of the most Ultimate frisbee popular sports, had a great number of teams and it was a long, hard road through the group stages. Some of the teams were more interested in wrestling than playing proper football but we still managed to top our group and go onto the quarter-finals. We faced LSE, whom we promptly dismissed with a 4-0 scoreline and then went on to the semis. Unfortunately, we lost to Bristol and had to settle for 2nd runner-up spot after beating Sheffield in a scintillating game that ended 5-4 in our favour. Squash has always been one of our main sources of medals and in this, Wong Chong Wai did not disappoint us. He managed to come in 1st runner up in Squash Men’s Singles, doing us proud once again. Two other players, Andrew Jasudasen and Rajeev Rikhye fought valiantly but missed out narrowly on getting a medal. Bridge was also one of the competitive sports at the Notts Games and we proved ourselves to be more than adept at this thinking man’s game. The pairs of Tan Xuan You and Koh Yahting bested others to come in 1st runner up and so did Xue Kun and Ang Chieh Hwee as they came in a close 2nd Runner-up. In Chess, Low Yu Bin also did not go home empty-handed as he achieved a 2nd runner-up position. It seemed that we could not stop winning something in almost every sport and indeed, there was still more to come. In Men’s Singles Tennis, Lim Zhiyang showed off his racket skills, dominating all his opponents to come in eventual champion. The Men’s Dou- Wong Chong Wai with his squash medal bles pairing of Boris Iskandar and Lionel Wong also gave the rest a run for their money, clinching 2nd runner-up. In Basketball, Badminton and Netball, we put up a fight from start to finish but were unlucky to come away without anything. In terms of overall standings, Imperial College came in an unprecedent- Fixtures and Results ed 2nd runner up after all the points were tallied. This added to an already burgeoning harvest of medals and we could claim to be a sporting force to be reckoned with in the next Nottingham Games. After gaining so many accolades to our name, waking up at 5am was well worth it. in association with Sports Partnership Saturday 17th November Football – ULU ICU Men’s 1st LSE Men’s 3rd 3 0 UCL Men’s 5th ICU Men’s 4th 6 1 RUMS Men’s 2nd ICU Men’s 5th 5 0 RUMS Men’s 4th ICU Men’s 6th N/A N/A ICU Men’s 7th LSE Men’s 6th 1 3 ICU Men’s 1st University of Reading Men’s 1st 2 0 Hertfordshire Men’s 2nd ICU Men’s 2nd 6 2 Buckinghamshire Chilterns Men’s 1st ICU Men’s 2nd 0 4 ICU Men’s 2nd King’s Men’s 1st ICU Men’s 1st University of Essex Men’s 1st 0 2 ICU Women’s 1st Cambridge Women’s 1st 0 8 ICU Men’s 3rd Royal Holloway Men’s 2nd 4 1 ICU Men’s 3rd University of Essex Men’s 2nd 3 0 ICU Mixed 1st UCL Miuxed 1st 3 2 ICU Men’s 4th University of Kingston Men’s 2nd 1 0 ICU Women’s 1st King’s Women’s 1st 4 0 ICU Women’s 1st University of Reading Women’s 1st 4 6 ICU Women’s 2nd King’s Women’s 2nd 1 8 ICU Women’s 1st LSE Women’s 1st N/A N/A RUMS Men’s 1st ICU Men’s 2nd 4 1 ICU Men’s 3rd University of Sussex Men’s 3rd 0 2 ICU Men’s 4th (ULU) RUMS Men’s 2nd (ULU) 3 4 ICU Men’s 5th (ULU) King’s Medicals Men’s 3rd (ULU) 1 3 ICU Men’s 1st Buckinghamshire Chilterns Men’s 1st 46 12 ICU Women’s 1st LSE Women’s 1st 0 2 St. Georgre’s Hospital Men’s 1st ICU Men’s 2nd 0 26 Lacrosse ICU Women’s 1st King’s Women’s 1st 7 4 ICU Men’s 2nd UCL Men’s 1st 1 4 ICU Men’s 6th (ULU) Queen Mary’s Men’s 4th (ULU) ICU Men’s 3rd LSE Men’s 2nd 4 1 Royal Holloway Men’s 6th (ULU) Postponed ICU Men’s 7th (ULU) due to waterlog Tennis ICU Men’s 1st UCL Men’s 1st 0 10 0 10 Netball University of Greenwhich 1st ICU 1st 27 57 Royal Holloway Men’s 2nd ICU Men’s 2nd Imperial Medicals 2nd ICU 2nd 28 29 University of Kent Women’s 1st ICU Women’s 1st Rugby Union N/A N/A University of Essex Men’s 1st ICU Men’s 1st Westminster Men’s 1st ICU Men’s 1st Squash – ULU King’s College Men’s 1st ICU Men’s 1st 3 0 Lacrosse – ULU King’s Mixed 1st ICU Mixed 1st N/A N/A Volleyball ICU Men’s 1st University of Sussex Men’s 1st 2 0 St George’s Hospital Women’s 1st ICU Women’s 1st Badminton ICU Men’s 1st LSE Men’s 1st 5 3 RUMS Men’s 1st ICU Men’s 1st 0 1 Football – ULU Portsmouth Men’s SESSA XV ICU Men’s SESSA Xv Cancelled Cancelled ICU Women’s 1st (ULU) King’s Medicals Women’s 1st (ULU) Cancelled Cancelled Squash Queen Mary Men’s 1st ICU Men’s 1st N/A N/A Football – ULU UCL Women’s 1st ICU Women’s 1st N/A N/A 0 5 UCL Men’s 1st v ICU Men’s 1st LSE Men’s 3rd v ICU Men’s 2nd King’s Men’s 2nd v ICU Men’s 3rd ICU Men’s 4th v ICU Men’s 5th ICU Men’s 6th v King’s Medicals Men’s 5th ICU Men’s 7th v RSM Men’s 1st 3 2 Sport [email protected] ICURFC 3rd XV match medic demolition report Rugby Imperial Medicals 3rd XV Imperial Men’s 3rd XV 24 31 Penfold Since the previous Wednesday’s morale-crushing defeat at home to Kings Medicals, IC’s 3rd XV had all eyes on redeeming themselves at Teddington in their first face-off with the Scum for this season. Travelling by public transport to an away match always causes difficulties in preparing mentally for the match ahead. So when IC arrived via the wonders of National Rail with less than half an hour before curtain up, they were relieved to have kick off pushed back 10 minutes. With motivational speeches from Captain Ollie “Southern Fairy” Bevis and veteran medic crusher Alex “Pain-Train” Fergusson over, IC were ready to take the game to the Scum on their own soil. With barely 5 minutes gone, IC seemed decidedly to have the upper hand. After relentless pressure from the IC pack, an ever-so-sexy interception deep inside the medic’s half from Borja “I‘m a back, honestly” Sordo set up a ruck, from which the unrelenting forwards were only too happy to provide secure ball for scrum-half Penfold to offload on the blind side to Adam Baldwin. After making several yards, and being tackled just short of the line, Baldwin returned the ball with a beautiful pop off the floor to Penfold, who opened the scoring with a try in the corner. After this, the medic vermin came back and scored a soft unconverted try, leaving the score at 5-5. This level-pegging did not, however, hold for long. Filled with renewed determination, IC took it back to the medics and camped themselves in their half, with the pack supplying immaculate ball from their immense scrummaging for the backs to work their magic via 3rd team debutant flyhalf, Jack ‘I can’t remember his surname’ It was one of these displays of colossal scrummaging that set up IC’s second try. With the back line playing the ball straight through hands, and making yards themselves, Man of the Match, full back George Watkins, cut a beautiful line through the medic defence, scoring IC’s second try, with it being converted by Sordo de la Pena. Once again, the medics came back to bring the scores even at 12-12. With lots of encouraging talk from both captain and vice captain at half time, IC took the ball from the restart, knowing that this game was theirs for the taking. Once again, it was flanker Baldwin who made the break, catching the ball inside his own half, selling the Scum a dummy and sprinting through the now gaping hole in the medic “defence” before side-stepping their “fullback” and placing it underneath the posts with the greatest of ease. Once again, this try was swiftly converted by Borja, making the score 19-12. After a period of light pressure by the medics, an unfortunate mis-kick allowed the medics to come back with the softest of soft tries. Their conversion managed to bring the medics back into the game at 19-19. IC were not going to give up lightly, however. After applying yet more pressure following the restart, the medics cleared their lines with a kick into the IC half. This was caught by Charles “Not-So-Token-Frenchy” who started a rampage of sublime interplay with Watkins, with the latter teasing the “failed engineers” behind their own try line before slamming it down a short distance from the posts. 24-19. Scum scored. 24-24. After another irresistible example of the mean scrummaging machine that the IC pack was, the front 8 were then treated to a awe-inspiring display of defence-penetrating running, ending with Max “No-Nickname-Required” Steele with only two human-butchers to beat. In what can only be described as a demonstration of absolute sportsmanship, Twat of the Match Steele decided to give the medics one more chance to step up against the indomitable IC pack by dropping the ball over the line to give the Scum a 5-metre scrum. The pack’s opportunity came, and they sure as hell didn’t disappoint. With another awesome heave from the pack demonstrating IC’s overall superiority, the medic pack didn’t quite know what to do. The ball skipped out between their open-side flanker and their seemingly inexperienced scrum half was just not quick enough to compete with the eager snatchings of Penfold, who successfully poached the ball from the back of the scrum, placing it just over the line to put the score at 29-24. Fresher debutant, Jack, ably converted this try to put the final score at 31-24. As the final whistle sounded minutes later, the boys in blue knew that they had done what they came to do - shown the Scum what they are capable of and what the remaining two encounters have in store for the medics. The 3rds celebrating their win in the bar after the game Rowing novices’ maiden win The importance of carbohydrates in exercise and sports performance Iain Palmer The new intake of Imperial College rowers had their first taste of victory on Saturday, as the Women’s Novice eight took victory in Cambridge. The boatclub novices, most of whom only started rowing in October, had been training hard for the ‘Cambridge Winter Head’ and obtained an impressive set of results. For those who know little about rowing (i.e. most people!), the season of ‘Head’ races runs roughly from October until March. A Head race is essentially a time trail, usually over a distance of 3-6 kilometres, with boats in the same category starting one after another. The winner is then the crew that has completed the course in the fastest time. For Saturday’s race, four eights (each with eight rowers and a cox) travelled to Cambridge, leaving at 7 in the morning. Each crew raced twice during the day, with men’s results including 5th Women’s novices in action and 6th (out of 25) in the beginner category and 4th (out of 22) in the novice category. These excellent results indicate great potential for many wins during the coming year. The most impressive result was from the women’s student beginner eight, which beat 15 other crews to come first by over 30 seconds in a time of 11 minutes, 45 seconds. In addition, the quality of coxing was evident on an extremely narrow river that is notoriously difficult to steer. While in past years there have been problems on some of the tighter bends, there were no collisions this year, and the new intake of coxes should be commended on their ability to bring home an undamaged set of boats! After travelling home, the celebrations were carried out in suitable fashion, in various bars around Fulham! This first race has been an excellent result, and marks the beginning of a successful race season for the novice squad. Well done to all who raced! Andy Mitchell When most people think about nutrition for sports performance or general exercising they will almost always think about their protein intake and whether they are getting enough to build bigger, stronger muscles. Few ever worry about their carbohydrate intake, except for some of you endurance athletes out there. Most athletes and gym users seem to forget the importance carbohydrates have to play in performing good quality workouts or playing well in sports competitions. Carbohydrates can be split into two main categories, simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates are broken down easily by the body to provide energy quickly and come in the form of sugars. Too many of these in the diet and they cause a sudden increase in blood sugar levels, which although will give you a big energy high at first, result in an energy crash causing you to feel fatigued and lifeless. Complex carbohydrates however are broken down slower by the body and provide a steadier stream of energy into the body keeping blood sugar levels balanced and making you feel energetic throughout the day. These complex carbohydrates can be divided further into two more categories- digestible and indigestible. Digestible carbohydrates such as pasta, potatoes, bread etc are broken down for energy, while the indigestible ones (commonly know as fibre and found mainly in fruit and vegetables) are used in keeping the intestines healthy and your trips to the toilet regular! Carbohydrates, along with fats, are the body’s main sources of fuel for all of its biological functions and daily activities. The percentage of carbohy- drates or fat used to fuel these functions or activities varies dependent on the level of intensity. Low to moderate intensity activities (such as sitting, walking or easy jogging) are primarily fuelled by fat and as activities become higher in intensity (weight training, running or any sports activity) carbohydrates take over. Certain functions of the body such as the working of the brain rely solely on energy from carbohydrates (glucose) and cannot be fuelled by fats. To perform high intensity exercise or sport the body needs plenty of carbohydrates to provide it with energy. The carbohydrates to do this are stored in the muscle cells or liver as glycogen and in the blood as glucose. The muscle holds the largest amount of energy (over four times as much as the liver and over 17 times as much as the blood) and if these muscle stores are low then you will struggle to perform at your best. The less energy you have in your muscles the less force you can create to lift weights, run faster, jump higher etc. As I mentioned the brain requires glucose to function and if liver glycogen and blood glucose levels are low this can result in loss of function of Mmm, pasta! the brain limiting neuromuscular coordination resulting in poor performance. Therefore this drop in exercise or performance will mean that the body fails to receive an overload stimulus and thus will not adapt and improve. So how much carbohydrate should you be having in your diet to maintain adequate muscle glycogen stores and high levels of performance? Studies suggest that active sports people and gym users should have a diet consisting of 60-70% carbohydrates. To calculate the amount of carbohydrates in grams per day you first need to know how many calories you need to consume a day for your daily activities. The average active male will require around 2500-3000 calories a day. Carbohydrates provide four calories per gram. So if we assume you need 3000 calories per day and 65% of these come from carbohydrates then you need 1950 calories worth of carbs per day or 487.5 grams. If you would like to find out how many calories you need to consume a day then book in for a body stat test at the gym where you will be able to get an estimated value (oh the shameless advertising!). 38 Sport [email protected] Women’s 9 pull out a draw Football Imperial Women’s 1st Bedfordshire Women’s 1st 1 1 Chloe Joyeux A cold wind swiped through Harlington on this clear Wednesday. Despite the piercing cold, the IC Women’s Football had come to play. Everyone seemed en form and injury free, particularly Lily! The team started warming up on the astro, waiting for the Bedfordshire, Luton girls. These were expected to be quite rough, given their locality. The IC girls were therefore not disappointed when they saw 14 beasts arrive. The IC ladies, for their part, had only come with a reduced formation of 8 equipped players plus one! Luckily for IC however, Pav finally found some boots and shin pads to play with and brought the number of players back to 9. The Luton girls smiled as they saw the reduced IC team, sure to come away with a victory. The first 20 minutes went on great for IC, with good charges up the field and a comfortable pace. The Luton girls obviously were not sure what they had to do. With the exception of their two forwards, it seemed that their team was mostly composed of randomers picked up in the street. Everywhere the ball went, at least three or four red Luton jerseys followed. It was like watching 3 year-olds play football. The ref, Richie P. therefore had a hard job of seeing what was happening. Pav, made a few breakthroughs, supported by Steph and Barbara. The defence remained solid, passing accurately and retaining possession of the ball. The first goal came in at the 17th minute. An absolutely brilliant shot from Lily at the edge of the box, which flew over at least three or four of their defenders before landing in the left corner of the goal. The goalie, who did not appear to be very skilled or bright, did not realise what was happening. The victory was not long lived however. As a result of their fewer numbers of players, the IC girls started becoming slightly tired. This was not made better by the constant shouting of their manager on the side line and the outof-place comments of their “supporters”. Steph therefore took the liberty of asking the manager to be quiet, to which he replied “I am the f**** manager you b*! You suck anyway!” in a complete lack of sportsmanship. Steph became red with fury but managed to avoid strangling him for fear of being shot by the opposition. Luton took this opportunity and equalised minutes before half time. The shot was, one must admit, perfectly placed. Emily jumped but the ball passed right out of reach between her hands and the cross-bar. Half time was welcome by both teams. Steph related her “beef of the week” to the team, stating that the “manager” of the opposition had a mental age of 5 and she couldn’t play because his fake gold teeth blinded her. In a more serious tone, Squashie gave the IC girls a full report, insisting on short passes and playing wide. The second half started with a Luton girl trying to come onto the pitch with her jacket, before being told off by Richie P. It went on at a quick pace straight away, giving everyone little chance to breathe. Sheryl, now center mid nevertheless kept the beasts at large, keeping them out of the center. The going forward movement of the IC ladies improved, resulting in Pav nearly scoring a late goal. Despite Luton girls having several forward runs, Emma, Chloe and Kate closed the defence, leaving them without any shots on goal. Other events in the second half also included several IC ladies being fouled a few times, particularly by their wide number 10, and the absolute warrior behaviour of Emma. Emma seemed to be everywhere and saved the day more than a few times. As a result, I am taking the liberty of naming her woman of the match! The IC ladies took the coach home with a happy feeling of accomplishment and the conclusion that Luton