The most recent advance in noninvasive cardiac output monitoring is the use of –: (A) PA catheter, (B) Thermodilution technique, (C) Echocardiography, (D) Electrical impedance cardiography technology
Answer is D. PA catheter & thermodilution technique are invasive procedure.
Echo is noninvasive old technique to measure cardiac output.
Recent noninvasive advance to measure C.O. is electrical impedance cardiography technology