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clinicalnlplab

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PubmedQA_train

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[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To identify the prognostic significance of positive bladder neck margin as the sole positive margin after radical retropubic prostatectomy for treatment of prostate cancer.', 'We retrospectively analyzed the data from patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1984 and 2001. Of 164 patients with positive margins, 38 had a positive margin only at the bladder neck margin and 126 had a positive margin at one or more locations separate from the bladder neck margin.', 'Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that patients with a positive bladder neck margin had a greater biochemical progression risk than patients with positive margins at one or more locations other than the bladder neck margin. The 5-year actuarial risk of progression in men with positive and negative bladder neck margins was 69.8% and 33.0%, respectively. A positive bladder neck margin was statistically an independently significant predictor of progression (P = 0.001), along with the prostatectomy Gleason score (P = 0.0001) in the multivariate analysis. The hazard ratio for predicting progression for postoperative Gleason score and bladder neck positivity was 2.1 and 2.5, respectively. Serum prostate-specific antigen values, clinical stage, age, and the percentage of tumor at the bladder neck margin were not predictors of progression in either univariate or multivariate analysis.'] Does positive proximal ( bladder neck ) margin at radical prostatectomy confer greater risk of biochemical progression?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Skin fibrosis is a hallmark of ionizing radiation-induced tissue injury and we hypothesized that mast cells via their products (especially tryptase) are involved in this event. We therefore investigated whether: (i) irradiation with 5 Gray (Gy) is able to induce the release of the typical mast cell mediator tryptase from human mast cells (HMC-1) in vitro, (ii) this effect can be influenced by application of clinically relevant mast cell blockers, and (iii) irradiation leads to mast cell degranulation in ex vivo skin culture models.', 'The human mast cell line (HMC)-1, as well as ex vivo skin tissue served as experimental models. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), mast cell degranulation assays and immunohistochemistry were applied.', 'Ionizing radiation induces a time-dependent, statistically significant increase in the release of tryptase by HMC-1 cultured in vitro. Mast cell degranulation and secretion of tryptase was partially, but not significantly, inhibited by pre-incubation with the histamine-1 receptor (H1) blocker cetirizine. Mast cell degranulation was also clearly evident after irradiation using an ex vivo skin culture model of mastocytoma tissue.'] Does ionizing radiation induce degranulation of human mast cells and release of tryptase?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Cisplatin resistance is a major problem affecting ovarian carcinoma treatment. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a nuclear transcription factor, plays an important role in chemotherapy resistance. However, the underlying mechanism by which Nrf2 mediates cisplatin chemoresistance is unclear.', 'The human ovarian carcinoma cell line, A2780, and its cisplatin-resistant variant, A2780cp were cultivated. Cell viability was determined with WST-8 assay. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of Nrf2, Nrf2 target genes, and autophagy-related proteins. RNA interference was used to knock down target genes. Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining was utilized to quantify apoptosis. The ultrastructural analysis of autophagosomes was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).', 'Nrf2 and its targeting genes, NQO1 and HO-1, are overexpressed in A2780cp cells compared with A2780 cells. Knocking down Nrf2 sensitized A2780cp cells to cisplatin treatment and decreased autophagy-related genes, Atg3, Atg6, Atg12 and p62 in both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in both cell lines cisplatin could induce the formation of autophagosomes and upregulate the expression of autophagy-related genes Atg3, Atg6 and Atg12. Treatment with an autophagy inhibitor, 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), or beclin 1 siRNA enhanced cisplatin-induced cell death in A2780cp cells, suggesting that inhibition of autophagy renders resistant cells to be more sensitive to cisplatin. Taken together, Nrf2 signaling may regulate cisplatin resistance by activating autophagy.'] Does nrf2 induce cisplatin resistance through activation of autophagy in ovarian carcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Clinical trials of gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839) in combination with cytotoxic agents have been carried out or are ongoing in several varieties of tumor. To provide a rationale for future clinical trials, the effects of combining gefitinib with oxaliplatin in different sequences of administration and different dose ratios in two colon cancer cell lines were evaluated.', 'The colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and LoVo were used. The methods consisted of median effect and combination index analysis, Western blot, mass spectrometry, and a cell death ELISA.', 'In vitro analysis demonstrated that the combination effects of the two agents were sequence-dependent. Changing the sequence of administration from gefitinib first to gefitinib last changed the combination effect from antagonism to synergy. The dose ratio between the two agents affected the combination effects. When equiactive doses of the two agents were used with the sequence gefitinib following oxaliplatin, the greatest level of synergism was obtained (CI=0.6+/-0.2, P=0.032). Further evaluation revealed that gefitinib significantly inhibited removal of Pt-DNA adducts ( P<0.05), providing a potential explanation for the sequence-dependent synergy observed with gefitinib following oxaliplatin. However, this effect was not dose-dependent. Additional studies demonstrated that gefitinib enhanced the effects of oxaliplatin by maintaining oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis, and equiactive dose of gefitinib following oxaliplatin induced prominent enhancement of apoptosis.'] Is the effect of gefitinib ( Iressa , ZD1839 ) in combination with oxaliplatin schedule-dependent in colon cancer cell lines?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Early detection of ovarian cancer remains a challenge due to widespread metastases and a lack of biomarkers for early-stage disease. This study was conducted to identify relevant biomarkers for both laparoscopic and serum diagnostics in ovarian cancer.', 'Bioinformatics analysis and expression screening in ovarian cancer cell lines were employed. Selected biomarkers were further validated in bio-specimens of diverse cancer types and ovarian cancer subtypes. For non-invasive detection, biomarker proteins were evaluated in serum samples from ovarian cancer patients.', 'Two kallikrein (KLK) serine protease family members (KLK6 and KLK7) were found to be significantly overexpressed relative to normal controls in most of the ovarian cancer cell lines examined. Overexpression of KLK6 and KLK7 mRNA was specific to ovarian cancer, in particular to serous and papillary serous subtypes. In situ hybridization and histopathology further confirmed significantly elevated levels of KLK6 and KLK7 mRNA and proteins in tissue epithelium and a lack of expression in neighboring stroma. Lastly, KLK6 and KLK7 protein levels were significantly elevated in serum samples from serous and papillary serous subtypes in the early stages of ovarian cancer, and therefore could potentially decrease the high \"false negative\" rates found in the same patients with the common ovarian cancer biomarkers human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125).'] Are kallikrein family proteases KLK6 and KLK7 potential early detection and diagnostic biomarkers for serous and papillary serous ovarian cancer subtypes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Recent advances in immunotherapy of advanced human cancers underscored the need to address and eliminate tumor immune evasion. The myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are important inhibitors of T-cell responses in solid tumors, such as prostate cancers. However, targeting MDSCs proved challenging due to their phenotypic heterogeneity.', 'Myeloid cell populations were evaluated using flow cytometry on blood samples, functional assays, and immunohistochemical/immunofluorescent stainings on specimens from healthy subjects, localized and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.', \"Here, we identify a population of Lin(-)CD15(HI)CD33(LO) granulocytic MDSCs that accumulate in patients' circulation during prostate cancer progression from localized to metastatic disease. The prostate cancer-associated MDSCs potently inhibit autologous CD8(+) T cells' proliferation and production of IFNγ and granzyme-B. The circulating MDSCs have high levels of activated STAT3, which is a central immune checkpoint regulator. The granulocytic pSTAT3(+) cells are also detectable in patients' prostate tissues. We previously generated an original strategy to silence genes specifically in Toll-like Receptor-9 (TLR9) positive myeloid cells using CpG-siRNA conjugates. We demonstrate that human granulocytic MDSCs express TLR9 and rapidly internalize naked CpG-STAT3siRNA, thereby silencing STAT3 expression. STAT3 blocking abrogates immunosuppressive effects of patients-derived MDSCs on effector CD8(+) T cells. These effects depended on reduced expression and enzymatic activity of Arginase-1, a downstream STAT3 target gene and a potent T-cell inhibitor.\"] Does tLR9-Targeted STAT3 Silencing abrogate Immunosuppressive Activity of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells from Prostate Cancer Patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism in Fanconi Anemia (FA).', 'Thirty-nine children with FA underwent 2-hr oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Reference lean adolescents (REF) were older than FA patients (mean +/- SD: FA 8.6 +/- 3.9 years, REF 19.8 +/- 0.3 years, P < 0.001), but comparable in BMI Z-scores (FA 1.25 +/- 0.58, REF -0.02 +/- 0.24; P = 0.24). Patients had normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or abnormal glucose metabolism (AGM) by American Diabetes Association Criteria. Insulinogenic index estimated beta-cell function. Insulin resistance estimation used homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Insulin secretion estimation relative to insulin sensitivity used disposition index (DI).', 'Among FA patients, 46% had AGM. Compared to REF, there were significant differences in glycemic responses (area under curve: FA-NGT 344 +/- 42, FA-AGM 596 +/- 35, REF 208 +/- 25 mM, P < 0.0001) and insulinogenic index (FA-NGT 105 +/- 29, FA-AGM 44 +/- 8, and REF 173 +/- 41 pM/mM, P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity did not differ among NGT, AGM, and REF (HOMA-IR: FA-NGT 1.9 +/- 0.4, FA-AGM 2.2 +/- 0.5, REF 1.3 +/- 0.2, P = NS). However, DI was significantly lower in both FA groups than REF [NGT 63.6 +/- 16.5 vs. AGM 26.4 +/- 3.5 (P < 0.048); REF 132.6 +/- 24.5 (NGT and AGM vs. REF, both P < 0.0002)].'] Are abnormalities in glucose tolerance common in children with fanconi anemia and associated with impaired insulin secretion?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Immune responses against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) play an important role in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate if humoral immune response against specific oxidized LDL antigens, such as aldehyde-modified peptide sequences of apolipoprotein B-100, reflects disease activity and structure of atherosclerotic plaques.', 'Plaques were obtained from 114 symptomatic subjects referred to carotid endarterectomy and characterized immunohistochemically and histologically. Plasma levels of IgG and IgM against aldehyde-modified apolipoprotein B-100 amino acid sequences 661 to 680, 3136 to 3155 (peptide 210), and 3661 to 3680 (peptide 240) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High levels of IgG against peptide 210 were associated with increased plaque content of lipids (r=0.24, P<0.05) and hemorrhage (r=0.27, P=0.005), with decreased content of fibrous tissue (r=-0.25, P=0.01), but also with lower total plaque volume (r=-0.21, P<0.05). In contrast, high levels of IgM against peptide 240 were associated with plaques with more fibrous tissue (r=0.35, P<0.001), less lipids (r=-0.34, P<0.001), and less macrophages (r=-0.24, P<0.05). IgM against peptide 210 were found to be associated with plaque fibrous tissue (r=0.20, P<0.05), less lipids (r=-0.21, P<0.05), and less macrophages (r=-0.27, P=0.01).'] Does humoral immune response against defined oxidized low-density lipoprotein antigens reflect structure and disease activity of carotid plaques?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is regarded as the first choice for patients with cholecystolithiasis, but some patients require conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC) because of inflammation-related incidents. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the risk factors for conversion to OC in patients undergoing elective LC for cholecystolithiasis.', 'This study included 461 patients who underwent elective LC for cholecystolithiasis were between April 2000 and September 2010. Receiver-operator curve (ROC) analysis was used to define the ideal cut-off values of clinicolaboratory characteristics, and the area under the ROC for conversion was also measured. Univariate and multivariate analyses using preoperative clinicolaboratory characteristics were performed to investigate the most significant risk factors for conversion to OC in patients with cholecystolithiasis.', 'Multivariate analysis using nine parameters selected by univariate analyses demonstrated that γ-glutamyltransferase (<20/>20\\u2009IU/L) (odds ratio, 8.777; 95% confidence interval, 1.132-68.06; P\\u2009=\\u20090.038), albumin (<3.8/>3.8\\u2009g/dL) (odds ratio, 0.329; 95% confidence interval, 0.127-0.850; P\\u2009=\\u20090.022), and platelet count (<27/>27\\u2009×\\u200910'] Is preoperative hypoalbuminemia an independent risk factor for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy in patients with cholecystolithiasis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of this research is to show why is it important in diagnosing children with lung infiltrates.', 'Our study included 50 children with lung infiltrates during period 2005-2012, and was conducted on Pediatric Clinic of the University Clinical Center Sarajevo. We sent all cytological BAL analyses to the University Clinical Center Sarajevo. Cytology was performed by direct microscopy. BAL cytology was performed by the principle of sending samples for centrifuging, 12000 revolutions during a 10 min Shandon-cyto spin. Then the centrifuged sample is dried in the air during 1-2 hours, and is then dyed under the May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining, and analyzed under the Olympus BX41 microscope.', 'Nosocomial pneumonia has occurred in 32% children, acquired pneumonia in 38%, and 30% children had a lung infiltrates. 6 (12%) of children were younger then 1 year old, 23 (46%) children were between 1 to 5 years, 14 (28%) of children were between 5 to 10 ages, and 7 (14%) of children were between 10-15 ages. The most of the changes in observed children took place on the right lung, 34%, while 26% occurred on the left side, 22% were normal and 18% changes have affected both lungs, right and left. Percentage of cells in cytological smear in children with BAL were: cylindrical cells 28%, lung macrophage 26%, lymphocytes 17%, detritus 17% and phlegm 12%. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in children with BAL was up to 10-52%, to 50-30%, while ESR after first hour was above 50-18 %.'] Does the Significance of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Diagnosing Lung infiltrate in Children?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To investigate the associations of serum total and HDL cholesterol with the risk of myocardial infarction in men and women of 55 years and over.', 'The Rotterdam Study is a population-based prospective cohort study. In total 2453 men and 3553 women of 55 years and older were included in this study. The mean duration of follow-up was 4 years.', \"Relative risks were estimated with Cox's proportional-hazard analysis. Cholesterol was analysed as a continuous variable and in sex-specific quartiles.\", 'In subjects aged 55 years and older the relative risk of myocardial infarction was 1.9 in men (95% confidence interval 1.1-3.3) and 3.2 in women (1.5-6.4) in the highest compared to the lowest serum total cholesterol quartile (Q4 vs. Q1). In men and women of 70 years and older, total cholesterol remained an important risk factor for myocardial infarction (Q4 vs. Q1 relative risk 3.2; 1.3-7.7 and 2.9; 1.3-6.6, respectively). For HDL cholesterol, the relative risk in the highest compared to the lowest quartile (Q4 vs. Q1) was 0.5 in men (0.3-0.9) and 0.4 in women (0.2-0.9). HDL cholesterol was a weaker predictor in men after the age of 70 (Q4 vs. Q1 0.8; 0.3-2.1). In women of 70 years and older the relative risk was also not significant (Q4 vs. Q1 0.6; 0.3-1.3), although the trend over the quartiles was still significant.'] Is serum cholesterol a risk factor for myocardial infarction in elderly men and women : the Rotterdam Study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We studied the relationship between drunk driving offences, school performance and adult educational achievements.', 'Data from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort were linked with official criminality files and National Education registers. The cohort members were studied prospectively covering the period from pregnancy to 31 years of age. Drunk driving (one to two arrests) and recidivist drunk driving (three or more arrests) were treated as outcome variables and their relation to school performance was studied by cross-tabulation and to adult educational achievements (two levels of education) by logistic regression analysis, adjusting for parental social class and psychiatric morbidity.', 'Drunk drivers had a statistically significantly worse school performance compared with controls. Male cohort members who had remained at the basic educational level had an elevated risk for drunk driving [odds ratio (OR) 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-3.8]. The corresponding adjusted ORs for recidivist drunk driving and female drunk driving were 8.6 (95% CI 5.1-14.4) and 7.0 (95% CI 3.3-14.8), respectively.'] Is low educational performance associated with drunk driving : a 31-year follow-up of the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To investigate whether ubiquitin-like with plant homeodomain and ring finger domains 1 (UHRF1) expression is upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC), whether UHRF1 promotes CRC cell growth and migration and the underlying molecular mechanism.', 'UHRF1 protein expression was determined in 144 pairs of primary CRC and their corresponding adjacent nontumor tissues by immunohistochemistry with tissue microarrays. UHRF1 mRNA expression was assessed in 20 pairs of the above tissues and four colon cancer cell lines by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Associations of UHRF1 expression with demographic and clinicopathologic features were determined. Additionally, the effects of lentiviral-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) of UHRF1 on cell proliferation and migration, cell cycle and apoptosis, and the expression of p16(ink4a) and p21(waf1/cip1) were investigated in CRC cell lines.', 'UHRF1 was overexpressed in CRC tissues and cell lines. UHRF1 protein expression levels correlated with the presence of lymph nodes (P = 0.005), distal metastasis (P = 0.030), poor Dukes staging (P = 0.001), and absence of p16(ink4a) expression (P = 0.002). RNAi of UHRF1 inhibited proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, RNAi of UHRF1 enhanced the expression of p16(ink4a), but not p21(waf1/cip1), in CRC cells.'] Does uHRF1 promote cell growth and metastasis through repression of p16 ( ink⁴a ) in colorectal cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Previous studies have found high temperatures increase the risk of mortality in summer. However, little is known about whether a sharp decrease or increase in temperature between neighbouring days has any effect on mortality.', \"Poisson regression models were used to estimate the association between temperature change and mortality in summer in Brisbane, Australia during 1996-2004 and Los Angeles, United States during 1987-2000. The temperature change was calculated as the current day's mean temperature minus the previous day's mean.