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49cee3c34f3fdf5c9c1cf827a7cb2a7b | for the process , which direction is favored by changes in energy probability? positional probability? explain your answers. if you wanted to favor the process as written, would you raise or lower the temperature of the system? explain. | for the process , which direction is favored by changes in | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " review for chemistry 121 b professor: dr. thomas holovics southern illinois universityedwardsville chapters 14 &15 test date: march 3, 2016 referencing back to the blue lecture notes book chapter 14 chemical equilibrium key terms, vocab, equations what does “equilibrium constant” mean? o when the amount of the products are relatively the same as the amount of reactants what is the definition of “dynamic equilibrium”? o when the rates of the forward and revers reactions are equal. what is the formula for equilibrium constant, kc? o kc=[c]^c[d]^d/[a]^a[b]^b where c & d are the products and a&b are the reactants so, concentration of products or the concentration of the reactants how do we know if the products are favored or if the reactants are favored? o if k is larger than 1, then the products are favored. if k is smaller than 1, then the reactants are favored. there is an example of a problem finding if the reactants or products are favored in the lecture note book page 138 when referring to a reverse reaction, what does k’ (k prime) stand for? o it is the reciprocal of k there is an example problem of this on page 140 and 141 equilibrium constant o if you add the given equation, you get the desired equation. o if you multiply the given k values, you get the equilibrium constant for the overall reaction. what is the formula for partial pressure equilibrium constant? o kp= (pg)^p(ph)^h/(pa)^a(pb)^b \n partial pressure of the products over the partial pressure of the reactants how is kp related to kc? o kp=kc(rt)^δn t is temperature in kelvin r=.08206 δn is the difference in the number of moles of reactants and the moles of products kp=kc when δn=0 partial pressure is always in atm o there are example problems for this on page 145 kc does not work for solids or liquids because their concentrations do not change. o the amount of solid and liquids may change but the concentrations do not. what is the most direct way to find equilibrium constant? o to measure the amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium equilibrium constant is independent of the initial amount of reactants or products. for nonequilibrium conditions, instead of using kc or kp, you use? o qc or qp what is the qc or qp used for? o for prediction the direction of the net change of the reaction. to do this, compare the magnitude of qc to kc qc vs. kc no products/ reactants k>>q products formed shifts right k is much larger than q products/ reactants k>q products formed shifts right k is larger than q products/reactants k= q no products or does not shift k and q are at reactants formed equilibrium products/reactants k<q reactants formed shifts left k is smaller than q products/ no reactants k<<q reactants formed shifts left k is much smaller than q use an ice table to work these types of problems o ice stands for initial change equilibrium o examples of these types of problems on pages 151,152,153,154, 157,158 if when doing an ice and you encounter a binomial term, you can compare the constant to the value obtained for x. this is called “neglect x” \n so, instead of doing (ex) x^2/(5x)=20, do instead x^2/5=20 o this only works if (dropped x term/ constant of binomial)>.05 example on page 158 le châterlier’s principle helps us predict the effects from various changes in equilibrium conditions o meaning, if the equilibrium is disturbed, then the position of equilibrium will shift as to minimize the disturbance. o example: you have two countries right next to each other, a and b. a and b are at equilibrium. but then some people from a move over to b, making it have more people. now the equilibrium is messed up and b is a bit crowded. so, to fix this, some people from b move to a, making then equal again. o equilibrium shifts away from the side with added stuff. or equilibrium shifts towards the side with removed stuff. there is an illustrated example of this on page 161 does adding a gas reactants increases the partial pressure causing the equilibrium to shift to what side? o right increasing the partial pressure increases the concentration but it does not increase the partial pressure of other gases in the mix does adding or removing pure solids or liquids affects the equilibrium? o no, they do not. when the external pressure is increased equilibrium shifts which direction? o in the direction producing the smaller number of gas moles when the external pressure is decreased equilibrium shifts which direction? o in the direction producing the larger number of gas moles if there is no change in the number of gas mole what effect does the change in external pressure have? o it has no effect. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ the temperature of an equilibrium mixture shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the endothermic reaction. o raising lowering the temperature of an equilibrium mixture shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_reaction. o exothermic consider heat as though it is a product of the endothermic reaction and a reactant of the exothermic reaction \n o this is a really nice summary diagram for this on page 165 and an example equation remember: adding a catalyst will lower the activation energy of both the forward and revers reaction but it does not affect the equilibrium state. a standard example table of disturbing equilibrium adding more shift to the right shift to the left no change product removing some shift to the right shift to the left no change reactant increase in shift to the right shift to the left no change temperature decrease in shift to the right shift to the left no change pressure adding a catalyst shift to the right shift to the left no change le châterlier’s summary change effect concentration increase in [reactant] or decrease in [product] favors forward reaction partial pressure increase in [product] or decrease in [reactant] favors revers reaction temperature increase in temp. favors endothermic reaction decrease in temp. favors exothermic reaction pressure increase in pressure favors side with less gas moles decrease in pressure favors side with more gas moles volume increase in volume favors side with less gas moles decrease in volume favors side with more gas moles catalyst added equilibrium reached faster. make sure to do the selftests on pages 143, 155, and 167 \n chapter 15 acids and bases fun fact: mild heartburn can be cured by neutralizing the acid in ones esophagus. acids o taste sour o can dissolve many metals o neutralizes bases o change blue litmus to red o some common acids sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, carbonic acid bases o bitter taste o feels slippery o turns red litmus paper blue o neutralizes acids o common bases sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, ammonia, sodium carbonate arrhenius theory definition of acids and bases svante arrhenius o bases off of h+ and oh h+ is for acid and oh is for bases (18591927) brønstedlowery definition o based in reactions win which h+ is transferred lewis definition o based on the reaction in which lone pairs are transferred arrhenius acids and bases o arrhenius acid is a compound that ionizes in h2o to form a solution of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? h+/h3o+ ions and anions o arrhenius base is a compound that ionizes in h2o to forma solution of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? oh and cations just to be clear, what is the definition of neutralizing? o it is the process of an acid reacting with a base to form h2o and an ionic salt. and what is an ionic salt? o it is the combination of the cation from the base and the anion from the acid what are some problems regarding the arrhenius theory? \n o it does not explain why some molecular substances dissolve to form basic solutions even though they do not contain oh ions o it does not explain why some molecular substance dissolves to form acidic solutions even though they do not contain h+ ions. o it does not explain acidbase reactions that take place outside of (aq) solutions. brønstedlowery acids and bases o a brønstedlowery acid is a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. proton donor johannes n. bronsted o a brønstedlowery base is a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. proton acceptor (18791947) o what is a conjugate base? it is an acid minus the proton it donated. o what is a conjugate acid? it is a base plus the accepted proton o the base accepts the proton and becomes a conjugate acid. o the acid donates the proton and becomes a conjugate base. there is a picture to show you the reaction on page 174 lewis acids and bases o a lewis acids electron pair acceptor o a lewis base electron pair donor o the base donates the lp electrons to the acid. gilbert newton lewis (18751946) normally, a covalent bond forms the product formed is called an \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? in organic chem, lewis acids are an adduct o arrhenius and brostedlowery are also lewis called electrophiles and lewis reactions. bases are called nucleophiles there is a very nice diagram that visually explains this on page 176 how to identify acids binary acids general formula: hx examples: hf,hcl,hbr,hi, h2s, h2te complex acids general formula: hx(poly) examples: hno2, h2so4, oxoacids (h,o, and 1 hcn, h2co3, h3po4, other) hobr, hclo2, hno3 organic acids gen formula: rcooh examples: hcooh, ch3cooh,c2h5cooh, c6h5cooh lewis acids gen. formula: m+ examples: fe+3, hg+2, \n incomplete octets/open cr+2, h+ bf3,aih2 orbitals ions as acids positive ions can be acidic examples: nh4+, some anions of complex c5nnh+, honh3+, acids hso41, hco31, hpo42 how to identify bases metal hydroxide gen. formula: moh examples: naoh, lioh, koh, ca(oh)2, mg(oh)2 amines gen. formula: amines examples: nh3, ch3nh2, c5h5n, (ch3)3n, honh2, (ch3)2 nh lewis bases has a lone pair that can easilyexamples: (nh3), cn, h2o be donated ions as bases negative ions can be basic examples: co32, clo2, hs, cn, po43, ch3o, no2, ch3coo0, f what is the name for the substance that can act as either an acid or a base? o an amphoteric substance they can do this because they have both a transferable h and an atom with lone pair electrons. what is the most common amphoteric substance? o that’s right, water. good ol’ h2o a strong acid or strong base are strong electrolytes o basically 100% acid molecules ionize and all base molecules form oh ions. a weak acid or a weak base are weak electrolytes. strong acids o hydrochloric acid (hcl) o hydrobromic acid (hbr) o hydriodic acid (hi) o nitric acid (hno3) o perchloric acid (hclo4) o sulfuric acid (h2so4) all other acids are weak measure an acid or base’s strength by using the equilibrium constant. \n the stronger the acid is at donating h, the weaker the conjugate base is at accepting h. higher oxidation number= stronger oxyacid cation is stronger that neutral molecules which are stronger than anions o h3o+>h2o>oh base strength trend is the opposite binary acids o strength increase to the right across the period and down the column so, iodine (i) is the best oxyacid, hoy o the more electronegative y, the stronger the acid o acidity increases to the right and up a group o the larger the oxidation number of the central atom, the stronger the oxyacid o the more oxygens attached to the y, the stronger the oxyacid carboxylic acids o rcooh o the more electronegative the r group, the stronger the acid page 185186 has a huge list of acids and bases. it’s worth checking out acid strength is measured by the equilibrium constant o larger ka= stronger acid ka= [h3o+][a]/ [ha]= [h+][a]/[ha] neutral solutions have \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_[h3o+] and [oh] equal acidic solutions have \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_[h3o+] than [oh] larger basic solutions have\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_[ oh] than [h3o+] larger ph is used to express acidity or basicity o ph= log[h3o+] o waters ph is –log[10^7]=7 o [h3o+]= 10^ph ph<7 is acid, 7 is neutral, ph >7 is basic o there is an example to find ph on page 191 another way to express acidity/basicity is using poh o poh= log[oh] o [oh]= 10^poh o you need to know the [oh] to find poh o ph+ poh=14.0 another way is pk o pka= log(ka), ka= 10^pka o pkb= log(kb), kb= 10^pkb o smaller pka= stronger acid o larger ka= smaller pka \n why? because it has a neg. log o smaller pkb= stronger the base o larger kb+ smaller pkb finding the ph for strong o for monoprotic strong acids [h3o+]=[hacid] o for strong ionic bases [oh]= (number oh ions)*[base] o there are examples showing the work for these types of problems on page 195 finding ph for weak o hacid+h2o acid +h3o+ o use the ice table o you can use neglect x o there are tons of examples on pages 196, 197, and 198. acid ionization o another way to measure acid strength. o to do this determine the percentage of acid molecules ionized when dissolved in water called percent ionization o the higher the percent ionization, the stronger the acid o percent ionization= ((molarity of ionized acid)/(initial molarity of acid))*100% example page 199 a monoprotic acid has one single ionizable h atom per molecule a polyprotic acid has more than one ionizable h atom ions as acids and bases o salts of strong acids and strong bases form \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ solutions neutral o salts of weak acids and strong acids form \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ solutions basic o salts of strong acids and weak bases form\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ solutions acidic o salts of weak acids and weak basics can form solutions that are acidic or basic or neutral it depends on the relative strength of the cations and anions o there are examples on page 202 don’t forget to do the selftests on pages 187 and 207 also, maybe review the oxidation rules if you are rusty with those and what bases are strong or weak \n good luck on the test!!! i believe in you!!!",
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83ec73f09ee7db7529873b53850ac5bc | ?problem 26e
manipulating taylor series use the taylor series in table 9.5 to find the first four nonzero terms of the taylor series for the following functions centered at 0. | solution: manipulating taylor series use the taylor series | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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66157ac6fe32a7ce345f9c1d668303c8 | y 2 tan 3x | y 2 tan 3x | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " week 4: continuing on chapter 3: microbes in the news popping frozen poop pills can stave off dangerous bacterial infections: ● fecal transplants delivered by enema or tube down the digestive system. ○ snake tube down the nose and into the stomach. ○ patient can gag, vomit, risk of inhaling fecal matter. ● alternative: frozen poop pills: ○ shelf lif: 250 days. ● preliminary study: ○ popped 30 pills over a two day period. ○ 19 to 20 patients with mild to moderate c. difficile infections fell from 5 to 1 stool per day. ○ after 2 days of pill popping14 cured. ○ after 4 days, the rest cured. lactic acid, co2, and ethanol are microbial fermentation byproducts used in fermenting foods. ● milk products: ○ cheese. ○ yogurt. ○ buttermilk. ○ kefir. ○ acidophilus milk. ○ sour cream. ● meats: ○ bologna. ○ salami. ○ countrycured ham. ○ sausage. ● breads: ○ sourdough bread. ○ numerous other breads and rolls. ● miscellaneous products: ○ sauerkraut. ○ pickles. ○ olives. ○ vinegar. ○ tofu. ○ soy sauce. ○ kimchi. ● alcoholic beverages: \n ○ beer. ○ wine. ○ saki. ○ distilled spirits (brandy, whiskey, rum, vodka, gin). dairyproducts: ● the fermentation of milk is an ancient practice. ● over a thousand varieties of cheese exist globally. ● cheeses vary in texture, taste, and aroma, due to: ○ type of milk. ○ length of incubation. ○ type of bacteria in start culture. ■ lactobacillu bulgaricusand streptococcus thermophilus are commonly used in making yogurt. ● health benefits have been attributed to consuming lactobacilli and other probiotics. wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages: ● wine and other alcoholic beverages date to 6000 b.c. ○ requires.cerevisiae and/or other yeasts to ferment sugars from fruit or grain, producing ethanol and co2. ● beer are products f.cerevisiafermenting cereal grains, including barley, wheat, and rice. ● brandy, whiskey, rum, vodka, and gindistillespirit with higher alcohol content than wine or beer. louis pasteur and “sick wine” problem: ● in the 1860s, the french wine industry was suffering from “sick wine”. ● louis pasteur (chemist) was called in to help: ○ observed bacteria in “sick wine,” but yeast in good. ○ heated juice of grape to 5060 degrees celsius, cooled and then added yeast starter cultureproblem solved! ○ this process opasteurizatio later applied to milk and dairy products. harnessing microbes as research tools: ● genetics and molecular biology, in particular, benefit from the use of microbes in the lab. ○ microbes are easy and inexpensive to grow. ○ microbes reproduce rapidly. ○ microbes developed for genetic engineering techniques. ● microbes were essential to sequencing human genome. ● gene therapy depends upon use of microbes. \n harnessing microbes in industry: ● new or improved biotech products: ○ novel and safer vaccines. ○ novel antimicrobials. ○ cheaper and safer medicinal agents: ■ recombinant human growth hormone. ■ recombinant human insulin. ○ novel agricultural applications: ■ bt, an environmentally friendly bioinsecticide. ■ pseudomonas syringae (iceminus bacterium). harnessing microbes for bioremediation: ● bioremediation: is the act of adding materials to the environment, such as fertilizers or microorganisms, to increase the rate at which natural biodegradation occurs. we use pseudomonas for bioremediation. ● bioaugmentation: biodegradation can be enhanced by spraying nutrients on beaches, etc..to foster the growth of the indigenous microbes to accelerate degradation of pollutants. there are many advantages to using microbes in bioremediation: ● microbes are inexpensive to grow. ● microbes are self limiting (depend upon contaminants for growth). ● microbes cause minimal disruption to the environment. ○ break down oil to co2 and water. sewage and wastewater treatment: ● microbes are treating sewage and wastewater. ● goal is to eliminate fecal pathogens before returning treated water to rivers and streams. ● in the second stage of treatment, waste water passes over microbial communities of bacteria, algae, and protozoa, which form on rocks as biofilms (organic matter and pathogens are eliminated). chapter 4 bacteria: cell shapes and patterns: ● morphology: bacteria are found in several common shapes (and arrangements), which are useful in species identification. ○ bacillus(bacilli, pl): rod shaped. ○ coccus (cocci, pl): spherical. ○ curved or spiral (vibrio, curved; spirilla, rigid helix or wavy; spirochete flexible helix). \n namingbacteria: ● bacteria are named using linnaesinomia classification system (having two latinized names). ○ genus: name, capitalized (escherichia). ○ species: name, not capitalized (coli). ○ both names areitaliciz;escherichicol . ● bacteria names are frequently instructive. ○ escherichi is named for theodor escherich. ○ col indicates its habitat (large intestine). ○ streptococcu indicates shape and arrangement. * know the difference between a gram positive and gram negative cell for test. envelope: is external to the cytoplasm. ● plasmamembrane : selectively permeable. ● cellwall(gram positive vs. gram negative): ○ g+: thick layer of rigid polymer, peptidoglycan. ○ g: thin layer of peptidoglycan. ○ prevents osmotic rupture of cell membrane. ● outer embrane (in gram negatives only): ○ contains fever inducing endotoxin. ● capsule not integral to the cell. ○ is a virulence factor, antiphagocytic. the gram stain is an important first step in the identification of bacteria pathogens. ● choice of antibiotics is influenced by the gram stain reaction. ○ broad spectrum antibiotics work againd g. ○ narrow spectrum antibiotics work agaisg. o ○ look at figure 4.03. cytoplasm: is all of a cell’s contents enclosed within the plasma membrane. ● nucleoid: region of cytoplasm containing chromosomal dna. ○ double stranded dna (dsdna). ○ one or more circular and/or linear chromosomes. ■ e coli, one circular. ■ vibrio cholerae, two circular. ■ borrelia spp, linear and circular. ● plasmids: small, circular, independently replicating, dsdna. ○ encode limited number of gene (few to many). ○ expand genetic capability of host cell. ■ may encode virulence genes. ■ r factor: plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance genes. ○ infectious natu, transmissible from donor to recipient. \n ○ spores endospores, formed within the cell). ■ viable for long periods (perhaps centuries or longer). ■ resistant to heat,boiling, drying, radiation, and various chemical compounds, including alcohol. ■ important pathogens: ● bacilluanthraci, anthrax, possible bioweapon. ● clostridiu spp., tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene (all anaerobes). ○ the spore cyclvegetativecells sporulate to produce spores, and spores germinate into vegetative cells. appendages: ● flagell: used for motility. ○ rotates like propeller. ○ chemotaxis ■ move towardttractan ■ move away from repellan . ○ long, hollow filament made of subunflagelli . ■ many arrangements (single, polar, bipolar, dispersed, etc). * know binary fission * examination of the dynamics of growth reveals the presence of four major growth phases. the four growth phases: ● lag: period of adaptation to new conditions. a few bacteria try and establish themselves at site of infection. ● exponential/logarithmic: the cell population doubles with each generation (2^3 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8; the exponent 3 equals the number of generations). numbers of bacteria rising exponentially, see first signs and symptoms for that infection. ● stationary: rate of cell division is about equal to the rate of death (nutrients are depleted and toxins accumulate). precipitated by success of host immune system, or success of antibiotic treatment. ● death: the number of cells dying exceeds the rate of cell division. bacterial numbers drop precipitously, due to effects of immune system or antibiotics. culturing bacteria diagnostics: ● a clinical specime is obtained to grow in culture to identify the suspected cause of the infection. ○ throat swab, urine or blood culture, etc. ■ inoculated into growth medium. ■ streaked across agar plate to media to aid identification. ● colonies may have identifiable morphology or properties. ○ characteristics, texture, size, pigment, hemolysis, etc. ● metabolic tests are used to identify bacterial pathogens. \n ● rapid strep antigen tests. ○ identification streptococcus pyogenes ● a variety of media and diagnostic tests are available. ○ type selected depends on source of the specimen. ○ some bacteria can’t be grown, or they grow too slowly, requiring alternative approaches. determining which antibiotics a bacterial isolate is sensitive to is important. ● antibiotic sensitivities are determined as follows: ○ spread an isolate onto the surface of an agar plate. ○ apply antibioticcontaining disks to plate surface. ○ after incubationzone of inhibitio (no growth) form around any disks that inhibit the bacterium’s growth. rapid and costsaving multi test procedures: ● api20e test contains twenty tests to differentiate bacteria belonging to the enterobacteriaceae family (many cause urinary tract infections or diarrhea. 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df22079f1d4cd61465561fc106d3939f | in erercises 70-78, use either of the two methods developed in this section to find a fonnula for rn. then use your result to find r 6. r. = - sr.\_ 1 - .tr.-z: ro = 3 and r1 = 15 | answer: in erercises 70-78, use either of the two methods | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "extra credit: ‘the abolitionists’ 29th january @ 7pm library auditorium (see syllabus for extra credit information) 27 january 2014 english colonies: north and south lesson idea: after a troubled start, england established northern and southern colonies for different purposes, including capital gain and to set an example of model communities. these distinct purposes paved the way for problems in the future. want to make money and set an example to the world, but mostly to england. spain has been in the new world for a while (gold) and france is getting into the trading business. 1558: elizabeth i: english start making their way into the new world, exploration and stealing/plundering 1570: sir frances drake (privateer / pirate) stealing and plundering gold and etc. from spanish galleons made 2nd ‘round the world voyage (1580s) england: colony in ireland lots of resistance!!!! for hundreds of years ireland (catholic) and england (protestant) ideas about how to colonize in new world (most barbaric methods used) 1585: sir walter raleigh landed at roanoke (“lost colony”) in the outer banks area of north carolina to establish a colony / supply base for privateers out of england. leader of roanoke left for england to get supplies for the colony, was delayed for years by england’s war with the spanish. when expedition returns, found roanoke abandoned. “croatoan” carved into a tree nearby but no inhabitants found. mystery of history: no one knows what happened to roanoke. aristocrats and other useless people with no idea how to survive may have turned to the indians for help, they may have abandoned the colony for a better place to live, they may have died. \n 1606: king james ii grants charter to merchants to go to the new world. (merchants, aristocrats, gentlemen, etc.) incorporated as the virginia company of london: a jointstock operation. people buy stock in the company and get returns based on profits made in the new world. a way of reducing risk, spreading out investments, seems safe way to get money from new world, especially after roanoke. (“virginia” named for the virgin queen, elizabeth i) 1607, spring at the new world they find a place surrounded by water on 3 sides, fairly inland from the ocean, water deep enough to park ships. jamestown land with about 104 men and boys following the virginia company instructions. build a fort settlement, but they are not prepared for winter. thyphoid, dysentery, and yellow fever ravage the 1st wake of settlers. (james river is a tidal saltwater river from the atlantic ocean. settlers were using it to dump their sewage but it didn’t get swept out to sea. saltwater sewage contained dysentery and was not fit to consume.) spring 1607, settlers were aristocrats, tradesmen, merchants, and artisans, not farmers. not used to working. the only food comes from the native americans. “no farmers = no food” john smith takes control of the settlers and declares “he who does not work, does not eat.” talks to powhatan leader (wahunsunocock) to settle difficulties b/w indians and settlers. after helping the english settlers for a while, wahunsunocock/powhatan sees settlers as a drain on society and is tired of giving them handouts. commands his people to stop helping the settlers. winter (november) 1609 / 1610, the starving time, jamestown has about 500 inhabitants. with no help from the indians, the population drops down to about 60 people. inhabitants have no food reserves and no clean water. kill and eat horses, pigs, rats, snakes, etc. some eventually start exhuming corpses or, in one case, a man kills and eats his wife. some bully indians into giving them food. if the colony fails, investors in england will lose all the money they have invested in the colony. jamestown must survive and thrive. 1614, john rolfe (husband to pocahontas) elite member of the jamestown colony \n starts importing tobacco plants from the west indies and experimenting on it. by 1670, millions of pounds of tobacco are being exported to england tobacco becomes one of the first cash crops; is a foundation crop for the economy of jamestown. trustees of the virginia company develope the headright system a person coming to virginia as a new investor will receive 100 acres will get another 50 acres per person brought with them to the new world (including family members and indentured servants) 16101622: more than 9000 people come to jamestown; most are indentured servants. by 1622, only 2000 are alive. headright system becomes the foundation for plantation economy that will take hold in new england (jamestown and virginia) and in the south. 1619 @ jamestown, virginia 1. change to government 2. change to population 3. beginnings of slavery in america 1. the virginia company decides to create a representative government. establish the house of burgesses to replace martial law. virginia company sends six (6) representatives and each city (4) in virginia and each plantation (7) will get to send 2 elected representatives. 2. women start coming to jamestown in significant numbers. the virginia company commands virgin women to jamestown to become wives to the male inhabitants to begin families. “a fit hundred… maids, young and uncorrupt, to make wives to the inhabitants and by that means make the men more settled and less movable.” by the end of 1619, 19 women are sent to jamestown. 57 more young maids were sent a few years later to be wives to the men. 3. beginning of slavery in america (as indicated by historians) john rolfe purchased about 20 african slaves (indentured servants) from dutch traders to work the tobacco fields in jamestown. massachusetts \n 1606 virginia company of plymouth received its charter (also a joint stock company) wanted to create a model community in a corrupt world instead of making money massachusetts bay colony historians identify this as “the beginning of america” henry viii creates the church of england and changes the predominant religion in england. (separatists and puritans) puritans think the changes the king made getting away from catholicism are not good enough and that the church of england should purify the church of any catholicism / catholic dogma. separatists flee england to holland (neatherlands) but don’t like that their children are developing dutch habits instead of english. sail for the new world. 