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clinicalnlplab

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PubmedQA_train

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[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The adipocytokine leptin regulates weight centrally and participates in the regulation of the immune and inflammatory responses. Chronic systemic inflammation is of major importance in the development of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study we investigated whether inflammation, obesity or both of these characteristics are potential determinants of circulating leptin concentrations in a group of RA patients on periodical treatment with the TNF-alpha-blocker-infliximab due to severe disease. We also assessed whether the infusion of infliximab may alter circulating leptin concentrations in patients with severe RA.', 'We investigated 33 patients with RA on periodical treatment with infliximab. Serum leptin levels were determined immediately prior to and after infliximab infusion.', 'There was a positive correlation between body mass index of RA patients and baseline serum level of leptin (rho=0.665, p<0.001). Apart from a significant correlation with VCAM-1 (rho=0.349, p=0.04), no significant correlations between baseline leptin levels and the age at the time of the study or at the onset of the disease, disease duration, ESR and CRP levels, DAS28, lipids, insulin sensitivity, adhesion molecules, resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin or the cumulative prednisone dose at the time of the study were found. Leptin levels did not change upon infliximab infusion (p=0.48).'] Does anti-TNF-alpha therapy modulate leptin in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['♦', 'Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis in which gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms reduce appetite and dietary intake. Adequate nutrition is important, especially if surgery is required. Although the incidence of EPS is low, the present report is able to detail preoperative nutrition status and treatment in a large cohort of patients from a national EPS referral center. ♦', 'Of 51 patients admitted to this EPS specialist center hospital for their first peritonectomy in the study period, 50 had a preoperative dietetic assessment, and 49 underwent upper-arm anthropometry. ♦', 'Mean body mass index (BMI) was 20.6 kg/m(2). Mean weight loss was 14% of body weight in the preceding 6 months, with 35 of 50 patients losing more than 10%. On anthropometry, 25 of 49 patients were below the 5th percentile for mid-arm circumference (MAC), 17 of 49 were below for triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), and 21 of 49 were below for mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC). Mean handgrip strength (HGS) was 60% of normal, with 43 of 49 patients being below 85% of normal. Appetite was poor in 21 of 50 patients, and 37 of 50 had upper and 40 of 50 had lower GI symptoms. By subjective global assessment, 27 of 51 patients were graded as severely malnourished, and 5 of 51, as well-nourished. Mean serum albumin was 28 g/L and did not correlate with BMI, MAC, TSF, MAMC, or HGS. In most patients, C-reactive protein was elevated (mean: 111 mg/L). Preoperative parenteral nutrition was given to 46 of 51 patients for a mean of 21 days. ♦'] Do anthropometrics Identify Wasting in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Phagosomal maturation arrest is known to play a central role in the survival of pathogenic mycobacteria within macrophages. The maturation arrest of mycobacterial phagosome results from the retention of tryptophan-aspartate-containing coat protein (TACO) on this organelle, enabling successful replication of the pathogen. We have shown earlier that vitamin D(3) and retinoic acid (RA) down-regulate TACO gene transcription in a dose-dependent manner.', 'In this study, we analyzed the promoter region of TACO gene using bioinformatics tools and observed that the vitamin D receptor (VDR)/retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) response sequence was highly functional. We also evaluated the effect of treatment with vitamin D(3)/RA on Mycobacterium tuberculosis entry and survival in cultured human macrophages.', 'TACO gene down-regulation observed with vitamin D(3)/RA treatment occurred through modulation of this gene via the VDR/RXR response sequence present in the promoter region of TACO gene. Treatment of macrophages with vitamin D(3)/RA allows maturation of mycobacterial phagosome, leading to degradation of the pathogen.'] Does synergistic action of vitamin D and retinoic acid restrict invasion of macrophages by pathogenic mycobacteria?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Patients with serious intraabdominal infections (IAI) who subsequently acquire nosocomial infections (NI) have been shown to have adverse outcomes. We evaluated factors that put patients at risk for developing NI and examined the effect of the NI on outcomes.', 'This study was a retrospective review of NI among 168 patients diagnosed with IAI over a seven-year period.', 'Sixty-six patients (39.3%) developed 98 NI (23 urinary tract, 20 surgical site, 19 pneumonia, 14 bloodstream, 12 recurrent peritonitis, seven intravascular catheter-related, and three enteric). There were 35 males and 31 females. Patients with NI were older (56.0 +/- 18.3 vs. 47.0 +/- 15.6 years, p = 0.001), had a higher admission APACHE II score (10.7 +/- 6.1 vs. 7.5 +/- 5.1 points, p = 0.001), and more often had concomitant medical diagnoses (27.3% vs. 12.7%, OR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.159-5.69, p = 0.018) than those who did not develop infection. Antimicrobial resistance among the IAI was higher in the NI group (19.7 vs. 5.9%, OR = 3.93, 95% CI: 1.41-10.93, p = 0.006). Patients who developed NI had an increased mortality rate (27.0% vs. 4.0%, OR = 8.87, 95% CI: 2.82-27.86, p < or = 0.0001), longer hospital stay (24.7 +/- 19.5 vs. 11.7 +/- 8.1 days, p < or = 0.0001), required more days of intravenous antibiotics (11.5 +/- 8.0 vs. 7.6 +/- 4.4 days, p < or = 0.0001), and were more likely to be admitted to an intensive care unit (54.5% vs. 25.5%, OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.82-6.77, p < or = 0.0001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that antimicrobial resistance and an APACHE II score of > or = 10 independently predicted the development of a nosocomial infection. Age >/= 50 years, APACHE II score > or = 10, or the presence of a NI independently predicted death.'] Do nosocomial infections adversely affect the outcomes of patients with serious intraabdominal infections?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of hepatocytes is a key step for hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Long-term administration of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, can ameliorate hepatic fibrosis. This research aimed to examine the effect of celecoxib on the EMT of hepatocytes during the development of liver cirrhosis.', \"Cirrhotic liver model of rat was established by peritoneal injection of thiacetamide (TAA). Thirty-six rats were randomly assigned to control, TAA, and TAA\\u2009+\\u2009celecoxib groups. Hepatic expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), COX-2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Phospho-Smad2/3, Snail1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, collagen I, fibroblast-specific protein (FSP-1), E-cadherin and N-cadherin were quantitated. Hepatic fibrosis was assessed by the visible hepatic fibrotic areas and Ishak's scoring system.\", 'Exposed to TAA treatment, hepatocytes underwent the process of EMT during hepatic fibrosis. Compared with those in TAA group, celecoxib significantly downregulated the hepatic expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, PGE2 , MMP-2, MMP-9, TGF-β1, Phospho-Smad2/3, Snail1, α-SMA, FSP-1, and vimentin while greatly restoring the levels of E-cadherin. The fibrotic areas and collagen I levels of TAA\\u2009+\\u2009celecoxib group were much lower than those in TAA group.'] Does celecoxib attenuate hepatic cirrhosis through inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of hepatocytes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Immune activation and inflammation represent critical factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are associated with increased blood concentrations of markers like neopterin and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp). In chronic inflammatory conditions, also increased serum phenylalanine concentrations and phenylalanine to tyrosine ratios (Phe/Tyr) were reported and could relate to neuropsychiatric symptoms.\", 'To examine serum phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations in patients with AD and to compare results to neopterin and Kyn/Trp levels.', 'Serum was collected from 43 patients with AD and concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine as well as neopterin, tryptophan and kynurenine were measured and Phe/Tyr and Kyn/Trp were calculated.', 'A subgroup of AD patients presented with increased phenylalanine and Phe/Tyr concentrations, phenylalanine levels correlated with neopterin (rs=0.329), kynurenine (rs=0.352) and Kyn/Trp levels (rs=0.288; all p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between phenylalanine metabolism and cognitive ability test scores mini-mental state examination and clock drawing test.'] Is immune activation in patients with Alzheimer 's disease associated with high serum phenylalanine concentrations?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deposition of extracellular senile plaques composed of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta). Whereas most cases of AD occur sporadically, about 10% of AD cases are inherited as a fully penetrant autosomal dominant trait. Mutations in the recently cloned Presenilin genes (PS-1 and PS-2) are by far the most common cause of early onset familial AD.\", 'Cellular expression of endogenous and overexpressed PS proteins was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and metabolic labeling followed by immunoprecipitation. In vivo phosphorylation sites of PS proteins were analyzed by extensive mutagenesis.', 'PS-1 as well as PS-2 proteins were localized predominantly within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, small amounts of the PS proteins were detected within the Golgi compartment, where they colocalize with the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP). The PS-2 protein was found to be highly phosphorylated, whereas very little phosphorylation was observed for PS-1. The selective phosphorylation of PS-2 occurs exclusively on serine residues. In vivo phosphorylation of PS-2 was mapped to serine residues 7, 9, and 19 within an acidic stretch at the N terminus, which is absent in PS-1. casein kinase (CK)-1 and CK-2 were shown to phosphorylate the N terminus of PS-2 in vitro.'] Are the Alzheimer 's disease-associated presenilins differentially phosphorylated proteins located predominantly within the endoplasmic reticulum?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['It is not recommended to perform QTc estimation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We evaluated multiple QT interval correction formulas, including a novel time-dependent history approach, in an effort to identify the best method for correcting the QT interval in patients with AF. The ideal correction results in independence between the QTc estimate and HR.', 'Per-beat characteristics were derived using SuperECG (Mortara Instrument). Offline beat-to-beat QTc interval estimates were constructed using standard formulae and averaged (2-10) groups constructed.', 'Seventy-one patients were included, age 67 ± 10 years, 69% men. Mean-mean QTc intervals varied by correction (range 394-459 ms). Averaging resulted in the same mean-mean QTc estimate, but significantly reduced variability by up to 55%. Time-dependent RR interval history reduced variability the most (Δ 80%), increased QT/RR dynamics (m=.03 vs .17), and was independent with HR (m = 0.0008).'] Does time dependent history improve QT interval estimation in atrial fibrillation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Thymic neuroendocrine tumour (Th-NET) occurs in 2-5% of patients with MEN1 and has high malignant potency accompanying recurrence and distant metastasis. While Th-NET is recognized to develop predominantly in men and heavy smokers, a number of female patients have been reported in the literature. The objective of this study is to clarify the clinical features of MEN1 patients with Th-NET using database analysis.', 'Clinical data of patients with Th-NET were extracted and analysed from a recently constructed database of Japanese MEN1 patients.', 'Among 560 registered cases, Th-NET was seen in 28 (5·0%) patients. Of note, 36% of patients (10/28) were women; only one patient among those was a smoker and another six patients were non-smokers. Age at diagnosis of Th-NET and MEN1, tumour size, prevalence of other MEN1-related tumours did not differ between male and female patients, and 10-year survival probability was 0·271\\xa0±\\xa00·106.'] Are thymic neuroendocrine tumour in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 : female patients rare exceptions?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been shown to be associated with inflammation. Statins that might reduce VTE risk have been found to exert anti-inflammatory properties in patients at cardiovascular risk. We sought to investigate whether anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin can be observed in VTE patients.', 'Atorvastatin 40 mg/d was given for 3 days to 26 consecutive VTE patients following discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy and 25 controls. We evaluated interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, soluble P-selectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen in peripheral venous blood.', 'The VTE patients displayed higher C-reactive protein (p=0.013), IL-1b (p=0.03), IL-8 (p=0.03) and vWF (p<0.0001) compared with the controls. In VTE patients atorvastatin decreased IL-6 (p=0.0003), IL-8 (p=0.003) and P-selectin (p<0.0001), but increased IL-10 (p=0.001), with no association with C-reactive protein or cholesterol-lowering effects. Atorvastatin reduced IL-1b (p=0.01), IL-6 (p=0.03) and P-selectin (p=0.002) in controls. Residual venous thrombosis was associated with elevated IL-6 and P-selectin, whereas patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis showed elevated P-selecitn prior to and following statin administration (all p<0.05).'] Does atorvastatin favorably modulate proinflammatory cytokine profile in patients following deep vein thrombosis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Multiple studies have shown that women have worse in-hospital outcomes than men after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The impact of sex on long-term results following CABG, however, is not as well established.', 'To compare long-term results in men and women undergoing CABG.', 'A total of 3404 patients underwent isolated CABG between 1995 and 1999 with follow-up until 2000. Univariate comparisons between men and women were carried out based on pre- and intraoperative variables and short- and long-term adverse outcomes. Long-term adverse outcomes were defined as all-cause mortality or rehospitalization for any cardiac cause, and were risk-adjusted using multivariate modelling techniques.', 'Compared with men, women undergoing CABG were, on average, older (67.8 years versus 64.2 years), more likely to have diabetes (P<0.0001) and hypertension (P<0.0001), and more likely to present for surgery with urgent/emergent status (P<0.0001). Intra-operatively, women had fewer bypasses (3.0 versus 3.3; P<0.0001) and were less likely to receive a left internal mammary artery graft (P=0.0001). While rates of in-hospital mortality were comparable between women and men (2.9% versus 2.2%; P=0.22), women were more likely to experience a long-term adverse event (30.2% versus 23.5%; P<0.0001). After adjusting for clinical differences between men and women, sex emerged as an independent predictor of long-term adverse outcomes following CABG (hazard ratio = 1.18, P=0.03).'] Do women have worse long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting than men?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To elucidate the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of primary intestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PI-DLBL).', 'Archival tissues from 30 tumours were used for tissue microarray construction, immunohistochemistry and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosomal translocation. The M:F ratio was 1.7:1, with a median age of 60 years. The ileum and ileocaecum were most frequently involved (40% each). Fourteen (47%) were at stage I(E) disease, 15 (50%) at stage II(E). Five (17%) tumours were perforated at presentation. The tumours expressed Bcl-6 (73%), MUM1 (70%), Bcl-2 (67%) and CD10 (23%). Nine (30%) were classified as germinal centre B-cell (GCB) phenotype and 21 non-GCB. Eight of 30 (27%), 7/30 (23%) and 2/29 (7%) cases were positive for rearrangements involving IGH, BCL6, and C-MYC loci, respectively, whereas all cases were negative for BCL2 and CCND1 translocation. Perforation was a poor prognostic indicator, with a hazard ratio of tumour-related death at 8.75 (P = 0.001). The differentiation antigens, GCB versus non-GCB phenotype, or lymphoma-associated translocations were of no prognostic significance.'] Does perforation predict poor prognosis in patients with primary intestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The assessment and treatment of trauma patients begins in the prehospital environment. Studies have validated the shock index as a correlate for mortality and the identification of shock in trauma patients. We investigated the use of the first shock index obtained in the prehospital environment and the first shock index obtained upon arrival in the trauma center as correlates for other outcomes to evaluate its usefulness as a triage tool.', 'This is a retrospective review of data from a level I trauma center. Prehospital and trauma center shock indices for 16,269 patients were evaluated as correlates for duration of hospital stay, duration of stay in the intensive care unit, the number of ventilator days, blood product use, and destination of transfer from the trauma center.', 'Pearson correlation coefficients revealed that the relationship of prehospital and trauma center shock indices were correlates for duration of hospital stay, duration of stay in the intensive care unit, the number of ventilator days, and blood product use. A chi-square analysis found that shock indices ≥0.9 indicate a higher likelihood of disposition to the intensive care unit, operating room, or death.'] Does a prehospital shock index for trauma correlate with measures of hospital resource use and mortality?