\", 'In Brisbane, a drop of more than 3 °C in temperature between days was associated with relative risks (RRs) of 1.157 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.024, 1.307) for total non-external mortality (NEM), 1.186 (95%CI: 1.002, 1.405) for NEM in females, and 1.442 (95%CI: 1.099, 1.892) for people aged 65-74 years. An increase of more than 3 °C was associated with RRs of 1.353 (95%CI: 1.033, 1.772) for cardiovascular mortality and 1.667 (95%CI: 1.146, 2.425) for people aged <65 years. In Los Angeles, only a drop of more than 3 °C was significantly associated with RRs of 1.133 (95%CI: 1.053, 1.219) for total NEM, 1.252 (95%CI: 1.131, 1.386) for cardiovascular mortality, and 1.254 (95%CI: 1.135, 1.385) for people aged ≥ 75 years. In both cities, there were joint effects of temperature change and mean temperature on NEM.'] Does a large change in temperature between neighbouring days increase the risk of mortality?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death globally with increasing burden in South Asians in the US. Specific genetic variants that influence CAD have not been fully assessed in South Asian Immigrants. The goal is to identify Apo lipoprotein A1 (APOA1) gene polymorphisms and their association with CAD risk factors, metabolic syndrome and dysfunctional HDL (Dys-HDL).', 'A community-based study on South Asians aged 35--65 years without CAD was conducted. APOA1 gene sequencing was performed and genotypes compared with cardiovascular findings.', 'The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and dysfunctional-HDL was 29.7% and 26%, respectively. Six novel APOA1 gene single nucleotide peptides ({SNPs}) were analyzed. Three of the six SNPs (G2, G3, and G5) were found to be associated with metabolic syndrome; G2 (T655C) (p=0.044), G3 (T756C) (p=0.037) and G5 (T1001C) (p=0.037). APOA1 gene SNP G1 (T319C) was highly correlated with low HDL levels (p=0.001). In our study, both associations of APOA1 SNPs with metabolic syndrome and low HDL remained after age-adjustment.'] Do apo lipoprotein A1 gene polymorphisms predict cardio-metabolic risk in South Asian immigrants?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-platelet (PLT) immunity has been shown to be initiated by indirect allorecognition where recipient T cells recognize donor PLT antigens presented by class II molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on recipient antigen-presenting cells. To understand how the recipient's MHC class II molecules may influence PLT alloimmunity, immune responsiveness against transfused PLTs was tested in different mouse strains.\", 'Various inbred and mutant mouse strains were transfused with allogeneic PLTs and IgG donor antibodies were measured by flow cytometry.', 'When recipient mice, expressing both MHC class II I-A and MHC class II I-E molecules, were transfused weekly with allogeneic PLTs, high titers of IgG donor antibodies were generated. In comparison, however, recipient mice expressing only MHC class II I-A molecules had significantly (p < 0.001) reduced IgG antibody responsiveness against PLT transfusions. The low IgG responder status against allogeneic PLT transfusions was rescued in transgenic mice expressing I-E molecules and in mice genetically deficient in either beta2-microglobulin or CD8+ T cells.'] Is immune responsiveness against allogeneic platelet transfusions determined by the recipient 's major histocompatibility complex class II phenotype?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The prevalence of obesity in pediatric population is increasing at an accelerated rate in many countries, and has become a major public health concern. Physical activity, particularly exercise training, remains to be a cornerstone of pediatric obesity interventions. The purpose of our current randomized intervention trial was to compare the effects of two types of training matched for training volume, aerobic and concurrent, on body composition and metabolic profile in obese adolescents. Thus the aim of the study was compare the effects of two types of training matched for training volume, aerobic and concurrent, on body composition and metabolic profile in obese adolescents.', '32 obese adolescents participated in two randomized training groups, concurrent or aerobic, for 20 weeks (50 mins x 3 per week, supervised), and were compared to a 16-subject control group. We measured the percentage body fat (%BF, primary outcome), fat-free mass, percentage of android fat by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and others metabolic profiles at baseline and after interventions, and compared them between groups using the Intent-to-treat design.', 'In 20 weeks, both exercise training groups significantly reduced %BF by 2.9-3.6% as compare to no change in the control group (p\\u2009=\\u20090.042). There were also positive changes in lipid levels in exercise groups. No noticeable changes were found between aerobic and concurrent training groups.'] Do concurrent and aerobic exercise training promote similar benefits in body composition and metabolic profiles in obese adolescents?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['An important and persistent laboratory finding has been that males and females respond differently after traumatic injury and hemorrhagic shock. We have previously presented clinical data showing that male gender is independently associated with a 40% higher rate of multiple organ failure (MOF) and a 25% higher rate of nosocomial infection (NI) after injury; however, the mechanism responsible for this dimorphic response after injury has not been adequately characterized clinically.', 'Data were obtained from a multicenter prospective cohort study evaluating clinical outcomes in severely injured adults with blunt hemorrhagic shock. Proteomic analysis of serum inflammatory cytokines, on days 0, 1, and 4 postinjury, was performed on 46 males and 34 females. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare serial IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 serum levels across gender, while controlling for important confounders. Logistic regression modeling was then used to analyze the independent risk of MOF and NI associated with gender.', 'IL-6 serum levels were statistically higher in males relative to females (p = 0.008). This higher level of IL-6 expression in males remained statistically significant over time even after controlling for differences in age, initial base deficit, ISS, and 12-hour blood transfusion requirements (p = 0.025). No differences in IL-1beta serum levels (p = 0.543), TNF-alpha, (p = 0.200) IL-8 (p = 0.107), and IL-10 (p = 0.157) were found. Males had a higher crude incidence of MOF and an 11-fold higher independent risk of MOF.'] Is male gender associated with excessive IL-6 expression following severe injury?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"The role of angiogenesis in the growth and survival of hematologic malignancies was not clear until recently. We have previously demonstrated in beta-cell non Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL), that neoplastic progression, as defined by its increasing malignancy grades, is clearly related to the degree of angiogenesis.\", 'In the present study we used transmission electron microscopy to examine the ultrastructural patterns of neovascularization in both low and high grade B-NHL). In low grade B-NHL the vessel lumen was formed either by endothelial cell body curving or, more frequently, by the fusion of intracellular vacuoles in poorly differentiated endothelial cells. In high grade B-NHL, on the other hand, the predominant neo-angiogenic pattern was the formation of a slit-like lumen. A remarkable ultrastructural feature in high-grade B-NHL was the intimate relationship between endothelial and tumor cells. Both low and high grade B-NHL exhibited development of transluminal bridges in larger vessels, leading to the division of the vessel.'] Do b-cell non-Hodgkin 's lymphomas express heterogeneous patterns of neovascularization?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Charred foods are generally suspected to exert health threats by providing toxicants, such as acrylamide or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Using the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum as a model organism, we tested its survival under heat stress in response to feeding charred toast.', 'Survival of beetles was measured at 42 °C after a pre-feeding phase with flour enriched with increasing concentrations of charred toast. In order to assess the influence of key transcription factors for phase-I and phase-II xenobiotic metabolism, gene homologs for ahr and nrf-2, respectively, were knocked down by the use of RNA interference (RNAi).', 'Beetles fed only charred toast died off much earlier than control beetles fed on flour, whereas beetles fed flour enriched with 5% charred toast survived significantly longer than the control. Both, ahr and nrf-2 proved essential in order to enable the increase in survival by the feeding of 5% charred toast. Moreover, functional loss of ahr and nrf-2 made the beetles hypersensitive versus the feeding of 100% charred toast. Finally, at the transcriptional level, it was shown that RNAi for ahr blocked the inducing activities of charred toast on nrf-2.'] Is hormesis induced in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum through ingestion of charred toast?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. The variety of characteristic and non-specific clinical manifestations is partially explained by its genetic diversity. We investigated the ability of B. burgdorferi sl isolates to cause erythema migrans.', 'The genetic constellation of isolates from ticks was compared to isolates found in erythema migrans. PCR and sequence analysis was performed on the plasmid-encoded ospC and the chromosomal 5S-23S rDNA spacer region (IGS).', 'Seven different B. burgdorferi sl genospecies were identified in 152 borrelia isolates from ticks and erythema migrans biopsies. B afzelii (51%) and B. garinii (27%) were the most common in ticks. From the 44 sequences obtained from erythema migrans samples 42 were B. afzelii, one B. garinii and one B. bavariensis. Significant associations with erythema migrans formation were found for four IGS and two ospC types. Five from 45 ospC types were associated with more than one genospecies.'] Does ability to cause erythema migrans differ between Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Nitric oxide (NO) can induce mitochondrial biogenesis in cultured cells, through increased guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). We sought to determine the role of NO, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and its reaction product (carbon monoxide [CO]) in the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by the natural antioxidant resveratrol.\", \"S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), an NO donor, induced mitochondrial biogenesis in HepG2 hepatoma cells, and in vivo, through stimulation of PGC-1α. NO-induced mitochondrial biogenesis required cGMP, and was mimicked by the cGMP analogue (8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate [8-Br-cGMP]). Activation of mitochondrial biogenesis by SNAP required HO-1, as it could be reversed by genetic interference of HO-1; and by treatment with the HO inhibitor tin-protoporphyrin-IX (SnPP) in vitro and in vivo. Cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP)-IX, an HO-1 inducing agent, stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in HepG2 cells, which could be reversed by the CO scavenger hemoglobin. Application of CO, using the CO-releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3), stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in HepG2 cells, in a cGMP-dependent manner. Both CoPP and CORM-3-induced mitochondrial biogenesis required NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation and phosphorylation of Akt. The natural antioxidant resveratrol induced mitochondrial biogenesis in HepG2 cells, in a manner dependent on NO biosynthesis, cGMP synthesis, Nrf2-dependent HO-1 activation, and endogenous CO production. Furthermore, resveratrol preserved mitochondrial biogenesis during lipopolysaccharides-induced hepatic inflammation in vivo.\"] Does resveratrol induce hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis through the sequential activation of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide production?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study aims to test the hypothesis that gallstone disease (GSD) is a risk factor for the development of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL). Research has shown risks of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with GSD; however, well-conducted English studies on the association between GSD and the development of ISSNHL are lacking.', 'Retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database.', 'We compared 26,449 patients diagnosed with GSD between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2007, with 52,898 age-matched, gender-matched and comorbidities propensity scores-matched controls.', 'We followed each patient until the end of 2011 and evaluated the incidence of ISSNHL for at least 4\\u2005years after the initial GSD diagnosis.', 'The incidence of ISSNHL was 1.42 times higher in the GS cohort than in the non-GS cohort (9.27 vs 6.52/10,000 person-years). Using Cox proportional hazard regressions, the adjusted HR was 1.44 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.74). In the cohort of patients with GSD who needed a cholecystectomy, 37 patients suffered from ISSNHL. Among those patients, 31 (83.7%) patients sustained ISSNHL before cholecystectomy and 6 (16.2%) patients sustained ISSNHL after cholecystectomy.'] Is gallstone correlated with an increased risk of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss : a retrospective cohort study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study examined the influence of the menstrual cycle on pain and emotion in women with fibromyalgia (FM) as compared with women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to healthy controls.', 'One hundred and twenty-five premenopausal women (21-45 years old) participated in this study (57 with FM, 20 with RA, and 48 controls). Pain and emotion assessments were conducted during the follicular and the luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.', 'Women with FM experienced more pain, menstrual symptoms, and negative affect than did women with RA and the controls. All women reported less positive affect during the luteal phase, although this pattern was more pronounced in women with FM and RA than in controls.'] Does menstrual cycle influence on pain and emotion in women with fibromyalgia?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be at higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study compared perinatal outcomes in women with and without IBD.', 'The population-based Data Integration, Measurement, and Reporting (DIMR) administrative discharge database was used to identify women (≥18 years of age) in Alberta, Canada, with IBD who delivered a baby between 2006 and 2009 inclusive. Women without IBD were randomly sampled and matched in a 3:1 ratio to IBD cases by age at conception (±1 year). Odds ratios of gestational diabetes, preterm birth, low birth weight, cesarean section, and neonatal intensive care unit admission were calculated.', 'One hundred and sixteen IBD patients were age-matched to 381 pregnant women without IBD. Gestational diabetes, preterm birth, and cesarean section were more common in women with IBD compared with controls (6.9 versus 1.8%, p = 0.03; 12.9 versus 0.3%, p < 0.0001; 43.1 versus 21.0%, p = 0.009, respectively). On multivariate analysis, women with IBD were independently more likely to have gestational diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 4.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-16.3), preterm birth (OR = 19.7, 95% CI 2.2-173.9), and to deliver by cesarean section (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.6-4.6) after adjusting for age and smoking status.'] Does intrapartum corticosteroid use significantly increase the risk of gestational diabetes in women with inflammatory bowel disease?