1620: land at plymouth rock > 102 people came over on the mayflower but only about 30 are separatists (pilgrims); create 1st permanent settlement in northern us separatists create the massachusetts bay company want to create a model community 90% of immigrants land @ 1630 bring doctors, farmers, educators. came with families 1636: establish harvard college build tax supported school system: towns with 50+ families, must have an elementary school towns with 100+ families, must have an elementary and secondary school. 1630 john winthrop 1st governor of massachusetts wrote sermon ‘modell of christian charity’ (ereader: 2.4) “we must delight in each other; make each other's condition our own; rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, as members of the same body. so shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace.” “this shall be a city up on the hill. the eyes of all the people are upon us.” \n 22 january 2014 early colonization of north america pacific coast artwork can be found in modern art ex) seattle seahawks logo is very reminiscent of pc rendition of an eagle. christopher columbus born in genoa, italy sailed for the king and queen of spain in 1492 to find a sea route to india and asia @ san salvador (in the bahamas) thinks he’s made it to india, named the native arawaks “indians” key conquistadors: spain, portugal fight over land until the pope steps in to divide up the continent ownership between different countries. ponce de leon, sailed ~ 1513 1st european to land in florida searching for the nw passage (sea route to asia) balboa magellan hernando de soto (ex. hernando, ms in desoto county) 1530/40s buried in the mississippi river to keep the native indians from desecrating his corpse explored se america, florida, arkansas, and other areas on and around the mississippi river tributaries hernan cortez very destructive in what is now modern mexico document from cortez in the ereader why do they matter??? it’s not what they found, but what they brought with them and the changes they set in motion. columbian exchange the widespread exchange of produce (maize, beans, squash, corn, tomatoes), animals (sheep, cattle, horses), plants, culture, weapons, human populations african and indian slaves), communicable diseases (smallpox), technology, and ideas between the american and afroeurasian hemispheres following: 1. the voyage to the americas by christopher columbus in 1492, \n 2. colonization and trade by europeans in the americas, and 3. the institution of the slave trade in africa and the americas. some of the smallest factors in history were not people at all. it is the effects on native peoples, such as the spread of disease from the europeans to the native americans. one drop of breath from a person infected with smallpox can infect at least 1000 people. if you could survive smallpox, you’d be immune as an adult. since the indians did not have any immunity to the european diseases, it spread like wildfire. some were given smallpox on purpose so the conquistadors could come in and take over with a minimum of resistance. prior to the european incursion, historians estimate approximately 4 million native americans north of mexico and into canada. afterwards, once smallpox is introduced, the disease spreads and kills approximately 90% of the population, leaving fewer than 60k indians after the 1800s. fleeing infected peoples would spread the disease to other tribes. infected peoples might not know they were infected for up to 2 weeks. around 1793, torch vancouver found indians in canada and pacific northwest with pockmarks and other scars from smallpox. communities combined and swapped stories and information and sometimes even blended in elements of christianity. military, environmental, cultural, economic, political conquest of the indians in north america. lesson idea in the 16th and 17th centuries, several european nations pursued empires of “god, gold, and glory”by establishing colonial outposts in the americas, through which they could funnel riches back to europe. the success of the colonies depended in large part on their relations with the native peoples. spain coronado (francisco vázquez de coronado) arrives @ zuni (in modern new mexico) around the same time desoto is exploring the mississippi river area. brings 300 european men, women; over 1000 indian allies, about 1500 mules and horses takes zuni pueblo by force for spain but are not prepared for winter in new mexico start stealing food and clothing from the indians, raping native women, etc pueblo revolt zuni revolt against coronado and his men/allies; fairly successful on the part of the zuni indians juan de oñate, 1590 search for gold (looking for legendary city of cibola) brought men, women, children to make a permanent settlement \n indians saw it as a complete invasion of their homeland, but did not have guns to defend themselves. indians revolted @ acoma, killed 11 spanish soldiers oñate fights back and, in turn killed about 800 and enslaved another 600 natives. bartolome de las casas (spanish priest) letter/reading in ereader advocates against enslavement of the native indians would rather convert them to catholicism. encourages enslaving and using african slaves. spain, a very and predominantly catholic country, established multiple missions for their soldiers and for the priests to convert the natives to christianity (catholic). san antonio (“remember the alamo!”) san diego san francisco (est 1776) spanish / indian children are called mestizos. the bloodline of a person determined their position in society. the whiter you were, the higher you were placed in society (more elite). the more black or indian you were, the lower you placed in society. people begin really defining race. priests looked at mestizos and created a symbol for them to identify with, helping to integrate the spanish and indian cultures: the virgin guadalupe spain is dominant in north america through the 1700s, and are the most aggressive in their pursuit of god, gold, and glory. they took nothing short of military, cultural, and environmental genocide of the natives to accomplish this. france giovanni de verrazano (italian) sailed for france around 1524 explored south carolina and maine 1st to explore new york harbor verrazano–narrows bridge (connects staten island and brooklyn) searching for the nw passage (sea route to asia) jacques cartier, 1534 ~ 1542 searching for nw passage (sea route to asia) 3 trips 1. coastline of gulf of st. lawrence (canada), 1534 names canada 2. st. lawrence river to hochelaga, 153536 meet iroquois at what is modern montreal; encouraged to keep travelling west to find “shiny metal” gold, copper, bronze, silver, etc (they don’t \n care what kind!) very harsh winter; helped by native iroquois. still loses ~25% of his men. 3. further west into canada until ~1542 find “shiny metal” pyrite (useless) french fishers start trading with the abenaki fish and seafood for beaver essentially start the beaver and fur trade in north america. abenaki algonquian (alg.) huron (hur.) iroquois (irq) samuel champlain, 1608 beaver trade explodes and causes beaver to become almost extinct bring indians into a capitalist marketplace to get guns to defend themselves, they must provide the required furs and good the traders want. middle ground blending of cultures the french are not there to colonize, but will marry indian wives, trade, etc. the indians trade goods and services, begin to take on french customs, etc.",
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34f13e9630f0ead5e74543168c1cdf83 | in exercises 7982, use the matrix capabilities of a graphing utility to find the inverse of the matrix (if it exists). 1
2
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16 1 | in exercises 7982, use the matrix capabilities of a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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0289fe076018916dfb775e269916ccaa | botany 130 botany 130 botany 130 | botany 130 | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": "botany 130 week 1214 11/14/18 12/07/18 bryophytes no true roots, stems, leaves, gametophyte dominant, no true vascular tissue, sporophyte dependent on gametophyte requires water to reproduce (due to the sperm) does contain stomata for gas exchange bryophytes three main groups below, believed to be the evolution stepping stone from aquatic to land plants. three main genera are: hepatophyta (liverworts) anthocerophyta (hornworts) bryophyta (mosses) thallus flat sheet of photosynthetic cells, few cell layers thick liverworts bottom cells have rhizoids that are used for anchorage, top cells have permanently open pores and location of chlo",
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c77d300e2b4788d50c02c2db0ca3f5e7 | a. green light shines through a 100-mm-diameter hole and is observed on a screen. if the hole diameter is increased by 20%, does the circular spot of light on the screen decrease in diameter, increase in diameter, or stay the same? explain. b. green light shines through a 100@mm-diameter hole and is observed on a screen. if the hole diameter is increased by 20%, does the circular spot of light on the screen decrease in diameter, increase in diameter, or stay the same? explain | a. green light shines through a 100-mm-diameter hole and | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "notes for the week of 4/11 management 300 key terms: management – guiding employees to complete their various roles and tasks. leadership – the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals. managerial leadership – the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives. authority – the right to perform or command that comes with a given job. power – the extent to which a person is able to influence others so they respond to orders. readiness – the extent to which a follower possesses the ability, skills, and willingness to complete a task. management – guiding employees to complete their various roles and tasks providing reward and punishments contingent on performance best stable situations planning organizi8ng directing controlling leadership – the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals can and should be present at all levels in an effective organization roles: passionate enthusiast visionary cheerleader coach investing trust and love \n managers vs. leaders managers a. coping with complexity b. planning, organizing, directing, and controlling c. executing plans and delivering goods and services d. being conscientious e. acting responsibly f. putting customers first leaders a. coping with change b. being visionary c. being inspiring, setting the tone and articulating the vision d. managing people e. being inspirational / charismatic f. acting decisively g. putting people first – responding to and acting for followers managerial leadership – the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives. authority – the right to perform or command that comes with a given job. power – the extent to which a person is able to influence others so they respond to orders. personalized power – power directed at helping oneself socialized power – power directed toward helping others legitimate power – results from formal positions within the organization reward power – results from authority to reward their subordination coercive power – results form an authority to punish their subordinates expert power – results from expertise sophisticated knowledge develops over time results from specialized information \n mundane knowledge acquired through experience referant power – derived from personal attraction relationship or connection power – results from social alliances or influence information power – access to and control over important information generic influence tactics rational persuasion – using reason, logic, or facts inspirational appeals – building enthusiasm or confidence by appealing to other’s emotions, ideals, or values. consultation – getting other to participate in the decisions ingratiating tactics – acting humble or friendly or making someone feel good or important before they make a decision personal appeals – drawing on friendship and loyalty exchange tactics – swapping favors coalition tactics – building support by amassing followers pressure tactics – using demands threats or intimidation legitimating tactics – basing requests on one’s authority, organizational rules and politics, or implied support from superiors possible responses to generic influence tactics: a. enthusiastic commitment b. grudging compliance c. outright resistance 5 approaches to leadership 1. trait approaches 2. behavioral approaches 3. contingency approaches 4. fullrange approach 5. four additional perspectives trait approach – an attempt to identify the distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders \n organizations may incorporate personality and leadership traits into selection and promotion aspiring leaders should invest in cultivating adaptive leadership traits traits play a central role in how people view/perceive leaders key positive leadership traits (ralph stogidll’s) 1. dominance 2. intelligence 3. selfconfidence 4. high energy 5. taskrelevant knowledge kouzes and posner’s five traits 1. honesty 2. competent 3. forwardlooking 4. inspiring 5. intelligent bass and bass’s 6 traits 1. task competence – intelligence, knowledge, problemsolving skills 2. interpersonal competence – ability to communicate and ability to demonstrate caring and empathy 3. intuition 4. traits of character – conscientiousness, discipline, moral reasoning, integrity, honesty 5. biophysical traits – physical fitness, hardiness, energy level 6. personal traits – selfconfidence, sociability, selfmonitoring, extraversion, self regulating, selfefficiency. gender studies women tend to have more leadership traits than men, but hold fewer leadership positions old assumption: women do not want to aspire to top positions new thinking on women in management careers \n women have traits that make them better than men in some instances and vice versa areas where women score higher than men producing high quality work goalsetting mentoring teamwork/being collaborative mentoring teamwork/being collaborative seeking less personal glory being motivated less by selfinterests less turf conscious recognizing trends generating new ideas engaging in participative management social leadership women tend to be more unwilling to complete or sacrifice kids and family are too important modesty women tend to give credit to others rather than taking it for themselves lack of a mentor less likely than males to have access to a supportive mentor because they can be excluded from important social networks starting out lower and more likely to quit because women start lower, they lack significant general management experience, and have not been around long enough to be selected. project globe (global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness) ongoing attempt to develop an empirically based theory to describe understand and predict the impact of specific cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes surveyed 17000middle managers from 951 organizations across 62 countries developed a list of universally liked and disliked leader attributes \n the behavioral approach – behavioral leadership – approach attempt to determine the distinctive styles used by effective leaders leadership style – the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors that leaders use to interact with others university of michigan’s leadership model job centered behavior – close attention to job and work procedures with the principal concerns being achieving production efficiency, keeping costs down and meeting schedules employee – centered behavior – managers pay more attention to employee satisfaction and making work groups cohesive ohio state’s leadership model initiating structure – focuses on getting things done and performing behavior that organizes and defines what group members should be doing consideration – focuses on building trust, supporting feelings, and establishing a warm friendly, supportive climate peter drucker’s tips for improving leadership effectiveness 1. determine what needs to be done 2. determine the right thing to do for the welfare of the entire enterprise or organization 3. develop action plans that specify desired results, probable restraints, future revisions, check0ins points, and implications for how one should spend his or her time 4. take responsibility for decisions 5. take responsibility for communication action plans and give people the information they need to get the job done 6. focus on opportunities rather than problems. do not sweep problems under the rug and treat change as an opportunity rather than as a threat 7. run productive meetings. different types of meetings require different forms of preparations and different results. prepare accordingly. 8. think and say “we” rather than “i” consider the needs an opportunities of the organization before thinking of your opportunities and needs 9. listen first speak last contingency leadership model \n 2 leadership orientations diagnosed with the least preferred coworker scale up 1. taskoriented – concerned with the task as hand (best in high or low control situations) 2. relationshiporiented – concerned with people (best in midlevel control situations) three dimensions of situational control (how much influence do you have in the situation) diagnosed by answering the questions in parenthesis 1. leadermember relations – (do employees accept me?) 2. task structure – (do employees know exactly what to do?) 3. position power – (do i have power to reward or punish?) pathgoal leadership model pathgoal leadership model – holds that the effective leader makes available to followers desirable rewards in the workplace and increases their motivation by clarifying the paths or behavior in the workplace and increase their motivation by clarifying the paths or behavior, that will help them achieve those goals providing them with support recommendations: the meaningful rewards to goalaccomplishment promote intrinsic motivation through empowerment share leadership key lessons use more than one leadership style help employees achieve their goals modify leadership style to fit employees and task characteristics pathgoal leadership 1. leader behaviors a. pathgoal clarifying (directive) \n b. achievementoriented c. work facilitation d. supportive e. interaction facilitation f. grouporiented decision making (participative) g. representation and networking h. valuebased 2. employee characteristics a. locus of control b. task ability c. need for achievement d. experience e. need for pathgoal clarity 3. environmental factors a. task structure b. work group dynamics 4. leadership effectiveness a. employee motivation b. employee satisfaction c. employee performance d. leader acceptance e. interaction facilitation f. workunit performance situational leadership theory – leadership behavior reflects how leaders should adjust their leadership style according to the readiness of the followers readiness – the extent to which a follower possesses the ability, skills, and willingness to complete a task. situational leadership in action 5 steps to applying situational leadership theory 1. identify important outcomes 2. identify relevant leadership behavior 3. identify situational condition 4. match leadership to the conditions at hand 5. determine how to make the match the fullrange model fullrange leadership – leadership behaviors vary along a full range of leadership styles \n fullrange model: transactional leadership transactional leadership – focuses on clarifying employees’ roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments that are contingent on performance key management behaviors: setting goals and monitoring progress best is stable situations motivates people to do ordinary things prerequisite to any effective leadership style transformational leadership: transforms employees to pursue organizational goals over selfinterests good in rapidly changing situations motivates people to do exceptional things encourage higher levels of intrinsic motivation, trust, commitment, and loyalty excite passion, inspiring passion factors that can influence transformational leaders 1. individual characteristics a. best characteristics include: extroverted, agreeable, proactive, open to change 2. organizational culture a. best characteristics include: adaptive and flexible 4 key behaviors of transformational leaders 1. inspirational motivation – “let me share a vision that transcends us all” i. charismatic leadership using interpersonal attraction to inspire motivation, acceptance, and support 2. idealize influence – “we are here to do the right thing” i. inspire trust by acting ethically with consistency and integrity 3. individualize consideration – “you have the opportunity here to grow and excel” i. actively encourage employees to grow by giving them challenging work and more responsibility ii. act as mentors \n 4. provide intellectual stimulation – “let me describe the great challenges we can conquer together” i. clearly communicate the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats ii. encourages employees to view problems as personal challenges and develop a sense of purpose positive outcomes of transformational leadership 1. greater organizational effectiveness 2. greater leadership effectiveness and employee job satisfaction 3. more employee identification with their leaders and with their immediate work group 4. greater commitment to organizational change 5. higher levels of intrinsic motivation, group cohesion, work engagement, setting of goals consistent with those of the leader, and proactive behavior key considerations it can improve results for both individuals and groups it can be used to train employees any level it requires ethical leaders things managers should do to be effective transformational leaders employ a code of ethics – the company should create and enforce a clearly stated code and ethics choose the right people – recruit, select, and promote people who display ethical behavior make performance expectations reflect employees treatment – develop performance expectations around the treatment of employees these expectations can be assessed in the performanceappraisal process reward high moral conduct identify, reward, and publicly praise employees, exemplify high moral conduct. 4 additional perspectives 1. leadermember exchange (lmx) – emphasizes that leaders have different sorts of relationships with different subordinates a. ingroup exchange (trust, respect, liking, sense of common fate) i. partnership relationships \n b. outgroup exchange (no trust and no respect) i. overseen relationships 2. servant leaders a. focus on providing increased service to others – meeting the goals of both followers and the organization – rather than to one’s self b. require a longterm transformational approach to life and work 3. leadership a. can involve onetoone, onetomany, withingroup, betweengroup, and collective interactions via information technology i. ebusiness – interaction within and between organizations ii. ecommerce – interaction with customers and suppliers 4. shared leadership a. leaders and followers need each other, and the quality of the relationship determines how they behave b. research show that followers seek and admire leaders who create feelings of significance, community, and excitement c. followers vary in compliance from helpers (most compliant) to independents (least compliant) characteristics of servant leaders focus on listening ability to empathize with other’s feelings focus on healing suffering selfawareness of strengths and weaknesses use of persuasion rather than positional authority to influence others broadbased conceptual thinking ability to foresee future outcomes belief they are stewards of their employees and resources commitment to the growth of people drive to build community within and outside the organization",
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dcb896f587a7ec5c1b0e05519a97604b | ?problem 94ae
an aluminum can of a soft drink is placed in a freezer. later, you find that the can is split open and its contents frozen. work was done on the can in splitting it open. where did the energy for this work come from? | an aluminum can of a soft drink is placed in a freezer. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
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"text": " chapters 914 notes chapter 9: primary data collection: experimentation and test markets what is an experiment? an experiment: a research approach in which one variable is manipulated and the effect on another variable is observed key variables: independent: variables one controls directly such as price, packaging, distribution, product features, etc. dependent: variables one does not directly control such as sales or customer satisfaction (might control them by manipulating the independent variable) treatment: the independent variable manipulated during and experiment to measure its effect on the dependent variable extraneous: factors one does not control but has to live with, such as the weather what is causal research? research designed to determine whether a change in one variable likely caused an observed change in another a causal relationships must demonstrate three things: o concomitant variation (correlation) o appropriate time order of occurrence o elimination of other possible causal factors demonstrating causation concomitant variation: a statistical relationship between variables appropriate time order of occurrence: change in an independent variable occurred before an observed change in the dependent variable elimination of other possible causal factors: “if you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.” sherlock holmes hard to prove that something else did not cause change in b. \n experimental setting laboratory experiments conducted in a controlled setting. field tests conducted in an actual environment, such as a marketplace. experimental validity internal validity: the extent to which competing explanations for the experimental results observed can be ruledout external validity: the extent to which causal relationships measured in an experiment can be generalized to outside persons, settings, and times extraneous variables history: intervention, between the beginning and end of an experiment, of outside variables that might change the dependent variable instrument variable: changes in measurement instruments that might affect measurements selection bias: systematic differences between the test group and the control group due to a biased selection process mortality: loss of test units or subjects during the course of an experiment which might result in a non representativeness regression to the mean: tendency of subjects with extreme behavior to move toward the average for that behavior during the course of the experiment controlling extraneous variables randomization: the random assignment of subjects to treatment conditions to ensure equal representation of subject characteristics \n physical control: holding constant the value or level of extraneous variables throughout the course of an experiment design control: use of the experimental design to control extraneous causal factors statistical control: adjusting for the effects of extraneous variables by statistically adjusting the value of the dependent variable for each treatment condition experimental design, treatment, and effects experimental design: a test in which the researcher has control over and manipulates one or more independent variables treatment variable: the independent variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment experimental effect: the effect of the treatment variable on the dependent variable limitations of experimental design high cost: is the research affordable? will the research be beneficial & help solve problems? has a cost & benefit analysis been done? security issues: particularly critical with field experiments the competition might be “tippedoff” are the data and findings secure? implementation problems: process contamination people who unwittingly get caught into the survey outside factors unnaturally affecting the experiment participants who intentionally try to skew the results true experimental design research using an experimental group and a control group to which test units are randomly assigned two key design types: o before and after with control group o after only with control group quasi experiments studies in which the researcher lacks complete control over the scheduling of treatments or must assign respondents to treatments in a nonrandom manner. \n interrupted timeseries o research in which repeated measurement of an effect “interrupts” previous patterns multiple timeseries o interrupted timeseries design with a control group test markets real world testing of a new product or some element of the marketing mix using an experimental or quasi experimental design types of test markets o traditional or standard o scanner or electronic o controlled o stimulated test markets cost issues: advertising expenses pointofpurchase materials coupons and sampling travel and setup expenses need for customized research possible diversion of sales from your other products potentially bad press/ public reaction if experiment fails letting competitors know what your company is doing falsely thinking the sample results are always representative of the population steps in a test market study 1. define the objective: a. what do you hope to learn? b. what are the characteristics of the people/products of interest? 2. select a basic approach a. simulated, controlled, or standard test? 3. develop detailed test procedures a. how will you execute the study? b. who will be involved? c. how long will it take and how much can you spend? 