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Volatile anaesthetics prevent experimental myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) in several species, but this finding is partially inconsistent with clinical evidence. Some experimental models may not accurately represent the complex signal transduction pathways triggered by volatile anaesthetics. We therefore investigated sevoflurane I/R prevention in vivo in a porcine model with greater likeness to human physiology than models previously used and compared it with neutral anaesthetic.', 'Myocardial infarct size [IS/AAR] was compared in three groups of pigs (N=35) randomised to Control anaesthesia (pentobarbital infusion, n=12), sevoflurane inhalation alone (end-tidal concentration 3.2%) (Sevo, n=9), or both Combined (n=14), throughout ischaemia and reperfusion. Anterior/septal myocardial infarcts resulted from distal LAD coronary artery occlusion by balloon catheter for 45 min followed by 120 min of reperfusion. [IS/AAR] was measured in tetrazolium-stained heart slices after standardised image processing with computer-assisted planimetry. Measurements included full invasive monitoring. Control animals developed infarction in 55.0 +/- 3.9% (SEM) of the area at risk, Sevo in 17.5 +/- 4.4% (P=0.0002), and Combined with pentobarbital in 24.3 +/- 3.8% (P=0.0001) of the AAR, sevoflurane reducing infarct size significantly (68% and 60%, respectively).'] Does sevoflurane improve myocardial ischaemic tolerance in a closed-chest porcine model?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To investigate the extent to which different single-limb support (SLS) parameters predict mobility performance following traumatic brain injury (TBI).', 'Seventy-one people with mobility limitations following TBI were assessed for balance and mobility performance in a human movement laboratory. Participants performed a clinical test of static balance that involved balancing in SLS on each leg with eyes open and eyes closed. Mobility performance was measured by self-selected gait speed and performance on the High Level Mobility Scale (HiMAT). Dynamic stability during walking was measured by quantifying lateral centre of mass (COM) displacement, width of base of support, and proportion of double-support stance time.', 'Total static balance scores were strongly correlated with HiMAT scores (r=0.57, p<0.001) and lateral COM displacement (r=-0.51, p<0.001). Despite these strong correlations, however, balance scores explained only 32% of the variance in advanced mobility skills (r(2)=0.32) and 26% of the variance in lateral COM displacement (r(2)=0.26).'] Do tests of static balance predict mobility performance following traumatic brain injury?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The synergistic effect of doxorubicin and selenium in apoptosis induction in MCF-7 breast cancer cells has been previously reported. Mitochondrial activation of caspase-9 is in part responsible for the synergy. The present study aimed at examining the death receptor pathway in activating caspase-8 by the two-drug combination.', 'We determined the expression of TRAIL and FasL signaling molecules and monitored activated caspase-8 in response to neutralizing/blocking antibodies against ligands/receptors.', 'Our data suggest that TRAIL signaling might not play a role. With respect to the Fas pathway, it was found that doxorubicin enhanced Fas oligomerization (i.e. activation) independent of FasL-Fas interaction. Selenium, on the other hand, increased the expression of FADD, a key adaptor molecule responsible for recruitment of caspase-8 to the Fas oligomer. The significance of the above changes was confirmed by the detection of considerably more caspase-8 in both the Fas or FADD immunoprecipitate obtained from cells treated with the doxorubicin/selenium combination.'] Do doxorubicin and selenium cooperatively induce fas signaling in the absence of Fas/Fas ligand interaction?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The effects of a promising new appetite suppressor named \"thylakoids\" (membrane proteins derived from spinach leaves) were examined in a single meal in man. Thylakoids inhibit the lipase/colipase hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in vitro and suppress food intake, decrease body-weight gain and raise the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) in rats, but their effects in man remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether thylakoids, when added to a test meal, affect appetite regulation and blood parameters in healthy individuals.', 'In an intervention crossover study, healthy individuals of normal weight (n=11) were offered a high-fat meal with and without the addition of thylakoids. Blood samples were taken 0 (prior to meal), 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min after the start of the meal. Blood samples were analysed for satiety and hunger hormones (CCK, leptin and ghrelin), insulin and blood metabolites (glucose and free fatty acids).', 'The CCK level increased, in particular between the 120 min time-point and onwards, the ghrelin level was reduced at 120 min and leptin level increased at 360 min after intake of the thylakoid-enriched meal. The insulin level was reduced, whereas glucose concentrations were unchanged. Free fatty acids were reduced between time-point 120 min and onwards after the thylakoid meal.'] Do thylakoids promote release of the satiety hormone cholecystokinin while reducing insulin in healthy humans?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) often report the use of antiplatelet medications, even more commonly than the use of anticoagulants. The effect of antiplatelet drugs on the course of ICH is controversial. In this study, our aim was to determine the effects of previous antiplatelet therapy on admission hematoma volume and hematoma expansion in patients with spontaneous ICH.', 'A consecutive series of patients with a diagnosis of ICH who underwent brain computed tomographic (CT) scans within 12 hours of symptom onset and a follow-up CT scan within 72 hours were included in the study. Hematoma volume was calculated by using the ABC/2 method on admission and follow-up images. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the independent role of antiplatelet use on baseline hematoma volume and hematoma expansion (defined as an increase in hematoma volume >12.5 mL or 33% of the baseline ICH volume).', 'A total of 153 patients were included in the study. Fifty-two (34%) patients were using antiplatelet drugs at the time of symptom onset. Antiplatelet users tend to have a larger baseline hematoma volume; however, this difference failed to reach statistical significance (P = .17). Antiplatelet therapy was found to be a significant determinant of substantial hematoma expansion, both in univariate and multivariate analyses (P < .01).'] Is previous antiplatelet use associated with hematoma expansion in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Clinically, in the absence of enteral nutrition, the morbidity of infectious complication is high. Although experiments using mice have shown alterations in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) to be an important mechanism underlying impaired host defense, there are no clinical studies on the effects of nutritional routes on GALT.', 'A total of 27 colon cancer cases who underwent right colectomy or hemicolectomy were reviewed. Six patients did not receive enteral nutrition for 4 to 28 days before surgery because of bowel obstruction (parenteral nutrition [PNI group). Twenty-one patients were enterally fed before surgery (enteral nutrition [EN] group). The terminal ileum from resected specimens was examined microscopically. T-cell numbers in intraepithelial spaces (IE) and the lamina propria (LP) were determined immunohistochemically in blinded fashion.', 'There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. T-cell number in the LP was significantly lower in the PN group than in the EN group, with no difference in IE cell numbers.'] Are t lymphocyte numbers in human gut associated lymphoid tissue reduced without enteral nutrition?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Areas endemic for malaria and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection largely overlap geographically. A recent study has suggested the existence of an interaction between the two pathogens in symptomatic co-infected individuals on the South-American continent. We examined this issue in a hyperendemic area for both pathogens in sub-Saharan Africa.', 'Pre-transfusion samples from a retrospective cohort of 154 blood transfusion recipients were screened for both serological and molecular markers of HBV and Plasmodium genomes using species-specific nested PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. Thirty-seven individuals met exclusion criteria and were subsequently eliminated from further analysis. Of 117 participants, 90% of recipients exhibited evidence of exposure to HBV, 42% with HBsAg and/or HBV DNA and 48% anti-HBc reactive without detectable HBV DNA. Plasmodium genome prevalence by NAT was 50%. Parasitemic individuals were significantly younger than non-parasitemic individuals (P = 0.04). Parasitemia level was not significantly lower in individuals with HBV DNA positive infections compared to those with HBV DNA negative exposures. HBV DNA load was not significantly different in parasitemic and non-parasitemic individuals.'] Does hepatitis B virus infection significantly influence Plasmodium parasite density in asymptomatic infections in Ghanaian transfusion recipients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase is a selenoprotein that, in adults with low selenium intakes, has a strong linear relationship with blood selenium and hence is used as a functional indicator of selenium status. Our aim was to evaluate glutathione peroxidase as a functional marker of selenium status in preterm infants.', 'Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity and plasma and erythrocyte selenium were measured between days 1-5 and then weekly until discharge in 63 preterm infants with mean +/- standard error birth weight and gestation of 1572+/-60g and 30.7+/-0.3 weeks. A healthy reference group of term infants (n = 46) was assessed at day 5 and at 6 weeks.', 'In preterm infants, over the first 3 months, the association of glutathione peroxidase activity with erythrocyte selenium was weak and inconsistent and nonexistent with selenium intake or plasma selenium. No correlations between any of these indicators were evident for term infants. In preterm infants, plasma and erythrocyte selenium declined over the first 6 weeks (p < 0.01), while glutathione peroxidase activity increased (p < 0.05). In term infants, plasma selenium increased (p < 0.001), but there was no change in erythrocyte selenium or glutathione peroxidase activity. For preterm infants, glutathione peroxidase activities at weeks 4 and 6 were associated with maximum inspired oxygen concentration, ventilator pressure, and days of ventilation.'] Is glutathione peroxidase a functional marker of selenium status in the neonatal period?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The expression of DACH1 was frequently lost in human breast cancer, which significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Herein, we aim to investigate its underlying mechanisms.', 'The expression of miR-217 was detected by Taqman PCR. The mRNA and protein level of DACH1 were investigated by real time PCR and western blot. The dual-luciferase reporter system was used to determine the direct interaction between miR-217 and DACH1. A series of gain&loss of function assays were performed to measure the affects of miR-217 on tumor proliferation and cell cycle distribution.', 'Compared to that in normal breast samples, the expression of miR-217 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues. High level of miR-217 was notably correlated with highly histological grade, the triple negative subtype and advanced tumor stage. Moreover, the expression of miR-217 was negatively correlated with the expression of DACH1. The results of dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-217 directly targets and inhibits the transcriptive activity of DACH1. In vitro, treatment with miR-217 mimics significantly suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, induced G1 phase arrest and inhibited the expression of cyclin D1; while these effects were significantly reversed by the restoration of DACH1. In MDA-MB-231 cells, treatment with miR-217 inhibitors enhanced the cellular proliferation, promoted cell cycle progression and upregulated the expression of cyclin D1, which were neutralized by the pre-treatment of siRNA-DACH1. In vivo, inhibition of miR-217 significantly suppressed the xenografts growth and downregulated the expression of cyclin D1.'] Does miR-217 promote Tumor Proliferation in Breast Cancer via Targeting DACH1?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Müller glia respond to retinal injury by a reactive gliosis, but only rarely do mammalian glial cells re-enter the cell cycle and generate new neurons. In the nonmammalian retina, however, Müller glia act as stem/progenitor cells. Here, we tested the function of Wnt signaling in the postinjury retina, focusing on its ability to influence mammalian Müller cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, and neurogenesis.', 'A 532 nm frequency doubled neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (ND:YAG) laser was used to create light burns on the retina of Axin2(LacZ/+) Wnt reporter mice. At various time points after injury, retinas were analyzed for evidence of Wnt signaling as well as glial cell response, proliferation, and apoptosis. Laser injuries also were created in Axin2(LacZ/LacZ) mice, and the effect of potentiated Wnt signaling on retinal repair was assessed.', 'A subpopulation of mammalian Müller cells are Wnt responsive and, when Wnt signaling is increased, these cells showed enhanced proliferation in response to injury. In an environment of heightened Wnt signaling, caused by the loss of the Wnt negative regulator Axin2, Müller cells proliferated after injury and adopted the expression patterns of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs). The Wnt-responsive Müller cells also exhibited long-term survival and, in some cases, expressed the rod photoreceptor marker, rhodopsin.'] Does wnt signaling promote Müller cell proliferation and survival after injury?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The phosphodiesterase-III (PDE-III) inhibitor enoximone-induced marked contractures in skeletal muscle specimens of malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptible (MHS) human beings and swine. Whether this is a substance specific effect of enoximone or caused by inhibition of PDE-III remained unclear. Therefore, the effects of the PDE-III inhibitor amrinone in porcine MH normal (MHN) and MHS skeletal muscles were investigated.', 'MH-trigger-free general anaesthesia was performed in eight MHS and eight MHN swine. The MH status of the swine was determined by detection of the Arg615-Cys point mutation on chromosome 6 indicating MH susceptibility. Skeletal muscle specimens were excised for the in vitro contracture tests with amrinone. Amrinone was added cumulatively every 5 min to muscle specimens in order to obtain organ bath concentrations between 20 and 400 micromol L(-1). The in vitro effects of amrinone on muscle contractures and twitches were measured.', 'Amrinone-induced contractures in all skeletal muscle preparations. MHS muscles developed contractures at significantly lower bath concentrations of amrinone than MHN muscles. Contractures of MHS compared to MHN muscles were significantly larger at bath concentrations of 80, 100, 150, 200 and 400 micromol L(-1) amrinone. Muscle twitches remained unchanged up to and including 200 micromol L(-1) amrinone.'] Does phosphodiesterase-III-inhibition with amrinone lead to contracture development in skeletal muscle preparations of malignant hyperthermia susceptible swine?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Macrophage-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by enzymes, such as the lipoxygenases, is considered of major importance for the formation of oxidized LDL during atherogenesis. Macrophages have been identified in hypoxic areas in atherosclerotic plaques.', 'To investigate the role of hypoxia in macrophage-mediated LDL oxidation, we incubated human monocyte-derived macrophages with LDL under normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (0% O2) conditions. The results showed that hypoxic macrophages oxidized LDL to a significantly higher extent than normoxic cells. Interestingly, the mRNA and protein expression of 15-lipoxygenase-2 (15-LOX-2) as well as the activity of this enzyme are elevated in macrophages incubated at hypoxia. Both the unspliced 15-LOX-2 and the spliced variant 15-LOX-2sv-a are found in macrophages. In addition, 15-LOX-2 was identified in carotid plaques in some macrophage-rich areas but was only expressed at low levels in nondiseased arteries.'] Does hypoxia increase LDL oxidation and expression of 15-lipoxygenase-2 in human macrophages?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The cytoprotective mechanism of amifostine (WR-2721) implies free radical scavenging and DNA repair activities. We investigated additional cytoprotective pathways involving intracellular hypoxia and the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, a key transcription factor regulating glycolysis, angiogenesis and apoptosis, which is also linked with radioresistance.', 'The glucose and oxygen levels in the peripheral blood of patients receiving 1000 mg amifostine were determined at various time-points in order to investigate the metabolic changes induced by amifostine. MDA468 breast tumor cell lines were incubated with a high amifostine concentration (10 m M) to overcome the natural resistance of cancer cells to influx of the non-hydrolyzed WR-2721, and the HIF1 alpha protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. In vivo experiments with Wistar rats were performed in order to assess immunohistochemically changes in the intracellular accumulation of HIF1 alpha induced by amifostine (200 mg/kg).', 'By 30 min following amifostine administration, the hemoglobin oxygen saturation and pO(2) levels had increased in the peripheral blood while glucose levels had reduced, providing evidence that normal tissue metabolism switches to glycolytic pathways. Incubation of cell lines with amifostine resulted in HIF1 alpha induction. In Wistar rats administration of amifostine resulted in increased HIF1 alpha accumulation in normal tissues.'] Does amifostine induce anaerobic metabolism and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a broad range of liver pathologies from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and fibrosis, in which a subtype accompanying hepatocyte degeneration and fibrosis is classified as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH accounts for approximately 10-30% of NAFLD and causes a higher frequency of liver-related death, and its progression of NASH has been considered to be complex involving multiple genetic factors interacting with the environment and lifestyle.', 'To identify genetic factors related to NAFLD in the Japanese, we performed a genome-wide association study recruiting 529 histologically diagnosed NAFLD patients and 932 population controls. A significant association was observed for a cluster of SNPs in PNPLA3 on chromosome 22q13 with the strongest p-value of 1.4 × 10(-10) (OR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.43-1.94) for rs738409. Rs738409 also showed the strongest association (p = 3.6 × 10(-6)) with the histological classifications proposed by Matteoni and colleagues based on the degree of inflammation, ballooning degeneration, fibrosis and Mallory-Denk body. In addition, there were marked differences in rs738409 genotype distributions between type4 subgroup corresponding to NASH and the other three subgroups (p = 4.8 × 10(-6), OR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.47-2.62). Moreover, a subgroup analysis of NAFLD patients against controls showed a significant association of rs738409 with type4 (p = 1.7 × 10(-16), OR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.81-2.63) whereas no association was obtained for type1 to type3 (p = 0.41). Rs738409 also showed strong associations with three clinical traits related to the prognosis of NAFLD, namely, levels of hyaluronic acid (p = 4.6 × 10(-4)), HbA1c (p = 0.0011) and iron deposition in the liver (p = 5.6 × 10(-4)).'] Are genetic polymorphisms of the human PNPLA3 gene strongly associated with severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Japanese?