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on cardiomyocytes and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Whether endogenous molecules produced by tissue injury (damage associated molecular patterns, DAMPs) can induce cardiomyocyte inflammation via TLR signalling pathways and/or reduce cardiomyocyte contractility is unknown.', 'Primary cardiomyocytes isolated from nuclear factor κ B (NFκB)-luciferase knock-in mice were used to assess NFκB signalling. DAMPs, HSP60, HSP70 and HMGB1, increased NFκB transcriptional activity compared to controls. HSP70 stood out compared to other DAMPs and even lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Subsequent experiments focused on HSP70. Cardiomyocytes exposed to HSP70 had a 58% decrease in contractility without a decrease in calcium flux. Exposure of cultured HL-1 cardiomyocytes to HSP70 resulted in increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) compared to controls. Knock-out mice for TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88, plus background strain controls (C57BL/6) were used to assess induction of cardiomyocyte inflammation by HSP70. The cardiomyocyte expression of ICAM-1 induced by HSP70 was significantly reduced in TLR2 and MyD88 knock-out mice but not TLR4 knock-out mice; implicating the TLR2 signalling pathway. Furthermore, blocking antibodies to TLR2 were able to abrogate HSP70-induced contractile dysfunction and cell death.'] Does extracellular heat shock protein 70 induce cardiomyocyte inflammation and contractile dysfunction via TLR2?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We hypothesized that in patients with T2N0 stage disease at transurethral bladder tumor resection a lower residual cancer stage (P1N0 or less) at radical cystectomy may correlate with improved outcomes relative to those with residual P2N0 disease.', 'We analyzed 208 patients with T2N0 stage disease at transurethral bladder tumor resection whose tumors were organ confined at radical cystectomy (P2 or lower, pN0). None received perioperative chemotherapy. Kaplan-Meier as well as univariable and multivariable Cox regression models addressed the effect of residual pT stage at radical cystectomy on recurrence and cancer specific mortality rates. Covariates consisted of age, gender, grade, lymphovascular invasion, carcinoma in situ, number of lymph nodes removed and year of surgery.', 'Residual pT stage at radical cystectomy was P0 in 24 (11.5%) patients, Pa in 9 (4.3%), PCIS in 22 (10.6%), P1 in 35 (16.8%) and P2 in 118 (56.7%). Median followup of censored patients was 55.7 months for recurrence and 52.1 months for cancer specific mortality analyses. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rates of patients with P0/Pa/PCIS, P1 and P2 stage disease were 100%, 85% and 75%, respectively. The 5-year cancer specific survival rates for the same cohorts were 100%, 93% and 81%, respectively. On multivariable analysis the effect of residual stage P1 or lower at radical cystectomy achieved independent predictor status for recurrence (adjusted HR 0.20, p = 0.002) and cancer specific mortality (adjusted HR 0.24, p = 0.02).'] Does residual pathological stage at radical cystectomy significantly impact outcomes for initial T2N0 bladder cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Many reports demonstrate improvements in cardiovascular risk factors during GH replacement (rhGH) in adult GH deficiency (GHD). However, it remains to be determined to what extent these changes translate into a reduction of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term rhGH replacement on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS). Design, settings, main outcome measures: The MS was scored by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III definition in 50 consecutive GHD patients (45 +/- 9 years of age), before and after 2 and 5 years of rhGH replacement, and the data of untreated patients were compared with the general population using data from a Dutch population-based study (n=1062, 44 +/- 8 years of age).', 'Hypertriglyceridaemia (46.0 vs 18.5%, P<0.0001), hypertension (66.0 vs 35.5%, P<0.0001) and abdominal obesity (38.0 vs 23.4%, P=0.0178) were more prevalent in untreated patients when compared with controls, resulting in a higher prevalence of the MS in patients (38.0 vs 15.7%, P<0.0001). During rhGH replacement at a mean dose of 0.5 +/- 0.2 mg/day resulting in IGF-I concentrations in the normal age-adjusted reference range, mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level increased compared with baseline (P<0.001). However, the prevalence of (components of) the MS did not change after 2 or 5 years of treatment with rhGH.'] Is the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased in patients with GH deficiency , irrespective of long-term substitution with recombinant human GH?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine if a patient-centered, computer-assisted diabetes care intervention increased perceived autonomy support, perceived competence (from self-determination theory), and if these constructs mediated the effect of the intervention on ADA/NCQA recommended diabetes care outcomes.', 'A randomized controlled trial of 866 adult type 2 diabetes patients in heterogeneous primary care settings in Colorado.', 'Perceived autonomy support, perceived competence, patient satisfaction, glycemic control (HbA1c), ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, diabetes distress, and depressive symptoms.', 'The computer-assisted intervention increased patient perception of autonomy support relative to a computer-based control condition ( p = .05). Change in perceived competence partially mediated the effects of increased autonomy support on the change in lipids, diabetes distress, and depressive symptoms. The construct of autonomy support was found to be separate from that of patient satisfaction.'] Does computer-assisted intervention improve patient-centered diabetes care by increasing autonomy support?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Mechanical stress on the heart can lead to crucially different outcomes. Physiological stimuli such as exercise cause adaptive cardiac hypertrophy, characterized by a normal cardiac structure and normal or enhanced cardiac function. Pathological stimuli such as hypertension and aortic valvular stenosis cause maladaptive cardiac remodeling and ultimately heart failure. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is known to be involved in pathological cardiac remodeling, but it has not been determined whether ASK1 pathways coordinate the signaling cascade leading to physiological type cardiac growth.', 'To evaluate the role of ASK1 in the physiological form of cardiac growth, mice lacking ASK1 (ASK1-/-) were exercised by swimming for 4 weeks. ASK1-/- mice showed exaggerated growth of the heart accompanied by typical characteristics of physiological hypertrophy. Their swimming-induced activation of Akt, a key molecule in the signaling cascade of physiological hypertrophy, increased more than that seen in wild-type controls. The activation of p38, a downstream kinase of ASK1, was suppressed selectively in the swimming-exercised ASK1-/- mice. Furthermore, the inhibition of ASK1 or p38 activity enhanced insulin-like growth factor 1-induced protein synthesis in rat neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes, and the treatment with a specific inhibitor of p38 resulted in enhancement of Akt activation and suppression of protein phosphatase 2A activation. The cardiac-specific p38alpha-deficient mice developed an exacerbated form of cardiac hypertrophy in response to swimming exercise.'] Does apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1/p38 signaling pathway negatively regulate physiological hypertrophy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Lipoxins represent a group of lipoxygenase derived eicosanoids which, in contrast to leukotrienes, are potent anti-inflammatory mediators. The aim of our study was to determine lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) and leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) levels in nasal lavages after intranasal challenge with aspirin in aspirin intolerant (AIA) in comparison to aspirin tolerant (ATA) asthmatics and after allergen challenge in patients suffering from allergic rhinitis.', \"Twelve AIA, 8 ATA and 20 allergic patients were challenged with placebo, 16 mg of lysine-aspirin (Lys-ASA) or allergen (grasses). Nasal lavages were collected and eicosanoids' levels were determined using ELISA.\", 'Clinically positive Lys-ASA challenge in AIA resulted in influx of leukocytes (eosinophils and basophils) to nasal secretions and increase of LTC(4) to 106.82 pg/ml (P < 0.05 vs baseline (26.58 pg/ml)) on first hour after the challenge. We did not observe any differences in LTC(4) level before and after ASA challenge in ATA. In AIA group the mean level of LXA(4) was 43 +/- 21.5 pg/ml after placebo and decreased in 2 h after Lys-ASA challenge (29 +/- 17 pg/ml, P = 0.015). We found an increase in LXA(4) in ATA after ASA provocation as compared to placebo (33 +/- 16 pg/ml vs 52 +/- 31 pg/ml, P = 0.046). In atopic patients baseline level of LXA(4) was 33.49 +/- 16.95 pg/ml with no difference after the clinically positive allergen challenge (36.22 +/- 13.26 pg/ml, P = 0.23).'] Is lipoxin A4 generation decreased in aspirin-sensitive patients in lysine-aspirin nasal challenge in vivo model?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Post-cholecystectomy bile duct injuries are identified by the onset of jaundice as well as elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels during the peri-operative period. It is unknown how serum oxidative stress markers are modified in patients with post-cholecystectomy bile duct injuries.', 'To determine serum oxidative stress marker levels (lipid peroxidation by-products, nitrites/nitrates and total antioxidant capacity) in patients with post-cholecystectomy bile duct injuries.', 'A prospective, transversal and analytical study was designed with two groups. Group 1: 5 healthy volunteer subjects. Group 2: 52 patients with post-cholecystectomy bile duct injuries (43 female and 9 male). An elective bilio-digestive reconstruction was performed at week 8. The serum oxidative stress marker levels were quantified by colorimetric method.', 'Patients with bile duct injuries had a significant increased serum lipid peroxides (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-alkenals) and nitric oxide metabolites (nitrites/nitrates) levels compared to the control group. In contrast, total antioxidant capacity in patients with bile duct injuries remained similar compared to healthy controls.'] Is serum oxidative stress increased in patients with post cholecystectomy bile duct injury?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The skeleton has been suggested to be involved in energy metabolism through osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast-specific molecule. The objective of this study was to investigate whether high-impact (HI) exercise stimulating bone formation would lead to changes in glucose and lipid metabolism independent of cardiorespiratory effects and whether OC mediates this association.', 'Prospective intervention study.', 'Fifty men aged 20-32 years were allocated to an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group completed six different types of jumps in sets of five, with the frequency of these exercises gradually increasing over 8 weeks. At baseline and after 8 weeks, glycerol concentrations were measured in fat tissue as a marker of lipolysis using microdialysis. Blood samples were assayed for OC and markers of glucose and lipid metabolism. Physical activity was measured using an accelerometer.', 'After adjustment for confounders at baseline and changes in physical activity during the intervention period, the intervention was associated with a decrease in levels of glucose (P = 0·04), adrenalin (P = 0·03) and OC (P = 0·04) after adjusting for baseline levels and changes in physical activity. No other differences between the groups were significant, although the trends of the metabolic variables favoured the intervention group.'] Is high-impact loading on the skeleton associated with a decrease in glucose levels in young men?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['It is a common preconception that supercoiled plasmid DNA is more desirable for the transfection of cells that the relaxed form of the plasmid. This notion has led to the recommendation that a specification for the minimum amount of plasmid in the supercoiled form should exist in a gene therapy product. We have tested this notion by examining the effects of the degree of supercoiling on cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer in vitro and in vivo.', 'An ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to accurately quantitate the relative amounts of supercoiled DNA in purified plasmid. A sample of the purified plasmid was fully relaxed using topoisomerase. Next, the ability of various levels of supercoiled plasmid to transfect mammalian cells was measured.', 'This study suggests that there is no relation between the degree of supercoiling and lipofection efficiency. Subsequent transfection using several different lipofection agents, different cell types, and an in vivo model support these results.'] Is gene transfer in vitro and in vivo by cationic lipids significantly affected by levels of supercoiling of a reporter plasmid?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Exposure to fine particulate air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We previously demonstrated that exposure to dilute diesel exhaust causes vascular dysfunction in humans.', 'We conducted a study to determine whether exposure to ambient particulate matter causes vascular dysfunction.', 'Twelve male patients with stable coronary heart disease and 12 age-matched volunteers were exposed to concentrated ambient fine and ultrafine particles (CAPs) or filtered air for 2 hr using a randomized, double-blind cross-over study design. We measured peripheral vascular vasomotor and fibrinolytic function, and inflammatory variables-including circulating leukocytes, serum C-reactive protein, and exhaled breath 8-isoprostane and nitrotyrosine-6-8 hr after both exposures.', 'Particulate concentrations (mean +/- SE) in the exposure chamber (190+/-37 microg/m(3)) were higher than ambient levels (31+/-8 microg/m(3)) and levels in filtered air (0.5+/-0.4 microg/m(3); p<0.001). Chemical analysis of CAPs identified low levels of elemental carbon. Exhaled breath 8-isoprostane concentrations increased after exposure to CAPs (16.9+/-8.5 vs. 4.9+/-1.2 pg/mL, p<0.05), but markers of systemic inflammation were largely unchanged. Although there was a dose-dependent increase in blood flow and plasma tissue plasminogen activator release (p<0.001 for all), CAPs exposure had no effect on vascular function in either group.'] Does exposure to concentrated ambient particles affect vascular function in patients with coronary heart disease?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Our aim was to investigate the presence of brain gray matter (GM) abnormalities in patients with different forms of essential tremor (ET).', 'We used optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and manually traced single region-of-interest analysis in 50 patients with familial ET and in 32 healthy subjects. Thirty patients with ET had tremor of the arms (a-ET), whereas the remaining 20 patients had both arm and head tremor (h-ET).', 'VBM showed marked atrophy of the cerebellar vermis in the patients with h-ET with respect to healthy subjects (P(corrected) < .001). Patients with a-ET showed a trend toward a vermal GM volume loss that did not reach a significant difference with respect to healthy controls (P(uncorrected) < .01). The region-of-interest analysis showed a reduction of the cerebellar volume (CV) in the h-ET group (98.2 +/- 13.6 mm(3)) compared with healthy controls (110.5 +/- 15.5 mm(3), P < .012) as well as in the entire vermal area (790.3 +/- 94.5 mm(2), 898.6 +/- 170.6 mm(2), P < .04 in h-ET and control groups, respectively).'] Is essential head tremor associated with cerebellar vermis atrophy : a volumetric and voxel-based morphometry MR imaging study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To examine the predictive validity of prior cultures at predicting the microorganism isolated at the time of suspicion of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).', 'We performed a retrospective analysis of a randomized controlled trial of different diagnostic and antibiotic strategies. In a subset of patients with pre-enrollment cultures, we examined agreement between cultures 1 to 3 days before suspicion of VAP and enrollment cultures performed on the day of suspicion of VAP and potential antibiotic error rates (estimated using the equation 1 - crude agreement).', 'Two hundred eighty-one (39%) of 739 patients had pre-enrollment culture. One hundred thirty (46%) of 281 yielded a pathogenic microorganism. In patients with positive pre-enrollment cultures, crude agreement was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.71) for organism, 0.84 (0.77-0.89) for Gram class, and 0.61 (0.52-0.69) for species with sensitivity. Potential antibiotic error rates ranged from 16% (11%-33%) to 39% (31%-48%). Better agreement (P = .033) occurred in isolates from patients receiving new antibiotics during the surveillance period (0.78 [0.64-0.87]) compared to those not on antibiotics (0.58 [0.45-0.69]), or on no new antibiotics (0.50 [0.32-0.68]).'] Are previous cultures clinically useful for guiding empiric antibiotics in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia : secondary analysis from a randomized trial?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Clinical remission in some patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be associated with ongoing synovial inflammation that is not always detectable on clinical examination or reflected by laboratory tests but can be visualized by musculoskeletal ultrasound. The goal of our study was to determine the levels of serum calprotectin, a major leukocyte protein, in patients with RA in clinical remission and to investigate the ability of serum calprotectin levels to distinguish patients in ultrasound-defined remission from those with residual ultrasound subclinical inflammation.', 'Seventy RA patients in clinical remission underwent clinical and ultrasound examination. Ultrasound examination was performed according to the German US7 score. Ultrasound remission was defined as grey scale (GS) range 0-1 and power Doppler (PD) range 0. The levels of serum calprotectin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined. The discriminatory capacity of calprotectin and CRP in detecting residual ultrasound inflammation was assessed using ROC curves.', 'The total number of patients fulfilling the DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, SDAI and CDAI remission criteria was 58, 67, 32 and 31, respectively. Residual synovial inflammation was found in 58-67% of the patients who fulfilled at least one set of clinical remission criteria. Calprotectin levels were significantly higher in patients with residual synovial inflammation than in those with ultrasound-defined remission (mean 2.5±1.3 vs. 1.7±0.8 μg/mL, p<0.005). Using ultrasound-defined remission criteria, calprotectin had an AUC of 0.692, p<0.05 using DAS28-ESR remission criteria and an AUC of 0.712, p<0.005 using DAS28-CRP remission criteria. Calprotectin correctly distinguished ultrasound remission from subclinical activity in 70% of patients. CRP (AUC DAS28-ESR = 0.494, p = NS; AUC DAS28-CRP = 0.498, p = NS) had lower and insignificant discriminatory capacity.'] Does serum Calprotectin discriminate Subclinical Disease Activity from Ultrasound-Defined Remission in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Clinical Remission?