4. select the test market a. market should not be over tested b. should have little media spillover c. demographics should be similar to your target population d. market should be large enough to provide useful results e. distribution and other patterns should be similar to the nation 5. execute the plan a. how long should the test run? \n b. who should execute it? 6. analyze the test results a. purchase data? b. awareness data? c. competitive response? d. source of sales? other types of product tests rolling rollout: a product is launched in a certain region rather than in one or two cities scanner data can provide information on how the product is doing in a few days resulting in the possible product launch in additional regions general mills has used his approach for products such as multigrain cheerios lead country strategy: a product is tested in a foreign market before rolling it out globally chapter 10: the concept of measurement measurement process measurement: the process of assigning numbers or labels to persons, objects, or events in accordance with specific rules for representing quantities or qualities or attitudes levels of measurement 1. nominal a. scales that partition data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories 2. ordinal a. scales that maintain the labeling characteristics of nominal scales and have the ability to order data 3. interval a. scales that have the characteristics of ordinal scales, plus equal intervals between points to show relative amounts; they may include an arbitrary zero point 4. ratio a. scales that have the characteristics of interval scales, plus a meaningful zero point so that magnitudes can be compared arithmetically reliability and validity reliability degree to which measures are free from random error and, therefore, provide consistent data. the extent to which the survey responses are internally consistent \n validity degree to which what the researcher was trying to measure was actually measured chapter 11: using measurement scales to build marketing effectiveness what are scales for? scaling procedures for assigning numbers (or other symbols) to properties of an object in order to impact some numerical characteristics to the properties in question scaling approaches: 1. unidimensional a. measures only one attribute of a concept, respondent, or object 2. multidimensional a. measures several dimensions of a concept, respondent, or object how to select a scale 1. the nature of the construct being measured 2. type of scale and number of scale categories 3. balanced vs. nonbalanced a. balanced: scales with equal numbers of positive & negative categories b. nonbalanced: scales weighted towards one end or the other of the scale 4. forced vs. nonforced a. having an odd vs. even number of response choices types of questioning 1. direct questioning 2. indirect questioning 3. observation chapter 12: questionnaire design the role of the questionnaire a questionnaire: set of questions designed to generate the data necessary to accomplish the objectives of the research project; also called an interview schedule or survey instrument criteria for good questionnaire what to consider: does it provide decisionmaking information? \n does it consider the respondent? does it meet editing and coding requirements? key questionnaire issues determine survey objectives, resources, and constraints o objectives: outline of the decisionmaking information required o resources: budget in terms of money, time, and personnel o constratints: the budget, also and other requirements determine the data collection method o the data collection method will have a major impact on the questionnaire design and the project’s time and money budget o exmaples: inperson telephone mail or other selfadministered internet determine the question response format o openended questions to which the respondent replies in his or her own words probed vs. unprobed o closedended questions requiring respondents to choose from a lost of answers dichotomous: choice is between two answers multiple choice: choice is among three or more options scaled responses: designed to capture the intensity of respondent’s feelings o a type of closedended question in which the response choices are designed to capture intensity of the respondent’s feeling decide on the question wording o make sure the wording is clear o avoid biasing the respondent o consider the respondent’s ability to answer the questions o consider the respondent’s willingness to answer the question establish questionnaire flow and layout o screeners qualifying questions: ask general questions first basic questions that lay the groundwork for upcoming questions o warmups gets the respondent thinking about the topic at hand establishes parameters about the respondents’ attitudes, behavior, etc. o transitions questions that set the tone for the more difficult questions to come o complicated use of rating scales for attributes, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, etc \n tackling controversial issues o classification personal & demographic type questions evaluate the questionnaire o is the question necessary? o is the questionnaire too long? o will the questions provide the information needed to accomplish the research objectives? obtain approval of all relevant parties pretest and revise the questionnaire prepare the final copy implement the survey tips for writing a good questionnaire 1. avoid abbreviations, slang, or uncommon words that your audience might not understand 2. be specific. vague questions generate vague answers. 3. don’t overdo it 4. make sure your questions are easy to answer 5. don’t assume too much 6. watch out for double questions and double negatives 7. check for bias the internet impact pros the questionnaire’s appearance consistency is easier to achieve the questionnaire can be checked for typos easily the survey can be created quickly skip patterns can be efficiently established the survey can be distributed quickly for expert review & input cons over reliance on electronic survey construction can lead to the researcher’s getting sloppy as he/she might think the software will do the work and correct any errors the researcher might feel less connected to the process multiple versions of the survey might get circulated/distributed chapter 13: basic sampling issues the concept of sampling population the entire group of people about whom information is needed; also called the universe or population of interest \n sampling the process of obtaining information from a subset of a larger group; representative developing a sampling plan 1. define the target population a. determine the characteristics of those you are interested in studying. determine which group of people or entities about which you want to learn more 2. choose the data collection method a. determine how you collect the sample such as mail, internet, telephone, mall intercept, etc. 3. select the sample frame a. a list of population elements from which units to be sampled can be selected 4. select the sampling method a. determine how you will get the sample list through probability or nonprobability methods 5. determine the sample size a. what is the level of accuracy you want to achieve; the time and money you have to do the survey, and the data collection method? 6. determine operational procedures a. this is the plan of how to go about actually choosing and interviewing the respondents 7. execute the sampling plan a. field workers must be trained to execute the sampling plan properly sampling & nonsampling error sampling error error that occurs because the sample selected is not perfectly representative of the population nonsampling error all error other than sampling error also called “measurement error” internet sampling pros target respondents can complete the survey at their convenience data collection is inexpensive survey software can facilitate the data collection process the survey can be completed quickly cons sample might not be representative of the population you cannot always be sure who is completing the survey maintaining respondent confidentially can be a challenge \n data security issues can be difficult to manage chapter 14: sample size determination sample size for probability sampling budget available: a valid factor how much can we afford? rule of thumb: is there some convention we can apply? what might make an adequate sample size? number of subgroups analyzed: in any sample size determination problem, consideration must be given to the number and anticipated size of various subgroups of the total sample that must be analyzed traditional statistical methods: variance, standard deviation, and confidence interval play a key role judgment: best guess of “experts” draw on your experience to determine sample size conventional: what have others done? see what the sample size has been for similar studies the normal distribution central limit theorem: the idea that a distribution of a large number of sample means or sample proportions will approximate a normal distribution regardless of the distribution of the population from which they were drawn normal distribution: the continuous distribution that is bell shaped and symmetrical about the mean. the mean, median, and mode are equal. finally, about 68% of the observations are within one standard deviation plus/minus of the mean, 96% are within two standard deviations, and 99% are within three standard deviations of the mean respectively. proportionate properties of the normal distribution: o a feature that the number of observations falling between the mean and a given number of standard deviations from the mean is the same for all normal distributions standard normal distribution: o normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one standard deviation \n o the measure of dispersion calculated by subtracting the mean of the series of each value in a series, squaring each result, summing the results, dividing the sum of the number of observations minus 1 and finally taking the square root of this value. o square root of (x1x)2/(n1) important characteristics of a normal distribution 1. bellshaped and has only one mode 2. symmetric about its mean 3. uniquely defined by its mean and standard deviation 4. the total are under a normal curve is equal to one 5. the area of a region under the normal distribution curve between any two values of a variable equals the probability of observing a value in that range when an observation is randomly selected from the distribution 6. the area between the mean and a given number of standard deviations from the mean is the same for all normal distributions population and sampling distribution population distribution the frequency distribution of all the elements of a population sampling distribution the frequency distribution of all the elements of an individual sample sampling distribution of the mean: the theoretical frequency distribution of the means of all possible samples of a given size drawn from a particular population; it is normally distributed s= standard deviation/square root of n standard error of the mean: standard deviation of a distribution of sample means confidence level and interval confidence level the probability that a particular interval will include the true population value; also called the confidence coefficient confidence interval the interval that, at the specified confidence level, includes the true population value determining the sampling size problems involving mean: three pieces of information are needed to compute the sample size required: o 1. the acceptable or allowable level of sampling error e \n o 2. the acceptable level of confidence z. in other words, how confident does the researcher want to be that the specified confidence interval includes the population mean? o 3. an estimate of the population standard deviation 1. allowing sampling error: a. amount of sampling error the researcher is willing to accept, e 2. the acceptance level of confidence: a. how confident does the researcher want to be that an interval includes the population mean, z 3. population standard deviation: a. standard deviation of a variable for the entire population sampling issues to consider time to generate the sample scope of the research budget available experience with sampling level of accuracy desired your knowledge of the population",
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f2eb97caa2e82b83425fad8ac6b2d3ad | ?problem 15q
a small wooden boat floats in a swimming pool, and the level of the water at the edge of the pool is marked. consider the following situations and explain whether the level of the water will rise, fall, or stay the same. (a) the boat is removed from the water. (b) the boat in the water holds an iron anchor which is removed from the boat and placed on the shore. (c) the iron anchor is removed from the boat and dropped in the pool. | a small wooden boat floats in a swimming pool, and the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
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"text": " week 4: continuing on chapter 3: microbes in the news popping frozen poop pills can stave off dangerous bacterial infections: ● fecal transplants delivered by enema or tube down the digestive system. ○ snake tube down the nose and into the stomach. ○ patient can gag, vomit, risk of inhaling fecal matter. ● alternative: frozen poop pills: ○ shelf lif: 250 days. ● preliminary study: ○ popped 30 pills over a two day period. ○ 19 to 20 patients with mild to moderate c. difficile infections fell from 5 to 1 stool per day. ○ after 2 days of pill popping14 cured. ○ after 4 days, the rest cured. lactic acid, co2, and ethanol are microbial fermentation byproducts used in fermenting foods. ● milk products: ○ cheese. ○ yogurt. ○ buttermilk. ○ kefir. ○ acidophilus milk. ○ sour cream. ● meats: ○ bologna. ○ salami. ○ countrycured ham. ○ sausage. ● breads: ○ sourdough bread. ○ numerous other breads and rolls. ● miscellaneous products: ○ sauerkraut. ○ pickles. ○ olives. ○ vinegar. ○ tofu. ○ soy sauce. ○ kimchi. ● alcoholic beverages: \n ○ beer. ○ wine. ○ saki. ○ distilled spirits (brandy, whiskey, rum, vodka, gin). dairyproducts: ● the fermentation of milk is an ancient practice. ● over a thousand varieties of cheese exist globally. ● cheeses vary in texture, taste, and aroma, due to: ○ type of milk. ○ length of incubation. ○ type of bacteria in start culture. ■ lactobacillu bulgaricusand streptococcus thermophilus are commonly used in making yogurt. ● health benefits have been attributed to consuming lactobacilli and other probiotics. wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages: ● wine and other alcoholic beverages date to 6000 b.c. ○ requires.cerevisiae and/or other yeasts to ferment sugars from fruit or grain, producing ethanol and co2. ● beer are products f.cerevisiafermenting cereal grains, including barley, wheat, and rice. ● brandy, whiskey, rum, vodka, and gindistillespirit with higher alcohol content than wine or beer. louis pasteur and “sick wine” problem: ● in the 1860s, the french wine industry was suffering from “sick wine”. ● louis pasteur (chemist) was called in to help: ○ observed bacteria in “sick wine,” but yeast in good. ○ heated juice of grape to 5060 degrees celsius, cooled and then added yeast starter cultureproblem solved! ○ this process opasteurizatio later applied to milk and dairy products. harnessing microbes as research tools: ● genetics and molecular biology, in particular, benefit from the use of microbes in the lab. ○ microbes are easy and inexpensive to grow. ○ microbes reproduce rapidly. ○ microbes developed for genetic engineering techniques. ● microbes were essential to sequencing human genome. ● gene therapy depends upon use of microbes. \n harnessing microbes in industry: ● new or improved biotech products: ○ novel and safer vaccines. ○ novel antimicrobials. ○ cheaper and safer medicinal agents: ■ recombinant human growth hormone. ■ recombinant human insulin. ○ novel agricultural applications: ■ bt, an environmentally friendly bioinsecticide. ■ pseudomonas syringae (iceminus bacterium). harnessing microbes for bioremediation: ● bioremediation: is the act of adding materials to the environment, such as fertilizers or microorganisms, to increase the rate at which natural biodegradation occurs. we use pseudomonas for bioremediation. ● bioaugmentation: biodegradation can be enhanced by spraying nutrients on beaches, etc..to foster the growth of the indigenous microbes to accelerate degradation of pollutants. there are many advantages to using microbes in bioremediation: ● microbes are inexpensive to grow. ● microbes are self limiting (depend upon contaminants for growth). ● microbes cause minimal disruption to the environment. ○ break down oil to co2 and water. sewage and wastewater treatment: ● microbes are treating sewage and wastewater. ● goal is to eliminate fecal pathogens before returning treated water to rivers and streams. ● in the second stage of treatment, waste water passes over microbial communities of bacteria, algae, and protozoa, which form on rocks as biofilms (organic matter and pathogens are eliminated). chapter 4 bacteria: cell shapes and patterns: ● morphology: bacteria are found in several common shapes (and arrangements), which are useful in species identification. ○ bacillus(bacilli, pl): rod shaped. ○ coccus (cocci, pl): spherical. ○ curved or spiral (vibrio, curved; spirilla, rigid helix or wavy; spirochete flexible helix). \n namingbacteria: ● bacteria are named using linnaesinomia classification system (having two latinized names). ○ genus: name, capitalized (escherichia). ○ species: name, not capitalized (coli). ○ both names areitaliciz;escherichicol . ● bacteria names are frequently instructive. ○ escherichi is named for theodor escherich. ○ col indicates its habitat (large intestine). ○ streptococcu indicates shape and arrangement. * know the difference between a gram positive and gram negative cell for test. envelope: is external to the cytoplasm. ● plasmamembrane : selectively permeable. ● cellwall(gram positive vs. gram negative): ○ g+: thick layer of rigid polymer, peptidoglycan. ○ g: thin layer of peptidoglycan. ○ prevents osmotic rupture of cell membrane. ● outer embrane (in gram negatives only): ○ contains fever inducing endotoxin. ● capsule not integral to the cell. ○ is a virulence factor, antiphagocytic. the gram stain is an important first step in the identification of bacteria pathogens. ● choice of antibiotics is influenced by the gram stain reaction. ○ broad spectrum antibiotics work againd g. ○ narrow spectrum antibiotics work agaisg. o ○ look at figure 4.03. cytoplasm: is all of a cell’s contents enclosed within the plasma membrane. ● nucleoid: region of cytoplasm containing chromosomal dna. ○ double stranded dna (dsdna). ○ one or more circular and/or linear chromosomes. ■ e coli, one circular. ■ vibrio cholerae, two circular. ■ borrelia spp, linear and circular. ● plasmids: small, circular, independently replicating, dsdna. ○ encode limited number of gene (few to many). ○ expand genetic capability of host cell. ■ may encode virulence genes. ■ r factor: plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance genes. ○ infectious natu, transmissible from donor to recipient. \n ○ spores endospores, formed within the cell). ■ viable for long periods (perhaps centuries or longer). ■ resistant to heat,boiling, drying, radiation, and various chemical compounds, including alcohol. ■ important pathogens: ● bacilluanthraci, anthrax, possible bioweapon. ● clostridiu spp., tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene (all anaerobes). ○ the spore cyclvegetativecells sporulate to produce spores, and spores germinate into vegetative cells. appendages: ● flagell: used for motility. ○ rotates like propeller. ○ chemotaxis ■ move towardttractan ■ move away from repellan . ○ long, hollow filament made of subunflagelli . ■ many arrangements (single, polar, bipolar, dispersed, etc). * know binary fission * examination of the dynamics of growth reveals the presence of four major growth phases. the four growth phases: ● lag: period of adaptation to new conditions. a few bacteria try and establish themselves at site of infection. ● exponential/logarithmic: the cell population doubles with each generation (2^3 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8; the exponent 3 equals the number of generations). numbers of bacteria rising exponentially, see first signs and symptoms for that infection. ● stationary: rate of cell division is about equal to the rate of death (nutrients are depleted and toxins accumulate). precipitated by success of host immune system, or success of antibiotic treatment. ● death: the number of cells dying exceeds the rate of cell division. bacterial numbers drop precipitously, due to effects of immune system or antibiotics. culturing bacteria diagnostics: ● a clinical specime is obtained to grow in culture to identify the suspected cause of the infection. ○ throat swab, urine or blood culture, etc. ■ inoculated into growth medium. ■ streaked across agar plate to media to aid identification. ● colonies may have identifiable morphology or properties. ○ characteristics, texture, size, pigment, hemolysis, etc. ● metabolic tests are used to identify bacterial pathogens. \n ● rapid strep antigen tests. ○ identification streptococcus pyogenes ● a variety of media and diagnostic tests are available. ○ type selected depends on source of the specimen. ○ some bacteria can’t be grown, or they grow too slowly, requiring alternative approaches. determining which antibiotics a bacterial isolate is sensitive to is important. ● antibiotic sensitivities are determined as follows: ○ spread an isolate onto the surface of an agar plate. ○ apply antibioticcontaining disks to plate surface. ○ after incubationzone of inhibitio (no growth) form around any disks that inhibit the bacterium’s growth. rapid and costsaving multi test procedures: ● api20e test contains twenty tests to differentiate bacteria belonging to the enterobacteriaceae family (many cause urinary tract infections or diarrhea. 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9f579c792c884bca286ceb61b10f767e | a photon of wavelength 0.45000 nm strikes a free electron that is initially at rest. the photon is scattered straight backward. what is the speed of the recoil electron after the collision? | solved: a photon of wavelength 0.45000 nm strikes a free | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib70028 isabel wan, phd international business assignment 8 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of the final assignment is to select four countries and compare and contrast the business environment of each country. in order to become successful as a manager, marketer, or ceo of an international business, one must understand the environment where business is being conducted. to do this, one must review a variety of different types of data and analyze appropriately. the types of information required for this analysis includes the following: (1) performance information, (2) challenges, (3) advantages, and (4) disadvantages for selected st countries in the 21 century. corporate social responsibilities and the global financial crisis also play a significant role in the global environment. once this understanding is formulated, an individual can begin to compare and contrast various regions throughout the world to determine the best strategy moving forward. the following paper will include an analysis of each country and will include an evaluation, comparison analysis, and discussion of the business environment within each selected country. this evaluation will allow for a multinational company (mnc) to have an understanding of the stability of each country addressed for potential entry. in addition, this understanding will help a mnc to not only how to enter a country but how to be successfully strategize and wade through cultural barriers. selected countries the original primary selection method utilized to select four countries to evaluate is based upon areas i am personally interested in conducting business within. after making the attempt to find scholarly articles on the smaller islands and countries chosen, i had to look to find alternatives. the main focus was to look to countries that utilized a more direct communication \n 3 approach; as the alternative indirect approach would prove to be more frustrating than what it would be worth to me. while most of my choices are similar in nature to the u.s., i am including an alternative country, china. by incorporating china, a differing perspective can be shown within this paper. the countries selected for this study are as follows: 1) new zealand, 2) australia 3) brazil, and 4) china . challenges identified one major challenge that every intercultural country will face is intercultural sensitivity or the lack thereof. while cultures begin to come together, the members that are part of the newly formed teams will need to become sensitive to the cultural attributes of the group. while the differences between cultures certainly make the work environment unique, each culture may want to label their own as superior. the limited understanding that each culture may have of one another may need to be identified and sensitivity training provided to avoid unnecessary conflict. by understanding those differences up front, the ability to accept and appreciate each culture becomes possible. as a u.s. citizen attempting to conduct business in a strict islamic country, one may view the differences in culture as appalling and backwards. to be effective in this environment, one must take a step back and at least make the attempt to understand the history and the reasoning behind why the other culture thinks the way it does. now, to take a deeper look at the chosen countries and the associated challenges. new zealanders tend to focus on small, communitybased business partners. the residents tend to choose to conduct business amongst friends in their tight niche community with people termed “business mates”. the relationships built are extremely informal and community based. the challenge to enter into business in new zealand will be to build enough trust to become part of \n 4 the existing community. to do so, this will take time to build the relationship (park, levine, weber, lee, terra, botero, & wilson, 2012) . australia offers very few barriers to entry, especially with american firms. the legal and corporate structures are very close in nature and entry is easily acquired. the one main area that could be a potential barrier is the level of competition. the easier the entry, the higher the level of completion from local and foreign businesses. brazil’s challenges when it comes to entering this market include the pure number of businesses battling for a market share. this emerging global market is being saturated with foreign companies that are trying to be the first in line. as a smaller company entering the market, businesses like walmart may take the upper hand (luthans & doh, 2012). lastly, one of china’s challenges that recently made the news is the level of pollution in the country. not only were schools shut down for several days but businesses as well. the population in china is high as well as the output of pollution. entering china will require a lot of thought and preparation on green and sustained building. performance the next area to evaluate is performance during the global financial crisis. during the global financial crisis only a few countries reported doing well. those that did, fell into the category of the brics countries. china was one of those countries. the reason they did so well was because the chinese government had placed over $2 trillion in reserves and economic growth remained above 7%. in addition, the population in general save more than 40% of their income. with the savings in hand, government and individual, china was not as affected by the \n 5 crisis as they had planned for times such as these. in addition, china utilized $600 billion to stimulate it’s economy and develop infrastructure (payne, 2013). brazil is a second brics country that did well during the global financial crisis. brazil’s growth was 5.7% in 2005, 3.2% in 2006, 4% in 2007, and 5.1% in 2008 due to the confidence in it’s economy as well as a positive and smooth presidential election and appreciation of the brazilian real. brazil offers a stable economy as well as a central location close to the u.s. and strong european countries. it has become one of the fastest growing automobile exporters, the second largest location for direct foreign investment next to china for developing countries, and one of the largest passenger airplane manufacturing countries (luthans & doh 2012). australia also took a significant hit during the global financial crisis. the australian dollar depreciated rapidly by over 30% in 2008. to attempt to stimulate the economy, australia’s reserve infused the country with additional funds to become more liquid. a significant portion of the dollar’s depreciation was recovered in 2009. until 2008, new zealand’s treasury, kaitohutohu kaupapa rawa, the country experienced an average gdp growth rate until the global financial crisis. as the crisis took place, the country started a recession and began a decline. new zealand’s gdp during the global crisis has steadily declined by 2.2% in 2009, 2.2% in 2010, and subsequently declined by 3.3% in 2014 (reserve bank of australia, 2010). ethical perspective elkington (2012) discussed the concept of sustainable development and social responsibility of multinational corporations. companies like bp, monsanto and shell are only a few named that need to take into consideration the rules of the global world rather than just the \n 6 originating country. multinational companies can no longer ignore the human element behind conducting business in various locations and a variety of cultures. while standards are put into place for u.s. citizens, they are not necessarily in place for third world countries. in addition, other areas of concern such as corruption, bribery, overworking employees, and utilizing child labor need to be analyzed and addressed. to further clarify what is meant by ethical perspective, i will share a personal example of conducting business in afghanistan. osha standards are put into place for expatriate contractors. they are not necessarily put in place for local national contractors. the contracts written by the u.s. government are written differently for local national personal and contractors versus those contractors brought in from countries located outside of afghanistan. during my tenure in country, one of the contracts was to build facility that would house an army detachment. in the time we were on base, the contract that was put into place was awarded to an afghan company. the personnel did not have to comply with ohsa standards as the standard only applied to expatriate contractors. as the local national company’s workers began to place the roof on the facility in january. the afghan workers were seen in their moccasins on the metal roof, working in slick conditions. they did not have fall protection of any kind. this meant they were not hooked to anything and they were thirty plus feet off of the ground. the workers’ shoes did not have rubber soles, and the method of getting onto the roof was a wobbly, concocted ladder. in addition, the workers were seen having their very own snowball fight from one side of the roof to the other. all of this was done under the noses of headquarters staffing. at one point, one of the local nationals slipped and almost came off of the rooftop. now, while discussing this story, the point being made is who has the responsibility to ensure that everyone \n 7 working on contract has the