town must be a rough place! Wow, nine of them in this one! IC Canoe club go kayaking on freshers trip Catherine Charter On Friday 26th October a full contingent of Imperial kayakers left London and headed for the Hut. After reclaiming a fresher who had got on the wrong bus, we got to Snowdonia by midnightish. On Saturday morning, post fry up, we had a dilemma: no water. No water means no paddling. The Tryweryn and Vyrnwy were nogos. The Dee, however, was low but running. A few of the freshers swam on a section called the ‘Serpents tail’, but soggy toes aside it was awesome. Dreams of some slalom fun were shattered by the BCU Open Slalom Champion getting to Town Falls first. Undeterred, we missioned over to the Glaslyn gorge, which was run by the more experienced paddlers for a few more thrills. The evening consisted of the pub in Beddgelert, chilli and drinking in the hut. Halloween was celebrated in ICCC style with glow in the dark skeletons, Tesco Value face paint and black nail varnish (on boys). On Sunday morning all prayers of overnight rain had been answered. The rivers were crazily high – even the boathouses on the lake above the Glaslyn were underwater. The keen paddlers went on an early morning mission t a river no-one can pronounce (the Afon Nantygwyrd) and came back grinning. After their return, some van packing and a fry up, everyone headed to the Conwy. There were a few swims but Hargreave’s Folly was run by most. Most of the freshers got out by the A5 road bridge. The rest of the paddlers ran the second half. Then it was back to Llangollen for fish and chips, and back to the real world by 11pm Sunday night. Imperial Canoe Club holds pool sessions every Tuesday at Ethos, 7 til 8.30, usually followed by a drink or two. We have various trips to Wales and the Lakes, and a big summer trip to the Alps. Membership is only £30, and includes all the gear you need. For more information, go to www.union.ic.ac. uk/rcc/canoe or email rachel.fox@ ic.ac.uk. Men’s 6th scrape to victory Football Imperial Men’s 6th RUMS Men’s 3rd 2 1 Adrian Doyle The day started off with IC 4ths, 5ths and 6ths boarding a coach to Shenley the sports ground of UCL and their respective medics, RUMS. For those of you unaware of where Shenley is, it is where Watford have their training ground and is a ridiculous distance away from central London so we were lucky we had 3 teams playing there on the same day, enabling us to get the aforementioned coach instead of the usual tube, train, taxi combination which takes about 2 hours and is one of the most frustrating journeys since the Titanic’s inaugural launch from Southampton. Anyway the match started off on time with both teams ready for battle. The opening exchanges went against what the league table would suggest, with RUMS seemingly more up for the game and their midfield and winning the key challenges. It was also a very scrappy game both teams restricted to hopeful punts downfield and long shots at goal. It was one of these scrappy attempts in the 40th minute that resulted in the opening goal. The RUMS midfielder pumped the ball into the box, leaving AD and Matthew to wrestle each other off the ball while the RUMS striker showed the predatory skills of a great white shark to wade in and stab the ball home from 5 yards. This was the kick in the arse IC needed to start playing some of our beautiful football to try and get a foothold in the game and before halftime we had equalised. Dave the right-back tackled their player from a throw-in and the ball bobbled through to AD in midfield. He had the space and vision to play an erotic ball through the centre-backs to Rob who was steaming in from the leftwing. Rob then showed great compo- sure to control the ball with one touch then nutmeg the keeper with his next. 1-1 at half-time and game on. The second-half started and it was RUMS again who started the half the better team, but fortunately they weren’t as good at creating chances as we were and within 10 minutes we scored to take IC 2-1 up. The goal was a thing of beauty, involving Ricky darting out of defence like the title character of peter benchleys second masterwork after the jaws, called “the beast” about a colossal squid attacking a seaside community. He skinned three of their players before passing the ball off to AD, who again noticed Rob breaking down the left wing. AD played in Rob who showed great skill in beating the defender and getting the shot off. Their keeper exhibited his lettuce wrists and only succeeded in palming the ball to the rushing striker Killer, who calmly slotted away the goal. It was at this point the RUMS player turned referee decided to start trying his best to upset our rhythm by refusing to give any decisions for us and constantly giving free-kicks to RUMS. The pressure began to mount and this culminated in the ref awarding a penalty when the RUMS striker was tackled and he flopped to the ground like the worlds largest jellyfish. You’re ‘avin a Giraffe we all thought but our wails of protest were to no avail as the ref stood firm, despite the fact it was an absolute dive and a blatant lie… GRRRRR would best sum up our feelings at this point. Anyway we had to be professional and accept the decision. This acceptance was made all the more easier by their striker running up and taking an awful penalty. Straight down the middle and into the grateful hands of C.Y the ‘keeper. Shortly after the penalty save, the final whistle went and we were happy to leave Shenley with all 3 points after a below-par performance. But points will hopefully become prizes by the end of the year if we can continue this good form and keep our position within the promotion places. Imperial Team of the Week Fencing Men’s 2nd This week, Sports Partnership along with Felix Sport have chosen the Fencing Men’s 2nd team as their ‘Team of the Week’. The guys have been doing exceptionally well, and a lot better than Exciting their 1st team (cheap dig, very cheap dig), and are still unbeaten this season. Hopefully this streak can continue and the team can win their league. All the best guys! felix [email protected] The long road to success Gil Salville Energia Fitness Instructor So you think you’re ready to start training for a marathon? The marathon is the longest and most difficult race most runners ever attempt. It’s also the most popular. Almost anyone can complete a marathon, but whether they can complete it without injury or great pain is the real test. Will you be one of those who just manages through, or one of those who finishes with a smile and a great outlook for the rest of the day? The general rule is that you need to have run regularly for 1 to 2 years before you begin training for a marathon. Why the wait? A marathon is approximately 52,400 foot strikes. This will tear away at your body, especially your joints. Your body needs to build up to this kind of abuse and a 26 week (or less) training program just doesn’t suffice for most people’s bodies to adapt properly. You will need to find some runs that you like in your area that suit your current fitness level. It may be 1, 2, 5 even 10 mile runs that you are currently doing. Aim to have as many different routes and distances, with the aim of avoiding just going out for a run around the block. By simply going out on the same run each time, you will soon get bored and your body will become adapted to it. Vary your routes, the way in which you run round and speed. Keep a log of your times. It is advisable to put in at least 20 miles per week for several months before you start training for a marathon. The reasons are the same as those above. Your body needs time to adapt to the pounding that it will be taking. Be sure to run at least 5 miles a week during this time on pavement, as that is likely to be what you are running on in the marathon. Training solely on a track or trail will cause you to hurt much worse after the marathon. It’s also a good idea to try out a few smaller races, like 5ks or 10ks, even a half marathon (assuming you’ve trained for it). This is important because there are many new experiences that races bring that regular training does not. If you haven’t raced before you start training, be sure to work some into your schedule. Choosing a full marathon as your first ever race is a sure fire way to have a tough 26.2 miles! It may not seem important, but a great way to get injured is to think you can just start running long distances without the proper time and effort. Just like speed takes years of training for many people, distance isn’t something you just jump into. It’s important to respect the distance (and your body) by allotting the time you really need. If you are looking for instant-gratification, try a 5k. Marathons are about patience, including before the starting line. It’s important to think about what race you plan to do. Very hot or very cold weather is not a great marathon to start with. You’re limiting your chances of finishing. The same could be said about a very hilly course or a course that is not beginner-friendly. Find races that advertise they are good first marathons, like the Free Scale Marathon. Training in the UK for the London marathon will normally take place in the cold wet winter months for the race in April. This prevents most people going out, especially in the evenings when it gets dark so early. If you are going to ignore my advice about putting in a year or more of running regularly before you start training, tell your doctor what your plan is, perhaps go over the training schedule you plan to do with him/her. They may suggest tests (like a cardiovascular stress test), give you an alternate plan, or just send you on your way to get started. There is no reason why someone of an average to good fitness level should not be able to run the whole way of a marathon. Prepare both your body and mind, and you will finish. If your goal is weight loss, and you think that marathon training is the way to get there, you are probably headed down a path to injuries. While you may lose some fat while training for a marathon, marathons and dieting are a bad mix. Your body will need nourishment now more than ever. Eating healthier, but not having much of a calorie deficit, will help you tone up and yes lose some during marathon training, but your major focus needs to be completing the marathon in good health. Tips for success ... on long runs drink water before you run, not too much so as to make you uncomfortable, and sip water during the run. Don’t get thirsty. During the marathon you will have available isotonic drinks. They are useful for replacing salts and sugar. If you intend to use them train with them. Eat a well balanced, sensible diet. You may find that as the training increases you eat more. Increase the carbohydrate content with rice, pasta, bread and potatoes. Wear the right shoes and kit that is comfortable. If you pick up an injury then stop. RICE! Rest. Ice. Compression. Elevation. Don’t start back too early with your training. A heart rate monitor is a good investment. You will know exactly what your body is doing and how it is reacting to the demands. Run at approximately 75% of your maximum which is simply (220 – age) x 75/100. Intervals help to improve your fitness and increase your pace. Run them at a pace that means you can complete the session. For 1 minute efforts recover for 1 minute with a walk. On race day don’t do anything different to your Sunday routine. Training is all about preparing the body and mind to achieve what it understands. Best tip of all - Don’t forget to set your alarm clock on the day of the race!! Sports league 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Team Netball 1st Squash Men's 1st Tennis Men's 2nd Rugby Union Men's 1st Squash Men's 2nd Fencing Men's 2nd Hockey Men's 1st Rugby Union Men's 2nd Tennis Women's 1st Football Men's 1st Volleyball Women's 1st Fencing Women's 1st Football Women's 1st Basketball Men's 1st Squash Women's 1st Cricket Men's 1st Lacrosse Women's 1st Hockey Women's 1st Table Tennis Women's 1st Rugby Union Women's 1st Hockey Men's 2nd Rugby Union Men's 3rd Cricket Men's 2nd Equestrian 1st Equestrian 2nd Golf 1st Volleyball Men's 1st Water Polo Men's 1st Hockey Men's 3rd Badminton Men's 2nd Table Tennis Men's 1st Squash Men's 3rd Badminton Men's 1st Hockey Women's 2nd Fencing Men's 1st Netball 2nd Tennis Men's 1st Hockey Men's 4th Badminton Women's 1st Football Men's 3rd Football Men's 2nd 6 26 28 P 6 6 6 7 6 4 6 6 4 5 3 4 5 2 6 5 5 6 3 1 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 3 1 6 6 4 4 6 5 5 6 5 W D 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 4 1 4 1 3 1 2 3 3 0 3 0 2 2 2 0 3 1 3 0 3 0 2 2 2 0 1 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 L 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 1 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 F 344 30 51 171 20 525 17 139 30 9 9 517 4 151 16 926 38 21 9 50 27 128 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 21 30 1 23 8 429 115 16 4 10 4 3 A Diff 152 192 0 30 9 42 61 110 8 12 423 102 9 8 77 62 10 20 4 5 3 6 403 114 3 1 96 55 9 7 678 248 35 3 19 2 6 3 5 45 12 15 92 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 19 2 21 9 2 -1 22 1 29 -21 466 -37 116 -1 44 -28 14 -10 30 -20 18 -14 18 -15 % 100 100 100 85.7 83.3 100 66.7 66.7 75 40 100 75 40 100 50 60 60 33.3 66.7 100 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.3 40 33.3 0 33.3 33.3 25 25 16.7 20 0 0 0 FI 30 30 30 26 21 20 18 18 17 16 15 11 10 10 9 7 7 6 6 5 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -3 -4 -6 -6 -7 -7 -9 -11 -14 -18 -20 Answers to: [email protected] 10 11 week, there is very little change except for Fencing Women’s 1st who at their weekend tournament came second, only losing out to Oxford. A mid table scrap is still there between the men’s Hockey 2s and Rugby 3s, as well as the ladies Hockey, Lacrosse and Squash At the bottom of the table the Football Men’s 2nd are rooted and are still looking for that elusive BUSA. Hopefully they’ll get it next week. Week 7 and a lot more results are in. The ranking of the teams is based on the Felix Index (FI), which is calculated as follows: FI = (W5) + (D2) – (L4). Only teams with 5 games or more will be considered in the overall championship at the end of year. With this week’s results in, Netball 1st, Squash Men’s 1st and Tennis Men’s 2nd are top of the table with 25 points each. With the majority of the chasing pack wiinning their games this Crossword No. 1,388 1	i don't know
With examples such as Panama and Suez, what is the name for a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas with water on each side?	Isthmus of Suez - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus Isthmus of Suez the isthmus in northeastern Egypt that connects Africa and Asia Class: Collins Dictionary: Isthmus of Suez a strip of land in northeastern Egypt, between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea: links Africa and Asia and is crossed by the Suez Canal (25 of 241 words) Isthmus of Suez (Coordinates: 30.49167°N 32.70833°E) the narrow strip of land that lies between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, linking the continents of Africa and Asia. It's located within the country of Egypt and contains the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Like many... (42 of 144 words) American Heritage Dictionary: Suez \| Gulf of Suez \| Isthmus of Suez A city of northeast Egypt at the head of the Gulf of Suez and the southern ... \| An arm of the Red Sea off northeast Egypt west of the Sinai ... (30 of 84 words, 3 definitions, pronunciation) Oxford Dictionary: Isthmus of Suez \| Suez, Isthmus of an isthmus between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, connecting Egypt and Africa to the Sinai peninsula and Asia. The port of Suez lies in the south. ... (27 of 58 words, pronunciation)	List of isthmuses
Friday is Veterans Day, first proclaimed as a way to honor those US citizens who participated in what war?	NEW! Loaves of Landforms \| Scholastic.com NEW! Loaves of Landforms EMAIL A foundation in geography begins with an understanding of the terms geographers use to describe the features of Earth. Help students grow their vocabulary and learn to recognize common landforms such as islands, lakes, peninsulas, gulfs, straits, and isthmuses in a hands-on lesson using soft and squishy slices of bread! OBJECTIVE Students will: Learn the appropriate terms for various landforms including island, lake, peninsula, gulf, strait, and isthmus. Demonstrate their learning by tearing pieces of bread into shapes representing each type of landform and then labeling them appropriately. Identify landforms on authentic scientific maps. Common Core Standards CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.K.4 Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on kindergarten reading and content. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.K.1 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.K.2 Confirm understanding of a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media by asking and answering questions about key details and requesting clarification if something is not understood. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.K.7 Participate in shared research and writing projects. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.K.8 With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.1.4 Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a text. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.1.7 Participate in shared research and writing projects CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.1.8 With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.1.2 Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.1.1 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 2 topic or subject area. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.2.7 Participate in shared research and writing projects. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.2.1 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. MATERIALS Elmer's® Washable School Glue, sliced sandwich bread (four slices per student), blue card stock or heavy construction paper, scissors, and markers. SET UP AND PREPARE Content Overview Understanding basic terms for landforms is essential knowledge for discussing the geographic features of our planet. A body of water completely surrounded by land is called a lake. An area of land completely surrounded by water and smaller than a continent is called an island. A part of a sea or ocean that extends into the land is called a gulf. A piece of land nearly surrounded by water or sticking out into the water is called a peninsula. A narrow strip of land that connects two larger areas of land is called an isthmus. A narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water is called a strait. Preparation Lake, island, peninsula, gulf, isthmus, strait, geography, landform DIRECTIONS Introduction (five minutes) Display a map of the United States on the board and ask students to tell you what they notice about the geography of our country. What shapes do they see along the coastlines? What areas of water do they notice? If they had to explain the shape of Florida to someone who had never seen it on a map, what would they say? Is it hard to describe? Explain to students that geographers study the features of Earth and they have specific words they use to describe different landforms. When everyone uses the same words, or vocabulary, it's much easier to describe things to others. Today, the students will learn some of these geography words. Landform Lesson (10 minutes) Give each student a copy of the Draw-It-Yourself Landforms Chart and a pencil or marker. Introduce each landform and draw an example picture of it on the board. Ask students to sketch each landform on their chart. For each pair of landforms (lake and island, gulf and peninsula, strait and isthmus), ask students to consider how the two terms are related and how they mirror each other. Students may observe that an island is land surrounded by water and that a lake is water surrounded by land! Once students have completed their charts, have students form pairs and take turns describing the terms on their chart to their teammate. Bread Landforms Activity (15 minutes) Before handling out supplies, give students a brief overview of the project by modeling the creation of each landform from slices of bread: Lake and Island—Carefully tear out the middle of a slice of bread. The part that is removed becomes an island, while the hole in the slice of bread becomes a lake. Gulf and Peninsula—Tear a slice of bread in half. Create a gulf by removing the soft inner bread of one half and create a peninsula from the other half by removing bread along the sides. Strait—Tear a slice of bread in half and show students how the space between the two halves forms a strait. Isthmus—Carefully tear away two sides of a slice of bread leaving a narrow strip of bread connecting the remaining two crusts. Remind students to work carefully with the slices of bread in order to get just the right shapes. If they accidentally tear too much, just have them use a little glue to stick things back together! Give each student four slices of bread, two sheets of construction paper and Elmer's School Glue. Have students overlay about an inch of one sheet of paper on top of the other and glue together with a thin line of glue in order to create one large sheet of paper. Next, using the Landforms chart they created for reference, invite students to create each of the six landform shapes using the slices of bread. Have students use glue to attach each bread landform to the paper and then add an appropriate label. (Elmer's 1st Day Connection: Take a picture of each student and his or her bread landforms, then email or provide these to parents to include on the Elmer's 1st Day website.) Wrap-up and Real-World Connection (10 minutes) Help students connect their learning to the real world by taking students on a virtual geography safari around the world with Google Earth or Google Maps to find examples of each landform covered in the lesson. Some possible examples to find and ask students to identify could include: island: Iceland	i don't know
Introduced in 1823, which president lent his name to a doctrine declaring that Europe would no longer be allowed to interfere with the affairs of the Americas?	Monroe Doctrine Blog Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was first set out in a speech by President James Monroe on December 2, 1823. The ideas are grounded in much earlier thinking, such as the "Farewell Address" of George Washington, in which he inveyed against close political association with European states, and in the first inaugural address of Thomas Jefferson . The idea of an exceptional status for the United States and for the Western Hemisphere had been launched before Monroe's address to Congress. By 1822, only Bolivia remained as a Spanish colony in Latin America. All the others had declared independence. In the Caribbean, however, several islands remained under Spanish control, most notably Cuba and Puerto Rico. When European war clouds appeared in April 1823, the United States feared that Spain's Caribbean colonies might be ceded to either France or Britain, which was a disturbing prospect. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams sent a letter to Hugh Nelson , the American minister to Spain, outlining his concerns: Such indeed are, between the interests of that island and of this country, the geographical, commercial, moral, and political relations, formed by nature, gathering in the process of time, and even now verging to maturity, that in looking forward to the probable course of events for the short period of half a century, it is scarcely possible to resist the conviction that the annexation of Cuba to our federal republic will be indispensable to the continuance and integrity of the Union itself. At the same time, American interests in the northwest part of North America were becoming of more concern. Both the United States and Britain had explored from the south, while Russia had explored the Alaska coast and was looking to the south. In July, 1823, Adams made his concerns known to Russian minister in Washington. When France crossed the Pyrenees to help put down a rebellion against the Spanish monarch, Britain worried that this might lead to a joint French-Spanish expedition to retake the Latin American colonies for Spain. The British foreign minister George Canning communicated with the American minister in London, Richard Rush, and suggested that a joint declaration opposing such a development would serve both their interests. Rush passed the word back to John Quincy Adams. The British put their ideas into a formal proposal which Canning presented to Rush in August, 1823. Rush sent it to President Monroe, who sought the advice of Jefferson and Madison. Jefferson responded that while America should avoid involving itself in strictly European matters, European non-intervention in this hemisphere was of sufficient importance that the United States would be well advised to accept the British offer. Not the pro-British Federalist his father was, John Quincy Adams was not persuaded by the British expressions of friendship. In meetings of Monroe's cabinet in early November, Adams argued that the interests of the United States would be better served by a unilateral declaration. Monroe agreed, and put the declaration into his December 2 speech before Congress. There were actually two parts to Monroe's speech. One dealt with actions of the Russian government with respect to access to Alaska by ships of other nations. The United States objected to this. The second related to the former Spanish colonies in Latin America, which had taken advantage of the mother countryï¿½s distraction by the Napoleonic Wars and achieved for independence in the early years of the 19th century. By the early 1820s, monarchical elements were in control in continental Europe and rumors about the restoration of the Spanish empire began to fly. This was not good news for the United States, which resented European involvement in its backyard, nor was it met with approval by Britain, which profited richly from Latin American trade. British foreign minister George Canning proposed to the American government that a joint warning be issued to continental Europe. President Monroe considered the British proposal, but eventually accepted John Quincy Adams ï¿½ counsel that America craft an independent statement. In his message to Congress, Monroe set forth the following principles, which would later become known as the Monroe Doctrine: The Western Hemisphere was no longer open for colonization The political system of the Americas was different from Europe The United States would regard any interference in Western hemispheric affairs as a threat to its security The United States would refrain from participation in European wars and would not disturb existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere The immediate impact of the Monroe Doctrine was mixed. It was successful to the extent that the continental powers did not attempt to revive the Spanish empire, but this was on account of the strength of the British Navy, not American military might, which was relatively limited. Designed to counter an immediate threat to American interests, Monroe's position did not instantly become a national doctrine. In fact, it largely disappeared from the American political consciousness for a couple decades, until events in the 1840's revived it. The efforts of Britain and France to involve themselves in the annexation of Texas, Britain's disputes in Oregon and potential involvement in California, led to a revival, which President Polk put into words in a speech on December 2, 1845, the 22nd anniversary of the original. In his annual message to Congress in 1845, Polk reiterated the statement in terms of the prevailing spirit of Manifest Destiny and applied it to British and Spanish ambitions in the Yucatan. Against this, John C. Calhoun , a member of Monroe's cabinet in 1823, argued against raising a statement in response to a specific situation into a permanent principle. In opposition to the position taken by Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, Calhoun replied: Well, would it not be better to wait for the emergency in which we would have sufficient interest to interfere, and sufficient power to make that interference influential? Why make any such declaration now? What good purpose can it serve? Only to show to the men that are to come after us that we were wiser and more patriotic than we feared they might be! I cannot, for my life, see a single good likely to result from this measure ... However, in the 1850's the principle came to represent not just partisan but national dogma. It was in this period that the word "doctrine" came to be applied to it. In 1861, the United States warned Spain to avoid involvement in the Dominican Republic and was brushed off, but after the triumph of federal armies in 1865 and the failure of Spain's military efforts in the Dominican Republic, Spain beat a retreat in 1865. The Monroe Doctrine was also invoked by the United States against the involvement of France in the affairs of Mexico. The French had installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as head of a puppet government in Mexico. Again the United States declared a violation of the Monroe doctrine. The French eventually abandoned Maximilian, who was executed by the Mexicans. Gradually, the Monroe Doctrine was used for purposes that Monroe himself would not have foreseen. It was cited as a reason that the European powers could not build a canal across Panama and, further, that if any such canal were ever built, it would necessarily be under the control of the United States. In 1895, Grover Cleveland attempted to invoke the Monroe Doctrine to compel the British to accept arbitration in a border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana, and went to far as to threaten to create a commission for this purpose if the British did not agree. Eventually the arbitration took place by mutual consent, but the British, through their foreign secretary Lord Salisbury, made it clear that they rejected the idea that the Monroe Doctrine was a legitimate part of international law. Theodore Roosevelt was never shy about asserting American interests, so it's not surprising that he devised what became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. In it, Roosevelt acknowledged that at times, chaos in a small country could necessarily lead to the intervention of a great power, and that in the Western Hemisphere, that great power would always be the United States. The first application of the Roosevelt Corollary was in the Dominican Republic, where the United States compelled that country to give the United States control over its customs, in order to stabilize its finances. This mild application was succeeded by military intervention in Nicaragua and Haiti, as well as the Dominican Republic. Over the years, the Monroe Doctrine became an object, not of deep appreciation, but of great dislike in Latin America. The countries of Latin America found that they had much more reason to fear intervention by the United States than by any European power. This was particularaly evident in the Pan American Conference of 1928. In that year, the United States issued the Clark Memorandum, which definitely repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary. In 1933, Secretary of State Cordell Hull signed a protocol that bound the United States not to intervene in the affairs of any other country in the hemisphere. Thus a doctrine put in place when the United States was the only power of any international significance has gradually evolved into a policy that respects the emerging sensibilities of the hemisphere's other nations. ---- Selected Quotes ----	James Monroe
Orange Pekoe is a variety of what beverage?	Isolationism facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about Isolationism Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc. Isolationism Manfred Jonas The term "isolationism" has been used—most often in derogation—to designate the attitudes and policies of those Americans who have urged the continued adherence in the twentieth century to what they conceived to have been the key element of American foreign policy in the nineteenth century, that is, the avoidance of political and military commitments to or alliances with foreign powers, particularly those of Europe . It was most nearly applicable to American policy between the two world wars, especially after 1935, when the U.S. Congress attempted to insulate the country from an increasingly dangerous world situation through the enactment of so-called neutrality laws. Since World War II , efforts to limit or reduce the vastly increased American commitments abroad have sometimes been called neoisolationism. The term itself is of relatively recent origin. Its first known application to the foreign policies of the United States was by Edward Price Bell, the London correspondent of the Chicago Daily News. In an article entitled "America and Peace" (Nineteenth Century, November 1922), Bell was critical of what he called the essentially negative attitude of the United States toward international cooperation, but noted that the country was nevertheless in the process of moving gradually "from isolation into partnership." Pointing out that the United States had, despite strong misgivings, ultimately declared war on Germany in 1917, he concluded: "Her isolationism, such as it was, discovered that the strain of a formidable advance against freedom was more than it could bear." The word "isolationist" was listed for the first time in the 1901 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, although without any indication as to when or where it had been used in its political sense. Standard American dictionaries did not incorporate the word until 1922, and the 1933 supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary cites no political use of it before 21 April 1921, when it appeared in the Glasgow Herald. Mitford M. Matthews, in A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles ( Chicago , 1951), makes a logical but erroneous inference from the listing in the 1901 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (it remains unchanged in the current edition) and traces "isolationist" in a political sense to an article in the Philadelphia Press of 25 March 1899. This article, however, uses the word in a medical sense in connection with a smallpox epidemic in Laredo , Texas . THE SCHOLARLY LITERATURE The scholarly literature on isolationism began in 1924 with J. Fred Rippy and Angie Debo's essay "The Historical Background of the American Policy of Isolation" (Smith College Studies in History 9). The term was not prominently used, however, until 1935, when Albert K. Weinberg offered a provocative interpretation of it in Manifest Destiny. World War II and its immediate aftermath, when the United States for the first time actively sought to assume the mantle of a major power, provided the major impetus for its serious study. American policy during the interwar years, which frequently was described as isolationist, came then to be regarded as an anomalous one that required explanation and analysis. Isolation, it was argued, had generally been imposed on major powers only against their will, as in the case of France after the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) or of Great Britain in the 1890s. Although the speech by George Eulas Foster in the Canadian House of Commons on 16 January 1896 led to a flurry of oratory concerning Britain 's "splendid isolation," it was clear that the term had been used ironically more often than not and that British policy had been designed to help the empire emerge from that apparently undesirable state. Voluntary isolation had been sought only by some smaller nations, such as Switzerland , as a way to avoid falling victim to more powerful neighbors, and by culturally threatened ones, such as China and Japan , as a defense against Western incursions. The United States was the only major Western industrialized nation that had apparently displayed a positive interest in some form of isolation, and that phenomenon attracted the attention of scholars in the late 1940s, and with increasing frequency in the two decades that followed. Ray Allen Billington sought to give isolationism a geographic base in his "The Origins of Middle Western Isolationism" (Political Science Quarterly, March 1945); Henry Nash Smith examined its relationship to "the myth of the garden" (Virgin Land, 1950); Samuel Lubell exposed what he took to be its "ethnic and emotional roots" (The Future of American Politics, 1952); and Wayne S. Cole explained it as an expression of the "needs, desires, and value systems" of American agricultural society (Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Policy, 1962). Extended analyses of isolationism were also published by Robert E. Osgood, who defined it as a form of "passive egoism" in his Ideals and Self-Interest in American Foreign Relations (1953); by Selig Adler, who stressed economic self-sufficiency, the illusion of security, and ethnic prejudices as causative factors (The Isolationist Impulse, 1957); by Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., who explained isolationism as a policy designed to assure de facto independence after the American Revolution had been won (Ideas, Ideals, and American Diplomacy, 1966); and by Manfred Jonas, whose Isolationism in America, 1935–1941 (1966) analyzed the assumptions underlying the isolationist position prior to World War II and suggested that these indicated a survival of unilateralism bolstered by a fear of war. John Milton Cooper, Jr., sought to define isolationism as "a political position with programmatic and ideological dimensions" somewhat akin to a political movement (The Vanity of Power, 1969), and a host of other scholars—historians, political scientists, sociologists, and even psychologists—have investigated the subject from the perspective of their respective disciplines. THE MYTH OF THE FOUNDERS While controversy continues about the precise meaning of the term "isolationism" and about the relative importance of various factors that might explain the phenomenon, some areas of agreement emerged from the research. It became clear, for example, that isolationists of whatever stripe always regarded themselves as traditionalists with respect to American foreign policy and regularly invoked the Founders, particularly George Washington and Thomas Jefferson , in support of their position. Washington was the father of the first American neutrality act (1794), which incorporated both the principle of his Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)—that the United States should pursue "a conduct friendly and impartial towards the Belligerent Powers"—and the subsequently developed Rules Governing Belligerents. The neutral stance of the United States was noteworthy primarily because of its obvious incompatibility with the French alliance that had been concluded despite strong misgivings in 1778. Since France chose not to invoke the alliance in the 1790s, American neutrality remained unchallenged, and could thus develop into a tradition that was reasserted, at least initially, with respect to every major international conflict up to World War II. In his Farewell Address in 1796, Washington supplied the rationale for this policy and urged its continuance. He pointed out that "Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation," and advised his countrymen "to steer clear of permanent Alliances" and involvement "by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics and the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships and enmities." Less than five years later, Jefferson put substantially the same advice into even more enduring phraseology in his first inaugural address, where he insisted that American policy should continue to be based on the principle of "peace, commerce and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none." Neither Washington nor Jefferson, however, regarded themselves as advocates of a policy of isolation and, indeed, that word had not yet migrated to the English language from the French at the time they expressed their views. Both men actually sought to increase American contacts with the outside world. Washington vigorously espoused the expansion of foreign trade and promoted a series of commercial agreements on the model of the one negotiated with Prussia in 1785. Jefferson, although he would, in moments of great frustration, have preferred the United States "to practise neither commerce nor navigation, but to stand, with respect to Europe, precisely on the footing of China," clearly recognized after he had become president the necessity of fostering commerce and other forms of international intercourse. Indeed, he sent the U.S. marines to the shores of Tripoli to protect American commerce and acquired the whole Louisiana Territory from France in order to keep the mouth of the Mississippi open to the new nation's trade. Both presidents welcomed continued immigration and, Jefferson in particular, the influx of European ideas and culture. The two did not even categorically rule out alliances. Washington indicated in his Farewell Address that the new nation might "safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies." Jefferson advised President James Monroe in 1823 to accept Foreign Secretary George Canning's invitation to joint action with Great Britain against the threat posed to Latin America by the Holy Alliance. While reasserting that the "first and fundamental maxim [of the United States] should be never to entangle ourselves in the broils of Europe" and the second maxim, "never to suffer Europe to meddle with cis-Atlantic affairs," Jefferson nevertheless concluded that "the war in which the present proposition might engage us, should that be its consequence, is not her war, but ours," and that if "we can effect a division in the body of the European powers, and draw over to our side its most powerful member, surely we should do it." The basic aim of both Washington and Jefferson was to safeguard the independence of a new and weak nation by avoiding, whenever possible, involvement in the military and political affairs of the major powers while at the same time expanding trade and commerce as a means of fostering national development. But both men were fully aware that economic and political matters could not be separated as neatly as their phraseology suggested, and neither can be regarded in any meaningful way as an isolationist. Together with many of the other Founders, they merely followed the logic of the American Revolution and its consequences. Thomas Paine had pointed out in Common Sense (1776) that one of the advantages of breaking the connection with Great Britain lay in the possibility of assuming a position of neutrality with respect to a Europe "too thickly planted with Kingdoms to be long at peace" and thus promoting and protecting trade with all nations even in wartime. John Adams urged the Continental Congress to enter only into treaties of commerce and "to lay it down, as a first principle and a maxim never to be forgotten, to maintain an entire neutrality in all future European wars." Were the fledgling United States to do otherwise, Adams feared, "we should be little better than puppets, danced on the wires of the cabinets of Europe." The Congress that he addressed had earlier established a committee to draft a declaration of independence and, at the very same time, one to devise a model treaty for regulating relations with foreign nations. The model treaty, Adams declared, was to be only commercial and have neither political nor military clauses. Such a treaty proved impossible to conclude, however, and foreign aid was needed if independence were to become a reality. Less than six months after adopting the Declaration of Independence, therefore, Congress dispatched John Jay to Spain , Benjamin Franklin to France, and John Adams himself to Holland to seek both money and full-fledged alliances. Isolating the United States from the rest of the world was the last thing they had in mind. The United States was involved almost from the beginning in the first world crisis after independence was achieved: the quarter century of wars spawned by the French Revolution . That was due in part to the fact that the new nation could not be indifferent to the outcome of these wars, and that Jefferson and the Republicans generally favored the cause of France, while Washington, Hamilton, and the Federalists favored Great Britain. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 was not intended primarily to insulate the United States against foreign conflicts, but was rather an anti-French measure for evading America's obligations under the Treaty of Amity and Commerce of 1778 and thereby helping the British cause. Both Jefferson and James Madison denounced it on that account, particularly after the Washington administration negotiated a new treaty, this one with Great Britain, shortly thereafter. Alexander J. Dallas, the future secretary of the Treasury who would have been much happier to have the French alliance continue, in 1795 denounced the treaty that John Jay had negotiated in London as a scheme for "wantonly involving ourselves in the political intrigues and squabbles of the European nations." After Napoleon came to power in France, Jefferson played a role in the ongoing struggles by buying Louisiana from the financially strapped emperor and by a series of manipulative trade measures including the Embargo Act of 1807 and the Nonintercourse Act of the following year. Over the protests of staunchly Federalist New England , the United States even went to war in 1812 with Great Britain and attempted to conquer Canada , thereby becoming in effect an ally of Napoleon. The Boston Gazette promptly lamented the shedding of American "blood for Bonaparte" and, after the French occupied Moscow , Czar Alexander I offered his services as mediator in the conflict between his British ally and the United States. The nation was thus, in its early years, neither isolated nor isolationist. It consistently recognized its involvement with the world but sought to pursue its international interests unilaterally without making long-term commitments or entering formal alliances. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams correctly assured the assembled multitude on 4 July 1821 that the United States "does not go forth in search of monsters to destroy" because "by once enlisting under banners other than her own" it would become party to "all the wars of interest and intrigue, of individual avarice, envy and ambition." But Adams had already served as minister to the Netherlands , Prussia, Russia , and Great Britain and had been one of America's negotiators of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812. As secretary of state, he was to conclude formal treaties with Spain and Great Britain and to protect the newly independent states of Latin America with the Monroe Doctrine. AMERICA'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The unilateralist foreign policy that Adams pursued—the actual legacy of the Founders—proved serviceable and was followed with reasonable consistency until the end of the nineteenth century. It was a policy peculiar to the United States not in its motivation but only in the circumstances that allowed it to work. Americans had deliberately shaken off their major tie with Europe during the Revolution and understandably had little interest in replacing it with other ties. Moreover, in 1776 Americans had acted partly out of a sense of uniqueness and of superiority to the Old World and its institutions, and they regarded it as essential to the success of the mission of the United States that its policies remain uncontaminated and free from foreign influence. The development of the traditional American foreign policy was thus coeval with the first flowering of an assertive American nationalism. The freedom of action that the United States sought for itself during the nineteenth century is, however, the ideal of all nation-states. Alliances, however desirable or even necessary under certain circumstances, inevitably circumscribe that freedom, and the avoidance of alliances and the maintenance of neutrality in the quarrels of others are, therefore, a universally appealing policy. For most nations, however, the policy is also self-defeating and dangerous, since it is often incompatible with the continuance and further development of commercial and cultural ties, largely rules out assistance from others when that may be necessary, and invites attack by stronger neighbors. For the United States in the early nineteenth century, as a country of little economic and no military importance, without strong neighbors, protected by wide expanses of ocean and the polar ice cap, and favored by a world balance of power that tended in most instances to safeguard its interest, the policy was not only appealing, however, but also practicable. Unallied and uncommitted, threatened neither by invasion nor loss of territory, and possessed of a vast, rich, and sparsely developed hinterland, the United States was able to act independently and at its own discretion in those cases in which events elsewhere in the world seemed to affect the nation's interests. Over the course of the century, the United States was able to expand its trade and commercial relations to an extraordinary degree, absorbed European immigrants in unparalleled numbers, and engaged freely in the process of cultural exchange. Moreover, it quite consistently displayed strong interest in political and military matters outside its borders. It encouraged the revolutions in Spain's American colonies and sought to protect their newly won independence with the Monroe Doctrine. It followed the Greek Revolution and the European revolutions of 1830 and 1848 with sympathetic interest, and treated at least one of their leaders, the Hungarian Lajos Kossuth, to a hero's welcome. It vied with the British for control of the Oregon Territory in the 1840s and tried to buy Cuba in the 1850s. It went to war with Mexico in order to acquire not only Texas but California as well, and was instrumental in bringing Japan, a truly isolated country, into contact with the world at large. At the close of the Civil War , it helped effect the withdrawal of French troops from Mexico and acquired Alaska , its first non-contiguous territory, from Russia. At the same time, the United States consistently sought to avoid "entanglements" by either acting alone or, when that proved impossible, refraining from action. Not only did it take part in the Napoleonic Wars without entering into an alliance with France, it never made certain the support of the British fleet by formal treaty even though that fleet was essential to the effectiveness of the Monroe Doctrine. Despite some strong sentiments to the contrary, the United States consistently refused to commit itself to active support of the European revolutionaries, and limited its treaty making during the entire nineteenth century to the settlement of specific disputes concerning boundaries, immigration, and fishing and sealing rights. The only treaty to carry even the suggestion of joint action with another power, the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 with Great Britain, which limited action by the United States with regard to the building of a trans-isthmian canal, has been called by the historian Thomas A. Bailey "the most persistently unpopular pact ever concluded by the United States." By the middle of the nineteenth century, America's traditional policy had become so firmly established that it was above serious challenge. In rejecting, on 11 May 1863, an invitation to join with France, Great Britain, and Austria in an attempt to persuade Czar Alexander II to modify his designs on Poland , Secretary of State William H. Seward cited Washington's Farewell Address as the basis for his action, and applauded the hitherto successful resistance to "seductions from what, superficially viewed, seemed a course of isolation and indifference." It was the first known official use of the term "isolation" in connection with the traditional American policy, and it was used, of course, only to be rejected as inapplicable. "Our policy of nonintervention, straight, absolute, and peculiar as it may seem to other nations," concluded Seward, "has … become a traditional one, which could not be abandoned without the most urgent occasion, amounting to manifest necessity." TRYING THE ROLE OF WORLD POWER As long as this policy was regarded as natural and obvious, it provided no basis for factional disputes and required, therefore, neither ideological nor programmatic definition nor a specific label. Isolationism emerged as a distinctive and definable political position only when the foreign policy consensus derived from the teachings of Washington and Jefferson began to break down, a development that found its basis in the conditions of the late nineteenth century but full expression only in the period of World War I. By the end of the nineteenth century, virtually all of the circumstances that had made the traditional policy of the United States possible had either been greatly modified or disappeared altogether. With rapid industrialization and the opening of vast new lands to agriculture, the United States had become a serious factor in the world economy and was converting itself from an importer into an exporter of capital. The need for the protection of trade and investments, as well as the chauvinistic search for the sinews and symbols of power that infected all Western nations in these years, led the United States to follow the teachings of Alfred Thayer Mahan, who in his lectures at the newly established Naval War College—subsequently published as The Influence of Sea Power on History, 1660–1783 (1890)—argued that great countries were built by great navies. Even as the United States thus embarked on the road to military power, advances in technology and communications continued to shrink the oceans and thereby to move the country from the periphery of power to a place closer to the center. And the nineteenth-century balance of power, which, for all the abuse that had been heaped on it by American statesmen, had served the nation well, was upset by the simultaneous rise to international prominence of two ambitious newcomers, Germany and Japan. The United States responded to these changes with a more active foreign policy and greater international involvement. In 1884 it joined the International Red Cross and participated in the Berlin Conference that was intended to solve the problems in the Congo. Three years later, it hosted the first international conference of its own, the Washington Conference on Samoa , and in 1889 the first Pan-American Conference. These expanded international contacts soon led to further involvement. The Venezuela Crisis of 1895 was followed by the War with Spain, the acquisition of Hawaii , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines , and the enunciation of the Open Door policy designed to assure equal international access to the markets of China. The United States sent delegates to the First International Peace Conference at The Hague in 1899, and the following year contributed 5,000 troops to an international expeditionary force that put down the Boxer Rebellion in China. The pace of America's involvement with the world quickened during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt , who hugely enjoyed asserting America's growing power. In 1902, after Great Britain, Germany, and Italy had blockaded Venezuela and brought its dictator, Cipriano Castro, to his knees, he facilitated an arbitration of the dispute that protected America's long-standing interests in Latin America. In 1903 he encouraged rebellion in Colombia , promptly recognized the new country of Panama that emerged, and acquired territory from it on which to build a trans-isthmian canal. In 1904 his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine arrogated to the United States the exercise of an international police power in the Caribbean, and for the next twenty years U.S. marines