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To ascertain if protective ventilation can attenuate the damaging postoperative pulmonary effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (increases in airway pressure, decreases in lung compliance, and increases in shunt).', 'Prospective, randomized clinical trial.', 'Single university hospital.', 'Twenty-five patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft procedure and early extubation.', 'Thirteen patients received conventional mechanical ventilation (CV; respiratory rate, 8 breaths/min; tidal volume, 12 mL/kg; fraction of inspired oxygen [FIO2], 1.0; positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP], +5), and 12 patients received protective mechanical ventilation (PV; respiratory rate, 16 breaths/min; tidal volume, 6 mL/kg; FIO2, 1.0; PEEP, +5). Perioperative anesthetic and surgical management were standardized. Various pulmonary parameters were determined twice perioperatively: 10 minutes after intubation and 60 minutes after arrival in the intensive care unit.', 'The mean postoperative increase in peak airway pressure in group CV was significantly larger than the mean postoperative increase in peak airway pressure in group PV (7.1 v 2.4 cm H2O; p < 0.001). Group CV experienced significant postoperative increases in plateau airway pressure (p = 0.007), but group PV did not (p = 0.644). The mean postoperative decrease in dynamic lung compliance in group CV was significantly larger than the mean postoperative decrease in dynamic lung compliance in group PV (14.9 v 5.5 mL/cm H2O; p = 0.002). Group CV experienced significant postoperative decreases in static lung compliance (p = 0.014), but group PV did not (p = 0.645). Group CV experienced significant postoperative increases in shunt (15.5% to 21.4%; p = 0.021), but group PV did not (18.4% to 21.2%; p = 0.265).'] Does protective ventilation attenuate postoperative pulmonary dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the utility of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) initial clinical manifestations and the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) for identifying patients who will have a remission.', 'We studied 100 SLE patients (85 females, 15 males) and identified all patients who had remission (defined as at least one continuous year during which lack of disease activity permitted withdrawal of all treatment to suppress general lupus activity of a particular clinical manifestation). Changes in laboratory parameters without clinical activity, thus not requiring treatment, did not invalidate remission. We did not include any patient who had never required treatment. We evaluated the SLEDAI values and the main SLE manifestations at the time of diagnosis of SLE, and also every 3 months during the first year of disease.', 'Twenty-four of the 100 SLE patients achieved remission that occurred a mean of 64 months after the diagnosis. They remained in remission for a mean of 55 months. There were no statistical differences in SLEDAI values and the initial manifestations (including renal and cerebral) between patients who reached remission and those who did not. The patients who have a higher SLEDAI score take longer to achieve remission.'] Does high disease activity at baseline prevent a remission in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Amphetamine withdrawal and major depression share many behavioral commonalities in humans. Therefore, the examination of the behavioral effects of amphetamine withdrawal in rodents may provide insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying both disorders and aid in the development of animal models of depression that are sensitive to antidepressant agents.', 'We examined the behavioral effects of withdrawal from chronic continuous infusion of amphetamine (via minipump) in three behavioral paradigms: the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure in rats, the modified forced swim test in rats, and the tail suspension test in mice.', 'Amphetamine withdrawal resulted in a prolonged (5 day) deficit in brain reward function as assessed by elevations in ICSS thresholds. Using a similar regimen of amphetamine administration, we examined the behavioral effects of withdrawal in a modified rat forced swim test. Animals that were treated with the highest dose of amphetamine (10 mg/kg/day) exhibited increased climbing behavior and decreased immobility 24 hours after withdrawal; by the 48-hour testing time point, this effect had dissipated. In contrast, animals that had been pretreated with 5 mg/kg/day amphetamine exhibited a pronounced increase in immobility indicative of an increase in \"depressive-like\" behavior, coupled with decreases in swimming and climbing. In the mouse tail suspension test, both regimens of amphetamine pretreatment induced increases in immobility scores, also indicative of \"depressive-like\" behavior, 24 hours following withdrawal.'] Does withdrawal from chronic amphetamine induce depressive-like behavioral effects in rodents?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To explore the extent to which patient ratings of perceived caring and person-centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality in an acute hospital sample of inpatients.', 'Self-reported patient experiences have had limited attention in conceptualizations of healthcare quality as described in policy and national standards, as well as in health and nursing care practice. The impact of central nursing concepts such as caring and person-centredness on patient ratings of nursing care quality is largely unknown.', 'A descriptive non-experimental correlational design was used to collect and analyse data from a sample of Australian acute hospital inpatients (n\\xa0=\\xa0210) in December 2012.', 'The study collected self-report patient data through a study survey including demographic data and the Caring Behaviours Inventory, the Person-centred Climate Questionnaire, the SF-36 and the Distress thermometer. Descriptive statistics together with Pearson correlation and hierarchical linear regression were used.', 'Perceived caring behaviours of staff and the person-centredness of wards were significantly associated with nursing care quality as evidenced by Pearson correlations being significant and exceeding the pre-set cut-off of r\\xa0>\\xa00·5. Staff caring behaviours and ward person-centredness also accounted for more than half of the total variance in perceived nursing care quality as evidenced by the final regression model. Knowledgeable and communicable staff, timeliness of assistance and environmental support stood out as most significantly related to patient perceived nursing care quality.'] Are patient experiences of caring and person-centredness associated with perceived nursing care quality?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To compare the Ki-67 labelling index determined using the enhanced peroxidase one step (EPOS) method with that using the standard ABC technique in pituitary tumours.', 'Adjacent sections were immunostained using the EPOS and ABC techniques with the same Ki-67 antibody and same antigen retrieval method.', 'The labelling index measurements with the EPOS Ki-67 antibody were significantly higher than when using the traditional ABC method, and there was a positive correlation between the two techniques when performed on the same cases. This suggests that a higher proportion of cells are within the cell cycle than previously thought, although it gives no direct information on the rate of proliferation of the tumour.'] Does the enhanced peroxidase one step method increase sensitivity for detection of Ki-67 in pituitary tumours?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We examined the predictive power of erectile dysfunction (ED) on coronary heart disease (CHD) events in Chinese men with type 2 diabetes.', 'Subjects with diabetes are prone to develop cardiovascular complications. Erectile dysfunction is strongly associated with CHD in cross-sectional studies, but prospective data are lacking.', 'A consecutive cohort of men with no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease underwent comprehensive assessments for diabetic complications. Erectile dysfunction was defined according to the definition of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference 1992. Coronary heart disease events were censored with centralized territory-wide hospital databases in 2005.', 'Of 2,306 subjects (age: 54.2 +/- 12.7 years; follow-up: 4.0 [range 1.7 to 7.1] years), 26.7% had ED at baseline. The incidence of CHD events was higher in men with ED than those without (19.7/1,000 person-years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 14.3 to 25.2 person-years vs. 9.5/1,000 person-years, 95% CI 7.4 to 11.7 person-years). Men who developed CHD events were older; had a higher frequency of ED and microvascular complications; had longer duration of diabetes; and had higher blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio but lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and estimated glomerular filtration rate than those without CHD events. Erectile dysfunction remained an independent predictor for CHD events (hazard ratio 1.58, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.30, p = 0.018) after adjustment for other covariates along with age, duration of disease, and use of antihypertensive agents and albuminuria.'] Does erectile dysfunction predict coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['It was shown that aerobic exercise training may protect against the development of atherosclerosis. However, the precise mechanisms are still unknown. We assessed the hypothesis that exercise training reduced the severity of experimental atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice by antioxidant effects.', 'Exercise training (45 min swimming, 3 times/week) was conducted on apo E-deficient mice fed a high fat diet. Over 8 and 16 weeks on alternate days, mice were treated with and without exercise, and additional exercise-treated mice were orally given 25 mg/kg/day of NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In addition, the effect of L-arginine against L-NAME was also tested.', 'Fatty streak formation at 8 weeks and fibrofatty plaques at 16 weeks developed in apo E-deficient mice fed a high fat diet, and were suppressed in mice treated with swimming for 8 and 16 weeks. In contrast, atherosclerotic lesions were not ameliorated in mice treated with exercise training associated with oral L-NAME. However, in mice treated with swimming associated with L-NAME and L-arginine, the atherosclerotic lesions were reduced. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that macrophage and CD4+ cell accumulation in the fatty streak lesions was suppressed in mice treated with exercise, but not in those treated with exercise associated with L-NAME administration. The severity of atherosclerotic lesions was inversely correlated with the endothelial NOS expression and the expression of an endogenous antioxidant protein, thioredoxin. Namely, the expression of thioredoxin in mice treated with exercise was suppressed compared with mice without exercise. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels were significantly lower in groups with exercise than in those without exercise or with exercise associated with L-NAME administration, suggesting exercise-induced less lipid peroxidation. Differences in lesion area did not correlate with any significant alterations in serum lipid levels. The exercise load used in the current study did not affect energy metabolism efficacies in the hearts.'] Does swimming reduce the severity of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice by antioxidant effects?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer intermediate stage (BCLC-B) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) includes extremely heterogeneous patients in terms of tumour burden and liver function. Transarterial-chemoembolization (TACE) is the first-line treatment for these patients although it may be risky/useless for someone, while others could undergo curative treatments. This study assesses the treatment type performed in a large cohort of BCLC-B patients and its outcome.', 'Retrospective analysis of 485 consecutive BCLC-B patients from the ITA.LI.CA database diagnosed with naïve HCC after 1999. Patients were stratified by treatment.', '29 patients (6%) were lost to follow-up before receiving treatment. Treatment distribution was: TACE (233, 51.1%), curative treatments (145 patients, 31.8%), sorafenib (18, 3.9%), other (39, 8.5%), best supportive care (BSC) (21, 4.6%). Median survival (95% CI) was 45\\xa0months (37.4-52.7) for curative treatments, 30 (24.7-35.3) for TACE, 14 (10.5-17.5) for sorafenib, 14 (5.2-22.7) for other treatments and 10 (6.0-14.2) for BSC (P<.0001). Independent prognosticators were gender and treatment. Curative treatments reduced mortality (HR 0.197, 95%CI: 0.098-0.395) more than TACE (HR 0.408, 95%CI: 0.211-0.789) (P<.0001) as compared with BSC. Propensity score matching confirmed the superiority of curative therapies over TACE.'] Are curative therapies superior to standard of care ( transarterial chemoembolization ) for intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Isoprostanes are bioactive compounds formed by non-enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, mostly arachidonic, and markers of free radical generation during inflammation. In aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), asthmatic symptoms are precipitated by ingestion of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs capable for pharmacologic inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 isoenzyme. We investigated whether aspirin-provoked bronchoconstriction is accompanied by changes of isoprostanes in exhaled breath condensate (EBC).', 'EBC was collected from 28 AERD subjects and 25 aspirin-tolerant asthmatics before and after inhalatory aspirin challenge. Concentrations of 8-iso-PGF2α, 8-iso-PGE2, and prostaglandin E2 were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Leukotriene E4 was measured by immunoassay in urine samples collected before and after the challenge.', 'Before the challenge, exhaled 8-iso-PGF2α, 8-iso-PGE2, and PGE2 levels did not differ between the study groups. 8-iso-PGE2 level increased in AERD group only (p=0.014) as a result of the aspirin challenge. Urinary LTE4 was elevated in AERD, both in baseline and post-challenge samples. Post-challenge airways 8-iso-PGE2 correlated positively with urinary LTE4 level (p=0.046), whereas it correlated negatively with the provocative dose of aspirin (p=0.027).'] Does aspirin provocation increase 8-iso-PGE2 in exhaled breath condensate of aspirin-hypersensitive asthmatics?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"Endoscopic tri-modal imaging (ETMI) incorporates high-resolution endoscopy (HRE), autofluorescence imaging (AFI), and narrow band imaging (NBI). A recent uncontrolled study found that ETMI improved the detection of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and early carcinoma (Ca) in Barrett's esophagus (BE). The aim was to compare ETMI with standard video endoscopy (SVE) for the detection of HGD/Ca with the use of a randomized cross-over design.\", 'Patients referred for work-up of inconspicuous HGD/Ca were eligible and underwent both SVE and ETMI in randomized order within an interval of 6-12 weeks. During ETMI, inspection with HRE was followed by AFI. Detected lesions were inspected in detail with NBI and biopsied, followed by random biopsies. During SVE, any visible lesion was biopsied followed by random biopsies.', 'Eighty-seven patients with BE underwent ETMI and SVE. No significant difference was observed in overall histologic yield between ETMI and SVE. ETMI had a significantly higher targeted yield compared with SVE because of AFI. However, the yield of targeted biopsies of ETMI was significantly inferior to the overall yield of SVE. Detailed inspection with NBI reduced the false-positive rate of HRE + AFI from 71% to 48% but misclassified 17% of HGD/Ca lesions as not suspicious.'] Is endoscopic tri-modal imaging more effective than standard endoscopy in identifying early-stage neoplasia in Barrett 's esophagus?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Examine preventive services utilization among female survivors of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer compared with women without cancer in the USA.', 'A total of 1017 women diagnosed with cancer at AYA ages (15-39\\xa0years) who were at least 5\\xa0years since diagnosis were identified from 2008 to 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. A comparison group without cancer was matched on age and other characteristics. General preventive services included dental, medical, blood pressure, and cholesterol checkups, and flu shots in the previous year. Cancer-related services included pap smear and mammography. Preventive services and covariates (demographics, socioeconomics, and health status) were compared between groups using χ ', 'Female survivors reported dental checkups less often (57.8 vs. 72.4\\xa0%, p\\u2009<\\u20090.001) than the comparison group and checked their blood pressure (90 vs. 86.7\\xa0%, p\\u2009=\\u20090.045) and cholesterol (67.5 vs. 61.7\\xa0%, p\\u2009=\\u20090.045) more often. No differences were found in flu shots, medical checkups, and cancer-related services. Survivors without insurance were less likely to use general preventive services (odds ratio [OR]\\u2009=\\u20090.2, 95\\xa0% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.35, p\\u2009<\\u20090.001). Older survivors (OR\\u2009=\\u20093.09, 95\\xa0% CI 1.69-5.62, p\\u2009<\\u20090.001) and those who speak Spanish or other languages at home (OR\\u2009=\\u20093.19, 95\\xa0% CI 1.33-7.67, p\\u2009=\\u20090.01) were more likely to use general prevention than their counterparts.'] Do preventive services use among female survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Altered DNA repair may be associated with aggressive tumour biology and impact upon response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We investigated whether expression of human AP endonuclease (APE1), a key multifunctional protein involved in DNA BER, would impact on clinicopathological outcomes in ovarian, gastro-oesophageal, and pancreatico-biliary cancer.', 'Formalin-fixed human ovarian, gastro-oesophageal, and pancreatico-biliary cancers were constructed into TMAs. Expression of APE1 was analysed by IHC and correlated to clinicopathological variables.', 'In ovarian cancer, nuclear APE1 expression was seen in 71.9% (97 out of 135) of tumours and correlated with tumour type (P=0.006), optimal debulking (P=0.009), and overall survival (P=0.05). In gastro-oesophageal cancers previously exposed to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 34.8% (16 out of 46) of tumours were positive in the nucleus and this correlated with shorter overall survival (P=0.005), whereas cytoplasmic localisation correlated with tumour dedifferentiation (P=0.034). In pancreatico-biliary cancer, nuclear staining was seen in 44% (32 out of 72) of tumours. Absence of cytoplasmic staining was associated with perineural invasion (P=0.007), vascular invasion (P=0.05), and poorly differentiated tumours (P=0.068). A trend was noticed with advanced stage (P=0.077).'] Is human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease ( APE1 ) a prognostic factor in ovarian , gastro-oesophageal and pancreatico-biliary cancers?