same standard? is it reasonable to say that local national companies have to abide by the same rules, and in turn are then mandated to purchase safety equipment to meet the standard from the company conducting business in that country? while multinational companies work in other countries, a company must decide what is the correct balance between complying with the typical standard of the home country, and the location of where business is being conducted. whose has the responsibility for work being conducted safety? in addition, which set of rules and can a company mandate third world country workers to comply? it it feasible to demand compliance with first world country standards? these are the questions that must be answered prior to ever conducting business within a country that holds a different standard. now, how does this scenario apply to the four countries selected? it applies because of the emerging markets and strong markets that are building multinational companies within each country’s borders. the companies need to make decision up front on what their goals are and what their ethical responsibilities are in the operating environment. brazil and china known as up and coming, developing countries. china may be the most controversial when it comes to ethical standards. while working in china, the decisions that come to mind are those that have to do with child labor, unequitable pay, gender equality, corruption, contract kickbacks, and favoritism for contract awards towards family and friends. the positive aspect of a business that is sourcing products from china will find that products made more quickly and are less expensive. with that in mind, a multinational company must make the decision as to which ethical standards they may need to break or to what extent they willing to bend for that cheaper product. while china has a considerable level of successful \n 8 business dealings without corruption or the other negative connotations, the negative aspects also need to be considered. in brazil, one of the concerns is in regards to ethics is consulting a legal team. while in the more westernized countries, legal counsel is utilized to avoid ethical issues, it is a concern to contact them in brazil. brazil managers and nonmanagers alike tend to steer away from legal council finding it to be more of a risky concept to utilize legal versus not utilizing legal (leila trapp, 2011). ethical standards in new zealand are much like the u.s. individuals that work in new zealand find that while generally ethical standards are high, that the belief is that the standards have been compromised over the last few years. individuals find that further down the line in the chain of command, the more likely it is to have to bend the rules and the overall standard in order to make a successful transaction happen (alam, 1999). while business ethics is growing as an important issue in australia, the overall concern by senior management, the overall concern by lower level employees believe that ethical standards are lacking (miltonsmith, 1997). in a later study, it was noted that the code of ethics is not a normalcy in australia. australians do believe in an ethical standard, but they do not have the same belief in creating and following a written policy (callaghan, m., wood, g., payan, j. m., singh, j., & svensson, g, 2012). communications building business relationships is extremely important concept to become successful in the international environment. each culture has a different method and form and way of communication desires and wants. the difficulty becomes knowing which form of \n 9 communicating is being utilized as well as understanding the nuances behind each type. by studying each of the four identified countries, a baseline can be developed. once that baseline is identified, a marketer or business owner could understand how not to offend the other country’s culture as well as work within the alternative guidelines towards success. to begin, new zealand boasts a very similar culture to the u.s. in the form of business communications. new zealand has a culture that incorporates the direct communication method as well as low context methods. low context styles focus on monochrome styles, tangible or shortterm business goals, and one relationship at a time. the business relationship is a very pointed and direct relationship where most issues are discussed openly and meanings are clear and up front. china on the other hand is a high context culture boasting indirect communication. the chinese tend to imply their message through body language and meanings are imbedded in an individual’s actions. they also have a tendency to focus on a multitude of relationships at the same time (zhu, 2009). australia utilizes many of the same communication methods that new zealand and the u.s. utilize. australians, even in business, are generally easy going, friendly, and informal. negotiators and managers conducting business in australia need to pay attention to sporting events in the area, local news, and entertainment. in addition, informal and friendly conversation, a sense of humor, and eye contact are all important. australians move towards utilizing first names very quickly. it is important for individuals conducting business in australia to have a business card readily available, to be on time, and while a gift is not required, a small one is appreciated (clark & vemuri, 2008). \n 10 brazil is a bit tougher to navigate as there are four distinct subcultures within the country. a marketer, negotiator or manager must identify which subculture they are working with and subsequently choose the appropriate communication strategy. the personality traits such as achievement, selfdirection, enjoyment, security, and restrictive conformity vary amongst the four different subcultures. as one learns to navigate the various areas of brazil and begins to understand the differences, an individual can alter the strategy to end in success (volkema, 2012). challenges and differences challenges and differences are prevalent in each culture. finding a way to understand those differences will be part of any successful business strategy. one of the ways to ensure that business students are taught about the various cultures they intend to conduct business within. students and employees alike will need extensive crosscultural training to provide another frame of reference. if the individual is not properly trained, the only frame of reference that individual will ever know is his or her own. this creates a limited understanding of the way the other country’s team members operate and will certainly be the cause of disputes in the future (durocher, 2009). to attempt to combat cultural disputes and potentially offending team member sand coworkers, a mnc moving into a new country must evaluate a number of areas. bharadwaj (2013) discussed the following areas as key areas to research and prepare answers for prior to conducting business in another environment: 1) approach towards formality and individual status 2) attitude towards uncertainty, 3) attitude towards time, 4) role of hierarchy, 5) role of gender, 6) choice of communication channels, and 7) degree of formality. by having a good \n 11 understanding of each of these items, an individual can be much more prepared for the alternative business environment. one of the primary challenges to entering the australian market is making assumptions that the other culture is understood. u.s. marketers may think they understand another culture and their philosophies, but in the end, truly may not. by making the assumption that american business personnel understand australian culture, many points can be missed. while both of the cultures are similar in nature, the smallest of nuances that are missed may be the difference between signing the deal or being eliminated from the deal (clark & vemuri, 2008). in brazil, there are a number of entry barriers including: (1) restricted access to financing (2) inefficient government assistance systems, (3) shortages of skilled labor, and (4) weak institutional frameworks (cardoza, fornes, farber, gonzalez, & ruiz gutierrez, 2015). as the chinese conduct business, the initial team meeting is utilized to start the relationship building process. the chinese businessmen and women tend to focus on bringing in a third party that knows both parties to vouch for each other. by doing so, this begins building the relationship as well as helps to gain trust and confidence in each party. new zealand and australia are more independent and tend not to rely on a third party to build relationships, but rather utilize direct relationship building strategies and shortterm goals. chinese managers tend to focus more on the personal touch, feelings, and friendship while conducting business. new zealanders on the other hand do not. their primary focus was on the achievement of business goals and getting to the end state as quickly as possible. the new zealand managers focused on developing and building business relationships to achieve objectives while the chinese managers would focus on business as well as friendship. the end goal for the chinese was to build long \n 12 term business and personal relationships. as the chinese became more comfortable with the individuals in their friendships, communication would become much more direct (park, levine, weber, lee, terra, botero, & wilson, 2012). conclusion in conclusion, multinational corporations face a number of varying issues when it comes to entering a new market. the incentives for conducting business in the international environment can be lucrative, but at the same time can be challenging. the purpose of this assignment was to select four countries and evaluate the business environment for each country. the countries selected for this study were: 1) new zealand, 2) australia, 3) brazil, and 4) china. the focus of the selection was based on countries that as a business leader, i would choose to conduct business within. the criteria were based upon a preference of countries with direct communication and low context styles. the differences and challenges identified will help to further tailor the list to the ideal location. in addition, china was added to provide a variation to the above paper. the culture differences between each of the cultures were discussed not only in communication styles, but perspective, ethical perspectives, as well as advantages and disadvantages in the various environments. \n 13 references alam, k. f. (1999). business ethics in new zealand organisations: views from the middle and lower level managers. journal of business ethics, 22(2), 145153 bharadwaj, a. (2013). teaching intercultural business communication to management students: challenges and strategies. 3(2) 7484. retrieved from http://www.bmr.business journalz.org callaghan, m., wood, g., payan, j. m., singh, j., & svensson, g. (2012). code of ethics quality: an international comparison of corporate staff support and regulation in australia, canada and the united states. business ethics: a european review, 21(1), 1530. doi:10.1111/j.14678608.2011.01637.x cardoza, g., fornes, g., farber, v., gonzalez duarte, r., & ruiz gutierrez, j. (2015). barriers and public policies affecting the international expansion of latin american smes: evidence from brazil, colombia, and peru. journal of business research, doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.148 clark, e., & vemuri, r. (2008). conducting business in australia: prospects and strategies for international managers. global business & organizational excellence, 27(5), 4964. doi:10.1002/joe.20222 durocher,dennis o., jr. (2009). teaching intercultural communication competence to business students. journal of international business education, 4, 119134. retrieved from http://www.neilsonjournals.com/jibe/ elkington, j. (2011, may 5) what is the triple bottom line? [video file]. retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5mpouhmpmk leila trapp, n. (2011). staff attitudes to talking openly about ethical dilemmas: the role of business ethics conceptions and trust. journal of business ethics, 103(4), 543552. doi:10.1007/s1055101108799 luthans, f., & doh, j. (2012). international management: culture, strategy, and behavior 8th new york, ny mcgrawhill irwin miltonsmith, j. (1997). business ethics in australia and new zealand. journal of business ethics, 16(14), 14851497 park, h. s., levine, t. r., weber, r., lee, h. e., terra, l. i., botero, i. c., & wilson, m. s. (2012). individual and cultural variations in direct communication style. international journal of intercultural relations, 36179187. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.010 \n 14 reserve bank of australia. (2010). the global financial crisis and its impact on australia. retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/lookup/1301.0chapter 27092009–10 the new zealand kaitohutohu kaupapa rawa. (n.d.) new zealand economic and financial overview 2010. the economy of new zealand: overview http://www.treasury.govt.nz/ economy/overview/2010/04.htm volkema, r. (2012). understanding initiation behavior in brazilian negotiations: an analysis of four regional subcultures. brazilian business review (english edition), 9(2), 88108 zhu, y. (2009). managing business relationships in new zealand and china: a semantic perspective. management international review, 49(2), 225248. retrieved from http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/journal/11575 ",
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a023a3a004387c57d315ddf72efbb9dd | determine in the circuit of fig. 11.83, if the voltage source supplies 2.5 kw and 0.4 kvar (leading). | determine in the circuit of fig. 11.83, if the voltage | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " week 12 notes 4/11/16 expansionary monetary policy if the federal open market committee wanted to increase the market money supply: curve shifts outward to the right reasons they would increase the money supply: a high unemployment rate too slow a rate of growth in gdp by increasing the money supply, they would be hoping to decrease the interest rates. (this would stimulate higher levels of spending: cause people to buy houses, cars, etc. and cause businesses to expand more and hire more people) how do they increase the money supply? buy government securities lower discount rate lower legal reserve requirements contractionary monetary policy if the federal open market committee wanted to decrease the market money supply: curve shifts inward to the left reasons they would decrease the money supply: inflation in government is too great, unacceptable stable level of employment acceptable rate of gdp growth by decreasing the money supply, they would be hoping to increase the interest rates. (this would decrease the levels of spending: cause people to not buy new houses, cars, etc. and cause businesses to contract, reducing inflation) how do they decrease the money supply? sell government securities raise the discount rate raise the legal reserve requirements opponents of federal reserve policy actions would agree with the mechanics of the above policies, however, they would argue that the change in interest rates would have the projected effect on spending. just because interest rates decrease, will spending really increase? not necessarily! demand for money: why is it that we as a society demand to have money as a part of our economic system? 2 reasons: to carry out transactions \n to hold as an asset transaction demand for money: the amount of money required by society to facilitate purchasing and/or spending of the transactions within the society asset demand for money: the amount of money required by society to satisfy the desire to hold money (currency, coin, demand deposits) as a physical asset. example: me example of transaction demand: i make $1,000 a week. i have to spend money on rent, utilities, food, taxes, clothes, entertainment, etc. this stuff accumulates $800. will my use of the $800 be influenced by the rate of return on government securities? no. rate of 2% jumped to 9%, does this deny me from paying my rent? no. rate of return doesn’t influence our money needed for transactions so transaction demand will be a vertical line example of asset demand: i make $1,000 a week. i need $800 to facilitate my spending. this extra $200 is sitting in my pocket, so it is an asset to me. how will the rate of return influence my willingness to hold this $200 as an asset? interest rate of return jumps to 25%, what happens to my willingness to hold the money rather than buy a security? i will want to buy the security instead of holding on to the $200!! (when the rate of the return is high, my asset demand for money is low) at high rates of return, there is little or no asset demand for money (people will buy security bonds) \n at low rates of return, there is more demand for money (people won’t buy security bonds) *what do you give up when you turn in your $200 for the security? the ability to spend that money (aka: liquidity) also, you give effort/hassle to go and exchange for the bond. demand for money curve: add the transaction curve + asset curve 4/13/16 bonds bonds have face values and market values face value: value that bond is going to have at maturity you buy a bond for &740 that is issued at a face value of $1,000 on april 13, 2016. its maturity date is 10 years from now. 10 years from now, it will be worth $1,000. market value: price that the bond would sell at in the market today what you pay when you buy the bond that day the amount of interest earned on government bonds is the difference between the market value and the face value ($1,000 $750= $250 in interest returned) to increase the money supply: government can entice people to sell their bonds back by increasing the market price for them, thus increasing the money supply, lowering the interest rates. to decrease the money supply: government can make people hold onto their bonds by lowering the market price for the bonds, decreasing the money supply, increasing the interest rates. \n banks commercial banks: they are businesses. commercial banks function and seek to profit by accepting deposits, and making loans. in doing so, they create money. the federal reserve identifies a legal reserve requirement: the minimum amount of money that the commercial banks need to have. banks need to keep a minimum amount of accepted amount of money in the banks banks have a high emotional visibility in the community. ex: if a shoe store goes out of business it’s not a big deal. if a bank goes out of business, that would cause concern to the community regarding the stability of the economy. how do they create money? example: you find a treasure chest with $1,000,000 in it. you put it in the bank: bank a liability demand deposit:$1,000,000 legal reserve (10%) $100,000 excess reserve $900,000 so the bank could lend out the $900,000, increasing the money supply. $900,000 of new money was created!! the $900,000 that was lent out, might wind up being deposited in another bank. bank b liability demand deposit:$900,000 legal reserve (10%) $90,000 excess reserve $810,000 1 1 monetary multiplier: lpr = .10=10 the amount of money ($1,000,000) × multiplier (10) = $10,000,000 created",
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a30875d4bb0fc5fa987eecbf897032ad | bbh 301 bbh 301 bbh 301 | bbh 301 | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " morality system of rules that dictate socially acceptable behavior what you ought to do often learned vicariosly ethics study of morality normative analysis = is an act in and itself right or wrong? bioethics healthcare ethics study of morality in the context of clinical care research historic cases development in medical technology heart transplantation dr. christiaan barnard (1967) used a heart from a 25 year old women who was brain dead from a car accident but her heart was still healthy. it was transplanted into a 55 year old man dying of chf. he only lived 18 days after transplant. artificial respiration ",
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54124f5a557082d2d61e86174deb196f | ?problem 110p
a wet cooling tower is to cool 25 kg/s of cooling water from 40 to 30°c at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 96 kpa. atmospheric air enters the tower at 20°c and 70 percent relative humidity and leaves saturated at 35°c. neglecting the power input to the fan, determine (a) the volume flow rate of air into the cooling tower and (b) the mass flow rate of the required makeup water. | a wet cooling tower is to cool 25 kg/s of cooling water | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " soc 100 week 11 chapter 8 social stratification o working class 33% focus on getting by slightly favor liberal, but not by much targeted by political candidates due to variability value social life, education is necessary evil o lower class 20% living on the edge or apathy stays pretty consistent percentagewise 2008 grew to 25% religion – if there is one in the neighborhood they go, if not they don’t new class society o upper class is 20% upper, small diamond shape o lower/middle is 80% lower, large diamond shape o illustrates distribution better does not correspond to wealth distribution clicker what class did you grow up in? o overwhelmingly middle class clicker – where will you be in 20 years? o overwhelmingly middle class, and some upper who gets ahead – christopher jencks o education * years of certain levels of education o who your parents are * how many children father’s career o luck o race o sex o hard work o * education and parents are most important) functionalist see it as acceptable education requires hard work conflict – we don’t choose our parents, so it’s not fair income has been rising steadily since 1950 o however, distribution does not show change as equal among classes highest 20% income has risen greatly but as you go down the classes, income has remained almost the same from 1940’s – 1980 the increase in income was relatively equally distributed \n now only the upper classes are seeing a rise in income clicker – will you be better off fincancially than your parents o 40% yes o 30% no or uncertain more billionaires than ever o 2003 262 billionaires o 2016 – 1810 billionaires o riches – bill gates $75 billion o richest women $36.1 billion o oprah – 3 billion o pat striker 2.3 billion from fort collins likely the “anonymous” donator that donated 25 million for stadium o u.s has 8 of the top 10 billionaires national study – “differences in income in us are too large” o class figures – 61% agree, 10% disagree o national study 65% agree, 14% disagree some billionaires agree the giving pledge – billionaires donating half of their wealth reasons for lower class mobility in us o rise of the money culture making money > content/enjoyment of life o bank deregulation in 1980’s and 1990’s harmful to majority of us, beneficial to super wealthy o technology – jobs done by machines o rise of emerging markets, especially in china and india clicker emily and mark are high school teachers, volunteer every weekend, and are very religious what class are they in? o correct answer= average middle class poverty o relative poverty: poorer in relation to others with more money o absolute poverty: deprivation of resources that is lifethreatening or inability to afford minimum standards of food, clothing, shelter, and health o most poverty in us is relative poverty who is responsible for poverty o blame the poor: the poor are mostly responsible for their own poverty (functionalist) o blame society: society is primarily responsible for poverty (conflict) national study who’s responsible for helping the poor o 27% government o 24% people should take care of themselves o 46% combination of both what is major cause of poverty? \n o us, japan, australia – lack of individual effort o mexico, sweden, germany societal injustice poverty rate in us o normally assume a family of 4 with 2 kids under 18 o current 47 million 14.5% us population $24,250/year o 55% more than current poverty rate = 73 million, 22.5% us population $37,588 / year o lifestyle of those at 155% of poverty rate never go out to eat, to movies, entertainment, don’t take vacations, hire babysitters, buy anything in excess who are the poor o age: 19.9% of children under 18 9.5% of elderly 65 and above o race/ethnicity 28% of native americans 27% of african americans 23.5% of hispanic americans 10.5% asian americans 9.6% white o sex/gender 31% of female head of household 16% male head of household o workers 14% of the poor work fulltime 45% of the poor work at least parttime to reach 155% of poverty, you need to make $18.07/hour well over minimum wage hidden costs of class o judgement from others o feelings of hopelessness o acceptance of symbols of inability o loss of dignity and a sense of accomplishment homelessness o 2540% work o 37% are families with children o 25% are children o 2530% are mentally disabled o 30% are veterans o 40% drug and alcohol dependent cure for poverty? \n o answer depends on whom you blame clicker welfare vs. wealthfare what does government spend most money on? o 64% said health care for richest 10% of elderly medicare beneficiaries correct answer clicker – government housing subsidies end up going to ? o more to the middle class than the poor welfare distribution o distributed unequally in a manner that is deemed best o everyone gets some sort of entitlement how are we doing? o us is one of richest nations and has one of highest standards of living o some members of our society are benefitting handsomely while others are not o “rich getting richer, poor are getting poorer, so it all averages out” ",
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8d74992c562d3eaee7203a72bb272986 | alogam = | alogam = | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " exam 3 study guide momentum, rotational motion, torque momentum moves in the same direction as velocity and is given by the equation: p=mv the initial momentum is always the same as the final momentum. in the problems that ask for recoil motion use the following formula often times in momentum problems they are paired with translational kinematic equations: m1v 1m v2 2 an open systems is a system that gains or loses mass. this is the formula to us for the rocket or a similar system: ∆ m f thrust ∆t ) the angular position is given in polar coordinates and is found with the following: s θ= r angular displacement is the change in angular position and is given by the following: ∆ θ=θ fθ i the average angular speed is shown by: θ −θ ∆θ ω av f = tf−ti ∆t angular acceleration is given in the following equation: \n a= ω fω i= ∆ω tf−ti ∆t similar to translational kinematic equations there are rotational kinematic equations. for these velocity is replaced by ω and x is replaced by θ. these act the same way as translational kinematic equations. to find tangential velocity use: v=ωr where r is the radius. to find tangential velocity a similar formula is used: a=ar don’t forget the formula for centripetal acceleration is: 2 a = (ωr) =+ω r2 c r torque is a part of newtons second law. it is given by the following: τ=rfsinφ φ is the angle between f and r. the unit for torque is an nm. torque can also be found by taking the cross product of two vectors. the magnitude of torque is given by: r=absinφ inertia is the torque divided by the angular acceleration. in translational motion the more massive particle has the most rotational inertia \n mass distribution with respect to the rotational axis also impacts rotational inertia; the farther away the mass is from the rotational axis the more rotational inertia will exist. rotational inertia can be found by: n i= ∑ m r2 i=1 ii m is the mass of the particle r is the distance from the rotational axis on a continuous object the rotational inertia is: i= ∫ dm the parallel axis theorem where m is mass, h is the perpendicular distance between the new axis and the axis through the center of mass and i cms the rotational inertia around the center of mass i=icm +m h 2 the center of mass is found by: m xcm=( 2 )x2 m 1m 2 for center of mass multiply the associated mass with the associated x coordinate. kinetic energy for rotating object: 1 2 k r i ω 2 conservation of energy holds true for rotational motion similar to translational motion \n k ik +u ri=k +i +u +∆e f rf f th k is the translational kinetic k ris rotational kinetic newtons second law is shown through torque and is the sum of all torque. if the system is conserved torque initial is equal to torque final",