landed periodically in Cuba, the Dominican Republic , Nicaragua , Haiti , and, on occasion, even Mexico. In 1905 he mediated the peace treaty between Russia and Japan that was concluded at a conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire . For his efforts he became the first of three Americans who were to win the Nobel Peace Prize before 1920. All of this activism in international affairs was deemed to be compatible with the foreign policy of the Founders, and the traditional American consensus therefore remained largely intact. Even the anti-imperialists at the turn of the century, while opposing the acquisition of colonies on the grounds that this would fundamentally change the character of the American Republic, made surprisingly little of the fact that it would inevitably lead to involvement in the great power rivalries against which President Washington had warned, and that the Open Door policy would have the same effect if attempts were made to enforce it. When the Senate ratified the Algeciras Agreement of 1906, an international compact dealing with the future of Morocco, and the Hague Convention of 1908 that established the rights of neutrals and of noncombatants—both clearly "entangling" in nature—it simply added the proviso that agreeing to them was "without purpose to depart from the traditional American foreign policy." Less than three months before the outbreak of World War I, Woodrow Wilson , who still insisted that "we need not and we should not form alliances with any nation in the world," reasserted the traditional policy: "Those who are right, those who study their consciences in determining their policies, those who hold their honor higher than their advantages, do not need alliances." Consequently, the onset of hostilities in Europe produced the traditional American response: a declaration of neutrality and a reassertion of the policy of friendship with all and entanglements with none, which, as an editorial in the magazine World's Work put it, "was made for us by wise men a hundred years ago." INTERVENTIONISM AND ISOLATIONISM World War I nevertheless proved to be the first clear indicator that the United States, would, by virtue of its new power position, find it difficult, and perhaps also undesirable, to remain "unentangled." Since the conflict pitted many ideological friends and major trading partners of the United States against a group of European autocracies—most particularly after the March Revolution of 1917 in Russia—it proved extraordinarily difficult, even for the president himself, to heed Wilson's admonition to be "impartial in thought as well as in action." The wartime increase in trade flowed naturally into previously developed channels, and loans and credits largely followed the route of established business connections, thus not only favoring one set of belligerents and arousing the ire of the other but giving the United States a tangible stake in the outcome of the war. Even aside from such specific considerations, the possibility that nations with political systems and economic aims different from those of the United States might dominate the world after the war could be ignored only with difficulty. For all of his original devotion to neutrality, Wilson himself was moved to his desire for a negotiated "peace without victory" at least in part because he found one of the other alternatives—the victory of the Central Powers—to be wholly incompatible with American interests. "The world," he was to say in his declaration of war, "must be made safe for democracy." The situation of the United States during World War I brought respectability for the first time to the proposition that, given its changed world position, the United States might best protect its interests by more active cooperation with other nations, even through commitments and alliances not in keeping with the traditional policy. Wilson's espousal of such ideas led him to propose a League of Nations, which required full-fledged American participation in a system of collective security. Others with similar views joined together in June 1915 to found the League to Enforce Peace, an American counterpart to the Netherlands-based Organisation Centrale pour une Paix Durable. Among the leaders of the new organization were former president William Howard Taft, President A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Hamilton Holt, the influential editor of the Independent. This initial articulation of an approach to foreign policy that differed from the traditional one chiefly in its espousal of collective action as a necessary element in the defense of the national interest produced, in its turn, the defensive position generally called isolationism. In the context of the time, it amounted to an assertion, implicit or explicit, that changed world conditions had not made a departure from traditional policies either necessary or desirable and that entanglement in what continued to be regarded as the affairs of other nations was more dangerous to the United States than any conceivable result of continued noninvolvement. Among the early isolationists, in this sense, were Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, Senators William E. Borah of Idaho and George W. Norris of Nebraska , and the pacifist-intellectual Randolph S. Bourne. On a popular level, such sentiments found support in the Hearst press beginning in early 1917. Although the occasion for this development of an isolationist position was the debate over American entry into World War I, the actual declaration of war did not prove to be the really divisive issue. If the United States entered the war on its own volition and in defense of its own interests, such a step did not necessarily violate traditional policy, particularly not if it fought, as it did, not in formal alliance with other nations, but simply as an "associated power." Accordingly, a number of confirmed isolationists in the Senate voted for war. Among these were not only Democrats like Charles S. Thomas of Colorado and Thomas P. Gore of Oklahoma , who might be considered to have put partisanship ahead of conviction, but also Republicans Joseph I. France of Maryland , Hiram Johnson of California, and Borah. Wilson soon realized, however, that any serious effort to make the world safe for democracy required that the United States enter into de facto alliance with the European powers, under whatever label, so that he himself would be able to exert the leadership necessary to the attainment of that objective. In his Fourteen Points address of 18 January 1918 he in effect supplied all of the Allies with a set of war aims that included the removal of economic barriers among nations, the adjustment of competing colonial claims, the freedom of the seas, and a "general association of nations" to secure "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike." Less than a year later, he went to Paris in an effort to have these objectives, especially the establishment of a League of Nations, incorporated in the Treaty of Versailles that ended the war. America's entry into the League of Nations would have been an obvious violation of the traditional policy. The league was clearly an alliance, an open-ended commitment of the very sort against which the Founders had warned. Wilson in fact promoted U.S. participation in the international organization as "an entirely new course of action" made necessary by the fact that the isolation of the United States was at an end, "not because we chose to go into the politics of the world, but because by the sheer genius of this people and the growth of our power we have become a determining factor in the history of mankind and after you have become a determining factor you cannot remain isolated, whether you want to or not." The isolationists would have none of that. They generally agreed with the contention that isolation was no longer a realistic aim, if indeed it had ever been one, but took sharp issue with the proposed policy reversal. "We may set aside all this empty talk about isolation," Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the chairman of the Senate's Committee on Foreign Relations, told his colleagues in 1919. "Nobody expects to isolate the United States or make it a hermit Nation, which is sheer absurdity." At the same time, however, he warned against the injury the United States would do itself by "meddling in all the differences which may arise among any portion or fragment of humankind" and urged continued adherence to "the policy of Washington and Hamilton, of Jefferson and Monroe, under which we have risen to our present greatness and prosperity." The Senate debate over ratification of the Treaty of Versailles sharpened and clarified the isolationist position. It turned entirely on the question of America's so-called meddling, and set the course of American foreign policy for the next two decades. THE TRIUMPH OF ISOLATIONISM The rejection of the Treaty of Versailles by the Senate and the overwhelming popular ratification of that action in the election of 1920 can be regarded as a triumph of American isolationism. It was not, as has sometimes been argued, a return to an earlier policy. The world had changed too much to allow that. But it was a reassertion of that policy in the face of the first fundamental challenge it had ever faced. The isolationism of the 1920s was real, despite the continuing commercial expansion of the United States and despite the greater influence on world affairs that the country enjoyed. The traditional policy, which the isolationists thought they were preserving, had always, after all, emphasized trade and commerce even while shrinking from political commitments, and American influence and the desire for it had traditionally been a component of the "mission" of the United States. Nevertheless, the American position during the 1920s was in some ways an ambiguous one. The experience of World War I had greatly increased the role of the United States as an economic, political, and even military factor in world affairs, and made some degree of coordination with other nations all the more crucial. At the same time, the war had served as an object lesson on the danger of international commitments. The success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia was only the most threatening of the postwar events that persuaded most Americans that their intervention had clearly failed to make the world safe for democracy. It thus appeared to demonstrate the wisdom of the contention that meddling in the affairs of others was useless and self-defeating. The reflexive logic that this intervention had almost led to a total abandonment of the policy of the Founders only served as a further warning. On the basis of such perceptions, the United States set out on an isolationist course that could best be described as one of cooperation without commitment. The United States, for the first time in its history, sharply curtailed immigration. It took the lead in negotiations on naval disarmament that would make war less likely and took pains to clarify the purely hortatory character of the Open Door policy. The Four-Power Treaty of 1921 changed any commitments the United States might once have assumed with respect to the openness or territorial integrity of China into a commitment, proposed by Senator Lodge, "to communicate … fully and frankly in order to arrive at an understanding as to the most efficient measures to be taken, jointly or separately, to meet the exigencies of the particular situation." Even then, the Senate ratified the treaty only after adding a further disclaimer: "The United States understands that under the statement in the preamble or under the terms of this treaty there is no commitment to armed force, no alliance, no obligation to join in any defense." During these years the most heralded diplomatic achievement by the United States, the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), was in its origins simply a way of gracefully denying France the security guarantees it had sought to obtain. Although generally regarded at the time as a positive contribution to the maintenance of world peace and order, it formally committed the United States to no action of any kind and was strongly supported by many of the most prominent isolationists, including the new chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Senator Borah. By the beginning of the 1930s, the United States was retreating from military intervention in Latin America by adopting the so-called Good Neighbor Policy, and Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson reacted to the Japanese conquest of Manchuria with a unilateral action that threatened nothing more serious than nonrecognition. President Herbert Hoover restated the isolationist consensus in 1931. Although recognizing a greater interdependence among nations in the modern world, Hoover nonetheless distinguished between the path of the United States and that of other nations. "We should cooperate with the rest of the world;" he told his cabinet, "we should do so as long as that cooperation remains in the field of moral pressures…. But that is the limit." There were few dissenters. ISOLATIONISM AT HIGH TIDE During the remainder of the 1930s, America's isolationism was most clearly defined and most ardently defended, and it reigned triumphant until fatally undermined by the very world events that had helped to promote it. The isolationism of the 1930s emanated clearly from a world situation in which the totalitarian states—most notably Germany, Japan, and Italy—challenged the status quo and with it the power position and security of the United States. Traditional American foreign policy had always rested on the assumption that the United States was safe from attack and that American trade and ideas would continue to find acceptance regardless of developments elsewhere. As that assurance diminished, it seemed more important than ever before to try and seal off the United States from threats from abroad, especially the threat of war. It was not until the end of the decade that most Americans faced up to the question then raised rhetorically by the formerly isolationist Progressive of Madison, Wisconsin : "If Hitler defeats England and the British fleet is destroyed, what becomes of our splendid isolation, with Hitler on the Atlantic side and Japan and Russia on the Pacific side?" Until that time, the Great Depression provided a new and for a time persuasive rationale for the isolationist position. Confronted by urgent domestic problems, the immediate impulse of the United States was to turn inward and to regard events outside its borders as distractions tending to impede the solution of problems at home. Even President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who, as a disciple of Woodrow Wilson was anything but an isolationist, spurned international cooperation to alleviate the crisis in favor of unilateral American action and, in effect, torpedoed the London Economic Conference in 1933. The depression also deflated confidence in the strength of the United States and in its ability to influence events elsewhere. Faced with evidence that much was wrong at home, many Americans abandoned the traditional belief that their institutions should serve as a model for the rest of the world. Others reasoned that the economic crisis had so sapped the nation's strength that it would be futile to intervene in international affairs. Both lines of thought led to essentially isolationist conclusions. Finally, the depression increased popular distrust of bankers and businessmen and thus the willingness to sacrifice even trade and commerce, if necessary, to maintain political and military noninvolvement. Because the reputation of the American businessman reached its nadir in the 1930s, the attempt was made to resolve the increasingly apparent dichotomy between "commerce and honest friendship with all nations" and "entangling alliances with none" not by increasing American political involvement but by circumscribing the then suspect commercial contacts. The high-water mark of American isolationism was therefore reached in the years from 1934 to 1937, in the depth of the Great Depression. Beginning with the Johnson Act, which in 1934 prohibited loans to countries in default on previous debts—only Finland could qualify for a loan under that provision—Congress took a series of actions designed to prohibit activities of the sort that were presumed to have involved the United States in World War I. The Senate established a committee headed by the isolationist Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota to investigate the American munitions industry and its ties to European arms makers. In 1935, 1936, and 1937, by means of so-called neutrality acts, the United States banned loans and the export of arms and ammunition to countries at war, prohibited Americans from traveling on belligerent vessels, forbade the arming of American merchant ships trading with countries at war, and prohibited the sale on credit of war materials other than arms and ammunitions as well as transportation of such materials on U.S. vessels. A substantial majority of the members of Congress believed that such measures could insulate the country against increasingly threatening world events. The rationale behind these acts provides us with the clearest expression of isolationist assumptions. Their purpose was simply to make possible in the twentieth century the stance first adopted by the United States in 1794. Although the recognition that legislation was necessary to achieve this implied an acknowledgment that the world had changed since the eighteenth century, it also suggested that the United States might accommodate itself to these changes and maintain its traditional position of neutrality by simply taking certain relatively minor precautions. This assumption required a continuing belief that the vital interests of the United States were not substantially affected by events elsewhere; that Europe still had a set of interests "which to us have none or a very remote relation"; and that the country had become involved in other international quarrels, particularly in World War I, for reasons having little to do with genuine national interest. The last of these beliefs was given powerful support not only by the conclusions of the Nye Committee that the greed of America's "merchants of death" had led the nation into war in 1917, but also by the work of so-called revisionist historians who, at least since the appearance of Harry Elmer Barnes's The Genesis of the World War (1926), had been hammering away at the theme that the entry of the United States into the world war had been brought about, contrary to the true interests of the United States, by direct and indirect Allied pressure and by the machinations of