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We have previously shown that granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was capable of inducing eosinophil migration across naked filters but not endothelial monolayers. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) has been shown to be a key factor in granulocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration.', 'We, therefore, pretreated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers with TNF-alpha and studied whether TNF-alpha could support GM-CSF-induced eosinophil transendothelial migration.', 'We found that TNF-alpha supported GM-CSF-induced eosinophil transendothelial migration and that this process was: (1) dependent upon GM-CSF and TNF-alpha dose; (2) time-dependent; (3) not due to TNF-alpha having a chemotactic effect itself; (4) not due to TNF-alpha-induced soluble factor production by endothelium, and (5) inhibitable by actinomycin D. We next studied the specificity of this response. Neutrophils did not migrate across TNF-alpha-pretreated endothelium in response to GM-CSF. TNF-alpha pretreatment of A549 human type-II-like epithelial lung cells (A549) did not support GM-CSF-induced transepithelial migration. Neither interleukin (IL)-1 nor GM-CSF pretreatment of the HUVEC supported GM-CSF-induced transendothelial migration. However, IL-5 induced eosinophil migration through naked filters as well as TNF-alpha-pretreated HUVEC in a manner analogous to GM-CSF. Antibodies to ICAM-1, but not VCAM-1 significantly inhibited this response. Although IL-1 did not support GM-CSF-induced eosinophil transendothelial migration, IL-1 and TNF-alpha induced equivalent expression of ICAM-1 on HUVEC.'] Is tumor necrosis factor alpha necessary for granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor-induced eosinophil transendothelial migration?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: [\"While neonatal kidneys are not powerful in concentrating urine, they already dilute urine as efficiently as adult kidneys. To elucidate the basis for this paradoxical immaturity in urine-concentrating ability, we investigated the function of Henle's loop and collecting ducts (IMCDs) in the inner medulla of neonatal rat kidneys.\", 'Analyses of individual renal tubules in the inner medulla of neonatal and adult rat kidneys were performed by measuring mRNA expression of membrane transporters, transepithelial voltages, and isotopic water and ion fluxes. Immunofluorescent identification of the rCCC2 and rCLC-K1 using polyclonal antibodies was also performed in neonatal and adult kidney slices.', 'On day 1, the transepithelial voltages (V(Ts)) in the thin ascending limbs (tALs) and IMCDs were 14.6 +/- 1.1 mV (N = 27) and -42.7 +/- 6.1 mV (N = 14), respectively. The V(Ts) in the thin descending limbs (tDLs) were zero on day 1. The V(Ts) in the tALs were strongly inhibited by luminal bumetanide or basolateral ouabain, suggesting the presence of a NaCl reabsorption mechanism similar to that in the thick ascending limb (TAL). The diffusional voltage (V(D)) of the tAL due to transepithelial NaCl gradient was almost insensitive to a chloride channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (NPPB). The V(Ts) in the IMCDs were strongly inhibited by luminal amiloride. On day 1, both the tDL and tAL were impermeable to water, indicating the water impermeability of the entire loop. Diffusional water permeability (P(dw)) and urea permeabilities (P(urea)) in the IMCDs indicated virtual impermeability to water and urea on day 1. Stimulation by vasopressin (1 nmol/L) revealed that only P(dw) was sensitive to vasopressin by day 14. A partial isoosmolar replacement of luminal urea by NaCl evoked negligible water flux across the neonatal IMCDs, indicating the absence of urea-dependent volume flux in the neonatal IMCD. These transport characteristics in each neonatal tubule are similar to those in quail kidneys. Identification of mRNAs and immunofluorescent studies for specific transporters, including rAQP-1, rCCC2, rCLC-K1, rENaC beta subunit, rAQP-2, and rUT-A1, supported these findings.'] Does `` Avian-type '' renal medullary tubule organization cause immaturity of urine-concentrating ability in neonates?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Although the impact of a neurointensivist (NI) on patient outcomes has been examined in the past, the financial impact has not been estimated before.', 'We extracted the financial data from the Neuro-Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Henry Ford Hospital during two 3-year periods, one before and one after the appointment of a NI. Net revenue (NR), total direct expenses (TDE), and contribution margin (CM) were compared between these two periods both for Henry Ford Hospital and the Henry Ford Medical Group.', 'The average number of admissions increased by 24% during the period when the NI was present, the number of patient-days by 25% and the average length of stay by 2%. In the second period, when the NI was billing for critical care time spent in the NICU, as well as for procedures he performed, the mean yearly NR was $402,000, the TDE $317,000 and the NR/TDE 1.24 (>1.0 represents profitability). The combined mean NR (Henry Ford Hospital + Medical Group) increased by 54.6%, the combined TDE by 42.2% and the combined CM by 91.2% in the period when the NI was present. This is reflected in the combined mean CM per admission, which also increased by 56.4% in the after period.'] Is the appointment of neurointensivists financially beneficial to the employer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We have previously reported that halothane anaesthesia increases the extracellular concentration of dopamine (DA) metabolites in the rat striatum with no change in DA. Although the metabolism of catecholamines is a source of oxidative stress, there is little information about DA metabolism and anaesthesia. We assessed the mechanism(s) of enhanced DA metabolism induced by halothane.', 'Microdialysis probes were implanted into male Sprague-Dawley rats and perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The dialysate was injected directly into an HPLC every 20 min. Each group of rats (n=5-7) was administered saline, apomorphine 100 microg kg(-1), pargyline 7.5 or 75 mg kg(-1), reserpine 2 mg kg(-1) or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) 250 mg kg(-1). Another set of rats was perfused with artificial CSF containing tetrodotoxin (TTX) 1 microM or calcium-free CSF containing 10 mM EGTA. Rats were anaesthetized with halothane 0.5 or 1.5% 1 h after pharmacological treatments.', 'In rats pretreated with apomorphine, despite a decrease in DA concentration, halothane induced a increase in DA metabolites. Pargyline (high dose) and reserpine completely and AMPT partially antagonized the increase in DA metabolites induced by halothane anaesthesia. TTX perfusion reduced the increase in DA, whereas calcium-free CSF perfusion did not.'] Does halothane enhance dopamine metabolism at presynaptic sites in a calcium-independent manner in rat striatum?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To prospectively study the AMH expression and secretion pattern in mural granulosa cells (GCs) and follicular fluid (FF) from small follicles and medium follicles that were collected from normo-ovulatory (NO) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients undergoing in vitro maturation (IVM) treatments.', 'FF AMH levels and mRNA expression of mural GCs were measured in small (≤ 10 mm) and medium size follicles (11-15 mm) obtained from IVM treatments and large size follicles (≥ 16 mm) obtained from in vitro fertilization treatments.', 'First, we show that AMH expression and protein level in the FF of NO patients were significantly higher in the small size follicles than in the medium and large size follicles (p < 0.003). We could not demonstrate these differences in PCOS patients. Second, we found significantly higher levels of AMH protein and mRNA in the large and medium (but not small) size follicles of PCOS patients compared to follicles from NO patients (p < 0.02). Finally, we observed a positive correlation between FF AMH of small and medium size follicles from NO patients and serum AMH (p < 0.03 and p < 0.0002, respectively).'] Is anti-Müllerian hormone ( AMH ) downregulation in late antral stages impaired in PCOS patients . A study in normo-ovulatory and PCOS patients undergoing in vitro maturation ( IVM ) treatments?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The aim of the present study was to assess histologically the effect of low-level laser thrapy (LLLT) (lambda 830 nm) on the healing of bone defects associated with autologous bone graft.', 'LLLT has been used on the modulation of bone healing because of the photo-physical and photochemical properties of some wavelengths. The use of correct and appropriate parameters has been shown to be effective in the promotion of a positive biomodulative effect on the healing bone.', 'Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: G1 (control), G2 (LLLT on the surgical bed), G3 (LLLT on the graft), and G4 (LLLT on both the graft and the surgical bed). The dose per session was 10 J/cm(2), and it was applied to the surgical bed (G2/G4) and on the bone graft (G3/G4). LLLT was carried out every other day for 15 days (lambda 830 nm, phi = 0.5 cm(2), 50 Mw, 10 J/cm(2)). The dose was fractioned in four points. The animals were sacrificed 15, 21, and 30 days after surgery; specimens were taken and routinely processed (wax, cut, and stain with H&E and Sirius red stains). Light microscopic analysis was performed by a pathologist.', 'In the groups in which the LLLT was used trans-operatively on the surgical bed (G2/G4), bone remodeling was both quantitatively and qualitatively more evident when compared to subjects of groups G1 and G3.'] Does laser therapy improve healing of bone defects submitted to autologous bone graft?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Septic shock is characterized by systemic vasodilation and an impaired reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents. It has been suggested that an excessive release of nitric oxide has a role in this hemodynamic derangement.', 'To investigate whether inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by the administration of N omega-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA), improves the vasoconstrictor effects of catecholamines in sepsis.', 'Mechanically ventilated and pentobarbital-anesthetized sheep received either no treatment (n = 6) or LNNA (100 mg/kg IV bolus, n = 4). Other sheep (septic group) received live Escherichia coli (E coli) (1,5* 10(9) micro-organisms/kg over 30 min) followed 1 hour later by either no treatment (n = 5) or LNNA (100 mg/kg IV bolus, n = 7). After those interventions, all sheep were given noradrenaline in a continuous IV infusion at three different doses (0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 micrograms, kg-1, min-1). Cardiovascular parameters were recorded at maximal blood pressure response achieved with each dose.', 'The administration of live E coli to the septic group resulted in systemic hypotension, high cardiac output, and hyperlactatemia. The LNNA caused a significant systemic and pulmonary vasoconstriction in both septic and nonseptic sheep. In nonseptic sheep, noradrenaline induced a significant increase in systemic vascular resistance (from 2,973 +/- 637 to 4,561 +/- 1,287 dyn/s/cm-5/m-2), whereas the increase caused in those that received LNNA was nonsignificant (5,562 +/- 3,489 to 6,693 +/- 2,871 dyn, s, cm-5, m-2). Septic sheep showed a nonsignificant vasoconstriction during the infusion of noradrenaline (from 1,438 +/- 1,132 to 2,244 +/- 1,391 dyn/s/cm-5/m-2). However, treatment with LNNA markedly improved the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline (from 2,804 +/- 2,317 to 4,894 +/- 3,435 dyn/s/cm-5/m-2). The dose-response curve of systemic vascular resistance in these LNNA-pretreated septic sheep became very similar to the corresponding curve obtained in nonseptic animals.'] Does inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis improve the vasoconstrictive effect of noradrenaline in sepsis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Gemcitabine is used for the treatment of several solid tumours and exhibits high inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability. In this study, we explore possible predictive covariates on drug and metabolite disposition.', 'Forty patients were enrolled. Gemcitabine and dFdU concentrations in the plasma and dFdCTP concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cell were measured to 72\\u2009h post infusion, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. Patient-specific covariates were tested in model development.', 'The pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine was best described by a two-compartment model with body surface area, age and NT5C2 genotype as significant covariates. The pharmacokinetics of dFdU and dFdCTP were adequately described by three-compartment models. Creatinine clearance and cytidine deaminase genotype were significant covariates for dFdU pharmacokinetics. Rate of infusion of <25\\u2009mg\\u2009m(-2)\\u2009min(-1) and the presence of homozygous major allele for SLC28A3 (CC genotype) were each associated with an almost two-fold increase in the formation clearance of dFdCTP.'] Do sLC28A3 genotype and gemcitabine rate of infusion affect dFdCTP metabolite disposition in patients with solid tumours?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The liver is considered a tolerogenic organ that favors the induction of peripheral tolerance and protects other organs from the same donor from rejection. This has been exploited in combined auxiliary liver-kidney transplantation, where a renal graft is transplanted against a positive crossmatch under the protection of a liver transplanted from the same donor.', 'To elucidate mechanisms behind the liver protective effect, we studied early transcriptional changes of inflammatory mediators in the grafts during combined auxiliary liver-kidney transplantation using microarrays and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results were correlated to clinical data.', 'Liver and kidney grafts both exhibited an upregulation of the leukocyte-recruiting chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4. Notably, liver grafts strongly upregulated CCL20, a dendritic cell, and T-cell recruiting chemokine. By comparing the gene expression in liver grafts with the clinical outcome, we found that 14 of 45 investigated inflammatory genes were expressed significantly higher in patients without early rejection when compared with those with early rejections. This included the above-mentioned chemokines and the T-cell-recruiting CX3CL1, NFKB1, and the tolerance-inducing gene indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.'] Does postischemic inflammatory response in an auxiliary liver graft predict renal graft outcome in sensitized patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The opioid peptide beta-endorphin (beta-E) is synthesized and released in response to stressful stimuli as well as acute alcohol administration. The release of beta-E following exposure to an inescapable aversive situation may mediate behaviors that contribute to allostasis of the stress response. The present study examines the effects of beta-E on immobility in assays involving inescapable stress, both under basal conditions and after acute administration of EtOH.', 'Female and male transgenic mice with varying capacities to translate beta-E were subjected to either the forced swim (FST, Experiment 1) or the tail suspension test (TST, Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, mice were divided into three groups based on hormonal status (male, female-estrous, and female-nonestrous) and injected with either 1 g/kg EtOH or equivolume saline 14 minutes prior to behavioral assessment on the TST.', 'Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated a direct relationship between beta-E levels and immobility. There were also sex differences in behavior in these tests, with males displaying more immobility than females. A main effect of genotype in Experiment 3 replicated findings in Experiments 1 and 2. There was also an effect of EtOH (increasing immobility) and a significant interaction reflecting a particularly robust effect of the drug in mice with low beta-E. In addition, there were interactions between beta-E, EtOH effects, and hormonal status.'] Does beta-endorphin mediate behavioral despair and the effect of ethanol on the tail suspension test in mice?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To evaluate the biocompatibility of a new muraglitazar-eluting polylactide copolymer stent and investigate its ability to prevent the formation of intimal hyperplasia.', 'Ten self-expandable muraglitazar-eluting poly-96 L/4D-lactic acid (PLA96) stents and 10 self-expandable control PLA96 stents were implanted into porcine common iliac arteries. After 28 days follow-up, all stent-implanted iliac arteries were harvested and prepared for quantitative histomorphometric analysis.', 'Angiographic analysis revealed that one control PLA96 stent had occluded and one had migrated. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that, with the control PLA96 stent, the luminal diameter and area were decreased versus the muraglitazar-eluting PLA96 stents (means ± standard error of the mean, 3.58 mm ± 0.34 vs 4.16 mm ± 0.14 and 9.83 mm(2) ± 2.41 vs 13.75 mm(2) ± 0.93, respectively). The control PLA96 stent induced more intimal hyperplasia than the bioactive muraglitazar-eluting PLA96 stent (557 µm ± 122 vs 361 µm ± 32). Vascular injury scores demonstrated only mild vascular trauma for both stents (muraglitazar-eluting, 0.68 ± 0.07; control, 0.75 ± 0.08). Inflammation scores also showed mild inflammation for both stents (muraglitazar-eluting, 1.05 ± 0.17; control, 1.23 ± 0.19).'] Does muraglitazar-eluting bioabsorbable vascular stent inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in porcine iliac arteries?