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b6c0b469f7cea4d10fdcc4ceb72a05b9 | the data show u.s. consumption and exports of cigarettes. a. calculate the average rates of change in u.s. cigarette consumption from 1960 to 1980, from 1980 to 2007, and from 1960 to 2007. b. compute the average rate of change for cigarette exports from 1960 to 2007. does this give an accurate image of cigarette exports? c. the total number of cigarettes consumed in the united states in 1960 was 484 billion, very close to the number consumed in 1995, 487 billion. does that mean smoking was as popular in 1995 as it was in 1960? explain your answer. d. write a paragraph summarizing what the data tell you about the consumption and exports of cigarettes since 1960, including average rates of change. | the data show u.s. consumption and exports of cigarettes. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " biol 120 principles of biology (dr. partain) week 3 notes (2/192/26) genetics heirarchy of genetic information traits: o an inherited characteristic controlled by genes found on dna chromosomes: o structural unit containing part or all of an organisms genome consisting of dna and its associated proteins o pairs: in sexually reproducing organisms, one of the pair in inherited from dad, one from mom these are called homologous pairs o karyotype: a pictorial arrangement of a full set of an organism’s chromosomes in humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes o chromatids: one of the two identical strands of chromatin or half of a replicated chromosome genes: o a segment of a chromosome that carries specific information about a trait o contains info about anything your body needs o sometimes, genes carry mutations that cause disease or changes in traits o they are instructions carried by dna these instructions are for building all of the proteins that the cells require genome: o the entire suite of genes present in an organism o each cell in your body has a complete set of instructions about how to make your cells, their components, and their component’s components this set of instructions is called your genome your body has about 100,000,000,000,000 cells francis watson & james crick described dna’s structure in 1953, won nobel prize in 1962 o description was built largely on work of rosalin franklin, who took xray diffraction images of dna \n dna & it’s structure deoxyribonucleic acid the information molecule stored in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells composed of nucleotides nucleotides have 3 parts: o a phosphate o a sugar (deoxyribose for dna nucleotides) o one of 4 bases: adenine (a) guanine (g) thymine (t) cytosine (c) complementary bases: o there is a specific pattern of the bases that connect the two strands o called complementary base pairs, like the steps of a spiral staircase a always bonds across from t c always bonds across from g because of this, if only one strand of dna is known, the other can be easily deciphered ex: one side atcggca other side tagccgt sugarphosphate backbone: o connected end to end to form a structure that is like the hand rail of the spiral staircase o like you backbone, the sugarphosphate backbone supports and gives shape to the dna molecule chromosome a long, single molecule of dna and associated proteins housed in nucleus can carry hundreds of genes along its length each cell has a complete set of chromosomes o all genes are present \n dna: molecule of heredity that stores info required for making all of the proteins required in a cell o manages information o stores information o duplicates information when needed o transfers and decodes information when needed rna: information carrying molecule composed of nucleotides protein synthesis 2step process o 1. transcription dnapolymer of nucleotides (two complementary strands) copying of dna gene into rna o 2. translation rnapolymer of nucleotides (single strand) decoding the copied rna sequences and producing the protein for which it codes rna is translated into a protein (polymer of amino acids), enzyme is made o example: dna one side tagcag dna other side atcgtc rna translation aucguc (rna does not have t, it has u) meitosis happens in somatic cells (body cells) o mitosis (happens everywhere but sex cells) for growth and repair makes identical copies happens in germ cells (sex cells) o meiosis to make gametes (eggs/sperm) makes unique cells ½ chromosomes # one of each type of chromosome \n overview of cell division interphase mitosos cytokinesis cell cycle interphase: o longest phase of cell o protein synthesis o suicide? o dna is copied (replication) chromosomes are uncondensed (when they can be used) (unduplicated) mitosis: o chromosomes are condensed (x shape) (duplicated) (duplicated splits) o dna is split equally into two halves of the chromosome o moving to opposite sides of the cell cytokinesis: o parent cell is divided in half into two daughter cells protein snythesis vs. dna replication similarites: a. dna unzips and unwinds b. free nucleotides are matched c. takes place during interphase differences: a. protein synthesis starts in the nucleus, continues in ribsomones a. dna replication all takes place in the nucleus b. protein synth. is a 2step process a. dna rep. is not variations brain and nerve cells form in the embryo and then never divide many leaf cells: divide as young leaves, stop dividing and simple increased in size by growing bone marrow cells: divide rapidly; forming as many as 20,000 new cells per minute cancer is a two part failure in the cell cycle o when the cell is unable to repair dna, stop growth, or commit suicide benign tumor not mutated, just a mass of cells, not aggressive o formed if cell division is over stimulated \n malignant tumor mutation occurred o formed if cell cannot correct mutation, supposed to kill the cell problem with tumor suppressor gene mutated cell will keep going, invading surrounding tissue become malignant, cancerous tumor summary of cancerous cells uncontrolled cell division suppressor genes are unable to turn off growth, repair dna, or cause cell suicide metastasis causes cells to migrate they are immortal detecting cancer risk factors: chemical, sun exposure, nutrition & health, age genetic testing: looking for mutations detecting chemicals in the blood: certain cancer cells secrete proteins that are detectable in the blood biopsy: take a portion of tumor and examine the cells treating cancer chemotherapy: highly toxic chemicals that will kill cells cancer cells become resistance at 1 cell per million. average tumor contains 1 billion cells, so ~1,000 are resistant radiation therapy: high energy radiation pointed at tumor cells will destroy dna, therefore destroying the cell what do we need to pass along our heritage? something to pass along: info about the organism a mode of passing it along a way of determining its value to the organism what are we passing along? dna… has all the instructions for making a new organism what is the mode? sexual reproduction: o two unique individuals contrinbuting half of their own dna toward the production of a new individual o new individual has its own unique set of dna asexual reproduction: o a single individual gives rise to identical offspring o no new combos of dna are produced except through random mutation \n asexual reproduction: o passing along an exact copy of instructions to an individual o advantages: guarantees passing along genes to one’s offspring no care for young required all individuals can reproduce easier to carry out/more efficient happens at a faster rate more offspring can be made o disadvantages: no genetic diversity produced large accumulation of mutations possible increased susceptibility to diseases or environmental change sexual reproduction: o combines info from 2 individuals to produce a new, unique individual o advantages: huge amount of genetic diversity fewer amounts of mutations fights disease o disadvantages: social behavior increases risk of spreading disease physically demanding/time consuming: growing and raising offspring requires time at the cellular level time & energy devoted to finding the “right” mate only some can reproduce how many chromosomes are in our gametes? germ cells (gametes): egg and sperm: in humans 23 chromosomes, one form each of the pairs somatic cells: every other cell in the body: in humans 23 pairs or 46 how are gametes made? o diploid “stem” cells undergo meiosis and become haploid cells o diploid: having a full set of chromosomes, one from each parent. in humans that means 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46. o haploid: having half the # of chromosomes, one form pair, for a total of 23 (in eggs and sperm) 8 million gamete possibilities per individual with sexual reproduction: \n 8 million (male) x 8 million (female) = 64 trillion possible differing offspring *not including mutations meiosis process by which chromosomes number is reduced in half to produce the gametes diploid cells are put through a process chromosomes match up as a homologous pair, one from mom and one from dad they trade genes two sets pulled to opp ends of the cell that turns them into haploid cells these cells then become sperm or egg diversity arises from sexual reproduction & random fertilization o alleles from 2 parents genetic recombination: o independent assortment homologous pairs (one from mom & one from dad) are situated at the metaphase state. the homolog’s orientation is as random as the flip of a coin o crossing over: gene for gene exchange of genetic info between members of a homologous pair of chromosomes occurs during meiosis i, it is believed to occur several times on each homologous pair o diploid cells have 23 pairs sex determination in humans formation of twins o identical: one sperm has fertilized one egg, it splits, and the genetics are identical o fraternal: two eggs, fertilized by different sperm modern genetics gregor mendel: o father of genetics o published his work on peas in 1865 mendel’s ideas… \n o law of segregation (from meiosis): each organism has 2 hereditary unites for each trait and during gamete formation these units segregate from each other and pass on to different gametes. each gamete receives only one copy (allele) o law of independent assortment (from meiosis i): in the formation of gametes, the distribution of hereditary unites for one trait is independent of the distribution of hereditary units for the other unit different traits are inherited independently of each other mendelian inheritance terms genotype: genetic composition of an individual phenotype: physical traits allele: alternate versions of the same gene o the effect of and individual’s genotype on her phenotype depends on the nature of the alleles she carries dominant: when one allele completely covers up the other allele for a gene recessive: when one allele is completely covered up by the other allele in a gene homozygous: genotype where the alleles are the same heterozygous: genotype where the alleles are different o heterozygous genotype carries the gene but does not have it themselves. ex: baldness, genotype bb= not bald, but carries gene punnett square p p p homozygous heterozygous dominant p pp pp heterozygouhrecessive",
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2802a7014152baff1f92d8269875c515 | ?problem 46e
how many of the indicated atoms are represented by each chemical formula: (a) carbon atoms in c2h5cooch3, (b) oxygen atoms in ca(clo4)2, (c) hydrogen atoms in (nh4)2hpo4? | how many of the indicated atoms are represented by each | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " chapter 1 intro to interviewing interviewing defined: an interactional communication process between two parties, at least one of whom has a predetermined and serious purpose, that involves the asking and answering of questions. types of interviews: information giving, information gathering, selection, problems of interviewee’s behavior, problems of the interviewer’s behavior, problem solving, persuasion uses of interviewing: verify, control, motivate, adapt, get in depth info., examine, observe, followup electronic interviews: phone, internet, conference/video calls chapter 2 an interpersonal communication process the interview is a collaborative process – there is a relational element between parties people in relationship are always creating a set of expectations, reinforcing old ones, or changing an existing pattern of communication. relational dimensions: similarity – expand perceived similarities and reduce perceived differences inclusion/involvement of both parties affection – use of we/us (rather than you/me) control – shared control, neither dominates (defensive/supportive climates) \n trust – the level of trust affects the questions and answers used global relationships – cultural awareness is key men and women in relationships – women communicate to form relationships, while men communicate to attain goals and status roles during an interview can change – direct, nondirect, combination approaches perception of interviewer and interviewee selfconcept, selfesteem, selffulfilling prophecy (cultural differences, individualistic vs group) perception of the other party – manners, attitude, nonverbals, structure, etc. levels of communication interactions (relational distance) level one – safe, avoids judgment/attitude/feeling level two – personal/controversial topics (trust) level three – intimate/controversial topics (full disclosure) sex/culture/politeness – who discloses more to whom verbal interactions – problem areas – multiple meanings, ambiguities (nice), sound alikes, connotations, jargon, slang, euphemisms (sub better sounding for common – ex petite), naming, ordering words, power words, regional/role differences (coke), gender differences, global differences nonverbal interactions – how dominates what, paralanguage, silence, proxemics, kinesics (sex and culture vary use and interpretation) feedback – verbal and nonverbal – be perceptive, sensitive, receptive listen – for empathy, evaluation, resolution the interview situation time of day, week, year place surroundings who initiates and how affects control, roles and atmosphere setting territoriality (proximity) seating arrangement outside forces – family, associates, friends, employers govnmt, etc chapter 3 – questions and their uses \n a question is any statement or nonverbal act that invites an answer. questions are the tools of interviewing. characteristics – open/closed, primary/secondary, neutral/leading open – broad, topic specific, freedom closed – narrow, focused, restrictive primary – stand alone, out of context secondary (probing) context specific silent, nudging, clearinghouse, informational probe, restatement probe, reflective probe, mirror probe neutral – no direction leading – explicit expectations (loaded) bipolar (either, yes/no), open to closed switch (timing), double barreled, leading push (suggested reasons/feelings), guessing game (ask directly), yes/no, curious probe, quiz show, don’t ask / don’t tell chapter 4 \n structuring the interview no matter the type of interview – it will have an opening, body and closing. the opening sets the tone – establishes rapport and orientation (a poor opening leads to a defensive climate) rapport – small talk, common interests, ease the situation, don’t overdo orientation – purpose, nature, length of interview attempt to reduce relational uncertainty for both (why are we here?) opening techniques verbal state the purpose, summarize a problem, explain how a problem was discovered, request for advice or assistance, refer to the known position of the e, refer to the person who sent you to the e, refer to your organization, request a specific amount of time, ask a question, use a combination nonverbal – territory, appearance and dress, touch (read sex / culture) body of the interview use an interview guide or outline sequence (prepared ahead of time) – topic, time, space, cause/effect, problemsolution interview schedules – prepare the actual question (nonscheduled, moderately scheduled, highly scheduled (standardized)), combination \n question sequencing – tunnel, funnel, inverted funnel, quintamensional (5 elements – awareness, uninfluenced attitude, specific attitude, reason why, intensity of attitude) closing 3 goals – termination of interview (not relationship), supportiveness, summary verbal techniques – offer to answer questions, use clearinghouse questions, declare completion of intended purpose, make personal inquiries, make professional inquiries, signal that time is up, explain the reason for closing, express appreciation or satisfaction, arrange for next meeting, summarize the interview nonverbal techniques – sit up in seat, check watch, lean forward, break eye contact, offer to shake hands, moving away, uncross legs, hands on knees to rise, smiling chapter 5 the probing interview the most common type of interview – experienced on a regular basis purpose – to get relevant/timely information as accurately and completely as possible in the shortest amount of time be clear as to why the interview will take place – research 1st structure the interview – who, what, where, when, why, and how \n opening – what is to be discussed, why, how the info will be used and how long interview will take (discuss ground rules, off the record comments) body – use a prepared guide and remain flexible closing – abide by time limit selecting interviewers and e’s by their level of information, availability, willingness, ability, status (patient, persistent, friendly, courteous, organized, etc) acknowledge the relationship between the two parties (task/relationship) role of the r conduct the interview – motivate, ask, take notes, record difficult interviews – sanitized vs not (office vs field), press conference, group interview, broadcast interview, emotional es, hostile es, reticent e’s, talkative e’s, evasive e’s, confused e’s, dissimilar e’s (adapt with tact for all) role of the e – do homework/research, understand relationship to r, be aware of situation, anticipate questions, listen to questions, think before answering, be patient, focus, concentrate, don’t dismiss “stupid” questions, avoid defensiveness, answer strategically chapter 7 the recruiting interview \n recruiting – a never ending and critical organizational task the function of the interview is 2 way – employee to employer recruiting and seeking employment are jobs in and of themselves preparation – know the laws – eeo (equal employment opportunity) discrimination (sex, religion, race, religion, ethnicity, disability), equal pay, family medical leave applicant profile – criteria used to measure all applicants against (ideal) behaviorbased selection (traits/states) assess what applicants want locating skilled applicants – computer/internet, job fairs review of applicant materials – applications forms, resumes, cover letters, letters of recommendation, references, test scores (skills, personality, honesty) structuring the recruiting interview opening – establish rapport, orientation, opening question body – 80% e, 20% r, highly structured? moderately? question sequence? \n closing – positive tone, decision timeline nontraditional approaches (team, panel, board, seminar, chain) – past experience, critical incident, hypothetical, case study assess the experience immediately – both e and r should write down impressions \n chapter 8 the employment interview where are the jobs health care, education, technology, sales/advertising/marketing/merchandising, law enforcement, human resources/hospitality/entertainment/even planning, accounting and consulting, engineering analyzing yourself – strengths and weaknesses (personality, intellectual, communicative, professional), accomplishments/failures, position sought, personal needs/values, professional interests who are you, what are you qualified to do, what would you like to do, what you want in life 10 universal skills and attitudes skills – computer competent, able to use numbers effectively, strong interpersonal skills, flexible and adaptable, positive problem solver attitudes – customer/quality oriented, global and divers perspective, consider a second language, deal effectively with change and job ambiguity, feel comfortable dealing with numbers research your field – history, developments, trends, areas of specialization, leaders, challenges, current and future problems, employment opportunities \n research organizations – leaders and staff, products and services (old, new, future), geographical locations (plants, divisions, offices), expansion or downsizing plans, potential mergers and growth research the recruiter / the position / current events / the interview process conducting the search – networking, obvious places (ex. chronicle, wall street journal), placement agency/service, publications, internet, career fairs preparing credentials – resume, portfolio, cover letter first impression – relationship of parties, dress/appearance, nonverbal communication answering questions – be prepared (avoid slang, qualifiers, nonfluencies, vagueness), unlawful questions asking questions – mature, probing, important (samples on p 254) closing – evaluation and followup, ch. 9 – the performance interview 1950 – 1970 workers should have strong backs and weak minds workers must be motivated by others workers warranted minimal trust \n one worker could be easily replaced by another the goal was shortterm results competition was within the us 1980today workers must have knowledge, skills, competencies opportunities and learning motivate employees teams empower workers workers are intellectual capital and valued assets goals are strategically driven by quality and customer orientation new trend is away from once a year toward multiple yearly reviews the purpose of the interview – feedback for both parties r must create supportive climate for e by: know what to expect has ability to do what is expected receives regular feedback is rewarded for a job well done person – product – service model – says managerial competencies lead to effective behaviors lead to effective performance \n behaviorally anchored rating scales – focus on measurable skills management by objective – input, activity, output, feedback (criteria – quality, quantity, time and cost) universal performance interviewing model – focus on performance and work requirements what is not being done that should be? what expectations are not being met at what standard? could the person do it if he/she really wanted to? does the individual have the skills to perform as needed? coach hint, suggest, correct conducting the interview - r opening climate and atmosphere are critical be prepared yet fliexible discussing performance listen provide feedback use true dialogue enhance trust and cooperation strive to balance praise and critcism be aware of potential biases \n use questioning tools to gain information set goals and an action plan e must be an active participant focus on future not past close the interview interview should have been valuable for both the e at the performance interview do selfevaluation before the interview approach interview with positive attitude avoid defensiveness good offense is better than good defense leave your temper at the door performance problem interview (disciplinary) prepare – practice, anticipate reactions, have evidence, distinguish severity, learn why keep self and situation under control (anger, timing) focus on problem (not opinion, accusations) avoid conclusions during interview (go slow) close with neutrality chapter 10 \n the persuasive interview persuasion is often associated with sales but it includes much more: recruiting, fund raising, converting non believers, campaigning for votes, changing attitudes or collecting for charities many interviews have persuasive components. this chapter deals with the interview where persuasion is the primary purpose. 5 interrelated conditions for persuasion your proposal must satisfy an urgent need or one or more desires or motives your proposal and you as persuader ( including your organization and profession) must be consistent with the interviewees beliefs, attitudes and values your proposal must be feasible, workable, practical and affordable objections to your proposal must be outweighed by benefits no better alternative course of action is available the ethics of persuasion ethical issues focus on value judgments concerning degrees of right and wrong, goodness and badness , in human conduct. ethical communication should be fair, honest and designed not to hurt people. analyze the interviewee physical / mental characteristics socioeconomic background (connections) culture \n values (survival, social, success, independence, progress) beliefs (political, economic, social, religious) attitudes (tend to predict actions) study the situation atmosphere (the why?) timing (what events precede and follow) physical setting outside forces (influences) research the issue – be the best informed, most authoritative person at the interview know the facts and how to use them check all sources types of evidence – statistics, authority, statements, comparison/contrast, definition, examples (distinguish opinion from fact) planning the interview select a strategy identification theory – kenneth burke – we persuade by identifying with the other party (appearance, language) \n balance or consistency theory – we dislike experiencing psychological dissonance (discomfort) inoculation theory – immunizes an interviewee from future persuasion induced compliance theory – selfpersuasion by counter participation in role play psychological reactance theory – people react negatively when someone threatens or restricts behavior use reasoning to persuaded (select and develop main points) reasoning from condition – if/then reasoning from two choices – either/or reasoning from example – overgeneralizing/sampling reasoning from causeeffect – proof of causal relationship reasoning from facts – convincing evidence reasoning from analogy – use commonalities to draw conclusions opening the interview – this is an interview, not a speech – adapt to unique e involve the e create a need or desire establish criteria present the solution \n close the interview make no claims you can not prove – summarize – seal the deal (do not leave abruptly, maintain rapport) conducting the interview types of es – indecisive, uninterested, hostile, closedminded, skeptical, shopping around, intelligent/educated use questions – to gather information, to verify, to encourage interaction, to sustain attention/interest, to attain agreement, to respond to objections (procrastination, money, tradition, uncertain future, need) minimize objections or capitalize on them, deny or confirm role of the e – be an active, critical participant (ethical) don’t be gullible, use snap judgments be aware of illogical logic, overidentification tactics, attack tactics weigh the evidence \n chapter 11 the counseling interview persons in need of help trust people like themselves who are open, nonthreatening and willing to listen. problems addressed tend to be personal – finances, intimacy, emotional stability, physical health, drug or alcohol abuse, marriage, morals, grief, grades or work performance. the goal of the counselor is to help the es solve the problem for themselves, not solve the problem for them. prepare for the interview analyze self – assess your own personality in comparison to other successful counselors (open minded, serious, assured, relaxed, patient) good problem solvers may be poor counselors as they attempt to “tell someone what to do” do not stray beyond you own level of expertise – be realistic. assess your own intellectual, communicative and emotional strengths. analyze the interviewee \n review all you know of the e – age, ethnicity, education, work history, academic record, family background, group memberships, medical and psychological histories, test results, previous counseling sessions, and information of past problems and solutions talk to people who have insight into the person to be counseled (family, friends, coworkers, instructors, acquaintances) consider past events that might effect the e death in the family, recent divorce, failure of a course, loss of a job, illness, failed relationship consider your own relationship with the e – trust? similarities? differences? control? those not ready for counseling have low expectations of r in terms of trust, acceptance, genuineness. listen rather than talk – don’t assume you know why a person is calling, visiting, bringing up a topic. \n select the interview approach directive approach – the r controls the situation (subject matter, pace, and length of interview) (ex. an experienced academic counselor rarely hears new of unique student problems and can advise accordingly as to university policy/procedure) nondirective approach – the e controls the interview (determines the topic, pace, length of interview) the r acts as a passive aide/helper (listen, observe, encourage) combination approach – directive is best for gathering facts, nondirective is best for spontaneous emotion select the setting – establish the tone (quiet, comfortable, private, free of interruptions) seating and location are significant structure the interview opening warm, friendly greeting – be tactful and neutral (not indifferent) rapport and orientation – establish a sense of goodwill – attention, interest, fairness, willingness to listen, ability to maintain confidences (you must be comfortable with difficult topics – real problems) encourage selfdisclosure (lead by example) body \n sequential phase model (see chart p 353) affective cognitive establish a helpful climate assessment of crisis affect integration problem solving counseling interviews rarely progress in an orderly manner closing include the e do not expect to be finished with the problem do not begin new topics do not focus on next meeting evaluate the interview before during and after – was i prepared? how effective was my approach? how skillful were my questions? how effectively did i listen? how effectively did i discover the real problem? how well did i adapt? \n conducting the interview listening – for comprehension, empathy, evaluation, and resolution observing observe non verbals carefully and interpret cautiously questioning – do not ask too many questions (openended, phrase with care) responding and informing – center on the e and no one else highly nondirective reactions and responses encourage the e to continue, analyze and find own solutions (emphasize non verbal responses) nondirective reactions and responses inform and encourage (thoughtless comments can damage the relationship) directive reactions and responses – go beyond encouragement and information to mild advice and evaluations or judgments (but do not dictate) highly directive reactions and responses – reserved for special circumstances (ultimatums, strong advice) chapter 12 the health care interview patient satisfaction is key to successful health care. \n interviewing is a skill that must be learned and practiced – many times effective communication is taken for granted and many health care professionals believe they communicate better than they do (the need for ip training is high) the health care setting – health care interviews often deal with the extraordinary (contact is often brief and the e may fear the worst) establishing a productive relationship share the control reduce relational distance (power imbalance) don’t hide behind technology learn to establish a relationship (relaxed, comfortable, objective, sincere, honest, controlled) treating diverse patients sex and age affect communication and treatment culture – health care differs around the globe, educate self on similarities and differences stereotypes – avoid treating patients as children, lacking knowledge, unable to understand, emotionally disturbed \n a good patient is: cooperative, quiet, obedient, grateful, unaggressive, considerate, dispassionate (and receive better treatment than “bad” patients) getting information at the health care interview barriers – physical/emotional (inaccuracy, lack of trust, missing the obvious/relevant, over dominant r, difficult terms/procedures) ways to improve the interview enhance the climate open sensitivity use a personal approach foster exchanges encourage talking listen appropriately use questions tactically and tactfully listen and observe giving information at the health care interview lack of and distortion of information is a problem causes? attitudes of providers \n problems with patients (only hear what they want to hear, metaphors cause confusion, abbreviations and authority stifle collaboration) ineffective transmission methods – avoid information overload, use clear, precise language , employ more than one medium transmitting information more effectively – good communication leads to action and compliance (define, explain, compare, use repetition, use pictures, use voice as highlighter) counseling in the health care interview counseling and treatment must go hand in hand barriers look for hints and clues to problems, hear what is you do not want to hear, know yourself in order to know others guidelines for effective counseling in health care empathy, trust, honesty, validation, caring select appropriate interviewing approach provide an appropriate climate encourage interaction consider solutions the patient in the health care interview \n a good patient is an active patient the patient point of view – threatening, demeaning, powerlessness (all alter personality) take charge – active participation, silence not always golden (listen, speak up, ask questions, second opinions, collaborate, accept reality)",