bankers, brokers, and businessmen who had unwisely tied American prosperity to the cause of Great Britain and France. In the mid-1930s, Charles A. Beard and Charles C. Tansill were the most prominent of the historians who repeated this theme and alleged the existence of a "deadly parallel" to the situation twenty years before. Walter Millis repeated these arguments in his best-selling Road to War (1935). The neutrality legislation of the 1930s clearly reflected the isolationist contention that the United States went to war in 1917, and might do so again, not because its interests were threatened, but merely because its activities, particularly those relating to trade, produced incidents that blurred judgment and inflamed passions. By prohibiting loans and the trade in arms, by keeping Americans off belligerent vessels, and by insisting that title to all war material had passed to the purchaser and that such material be carried only in non-American ships, the United States expected to avoid such incidents and thereby involvement in war. ISOLATIONISM IN RETREAT The isolationist's beliefs, however, no longer reflected the realities of the world situation. The United States had acquired a far greater stake in the international power balance and exerted far more influence on it than the isolationists were prepared to admit. Neutrality legislation did not reduce this influence but simply redirected it, not necessarily into desirable channels. In general, the American policy gave aid and comfort to would-be aggressors since it offered tacit assurance that this country would not actively oppose their actions as long as they did not directly threaten the United States. More specifically, the neutrality legislation in effect aided the Fascist dictators—Italy's Benito Mussolini when applied to the Italo-Ethiopian War and Spain's Francisco Franco when applied to the Spanish Civil War. The legislation also tended, at least in the first of these cases, to undercut possible peacekeeping actions by the League of Nations. Since even most isolationists agreed that the victories of the Italian and Spanish fascists were less desirable from the American viewpoint than were other possible outcomes, the wisdom of a policy that contributed to such a result came increasingly to be questioned. "In the long run," the Socialist Party leader Norman Thomas, a staunch isolationist and an original proponent of neutrality legislation, told President Roosevelt in December 1936, "it is not peace for the world, even for America which will be served by applying to the Spanish rebellion a general principle which should be asserted more rigorously than is yet the case in Congressional legislation concerning neutrality in international law." As a socialist who supported the elected government of Spain and abhorred Franco, Thomas was caught in a dilemma that could not be resolved in isolationist terms. The two events that destroyed the rationale for American isolationism altogether were the fall of France in June 1940 and the attack on Pearl Harbor in December of the following year. The defeat of France by a seemingly invincible Germany created a profound sense of insecurity in the United States. It raised fears not only of an Axis victory but also of a direct attack on this country in the event, now deemed possible, that the British fleet would either be destroyed or captured. The founding of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, the first influential interventionist organization, was a direct result of this fear, and the success of that organization produced the establishment of the America First Committee, the last stronghold of the embattled and soon outnumbered isolationists. The attack on Pearl Harbor, in its turn, graphically demonstrated the vulnerability of American territory to foreign aggressors. Under these circumstances cooperation and even alliance with others to forestall further danger seemed dictated by prudence and common sense. "In my own mind," one of the most outspoken and influential of the congressional isolationists, Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan , confided in his diary some time after the event, "my convictions regarding international cooperation and collective security for peace took firm form on the afternoon of the Pearl Harbor attack. That day ended isolationism for any realist." THE END OF AMERICA'S ISOLATIONISM Vandenberg was essentially right. Both the traditional American foreign policy, based on the precepts of Washington and Jefferson, and isolationism, regarded by its proponents as an adaptation of that policy to the conditions of the twentieth century, had rested on the assumption that Europe's interests were sufficiently different from those of the United States and that the United States was sufficiently safe from attack to make political or military involvement with Europe unnecessary. If unnecessary, such involvement was undesirable by definition, since it could only limit the country's freedom of action and thereby its sovereignty without bringing any compensating benefits. Although these assumptions had been challenged by world events since the end of the nineteenth century, they had never before been clearly disproved. When the assumptions were disproved, the isolationist structure was no longer a viable one, and the United States moved rapidly not only into tacit alliance with Great Britain and into war as a formal ally of the anti-Axis powers but also very consciously into a commitment to collective security. Even before World War II had ended, the world economy and the political structure of the new league of nations, the United Nations, would be laid out under American leadership at international conferences at the Bretton Woods resort in New Hampshire and the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington, D.C. The United States not only joined the United Nations without serious opposition, but also symbolized its change of course by welcoming that organization's headquarters to New York City. What had been destroyed, of course, had only been the practicality of the isolationist position. Its emotional appeal remained largely intact, as it had in nations for whom isolationism had never been a realistic position. Isolationist rhetoric, therefore, continued to be used by some opponents of American postwar policies. In the debate over military aid to Europe, which began late in 1950, Joseph P. Kennedy, the isolationist former ambassador to Great Britain, spoke of "unwise commitments" in Berlin and Korea and scoffed at the idea that the United States had any interest in or responsibility for the defense of Western Europe. Herbert Hoover argued that the Americas were still "surrounded by a great moat," and referred once again to "the eternal malign forces of Europe" with which this country should have as little as possible to do. Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio , a leading prewar isolationist, minimized the danger that this country faced from the Soviet Union in terms virtually identical to those in which he had discussed the threat emanating from Nazi Germany. Although some observers promptly labeled this outburst "the new isolationism," it bore little practical relation to true isolationism. Hoover, in fact, strongly favored an American commitment to the defense of a "Western Hemisphere Gibraltar," the outlying bastions of which were the British Isles, Japan, Taiwan , the Philippines, and, possibly, Australia and New Zealand . Taft recognized that an effective international organization would give the best assurance of world peace and, therefore, of American peace, and stated flatly that "nobody is an isolationist today." The whole discussion centered largely on the extent of American military and economic aid to other nations, and not on the necessity for such assistance. It turned on the question of how the cooperation among allies of the United States might best be secured, not how American alliances could be terminated most rapidly. Isolationism was simply no longer viable in a world in which neutrality for the United States was impossible, if for no other reason than that the Soviet Union regarded the United States as its primary foe; in which the United States could clearly not be indifferent to wars in Europe or Asia that affected the world power balance; and in which the development of nuclear weapons and intercontinental missiles had eliminated the margin of safety that geography had once provided. In short, isolationism was made practically impossible when the United States emerged as the dominant world power in an unstable world. Just as "splendid isolation" had emotional appeal but dangerous practical implications for Great Britain at the close of the nineteenth century, so isolation in any form posed a threat to the position of the United States in the postwar world. For a brief period, even the traces of the isolationist strain in American foreign policy seemed to disappear. The United States embraced its world leadership role at a time when it was, by a considerable margin, the strongest power on earth. It thus could expect to control whatever alliances it entered and saw no necessary conflict between such alliances and the traditional insistence on unilateral action. The refusal of the Soviet Union to recognize a Pax Americana did not shatter that expectation, but initially strengthened the belief that America's security required cooperation with and commitments to like-minded nations. In the Cold War that resulted, the United States laid claim, without having to consult anyone, to the leadership of what it chose to define as the free world. That leadership produced the Marshall Plan, a massive program to rebuild war-devastated Western Europe, in 1948 and, in 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a permanent formal, military alliance—its first in 171 years—with Canada and a group of ten Western European nations. It was manifested again the following year, when the United States was able to use the UN to muster an international force to serve under American command in Korea. A powerful United States controlling its allies fully met the test of unilateralism. ISOLATIONISM RECONFIGURED? Over time, however, American control of the UN and of its allies declined even as its worldwide commitments multiplied. As a result, U.S. foreign policy became both less effective and more costly, and domestic criticism of it increased. The Vietnam War , in particular, spawned critics who argued that there were limits to America's power and that, in consequence, the United States should withdraw from some of its more exposed positions and reduce its international commitments. These critics were often referred to as "neo-isolationists" and sometimes even applied that label to themselves. A leading scholar of American foreign policy, Robert W. Tucker, applauded their position in his book A New Isolationism: Threat or Promise? ( New York , 1972). Yet major spokesmen for this point of view, such as Senators Wayne Morse of Oregon, Ernest Gruening of Alaska, J. William Fulbright of Arkansas, George McGovern of South Dakota , and Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota , or George F. Kennan, who as a foreign service officer had been the first to advocate "containment" of the Soviet Union, were not isolationists in any meaningful sense. All favored increasing the role of the United Nations, the maintenance of key alliances, and new attempts to reach agreements with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. None suggested, even remotely, that the cure for current problems might be found in a return to the foreign policies of the 1920s or 1930s. The Vietnam War, to be sure, had a traumatic effect on both American policymakers and the American public. It caused President Lyndon Johnson to withdraw as a candidate for reelection, assured the defeat of his vice-president, Hubert Humphrey, in the 1968 election, and produced major reassessments of American military and strategic policies. But the lessons that were drawn from the failure in Vietnam did not seriously question America's international commitments. They concentrated instead on the clearer and perhaps more limited definition of American goals, the avoidance, where possible, of no-win situations, and, above all, the avoidance of American casualties in future conflicts. The internationalist consensus thus remained largely intact, and all subsequent presidents vigorously exercised their presumed prerogative of world leadership. Richard Nixon traveled to China in 1972 to definitively change that nation's relationship to the Soviet Union as well as to the United States. President Jimmy Carter tried policies based on the ideas of the Trilateral Commission, a private group of American, Western European, and Japanese businessmen, and in 1979 negotiated a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel at Camp David in Maryland. Ronald Reagan outdid even Woodrow Wilson in what Frank Ninkovich has defined as crisis internationalism (The Wilsonian Century, Chicago and London, 1999). "Our mission is to nourish and defend freedom and democracy" runs the socalled Reagan Doctrine he enunciated in his State of the Union message in 1985. "We must stand by all of our democratic allies. And we must not break faith with those who are risking their lives—on every continent …—to defy Soviet-supported aggression." Reagan's successor, George H. W. Bush, launched the Gulf War against Iraq in 1991 and brought a number of European and Middle Eastern allies into it. President Clinton, throughout the 1990s, played a direct role in conflicts throughout the world, from Ireland to Israel to Yugoslavia and even beyond. Throughout these years, isolationism has, to be sure, remained in the area of public discourse. But it has remained there largely as a bogeyman. All presidents since Nixon have defended their policies by labeling their opponents isolationists, and they continue to do so. On 8 December 2000, President Clinton traveled to Kearney, Nebraska, for a foreign policy speech in which he warned his listeners against "isolationist sentiment," and at his confirmation hearing on 17 January 2001, incoming Secretary of State Colin L. Powell found it necessary to assure the Senate that under his guidance the United States would not become "an island of isolationism." Political commentators continued to treat such allegations with great seriousness. The American Enterprise Institute as recently as 1996 found good cause to publish Joshua Muravchik's The Imperative of American Leadership: A Challenge to Neo-Isolationism, and publications on both sides of the question abound. Yet isolationism is no longer a serious prescription for American policy. With the possible exceptions of the pseudo-populist industrialist Ross Perot, an independent candidate for president in 1992, and Patrick Buchanan, a disgruntled Republican who ran on the Reform Party ticket in 2000, no responsible leader has proposed withdrawal from NATO or the UN or urged the United States to go it alone in a world still considered dangerous, even after the end of the Cold War and the relative triumph of both democracy and free-market capitalism. Ironically, even Buchanan's A Republic Not An Empire (Washington, D.C., 1999) contains a section entitled "The Myth of American Isolationism." The persistence of isolationism as a talking point half a century after its effective demise led some scholars, particularly in the field of security policy, to redefine the term, sometimes in quite sophisticated ways. Eric Nordlinger's Isolationism Reconfigured (Princeton, N.J., 1995), for example, sees isolationism essentially as the unilateralist component of the traditional American foreign policy that is wary of entangling alliances and, therefore, as a permanent counterweight to the traditional policy's internationalist component that has carried the day since World War II. In somewhat similar fashion, Frank Ninkovich has defined isolationism as the "normal internationalism" he attributes to the Founders. The Wilsonian counterpart to that which has dominated U.S. foreign policy for the past half century he calls "crisis internationalism." Either redefinition does away with the need to explain isolationism or to account for its appearance, especially in the 1920s. For that reason, both lend themselves to the development of ingenious and highly persuasive analyses with substantial postmodernist appeal. They do so, however, by dealing scarcely, if at all, with the objective reality of that isolationism that was an important phase in the development of American foreign policy. That phase has now been superseded, and reentry into it seems no longer possible, even if a nostalgic longing for it survives. Born of the universal aspiration for unrestricted national sovereignty and the peculiar relation of the United States to the rest of the world in the nineteenth century, isolationism was staunchly defended and raised to the level of dogma when world events in the twentieth century threatened America's traditional foreign policy consensus. In a shrinking world with an increasingly global economy and ever more deadly weapons that can be delivered anywhere, however, it is an untenable position for a country that has gone to great expense to develop and maintain a fully global military reach, dominates virtually every international institution or agency to which it belongs, and labors ceaselessly to remain the center of global finance and of world trade. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adler, Selig. The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth Century Reaction. London and New York, 1957. The classic early work that regards economic self-sufficiency and the illusion of security, as well as some ethnic prejudices, as the causes of isolationism. Clemens, Diane Shaver. From Isolationism to Internationalism: The Case Study of American Occupation Planning for Post-War Germany, 1945–1946. An exceptionally detailed examination of the definitive turning point. Cole, Wayne S. America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940–1941. Madison, Wis., 1953. Still the only full-scale study of an isolationist organization. ——. Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1935–1945. Lincoln, Neb., 1983. The isolationists' heyday and how they were outflanked by FDR. Cooper, John Milton, Jr. The Vanity of Power: American Isolationism and the First World War , 1914–1917. Westport, Conn., 1969. Defines isolationism as a political position with ideological dimensions. Doenecke, Justus D. Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists and the Cold War. Lewisburg, Pa., 1979. Traces the varied responses of the old isolationist to the new world created by World War II. ——. Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939–1941. Lanham, Md., and Oxford, 2000. The most complete analysis of anti-interventionist assumptions and arguments prior to Pearl Harbor. Fensterwald, Bernard, Jr. "The Anatomy of American 'Isolationism' and Expansionism." Journal of Conflict Resolution 2 (1958). An interesting though unprovable psychological explanation for the persistence of American isolationism. Foster, H. Schuyler. Activism Replaces Isolationism: U.S. Public Attitudes, 1840–1975. Washington, D.C., 1983. The public opinion studies conducted by the State Department. Graebner, Norman A. The New Isolationism: A Study in Politics and Foreign Policy Since 1950. New York, 1956. A "realist" view of America's postwar role. Guinsburg, Thomas N. The Pursuit of Isolationism in the United States from Versailles to Pearl Harbor. New York, 1982. A full-scale study of the most clearly isolationist period in U.S. history. Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935–1941. Ithaca, N.Y., 1966, and Chicago, 1990. Analyzes the arguments and actions of the isolationists up to Pearl Harbor and concludes that their common denominator was unilateralism strengthened by the fear of war. Kull, Steven. Misreading the Public: The Myth of a New Isolationism. Washington, D.C., 1999. Defends those looking to limit America's commitments against the charge of isolationism. McDougall, Walter A. Promised Land, Crusader State. Boston, 1997. Divides U.S. diplomatic history into " Old Testament " and " New Testament " phases and argues that foreign policy debates revolve around the differences between the two. Muravchik, Joshua. The Imperative of American Leadership: A Challenge to Neo-Isolationism. Washington, D.C., 1996. Argues that the United States must remain the fully committed leader of the free world. Ninkovich, Frank. The Wilsonian Century: U.S. Foreign Policy Since 1900. Chicago and London, 1999. A brief analytical survey that does away with isolationism by defining American policy as a tug of war between the "normal" internationalism of the Founders and the "crisis" internationalism of Woodrow Wilson. Nordlinger, Eric A. Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century. Princeton, N.J., 1995. Argues that isolationism is simply the unilateralist component of the traditional and relatively constant American foreign policy. Osgood, Robert E. Ideals and Self-Interest in American Foreign Relations: The Great Transformation of the Twentieth Century. Chicago, 1953. A classic. Powaski, Ronald E. Toward an Entangling Alliance: American Isolationism, Internationalism and Europe, 1901–1950. New York, 1991. A straightforward account of how the "isolated" United States came in time to create the North Atlantic Treaty. Rieselbach, Leroy N. The Roots of Isolationism: Congressional Voting and Presidential Leadership in Foreign Policy. Indianapolis , 1966. The most ambitious behavioral analysis of congressional isolationism. Rossina, Daniela, ed. From Theodore Roosevelt to FDR: Internationalism and Isolationism in American Foreign Policy. Staffordshire, England, 1995. A collection of essays most of which offer a European view of the United States. Russett, Bruce M. "Demography, Salience, and Isolationist Behavior." Public Opinion Quarterly 24 (1960). Offers the most serious challenge to ethnic and geographical explanations for isolationism. Smith, Glenn H. Langer of North Dakota: A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959. New York, 1979. One of the few biographies of a leading isolationist senator. Tucker, Robert W. A New Isolationism: Threat or Promise? New York, 1972. Weinberg, Albert K. "The Historical Meaning of the American Doctrine of Isolationism." American Political Science Review 34 (1940).The classic brief statement of what traditional American foreign policy was and what it was not. Williams, William A. "The Legend of Isolationism in the 1920s." Science and Society 18 (1954). Argues that the absence of genuine economic isolationism demonstrates the mythical nature of the entire concept. See also Alliances, Coalitions, and Ententes; Internationalism; Intervention and Nonintervention; Neutrality; Wilsonianism . THE SWANSON RESOLUTION (1926) Resolved (two thirds of the Senate present concurring), That the Senate advise and consent to the adherence on the part of the United States to … the Permanent Court of International Justice … subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are hereby made a part and condition of this resolution, namely: That such adherence shall not be taken to involve any legal relation on the part of the United States to the League of Nations or the assumption of any obligations by the United States under the Treaty of Versailles…. That the United States may at any time withdraw its adherence to the said protocol and that the statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice adjoined to the protocol shall not be amended without the consent of the United States. That the court shall not … without the consent of the United States, entertain any request for an advisory opinion touching any dispute or question in which the United States has or claims an interest…. Resolved further, That adherence to the said protocol and statute hereby approved shall not be so construed as to require the United States to depart from its traditional policy of not intruding upon, interfering with, or entangling itself in the political questions of policy or internal administration of any foreign state; nor shall adherence to the said protocol and statute be construed to imply a relinquishment by the United States of its traditional attitude towards purely American questions. —From Congressional Record 67 (1926): 2306— Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA The Oxford Companion to American Military History © The Oxford Companion to American Military History 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000. Isolationism as a historic attitude in the United States can best be defined as opposition to intervention in war outside the western hemisphere, particularly in Europe ; to involvement in permanent military alliances; and to participation in organizations of collective security. Above all, isolationists seek to preserve the United States's freedom of action. Isolationists often differ from pacifists, those who refuse to sanction any conflict and absolutely renounce any war, for isolationists often favor unilateral military action, what some call the doctrine of the “free hand.” Indeed, an isolationist can be stridently nationalistic, endorse military preparations, sanction certain forms of imperialism, and engage in outright war, particularly in Latin America or the Pacific. At no time did most isolationists seek literally to “isolate” the United States from either the world's culture or its commerce. By the above definition, American policy has been isolationist until the twentieth century. Thomas Paine's Common Sense (1776) combined calls for an independent foreign policy with a plea for commercial supremacy. John Adams 's Model Treaty of 1776 envisioned a purely commercial treaty with the French, not a binding military alliance. George Washington 's farewell address of 1796 advised his countrymen “to steer clear of permanent Alliances,” a reference to the Franco‐American Alliance of 1778–1800. Thomas Jefferson 's first inaugural of 1801 sought “peace, commerce and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.” When in 1823 President James Monroe advanced what later became known as the Monroe Doctrine , he said: “In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so.” Of course, a nation may pursue an isolationist foreign policy while involving itself extensively in political and military matters outside its borders. In 1812, the United States fought Britain ; in 1846, Mexico; and in 1898, Spain . All such engagements were unilateral decisions by the United States and hence did not violate the classic isolationism espoused in the eighteenth century. During the nineteenth century, the United States encouraged the revolts of Latin American nations against Spain, vied with the British to control the Oregon Territory, and sympathized with the European revolutions of 1830 and 1948. It entered into only one agreement involving joint action with another power, the Clayton‐Bulwer Treaty of 1850 with Britain, which limited U.S. action in building a transisthmian canal. Toward the end of the century, the United States possessed its own colonies and played a decisive role in reshaping a new military balance in the world. Yet just three months before the outbreak of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that “we need not and we should not form alliances with any nation in the world.” Once, however, Wilson sought U.S. entry into the League of Nations —a full‐fledged system of collective security—isolationism emerged as a distinctive political position. Such opponents of the League as Republican senators Henry Cabot Lodge (Mass.), William E. Borah ( Idaho ), and Hiram Johnson (Calif.) successfully fought U.S. membership, thereby reasserting the traditional policy of isolationism in the face of its first real challenge. Only in the 1930s was the general isolationist consensus threatened, for President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought discretionary power to aid victims of aggression. Opponents of such policies fought back so successfully that the years 1934–37 marked the high tide of isolationist legislation. In 1934, Congress adopted the Johnson Act, which prohibited private loans to nations in default of obligations. In 1935, it voted down U.S. membership in the World Court. From 1934 to 1936, the Senate sponsored an investigation, led by Republican Gerald P. Nye , of the munitions industry. From 1935 to 1937, a battery of neutrality legislation was passed, including a ban on loans and credits to belligerents; a mandatory embargo on direct or indirect shipments of arms or munitions; presidential discretion to require payment or transfer of title before exporting any goods to a belligerent; prohibiting American citizens from traveling on ships of belligerents; and enjoining the arming of American merchant ships. Much of this legislation was passed in the belief that lack of such safeguards had led the United States into full‐scale belligerency in World War I. By the 1930s, however, there was enough internationalism in the United States, rooted in the desire for collective action against the rising dictatorships, that isolationism became a distinctive political position and one that was increasingly contested. The word itself became increasingly pejorative, and isolationists preferred such terms as anti‐interventionist, noninterventionist, and nationalist. In 1938, the isolationists met with their first failure, for they lacked sufficient support in the House of Representatives to pass the Ludlow amendment to the Constitution, a proposal that would have prohibited Congress from declaring war until confirmed by majority vote in a national referendum. Once war again broke out in Europe in 1939, the ranks of isolationists thinned and Roosevelt increasingly aided the Allies. His legislative triumphs included military aid to France and Britain on a cash‐and‐carry basis in November 1939; military conscription in September 1940; Lend‐Lease aid to all nations fighting the Axis in March 1941; extending the terms of army service for draftees in August 1941; and authorizing the arming of U.S. merchant vessels and permitting them to carry cargoes to belligerent ports in November 1941. Acting on his own authority, the president ordered the military occupation of Greenland (April 1941) and Iceland (July 1940); froze Japanese assets (July 1941), thereby bringing all U.S. trade with Japan to a halt; issued a set of postwar aims with Britain called the Atlantic Charter (August 1941); extended aid to the Soviet Union (October 1941); and entered into a undeclared naval war with Germany (fall 1941). All these moves the isolationists fought bitterly. Isolationist sentiment was increasingly concentrated in the America First Committee (AFC), organized in September 1940 as the major anti‐interventionist group fighting Roosevelt's policies. The AFC was founded by Yale law student R. Douglas Stuart, chaired by Sears, Roebuck executive Gen. Robert E. Wood, and included in its ranks such figures as journalist John T. Flynn, diplomat William R. Castle, former New Dealer Gen. Hugh Johnson, advertising executive Chester Bowles, and aviator Charles Lindbergh . At its peak it had 450 chapters, a membership of 850,000, and an income of $370,000 donated by 25,000 contributors. Huge AFC rallies often featured such speakers as Nye, Lindbergh, Flynn, Democratic senator Burton K. Wheeler (Mont.), and Representative Hamilton Fish. The AFC was unable to defeat any of Roosevelt's legislative proposals, though it undoubtedly caused the president to be more circumspect on such matters as extending terms for draftees and convoying British vessels. The president's specific legislative policies were always supported in the polls, while the AFC stressed that nearly 80 percent of the American people, expressing themselves in the same polls, opposed a declaration of war on the Axis powers. Although several leading isolationists endorsed conscription for hemispheric defense, many more saw little need for a mass army. In isolationist eyes, a new American Expeditionary Force would simply prolong the struggle overseas and cost over 1 million U.S. lives. Furthermore, it would work against needed negotiation between England and Germany and ensure Soviet domination of Europe. Isolationists claimed that Hitler's blitzkrieg tactics had shown that mass armies were obsolete, and they called for small, highly mobile volunteer forces. Isolationists differed among themselves as to the efficacy of large naval fleets, while strongly stressing airpower. Airpower, they claimed, was the most cost effective way of defending the United States. They argued that while no foreign power was able to conduct continuous bombardment of the nation, the United States could easily pick off any attacking planes. Moreover, a strong air arm was not dependent upon untrained conscripts. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor put an end to classic isolationism. The AFC promptly disbanded. In 1945, the United States became a charter member of the United Nations , occupying a seat on its powerful Security Council. In 1949, it entered its first binding military alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ). In 1950, it was fighting in Korea under UN auspices, and in 1965 U.S. ground troops were committed to overt fighting in Vietnam . During the Cold War , many former isolationists became “ Asia Firsters,” warning against involvements in Europe while supporting increased action against communism in Asia. The 1948 and 1952 presidential bids of the isolationist‐leaning Senator Robert A. Taft failed. Anti‐Roosevelt works by such isolationist historians as Charles A. Beard, Charles Callan Tansill, and Harry Elmer Barnes did not receive scholarly acceptance. In 1953 and 1954, Ohio Republican senator John Bricker proposed a constitutional amendment limiting presidential treaty‐making power, but it was opposed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and defeated in the Senate. A military alternative to NATO , victory over the Soviet Union through airpower alone, was espoused by former isolationist Gen. Bonner Fellers, but lacked widespread support. In the wake of the Vietnam War , some commentators—such as Democratic senator J. William Fulbright and political scientist Earl C. Ravenal—were dubbed “neo‐isolationists” as they sought drastically reduced American commitments. Yet they differed significantly among themselves, and seldom in principle totally repudiated membership in international organizations, military aid overseas, economic sanctions, and even combat forces. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History COPYRIGHT 2000 The Gale Group Inc. ISOLATIONISM (ISSUE) From the time when George Washington (1789–1797) gave his farewell address at the end of his presidency, warning against "entangling alliances with Europe ," through the nineteenth century, the United States maintained an almost steadfast policy of isolationism. But at the beginning of the twentieth century the United States began to turn away from the isolationism that preceded the Spanish-American War (1898). As a major industrial nation with expanding foreign markets, the United States was soon considered a world power. Global expansion meant increased wealth as raw materials became cheaper to acquire; prices were driven down and consumption was up. The new century saw American businesses prospering in many sectors, including oil, steel, textiles, railroads, and food products. This unprecedented technological progress was marked by the birth of the automobile and the aviation industries. But even with increased prosperity, the isolationist reflexes of the U.S. still shaped U.S. economic and diplomatic life until the advent of World War II (1939–1945). In the first four decades of the twentieth century the United States clumsily attempted to ward off Japanese aggression in China , assumed a paternalistic administration of Philippine affairs and engaged in "dollar diplomacy" vis a vis its smaller neighbors in the western hemisphere. The most ambitious and idealistic diplomatic project that the U.S. attempted was to intervene in World War I for the most altruistic and idealistic of reasons but with little diplomatic success. In short, the U.S. had little to show for its diplomatic efforts before World War II. With very different policies, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson stand out as the most internationalist presidents. Neither believed that the U.S. could go far with an isolationist foreign policy. Teddy Roosevelt put forth a muscular, imperialist foreign policy, while Wilson tried a kind of "missionary" foreign policy—sacrificing 112,000 American deaths simply in order to participate in the peace treaty through which he tried to structure a post-war set of diplomatic relationships that would end all wars. Wilson stood for democracy as the most advanced, humane, and Christian form of government. For him all people were capable of being trained in the habits of democracy and it was the role of the United States to help them achieve democracy. When the nations of Europe were drawn into World War I (1914–1918) the majority of U.S. citizens wanted their country to remain neutral. The national consensus was solidly isolationist. They approved of trade, but they feared being sucked into a war in which they could see no moral difference between the belligerents. The pattern of immigration led most Americans to sympathize with the British and the French, and they grudgingly accepted the British maritime blockade of trade with Germany . Wilson helped to create a pro-war national consensus based on the belief that German actions—especially its submarine warfare, were morally bereft and would, if left unchecked, eventually threaten the United States. U.S. trade with Germany declined from $169 million in 1914 to $1.2 million in 1916, but the flow of U.S. goods into Allied hands was overwhelming, rising from $825 million to $3.2 billion in the same period. The United States became a warehouse for the Allied powers and sent munitions, food, and goods to Europe. World War I gave the Wilson administration unique opportunities to achieve its international economic goals. He was successful in getting the Allies to accept the concept of the League of Nations. But his arrogance in dealing with the Republican Senators, plus the isolationism that sprung up again with the end of the war led the Senate to reject the Treaty of Versailles . This resulted in a powerful swing back to isolationism in the years before World War II. During the 1920s the nation's attention was directed towards internal changes rather than international affairs. In the opening years of what would be a decade of worldwide depression, President Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) made a series of proposals to quiet rising international tensions. In 1930 his administration extended the naval-limitations agreements of the early 1920s. In 1931 he proposed a moratorium on international debt while refusing to cancel the lingering World War I debts owed to the United States by the European powers. Hoover also pressed for an international agreement on arms limitation, but the World Disarmament Conference held in Switzerland in 1932 failed to achieve its goals. International economic and military pressures intensified. Fascism in Italy, Nazism in Germany, State Socialism in the Soviet Union , and militarism in Japan were ascendant, fueled by the global depression. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's (1933–1945) early foreign policy achievements were mixed. His administration took an isolationist stance at the World Economic Conference in June, 1933, when U.S. representatives refused to cooperate in an effort to stabilize world currencies. In 1934 however Roosevelt took an internationalist stance in the U.S.-negotiated Reciprocal Trade Agreements on tariff reductions. His vacillating policies reflected his political priorities: at the beginning of his administration, domestic issues were much more important than foreign policy. The predominant mood in the United States in the 1930s was deeply isolationist. Not only was the Great Depression (1929–1939) wreaking havoc domestically, but many citizens believed that the nation's losses during World War I far outweighed the gains. Between 1934 and 1936 discoveries made by a Senate investigating committee headed by Senator Gerald P. Nye further fueled the nation's mood of isolationism. Exposing war profiteering by banks and corporations during World War I, the Nye committee investigation led many to conclude that the interests of U.S. banks and corporations had driven the United States into a war the nation should have avoided. The notion that "merchants of death" were responsible for manipulating the United States into war was widespread. Influential men such as Charles Lindbergh and retired U.S. Marine Corps Maj. Gen. Smedley D. Butler promoted the idea of "Fortress America," the notion that the United States was ensconced safely between the moats of the Atlantic and the Pacific, armed for defense against but not for intervention in the corrupt affairs of Europe. The Senate's refusal to allow the United States to join the World Court in 1935 was another indication of the country's, pervasive, isolationist mood. Fearful of being pulled into a war from which it would only suffer, Congress passed three acts that declared U.S. neutrality. In the event that a war broke out between other countries, the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 made it clear that the United States would not supply either side with weapons or ammunition. The Neutrality Act of 1937 moved the nation further in the direction of isolation and asserted a "cash-and-carry" policy by which warring countries could purchase weapons (but not ammunition) in cash only. When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, the United States remained on the sidelines. Interventionists insisted that the future of the United States lay in establishing peace and stability abroad for the sake of trade and commerce. A world divided into closed and self-contained trading blocs was a world in which the United States would not prosper. Interventionists anticipated that renewed U.S. trade abroad might end the Depression. They believed that the United States had a vital stake in ensuring that the outcome of the war in Europe and Asia favored liberal democracies and market economic systems. However, not all interventionists advocated direct military involvement toward this end. Many argued that economic assistance, as in the case of the Lend-Lease Plan, would be enough to ensure the survival of western democracies. Others, however, insisted that liberal democracy and free enterprise would perish in a world dominated by authoritarian regimes. Such interventionists saw no alternative to military engagement. In his first term Roosevelt worked closely with isolationist progressives such as Senators Robert La Follette, Jr., Hiram Johnson, George Norris, Burton K. Wheeler, and Gerald P. Nye. During his second term Roosevelt gradually broke with the isolationists as international tensions heightened. In October, 1937, Roosevelt's famous quarantine speech which called for international cooperation in bringing unspecified economic and diplomatic pressure to bear on aggressor-nations irritated the isolationists. Beginning in 1937 they increasingly turned against the president. As the 1930s drew to a close the United States stood by while Hitler began his push eastward. As World War II began Roosevelt declared, "This nation will remain a neutral nation," but he called for a revision of the Neutrality Acts to allow the United States to sell England and its Allies weapons and ammunition. Congress skeptically allowed purchase of arms on a cash-and-carry basis. Ironically, European orders for war goods sparked a phenomenal economic boom that brought the United States out of the Depression for good. Many believed that as long as the United States stayed out of the war both peace and prosperity were possible. But members of the Roosevelt administration leaned toward U.S. intervention in the European conflict. Economists within the administration warned that German success in Europe and Japanese victory in Asia would irrevocably close huge markets for U.S. goods. Unless the United States intervened in these conflicts, they argued, the economic future of the United States would be worse than the Great Depression. Such arguments, in concert with war atrocities on the part of Germany and Japan, convinced Roosevelt and his administration that the United States must set isolationism aside and take an active hand in the European and Asian wars. But the people of the United States still resisted. On December 12, 1937 Japanese airplanes sank the Panay, a U.S. gunboat navigating the Yangtze River in China. But people in the United States were ready to forgive the incident after a formal Japanese apology. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria remained a major cause of disagreement between the United States and Japan. But only the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, effectively pulled the United States out of the isolationistic attraction. See also: Franklin D. Roosevelt,Woodrow Wilson, World War I, World War II FURTHER READING COPYRIGHT 2003 The Gale Group Inc. ISOLATIONISM ISOLATIONISM was the dominant ideology guiding American foreign policy from the era of the founders until the end of World War II. Its central tenet was that the United States should take advantage of its geographic distance from Europe and refrain from intervention in Old World affairs. Supporters of isolationism also thought America was better off pursuing its interests in other parts of the world without participating in alliances or foreign wars. Isolationists thought the best way to secure democracy and prosperity was to build it at home. Although isolationist assumptions were widely accepted for over 150 years, the terms "isolationism" and "isolationist" were actually seldom used until after World War I. When the war ended in 1917, President Woodrow Wilson wanted the United States to enter the League of Nations. Those who opposed American participation, fearing the United States would lose its autonomy over foreign affairs, were pejoratively labeled "isolationists." In the 1930s, the term was used even more frequently to refer to the politicians and lobbyists who actively opposed U.S. intervention in World War II. Origins Isolationism has its roots in the experiences of America's colonists. Those settlers crossed the Atlantic Ocean to escape constant war, religious persecution, and other adversities in Europe. They considered the vast body of water separating them from continental strife a blessing from the Divine. They believed the New World was morally superior to the Old World. The colonists' hunger for land and trade brought them into conflict with the Native Americans, the French, and the Spanish. Some of the wars waged over territory were driven by the colonists' desire for security; others arose from rivalries between the European powers. Nevertheless, the colonists came to feel unfairly burdened by these conflicts and resented having their fate in the hands of the British Crown. After the English victory over the French in Canada in 1763, colonial leaders argued that they ought to avoid further involvement in European wars. Although the colonies' alliance with France was crucial in winning the revolutionary war, they viewed the break with England as the definitive step in severing ties to Europe. During the early years of the republic, French efforts to draw the United States into supporting its postrevolutionary wars against England, Holland, and Austria put isolationism to the test. French diplomats unsuccessfully attempted to influence the 1796 presidential election; they led Americans to believe that if Federalist John Adams became president over the pro-French Thomas Jefferson, a war with France would be imminent. President George Washington, in his Farewell Address of 1796, issued the most significant statement of isolationist principles in American history. He called for vigilance against "the insidious wiles of foreign influence" and argued that it would be unwise to "implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of [European] politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friend-ships or enmities." Washington, however, did not advocate the United States completely cut its ties to other nations. He called on Americans to engage in trade abroad with "as little political connection as possible." And, he noted that circumstances might require further engagement. "Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world … [but] we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies." Expansion Without Intervention Isolationism was strongest in the nineteenth century, when the growing nation needed to concentrate on domestic development. Moreover, the United States did not yet have the means to support the naval forces necessary to sustain a more active foreign policy. After the War of 1812, the United States was able to continue western expansion without incursions from foreign powers. However, in the 1820s, American leaders grew concerned about the possibility of renewed European intervention in the Pacific Northwest and in Latin America. In response, President James Monroe announced his 1823 doctrine, which reiterated and expanded Washington's neutrality policy. He proclaimed that the "American continents … are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers." He also warned that the United States would consider any European move "to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety." Lastly, Monroe pledged that the United States would not take part in "wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves." International circumstances in the nineteenth century reinforced Americans' confidence in isolationism. The United States did not become involved in dangerous foreign engagements largely because a balance of power was maintained on the Continent. The British navy provided a security blanket for American commerce. Thus, the United States was able to act unilaterally in expanding in Latin America and even the Far East. Americans considered the nation's growth and prosperity a consequence of its adherence to a foreign policy of nonintervention and neutrality. By the 1880s, domestic and international developments were making isolationism less relevant. For example, the expansion of American industrial and agricultural production dictated a search for new markets abroad. Busier foreign trade led the United States to establish a large navy. The days of relative peace in Europe were also fading. Germany and Japan were building up their military forces, prompting a European arms race. Meanwhile, all the powers scrambled for empire in Asia and Africa. In 1898, the United States demonstrated its newfound status as a world power by winning its war against Spain. The spoils included the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. World War I and the League of Nations When Europe went to war in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson vowed not to break the tradition of American isolation. However, Wilson's neutrality policies worked to favor England and France. German attacks on American ships and Germany's attempt to ally with Mexico eventually led Wilson to seek congressional approval for a declaration of war in 1917. In keeping with the American preference to see itself as morally superior to the Europeans, Wilson said the United States needed to go to war to "vindicate the principles of peace and justice in the life of the world against selfish and autocratic power" and because "the world must be made safe for democracy." Only the most ardent isolationists failed to vote for war. Wilson believed that if, after a peace settlement was reached, the United States joined a collective security organization, the world would be spared another devastating conflict. But his mostly Republican opposition was not convinced. Some feared the United States would become the world's policeman if it joined the league. Other isolationists argued Congress would lose its power over warmaking. The Senate rejected the treaty that would have ratified American participation in the organization. World War II and the Rise of Internationalism In the 1930s, Japan's invasion of China and Nazi Germany's militarism in Europe failed to sway the United States from its policy of noninvolvement. The Great Depression had reinforced Americans' conventional isolationist sentiments. Americans were already concerned about the expansion of federal powers to revive the economy; they feared involvement in another war could bring a dictatorship to American soil. Although isolationism was a nationwide and bipartisan phenomenon, its strongholds were in landlocked midwestern, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountain states. Important ethnic groups also favored isolationism: the Germans, Irish, Italians, and Scandinavians. Isolationist leaders in Congress, such as senators William E. Borah of Idaho, Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota, and Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan led investigations that concluded greedy arms makers and Wall Street bankers had unduly influenced President Wilson's decision to become involved in World War I. If it was a mistake to have fought the last war, as another war loomed, most Americans concluded that the United States should remain aloof from Old World conflicts. When the first signs of overt aggression were evident in 1935 with Italy's Ethiopian conquest and Germany's 1936 reoccupation of the Rhineland, isolationists fashioned neutrality legislation. Congress passed laws forbidding arms sales and loans to warring nations, and restricting American travel on belligerent ships. Only in the wake of Germany's 1939 invasion of Poland did the tide of public opinion begin to turn against isolationism. President Franklin Roosevelt, an internationalist, who, needing support for his domestic policies, acceded to isolationists' demands and convinced Congress to repeal the arms embargo. This move away from isolationism sparked zealous lobbying by groups such as the America First Committee, whose most famous member was the aviator Charles A. Lindbergh. Roosevelt's efforts to assist England, which was attacked in 1940, were championed by both the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies and the Fight for Freedom Committee. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and U.S. entry into World War II ended isolationism. The United States emerged as a superpower after the Allied victory and internationalism became the dominant ideology guiding foreign policy in the latter half of the twentieth century. Even former isolationists rallied behind the creation of the United Nations. The onset of the Cold War with the Soviet Union led the United States to become intimately involved in European affairs through the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Subsequent efforts to contain the spread of communism led the United States to expand its reach globally. During debates over various interventions, such as Korea in 1950, Vietnam in the 1960s, or Bosnia in the 1990s, isolationist arguments resurfaced in a phenomenon labeled "neo-isolationism." But by the start of the twenty-first century, America's vast global responsibilities had rendered the tradition of noninvolvement and unilateralism obsolete. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adler, Selig. The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth-Century Reaction. New York: Abelard-Schuman, Ltd., 1957. Cole, Wayne S. America, Roosevelt, and the Isolationists, 1932–1945. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. Dallek, Robert A. The Illusion of Neutrality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962. ———. The American Style of Foreign Policy: Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs. N.Y.: Knopf, 1983. Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935–1941. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966. Ellen G.Rafshoon	i don't know