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Vitamin E succinate (VES) significantly inhibits cell growth in vitro in breast, prostate, and skin cancer cell lines. Our study demonstrated similar inhibitory effects on Mia PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells at the same concentration of VES (10 pg/ml). Peptide YY (PYY) also inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro. We observed a significant additive effect on growth inhibition in Mia PaCa cells treated with both VES and PYY.', 'Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Mia PaCa-2 cells were cultured and treated once with either 10 pg/ml of VES or 500 pmols of PYY or with both agents together. The control group received an equivalent volume of solvents. MTT assay was performed at 24, 48, and 72 h to evaluate cell viability.', \"Pancreatic cancer cell growth was reduced in all groups treated with PYY and VES. Student's t test was used to analyze the data for each treatment group. At 72 h, both PYY and vitamin E significantly inhibited cell growth compared to control. Combining the agents resulted in a dramatic additive inhibition of growth.\"] Does peptide YY augment gross inhibition by vitamin E succinate of human pancreatic cancer cell growth?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Malnutrition is a common problem in maintenance hemodialysis patients and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Interventions such as oral or intravenous nutritional supplements have often failed to improve nutritional status. We studied the effect of a daily dialysis program on nutritional parameters.', 'Eight patients treated with standard hemodialysis (SHD) 4 to 5 hours three times per week were converted to daily hemodialysis (DHD) 2 to 2.5 hours six times per week. Serum albumin, prealbumin, and total cholesterol were evaluated every three months. Anthropometry and dietary evaluation were performed every six months.', 'Serum albumin rose from 39.0 +/- 2.6 to 42.0 +/- 3.1 and 43.0 +/- 2.6 g/L, prealbumin from 0.36 +/- 0.04 to 0.41 +/- 0.05 and 0.42 +/- 0.1 g/L, total cholesterol from 1.7 +/- 0.4 to 1.9 +/- 0.4 and 1.8 +/-0.3 g/L at baseline and at 6 and 12 months, respectively, after switching patients to DHD. Daily protein intake increased from 1.29 +/- 0.20 g/kg/day to 1.48 +/- 0.60 and 1.90 +/- 0.70 (P < 0.05). These changes were accompanied by a dry body weight increase of 2.4 +/- 1.6 kg (P < 0.005) at month 6 and 4.2 +/- 2.8 kg at one year (P < 0.05). Lean body mass increased from 47.7 +/- 4.9 kg to 49.1 +/- 5.9 (P < 0.05) and 50.5 +/- 6.2 (P < 0.05).'] Does short daily hemodialysis rapidly improve nutritional status in hemodialysis patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['An imbalance between neutrophil protease and surrounding antiprotease levels has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Adenoviral E1A DNA and protein are frequently detected in the lungs of COPD patients. As secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) and elafin/skin-derived antileukoproteinase (SKALP) are locally produced in the lung and inhibit neutrophil elastase activity, we hypothesized that adenoviral E1A might affect the production of these antiproteases.', 'To examine the effect of E1A on SLPI and elafin/SKALP secretion in A549 (alveolar epithelial) cells and primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells.', 'SLPI and elafin/SKALP were quantitated from cell culture supernatants using an ELISA. SLPI mRNA expression was examined by Northern blotting, and SLPI promoter activity was measured using a reporter gene assay.', 'E1A significantly suppressed SLPI and elafin/SKALP secretion by A549 cells upon interleukin (IL)-1beta stimulation. E1A also suppressed SLPI and elafin/SKALP secretion by HBE cells. SLPI mRNA expression in A549 cells was suppressed by E1A regardless of IL-1beta stimulation. IL-1beta-induced SLPI promoter activity was suppressed by E1A gene transfection into A549 cells.'] Does adenoviral E1A suppress secretory leukoprotease inhibitor and elafin secretion in human alveolar epithelial cells and bronchial epithelial cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine whether breakfast consumption or content affects academic achievement measured by standardized tests.', 'Baseline data were collected in fall of 2011 from 698\\xa0students (50.5% female, age = 7.5 ± 0.6\\xa0years) living in the state of Kansas. Academic achievement was assessed using 3\\xa0components from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III). Prior to taking the WIAT-III, participants completed a breakfast recall of all foods and drinks consumed that morning, which was analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R). WIAT-III scores were compared between breakfast and non-breakfast consumers in a sample (n = 162) matched for age, sex, race, education level of both parents, household income, body mass index (BMI), and cardiovascular fitness, and Pearson correlations were calculated from all breakfast eaters (n = 617) between test performance and components of the breakfast.', 'When compared to non-breakfast consumers, the breakfast consumers had significantly higher scores in all 3 WIAT-III components (all p < 0.05). In breakfast consumers, servings of fruit juice were negatively correlated with reading comprehension and fluency standard score and mathematics standard score (both p < 0.0001), and greater servings of whole grains were significantly related to higher scores in reading comprehension and fluency and mathematics (both p < 0.05).'] Does breakfast Intake and Composition be Associated with Superior Academic Achievement in Elementary Schoolchildren?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of our retrospective study was to determine the longterm articular prognosis in patients with pauciarticular onset juvenile arthritis (JA) with and without uveitis.', 'Twenty-nine patients with pauciarticular onset JA with uveitis were compared to 86 without uveitis, matched for sex, age at disease onset, and duration of followup. All patients had a minimum followup of 6 years from disease onset. The outcome of arthritis was evaluated by: (1) progression to polyarticular disease; (2) hip involvement; (3) radiographic evidence of articular erosions; (4) significant functional disability at the last visit.', 'There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in the severity variables considered, single or combined.'] Is the articular prognosis of pauciarticular onset juvenile arthritis influenced by the presence of uveitis?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Most renal units assess dialysis adequacy in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients by formal 24-hour collections of urine and effluent dialysate. We sought a reliable method of predicting dialysis adequacy that allows a decrease in the frequency of these formal and cumbersome measurements.', 'We created a formula for estimating total creatinine clearances, then assessed the clinical utility of this formula and other published formulae in predicting adequate and inadequate dialysis in PD patients. We collected data over a 6-month period in 2001 from 288 PD patients from 9 centers in Scotland. Four out of every 5 patients were selected at random to create a formula for estimating total creatinine clearance per week, and the fifth patient was used to form a validation group. We plotted creatinine excretion against age, and the resultant linear regression equation was transformed to produce a formula for predicting total creatinine clearance per week, based on patient sex, weight, and serum creatinine. We used the data from the validation subgroup to calculate predictive values for our derived formula and data from all of the patients to calculate predictive values for the Cockcroft and Gault, Jones, and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study formulae.', 'Neither our derived formula nor the three published formulae were sufficiently powerful to predict accurately either adequate or inadequate PD clearance. Receiver operator characteristic curves showed that no significant improvement in these predictive values could be achieved by altering either the sensitivity or the specificity.'] Are derived equations precise enough to predict the adequacy of creatinine clearance in peritoneal dialysis patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the general population. Small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) particles have been considered as a risk marker in metabolic syndrome diagnosis. Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) concentration reflects the number of LDL particles and is closely associated with atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to compare the associations of ApoB, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NHDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with metabolic syndrome and its relationship with significant coronary stenosis (SCS) in a Tunisian population.', 'We enrolled 192 patients, who underwent coronary angiography. The body mass index, blood lipids, fasting glucose, insulin concentration, and blood pressure of every patient were measured. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria.', 'The frequency of metabolic syndrome was 58.3%. The comparison of the lipidic parameters between subject with and without metabolic syndrome showed a significant increase in ApoB and NHDL-C but not in LDL-C. By considering triglyceride (TG) limits (TG ≤ 0.9\\u2009mmol/L and TG > 1.70\\u2009mmol/L), we noted no differences in ApoB, NHDL-C, and LDL-C between subjects with and without metabolic syndrome in triglyceridemia ≤0.9\\u2009mmol/L. In triglyceridemia >1.70\\u2009mmol/L, a significant increase in ApoB and NHDL-C, but not in LDL-C, was noted. These results seem to consolidate the probability of increased sd-LDL in hypertriglyceridemic metabolic syndrome subjects. Indeed, in our study the odds ratio (OR) of SCS associated with metabolic syndrome is 3.81 (P\\u2009=\\u20090.007) in the studied population. This risk increases to 8.70 (P\\u2009=\\u20090.026) in hypertriglyceridemic subjects and seems to be associated with ApoB and NHDL-C (OR\\u2009=\\u20091.87, P\\u2009=\\u20090.038; OR\\u2009=\\u20091.26, P\\u2009=\\u20090.048).'] Are apolipoprotein B and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol better risk markers for coronary artery disease than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypertriglyceridemic metabolic syndrome patients?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has positive effects on fracture incidence before any effects on bone mineral density can be demonstrated. This has been attributed to increased muscle strength by HRT. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of 6 months of HRT on muscle strength in postmenopausal women.', 'Forty postmenopausal women, aged 60-78 were included in the study. They were randomly divided in two groups with 20 women in each group. One group received Menorest 50 microg/24 h (estradiol 4.3 mg) and Gestapuran 2.5 mg (medroxyprogesteron) daily and the other group received placebo treatment. The study was conducted as a double blinded, prospective and placebo controlled trial. Hand grip strength, isokinetic knee flexion and extention, and physical activity were measured before treatment, after 3 and 6 months. Physical activity was estimated using a classification system of physical activity. A JAMAR hydraulic hand dynamometer and a Cybex II dynamometer were used to evaluate muscle strength.', 'Hand grip strength in the right hand, increased significantly in both groups (HRT P<0.001 and placebo P<0.01) and in the left hand in the HRT group (P<0.01). However, there were no differences in muscle strength between the two groups. There was no significant change in isokinetic knee flexion or extension after 6 months in either of the groups. The estimated physical activity increased slightly in the placebo group, but there was no significant difference compared to the treatment group.'] Does six months of hormone replacement therapy influence muscle strength in postmenopausal women?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "no" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Wenxin Keli is a popular Chinese herb extract that approximately five million Asians are currently taking for the treatment of a variety of ventricular arrhythmias. However, its electrophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood.', 'The concentration-dependent electrophysiological effects of Wenxin Keli were evaluated in the isolated rabbit left ventricular myocytes and wedge preparation. Wenxin Keli selectively inhibited late sodium current (INa) with an IC50 of 3.8 ± 0.4 mg/mL, which was significantly lower than the IC50 of 10.6 ± 0.9 mg/mL (n = 6, P < 0.05) for the fast INa. Wenxin Keli produced a small but statistically significant QT prolongation at 0.3 mg/mL, but shortened the QT and Tp-e interval at concentrations ≥ 1 mg/mL. Wenxin Keli increased QRS duration by 10.1% from 34.8 ± 1.0 ms to 38.3 ± 1.1 ms (n = 6, P < 0.01) at 3 mg/mL at a basic cycle length of 2,000 ms. However, its effect on the QRS duration exhibited weak use-dependency, that is, QRS remained less changed at increased pacing rates than other classic sodium channel blockers, such as flecainide, quinidine, and lidocaine. On the other hand, Wenxin Keli at 1-3 mg/mL markedly reduced dofetilide-induced QT and Tp-e prolongation by attenuation of its reverse use-dependence and abolished dofetilide-induced early afterdepolarization (EAD) in four of four left ventricular wedge preparations. It also suppressed digoxin-induced delayed after depolarization (DAD) and ventricular tachycardias without changing the positive staircase pattern in contractility at 1-3 mg/mL in a separate experimental series (four of four).'] Does wenxin Keli suppress ventricular triggered arrhythmias via selective inhibition of late sodium current?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['HuR, a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein, plays an important role in mRNA stability as well as cellular differentiation. Recently, HuR expression, particularly in the cytoplasm, was thought to be associated with the prognosis of several cancers including ovarian cancer.', 'To study the clinical significance of nuclear HuR expression in ovarian cancer.', 'Primary epithelial ovarian carcinomas (102) and ovarian low malignant potential tumours (11) were assessed for HuR protein expression by immunohistochemistry. HuR scoring accounted for both intensity and percentage of cells stained, and ranged from 0 to 300.', 'HuR was found to be present predominantly in the nucleus, where it was expressed in 85.8% of cases. Nuclear HuR was associated with the invasive cancers (P = 0.004), high grade (P < 0.0001), large residual disease (P = 0.045) and poor disease-free survival (P = 0.0009). Among those 91 specimens with high grade, 76.9% had a high nuclear HuR score, while in those 22 cases with low grade, only 31.8% had a high HuR score (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that nuclear HuR intensity was an independent prognostic factor for poor disease-free survival (P = 0.0484). When the invasive cancers were analysed separately, only the association between nuclear HuR and high grade remained (P = 0.0089).'] Does huR expression in the nucleus correlate with high histological grade and poor disease-free survival in ovarian cancer?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Liver cirrhosis with ascites is associated with a decrease in renal sodium excretion and therefore sodium retention.', 'In this paper, we utilize transporter-specific antibodies to address the hypothesis that dysregulation of one or more sodium transporters or channels is associated with sodium chloride (NaCl) retention in a rat model of cirrhosis induced by repeated exposure to carbon tetrachloride. Age-matched controls and cirrhotic rats were pair fed to ensure identical NaCl and water intake for 4 days prior to euthanasia for quantitative immunoblotting studies.'] Is sodium retention in cirrhotic rats associated with increased renal abundance of sodium transporter proteins?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory dermatosis of unclear origin. It has been associated with systemic comorbidities, but methodical studies addressing this association are lacking.', 'We evaluated: (1) the association between rosacea and systemic comorbidities; and (2) if the severity of rosacea is impacted by comorbidities.', 'This was a case-control study: patients with rosacea were matched (1:1) to rosacea-free control subjects by age, sex, and race. Relative risk estimates were calculated using logistic regression as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.', 'Among 130 participants (65 patients/65 control subjects), we observed a significant association between rosacea and allergies (airborne, food), respiratory diseases, gastroesophageal reflux disease, other gastrointestinal diseases, hypertension, metabolic and urogenital diseases, and female hormone imbalance. Compared with mild rosacea, moderate to severe rosacea was significantly associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.'] Is rosacea associated with chronic systemic diseases in a skin severity-dependent manner : results of a case-control study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The natural time course for recovery of glenohumeral internal rotation (IR) loss after a throwing episode is unknown. In addition, the effect of the sleeper stretch on the time course for recovery of motion after a throwing episode has never been investigated. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) to determine the natural time course for spontaneous recovery of IR after a throwing episode and (2) to evaluate the effect of the sleeper stretch on the time course for recovery of IR after a throwing episode.', 'The study participants were 17 male high school baseball pitchers (aged 17.7\\u2009±\\u20090.9 years). A crossover designed was used over a 2-week period. For week 1, glenohumeral IR and external rotation (ER) were evaluated in the dominant shoulder 1 day before a throwing episode and at 2 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, and 5 days after pitching. During week 2, participants completed a sleeper stretch protocol before measurements.', 'The natural time course of spontaneous recovery for IR after a throwing episode was 4 days. Stretching reduced the time course of recovery for IR to 2 days.'] Does sleeper stretch accelerate recovery of glenohumeral internal rotation after pitching?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['High serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity is associated with increased risk of severe hypoglycaemia (SH) within 1 year in type 1 diabetes. We wanted to find out whether ACE activity is stable over time and predicts SH beyond 1 year, and if gender differences exist in the association between ACE activity and risk of SH.', 'A follow-up study of 128 adult patients with type 1 diabetes was conducted. At entry, ACE activity was measured. For 12 months, patients prospectively recorded events of severe hypoglycaemia (SH). At a median of 40 months, ACE activity was measured again and participants recalled the number of SH in the last year.', 'ACE activity is reproducible over 40 months (p < 0.00001). Patients with SH during the baseline study also had SH during follow-up (p < 0.00001). Serum ACE activity measured at baseline was positively associated with the rate of SH at follow-up (p = 0.0003) with a 3.2-fold increased rate of SH in subjects belonging to the upper ACE quartile compared to subjects in the three lowest quartiles (p < 0.00001). The association between high serum ACE activity and increased risk of SH did not differ significantly in women and men.'] Does high serum ACE activity predict severe hypoglycaemia over time in patients with type 1 diabetes?