The most recent advance in noninvasive cardiac output monitoring is use of:: (A) PA catheter, (B) Thermodilution technique, (C) Echocardiography, (D) Electrical impedance cardiography technology
Answer is D. D i.e. Electrical impedance cardiograph technology- PA catheter & thermodilution technique are invasive procedure.- Echo is noninvasive old technique to measure cardiac output- Recent noninvasive advance to measure C.O. is electrical impedance Cardiographs technology.