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dd2a3e9cc031b1abc798c761df448a16 | hades mute hermes hades mute hermes hades mute hermes | hades mute hermes | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": " myths of marriage and death eros, “love or lust” and thanatos “death” as freudian concepts primal aspect of human condition divine paradigm of hades marrying persephone in the underworld linked to cycles of regeneration and death (change of seasons) o persephone is the daughter of demeter. she was out picking flowers one day, while picking flowers hades comes out of the underworld and abducts her and takes her as his bride in the underworld. at one point during her mourning the loss of her daughter, demeter decides to wipe out the human race by removing the grains from the field. the gods plea with her to stop her from doin",
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a8bdbe5c36233a08914585e5c1d2e4c2 | proteinuria, the presence of excess protein in urine, is a symptom of renal (kidney) distress among diabetics. taguma et al. (1985) studied the effects of captopril for treating proteinuria in diabetics. urinary protein was measured for 12 patients before and after eight weeks of captopril therapy. the amounts of urinary protein (in g/24 hrs) before and after therapy are shown in the following table. what can you conclude about the effect of captopril? consider using parametric or nonparametric methods and analyzing the data on the original scale or on a log scale. | proteinuria, the presence of excess protein in urine, is a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: mgt701985 save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. mgt701985 thomas schaefer, dba ethics assignment 5 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> <grade earned> <date graded> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s paper is to review discuss ethical issues in regards to information technology. the use of information technology allows an almost instantaneous distribution of information. at the rapid rate that information is being exchanged, one has to wonder how accurate the information actually is as well as the how the information is being used. many years ago the saying was along the lines of; a man’s word is his bond. these days, it may be difficult to find anyone that actually lives by this philosophy. by adding the element of technology where the person behind the scenes is a ghost, unethical practices are becoming more and more common. brooks (2010) article discusses a number of areas which involve ethics and information technology. his article will be reviewed and evaluated in the following areas: 1) societal ethical changes caused by information technology, 2) the ethical usage of information technology, 3) the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues, 4) enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology, 5) interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment societal ethical changes caused by information technology brooks (2010) article discusses a number of ethical considerations when referring to technology and it’s uses. by taking a look at and and discussing these areas, we can not only identify potential areas of concern but strategize on how to best incorporate the use of it within an educational environment. to begin to understand this concept, we must first understand that society is changing at faster pace than ever due to the speed of information exchange. the \n 3 technology that is available at no more than the distance of a fingertip is remarkable compared to even ten years ago. in addition, the way that society learns and conducts business is effected by how technology is used and implemented. brooks (2010) discusses this point on how stealing, lying, and cheating in america’s youth is on the rise each year. the individuals that participated in a survey of these areas also reported a viewpoint that they held very high ethical and moral standards. the survey showed that the perception that individuals had of themselves did not reflect in their actions. this discrepancy in viewpoint is then transferred into the business world as adults. if these individuals feel they have high ethics and high moral values and are committing the simplest of ethical and moral crimes at a young age, they will bring these characteristics with them into the working world. if a young man has no problem with cheating on a test, what is to stop him from acquiring insider trading information as an adult. the ethical usage of information technology brooks (2010) discussed a poll that was conducted by the ponemon institute in 2007 that surveyed 16,000 practitioners. this survey showed that 62% of it employees accessed someone else’s computer without their knowledge, 50% had read confidential information that they shouldn’t have, 42% had blatantly violated company privacy or security policy. this also is based upon people that were willing to actually admit their wrongdoing. the next question that has to be asked is, why? do people just like to break the rules for no reason or is it that they just aren’t in agreement with the rules put in place? it comes back to, he who has the gold rules the kingdom. \n 4 hamiti, reka , and baloghová (2015) discuss how students interpret the use of social media and whether or not it has a place in higher education. when asked, some felt the use of social media is ethical and moral and some did not. this goes back to the discussion of ethics is a function of philosophy and an attempt to understanding the right or wrongness of something. yet again, it is but of someone’s opinion. the question goes to determining in which circumstances would social media in the electronic classroom be appropriate? would it be appropriate in a setting of connecting a classroom or inappropriate? would a professional account such as linkedin be more appropriate to connect students over a myspace account when resumes or choosing people to interview on a certain topic? the answer would likely be yes, but would it be questioned as much when determining if a snapchat or an instagram account would be more appropriate in a course on photography? so, does social media have its place in education? it certainly could. the ethical factor would certainly be focused on the type of information shared over the medium. the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues the biggest issue that lies within the development of a code of ethics starts off with who is given the responsibility of making the rules. in so many cases it starts with who has the most \n 5 gold. he who has the most gold rules the kingdom. how often have you hear the term, “do as i say, not as i do?” the first problem with ethics is that everyone’s interpretation of ethics and moral standards are different. by nature, people are different, and by placing a certain set of rules on a society that may or may not believe in the same set of values as the rule makers creates a significant discrepancy. dika and hamiti (2011) discuss the use of facebook by students and professors and the potential ethical violations involved. by sharing content that is personal and potentially inappropriate, it could violate so many standards. now, while facebook is against the ethical standard, what would be the unethical standard of sharing linkedin profiles? a student could potentially develop a network in the field they are focused upon. does networking not outweigh the ethical implication? whose decisions and whose rulebook is being followed in this instance? enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology there are so many issues with enforcing a code of ethics for information technology it is hard to choose where to start. first off, there would need to be a set code of ethics that incorporated tangible evidence of compliance or noncompliance. without proof of concept, the code would not be enforceable. an example of an unenforceable ethics code for information technology is discussed by niederman, taylor, dick, & land, (2011). they discuss the ethical concept of the appropriateness for a student to upload educational software to their work pc or can the only upload it to their own personal pc? if a work pc was the only option for an individual to complete homework, would this outweigh the ethical dilemma? if the boss authorized use of on a work pc, does that make it less of an ethical dilemma? there are so may variations of the \n 6 question that it could make your head spin. it all goes back to who has created the rules and what their standard was at the time of making the rules. now the individual has to determine if getting an education outweighs the dilemma of uploading software to a computer that they don’t personally own. to enforce this type of issue, one would have to find a way to detect the owner of the computer. it doesn’t seem as if it would be possible to be able to enforce a code of ethics on this issue. interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment establishing and implementing a code of ethics in an online academic setting is an extremely difficult thing to even attempt. it takes the kid from the actual physical classroom that shifts his eyes to the person next door’s paper to an entirely new level. an institution can not rely on the fact that people will “do the right thing” just because they should. in an online setting, a school can only do so much. the turnitin software is a great start and a very useful tool. it can be utilized as proof for the blatant cheaters that submit copied work or someone else’s paper entirely. while this is a step in the right direction, it would be extremely difficult to catch people that pay others to write a paper or have the work done for them. an instructor has no real way to tell if the person on the other end is who signed up for the course and there’s only one true way to implement policy. this would be to have weekly online facetoface testing sessions to ensure the student understood the information being taught. only in a discussion can an instructor tell if that person is doing the work and turning in their own material. cheating these days takes on an entirely new form with websites such as www.chegg.com and www.coursehero.com. one has to only input a homework question and out pops up the answer. schools are creating problems that are exactly the same as other schools \n 7 and students are posting their answers. students may attempt to be helpful for free while others are being paid for their assignments. the way that information technology is now structured, it allows for easy access to given questions. in addition, mayville (2011) discusses this exact issue and how easy it is to come across a paper on the internet and turn it in as their own. the lack of facetoface interaction is cited as one of the significant factors in why more people online cheat over those that take a course in the classroom. one way to combat this would be to have the instructors change their questions each semester to help deter individuals from the function of copy and paste. that’s when one has to wonder when institutions do not require this of their instructors. while instructors shouldn’t be held accountable for cheating students, they should also be aware of this fact and do what they can to circumvent this situation. conclusion in conclusion, the purpose of this week’s paper is to review discuss ethical issues in regards to information technology. the use of information technology allows an almost instantaneous distribution of information. at the rapid rate that information is being exchanged, one has to wonder how accurate the information actually is as well as the how the information is being used. by adding the element of technology where the person behind the scenes is a ghost, unethical practices are becoming more and more common. in this paper a discussion of brook’s (2010) article and the effect of ethics on information technology. this article discussed the following concepts: 1) societal ethical changes caused by information technology, 2) the ethical usage of information technology, 3) the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues, 4) enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology, 5) interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment \n 8 references brooks, r. (2010). the development of a code of ethics: an online classroom approach to making connections between ethical foundations and the challenges presented by information technology. american journal of business education, 3(10), 1 13. retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/757070798? accountid =28180 chegg, 2015. web. 23 sept. 2015. course hero inc, 2015. web. 23 sept. 2015. dika, a., & hamiti, m. (2011). challenges of implementing the ethics through the use of information technologies in the university. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 15(3rd world conference on educational sciences 2011), 11101114. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.247 mayville, k. l. (2011). technology, cheating, ethics, and strategies for creating a culture of honesty. chart, 109(3), 610. niederman, f., taylor, s., dick, g. n., & land, l. w. (2011). teaching is ethics: applying a research technique for classroom use. journal of information systems education, 22(3), 239251 turnitin, 2015. web. 24 sept. 2015. hamiti, m., reka, b., & baloghová, a. (2014). ethical use of information technology in high education. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 116(5th world conference on educational sciences), 44114415. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.957 \n northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: mgt701985 save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. mgt701985 thomas schaefer, dba ethics assignment 5 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> <grade earned> <date graded> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s paper is to review discuss ethical issues in regards to information technology. the use of information technology allows an almost instantaneous distribution of information. at the rapid rate that information is being exchanged, one has to wonder how accurate the information actually is as well as the how the information is being used. many years ago the saying was along the lines of; a man’s word is his bond. these days, it may be difficult to find anyone that actually lives by this philosophy. by adding the element of technology where the person behind the scenes is a ghost, unethical practices are becoming more and more common. brooks (2010) article discusses a number of areas which involve ethics and information technology. his article will be reviewed and evaluated in the following areas: 1) societal ethical changes caused by information technology, 2) the ethical usage of information technology, 3) the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues, 4) enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology, 5) interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment societal ethical changes caused by information technology brooks (2010) article discusses a number of ethical considerations when referring to technology and it’s uses. by taking a look at and and discussing these areas, we can not only identify potential areas of concern but strategize on how to best incorporate the use of it within an educational environment. to begin to understand this concept, we must first understand that society is changing at faster pace than ever due to the speed of information exchange. the \n 3 technology that is available at no more than the distance of a fingertip is remarkable compared to even ten years ago. in addition, the way that society learns and conducts business is effected by how technology is used and implemented. brooks (2010) discusses this point on how stealing, lying, and cheating in america’s youth is on the rise each year. the individuals that participated in a survey of these areas also reported a viewpoint that they held very high ethical and moral standards. the survey showed that the perception that individuals had of themselves did not reflect in their actions. this discrepancy in viewpoint is then transferred into the business world as adults. if these individuals feel they have high ethics and high moral values and are committing the simplest of ethical and moral crimes at a young age, they will bring these characteristics with them into the working world. if a young man has no problem with cheating on a test, what is to stop him from acquiring insider trading information as an adult. the ethical usage of information technology brooks (2010) discussed a poll that was conducted by the ponemon institute in 2007 that surveyed 16,000 practitioners. this survey showed that 62% of it employees accessed someone else’s computer without their knowledge, 50% had read confidential information that they shouldn’t have, 42% had blatantly violated company privacy or security policy. this also is based upon people that were willing to actually admit their wrongdoing. the next question that has to be asked is, why? do people just like to break the rules for no reason or is it that they just aren’t in agreement with the rules put in place? it comes back to, he who has the gold rules the kingdom. \n 4 hamiti, reka , and baloghová (2015) discuss how students interpret the use of social media and whether or not it has a place in higher education. when asked, some felt the use of social media is ethical and moral and some did not. this goes back to the discussion of ethics is a function of philosophy and an attempt to understanding the right or wrongness of something. yet again, it is but of someone’s opinion. the question goes to determining in which circumstances would social media in the electronic classroom be appropriate? would it be appropriate in a setting of connecting a classroom or inappropriate? would a professional account such as linkedin be more appropriate to connect students over a myspace account when resumes or choosing people to interview on a certain topic? the answer would likely be yes, but would it be questioned as much when determining if a snapchat or an instagram account would be more appropriate in a course on photography? so, does social media have its place in education? it certainly could. the ethical factor would certainly be focused on the type of information shared over the medium. the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues the biggest issue that lies within the development of a code of ethics starts off with who is given the responsibility of making the rules. in so many cases it starts with who has the most \n 5 gold. he who has the most gold rules the kingdom. how often have you hear the term, “do as i say, not as i do?” the first problem with ethics is that everyone’s interpretation of ethics and moral standards are different. by nature, people are different, and by placing a certain set of rules on a society that may or may not believe in the same set of values as the rule makers creates a significant discrepancy. dika and hamiti (2011) discuss the use of facebook by students and professors and the potential ethical violations involved. by sharing content that is personal and potentially inappropriate, it could violate so many standards. now, while facebook is against the ethical standard, what would be the unethical standard of sharing linkedin profiles? a student could potentially develop a network in the field they are focused upon. does networking not outweigh the ethical implication? whose decisions and whose rulebook is being followed in this instance? enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology there are so many issues with enforcing a code of ethics for information technology it is hard to choose where to start. first off, there would need to be a set code of ethics that incorporated tangible evidence of compliance or noncompliance. without proof of concept, the code would not be enforceable. an example of an unenforceable ethics code for information technology is discussed by niederman, taylor, dick, & land, (2011). they discuss the ethical concept of the appropriateness for a student to upload educational software to their work pc or can the only upload it to their own personal pc? if a work pc was the only option for an individual to complete homework, would this outweigh the ethical dilemma? if the boss authorized use of on a work pc, does that make it less of an ethical dilemma? there are so may variations of the \n 6 question that it could make your head spin. it all goes back to who has created the rules and what their standard was at the time of making the rules. now the individual has to determine if getting an education outweighs the dilemma of uploading software to a computer that they don’t personally own. to enforce this type of issue, one would have to find a way to detect the owner of the computer. it doesn’t seem as if it would be possible to be able to enforce a code of ethics on this issue. interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment establishing and implementing a code of ethics in an online academic setting is an extremely difficult thing to even attempt. it takes the kid from the actual physical classroom that shifts his eyes to the person next door’s paper to an entirely new level. an institution can not rely on the fact that people will “do the right thing” just because they should. in an online setting, a school can only do so much. the turnitin software is a great start and a very useful tool. it can be utilized as proof for the blatant cheaters that submit copied work or someone else’s paper entirely. while this is a step in the right direction, it would be extremely difficult to catch people that pay others to write a paper or have the work done for them. an instructor has no real way to tell if the person on the other end is who signed up for the course and there’s only one true way to implement policy. this would be to have weekly online facetoface testing sessions to ensure the student understood the information being taught. only in a discussion can an instructor tell if that person is doing the work and turning in their own material. cheating these days takes on an entirely new form with websites such as www.chegg.com and www.coursehero.com. one has to only input a homework question and out pops up the answer. schools are creating problems that are exactly the same as other schools \n 7 and students are posting their answers. students may attempt to be helpful for free while others are being paid for their assignments. the way that information technology is now structured, it allows for easy access to given questions. in addition, mayville (2011) discusses this exact issue and how easy it is to come across a paper on the internet and turn it in as their own. the lack of facetoface interaction is cited as one of the significant factors in why more people online cheat over those that take a course in the classroom. one way to combat this would be to have the instructors change their questions each semester to help deter individuals from the function of copy and paste. that’s when one has to wonder when institutions do not require this of their instructors. while instructors shouldn’t be held accountable for cheating students, they should also be aware of this fact and do what they can to circumvent this situation. conclusion in conclusion, the purpose of this week’s paper is to review discuss ethical issues in regards to information technology. the use of information technology allows an almost instantaneous distribution of information. at the rapid rate that information is being exchanged, one has to wonder how accurate the information actually is as well as the how the information is being used. by adding the element of technology where the person behind the scenes is a ghost, unethical practices are becoming more and more common. in this paper a discussion of brook’s (2010) article and the effect of ethics on information technology. this article discussed the following concepts: 1) societal ethical changes caused by information technology, 2) the ethical usage of information technology, 3) the development of a code of ethics associative with these ethical issues, 4) enforcement issues related to a code of ethics for information technology, 5) interpret how a code of ethics would be established within an academic setting, especially with the advancement of the online educational environment \n 8 references brooks, r. (2010). the development of a code of ethics: an online classroom approach to making connections between ethical foundations and the challenges presented by information technology. american journal of business education, 3(10), 1 13. retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/757070798? accountid =28180 chegg, 2015. web. 23 sept. 2015. course hero inc, 2015. web. 23 sept. 2015. dika, a., & hamiti, m. (2011). challenges of implementing the ethics through the use of information technologies in the university. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 15(3rd world conference on educational sciences 2011), 11101114. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.247 mayville, k. l. (2011). technology, cheating, ethics, and strategies for creating a culture of honesty. chart, 109(3), 610. niederman, f., taylor, s., dick, g. n., & land, l. w. (2011). teaching is ethics: applying a research technique for classroom use. journal of information systems education, 22(3), 239251 turnitin, 2015. web. 24 sept. 2015. hamiti, m., reka, b., & baloghová, a. (2014). ethical use of information technology in high education. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 116(5th world conference on educational sciences), 44114415. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.957 ",
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d29b4ca6e2d6ec95525b94d9112618f8 | the beam ab has a moment of inertia i = 475 in4 and rests on the smooth supports at its ends. a 0.75-in.- diameter rod cd is welded to the center of the beam and to the fixed support at d. if the temperature of the rod is decreased by 150f, determine the force developed in the rod. the beam and rod are both made of a-36 steel. | the beam ab has a moment of inertia i = 475 in4 and rests | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
{