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The life expectancy of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased substantially. Health care should meet their needs through enhancing psychological functioning, quality of life, and perceived health. A possible determinant of these variables is sense of coherence (SOC). The interplay between SOC and outcome variables is not thoroughly scrutinized yet.', 'To examine the direction of relationships between SOC and domains of perceived health in adolescents with CHD.', 'A longitudinal, observational study with two measurement points and a time lag of nine months.', 'The pediatric and congenital cardiology department of a university hospital in Belgium.', \"Adolescents with CHD (n=429 at time 1) were recruited from the hospital's database. At time 1, mean age was 15.8 years, 53.4% were boys, and most adolescents had a moderately complex heart defect (47.6%).\", 'Participants filled out the 13-item SOC questionnaire and the PedsQL scale at both time points. Cross-lagged path analysis using structural equation modeling was conducted, controlling for age, sex, educational level, disease complexity, and prior heart surgery for CHD.', 'SOC at time 1 positively predicted all domains of generic perceived health (physical, emotional, social, and school functioning) and three out of five domains of disease-specific perceived health (symptoms, physical appearance, and cognitive problems) at time 2. Conversely, better school functioning and less cognitive problems at time 1 positively predicted SOC at time 2.'] Is sense of coherence a predictor of perceived health in adolescents with congenital heart disease : a cross-lagged prospective study?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Perivascular infiltrating mononuclear cells have been described in the vasculopathy found in multiple types of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We determined the expression of a specific type 1 immune response cytokine-chemokine cascade-interleukin (IL)-18 → (monokine induced by γ-interferon [MIG]/chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand [CXCL] 9, interferon γ-induced protein [IP]-10/CXCL10 and interferon-inducible T-cell α chemoattractant [ITAC]/CXCL11)-in plasma samples from individuals with World Health Organization (WHO) Group 1 PAH.', 'We analyzed cytokine and chemokine protein levels in plasma from 43 individuals with WHO Group 1 PAH by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with 35 healthy individuals. Immunohistochemical studies on tissue specimens from WHO Group 1 PAH patients were performed for cytokines and chemokines and their respective receptors.', 'Plasma IL-18 levels from WHO Group 1 PAH patients were significantly increased compared with healthy controls. Downstream chemokine CXCL10, but not CXCL9 or CXCL11, was markedly elevated compared with controls. Cellular sources of IL-18 were medial but not intimal smooth muscle cells. IL-18Rα was expressed from medial smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and mononuclear cells. CXCL10 and its main receptor, CXCR3, were expressed from infiltrating vascular wall mononuclear cells.'] Is type I immune response cytokine-chemokine cascade associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To redress the paucity of studies evaluating non-invasive respiratory support in bronchiolitis patients.', 'Following ethics committee approval, the clinical database of a tertiary 23-bed paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) was reviewed for bronchiolitis admissions from January 2000 to December 2009. Length of stay (LOS), ventilatory requirements and risk factors, including prematurity, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) status, chronic lung, neuromuscular, immune and congenital heart disease, were analysed.', 'Of 8,288 admissions, 520 (6.27 %) had bronchiolitis with 343 (65.9 %) having RSV. Median (±SD) age and LOS were 2.78 months and 2.68 (±4.32) days. One (0.2 %) patient died. Assisted ventilation was required for 399 (76.7 %) patients. A total of 114 (28.6 %) patients were intubated directly and 285 (71.4 %) had a trial of non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Significant increase in the use of NIV was seen (2.8 %/year) with decline in intubation rates (1.9 %/ year) (p = 0.002). Of NIV patients, 237 (83.2 %) needed only NIV and 48 (16.8 %) failed and therefore needed intubation. The median LOS was shorter in those who succeeded NIV (2.38 ± 2.43 days) compared to those with invasive ventilation (5.19 ± 6.34 days) and those who failed NIV (8.41 ± 3.44 days). Presence of a risk factor increased the chances of failing NIV from 6 to 10 %.'] Is increase in use of non-invasive ventilation for infants with severe bronchiolitis associated with decline in intubation rates over a decade?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) genetic polymorphisms have been associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DBP has an indirect role in macrophage activation; thus it was hypothesised that DBP is present in the airway and contributes to lung disease by this mechanism.', '471 PiZZ subjects with α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) were genotyped for tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the DBP gene (GC), together with known functional variants, prior to seeking association with COPD phenotypes. 140 subjects with usual COPD and 480 controls were available for replication. Vitamin D and DBP levels were measured by tandem mass spectrometry and ELISA, respectively, in serum and DBP in the sol phase of sputum in a subset of 60 patients. Concentrations were related to phenotype and to alveolar macrophage activation.', 'rs2070741 was associated with airway bacterial colonisation (p=0.04) and bronchiectasis (p=0.01), as was rs7041 (p=0.03) which also influenced vitamin D concentrations (p=0.01). The GC2 variant predisposed to bronchiectasis in AATD (p=0.04) and protected against COPD (p=0.05); the latter association was replicated in usual COPD versus controls (p=0.04). Circulating DBP related inversely to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) (p=0.02), in direct contrast to vitamin D, where deficiency related to low FEV(1) (p=0.04). Sol DBP related directly to alveolar macrophage activation (p=0.004).'] Does vitamin D-binding protein contribute to COPD by activation of alveolar macrophages?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Enhancement of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity through drug administration has been shown to increase pre-heparin serum LPL concentrations; however, pre-heparin serum LPL responses to exercise training have not been determined. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise training on pre-heparin serum LPL concentrations in overweight/obese men.', 'Fifteen overweight/obese middle-aged men were assigned to one of two 12-week supervised exercise interventions: a walking group (eight participants gradually increasing brisk walking to 60 min/day 3 days a week) or a jogging group (seven participants gradually increasing jogging to 60 min/day 3 days a week). All participants maintained ad libitum diets. Blood samples were collected at baseline and immediately after 12 weeks. The primary outcome was pre-heparin serum LPL.', 'Pre-heparin serum LPL concentrations were increased in the jogging group after 12 weeks compared with the baseline values (mean+/-SEM: 37.6+/-4.7 vs. 51.0+/-6.6 ng/mL, respectively, p= 0.033). In the walking group, pre-heparin serum LPL concentrations remained unchanged after 12 weeks.'] Does twelve-week jogging training increase pre-heparin serum lipoprotein lipase concentrations in overweight/obese middle-aged men?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Sinusoidal vasoconstriction, in which hepatic stellate cells operate as contractile machinery, has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. We investigated whether sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) stimulates contractility of those cells and enhances portal vein pressure in isolated perfused rat livers with Rho activation by way of S1P receptor 2 (S1P(2) ). Rho and its effector, Rho kinase, reportedly contribute to the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Thus, a potential effect of S1P(2) antagonism on portal hypertension was examined. Intravenous infusion of the S1P(2) antagonist, JTE-013, at 1 mg/kg body weight reduced portal vein pressure by 24% without affecting mean arterial pressure in cirrhotic rats induced by bile duct ligation at 4 weeks after the operation, whereas the same amount of S1P(2) antagonist did not alter portal vein pressure and mean arterial pressure in control sham-operated rats. Rho kinase activity in the livers was enhanced in bile duct-ligated rats compared to sham-operated rats, and this enhanced Rho kinase activity in bile duct-ligated livers was reduced after infusion of the S1P(2) antagonist. S1P(2) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, but not S1P(1) or S1P(3) , was increased in bile duct-ligated livers of rats and mice and also in culture-activated rat hepatic stellate cells. S1P(2) expression, determined in S1P\\u20092LacZ/+ mice, was highly increased in hepatic stellate cells of bile duct-ligated livers. Furthermore, the increase of Rho kinase activity in bile duct-ligated livers was observed as early as 7 days after the operation in wildtype mice, but was less in S1P\\u20092-/- mice.'] Does antagonism of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 cause a selective reduction of portal vein pressure in bile duct-ligated rodents?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To identify an easily obtainable non-neoplastic tissue that can be used as control material for monitoring optimal Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining.', 'Various tissues, including tonsil (60), uterine cervix (31), breast skin (26), oesophagus (15), stomach (15), small intestine (15) and colon (16), were studied in the search for ideal control tissue. Tonsil surface epithelium is superior to other tissues because it displayed an easily recognized Ki-67 staining pattern including high positive (parabasal layer), low positive (intermediate layer) and negative (basal and superficial layers) zones. Moderate to weak staining of the majority of the intermediate cells could serve as a threshold for positive staining. Of the variables potentially affecting staining results that were tested, the pretreatment solution for antigen retrieval had the greatest impact, of which pH 9 EDTA was far better than pH 6 citrate solution.'] Is tonsil surface epithelium ideal for monitoring Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Eating frequently in restaurants is one of the behaviors associated with obesity. This study examined whether increasing the portion size of an entrée affected energy intake at a restaurant meal.', 'In a cafeteria-style restaurant on different days, the size of a pasta entrée was varied from a standard portion (248 g) to a large portion (377 g). The entrée price was not changed. Intake of the entrée was determined by covertly weighing each dish before and after the meal; intake of all other foods was determined by estimating the percent consumed. The 180 adult customers who purchased the entrée also completed a survey in which they rated characteristics of the meal, including the appropriateness of the entrée portion size and the amount that they ate compared with their usual meal.', 'Portion size had a significant effect on intake of the entrée (p < 0.0001). Compared with customers who purchased the standard portion, those who purchased the larger portion increased their energy intake of the entrée by 43% (719 kJ; 172 kcal) and of the entire meal by 25% (664 kJ; 159 kcal). There was no difference between the two groups of customers in ratings of the appropriateness of the portion size or of the amount that was eaten in relation to their usual meal.'] Does increased portion size lead to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Nasal polyposis is characterized by persistent inflammation but the pathogenesis is complex and still debatable. Autophagy has been associated with many human health problems including chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Whether autophagy plays a role in nasal polyps and could be a therapeutic target is completely unknown.', 'We studied light chain 3 (LC3) protein expression, a common indication of autophagy, in fresh tissue specimens of 5 nasal polyps and 6 normal nasal mucosa by Western blot analysis. The results were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using additional 25 paraffin-embedded nasal tissue sections. Finally the autophagic activity was validated in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts by evaluating the number of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled LC3 puncta.', 'The expression of LC3 was dramatically decreased in all 5 nasal polyp tissues. In contrast, protein kinase B-mechanistic target of rapamycin (Akt-mTOR) signaling, an established negative regulator of autophagy, was significantly activated in these tissues. Immunohistochemical results further demonstrated a negative correlation between autophagy and nasal polyps (p < 0.05). GFP-LC3 puncta formation, an alternative indicator of autophagy, was also diminished in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (p < 0.01).'] Is autophagy deficient in nasal polyps : implications for the pathogenesis of the disease?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['This study determined the ability of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) graph-theory measures to predict neurocognitive status postsurgery in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL).', 'A presurgical resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) condition was collected in 16 left and 16 right TLE patients who underwent ATL. In addition, patients received neuropsychological testing pre- and postsurgery in verbal and nonverbal episodic memory, language, working memory, and attention domains. Regarding the functional data, we investigated three graph-theory properties (local efficiency, distance, and participation), measuring segregation, integration and centrality, respectively. These measures were only computed in regions of functional relevance to the ictal pathology, or the cognitive domain. Linear regression analyses were computed to predict the change in each neurocognitive domain.', 'Our analyses revealed that cognitive outcome was successfully predicted with at least 68% of the variance explained in each model, for both TLE groups. The only model not significantly predictive involved nonverbal episodic memory outcome in right TLE. Measures involving the healthy hippocampus were the most common among the predictors, suggesting that enhanced integration of this structure with the rest of the brain may improve cognitive outcomes. Regardless of TLE group, left inferior frontal regions were the best predictors of language outcome. Working memory outcome was predicted mostly by right-sided regions, in both groups. Overall, the results indicated our integration measure was the most predictive of neurocognitive outcome. In contrast, our segregation measure was the least predictive.'] Do presurgery resting-state local graph-theory measures predict neurocognitive outcomes after brain surgery in temporal lobe epilepsy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Risperidone has been shown to be clinically effective for the treatment of aggressive behavior in children, yet no information is available regarding whether risperidone exhibits aggression-specific suppression in preclinical studies that use validated developmentally immature animal models of escalated aggression. Previously, we have shown that exposure to low doses of the psychostimulant cocaine-hydrochloride (.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) during the majority of pubertal development (postnatal days [P]27-57) generates animals that exhibit a high level of offensive aggression. This study examined whether risperidone exerts selective aggression-suppressing effects by using this pharmacologic animal model of highly escalated offensive aggression.', 'Experimental hamsters were tested for offensive aggression after the acute administration of risperidone (.05-1.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneally).', 'Risperidone dose-dependently reduced the highly aggressive phenotype, with a significant reduction observed at .1-.2 mg/kg for most aggressive responses measured. Experimental animals treated with higher doses of risperidone (.3-1.0 mg/kg) showed significant reductions in aggression and social interest toward intruders, indicating more general behavioral inhibition.'] Does risperidone exert potent anti-aggressive effects in a developmentally immature animal model of escalated aggression?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The DNA damage response (DDR) factors ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) function as tumor suppressors in humans and mice, but the significance of their mutual interaction to the suppression of oncogenic translocations in vivo has not been investigated. To address this question, the phenotypes of compound mutant mice lacking 53BP1 and ATM (Trp53bp1(-/-)/Atm(-/-)), relative to single mutants, were examined. These analyses revealed that loss of 53BP1 markedly decreased the latency of T-lineage lymphomas driven by RAG-dependent oncogenic translocations in Atm(-/-) mice (average survival, 14 and 23 weeks for Trp53bp1(-/-)/Atm(-/-) and Atm(-/-) mice, respectively). Mechanistically, 53BP1 deficiency aggravated the deleterious effect of ATM deficiency on nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated double-strand break repair. Analysis of V(D)J recombinase-mediated coding joints and signal joints in Trp53bp1(-/-)/Atm(-/-) primary thymocytes is, however, consistent with canonical NHEJ-mediated repair. Together, these findings indicate that the greater NHEJ defect in the double mutant mice resulted from decreased efficiency of rejoining rather than switching to an alternative NHEJ-mediated repair mechanism. Complementary analyses of irradiated primary cells indicated that defects in cell-cycle checkpoints subsequently function to amplify the NHEJ defect, resulting in more frequent chromosomal breaks and translocations in double mutant cells throughout the cell cycle. Finally, it was determined that 53BP1 is dispensable for the formation of RAG-mediated hybrid joints in Atm(-/-) thymocytes but is required to suppress large deletions in a subset of hybrid joints.'] Is 53BP1 limiting for NHEJ repair in ATM-deficient model systems that are subjected to oncogenic stress or radiation?