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Approximately half of extremely low birth weight infants have feeding intolerance, which delays their achievement of full enteral feedings. Erythromycin, a motilin receptor agonist, triggers migrating motor complexes and accelerates gastric emptying in adults with feeding intolerance. Few studies have assessed the efficacy of this drug in preterm infants with established feeding intolerance. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of erythromycin in feeding-intolerant infants, as measured by gastric emptying, maturation of gastrointestinal motor patterns, and time to achieve full enteral feedings.', 'Subjects were 27 preterm infants who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and who did not achieve full enteral feeding volumes (150 mL/kg/day) within 8 days of the initiation of feedings. In a controlled, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, infants received intragastric erythromycin or placebo for 8 days without crossover. At study entry, the authors recorded motor activity in the antrum and the duodenum during fasting, in response to intragastric erythromycin (1.5 mg/kg) or placebo, and in response to feeding. Gastric emptying at 20 minutes and transit time from duodenum to anus were determined. Each infant then received erythromycin or placebo for 8 days, and feeding characteristics were prospectively tracked.', 'Gastric emptying and characteristics of antroduodenal motor contractions were similar in the two groups, as were the transit times from duodenum to anus. Feeding outcomes were comparable in the two groups.'] Does erythromycin fail to improve feeding outcome in feeding-intolerant preterm infants?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Tonsillectomy has recently been suggested as an effective treatment for PFAPA syndrome but little is known about its long-term efficacy. We compared the clinical features and the long-term outcome of a large cohort of patients with PFAPA syndrome treated with tonsillectomy or with standard medical treatment.', 'We conducted a retrospective study on patients with PFAPA syndrome followed at a tertiary care centre from January 1993 to August 2010. Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters were evaluated at onset and during the follow-up. Disease outcomes of patients who underwent tonsillectomy and of those treated with medical therapy (NSAIDs, prednisone) were compared. Clinical remission on medication (CRM) was considered the persistence of fever attacks which were well controlled by medical therapy, clinical remission (CR) was defined as the absence of fever attacks, without any treatment, for more than 12 months.', '275 patients with PFAPA syndrome, 59.6% males, aged 27.9 months at onset and followed for mean 54.5 months, entered the study. CR was reported in 59.6% of the patients and was significantly less frequent in those with positive family history for PFAPA (46.4% vs. 66.1%, p=0.003). 27/41 patients (65.9%), responded to tonsillectomy and this result was comparable with that observed in those treated with medical therapy (59.1%, p=0.51). Disease duration, age at remission or presence of associated symptoms were not significantly different in both groups. No predictors of tonsillectomy failure were found.'] Is tonsillectomy efficacy in children with PFAPA syndrome comparable to the standard medical treatment : a long-term observational study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) is usually performed under general anesthesia (GA). We performed an analysis to determine whether multithoracoport VAT under local anesthesia (LA) is feasible.', 'Forty-five VAT under LA were performed in 34 men and 11 women (mean age 46.8 years) in the endoscopy room.', 'The waiting time for VAT under LA was 0.5-6h on working days. There were no major complications during or after the VAT. In 9 patients, pleural malignancy was diagnosed, and in 7 patients suspected malignancy was excluded. In 5 patients we found bacterial empyema, of whom 4 had diathermic adhesiolysis during VAT. In 4 patients, the clinical diagnosis was tuberculosis by exclusion, and in 2 patients no conclusive diagnosis could be drawn. VAT influenced treatment policy 15 times, and in 17 pneumothorax patients talc poudrage was performed during the procedure.'] Is video-Assisted Thoracoscopy Feasible Under Local Anesthesia?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Excessive inflammation is involved in preeclampsia (PE) pathogenesis. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an eicosanoid that counter-regulates inflammation. The main objective of this study was to determine LXA4 plasma levels in PE women. The correlations among LXA4 levels, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP) levels, and clinical/laboratory parameters of the studied participants were also investigated.', \"LXA4 plasma levels were determined by ELISA in 23 nonpregnant, 26 normotensive pregnant, and 27 PE women (early PE (N = 10) and late PE (N = 17)), according to gestational age (GA) at clinical symptoms onset). The clinical/laboratory parameters included in Spearman's correlation analysis were: systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, platelet count, proteinuria, and white blood cell count (WBC).\", 'LXA4 levels were higher in PE women than in nonpregnant and normotensive pregnant women, and similar between nonpregnant and normotensive pregnant women. LXA4 plasma levels were higher in early PE vs. normotensive pregnancy (GA < 34 weeks) and in late PE vs. normotensive pregnancy (GA ≥ 34 weeks). No significant differences were detected between early and late PE. LXA4 levels were positively correlated with us-CRP levels, SBP, DBP, and WBC. No significant correlation was detected between LXA4 levels and the other laboratory parameters.'] Does lipoxin A4 be Increased in the Plasma of Preeclamptic Women?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the renal growth pattern in patients with primary vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) using long-term measurements of split renal function with 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy.', 'In all, 712 children aged < 16 years (466 boys and 246 girls) with primary VUR were referred to our hospital from July 1991 to December 2000. VUR was diagnosed by voiding cysto-urethrography. The patients were treated either surgically (group 1) or conservatively (group 2) and followed with serial 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy for up to 10 years. There were 942 examinations in 367 of 712 patients who had repeat scintigraphy. Patients with secondary VUR, VUR to a solitary or fused kidney, or upper urinary tract obstruction, were excluded. Five of 298 patients (1.7%) who had ureteric reimplantation had a febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) soon after surgery but none recurred (recurrence is an indication for surgery in children with VUR); there was no febrile UTI in the 69 patients in group 2. Planar scintigraphy with 99mTc-DMSA was used to assess the absolute uptake (AU) of each kidney, measured as a percentage of the injected dose, and the relative uptake (RU = AU of each kidney/AU of both kidneys) calculated. The initial examination was at least 4 weeks after any febrile UTI in most patients. Serial studies were conducted 1 year after surgery and then biannually in group 1. In group 2 the DMSA scan was repeated every 2-3 years. The change in split renal function was compared with the RU of the right kidney.', 'The RU of the right kidney at the initial scan correlated closely with those on repeated scans in both groups. The correlation coefficients were 0.99 in group 1 and 0.94-0.97 in group 2 at every study. The change of RU remained within 0.05 in all patients after treatment.'] Does split renal function change after successful treatment in children with primary vesico-ureteric reflux?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To assess the beneficial impact of a structured interview on the reliability of BPRS ratings in raters with low clinical experience.', 'Each patient was rated once a week in two separate interviews, conducted on the same day. The first interview was conducted by a rater with low clinical experience (recruited from a group of five residents in psychiatry and one clinical psychologist in training). All second interviews were conducted by the same highly experienced psychiatrist.', 'The number of items with full agreement between observers increased with the use of SIG. The value of intraclass correlation coefficients for individual items and the total score also increased, approaching reported studies with experienced raters.'] Does a structured interview guide increase Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale reliability in raters with low clinical experience?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine the ability of mastic monotherapy to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice.', 'The susceptibility of H. pylori SS1 to mastic was assessed by broth dilution determination of the MIC and MBC. Mice were inoculated intragastrically with either a suspension of H. pylori SS1 (n = 70) or brain-heart infusion broth alone (n = 10). Mice were given antimicrobial chemotherapy 4 weeks after infection and were administered the mouse equivalent of either 2 g of mastic twice daily for 7 days or a triple therapy regimen containing the mouse equivalent of 400 mg of metronidazole, 250 mg of clarithromycin and 20 mg of omeprazole twice daily for 7 days. Mice were killed either immediately or 1 month after the completion of treatment, and their stomachs cultured for H. pylori.', 'The mastic MIC and MBC of H. pylori SS1 were 7.80 and 31.25 mg/L, respectively. The triple therapy regimen eradicated infection from 19 of 20 SS1-infected mice. Mastic failed to eradicate infection from any of the 18 SS1-infected mice (P < 0.001) and there was no signifi- cant reduction in gastric bacterial load in mice treated with this regimen.'] Does monotherapy with mastic eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Sacrocolpopexy with rectopexy is advocated for combined rectal and vaginal prolapse, but limited outcome data have been reported.', 'The purpose of this study was to evaluate the indications and outcomes of sacrocolpopexy and rectopexy by comparing pre- and postoperative function and quality of life.', 'A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed of all patients undergoing sacrocolpopexy and rectopexy at our institution from 2004 to 2011.', 'Preoperatively, all patients underwent physiology testing and completed 4 validated questionnaires assessing bowel symptom severity and associated quality of life. Patients completed the same questionnaires in 2012.', 'A total of 110 women (median age, 55 years; range, 28-88) underwent a sacrocolpopexy and rectopexy, 33 with concomitant hysterectomy. All patients had rectal prolapse (n = 96) or rectal intussusception (n = 14), and each also had either enterocele (n = 86) or vaginal prolapse (n = 48). Rectal prolapse with enterocele was the most common presentation (n = 75). Previous surgery included rectal prolapse repair (21%) and hysterectomy (57%). Complications included presacral bleeding (n = 2), ureteral injury (n = 2), wound infection (n = 8), and pulmonary embolism (n = 2). There were no mortalities. Fifty-two patients completed the follow-up questionnaires, with a median follow-up of 29 (range, 4-90) months, and preoperative surveys were available in 30 of these patients. Preoperatively, 93% reported constipation; 82% reported resolution or improvement postoperatively. Constipation severity, measured with the Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptom Questionnaire, demonstrated improvement (1.86-1.17; p < 0.001). Fecal incontinence severity scores (Fecal Incontinence Severity Index) improved (39-24; p < 0.01), and 82% of incontinent patients reported cure or improvement. Quality-of-life scores also improved significantly. No patient developed recurrent rectal prolapse.'] Does sacrocolpopexy with rectopexy for pelvic floor prolapse improve bowel function and quality of life?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Smoking is considered as a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It has been shown that smoking cessation drops the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and also improves platelet function. Because mean platelet volume (MPV) is a simple and convenient indicator for platelet activation, we planned to investigate the effect of smoking status on MPV in healthy populations.', 'This study was conducted on 398 individuals who visited our hospital for regular medical check-ups and were confirmed not to have diabetes or hypertension. MPV was measured using EDTA blood on an Advia 2120 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA) within 2 hours.', 'Present smokers showed higher MPV levels than present non-smokers. When MPV was compared by taking previous smoking history and present smoking status into account, the smoking cessation group showed significantly lower MPV levels than other groups.'] Does smoking cession decrease mean platelet volume in healthy Korean populations?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Both hyperuricaemia and activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play an important role in the development of hypertension and renal damage. However, it has not been clear whether hyperuricaemia is associated with renal damage due to hypertension or intrarenal RAS activation, as well as their circadian rhythms.', 'We recruited 43 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who did not receive RAS blockers and antihyperuricaemic drugs, and investigated the relationship among serum uric acid (sUA) levels, the circadian rhythm of urinary angiotensinogen (U-AGT) excretion levels, and the levels of albuminuria (U-ACR) and proteinuria (U-P/Cr).', 'sUA levels were significantly associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (P\\u2009=\\u20090.002), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (daytime, P\\u2009=\\u20090.031), and U-ACR (daytime, P\\u2009=\\u20090.006 and nighttime, P\\u2009=\\u20090.008) and U-P/Cr (daytime, P\\u2009=\\u20090.017 and nighttime, P\\u2009=\\u20090.013). However, there were no significant differences between sUA levels and SBP in nighttime and U-AGT excretion levels in both time periods. Multiple regression analyses for sUA levels were performed using age, sex, eGFR and each parameter (SBP, U-AGT/Cr, U-ACR or U-P/Cr). sUA levels were not associated with SBP or U-AGT/Cr in both time periods. sUA levels tended to correlate with U-P/Cr levels in nighttime, and were significantly associated with U-P/Cr in daytime (P\\u2009=\\u20090.026) and U-ACR in daytime (P\\u2009=\\u20090.017) and nighttime (P\\u2009=\\u20090.046). Moreover, no significant differences were found between sUA levels and night-to-day ratios of some parameters.'] Is hyperuricaemia associated with renal damage independently of hypertension and intrarenal renin-angiotensin system activation , as well as their circadian rhythms?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study comprises a systematic review of the literature reporting implant placement into immediate extraction sites compromised by pathological lesions of endodontic or periodontal origin. The study proposes 3 focused questions looking at potential compromise of osseointegration, immediate implant success, and types of protocols adopted. The authors performed a MEDLINE/PUBMED search for articles published between 1982 and November 2009 using a combination of key words, including dental implant, immediate, extraction, and infections. They included both animal and human studies published in the English language. The search found 417 references. Following screening and exclusion, the authors presented results from 4 animal studies and 8 human studies.', 'The impact of preexisting infection on the osseointegration of immediately placed implants and subsequent implant success.', 'Implant survival.', 'Animal Studies. All animal studies were performed with 4 to 5 dogs per study with insertion of 24 to 40 implants. Two articles examined the effects of induced peri-radicular lesions and 2 articles (on the same experimental group of 5 dogs) described effects of ligature-induced periodontitis. Treatment included local and systemic antibiotics and debridement/curettage. No implant failures and no significant differences in bone to implant contact in test and control groups were observed. Human Clinical Studies. These included 6 noncontrolled case reports or case series of between 1 and 33 patients (3 to 97 implants) with a wide variety of infections of endodontic and periodontal origin. The lesions were in various stages of the inflammatory process from chronic or cystic lesions to painful and suppurative lesions. They all included a protocol of debridement and varying courses of antibiotics (5 to 31 days), and guided bone regeneration (GBR) of some description in 5 of the reports and use of platelet-rich growth factor in the other study. Implant survival ranged between 97% and 100%. Only 2 studies were found that reported a controlled clinical trial (both including treatment involving debridement, antibiotics, and GBR). One study described 50 patients with chronic apical infections. They were randomized to immediate or delayed (control) implant placement. Two implants were lost in the immediate group (92% survival) and none in the control group. The second study described a prospective trial of 16 consecutive patients receiving immediate implant placement into infected sites compared with another group of 17 patients without periapical lesions. Four test subjects and one control subject had to be withdrawn because of lack of implant stability at implant placement. Thereafter, there were no implant failures in either group.'] Is evidence for survival of implants placed into infected sites limited?