"text": " constitutional criminal procedure rules and procedures that govern the pretrial processing of criminal suspects and the conduct of criminal trials the main source of the procedural law is the body of the constitution known as the bill of rights (the first 10 amendments) eighth amendment o protect liberties including no excessive bail required nor excessive fines imposed no cruel and unusual punishment inflicted fourteenth amendment o due process and equal protection clauses us supreme court creates constitutional law o states must follow the constitution particularly rights designated by the bill of rights fourth amendment o right to search and seizure o rights for police officers and criminal prosecution o exclusionary rule (early 1900s) weeks v. united states (1914); mapp v. ohio (1961) weeks used the mail for illegal gambling and the police went into his home without his permission without a warrant weeks won mapp dollree mapp was helping a terrorist suspect; police obtain a warrant and search her house and do not find anything but find pornographic material (illegal at the time) and she is arrested turns out the warrant was fake conviction was vacated both of these cases deal with finding the line between the right to privacy and the fourth amendment the home is a protected private place, but doesn’t mean that police can’t enter if appropriate need a warrant legal authority to enter into a private location given by a judge police officer need probable cause in order to get warrant from judge probable cause= some evidence, suspicion about someone committing a crime or about to commit a crime some cases when police do not need a warrant exclusionary rule evidence thrown out because it was obtained illegally by police o “fruit of the poisonous tree”= evidence obtained illegally \n the second evidence found that was led to the police by the first evidence found illegally they never would have found it without illegally getting the first thats stupid and confusing o when is it acceptable for a police to enter without a warrant?? “the plainview doctrine” if police are at the door and they can see evidence from where they are they can come in and make an arrest “the openfields rule” they can see something illegal going on on someone’s land, a no trespassing sign around a fence doesn’t stop law enforcement from seeing it exigent circumstances“stop and frisk policy” planning/ in commission of a crime= police can obtain and search arrest when police arrest you they can search you or your bag if they have that suspicion consent if police knock on your door and you allow them to search jail/prison do not have a right to privacy in your cell automobiles often police are allowed to search cars without a warrant o 5th amendment miranda rights you have the right to remain silent anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law you have the right to an attorney if you cannot afford an attorney, on will be appointed for you 5 distinct liberties right to a grand jury trial before indictment of a federal crime right to be free of multiple persecution for a single criminal offense (double jeopardy) jury finds you innocent, that prosecutor cannot try you again right to remain silent when being prosecuted right to liberties provided by due process of law the right to receive just compensation when the government takes private property for public use o 6th amendment right to seven liberties speedy trial public trial impartial jury must be informed of the charges or accusations held against you \n to be able to confront witnesses against them to be able to have witnesses on their favor to have assistance of counsel the courts courts and their importance what is a court? o agency or unit that has the authority to decide upon cases, controversies in law, and disputed matters of fact brought before it. o three elements: proper legal authority (authority given by the constitution) congress= “legislative courts” state legislators ***only courts in the constitution= the supreme court found in the judicial branch of government empowered to make decisions that are binding role of the courts in criminal justice today o adjudication: determines who is and is not guilty ensure lower courts applied the law correctly o oversight: oversees operations of criminal justice officials (e.g. police officers) structure o american criminal justice system o dual court system comprised of: state courts federal courts organization of the courts o subjectmatter jurisdiction felonies, misdemeanors, or infractions offense types (fraud, sex offenders, drugs/alcohol) offenders (first time offender, juveniles <18, mentally disabled, veterans) *the nature of the case can determine which court will have jurisdiction o geographic jurisdiction the political boundaries of cities, counties, and states where the crime occurs matters o federal courts hear the following types of cases (aka federal jurisdiction) suits involving the gov suits involving two or more states suit involving public ministers suits involving laws passed by congress, treaties, and maritime laws o jurisdiction hierarchal jurisdiction \n trial courts hear the facts of the case appellate courts review the work of the trial court judge original jurisdiction lawful authority of a court to hear cases that arise within specified geographical area or that involve particular kinds of law violations appellate jurisdiction lawful authority of a court to review a decision made by a lower court tiers of courts supreme court the court of last resort us circuit courts of appeals intermediate level appeals structure of federal courts us magistrate courts o the lowest level of the federal court system, magistrate courts operate as courts of limited jurisdiction us district courts (trial courts*******) o try felony cases involving federal laws and civil cases in which the amount of money in controversy exceeds $75,000 california and texas have the most districts pennsylvania is the 3rd circuit (nj too) us court of appeals review federal and state appellate court cases when there is a federal issue present does not retry the case or review the facts only matters of procedure and substance of the law the us supreme court the nation’s highest appellate body court of last resort for all cases tried in federal and state courts 9 supreme court justices bonus on test= name all justices o justice clarence thomas o chief justice john g. roberts**** o justice anthony m. kennedy o justice ruth bader ginsburg o justice sonia sotomayor o justice stephen g. breyer o justice samuel a. alito, jr. o justice elena kagan o antonin scalia just died o a lot of them were prosecuting attorneys before supreme court justices 4 judges have to agree to see a case for it to make it to the supreme court \n when the supreme court decides to hear a case they grant a writ of certiorari o an order of a superior court requesting that the record of an inferior court be brought forward for review or inspection judges are appointed!!! state courts there are 50 separate state court systems plus one for d.c state organization does not always parallel the relatively simple organizational structure of the federal judiciary types of state courts most have 4 levels o 1 courts of limited jurisdiction roughly constitute 90% of all courts “subject matter” consists of minor offenses (traffic courts) sanctions are usually very minor try civil cases for very small amounts of money records of court proceeding are not kept make difficult to appeal the court’s decision if appealed, go before the general jurisdiction courts of a new trial, o 2 specialized courts o 3 courts of general jurisdiction (not all state have this) o 4 appellate courts intermediate level of appeals courts of last resort state court structure justice of the peace courts o five states (az,de,la, mt, tx) o local level courts that handle minor level disputes o texas justice of peace (jop) courts have original jurisdiction over “class c misdemeanors” o justices of the peace sometimes issue search and arrest warrants, perform wedding ceremonies, and can serve as coroners in less populous counties magistrate courts o handle a number of minor offenses and preliminary court proceedings, including some pretrial intervention programs and bail o gatekeeper function: diverts some minor cases to alternative treatment programs o similar to jop courts; no jury trials chief magistrate assigns cases and sets court dates municipal/city/county/metropolitan courts \n general jurisdiction courts o often serve as a major trial courts o some specialize in certain types of cases o common pleas (ny= supreme) o criminal cases best known for conducting high profile felony cases before full juries o civil cases usually involve dollar amounts over a specified threshold state supreme courts o have the last word over matters arising from the lower courts o often petitioned with more cases than they can review during a term o each state has its own rules for selecting cases o some types of cases go directly to state supreme courts (ex: death penalty only 33 state still have it) o some states will have additional courts of “last resort” federal system has 3 tiers states mostly have 4 tiers intermediate appellate courts pa: superior and commonwealth courts commonwealth ct original jurisdiction for civil actions against state superior court: no original jurisdiction and takes appeals from final orders of courts of common pleas appellate courts most convictions are affirmed on appeal verdict will be reversed, case may be remanded back for a new trial defendants may attempt an appeal to the us supreme court appeal must be based on o claimed violations of the defendant's rights as guaranteed under federal law or the us constitution access to federal courts has been limited o herrena v. collins 1993 o new evidence of innocence is no reason for a federal court to order a new state trial if there is no grounds for a constitutional argument procedures initial appearance (pretrial procedure) the law requires that a person be taken before a neutral judicial officer also known as the gerstein hearing \n protects individual rights by reviewing the law enforcement officer’s decision of probable cause for an arrest (4th amendment) should occur within 48 hours of arrest procedure o defendant is informed of charges and possible penalties o defendant is provided with a copy of any charging documents o defendant is informed of their right to retain counsel (or have an attorney appointed) o bail may be preliminary granted or denied (a separate bail hearing usually occurs later) more than 75% of misdemeanor cases defendant pleads guilty ****check on police by judge to make sure the police had enough probable cause to arrest/detain a suspect charging when the defendant is formally charged 3 primary ways: o complaint is filed police or private citizen accusing person of committing a crime commonly used for misdemeanor charges o indictment grand jury (group of citizens, usually ranges from 1623 people) closed door, secretive proceedings, public can’t watch not open court primary for felonies **true bill of indictment= allows court to proceed and recognizes that criminal activity has occurred o information prosecution presented at the preliminary hearing primarily for felonies preliminary hearing used as checks on prosecutorial authority in jurisdictions that do not utilize grand juries held in open court (before a judge, usually a magistrate) judge determines if there is probable cause o if there is probably csue then the judge “binds over” the defendant for tria o if not enough evidence: \n reduction of charges ti misdemeanor may dismiss the charges completely bail defined: o security provided to the court that the defendant will appear at every stage in the cj system o bail serves 2 purposes: helps ensure reappearance of the accused in court prevents unconvicted persons from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily you would be sitting in jail from 16 months issues to be considered for bail eligibility: crime type and circumstances capital crime suspects don’t get bail o ⅔ of all felony defendants were released on bail o ½ of all violent criminals were released on bail o 8% of suspected murderers o 42% robbery suspects o 44% motor vehicle theft o 49% burglary o 55% rape suspects o *those on parole are more likely to be detained o issues to be considered for bail eligibility crime type and circumstances flight risk dangerousness of defendant (prior history) person’s financial ability to pay cash bill o bail release mechanisms police field citation release direct release programs police/court bail schedule 6 types of bail o full cash allowed bail with a set cash amount; to obtain your freedom you have to pay in full in the beginning o deposit cash pay 10% of bail price up front o surety bail use property as bail; post home to pay for bail o conditional bail o unsecured bail o release on recognizance (ror) no money or conditions, they will just take your word that you will come back arraignment \n a formal proceeding in which the charging document is read to the defendant in open court defendant is asked to enter a formal plea on each charge (usually 2 options) o guilty (perhaps already a plea bargain) o not guilty (case will be scheduled for trial) o nolo contendere (no contest) judge puts you down as not guilty can admit there is sufficient evidence for conviction not required to actually admit guilt some jurisdictions this means that the plea cannot be used against the defendant in a civil trial some jurisdictions: mentally ill defendants can enter a plea of guilty by reason of insanity (less than 1% of all felony cases and 77% of those are unsuccessful) alford plea accept guilt but say you are innocent o why would innocent person take this deal? bc you think the jury might convict you anyway o plea bargaining is guaranteed discovery process by which the parties exchange relevant info about the case no constitutional right: statutes, judicial decisions, and court rules have established obligations to disclose certain info as part of the defendant’s due process rights to a fair trial o list of witnesses o relevant evidence o prosecution must disclose all exculpatory evidence (brady v. maryland 1963): any evidence that may be favorable to the defendant duke lacrosse case prosecutor found evidence 3 lacrosse players didn’t actually commit the crime and didn’t report it brady was accused of homicide, but really someone already confessed and said brady did not but the prosecution did not tell defense and trial went on, brady appeals and gets a lesser sentencing plea bargaining exchange of prosecutorial and judicial concessions for guilty plea o initial charges may be reduced (charge bargaining) o prosecutor may promise to recommend lenient sentence (sentence bargaining) o prosecutor may alter charge (count bargaining) \n 2 counts of something, count bargaining= cut out one count if you admit guilt to one of the counts plea bargaining occurs frequently in justice system true o 96% of cases for federal system o 95% of criminal convictions are a result of negotiated guilty pleas in state system exam= chapter 811 the courtroom workgroup judges prosecution defense counsel sheriffs clerks stenographers witnesses the judge and the justice system primary duty=oversee the trial process (referee) decided case in bench trials determines the sentence (except in capital cases) selection of judges o election (state) partisan nonpartisan problems bias very political “tough on crime” low voter turnout o appointed (federal by president) biased qualified? o merit selection prosecutorial discretion sometimes referred to as the “gatekeepers” of the cjs (most powerful players) decision options o go forward and charge the defendant to court o nolle prosequi o negotiate plea bargain affects decisions \n o resources funding political influence election o legal evidence lack “problem” whether police’s actions were right or wrong offense severity conviction? o extralegal age offender race gender ses prior record ***sexual assault/rape= very difficult to get case to trial/prosecute o bc it's he said/she said the defense attorney counterpart of the prosecuting attorney in criminal process accused has constitutional right to counsel (6th amendment) only in criminal cases o gideon v. wainwright (1963) felony charges made states provide you an attorney in felony offenses private vs. public attorney private = min of $25,000 80% can’t afford that appointed (state attorney) or contract (individual firm helps out) o argersinger v. hamlin (1972) misdemeanors extend right for an attorney to misdemeanors must observe aba code and provide zealous defense within boundaries of law roles of defense attorney o walsh and hemmens (2008) o ensure defendants rights are not violated (intentionally or by error) o make sure the defendants know all of their options before they make a decisions \n o provide the defendant with the best possible defense (without ethical/ legal violations) o to argue for the lowest possible sentence or best possible plea bargain sentencing the goals of modern sentencing o deterrence o incapacitation o retribution/just dessert o rehabilitation o equity/restitution presentencing investigation report o a report designed to help the judge decide on the appropriate sentence within the limits established by law o prepared by the probation or parole officer information in a presentence report o a typical presentence report includes the following infor: personal info about the offender and his or her background a description of the offense and its circumstances a description of the offender’s criminal record rap sheet= records of arrest prosecution family info and current family status education history employment and military history health history and status (including drug history) financial status mental health status sentencing recommendation made by the probation officer high risk factors in a psi o antisocial personality patterns o pro criminal attitudes o social support for crime o substance abuse o family and marital problems traditional sentencing option o fines o probation o imprisonment o death sentencing models o states penalize their convicted offenders in different ways o indeterminate model \n o determinate model",
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f983409053f5d4b8a73d8a8f49a87039 | ?problem 81hp
expansion in a gas turbine can be approximated with a polytropic process with exponent n = 1.25. the inlet air is at 1200 k, 800 kpa and the exit pressure is 125 kpa with a mass flow rate of 0.75 kg/s. find the turbine heat transfer and power output. | expansion in a gas turbine can be approximated with a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " un 3.28.16 terrorism 3.30.16 terrorism continued 4.1.16 failure of league of nations league of nations was established after wwi to make future wars impossible but it lacked effective power o both bodies league assembly & league council could make recommendations but not binding resolutions o all recommendations had to be unanimous o no mechanism for coordinating military or economic action against states o lack of participation by great power (us) what wilson & many others didn’t understand is that many european countries were angry and wanted revenge or retribution. united nations established in aftermath of wwii legitimacy derived from universal membership o all sovereign states are invited to participate mandate includes o security o economic & social development o protection of human rights o environmental sustainability new threat: nuclear warfare un charter un charter is treaty ratified by all member states established 4 purposes: o to maintain international peace & security o to develop friendly relations among nations (states) o to cooperate in solving international problems & in promoting respect for human rights o to be center for harmonizing actions of nations (states) primary challenge un is institution comprised of sovereign independent states o tension btw state sovereignty & individual rights has been subject of constant debate & disagreement o sovereignty often limits un actions protecting sovereignty is the most important goal o article 2(7): nothing contained in present charter shall authorize un to intervene in matters which are essentially w/in domestic jurisdiction of any state o but un has moral standing in international community un support for program, action or intervention often provides legitimacy sovereignty will win over intervention in the name of preventing war un organs: **will need to match these on the test** security council \n un 3.28.16 terrorism 3.30.16 terrorism continued 4.1.16 security council designed to promote international peace & security 15 members at all times o 5 permanent members w/ veto power: us, france, gb, russia, china o called the p5 o many calls for reform! add new permanent members w/ veto power eliminate veto power and/or permanent membership 10 nonpermanent members o measures are binding & must be passed by 9 vote majority range of options o principles for settlement o mediation o peacekeeping mission o economic sanctions/arms embargo o “all necessary means” general assembly “parliament of nations” each state has one vote o 2/3 majority required for major recommendations (admission of new members/budget) o majority required for most recommendations may tackle any issue o “blood diamonds” o space race o sustainable development o migration opinion leader in international relations/world politics o very good at drafting issues to discuss o put treaties out that many countries choose to jump on secretariat led by secretary general administrative/executive body of the un o research functions o bureaucratic bodylacks power/right of initiative can “bring situations that are likely to lead to breakdown of international peace & security” to attention of security council economic & security council coordinates work of un agencies w/ secretariat relative to economic & social work consults w/ ngos oversees un system o specialized agencies independent; selfcontained politically & financially \n un 3.28.16 terrorism 3.30.16 terrorism continued 4.1.16 o programs & funds managed by general assembly & funded on voluntary basis un organizations un is comprised of number of specialized organizations, programs, & funds including o international labor organization (ilo) o food & agriculture organization (fao) o world health organization (who) o united nations children’s fund (unicef) o united nations development program (undp) trusteeship council created in early 1950s to provide international supervision for 11 trust territories administered by 7 member states goal: to transition to independence & selfgov’t accomplished goal by 1994 now meets as necessary members: us, france, gb, china, russia international court of justice 15 judges elected by general assembly & security council participation is voluntary but once a state agrees to participate it is bound by court’s decisions provides advisory opinions to un agencies upon request terrorism 3.30.16 un peacekeeping un can send a un peacekeeping force under un command to stand btw parties to dispute after ceasefire o can only use its weapons in self defense o established w/ consent at host state o does not include focuses from major powers rwanda, 1994, and problems un can also send peace enforcement designed to achieve humanitarian ends o deployed when order has collapsed w/in states (civil war) & international conflicts o i.e. massive earthquake in a capital city and normal response team was unavailable. un can send peace squad until civilian establishment can surface un peacekeeping force was not in rwanda to stop a genocide. o their instructions: act as escorts for diplomatic groups facilitate repatriation but when killings started, they were powerless. un wouldn’t let them, and refused over and over to change its peacekeeping rules. \n un 3.28.16 terrorism 3.30.16 terrorism continued 4.1.16 when one important guy was killed, mission changed under romeo dallaire: evacuate some people (french, german, british, us citizens from country), and then get the un out of rwanda. 60 days later, a million people are dead. romeo dallaire helped create r2p o responsibility to protect events w/in states un increasingly responds to events w/in sovereign states o political & civil rights o food, water, health care, shelter o ethnic cleansing/genocide o civil war or unrest justification: lack of internal justice endangers international order o hotly contested threatens peace statehood & sovereignty: if you violate the rules, you lose both o un’s primary mission is still to defer to sovereignty of independent states o but is statehood conditional upon respect for human rights? most critical environmental issues internationally: island building climate change deforestation pollution overfishing extraction of resources poaching access to water desertification carbon emissions loss of farmland water wars loss of plant & animal species loss of biodiversity genetic modifications global problem environmental destruction is a global problem requiring global solutions o not an international problem o closely associated w/ globalization, development, & races to the bottom of regulatory frameworks threatens environmental principles o relocation of industry \n un 3.28.16 terrorism 3.30.16 terrorism continued 4.1.16 o better standards of living o increased access to income o increased waste & pollution o threat of neoliberal policies re: resources o strain on farmland, water resources, air quality, etc the other side yet globalization also offers some potential solutions o economic development & population control o incentives to price externalities into cost of goods o innovative approaches to environmental sustainability o growth of the “think globally” tragedy of the commons resources that are held in common in absence of governance, regulation & conservation are often abused & exploited o oceans, space, air, atmosphere no global gov’t but global governance o enforcement? o funding? o free riding? o state actors vs non state actors? series of wake up calls bhopal chernobyl acid rain ddt exxon valdez oil spill policy frameworks prior to 1972: a few international conventions but primarily at periphery of politics o international whaling convention 1972 forward: o un conference on the human environment & un environment program o establishment of environmental agencies by numerous national gov’ts o explosion of environmental ngos o increased attention of tncs (bhopal) o scientific research (gov’t agencies, ngos, universities, etc) o world meteorological organization, international union for the conservation of nature, etc – need for public funding tensions emerged sustainable development during 90s & 2000s poverty eradication became global priority \n un 3.28.16 terrorism 3.30.16 terrorism continued 4.1.16 o but clean water, sanitation, agricultural improvements & development often brought concerned about environmental sustainability how would global community eradicate poverty while promoting environmental sustainability o two approaches: bottomup & topdown capacity building: one of most important ways to see the developing world get better at sustainability. european countries recognize these needs, most do o the us is the outlier. they are the only country that have refused to sign on to basic environmental regulations. state sanctioned/sponsored terror terrorism defined the use of violence by substate groups to inspire fear by attacking civilians and/or symbolic targets for purposes such as drawing widespread attention to a grievance, provoking a severe response, or wearing down their opponent’s moral resolve to affect political change o it is not just violence; it is political whose terrorist? terrorism is a strategy undertaken by structurally weak minorities against structurally more powerful political agents & institutions o often in name of extremist ideology groups resort to terrorism rather than other forms of political violence because their objectives lack broad appeal goal is some form of political change terrorists often disregard the ‘rules” warfare & conflict o use of violence against noncombatants & “soft” targets o washington during the revolutionary war legitimacy often considered more legitimate if tactics conform to rules of “just war” tradition challenges notion of state’s monopoly on violence but groups that use terrorist tactics reject legitimacy of state or its gov’t & claim that their efforts are morally justified are their goals democratic or nondemocratic? are targets domestic or international? subnational to global terrorism has been around for centuries early terrorists operated against domestic targets o their impact was limited to single state transnational terrorism emerged in mid1900s o expansion of commercial air travel o availability of televised new coverage \n un 3.28.16 terrorism 3.30.16 terrorism continued 4.1.16 o broad political & ideological interests among extremists that intersected around a common cause linkages to globalization technologies associated w/ globalization are also associated w/ terrorism o communication o organization o propaganda o transportation o banking & finance role of air travel air travel allowed terrorists from one country to attack in another o lack of airport security measures hijacking was both effective & relatively easy o states acquiesced to demands > encouraged tactic o often demanded money release of prisoners, etc o learned from one another led to implementation of numerous security measures o decades before we’d see similar measures in the us o these people are not messing around portacaths & teddy bears pan am flight 103 crashed in lockerbie scotland in 1988 killing 270 people role of libya bombing that brought terrorism into american living rooms o first time that international terrorism became a reality for a lot of americans role of television television provided much broader audience for terrorists increased awareness of terrorist motivations & objectives decade of terrorism: 19801990 suicide bombings hijackings 3 trends o fewer attacks that were more deadly & more indiscriminate o increasing sophistication of attacks types of terrorist groups left wing right wing ethnonationalist/separatist o in many cases, terrorist wing of this group has a lot of legitimacy legitimate concerns & grievances \n un 3.28.16 terrorism 3.30.16 terrorism continued 4.1.16 religious/sacred ethnonationalist: tamil tigers ethnonationalist movement in sri lanka that used terror to fight against the gov’t recognized as terrorists by many gov’ts but as liberation movement by many others tactics used by gov’t against tigers gave movement more legitimacy pioneers in suicide bombings accused of ethnic cleansing, use of child soldiers, arms dealing, piracy, & other atrocities/criminal acts winners write history: tigers were defeated in 2009 o subjective to reeducation projects o sri lankan gov’t has sent in army to kill entire villages right wing: ok city 1995 domestic terrorist attack in us killing 168 right wing terrorist attack on gov’t of us questioned legitimacy of us gov’t ruby ridge & waco role of the turner diaries o blueprint for 2 american revolution threshold of violence; deaths of children o represents when you go too far o if you cross threshold, you lose your supporters o the bomber lost his support because he killed so many children left wing: ecoterrorism: #1 domestic terrorist threat in the us per fbi leftwing movement doesn’t usually target civilians, but it targets property goal: target as much property as possible in order to cause mass damage & stop research on animals many different groups animal liberation front, earth liberation front, etc violence and/or sabotage committed in support of ecological, environmental, or animal rights causes primarily property damage often against corporations tree spiking, arson, bombing animal release, etc eye of the beholder? fighting terrorism national measures o airport security o antiterror laws o special counterterrorism task forces & leos \n un 3.28.16 terrorism 3.30.16 terrorism continued 4.1.16 international measures o more difficult o international civil aviation organization o interpol: public safety & terrorism subdirectorate o war on terror (coalition of the willing) o human rights watch (terrorists & states that fight terrorism) ",