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Metastasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in breast cancer with tumor cell invasion playing a crucial role in the metastatic process. PDK1 is a key molecule that couples PI3K to cell proliferation and survival signals in response to growth factor receptor activation, and is oncogenic when expressed in mouse mammary epithelial cells. We now present evidence showing that PDK1-expressing cells exhibit enhanced anchorage-dependent and -independent cell growth and are highly invasive when grown on Matrigel. These properties correlate with induction of MMP-2 activity, increased MT1-MMP expression and a unique gene expression profile.', 'Invasion assays in Matrigel, MMP-2 zymogram analysis, gene microarray analysis and mammary isografts were used to characterize the invasive and proliferative function of cells expressing PDK1. Tissue microarray analysis of human breast cancers was used to measure PDK1 expression in invasive tumors by IHC.', 'Enhanced invasion on Matrigel in PDK1-expressing cells was accompanied by increased MMP-2 activity resulting from stabilization against proteasomal degradation. Increased MMP-2 activity was accompanied by elevated levels of MT1-MMP, which is involved in generating active MMP-2. Gene microarray analysis identified increased expression of the ECM-associated genes decorin and type I procollagen, whose gene products are substrates of MT1-MMP. Mammary fat pad isografts of PDK1-expressing cells produced invasive adenocarcinomas. Tissue microarray analysis of human invasive breast cancer indicated that PDK1pSer241 was strongly expressed in 90% of samples.'] Does 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 ( PDK1 ) promote invasion and activation of matrix metalloproteinases?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of this study is to determine the possible role of the processed peptide of LHRH, LHRH-(1-5), in regulating growth of endometrial cancer cells.', 'An endometrial cancer cell line, the Ishikawa cell line, was cultured under standard conditions and treated in a dose-dependent manner with 1 of 2 hormones, LHRH and LHRH-(1-5) to determine the ability of these peptides to regulate cellular growth. A tetrazolium-based assay was used to determine the effect these peptides have on cell proliferation. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based assays were used to determine the expression of caspase-3/7 and pERK-1/2. Statistical analyses were conducted using an analysis of variance followed by Fisher LSD as the post-hoc test.', 'The results show that LHRH is anti-proliferative whereas LHRH-(1-5) is proliferative on the cells. Furthermore, LHRH-(1-5) decreased caspase-3/7 and pERK1/2 expression.'] Does a processed metabolite of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone have proliferative effects in endometrial cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Adipose tissue and liver play important roles in mediating the metabolic actions of glucocorticoids. However, the effects of glucocorticoids on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle are not understood completely. Intracellular glucocorticoid action is dependent on 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD1), an enzyme that converts cortisone to active cortisol.', 'We investigated the direct role of HSD1 in cultured primary human skeletal muscle cells using siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors of the enzyme. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were cultured in the presence of 0.5 microM cortisone or 0.5 microM cortisol for eight days. siRNA was utilized to reduce expression of either HSD1 or pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 4. Effects of pharmacological inhibitors of HSD1 were also studied.', 'Exposure to cortisone or cortisol decreased basal glucose uptake and glucose incorporation into glycogen, but was without effect on the insulin-stimulated response. Glucocorticoid exposure increased palmitate oxidation, as well as the expression of PDK4. siRNA-mediated reduction or pharmacological inhibition of HSD1 prevented the effects of cortisone, but not cortisol, on metabolic responses. siRNA-mediated reduction of PDK4 prevented the effect of cortisol to attenuate glycogen synthesis.'] Are glucocorticoid-mediated effects on metabolism reversed by targeting 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in human skeletal muscle?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['We investigated the predictive value of monocyte count to HDL ratio (M/H ratio) for stent thrombosis (ST) in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).', '1170 STEMI patients treated with primary PCI were followed-up for a median of 37.2 months.', \"During follow-up, 112 patients were diagnosed as 'definite' ST. The rate of ST was significantly highest in the third M/H ratio tertile. In Cox regression analysis, adjusted for other factors, having an M/H ratio in third tertile had a 2.2-fold increased risk of ST. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the higher occurrence of ST in the third tertile compared with others (p <0.001).\"] Does monocyte/HDL-cholesterol ratio predict the definite stent thrombosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) to paclitaxel (PTX) can sensitize PTX-resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines (CABA-PTX and IGROV-PTX) in vitro.', 'SAHA was studied in combination with paclitaxel in PTX-sensitive and PTX-resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines. Using cell proliferation analysis, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometric assays, we can determine whether the resistance was partly removed when the cells were treated with a combination of SAHA and PTX. Cells were also assayed for cytochrome c release. The levels of acetylated tubulin, β-tubulin, and HDAC6 were quantified by Western blots.', 'SAHA in combination with PTX led to a more pronounced inhibition of cell growth compared with PTX alone. In addition, the combined exposure to PTX and SAHA resulted in a marked arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and in a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells. The expression of acetylated tubulin was dramatically increased by exposure to the combination of PTX and SAHA. These data paralleled the findings of an increased expression of HDAC6 in the presence of PTX in PTX-resistant cell lines.'] Does suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid partly reverse resistance to paclitaxel in human ovarian cancer cell lines?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['To determine the prognostic value of the central downstream apoptosis effector BAX in relation to its upstream regulator p53 in R0-resected hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer.', 'Retrospective analysis of 41 patients who underwent potentially curative resection of liver metastases from colarectal cancer was performed. Tumor DNA was screened for p53 mutations by single-stranded conformational polymorphism polymerase chain reaction and for BAX frameshift mutations by fragment length analysis. Protein expression of BAX, p21, and p53 was investigated by immunohistochemistry.', 'Overall median survival was 40.2 months. Tumors with BAX frameshift mutations were considered microsatellite mutator phenotype-positive and were excluded from further prognostic analyses. Patients with high BAX protein expression had a median survival of 53.6 months compared with 35.4 months for patients with low BAX expression (P < .05). The negative prognostic value of low BAX expression was more evident in those patients with wild-type p53 (median survival, 54.0 v 23.3 months for BAX-negative tumors; P < .01). Low BAX expression was an independent negative prognostic marker in multivariate regression analysis for all patients independent of the p53 status (relative risk, 3.03, P = .03), especially for p53 wild-type tumors (relative risk, 8.21; P = .0095).'] Is analysis of the p53/BAX pathway in colorectal cancer : low BAX a negative prognostic factor in patients with resected liver metastases?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and its sulfated metabolite, 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate (25HC3S), regulate certain aspects of lipid metabolism in opposite ways. Hence, the enzyme for the biosynthesis of 25HC3S, oxysterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b), may play a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism. We evaluate the effect of 25HC sulfation on lipid metabolism by overexpressing the gene encoding SULT2B1b in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) in culture.', 'The human SULT2B1b gene was successfully overexpressed in HAECs following infection using a recombinant adenovirus. HPLC analysis demonstrated that more than 50% of (3)H-25HC was sulfated in 24h following overexpression of the SULT2B1b gene. In the presence of 25HC, SULT2B1b overexpression significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of LXR, ABCA1, SREBP-1c, ACC-1, and FAS, which are key regulators of lipid biosynthesis and transport; and subsequently reduced cellular lipid levels. Overexpression of the gene encoding SULT2B1b gave similar results as adding exogenous 25HC3S. However, in the absence of 25HC or in the presence of T0901317, synthetic liver oxysterol receptor (LXR) agonist, SULT2B1b overexpression had no effect on the regulation of key genes involved in lipid metabolism.'] Does sulfation of 25-hydroxycholesterol by SULT2B1b decrease cellular lipids via the LXR/SREBP-1c signaling pathway in human aortic endothelial cells?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Force of contraction increases with stimulus-frequency in mammalian and amphibian hearts under control conditions. Here, we have analysed the mechanism of the force-frequency relation (FFR) in frog-ventricle.', 'Circular strips of frog-ventricle were subjected to field-stimulation with frequencies in the range 0.03-0.2 Hz and force recorded on a chart-recorder. In another protocol, varying rest-periods were imposed while the preparation beat steadily at 0.2 Hz and the effect of rest on post-rest beat amplitude was noted.', 'Under control conditions, a positive FFR and a rest-induced decay of contraction amplitude (RID) were seen in the frequency range 0.03-0.2 Hz. With cadmium, nifedipine, nickel (40 micromol L(-1)), ryanodine and adrenaline (all drugs at 10 micromol L(-1) concentration, except nickel), the positive FFR and RID seen under control conditions persisted. When the bathing solution contained ouabain (10 micromol L(-1)) or low external sodium (40 mmol L(-1)), or high external calcium (5 mmol L(-1)), the FFR turned negative in the frequency range stated above and there were rest-induced potentiations (RIP).'] Is force-frequency relation in frog-ventricle dependent on the direction of sodium/calcium exchange in diastole?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Pain is a common symptom for patients with cancer, and opioids are the treatment of choice for moderate or severe cancer-related pain. Central side effects, such as drowsiness, confusion, and hallucinations, can limit the use of opioids in clinical practice.', 'The authors prospectively recruited 228 cancer patients who received morphine. Clinical data, including pain and side-effect scores, were correlated with genotype data.', 'Genetic variation in the multidrug resistance-1 gene (MDR-1) was associated with moderate or severe drowsiness and confusion or hallucinations. Patients who carried the common guanosine (G) allele at position 2677 in exon 26 were less likely to experience drowsiness and confusion or hallucinations than patients who carried the variant thymidine or adenosine alleles, which code for alternate amino-acid substitutions (chi-square statistic, 13.3; P=.0003). In addition, genetic variation in the catechol-O-methyltansferase (COMT) enzyme was associated independently with these central side effects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in intron 1 were associated significantly with central side effects; the most significant was at position -4873G (chi-square statistic, 9.1; P=.003). SNPs in intron 1, defined as haplotype, were present in 10.4% of the population and were associated significantly with central side effects (chi-square statistic, 7.7; P=.005). Genotype data did not correlate with morphine dose or serum morphine or metabolite concentrations in this study.'] Are genetic variation and response to morphine in cancer patients : catechol-O-methyltransferase and multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphisms associated with central side effects?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Signaling through vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF–C) and VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) plays a central role in lymphangiogenesis and the metastasis of several cancers via the lymphatics. Recently, the Slit2/Robo4 pathway has been recognized as a modulator of vascular permeability and integrity. Signaling via the Robo receptor inhibits VEGF-mediated effects; however, its effects on lymphatic endothelial cell function have not been well characterized.', 'We found that pretreatment with Slit2N, an active fragment of Slit2, inhibited VEGF-C-mediated lung-derived lymphatic endothelial cell (L-LEC) proliferation, migration, and in vitro tube formation. Slit2N induced the internalization of VEGFR-3, which blocked its activation, and inhibited the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by VEGF-C in L-LECs. Moreover, we found that inhibition of VEGF-C-induced effects by Slit2N was Robo4-dependent.'] Do slit2N and Robo4 regulate lymphangiogenesis through the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 pathway?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Various compounds believed to selectively interact with the 5-HT(2C) receptor have been demonstrated to alter the functioning of ascending dopamine systems. We postulated that this functional interaction may extend to the behavioural effects of drugs of abuse whose rewarding properties are critically dependent upon mesolimbic DA activity.', 'The present studies focussed on interactions between 5-HT(2C) receptor function and behaviours either supported or induced by nicotine.', 'The effect of Ro 60-0175, a 5-HT(2C) agonist, was assessed for its ability to modify 1) nicotine-induced locomotor activity in nicotine-treated rats, 2) lever pressing maintained by either food or IV administration of nicotine, and 3) the development of nicotine-induced hyperactivity. The specificity of this effect was further measured in locomotor activity studies by additional administration of the selective 5-HT(2C) antagonist SB 242,084.', 'Ro 60-0175 (0.3-3 mg/kg SC) dose-dependently reduced nicotine-induced activity, an effect which was reversed by SB 242,084 (0.5 mg/kg IP), thus confirming receptor selectivity of the response. Responding both for food and nicotine on an FR5TO1 min schedule of reinforcement was reduced by Ro 60-0175 (0.1-1 mg/kg) with proportionally similar effects on responses for both types of reinforcer. Co-administration of Ro 60-0175 (1 mg/kg SC) and nicotine (0.4 mg/kg SC) for 10 days blocked the sensitised response that developed in subjects treated with nicotine alone.'] Does activation of 5-HT ( 2C ) receptors reduce the locomotor and rewarding effects of nicotine?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['The objective of this study is to determine the utility of simple asthma control questionnaires in assessing the asthma control in our practice setting.', 'The Asthma Control Test (ACT), Asthma Therapy Assessment Questionnaire (ATAQ), and mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (mini AQLQ) were administered to previously diagnosed asthma patients. Spirometry was performed to obtain the prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). The relationship between test scores (ACT and ATAQ) and the FEV1 and mini AQLQ scores, respectively, was explored.', \"A total of 106 patients (mean age 41 ± 15.3 years, 61 (57.5%) females) participated in the study. The mean ACT score was 17 ± 5.3 and the mean ATAQ score was 1.46 ± 1.34. There was a significant positive correlation between the ACT score and FEV1% predicted indicating the improvement in asthma control when FEV1% predicted increases (Pearson's correlation = 0.518, R² = 0.268, p < .0001) and a negative correlation between the ATAQ score and FEV1% predicted also indicating the improvement in asthma control when FEV1% predicted increases (Pearson's correlation = -0.516, R² = 0.266, p < .0001). The ACT score was significantly and positively related to the mini AQLQ score signifying an improvement in quality of life with increasing ACT score (Pearson's correlation = 0.691, R² = 0.461, p < .0001).The ATAQ score was significantly and negatively related to the mini AQLQ score indicating an improvement in quality of life with decreasing ATAQ score (Pearson's correlation = -0.654, R² = 0.428, p ≤ .0001). The FEV1% predicted and the mini AQLQ score were the only significant determinants of both the ACT score and the ATAQ score.\"] Are the ACT and the ATAQ useful surrogates for asthma control in resource-poor countries with inadequate spirometric facilities?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "TASK: Your task is to answer biomedical questions using the given abstract. Only output yes, no, or maybe as answer.\nINPUT: ['Endothelin receptor A (ET(A)) antagonism normalizes fetal growth in several models of rodent fetal growth restriction (FGR). Our aims were to determine the levels of ET(A) antagonist in maternal and fetal plasma following chronic maternal administration, and to determine its impact on pregnancy outcome, survival and growth of rat pups.', 'Timed pregnant rats were treated with one of two endothelin receptor antagonists or vehicle, from gestation day 14-21 (term=22 days). The antagonists and their respective doses were ABT-546 (20mg/kg/day) and FR139317 (12 mg/kg/day). On day 21, in six rats per group, maternal and fetal plasma ABT-546 was assayed by HPLC. Five additional rats in each group delivered spontaneously and nursed their pups through postpartum day 7. Viability of newborns, oxygen saturation, litter sizes, and pup weights were recorded on postpartum days 1 and 7.', 'Fetal antagonist levels reached only 2% of maternal levels (p<0.01). There were no significant differences among groups in length of gestation; litter size; survival, number and weight of live pups at birth and at 7 days postpartum; and tissue oxygen saturation.'] Does endothelin receptor antagonist have limited access to the fetal compartment during chronic maternal administration late in pregnancy?\nOUTPUT:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "yes" } ]