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of the work was to investigate the effects of adenovirus(Ad)-mediated IFN gamma gene transfer on human mesothelioma (HM) cell proliferation in vitro and growth in nude mice.', 'We constructed an E1E3-deleted replication-defective recombinant Ad carrying the human IFN gamma gene (Ad-IFN gamma) and tested its activity in vitro on HM cell lines established in our laboratory and in a nude mice model.', 'In vitro, infection of HM cells with Ad-IFN gamma led to a prolonged production of an active cytokine in the 10 HM cell lines tested and also led to an antiproliferative effect on the HM cells previously demonstrated as responsive to exogenous recombinant human IFN gamma. In nude mice, s.c. inoculation of HM cells from one responsive HM cell line previously infected with Ad-IFN gamma resulted in a delay in tumor development, and injection of Ad-IFN gamma in preestablished tumors restrained tumor development.'] Does ad-IFN gamma induce antiproliferative and antitumoral responses in malignant mesothelioma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of this study was to determine if cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) predicts 30-day and mid-term outcomes when assessing suitability for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair.', 'Since July 2006 consecutive patients from a single centre identified with a large (≥5.5 cm) AAA were sent for CPET. Follow-up was completed on 1 August 2009. Univariate logistical regression was used to compare CPET parameters with the Detsky score, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and the Vascular Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (VPOSSUM) in predicting predefined early and late outcome measures.', 'Full data were available for 102 patients (93% male, median age: 75 years, interquartile range (IQR): 70-80 years, median follow up: 28 months, IQR: 18-33 months). Ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and APACHE II predicted postoperative inotrope requirement (p=0.018 and p=0.019 respectively). The Detsky score predicted the length of stay in the intensive care unit (p=0.008). Mid-term (30-month) survival was predicted by the anaerobic threshold (p=0.02).'] Does cardiopulmonary exercise testing provide a predictive tool for early and late outcomes in abdominal aortic aneurysm patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Recently a single-center study suggested that hypertension after stroke in children was a risk factor for mortality. Our goal was to assess the association between hypertension and outcome after arterial ischemic stroke in children from a large national sample.', \"Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database, children (1-18 years) with a primary diagnosis of ischemic stroke (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ICD-9] codes 433-437.1) who also had a diagnosis of elevated blood pressure (ICD-9 code 796.2) or hypertension (ICD-9 codes 401 and 405) from 2003, 2006, and 2009 were identified. Clinical characteristics, discharge outcomes, and length of stay were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between hypertension and in-hospital mortality or discharge outcomes.\", 'Of 2590 children admitted with arterial ischemic stroke, 156 (6%) also had a diagnosis of hypertension. Ten percent of children with hypertension also had renal failure. Among patients with arterial ischemic stroke, hypertension was associated with increased mortality (7.4% vs. 2.8%; P = 0.01) and increased length of stay (mean 11 ± 17 vs. 7 ± 12 days; P = 0.004) compared with those without hypertension. After adjusting for age, sex, intubation, presence of a fluid and electrolyte disorder, and renal failure, children with hypertension had an increased odds of in-hospital death (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence interval [1.1-3.3, P = 0.04]).'] Is hypertension Associated With Increased Mortality in Children Hospitalized With Arterial Ischemic Stroke?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is known as a common comorbidity of asthma and chronic cough. The impact of GERD symptoms on cough-specific quality of life (QoL) in patients with asthmatic cough is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to determine the association of GERD symptoms with cough-specific quality of life in patients with cough variant asthma (CVA) using the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ).', 'A total of 172 consecutive patients (121 females) with mean cough duration of 45.1 months (range 2-480 months) completed the Japanese version of the LCQ. The Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal reflux was administered to assess symptoms of acid-reflux and dysmotility. A range of clinical variables that may determine cough-specific QoL (LCQ) were estimated.', 'The mean LCQ scores was 12.9 (SD 3.5), consistent with severe impairment in QoL. Female gender, symptoms of gastroesophageal dysmotility, sensitization to allergens (house dust and Japanese cedar pollen) and the number of sensitized allergens were associated with lower LCQ scores (i.e. impaired cough-specific QoL) in univariate regression analysis. Acid-reflux symptoms, airway hyperresponsiveness, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and sensitization to molds were unrelated to the LCQ score. After adjustment for gender, symptoms of gastroesophageal dysmotility was the only significant determinant of impaired cough-specific QoL accounting for 23% of the variance.'] Is gastroesophageal dysmotility associated with the impairment of cough-specific quality of life in patients with cough variant asthma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Blood pressure-lowering (BPL) and lipid-lowering (LL) medications together reduce estimated absolute five-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by >40%. International studies indicate that the proportion of people with CVD receiving pharmacotherapy increases with advancing age.', 'To compare BPL and LL medications, by sociodemographic characteristics, for patients with known CVD in primary care settings.', 'The study population included patients aged 35-74 with known CVD assessed in primary care from July 2006 to October 2009 using a web-based computerised decision support system (PREDICT) for risk assessment and management. Clinical data linked anonymously to national sociodemographic and pharmaceutical dispensing databases. Differences in dispensing BPL and LL medications in six months before first PREDICT assessment was analysed according to age, sex, ethnicity and deprivation.', 'Of 7622 people with CVD, 1625 <55 years old, 2862 were women and 4609 lived in deprived areas (NZDep quintiles 4/5). The study population included 4249 European, 1556 Maori, 1151 Pacific and 329 Indian peoples. BPL medications were dispensed to 81%, LL medications to 73%, both BPL and LL medications to 67%, and 87% received either class of medication. Compared with people aged 65-75, people aged 35-44 were 30-40% less likely and those aged 45-54 were 10-15% less likely to be dispensed BPL, LL medications or both. There were minimal differences in likelihood of dispensing according to sex, ethnicity or deprivation.'] Is under-utilisation of preventive medication in patients with cardiovascular disease greatest in younger age groups ( PREDICT-CVD 15 )?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate whether statin use was associated with recurrent adenomatous polyps.', 'We conducted a retrospective cohort study. We used electronic health records to evaluate veterans who underwent polypectomy between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2001 and surveillance colonoscopy by December 2006. We obtained data on pathology, demographics, body mass index, comorbidity, habits, family history, and medications. We used multivariate proportional hazards regression models to analyze data.', 'We evaluated 197 eligible patients from among 821 who underwent colonoscopy during this period; their mean (SD) age was 63.1 (8.8) years, 192 (98%) were men, and 80 (41%) non-Hispanic white. Surveillance colonoscopy was performed after a mean (SD) 1207 (452) days and 108 (55%) patients had recurrent adenomas. During follow-up, 88 (47%) of patients received statins, but use was not protective against recurrent adenomas (hazard ratio = 1.36, 95% CI 0.35-8.27). Only number of polyps at initial colonoscopy predicted recurrent adenomas (1.98, 95% CI 1.27-3.08).'] Does statin use prevent recurrent adenomatous polyp formation in a VA population?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The Wnt gene family encodes the multifunctional signaling glycoproteins. We performed the present study to investigate the clinical significance of Wnt5a expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).', 'One hundred twenty-three patients with NSCLC who had undergone resection were investigated. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate the Wnt5a gene expression. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the Wnt5a protein expression, the Ki-67 proliferation index, tumor angiogenesis, and the expression of beta-catenin and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A).', 'Wnt5a gene expression in squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that in adenocarcinoma (P < .0001). There was a significant correlation between the normalized Wnt5a gene expression ratio and the intratumoral Wnt5a protein expression (r = 0.729; P < .0001). The intratumoral Wnt5a expression was significantly correlated with the Ki-67 proliferation index (r = 0.708; P < .0001). In contrast, no correlation was observed between the intratumoral Wnt5a expression and tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the intratumoral Wnt5a expression was significantly correlated with the stromal expression of beta-catenin (r = 0.729; P < .0001) and VEGF-A (r = 0.661; P < .0001). In addition, the stromal VEGF-A expression was also correlated with Ki-67 proliferation (r = 0.627; P < .0001). Cox regression analyses demonstrated Wnt5a status to be a significant prognostic factor for NSCLC patients (P = .0193), especially for patients with squamous cell carcinomas (P = .0491).'] Is wnt5a expression associated with the tumor proliferation and the stromal vascular endothelial growth factor -- an expression in non-small-cell lung cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The beverage obtained by fermentation of milk with kefir grains, a complex matrix containing acid bacteria and yeasts, has been shown to have beneficial effects in various diseases. However, its effects on hypertension and endothelial dysfunction are not yet clear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of kefir on endothelial cells and vascular responsiveness in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).', 'SHR were treated with kefir (0.3 mL/100 g body weight) for 7, 15, 30 and 60 days and compared with non-treated SHR and with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Vascular endothelial function was evaluated in aortic rings through the relaxation response to acetylcholine (ACh). The balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) synthase was evaluated through specific blockers in the ACh-induced responses and through flow cytometry in vascular tissue.', 'Significant effects of kefir were observed only after treatment for 60 days. The high blood pressure and tachycardia exhibited by the SHR were attenuated by approximately 15 % in the SHR-kefir group. The impaired ACh-induced relaxation of the aortic rings observed in the SHR (37 ± 4 %, compared to the Wistar rats: 74 ± 5 %), was significantly attenuated in the SHR group chronically treated with kefir (52 ± 4 %). The difference in the area under the curve between before and after the NADPH oxidase blockade or NO synthase blockade of aortic rings from SHR were of approximately +90 and -60 %, respectively, when compared with Wistar rats. In the aortic rings from the SHR-kefir group, these values were reduced to +50 and -40 %, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis of aortic endothelial cells revealed increased ROS production and decreased NO bioavailability in the SHR, which were significantly attenuated by the treatment with kefir. Scanning electronic microscopy showed vascular endothelial surface injury in SHR, which was partially protected following administration of kefir for 60 days. In addition, the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells was decreased in the non-treated SHR and partially restored by kefir treatment.'] Does chronic administration of the probiotic kefir improve the endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Common genetic variants in a 58-kb region of chromosome 9p21, near the CDKN2A/CDKN2B tumor suppressor locus, are strongly associated with coronary artery disease. However, the underlying mechanism of action remains unknown.', 'We previously reported a congenic mouse model harboring an atherosclerosis susceptibility locus and the region of homology with the human 9p21 locus. Microarray and transcript-specific expression analyses showed markedly decreased Cdkn2a expression, including both p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF), but not Cdkn2b (p15(INK4b)), in macrophages derived from congenic mice compared with controls. Atherosclerosis studies in subcongenic strains revealed genetic complexity and narrowed 1 locus to a small interval including Cdkn2a/b. Bone marrow (BM) transplantation studies implicated myeloid lineage cells as the culprit cell type, rather than resident vascular cells. To directly test the role of BM-derived Cdkn2a transcripts in atherogenesis and inflammatory cell proliferation, we performed a transplantation study using Cdkn2a(-/-) cells in the Ldlr(-/-) mouse model. Cdkn2a-deficient BM recipients exhibited accelerated atherosclerosis, increased Ly6C proinflammatory monocytes, and increased monocyte/macrophage proliferation compared with controls.'] Is cdkn2a an atherosclerosis modifier locus that regulates monocyte/macrophage proliferation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We previously showed that IL-12 electro-gene therapy (EGT) induces significant antitumor immunity. However, because interleukin (IL)-18 acts synergistically with IL-12 to augment Th1 responses and interferon (IFN)-gamma, we designed an EGT protocol using IL-12 + IL-18 with the aim of enhancing the antitumor effects obtained with IL-12 alone.', 'Expression plasmids harboring the gene for IL-12 or IL-18 were cotransferred to subcutaneous murine CT26 tumors. Subsequent expression of IFN-gamma and the presence of CD8+ T cells within treated tumors were analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR.', 'IL-12 + IL-18 EGT inhibited tumor growth significantly better than IL-12 EGT, which was consistent with significantly higher intratumoral levels of IFN-gamma. Enhanced infiltration of tumor tissues by CD8+ T cells was confirmed with both IL-12 and IL-12 + IL-18 EGT. Finally, IL-12 + IL-18 EGT, but not IL-12 EGT, significantly suppressed untreated contralateral tumors.'] Does combination of IL-12 and IL-18 of electro-gene therapy synergistically inhibit tumor growth?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine whether specific neonatal factors differentially influence cerebellar subregional volumes and to investigate relationships between subregional volumes and outcomes in very preterm children at 7 years of age.', 'Fifty-six children born very preterm (24-32 weeks gestational age) followed longitudinally from birth underwent 3-dimensional T(1)-weighted neuroimaging at median age 7.6 years. Children with severe brain injury were excluded. Cerebellar subregions were automatically segmented using the multiple automatically generated templates algorithm. The relation between cerebellum subregional volumes (adjusted for total brain volume and sex) and neonatal clinical factors were examined using constrained principal component analysis. Cognitive and visual-motor integration functions in relation to cerebellar volumes were also investigated.', 'Higher neonatal procedural pain and infection, as well as other clinical factors, were differentially associated with reduced cerebellar volumes in specific subregions. After adjusting for clinical risk factors, neonatal procedural pain was distinctively associated with smaller volumes bilaterally in the posterior VIIIA and VIIIB lobules. Specific smaller cerebellar subregional volumes were related to poorer cognition and motor/visual integration.'] Do neonatal Pain and Infection Relate to Smaller Cerebellum in Very Preterm Children at School Age?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"In Parkinson's disease (PD), chronic pain is a common symptom which markedly affects the quality of life. Some physiological arguments proposed that Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN-DBS) could improve pain in PD.\", \"We investigated in 58 PD patients the effect of STN-DBS on pain using the short McGill Pain Questionnaire and other pain parameters such as the Bodily discomfort subscore of the Parkinson's disease Questionnaire 39 and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale section II (UPDRS II) item 17.\", 'All pain scores were significantly improved 12 months after STN-DBS. This improvement was not correlated with motor improvement, depression scores or L-Dopa reduction.'] Does deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus improve pain in Parkinson 's disease?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In the prostate testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone by 5alpha-reductase type 1 and/or 2. Although 5alpha-reductase type 2 is predominant in normal prostates, type 1 is increased in cancer vs benign tissue. It is unclear whether 5alpha-reductase type 1/2 levels correlate with cancer grade. We compared the relative expression of 5alpha-reductase type 1 and 2 in localized high and low grade prostate cancer.', 'Immunostaining for 5alpha-reductase type 1/2 was evaluated in 64 prostate tissues from untreated men with localized prostate cancer. The percent of tumor area with moderate-high intensity staining was estimated for each Gleason pattern in the tissues. Adjacent benign tissue was evaluated in 26 prostate cancer specimens.', 'Moderate-high staining for 5alpha-reductase type 1 increased from 18.8% +/- 2.9% (mean +/- SEM) in 34 Gleason pattern 3 cancers to 31.0% +/- 4.1% in 30 Gleason pattern 4/5 cancers (p = 0.016). Staining for 5alpha-reductase type 2 increased from 22.9% +/- 3.0% in 34 Gleason pattern 3 cancers to 39.2% +/- 4.1% in 30 Gleason pattern 4/5 cancers (p = 0.002). Compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues staining for 5alpha-reductase type 1 was greater than 3-fold higher and staining for 5alpha-reductase type 2 was significantly lower in benign tissue adjacent to cancer (p = 0.006 and 0.0236, respectively).'] Are levels of 5alpha-reductase type 1 and type 2 increased in localized high grade compared to low grade prostate cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Although cardiac alternans is a known predictor of lethal arrhythmias, its underlying causes remain largely undefined in disease settings. The potential role of, and mechanisms responsible for, beat-to-beat alternations in the amplitude of systolic Ca(2+) transients (Ca(2+) alternans) was investigated in a canine post-myocardial infarction (MI) model of sudden cardiac death (SCD).', 'Post-MI dogs had preserved left ventricular (LV) function and susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation (VF) during exercise. LV wedge preparations from VF dogs were more susceptible to action potential (AP) alternans and the frequency-dependence of Ca(2+) alternans was shifted towards slower rates in myocytes isolated from VF dogs relative to controls. In both groups of cells, cytosolic Ca(2+) transients ([Ca(2+)](c)) alternated in phase with changes in diastolic Ca(2+) in sarcoplasmic reticulum ([Ca(2+)](SR)), but the dependence of [Ca(2+)](c) amplitude on [Ca(2+)](SR) was steeper in VF cells. Abnormal ryanodine receptor (RyR) function in VF cells was indicated by increased fractional Ca(2+) release for a given amplitude of Ca(2+) current and elevated diastolic RyR-mediated SR Ca(2+) leak. SR Ca(2+) uptake activity did not differ between VF and control cells. VF myocytes had an increased rate of reactive oxygen species production and increased RyR oxidation. Treatment of VF myocytes with reducing agents normalized parameters of Ca(2+) handling and shifted the threshold of Ca(2+) alternans to higher frequencies.'] Does redox modification of ryanodine receptors underlie calcium alternans in a canine model of sudden cardiac death?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Venom immunotherapy (VIT) induces immune tolerance to hymenoptera venom antigens in allergic patients and is therefore a helpful model for studying modulation of allergic immune response. The objectives were to assess the early effects of ultra-rush VIT on T lymphocyte activation and regulatory profile induction, in all subjects combined and according to the four severity grades of the Mueller classification.', 'Blood samples from 30 vespid-allergic patients were taken before and after the first day of treatment, and before day 15 and day 45 booster injections. IFN-gamma and IL-4 levels were assayed by ELISA, in whole-blood supernatants. IFN-gamma and IL-13-producing T cells, but also natural CD4+CD25+high regulatory T cells and acquired regulatory T cell proportions were assessed by flow cytometry. Results were analysed in the whole population and compared between patients with I-II or III-IV allergic reactions.', 'During VIT, IFN-gamma increased in whole blood when IL-4 decreased. Among T cells, the percentage of CD3+IFN-gamma+ cells increased while IL-13-producing T cells decreased. Proportions of CD4+CD25+high cells and IL-10-producing T cells increased with VIT. In I-II subjects, IFN-gamma increased gradually, whereas it remained at low levels in III-IV patients. By contrast, IL-4 decrease was more pronounced in III-IV patients. Increase in CD4+CD25+high T cells occurred early in I-II patients but was delayed in III-IV patients. IL-10-producing T cells increased gradually in both groups but were in a lower proportion in III-IV patients.'] Does ultra-rush venom immunotherapy induce differential T cell activation and regulatory patterns according to the severity of allergy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Acute hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcome in critically ill patients. Glucose control with insulin improves outcome in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients, but the effect in trauma patients is unknown. We investigated hyperglycemia and outcome in SICU patients with and without trauma.', 'A 12-year retrospective study was performed at a 12-bed SICU. We collected the reason for admission, Injury Severity Scores (ISS), and 30-day mortality rates. Glucose measurements were used to calculate the hyperglycemic index (HGI), a measure indicative of overall hyperglycemia during the entire SICU stay.', 'In all, 5234 nontrauma and 865 trauma patients were studied. Trauma patients were younger, more frequently male, and had both lower median admission glucose (123 versus 133 mg/dL) and HGI levels (8.9 vs. 18.4 mg/dL) than nontrauma patients (p < 0.001). Mortality was 12% in both groups. Area under the receiver-operator characteristic for HGI and mortality was 0.76 for trauma patients and 0.58 for nontrauma patients (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, HGI correlated better with mortality in trauma patients than in nontrauma patients (p < 0.001). Head-injury and nonhead-injury trauma patients showed similar glucose levels and relation between glucose and mortality.'] Does hyperglycemia have a stronger relation with outcome in trauma patients than in other critically ill patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Stroke patients are usually admitted to hospital for their acute care and rehabilitation. Services to help acute stroke patients avoid admission to hospital (\"hospital-at-home\") have now been developed.', 'The objective of this review was to establish the costs and effects of such services compared with conventional services.', 'The Stroke Group Specialist Register of Controlled Trials was searched and supplemented by discussion with colleagues and trialists. This was last updated in March 1999.', 'Controlled clinical trials recruiting stroke patients who have not been admitted to hospital and compare; a) services which provided support with an aim of helping prevent admission to hospital with b) conventional services (which could include hospital admission).', 'Two independent reviewers determined the eligibility and methodological quality of trials. Trialists were then contacted to obtain standardised descriptive and outcome data.', 'Four trials are included in the review of which three currently have outcome data available (921 patients; 857 from one controlled trial, 64 from two randomised trials). There were no statistically significant differences between the patient and carer outcomes of the intervention and control groups either within individual trials or in pooled analyses. There was a trend toward greater hospital bed use and increased costs in the intervention groups.'] Do services for helping acute stroke patients avoid hospital admission?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Bacterial translocation plays an important role for infectious complications in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Breakdown of intestinal mucosal integrity may increase intestinal permeability and may be implicated in bacterial translocation. It is suggested that increase in intestinal permeability is correlated with the changes of tight junction and/or apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of intestinal mucosa and its permeability in SAP.', 'SAP was induced by injection of 3% sodium deoxycholate into the biliopancreatic ducts in rats. Permeability of intestinal wall was assayed ex vivo by measuring the leaked amount of FITC-dextran from the ileum pouch. Alteration of tight junction proteins such as zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and Occludin was evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Apoptotic change of intestinal mucosa was detected by TUNEL staining and DNA fragmentation ELISA. In vitro, apoptosis-inducing effect of pancreatitis-associated ascitic fluid (PAAF) was examined using T84 cells. Integrity of monolayer cells was assessed by transepithelial electric resistance (TEER).', 'Permeability of ileum was significantly increased 6 h after induction of SAP. Blood endotoxin level was significantly elevated and bacterial translocation occurred 18 h after induction of SAP. Six hours after induction of SAP, expressions of ZO-1 and Occludin were not altered, but apoptosis of ileum mucosa was significantly accelerated. Addition of PAAF to T84 cells did not affect expressions of ZO-1 or Occludin, but significantly increased the apoptosis and significantly decreased TEER.'] Does breakdown of intestinal mucosa via accelerated apoptosis increase intestinal permeability in experimental severe acute pancreatitis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To investigate the association between serum TSH, total T4 and various patient characteristics when hypothyroidism is diagnosed in a population, and to study how age, sex and serum T4 levels influenced pituitary TSH response.', 'A computer-based register linked to laboratory databases prospectively identified all patients with new, biochemically overt hypothyroidism (n = 685) in an open cohort in Denmark. The diagnosis was verified in each patient, and disease was classified into nosological type. Serum TSH and total T4 were recorded at the time of diagnosis in untreated patients with spontaneous autoimmune hypothyroidism (n = 578).', 'In untreated primary, spontaneous autoimmune hypothyroidism, we observed a four fold difference in average serum TSH levels between the youngest (0-20 years: TSH = 100 mU/l) and the oldest (80+ years: TSH = 24.4 mU/l) group of patients. No age dependent variation was observed in serum total T4. Log TSH showed an inverse linear correlation with age. An inverse linear correlation was present between log TSH and total T4 in both young and old patients, but for all total T4 values we observed lower median serum TSH values in elderly patients.'] Does age modify the pituitary TSH response to thyroid failure?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Microvascular proliferation is a major risk factor for plaque vulnerability in patients with carotid stenosis. There are several vascular endothelial markers such as CD31 and CD105, but it is unclear which marker is most sensitive for microvessels. This study sought to examine the correlations between CD31 and CD105 expression in microvessels on carotid plaques and clinical manifestations.', 'We studied 13 lesions in 12 patients. The patients underwent carotid endarterectomy and samples were stained for CD31 and CD105. The numbers of microvessels positive for these markers within a field of view were counted.', 'The average numbers of microvessels were 5.8 ± 5.4 for CD31 and 9.2 ± 9.3 for CD105 (P = 0.04). More microvessels were positive for CD105 than there were for CD31 in patients with diabetes mellitus (P = 0.04).'] Is endoglin ( CD105 ) a more appropriate marker than CD31 for detecting microvessels in carotid artery plaques?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Wearing a protective mask is compulsory for those in professions such as fire-fighters, rescue personnel and soldiers. The phobia to wear a protective mask is considered a specific claustrophobia and may become of major concern during military service. To date, no data are available with respect to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical system activity (HPA SA) for both the so-called protective mask phobia (PMP) and its treatment. The aim of the present study was three-fold: 1) to assess HPA SA in soldiers suffering from PMP before and after intensive cognitive-behavioral treatment, 2) to compare these data with controls, and 3) to relate these data to subjective sleep.', '46 Swiss Army recruits suffering from PMP were enrolled in a two-day intensive treatment course. During initial and final assessments, saliva was sampled to analyse HPA SA via salivary cortisol; saliva samples were also gathered in the morning. For comparison, saliva samples were gathered of 39 Emergency Rescue Service (ERS) recruits. All participants also completed a questionnaire related to sleep and to anxiety.', 'Compared to controls from the ERS, among army recruits suffering from PMP, cortisol secretion was significantly higher during initial and final assessments, and in the morning. Cortisol secretion decreased from initial and final assessment. Subjectively assessed sleep was more impaired in recruits suffering from PMP compared to controls. After cognitive-behavioral treatment, all recruits suffering from PMP were able to wear the protective mask.'] Does intensive two-day cognitive-behavioral intervention decrease cortisol secretion in soldiers suffering from specific phobia to wear protective mask?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Inadequate capillary growth in pressure-overload hypertrophy impairs myocardial perfusion and substrate delivery, contributing to progression to failure. Capillary growth is tightly regulated by angiogenesis growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endogenous inhibitors such as the splice variant of VEGF receptor-1, sVEGFR-1. We hypothesized that inadequate expression of VEGF and up-regulation of VEGFR-1 and its soluble splice variant, sVEGFR-1, restrict capillary growth in pressure-overload hypertrophy.', 'Neonatal New Zealand White rabbits underwent aortic banding. mRNA (qRT-PCR) and protein levels (immunoblotting) were determined in hypertrophied and control myocardium (7/group) for total VEGF, VEGFR-1, sVEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and phospho-VEGFR-1 and -R-2. Free VEGF was determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) in hypertrophied myocardium, controls, and hypertrophied hearts following inhibition of sVEGFR-1 with placental growth factor (PlGF). VEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-1 mRNA (seven-fold up-regulation, P = 0.001) and protein levels were significantly up-regulated in hypertrophied hearts vs. controls (VEGFR-1: 44 ± 8 vs. 23 ± 1, P = 0.031; sVEGFR-1: 71 ± 13 vs. 31 ± 3, P = 0.016). There was no change in VEGF and VEGFR-2 mRNA or protein levels in hypertrophied compared with controls hearts. A significant decline in free, unbound VEGF was found in hypertrophied myocardium which was reversed following inhibition of sVEGFR-1 with PlGF, which was accompanied by phosphorylation of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2.'] Does up-regulation of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 prevent angiogenesis in hypertrophied myocardium?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) supplies deoxyribonucleotide diphosphates demanded by cells to repair radiation-induced DNA damage. Here, we investigate the impact of pretherapy RNR M1, M2, and M2b (p53R3) subunit level upon human cervical cancer radiochemosensitivity.', 'Immunohistochemistry was performed on a tissue array comprised of 18 paired benign uterine cervix and stage IB2 cervical cancers to evaluate the relationship between cytosolic RNR M1, M2, and M2b staining intensity and radiochemotherapy cancer response. Patients underwent surgical hysterectomy (n = 8), or daily radiation (45 Gy), coadministered once-weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m), then low-dose rate brachytherapy (30 Gy) followed by adjuvant hysterectomy (n = 10). Radiochemotherapy response was determined by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.0 criteria during brachytherapy. Cancer relapse rates and disease-free survival were calculated.', 'M1, M2, and M2b antibody staining intensity was low (0-1+) in benign uterine cervical tissue. M1 and M2b immunoreactivity was 2+ or 3+ in most (13/18) cervical cancers. M2 immunoreactivity was 3+ in nearly all (16/18) cervical cancers. Cervical cancers overexpressing M1 and M2b had an increased hazard for incomplete radiochemotherapy response, relapse, and shortened disease-free survival.'] Do elevated ribonucleotide reductase levels associate with suppressed radiochemotherapy response in human cervical cancers?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine the relationship between preoperative serum albumin and postoperative bowel function as well as surgical outcomes in right-sided colon cancer patients.', 'This retrospective study in a university hospital included 84 patients who underwent elective right hemicolectomy for adenocarcinoma of the right-sided colon between January 2004 and December 2005. The patients had a preoperative serum albumin assessment. Serum albumin less than 3.5 g/dL was regarded as hypoalbuminemia. Postoperative outcomes were classified into mortality, morbidity (infectious and noninfectious complications), time to first bowel movement, time to resume normal diet, and hospital stay.', 'Forty males (48%) and forty-four females (52%) with a mean age of 64 (range, 27-89) years were included. Forty-eight patients (57%) had hypoalbuminemia. No 30-day postoperative mortality occurred. All 14 postoperative complications occurred in hypoalbuminemic cases. Therefore, 29% of the hypoalbuminemics had complications whereas none occurred in nonhypoalbuminemics (p=0.001). In univariate analysis, hypoalbuminemia and postoperative complications were the risk factors for delayed postoperative recovery of bowel function and prolonged length of hospital stay. In multivariate analysis, hypoalbuminemia was the significant risk factor for postoperative complications (p<0.001) and delayed time to first bowel movement (p=0.018) whereas postoperative complications were the significant risk factor for delayed time to resume normal diet (p<0.001) and prolonged hospital stay (p<0.001).'] Is hypoalbuminemia a predictor of delayed postoperative bowel function and poor surgical outcomes in right-sided colon cancer patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['What factors in mouse oocytes are involved in the ageing-related decline in oocyte quality?', 'The maternal effect gene Mater is involved in ageing-related oocyte quality decline in mice.', 'Premature loss of centromere cohesion is a hallmark of ageing-related oocyte quality decline; the maternal effect gene Mater (maternal antigen that embryos require, also known as Nlrp5) is required for preimplantation embryo development beyond the 2-cell stage, and mRNA expression of Mater decreases with maternal ageing.', 'Mater protein expression level in mature oocytes from 7 young (5-8 weeks old) to 7 old mice (41-68 weeks old) was compared by immunoblotting analysis. Wild-type and Mater-null mice were used to examine whether Mater is necessary for maintaining normal centromere cohesion by means of cytogenetic karyotyping, time-lapse confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence staining.', 'Mater protein is decreased in mature oocytes from old versus young mice (P = 0.0022). Depletion of Mater from oocytes leads to a reduction in centromere cohesion, manifested by precocious sister chromatid separation, enlargement of sister centromere distance and misalignment of chromosomes in the metaphase plate during meiosis I and II.'] Is decrease in expression of maternal effect gene Mater associated with maternal ageing in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated to a higher stroke risk. Anemia is a common consequence of CKD, and is also a possible risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine if anemia and CKD are independent risk factors for mortality after stroke.', 'This historic cohort study was based on a stroke registry and included patients treated for a first clinical stroke in the stroke unit of one academic hospital over a three-year period. Mortality predictors comprised demographic characteristics, CKD, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), anemia and other stroke risk factors. GFR was estimated by means of the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Renal function was assessed according to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI)-CKD classification in five groups. A value of hemoglobin < 120 g/L in women and < 130 g/L in men on admission defined anemia. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox models were used to describe and analyze one-year survival.', 'Among 890 adult stroke patients, the mean (Standard Deviation) calculated GFR was 64.3 (17.8) ml/min/1.73 m2 and 17% had anemia. Eighty-two (10%) patients died during the first year after discharge. Among those, 50 (61%) had K/DOQI CKD stages 3 to 5 and 32 (39%) stages 1 or 2 (p < 0.001). Anemia was associated with an increased risk of death one year after discharge (p < 0.001). After adjustment for other factors, a higher hemoglobin level was independently associated with decreased mortality one year after discharge [hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.98 (0.97-1.00)].'] Are anemia and chronic kidney disease potential risk factors for mortality in stroke patients : a historic cohort study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Recent studies have suggested that benign papillary lesions without atypia [benign papilloma (BP)] diagnosed on breast core needle biopsy (CNB) may not require excision. However, most have studied only small numbers of cases and scant data are available on the utility of immunohistochemistry in the categorization of papillary lesions on CNB. In the largest published series of BP identified on CNB, we studied the impact of immunohistochemistry on the accuracy of a CNB diagnosis of BP.', 'Breast CNBs (n = 129) with a diagnosis of papillary lesion were immunostained for calponin, p63 and cytokeratin 5/6. Haematoxylin and eosin and immunostained slides were independently reviewed by four breast pathologists. BP was the final excision diagnosis in 35 cases. With the use of immunohistochemistry, the positive predictive value (PPV) of BP diagnosis by the four individual pathologists increased from 72.7-83.3% (mean 79.2%) to 77.8-87.5% (82.1%), the negative predictive value (NPV) increased from 77.8-98.5% (88.6%) to 100% for all four participants and overall accuracy increased from 78.7-92.6% (84.7%) to 90.7-95.4% (92.8%). No case of invasive carcinoma was diagnosed as BP on CNB by any participant. The frequency of ductal carcinoma in situ following a BP diagnosis on CNB ranged from 2.5% to 4.8% (4%) but was only 0-3% (2.3%) after excluding cases that were radiologically suspicious for malignancy.'] Does immunohistochemistry increase the accuracy of diagnosis of benign papillary lesions in breast core needle biopsy specimens?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We investigated the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GcRs) in the intrahepatic biliary epithelium and the role of corticosteroids in the regulation of cholangiocyte secretion.', 'GcR was studied by immunohistochemistry, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blots. The effects of dexamethasone and budesonide on biliary bicarbonate excretion and H+/HCO3- transport processes were investigated in bile fistula rats, isolated intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDUs), and purified cholangiocytes.', 'GcRs were expressed by rat cholangiocytes. Although acute administration of corticosteroids showed no effect, treatment for 2 days with dexamethasone or budesonide increased (P < 0.05) biliary bicarbonate concentration and secretion, which were blocked by the specific GcR antagonist, RU-486. IBDUs isolated from rats treated with dexamethasone or budesonide showed an increased (P < 0.05) activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1 isoform) and Cl-/HCO3- exchanger (AE2 member), which was blocked by RU-486. Protein expression of NHE1 and AE2 and messenger RNA for NH1 but not AE2 were increased (P < 0.05) in isolated cholangiocytes by dexamethasone treatment.'] Do corticosteroids modulate the secretory processes of the rat intrahepatic biliary epithelium?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) dramatically influences graft and patient outcome after orthotopic liver transplantation and its incidence is strongly determined by donor liver quality. Nevertheless, objective biomarkers, which can assess graft quality and anticipate organ function, are still lacking. This study aims to investigate whether there is a preoperative donor liver metabolomic biosignature associated with EAD.', 'A comprehensive metabolomic profiling of 124 donor liver biopsies collected before transplantation was performed by mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography. Donor liver grafts were classified into two groups: showing EAD and immediate graft function (IGF). Multivariate data analysis was used to search for the relationship between the metabolomic profiles present in donor livers before transplantation and their function in recipients.', 'A set of liver graft dysfunction-associated biomarkers was identified. Key changes include significantly increased levels of bile acids, lysophospholipids, phospholipids, sphingomyelins and histidine metabolism products, all suggestive of disrupted lipid homeostasis and altered histidine pathway. Based on these biomarkers, a predictive EAD model was built and further evaluated by assessing 24 independent donor livers, yielding 91% sensitivity and 82% specificity. The model was also successfully challenged by evaluating donor livers showing primary non-function (n=4).'] Does metabolomics disclose donor liver biomarkers associated with early allograft dysfunction?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['It has been argued that carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) could better reflect an adaptive response of the vessel wall rather than being a marker of atherosclerosis. We explore this hypothesis by analyzing the ARTICO data.', 'The ARTICO study was designed to evaluate the prognostic value of the pathological ankle-brachial index (ABI) for the emergence of new vascular events in patients who have suffered a noncardioembolic stroke. Collected variables were as follows: vascular risk factors, mean waist perimeter, quantification of carotid IMT, characteristics of carotid plaques, ABI, and presence of microalbuminuria.', \"A total of 591 patients with a complete carotid evaluation were available. There was no correlation between ABI and IMT (Spearman's, p NS). Logistic regression revealed that pathological ABI correlated significantly only with internal carotid artery stenosis\\u2009greater than or equal to\\u200950% (OR [odds ratio] 2.80, 1.66-4.71, P\\u2009<\\u2009.01) and peripheral artery disease (OR 3.33, 1.63-6.78, P\\u2009<\\u2009.01). However, multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that carotid IMT was independently associated with age (OR 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.09, P\\u2009<\\u2009.01), hypertension (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.02-3.26, P\\u2009=\\u2009.04), waist circumference (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05, P\\u2009<\\u2009.01), and microalbuminuria (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.22-3.35, P\\u2009<\\u2009.01).\"] Is carotid Intima-Media Thickness Associated with Markers of Atherosclerosis in Stroke Patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Pineal calcification is associated with symptomatic cerebral infarction in humans. However, there are limited data on the association of pineal calcification and intracerebral hemorrhage. We evaluated this association of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and pineal calcification by computed tomography of the brain.', 'We reviewed all computed tomographic (CT) scans of the brains of patients over 15 years of age during the year 2011 at a university teaching hospital. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was identified by having clinical syndrome of stroke and acute intracerebral hemorrhage from brain CT scans. Pineal calcification was also evidenced by brain CT scans. Other stroke risk factors were recorded. The association of various risk factors including pineal calcification and intracerebral hemorrhage was calculated using logistic regression analysis.', 'There were 2140 CT scans of the brains during the study period. Of those, 1071 scans (50.05%) met the study criteria. Intracerebral hemorrhage and pineal calcification were found in 77 (7.2%) and 689 (64.3%) patients, respectively. Pineal calcification was a significant risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.36 (95% confidence interval of 1.22-4.54). Other significant factors were age>50 years, hypertension, and diabetes.'] Is pineal calcification a novel risk factor for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the effects of interleukin (IL)-13, a T-helper (Th)2 cytokine, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-beta, a Th1 cytokine, on the production of IL-6 family cytokines and chemokines by endometrial stromal cells (ESC).', 'The effects of IL-13 and TNF-beta, on the production of IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), IL-8, growth-regulated oncogene alpha (GROalpha), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and eotaxin were investigated.', 'Research laboratory at a medical university.', 'Thirteen endometrial specimens in the late proliferative phase were used.', 'The ESC were incubated for 24 hours with recombinant human IL-13 and recombinant human TNF-beta.', 'The concentration of IL-6, IL-11, LIF, IL-8, GROalpha, MCP-1, RANTES, and eotaxin in the culture media was measured using ELISA.', 'The increase in levels of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and eotaxin in the culture media of ESC paralleled the addition of increasing amounts of IL-13 and TNF-beta, whereas the levels of IL-11 and LIF were decreased with increasing amounts of IL-13, but were increased with increasing amounts of TNF-beta. Tumor necrosis factor-beta enhanced the production of GROalpha and RANTES in dose-dependent manner; however, IL-13 did not affect the expression of GROalpha or RANTES.'] Do interleukin-13 and tumor necrosis factor-beta differentially regulate the production of cytokines by cultured human endometrial stromal cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Injection of neonatal BALB/c mice with semi-allogeneic splenocytes leads to antigen-specific tolerance lasting into adulthood. Tolerant mice accept A/J skin grafts and fail to generate CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against A/J targets. Anergic CD8 T cells are present in tolerant mice, and CD4 regulatory cells function to maintain CD8 cell anergy.', 'Neonatal BALB/c mice were injected with 108 live CAF, splenocytes, and mice were deemed tolerant by accepting A/J grafts over 40 days. CD8 cell proliferation was measured by in vitro incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine coupled with fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Alloantigen-specific cytotoxicity was tested using 51Cr release assays of A/J or third-party targets.', 'We demonstrate that A/J-specific anergic CD8 cells are present in neonatal primed mice that develop tolerance but not in neonatal primed mice that reject A/J skin grafts. Anergic CD8 cells show decreased proliferation and no CTL activity against A/J targets. Addition of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to unfractionated cultures fails to restore CTL activity against A/J targets. However, addition of IL-2 to CD4-depleted cultures restores A/J-specific CD8 CTL activity. Removal of CD4+/CD25+ cells, but not CD4+/CD25- cells, also restores CD8 CTL activity against A/J in the presence, but not the absence, of IL-2. Moreover, when added back into cultures, purified CD4+/CD25+ cells from tolerant mice inhibit the generation of CD8 CTL against A/J targets.'] Do cD4+CD25+ cells regulate CD8 cell anergy in neonatal tolerant mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"The effects of time and numbers of pre-harvest sprays of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on the development of red blush, export-grade fruit, accumulation of flavonoids in fruit skin and quality of 'Cripps Pink' apple were investigated in 2005 and 2006. In the first experiment during 2005, whole trees were sprayed once with 10 mmol L(-1) MJ at weekly intervals from 155 to 183 days after full bloom (DAFB). In second experiment during 2006, different numbers of sprays (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) of 5 mmol L(-1) MJ were applied from 151 to 179 DAFB.\", 'A single spray of MJ (10 mmol L(-1)) at 169 DAFB resulted in the highest increase in the red blush, export-grade fruit, accumulation of anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-galactosides, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, flavanols and flavonols in fruit skin as compared to all other treatments without affecting fruit quality. A single spray of 5 mmol L(-1) MJ at 186 DAFB was more effective in improving red blush, export-grade fruit and accumulation of anthocyanins in fruit skin as compared to its multiple applications. The exposed sides of fruit developed better colour than the shaded sides, regardless of time and numbers of MJ sprays. Time of a single spray of MJ is more effective than its multiple applications.'] Does time of methyl jasmonate application influence the development of 'Cripps Pink ' apple fruit colour?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Interneuronal propagation of α-synuclein has been demonstrated in a variety of experimental models and may be involved in disease progression during the course of human synucleinopathies. The aim of this study was to assess the role that neuronal injury or, vice versa, cell integrity could have in facilitating interneuronal α-synuclein transfer and consequent protein spreading in an in vivo animal model.', 'Viral vectors carrying the DNA for human α-synuclein were injected into the rat vagus nerve to trigger protein overexpression in the medulla oblongata and consequent spreading of human α-synuclein toward pons, midbrain and forebrain. Two vector preparations sharing the same viral construct were manufactured using identical procedures with the exception of methods for their purification. They were also injected at concentrations that induced comparable levels of α-synuclein transduction/overexpression in the medulla oblongata. α-Synuclein load was associated with damage (at 6 weeks post injection) and death (at 12 weeks) of medullary neurons after treatment with only one of the two vector preparations. Of note, neuronal injury and degeneration was accompanied by a substantial reduction of caudo-rostral propagation of human α-synuclein.'] Is neuron-to-neuron α-synuclein propagation in vivo independent of neuronal injury?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a proinflammatory phospholipid that may contribute to inflammation in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) degrades PAF and regulates its biological activity. We characterized PAF-AH in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from ARDS patients (n = 33, 22 survivors), patients at risk for ARDS (n = 6), and healthy controls (n = 6).', 'Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed during acute (<96 hrs from onset), plateau (6 to 12 days), and late (> or = 14 days) phases of ARDS.', 'Intubated patients with ARDS or a risk factor for ARDS.', 'In ARDS, total bronchoalveolar lavage PAF-AH activity was markedly increased in the acute phase (87 +/- 89 mU/mL, n = 33) and then decreased in the plateau (23 +/- 14 mU/mL, n = 10) and late phases (19 +/- 14 mU/mL, n = 7) (p = .003). Total bronchoalveolar lavage PAF-AH activity during the acute phase of ARDS was also increased as compared with patients at risk for ARDS (16 +/- 13 mU/mL, n = 6) and healthy controls (3 +/- 3 mU/mL, n = 6) (p < .001). In contrast, plasma PAF-AH activities were the same in controls (3215 +/- 858 mU/mL, n = 6), in patients at risk for ARDS (3606 +/- 1607 mU/mL, n = 6), and during the acute phase of ARDS (3098 +/- 2395 mU/mL, n = 33) (p = .18). PAF-AH mRNA was present in alveolar macrophages in the acute phase of ARDS (five of six) and in at-risk patients (two of three) but not in healthy controls.'] Is platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase increased in lung lavage fluid from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To develop a survey instrument that assesses implementation of key components of outpatient neurorehabilitation programs and test the capacity of this instrument to differentiate between rehabilitation approaches.', 'The Neurorehabilitation Program Styles Survey (NPSS) was administered to 18 outpatient facilities: 10 specialized and 8 discipline-specific outpatient neurorehabilitation programs. Scores were compared between types of programs using independent samples t tests.', 'The NPSS showed good reliability and contrasted groups validity, significantly differentiating between types of programs.'] Does development and exploratory analysis of the Neurorehabilitation Program style Survey?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine whether the timing of pronuclear breakdown can be a predictor of embryo quality and viability.', 'Retrospective comparison of the development and quality of early and late developing zygotes.', 'Infertility and endocrinology unit in a university hospital.', 'One thousand seven hundred eighty-two zygotes obtained in 383 consecutive IVF cycles.', 'Culture of all fertilized embryos.', 'Number of fertilized zygotes showing early pronuclear breakdown at 22-25 hours postinsemination, embryo quality, pregnancy rates (PR), implantation rates.', 'Early pronuclear breakdown embryos had a significantly higher cell number (4.4 +/- 1.2) compared with the late pronuclear breakdown embryos (3.6 +/- 1.4). When comparing the frequency of the early pronuclear breakdown embryos according to the method of fertilization, we failed to find any significant difference between the IVF (37.1%) and the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (41.1%) groups. The transfer of early pronuclear breakdown embryos resulted in a significantly higher clinical pregnancy rate than those with late pronuclear breakdown (48.3% vs. 27.3%). The implantation rate was higher in the early pronuclear breakdown group than in the late pronuclear breakdown group (26.5% vs. 15.1%).'] Is early pronuclear breakdown a good indicator of embryo quality and viability?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Angiotensin II stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth, and is considered to be an important mediator of intimal thickening after vascular injury. Recent evidence has indicated that VSMC apoptosis plays a major role in the response to balloon injury, and we therefore examined the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibition on VSMC apoptosis and vascular lesion formation in the rat model of balloon injury.', 'Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to carotid artery balloon injury and randomised to a standard diet or a diet supplemented with 1 mg/ml captopril in the drinking water. Animals were sacrificed 2 and 14 days after injury for assessment of apoptosis and proliferation by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry, respectively. At 14 days post injury, vessel cross-sections were subjected to microscopic morphometry and total cell numbers were determined.', 'At 2 days after balloon injury, captopril-treated animals displayed a significant increase in the percentage of TUNEL-positive VSMCs in the medial area (12 +/- 4% vs. 1 +/- 1%; P < 0.05) as compared to controls. This increase in early apoptosis was associated with decreased intimal cellularity 14 days post injury (238 +/- 47 cells/cross-section vs. 449 +/- 75 cells/cross-section; P < 0.05), and a reduction of neointimal formation (0.13 +/- 0.02 mm2 vs. 0.23 +/- 0.04 mm2; P < 0.05). The fraction of PCNA-positive VSMCs per cross-section 2 or 14 days after injury was not significantly altered by captopril administration.'] Does aCE-inhibition promote apoptosis after balloon injury of rat carotid arteries?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine the effects of primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS)-derived anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies on gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by gene profiling using microarrays.', 'Anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies purified from sera of patients with PAPS or control IgG isolated from normal subjects were incubated with HUVEC for 4 h before isolation of RNA and processing for hybridisation to Affymetrix Human Genome U133A-2.0 arrays. Data were analysed using a combination of the MAS 5.0 (Affymetrix) and GeneSpring (Agilent) software programmes. For selected genes microarray data were confirmed by real-time PCR analysis or at the protein level by ELISA.', 'A total of 101 genes were found to be upregulated and 14 genes were downregulated twofold or more in response to anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies. A number of novel genes not previously associated with APS were induced, including chemokines CCL20, CXCL3, CX3CL1, CXCL5, CXCL2 and CXCL1, the receptors Tenascin C, OLR1, IL-18 receptor 1, and growth factors CSF2, CSF3 IL-6, IL1beta and FGF18. The majority of downregulated genes were transcription factors/signalling molecules including ID2. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis confirmed the microarray results for selected genes (CSF3, CX3CL1, FGF18, ID2, SOD2, Tenascin C).'] Does anti-beta2GPI-antibody-induced endothelial cell gene expression profiling reveal induction of novel pro-inflammatory genes potentially involved in primary antiphospholipid syndrome?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Impaired braking of inflammatory cell cysteinyl leukotriene production by prostaglandin (PG) E(2) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of aspirin exacerbated airways disease, but the mechanism is obscure. PGE(2) acts via G-protein-coupled receptors, E-prostanoid (EP)(1-4,) but there is little information on the expression of PGE(2) receptors in this condition.', 'To address the hypothesis that expression of 1 or more EP receptors on nasal mucosal inflammatory cells is deficient in patients with aspirin-sensitive compared with nonaspirin-sensitive polypoid rhinosinusitis.', 'By using specific antibodies, immunohistochemistry, and image analysis, we measured the expression of EP(1-4) in nasal biopsies from patients with aspirin-sensitive (n = 12) and nonaspirin-sensitive (n = 10) polypoid rhinosinusitis and normal controls (n = 9). Double-staining was used to phenotype inflammatory leukocytes expressing EP(1-4).', 'Global mucosal expression of EP(1) and EP(2), but not EP(3) or EP(4), immunoreactivity was significantly elevated in aspirin-sensitive and nonaspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis compared with controls (P < .03). This was attributable principally to elevated expression on tubulin(+) epithelial cells and Mucin 5 subtypes A and B (Muc-5AC(+)) goblet cells. In contrast, the percentages of neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and T cells expressing EP(2), but not EP(1), EP(3), or EP(4), were significantly reduced (P < or = .04) in the aspirin-sensitive compared with nonaspirin-sensitive patients.'] Is aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis associated with reduced E-prostanoid 2 receptor expression on nasal mucosal inflammatory cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Electrical low-frequency stimulation (LFS) of cutaneous afferents evokes long-term depression (LTD) of nociception. In vitro studies suggest a sole homosynaptic effect on the conditioned pathway. The present study addresses homotopy of LTD in human nociception and pain.', 'In 30 healthy volunteers, nociceptive Adelta fibers were electrically stimulated by a concentric electrode. Test stimulation (0.125 Hz) was alternately applied unilateral to radial and ulnar side of right hand dorsum (ExpUni) or bilateral to radial side of right and left hand dorsum (ExpBi). Conditioning LFS (1 Hz, 1,200 pulses) was applied to radial side of right hand dorsum. Somatosensory evoked cortical vertex potentials (SEP) were recorded, and volunteers rated stimulus intensity.', 'After homotopic LFS, SEP amplitude (ExpUni: -34.6%; ExpBi: -33.6%) and pain rating (ExpUni: -44.1%; ExpBi: -29.1%) significantly decreased. Amplitude reduction after heterotopic LFS did not differ from habituation effects in Control experiment without LFS. Heterotopic pain perception was not affected.'] Does electrical low-frequency stimulation induce homotopic long-term depression of nociception and pain from hand in man?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Several in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is known to act as a coupling factor, to stimulate osteoclastogenesis, to control the migration of osteoclast precursors between the blood and bone, and to stimulate the proliferation, migration, and survival of osteoblasts.', 'Using the determination of circulating S1P levels, we investigated which kinds of processes may be primarily affected by S1P in humans.', 'This was a cross-sectional study conducted in two clinical units in Korea.', 'Men (n = 86), premenopausal women (n = 94), and postmenopausal women (n = 357) participated in the study.', 'We measured S1P levels and their relationships with bone mineral density, biochemical bone turnover markers, and uncoupling indices.', 'S1P levels were significantly higher in the postmenopausal women than in the premenopausal women and men. High S1P concentrations were significantly associated with low bone mineral density values at some femur sites in the postmenopausal women (P = 0.015 to 0.049), at the lumbar spine in the premenopausal women (P = 0.017), and at all sites in men (P = 0.001 to 0.036) after adjustments with multiple covariates. S1P levels were positively correlated with bone resorption markers (P = 0.003 to 0.049), but not with formation markers in postmenopausal women. Higher S1P levels were associated with lower uncoupling indices (P = <0.001 to 0.048) in postmenopausal women.'] Are higher circulating sphingosine 1-phosphate levels associated with lower bone mineral density and higher bone resorption marker in humans?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Increasing evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 signaling may play an important role in the progression of pathological angiogenesis that occurs in many tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Therapeutic targeting directed against VEGF and VEGFR-2 has been proven to be successful for metastatic clear cell RCC (CCRCC). However, the expression of VEGFR-1 and its association with prognostic parameters of CCRCC in the tumorigenesis of renal cancer remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the expression of VEGFR-1 and its prognostic significance in CCRCC.', \"Immunohistochemical staining for VEGFR-1 was performed on 126 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded CCRCC tissue samples. Six of these cases were available for Western blot analyses. The results were compared with various clinicopathologic parameters of CCRCC and patients' survival.\", \"VEGFR-1 expression was detected in 59 cases (46.8%) of CCRCC. Higher VEGFR-1 expression was significantly correlated with a lower Fuhrman nuclear grade and the absence of renal pelvis invasion, although it was not related to patients' survival. Western blot analyses showed higher VEGFR-1 expression in low grade tumors.\"] Does vEGFR-1 Expression relate to Fuhrman Nuclear Grade of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Previous work demonstrated reduced stage 3+4 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep following burn injury. This study evaluated the hormonal effects of drug intervention on measures of endocrine status. A secondary objective examined the relationship between hormones and sleep stage distribution.', \"Forty patients 3-18 years of age with a mean percent total body surface area burn of 50.1 +/- 2.9 were randomly assigned to zolpidem or haloperidol utilizing a blinded crossover design. Polysomnography was performed 6 nights, 3/week over 2 weeks. Each week's first night of monitoring was conducted without medication, serving as a baseline. Hormonal levels (epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, melatonin, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], serotonin, cortisol) were obtained at 0600 h each study day.\", 'Both drugs were associated with increased DHEA levels (P < .03); no other hormones were affected by medication. Significant inverse correlation was observed between REM sleep and epinephrine (r = -.34, P = .004) and norepinephrine levels (r = -.45, P = .02). A positive relationship existed between serotonin and sleep stage 3+4 (r = 0.24, P = .01) and REM (r = 0.48, P = .01). No other significant associations were identified between hormones and sleep.'] Do an evaluation of the neuroendocrine response to sleep in pediatric burn patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Tea has been around for centuries, and its medicinal properties have been purported in the literature but never fully confirmed. Interleukin-8 is a principle neutrophil chemoattractant and activator in humans. We determined the effects of theaflavin, a black tea-derived polyphenol, on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated expression of the interleukin-8 gene in A549 cells.', 'Prospective laboratory study.', 'University laboratory.', 'A549 cells.', 'A549 cells were exposed to varying concentrations of theaflavin and analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated interleukin-8 gene expression.', 'Theaflavin inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated interleukin-8 gene expression, as measured by luciferase assay and Northern blot analysis, at concentrations of 10 and 30 microg/mL. This effect appears to primarily involve inhibition of interleukin-8 transcription because theaflavin inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated activation of the interleukin-8 promoter in cells transiently transfected with an interleukin-8 promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid. In addition, theaflavin inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated activation of IkappaB kinase and subsequent activation of the IkappaB-alpha/nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. Theaflavin also significantly reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated DNA binding of activator protein-1.'] Is theaflavin , a black tea extract , a novel anti-inflammatory compound?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Uterine natural killer cells (uNK) do not express progesterone receptor, but express glucocorticoid receptor (GR). So, we speculate that progesterone may regulate uNK cells through a GR-mediated process.', 'After mouse NK cells were stimulated with CpG with or without IL-12 in the presence or absence pre-treatment of progesterone, the effects of progesterone on NK via GR were investigated by using RU486 (progesterone receptor and GR antagonist) and CDB-2914 (progesterone receptor antagonist). The expressions of CD69 and IFN-γ were determined by flow cytometry and qPCR. Phosphorylation of IκB and STAT4 was determined by Western blot. Furthermore, we purified uNK cells from human decidual tissues using anti-CD56 microbeads to verify the effect of progesterone on uNK via GR.', 'Progesterone suppressed CD69 and IFN-γ expression of mouse spleen NK cells and human uNK cells induced by CpG combined with IL-12. CDB-2914 had no effect on IFN-γ expression suppressed by progesterone, while RU486 could abolish the inhibitory effect of progesterone. In addition, progesterone could decrease the phosphorylation of both STAT4 and IκB.'] Does glucocorticoid receptor mediate the effect of progesterone on uterine natural killer cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Nasal polyposis (NP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airways, that characterized by inflammatory cells infiltration, extracellular matrix accumulation and oedema. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine, implicated in various inflammatory conditions, including NP pathogenesis. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory mediator able to antagonize the inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on the expression of various cytokines and growth factors.', 'To investigate the presence of MIF in nasal polyp tissues and the influence of a MIF activity inhibitor on dexamethasone effects on IL-6 production.', 'Nasal polyps were resected by functional endoscopic sinus surgery for treatment of chronic sinusitis with polyposis and healthy nasal mucosa was taken during nasal septoplasty-chochoplasty. MIF and IL-6 levels were determined by ELISA. The expression of MIF and IL-6 at the mRNA level was ascertained by RT-PCR.', 'MIF was detected in all polyp tissue extracts and tissue cultures conditioned media. MIF and IL-6 expression were significantly higher in polyp tissues as compared to normal nasal mucosa tissues. Dexamethasone at concentration 1-100 microM caused a statistically significant dose-dependent suppression of IL-6 production by polyp tissue cultures. Inhibition of MIF by (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1), an inhibitor of MIF tautomerase activity, significantly enhanced the dexamethasone suppressive effect on IL-6 production.'] Does mIF attenuate the suppressive effect of dexamethasone on IL-6 production by nasal polyp?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular pathologies. NAD(P)H oxidases (Noxes) are major sources of reactive oxygen species in the vessel wall, but the importance of individual Nox homologues in specific layers of the vascular wall is unclear. Nox1 upregulation has been implicated in cardiovascular pathologies such as hypertension and restenosis.', 'To investigate the pathological role of Nox1 upregulation in vascular smooth muscle, transgenic mice overexpressing Nox1 in smooth muscle cells (TgSMCnox1) were created, and the impact of Nox1 upregulation on the medial hypertrophic response during angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension was studied. These mice have increased expression of Nox1 protein in the vasculature, which is accompanied by increased superoxide production. Infusion of Ang II (0.7 mg/kg per day) into these mice for 2 weeks led to a potentiation of superoxide production compared with similarly treated negative littermate controls. Systolic blood pressure and aortic hypertrophy were also markedly greater in TgSMCnox1 mice than in their littermate controls. To confirm that this potentiation of vascular hypertrophy and hypertension was due to increased ROS formation, additional groups of mice were coinfused with the antioxidant Tempol. Tempol decreased the level of Ang II-induced aortic superoxide production and partially reversed the hypertrophic and hypertensive responses in these animals.'] Does nox1 overexpression potentiate angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy in transgenic mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Recent studies have demonstrated high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in exudative pleural effusions and a possible etiologic role. The factors regulating VEGF accumulation in the pleural space are unknown. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a potent stimulator of VEGF expression in vitro. We hypothesized that TGF-beta induces VEGF production in pleural tissues, and, hence, the pleural fluid VEGF levels should correlate with the levels of TGF-beta in pleural fluid of different etiologies.', 'Seventy pleural fluid samples were analyzed. These included 20 malignant, 13 post-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 8 parapneumonic, 11 miscellaneous exudative, and 18 congestive heart failure (CHF) pleural effusions.', 'Pleural fluid VEGF levels showed good correlation with those of TGF-beta(1) (r = 0.58; p < 0. 0001), TGF-beta(2) (r = 0.43; p < 0.001), and lactate dehydrogenase (r = 0.65; p < 0.001). The levels of TGF-beta(1) and TGF-beta(2) also were correlated (r = 0.60; p < 0.0001). The median levels of TGF-beta(1) (2,480 pg/mL) and TGF-beta(2) (266 pg/mL) in the CHF group were significantly lower than those in the malignant (TGF-beta(1), 4,902 pg/mL; TGF-beta(2), 428 pg/mL), post-CABG (TGF-beta(1), 5,456 pg/mL; TGF-beta(2), 377 pg/mL), parapneumonic (TGF-beta(1), 5,024 pg/mL; TGF-beta(2), 464 pg/mL), and miscellaneous exudate groups (TGF-beta(1), 7,690 pg/mL; TGF-beta(2), 369 pg/mL). There was no significant difference in TGF-beta(1) and TGF-beta(2) levels among the four exudate groups.'] Does vascular endothelial growth factor level correlate with transforming growth factor-beta isoform levels in pleural effusions?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between fetal transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) and gestational age of male and female fetus in women under low-risk prenatal care between the 13th and 40th week of gestation.', 'A cross-sectional study was carried out with 184 pregnant women, at the age of 18 years or more, gestational age ranging from 13 to 40 weeks, with a single fetus. A single TCD measurement by ultrasound was used for each fetus. Correlations between fetal TCD and gestational age were determined for the whole sample and each gender separately.', 'We identified 102 males and 82 female fetuses. A linear correlation was observed between fetal TCD and gestational age for the whole sample (r = 96.9%; p < 0.001). A significant linear correlation was also observed for both males (r = 97.0%; p < 0.001) and females (r = 96.9%; p < 0.001). Comparing the regression lines between genders, no significant difference was observed.'] Does fetal transverse cerebellar diameter measured by ultrasound differ between genders?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['There are limited numbers of reports on the association of lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA) genotypes with gastric cancer.', 'A nested case-control study was carried out in the longitudinal cohort of atomic bomb survivors using stored sera before diagnosis (mean, 2.3 years) and blood cells. Enrolled were 287 cases with noncardia gastric cancer of diffuse and intestinal types and three controls per case selected from cohort members matched on age, gender, city, and time and type of serum storage and counter-matched on radiation dose.', 'LTA 252GG and GA genotypes were associated with the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori IgG seropositivity and higher antibody titer against H. pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) protein in controls and they were an independent risk factor for noncardia gastric cancer of diffuse type (RR = 2.8 (95% CI: 1.3-6.3), p = .01, and RR = 2.7 (95% CI: 1.5-4.8), p < .001), but not for intestinal type, after adjusting for H. pylori IgG seropositivity, CagA antibody titers, chronic atrophic gastritis, smoking, and radiation dose. Cessation of smoking (RR = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2-0.7), p < .001) and never smoking (RR = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.3-0.6), p < .001) were both protective for future noncardia gastric cancer. Radiation dose was associated with noncardia gastric cancer in subjects with both the LTA 252G-allele and never smoking/quit smoking histories (RR = 3.8 (95% CI: 1.7-5.9), p = .009).'] Are lTA 252GG and GA genotypes associated with diffuse-type noncardia gastric cancer risk in the Japanese population?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['In corneal endothelial cells, intercellular Ca(2+) waves elicited by a mechanical stimulus involve paracrine intercellular communication, mediated by ATP release via connexin hemichannels, as well as gap junctional intercellular communication. Both mechanisms are inhibited by thrombin, which activates RhoA and hence results in myosin light chain phosphorylation. This study was conducted to examine the effects of adenosine, which is known to oppose thrombin-induced RhoA activation, thereby leading to myosin light chain dephosphorylation, on gap junctional intercellular communication and paracrine intercellular communication in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells.', 'An intercellular Ca(2+) wave was elicited by applying a mechanical stimulus to a single cell in a confluent monolayer. The area of Ca(2+) wave propagation was measured by [Ca(2+)](i) imaging using the fluorescent dye Fluo-4. Gap junctional intercellular communication was assessed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Activity of hemichannels was determined by uptake of the hydrophilic dye Lucifer yellow in a Ca(2+)-free medium containing 2 mM EGTA. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release in response to mechanical stimulation was measured using the luciferin-luciferase technique. Gap26, a connexin mimetic peptide, was used to block hemichannels.', 'Exposure to thrombin or TRAP-6 (a selective PAR-1 agonist) inhibited the Ca(2+) wave propagation by 70%. Pretreatment with adenosine prevented this inhibitory effect of thrombin. NECA (a potent A2B agonist) and forskolin, agents known to elevate cAMP in bovine corneal endothelial cells, also suppressed the effect of thrombin. The A1 receptor agonist CPA failed to inhibit the effect of thrombin. Similar to the effects on Ca(2+) wave propagation, adenosine prevented the thrombin-induced reduction in the fluorescence recovery during photobleaching experiments. Furthermore, pretreatment with adenosine prevented both thrombin and TRAP-6 from blocking the uptake of Lucifer yellow in a Ca(2+)-free medium. However, adenosine was ineffective in overcoming the Gap26-mediated block of Lucifer yellow uptake. In consistence with Lucifer yellow uptake through hemichannels, the thrombin-induced inhibition of ATP release was overcome by pretreatment with adenosine.'] Does adenosine oppose thrombin-induced inhibition of intercellular calcium wave in corneal endothelial cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Ischemic preconditioning has been shown to protect the liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that IL-6 directly modulates the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning.', 'Three weeks after undergoing splenic transposition, wild-type C57BL/6 and IL-6 null mice underwent 75 minutes of total hepatic ischemia with or without prior ischemic preconditioning (10 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion). After reperfusion, serum ALT, serum IL-6, hepatic IL-6 mRNA, hepatic pSTAT3, and liver histology were evaluated.', 'In wild-type mice, survival at 24 hours was greater in the preconditioned group compared with the non-preconditioned group (75% vs 40%, P<.05). In IL-6 null mice, however, ischemic preconditioning did not improve survival when compared with the non-preconditioned group. Preconditioning significantly reduced hepatocellular injury in wild-type mice (P<.05) when compared with IL-6 null animals. This protection was associated with significant increases in serum IL-6, hepatic IL-6 mRNA, and hepatic pSTAT3 levels (P<.05). The protective effects of ischemic preconditioning that correlated with significant increases in systemic IL-6, hepatic IL-6 mRNA abundance, and pSTAT3 levels, were not observed in IL-6 null mice.'] Do interleukin-6 and STAT3 protect the liver from hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury during ischemic preconditioning?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['SS and LS mice have been used to explore the genetic and neurochemical bases for differences in sensitivity to ethanol. The present study investigated the effects of ethanol on GABAA receptor function in microsacs from these genotypes. The purpose was to test a key element of the hypothesis that differences between these lines in sensitivity to ethanol-induced enhancement of GABAA receptor function underlie their selected differences in sensitivity to ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR).', 'The effects of ethanol on GABA-activated 36Cl- uptake in brain membranes (microsacs) isolated from male SS and LS mice were tested using a chloride flux filtration assay.', 'Ethanol significantly enhanced GABA-activated 36Cl- uptake in SS microsacs at concentrations of 100-300 mM. Ethanol did not significantly affect GABA-activated chloride uptake in this preparation at concentrations of 25 and 50 mM. Ethanol significantly enhanced GABA-activated 36Cl- uptake in LS microsacs at concentrations of 25-100 mM, but not at 200 mM.'] Does ethanol enhance GABAA receptor function in short sleep and long sleep mouse brain membranes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Ezrin and p130Cas are structural proteins with an important role in signaling pathways and have been shown to promote cancer dissemination. We previously reported on overexpression of both ezrin and p130Cas in breast carcinoma effusions compared to primary carcinomas. Since ovarian and breast carcinomas share the ability to disseminate by forming malignant effusions, we sought to study the role of these molecules in ovarian carcinoma (OC).', 'OC cell lines were cultured in two different 3-dimensional conditions, on alginate scaffolds and as spheroids, which served as models for solid tumor and malignant effusions, respectively. shRNA was used to reduce protein expression in the cells. The malignant potential was evaluated by chemo-invasion assay, branching capacity on Matrigel and rate of proliferation. Subsequently, clinical specimens of high-grade serous carcinoma effusions, ovarian tumors and solid metastases were analyzed for ezrin and p130Cas expression.', 'Higher ezrin expression was found in cells composing the spheroids compared to their counterparts cultured on alginate scaffold and in clinical samples of malignant effusions compared to solid tumors. In addition, reduced Ezrin expression impaired the invasion ability and the branching capacity of OC cells to a greater extent than reduced p130Cas expression. However, ezrin and p130Cas expression in effusions was unrelated to clinical outcome.'] Does ezrin be Associated with Disease Progression in Ovarian Carcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of study was to determine relationships between functional capacity (NYHA class), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), hemodynamic parameters, and biomarkers of redox state and inflammation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).', 'DCM patients (n = 109, aged 45.97 ± 10.82 years), NYHA class IIV, and LVEF 2.94 ± 7.1% were studied. Controls comprised age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 28). Echocardiography and right heart catheterization were performed. Serum activities of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes (MnSOD and CuZnSOD), concentrations of uric acid (UA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured.', 'MnSOD, UA, hs-CRP, and MDA were significantly higher in DCM patients compared to controls. Except MDA concentration, above parameters were higher in patients in III-IV NYHA class or with lower LVEF. hsCRP correlated with of MnSOD (P < 0.05) and CuZnSOD activity (P < 0.01). Both isoenzymes positively correlated with mPAP and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (MnSOD, resp., P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 and CuZnSOD P < 0.05; P < 0.05). UA positively correlated with MnSOD (P < 0.05), mPAP (P < 0.05), and PVRI (P < 0.05). The negative correlation between LVEF and UA (P < 0.01) was detected.'] Are oxidative stress markers and C-reactive protein related to severity of heart failure in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of the present study was to assess whether increased cardiovascular mortality in treated hypertensives could be explained by high blood pressure levels, or by the presence of associated risk factors and/or associated diseases.', 'The study sample consisted of 8893 treated hypertensive men and women from the Investigations Préventives et Cliniques cohort, and 25880 gender-matched and age-matched untreated subjects from the same cohort. Vital status was obtained for an 8-12 year period.', 'Treated hypertensive subjects had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) (+ 15 mmHg) and higher diastolic blood pressure (+ 9 mmHg), and a higher prevalence of associated risk factors and diseases. Treated hypertensives compared with untreated subjects presented a two-fold increase in the risk ratio (RR) for cardiovascular mortality [RR, 1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.74-2.22] and coronary mortality (RR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.63-2.44). Adjustment for unmodifiable risk factors decreased the excess cardiovascular risk observed in treated subjects only slightly: RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.56-2.00 for cardiovascular mortality; and RR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.44-2.16 for coronary mortality. After additional adjustment for modifiable associated risk factors, the increased mortality in treated subjects persisted: RR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.33-1.74 for cardiovascular mortality; and RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.19-1.86 for coronary mortality. Only after additional adjustment for SBP were cardiovascular mortality and coronary mortality similar in the two groups of subjects: RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.92-1.23; and RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.85-1.35, respectively.'] Is why cardiovascular mortality higher in treated hypertensives versus subjects of the same age , in the general population?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the cardiovascular risk associated with the presence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 diabetic subjects.', 'Subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome, defined by WHO criteria, were identified in a large sample of non-insulin-treated Type 2 diabetic patients examined within the Verona Diabetes Complications Study (n = 946). At baseline and after a mean of 4.5 years follow-up, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was assessed by medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG) and echo-duplex of carotid and lower limb arteries. Death certificates and medical records of subjects who died during the follow-up were scrutinized in order to identify CVD deaths. In statistical analyses, CVD was considered as an aggregate end-point, including fatal and non-fatal coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease as well as ischaemic ECG abnormalities and vascular lesions at the echo-duplex.', 'The proportion of subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome was very high (92.3%). At the baseline, 31.7% of subjects were coded positive for CVD, which was more prevalent in subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome (32.9 vs. 17.8%, P = 0.005). Among subjects free of CVD at the baseline (n = 559), CVD events during the follow-up were significantly increased in patients with the Metabolic Syndrome as compared with those without it (19.9% vs. 3.9%, P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, along with sex, age, smoking and HbA1c, the presence of the Metabolic Syndrome independently predicted prevalent (OR 2.01, P = 0.045) and incident CVD (OR 4.89, P = 0.031).'] Is the Metabolic Syndrome an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetic subjects . Prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Caregiving for a relative with Alzheimer disease has been associated with sympathoadrenal medullary arousal and morbidity and mortality. In this study, we examined if sleep disturbance of elderly caregivers was associated with physiologic markers of cardiovascular risk, including plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and the hemostasis marker D-dimer.', 'Cross-sectional.', 'Community-based sample of elderly caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer disease assessed within their homes.', 'A sample of 40 elderly spousal caregivers of patients with Alzheimer disease.', 'Participants underwent in-home full-night polysomnography and had plasma assayed for norepinephrine and epinephrine. Using multiple regression analyses and controlling for a number of cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., age, sex, blood pressure, body mass index), increased wake after sleep onset was positively associated with norepinephrine levels (beta = .35; t = 2.45, df = 32, p = .020) and plasma D-dimer (beta = .31; t = 2.18, df = 29, p = .038). Further, plasma norepinephrine was significantly associated with D-dimer (beta = .34; t = 2.11, df = 29, p = .044). Additional analyses indicated that norepinephrine accounted for 28% of the relationship between wake after sleep onset and D-dimer. No association was observed between sleep variables and epinephrine.'] Are sleep disturbance , norepinephrine , and D-dimer all related in elderly caregivers of people with Alzheimer disease?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, chronic interstitial lung disease that is unresponsive to current therapy and often leads to death. However, the rate of disease progression differs among patients. We hypothesized that comparing the gene expression profiles between patients with stable disease and those in which the disease progressed rapidly will lead to biomarker discovery and contribute to the understanding of disease pathogenesis.', 'To begin to address this hypothesis, we applied Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) to generate lung expression profiles from diagnostic surgical lung biopsies in 6 individuals with relatively stable (or slowly progressive) IPF and 6 individuals with progressive IPF (based on changes in DLCO and FVC over 12 months). Our results indicate that this comprehensive lung IPF SAGE transcriptome is distinct from normal lung tissue and other chronic lung diseases. To identify candidate markers of disease progression, we compared the IPF SAGE profiles in stable and progressive disease, and identified a set of 102 transcripts that were at least 5-fold up regulated and a set of 89 transcripts that were at least 5-fold down regulated in the progressive group (P-value</=0.05). The over expressed genes included surfactant protein A1, two members of the MAPK-EGR-1-HSP70 pathway that regulate cigarette-smoke induced inflammation, and Plunc (palate, lung and nasal epithelium associated), a gene not previously implicated in IPF. Interestingly, 26 of the up regulated genes are also increased in lung adenocarcinomas and have low or no expression in normal lung tissue. More importantly, we defined a SAGE molecular expression signature of 134 transcripts that sufficiently distinguished relatively stable from progressive IPF.'] Do molecular phenotypes distinguish patients with relatively stable from progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ( IPF )?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Platelet (PLT) concentrates frozen in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can be stored for extended periods at -80°C. PLTs are frozen in a hyperconcentrated state to avoid postthaw washing and minimize residual DMSO. Consequently, PLTs require reconstitution upon thawing. Although plasma, saline, and PLT additive solutions (PASs) have been used to reconstitute frozen PLTs, a comparison to define an optimal solution for PLT recovery has not been performed.', 'DMSO (5% final concentration) was added to buffy coat-derived PLTs, followed by centrifugation to concentrate and freezing at -80°C. Cryopreserved PLTs (n=12 per group) were thawed at 37°C, reconstituted in a unit of thawed frozen plasma, SSP+, or PAS-G. In vitro PLT quality was examined before freezing, immediately after thawing, and 6 and 24 hours after thawing.', 'After thawing and reconstitution, PLTs in plasma and PAS-G displayed similar recovery (69 and 73%, respectively), while PLT recovery in SSP+ was lower (62%). All PLTs maintained an acceptable pH and metabolic activity during postthaw storage. Frozen PLTs were activated, although the extent differed depending on the reconstitution solution, with PLTs in PAS-G retaining better aggregation responses than PLTs in plasma or SSP+.'] Does pAS-G support platelet reconstitution after cryopreservation in the absence of plasma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]