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ad20c17b75c6816b654b30b05c990436 | write a subroutine called div3 that divides the content of a by three. assume that the initial content of a is a positive integer in twos-complement form. on return from the subroutine, the quotient should reside in b and the remainder in a. | write a subroutine called div3 that divides the content of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " chapter 12 – cardiovascular physiology part i system overview – the 3 main components that make up the circulatory system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood. blood is composed of formed elements suspended in plasma. the plasma carries dissolved particles like proteins, nutrients, and metabolic wastes. cells in the blood include erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (wbc) and platelets. hematocrit is defined as the percentage of blood volume that is erythrocytes. overall layout of circulation – there are 2 components of circulation: systemic and pulmonary circulation. in systemic circulation, the vena cava carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and the aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. in pulmonary circulation, the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs. blood vessel definitions: 1. pulmonary circulation – blood pumped from the right ventricle through the lungs and then to the left atrium 2. systemic circulation – blood pumped from the left ventricle through all the organs and tissues of the body and then back to the right atrium 3. arteries – vessels carrying blood away from the heart 4. veins – vessels carrying blood to the heart 5. arterioles – the smallest arteries which branch into capillaries 6. venules – the smallest veins that arise from capillaries 7. inferior vena cava – collects blood from below the heart 8. superior vena cava – collects blood from above the heart 9. pulmonary trunk – the area in which blood leaves the heart via the right ventricle 10. pulmonary arteries – arise from the pulmonary trunk with each artery supplying blood to one of the lungs 11. pulmonary veins – the vessels in which blood ultimately leaves the lungs which empty into the left atrium pressure, flow, and resistance – there are 3 things that are in direct relationship to each other. these things are blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance to blood flow. these 3 factors are collectively referred to as hemodynamics. blood flow is always from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure. the pressure exerted by any fluid is called hydrostatic pressure. this pressure is generated by the contraction of the heart. resistance to flow is described as how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points at any given pressure difference. this equation is outlined below: \n (p 1p 2) flow rate= r resistance – one determinant of resistance is the fluid property known as viscosity, which is a function of the friction between molecules of a flowing fluid. other factors of resistance include: 1. length of tube 2. radius of tube – the larger the radius (relaxed vessel) the lower the resistance anatomy of the heart – know the entire anatomy of the heart as shown in the picture below: specific anatomy of the heart – the heart is a muscular organ enclosed in a fibrous sac called the pericardium. the inner layer of the pericardium is closely affixed to the heart and is called the epicardium. between this space is a watery fluid that lubricates the heart as it moves. the following terms are necessary in the understanding of the anatomy of the heart: 1. myocardium – this is the wall of the heart that is composed primarily of cardiac muscle cells. the inner surface of the cardiac chambers is lined by a thin layer of cells called endothelial cells. the layer of endothelial cells is called the endothelium. the \n endothelium lines the interior of all blood vessels as well. in the heart, the endothelium is called the endocardium. so, endocardium → myocardium → epicardium 2. interventricular septum – a muscular wall separating the right and left ventricles. 3. papillary muscle – these are muscular projections that attach to the av valves that prevent the av valves from being pushed up into the atria while the ventricles are contracting blood into pulmonary and system circulation. 4. chordae tendineae – these are fibrous strands that connect the av valves to the papillary muscles. cardiac muscle – the heart is comprised of tightly bound layers of cardiac muscle cells. cardiac muscle cells completely surround the chambers of the heart. when the walls of the chamber contract, cardiac muscle cells come together like a squeezing fist and exert pressure on the blood they enclose. every cardiac muscle cell contracts with every beat, unlike skeletal cells. 1% of cardiac muscle cells do not function in contraction and have specialized features. these cells constitute a network known as the conducting system. the conducting system is in contact with all cardiac muscle cells via gap junctions. the conducting system initiates the heartbeat. innervation – the heart contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers. parasympathetic fibers are contained in the vagus nerves. the sympathetic fibers innervate the entire heart and release primarily norepinephrine. parasympathetic fibers terminate on cells found in the atria and release ach. blood supply – the arteries that supply the myocardium are called the coronary arteries. the coronary arteries exit from behind the aortic valve cusps in the first part of the aorta. the blood flowing through the coronary arteries is called the coronary blood flow. all of the cardiac veins (coronary veins) drain into a single large vein called the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium. heartbeat coordination – contraction of cardiac muscle is triggered by a depolarization of the plasma membrane. gap junctions connect myocardial cells are allow action potentials to spread from one cell to another. the initial depolarization arises in a small group of conductingsystem cells called the sinoatrial (sa) node. the sa node is located in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava. sequence of excitation: sanode→ atrial myocardium(internodal pathway)→ av node→bundleof his→¿∧¿branches→purkinjefibers→ventricles→papillarymuscles \n cardiac action potential – different types of heart cells express unique combinations of ion channels that produce different action potential shapes. there are two basic types of action potential graphs. one is the action potential of a ventricular muscle cell and the other is the action potential of a cardiac nodal cell. the 3 basic steps are outlined as followed: 1. sodium enters 2. calcium enters 3. potassium exits node cells – node cells are found in the sa node, av node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his), bundle branches, and purkinje fibers. these cells demonstrate automaticity. the sa is considered the pacemaker of the heart. electrocardiogram – an ekg is primarily a tool for evaluating the electrical events within the heart. a typical ekg is shown below: p is the atrial depolarization (contraction) qrs is the ventricular depolarization t is ventricular repolarization effects of damage on an ekg – sometimes, the av node can be damaged. this results in a heart block. the av node is the only form of electrical communication between the atrium and ventricles. a total block causes the ventricles to beat at their intrinsic rate due to the action of purkinje fibers. any type of blockage due to damage to the av node will cause a slow electrical impulse and an external pacemaker will need to be used. excitationcontraction coupling in cardiac muscle – the following outlines the mechanism for excitationcontraction coupling in cardiac muscle: \n 1. the plasma membrane of the cardiac cell is depolarized. 2+ 2+ 2. voltagegated ca channels open in the ttubules. these channels are called ltype ca channels and cause a small rise in cytosolic ca concentration. 2+ 3. there is an influx of ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. in skeletal muscle, the release of ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine is a voltagegated system. in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscles, ryanodine operates on a ligandgated ion channel system, where the ligand is the cytosolic ca from the ltype ca channels. 4. contraction occurs in the exact same way as in skeletal muscle. refractory period of the heart – ventricular muscle is incapable of tetanus (summation of contractions). the inability of the heart to generate tetanic contractions is the result of the long absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle. in ventricular muscle, there is a prolonged depolarized plateau in the cardiac muscle action potential. mechanical events of the cardiac cycle – several terms need to be described before any detailed mechanical analysis can occur. the cardiac cycle is divided into 2 major phase: systole and diastole. 1. systole – the period of ventricular contraction and blood ejection 2. diastole – the alternating period of ventricular relaxation and blood filling. in this book, the dividing line between systole and diastole occurs when ventricular contraction stops and the semilunar valves close. 3. isovolumetric ventricular contraction (part of systole) – the ventricles are contracting but all valves in the heart are closed. the ventricular muscles develop tension, but do not shorten. 4. ventricular ejection (part of systole) – this occurs once the rising pressure in the ventricles exceeds that in the aorta and pulmonary trunk. the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole is called stroke volume. 5. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (part of diastole) – this is a very short period in which ventricular volume is not changing. this period, along with ivc, are the only periods in which all valves of the heart of are closed. they are very short periods of time. 6. ventricular filling – the av valves open and blood flows from the atria into the ventricles. atrial contraction occurs at the end of diastole, once most ventricular filling has already taken place. \n other terms necessary to describe the cardiac cycle: 1. end diastolic volume – the amount of blood in the ventricles after diastole (filling) has completed. 2. end systolic volume – the amount of blood remaining after ejection 3. atrial fibrillation – this is a condition in which the cells of the atria contract in a completely uncoordinated manner and so fail to serve as effective pumps. this does not affect a healthy individual much since most ventricular filling occurs in early diastole. pulmonary circulation pressures – typical pulmonary artery systolic and diastolic pressures are 25 and 10, respectively, compared to systemic arterial pressures of 120 and 80. pulmonary circulation is a lowpressure system. despite these major pressure differences, the stroke volume of each ventricle is the same. heart sounds – two heart sounds result from cardiac contractions. the first sound is soft low pitched lub is associated with the closure of the av valves. the second sound is a louder dub which is associated with closer of the pulmonary and aortic valves. 1. clinical issues – abnormal heart sounds are called heart murmurs. murmurs signal that blood flow is turbulent. blood flow should be silent if it is flowing smoothly. if it hits anything that obstructs it, it will cause a heart murmur. sometimes, turbulent flow can be caused by blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve. this condition is called stenosis. cardiac output – cardiac output is the volume of blood that each ventricle pumps per minute. it is usually expressed in liters per minute and can be found by multiplying heart rate by stroke \n volume. the total blood volume in a human body is approximately 5l, so the heart pumps the entire circulation in one minute (5l/min). regulation of heart rate – this is the first variable that affects cardiac output. the heart will beat at approximately 100 beats/min in the absence of any nervous or hormonal influence on the sa node. a large number of postganglionic fibers end on the sa node from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. parasympathetic nerves cause the hr to decrease while the sympathetic nerves cause hr to increase. epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate. epinephrine comes from the adrenal medulla and norepinephrine comes from the nervous system. regulation of stroke volume – this is the second variable that affects cardiac output. the ventricles do not completely empty themselves upon contraction. therefore, a more forceful contraction will eject more blood causing a greater stroke volume. again, stroke volume is the amount of blood that the ventricles eject during systole. mathematically, it can be described as the difference between edv and esv. changes in stroke volume can be produced by three main factors: 1. preload – changes in end diastolic volume 2. changes in magnitude of sympathetic nervous system input to the ventricles 3. afterload – the arterial pressures against which the ventricles pump frankstarling mechanism – this describes the relationship between ventricular enddiastolic volume and stroke volume. in other words, the frankstarling mechanism describes the relationship between preload and stroke volume. the critical factor affecting stroke volume is preload, or changes in enddiastolic volume (edv). as edv increases, stroke volume increases because the ventricle has to contract more forcefully. the frankstarling mechanism is due to the following physical phenomena: 1. the greater the edv/preload, the more the sarcomeres are stretched, and the greater the force of the contraction. however, there are several key differences between this length tension relationship for skeletal and cardiac muscle. in skeletal muscle, the normal sarcomere stretch for a resting individual is at optimal length for contraction. in cardiac muscle, the normal sarcomere stretch is well below its “optimal” point. this means that if the cardiac sarcomere is stretched, it will get closer to its optimal length, and generate greater tension when preload is increased. 2. now we need to describe how edv/preload increases. the amount of blood in the ventricles is controlled by venous return. any increase in venous return at any heart rate will increase stroke volume and ultimately cardiac output. for example, if the right side of the heart begins to pump more blood than the left, then the left side would automatically produce an increase in left ventricular output. this ensures that no blood \n accumulates in pulmonary circulation. a slow heart rate or exercise will increase venous return and increase stroke volume, making the heart more efficient. sympathetic regulation of stroke volume – sympathetic nerves are distributed across the myocardium. the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine can act on betaadrenergic receptors and increase ventricular contractility. contractility is defined as the strength of contraction at any given edv/preload. so, this describes “2” in the three major things that affect stroke volume. plasma epinephrine also increases myocardial contractility. these things are independent of edv/preload. so, even though ventricular contraction increases due to the frank starling mechanism, this is not considered contractility. contractility means that, at the same edv, the force of contraction can be different. so, this 2 phenomena work together in generating stroke volume. finally, not only does the sympathetic nervous system increase contractility, it also causes contraction and relaxation to occur more quickly. since increased sympathetic activity also increases heart rate, there needs to be a way for diastolic filling to be maintained, so the quicker return to relaxation helps account for this problem. one way to quantify contractility is through the ejection fraction (ef). ef is defined as the ratio of stroke volume to enddiastolic volume (edv/preload). ef=sv/edv. 1. ejection fraction – this normally ranges between 50% and 75% in resting individuals. as sympathetic activity increases, stroke volume increases, causing an increase in ejection fraction. basically, increased contractility yields an increased ejection fraction. afterload – increased arterial pressure tends to decrease stroke volume. arterial pressure acts as a load that the contracting ventricle must overcome. anything that increases systemic or pulmonary arterial pressure can increase afterload, and decrease stroke volume. \n chapter 12 – cardiovascular physiology part ii overview of blood vessels – there is only one structural unit in common for the entire vascular system and that is smooth, singlecelled layer of endothelial cells. the endothelium lines the inner bloodcontacting surface of vessels. overview of terms and relationships: the maximum arterial pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection is called systolic pressure. the minimum arterial pressure occurring just before ventricular ejection is called diastolic pressure. pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. the 3 main factors in determining the magnitude of pulse pressure are stroke volume, speed of ejection of the stroke volume, and arterial compliance. arteriosclerosis is a condition in which arteries are less compliant, in which the arteries stiffen that progresses with age and increases pulse pressure. another term, mean arterial pressure, is the average pressure in the arteries at any given time, which is expressed by diastolic pressure plus 1/3 pulse pressure. measurement of systemic arterial pressure – a sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure systolic and diastolic pressure. an inflatable cuff is attached around the upper arm. the cuff is inflated to a pressure greater than systolic pressure, completely compressing the artery and preventing blood flow. the air in the cuff is released, and the pressure at which blood begins to flow again is the systolic pressure. this initial high velocity blood flow is turbulent and produces vibrations called korotkoff’s sounds. when the cuff pressure decreases below diastolic pressure, all sounds stop because blood flow is now continuous and nonturbulent. arteries – there are 4 types of arteries in the human body; elastic, muscular, arterioles, and capillaries. 1. elastic arteries are conduit vessels near the heart which carry blood for circulation. these are large lumen vessels that have low resistance. this is because they contain more elastin that muscular arteries. to quantify the ability of elastic arteries to stretch, we use a term called compliance. compliance is defined as the change in volume over the change in pressure. the greater the compliance, the more easily the artery stretches. during systole, a volume of blood equal to only onethird the stroke volume leaves the arteries. during diastole, when ventricular contraction ends, the stretched arterial walls recoil, driving blood into the arterioles. because of this recoil, they are called “pressure reservoirs.” as blood leaves the arteries, the arterial volume and pressure decrease until the next ventricular contraction. therefore, arterial pressure never returns to zero. 2. muscular arteries – these arteries deliver blood to specific organs. they have the thickest layer of smooth muscle out of all the artery types and are very active in vasoconstriction, which is the decrease in vessel radius. these arteries play a big role in the regulation of blood pressure. \n 3. arterioles – the arterioles play 2 major roles. first, the arterioles in individual organs are responsible for determining the relative blood flow to those organs at any given mean arterial pressure. second, the arterioles as a whole are a major factor in determining mean arterial pressure itself. a. blood flow – blood flow equals the change in pressure over resistance. the driving pressure in each tube will always be the same. so, differences in flow are determined by differences in the resistance to flow in each individual arteriole. resistance is solely determined by vessel radii. arterioles contain smooth muscle so increasing the radii is called vasodilation and will decrease resistance while decreasing the radii is called vasoconstriction and will increase resistance. arteriole restriction is determined by neural, hormonal, and paracrine output. however, arterioles can have spontaneous contractile activity called intrinsic tone. regulation of arterioles – arterioles can be regulated in 3 ways: local controls, nerves, and hormones. 1. local controls – organs and tissues alter their own arteriole resistances, thereby self regulating their blood flows. local controls include active hyperemia, flow auto regulation, reactive hyperemia, and local response to injury. a. active hyperemia – an increase in blood flow/decrease in resistance to an organ or tissue is called hyperemia. an increase in blood flow due to metabolic activity is called active hyperemia. the factors that cause smooth muscle to relax during active hyperemia are local chemical changes in the extracellular fluid surrounding the arterioles. these changes are caused by increased metabolic activity from nearby cells. for example, oxygen decreases (needed for atp production) and + + co 2ncreases. h increases from lactic acid, k increases from repeated action potential repolarizations, and nitric oxide increases from endothelial cells. overall, it increases blood flow. b. flow autoregulation – this is the change in resistance to maintain a constant blood flow when there is a pressure change. for example, when arterial pressure in an organ is reduced, local controls cause arterial vasodilation, maintaining a constant flow of blood. overall, it alters resistance. c. reactive hyperemia – this is an extreme form of flow autoregulation. when an organ or tissue has had its blood supply completely occluded, a major increase in blood flow occurs after the occlusion is gone. 2. neural control – sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine, which bind to alpha adrenergic receptors causing vasoconstriction. this method can also induce vasodilation if no norepinephrine is released. this means there is always a baseline discharge of norepinephrine on arterials. increased epinephrine has the effect of increasing blood \n pressure. compare this to the effect of increased norepinephrine on the heart which has the effect of increasing heart rate. parasympathetic nerves have no effect on arterioles. 3. hormonal control – the following hormones are important in the arterioles: a. epinephrine – this is released by the adrenal medulla and binds to alpha adrenergic receptors to cause vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure. b. angiotensin ii – this is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction. c. vasopressin – this is released by the posterior pituitary gland to produce vasoconstriction. d. atrial natriuretic peptide – this is a peptide hormone released by the cardiac atria that aids in vasodilation. endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle – endothelial cells excrete several paracrine agents that diffuse to adjacent vascular smooth muscle and induce either relaxation or dilation. the most important paracrine substance is nitric oxide. no is crucial to vasodilation and is readily produced during inflammation. capillaries – the capillaries permeate almost every tissue in the body. an adult has an estimated 25,000 miles of capillaries. basically, capillaries are the sites of gas exchange. capillaries are a thin walled tube of endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane. the cells of the endothelium are not tightly attached to each other and are separated by a narrow, waterfilled space called the intercellular cleft. sometimes, the endothelium contains large numbers of \n endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles that fuse to form fusedvesicle channels. arterioles or metarterioles connect to capillaries at a ring of smooth muscle called the precapillary sphincter. types of capillaries – there are 3 types of capillaries as outlined below: 1. continuous capillary – these have tight junctions and are found in the skin and muscle 2. fenestrated capillary – these are more permeable and found in the intestines, hormone producing tissues, and kidneys 3. sinusoidal capillary – this has an incomplete basement membrane and is found in the liver, bonemarrow, and lymphoid tissues. velocity of capillary blood flow – when a continuous stream moves through consecutive sets of tubes arranged in parallel, the velocity of flow decreases as the sum of the crosssectional area of the tubes increase. this means that the blood flows rapidly through the overall small cross sectional area of the aorta and major arteries and then slows considerably as it travels through the overall large crosssectional area of all the capillaries combined. this increased time maximizes the time available for substances to exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid. so, even though capillaries provide a lot of resistance (which decreases blood flow), there are so many capillaries that the total resistance of all capillaries is much lower than that of the arterioles. \n diffusion across capillary wall – three basic mechanisms allow substances to move between the interstitial fluid and the plasma: diffusion, vesicle transport, and bulk flow. 1. diffusion – in all capillaries, excluding those in the brain, diffusion is the only important means by which net movement of nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic end products occurs across the capillary walls. ions and polar molecules travel through the intercellular clefts and lipidsoluble substances travel through the cell membrane. 2. vesicle trasnport – vesicle transport is useful for proteins like hormones. the vesicles release their hormones through endocytosis at the luminal site and exocytosis at the interstitial side. 3. bulk flow – aside from nutrient and hormone exchange, bulk flow refers to the bulk flow of plasma. bulk flow is the distribution and shifting of extracellular fluid volume. this occurs because most capillary walls are highly permeable to water. therefore, in the presence of hydrostatic pressure differences, the capillary wall behaves like a porous filter that allows all plasma solutes to pass through except proteins (which require vesicle transport). so, filtration refers to the bulk flow from the plasma to the interstitial fluid while absorption refers to the bulk flow from the interstitial fluid to the plasma. the net filtration pressure (nfp) depends on 4 variables. positive numbers favor filtration and negative numbers favor absorption. a. capillary hydrostatic pressure b. interstitial hydrostatic pressure c. osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration – osmotic pressure is the force that opposes hydrostatic pressure. it does not vary from one end of the capillary to the other, like hydrostatic pressure does. d. osmotic force due to interstitial protein concentration the equation for net filtration pressure is as follows: nfp= (hp – hp ) – (op – op ). c if c if so, because hydrostatic pressure is the variable that changes the most from one end of the capillary to the other, filtration rate is faster at the arteriole end of the capillary compared to the venule end. venous system – veins vary in structure as they progress away from the capillaries. veins have 3 distinct layers called tunics. the walls are also thinner than in the arteries. veins are the last set of tubes that take blood back to the heart. the driving force behind venous return is the pressure difference between the peripheral veins and the right atrium, which is at a much lower pressure. peripheral veins include all veins not contained within the chest cavity. veins are considered a low resistance conduit, which means that flow is maintained even with a low pressure difference ∆ p (f= r ) . \n varicose veins – veins have valves that permit blood flow in only one direction. varicose veins occur when the valves become leaky and the entire vein becomes dilated and does not transfer blood back to the heart as well. determinants of venous pressure – blood pressure in veins is approximately 15mmhg. this is not sufficient to move blood back to the heart, so there are certain pumps that do this. blood pressure in any elastic tube is determined by the volume of fluid and compliance of the blood vessels. veins carry most of the total volume of blood in the body and also have walls that are more compliant, so the veins can accumulate large amounts of blood. there is smooth muscle in veins that is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system which releases norepinephrine. this causes smooth muscle to contract and force blood to the right atrium. an important thing to note is that when arteries constrict, it decreases forward flow. when veins constrict, it increases forward flow. two other mechanisms can increase venous pressure and facilitate venous return. 1. skeletal muscle pump – skeletal muscles contract and squeeze veins. 2. respiratory pump – pressure changes in the central cavity due to the pressure changes occurring during breathing. this propels blood back to the heart. relationship between venous pressure and cardiac output – as venous pressure increases, end diastolic volume increases, increases stroke volume, and ultimately increasing cardiac output. basically, the more efficient the veins are, the more efficient the entire circulatory system. the lymphatic system – the lymphatic system is a network of small organs and tubes through which lymph (a fluid derived from interstitial fluid) flows. within the interstitium of all organs and tissues are lymphatic capillaries that are distinct from blood capillaries. lymphatic capillaries are permeable to all interstitial constituents, including proteins. small amounts of interstitial fluid continuously enter the lymphatic capillaries by bulk flow. eventually, these tubes drain into the veins near the jugular. thus, the lymphatic vessels carry interstitial fluid back to the cardiovascular system. the lymphatic system also houses phagocytes and lymphocytes for the immune system. heart→arteries→capillaries→interstitial fluid→lymphaticsystem→veins→heart mechanism of lymph flow – fluid is moved by smooth muscle pumps in the walls of the lymph vessels that act using inherent rhythmic contractions. this produces a oneway flow of flood towards the circulatory system. \n clinical issues with the lymphatic system – if the lymphatic system becomes overwhelmed, the lymph nodes can swell, producing buboes. also, metastasizing cancers live and spread in the lymph system so this is why lymph nodes for breast cancer. regulation of arterial pressure – the major cardiovascular variable being regulated is mean arterial pressure, which is defined as the product of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. all changes in mean arterial output must be the result of changes in cardiac output and/or total peripheral resistance. also, cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume. baroreceptor reflexes – baroreceptors are pressure receptors. afferent neurons from the baroreceptors to the brainstem provide input to the neurons of the cardiovascular control centers. the higher the arterial pressure, the action potential frequency of the baroreceptors increases. therefore, the rate of baroreceptor action potentials is directly proportional to map. specific baroreceptors include the carotid sinus baroreceptor and the the medullary cardiovascular center – the medullary cardiovascular center is the primary integrating center for baroreceptor reflexes. this is located in the medulla oblongata. when arterial baroreceptors increase their rate of discharge, the result is a decrease in sympathetic outflow to the heart, arterioles, and veins, and an increase in parasympathetic outflow to the heart. this helps restore normal blood pressure and reduce map (by decreasing cardiac output and total peripheral resistance). so, if blood pressure is too high, the reflex causes blood pressure to decrease. if blood pressure is too low, the reflex causes blood pressure to increase. \n other baroreceptors – baroreceptors also exist in veins, the pulmonary vessels, and the walls of the heart. these all function in a manner analogous to the arterial receptors. longterm regulation of arterial pressure – increases blood volume increases arterial pressure. increasing arterial volume then decreases blood volume by moving blood through the kidney, inducing plasma excretion. thus, 2 things can occur through negative feedback: 1. higher blood volume leads to higher arterial pressure. 2. higher arterial pressure leads to decreased blood volume hypotension – hypotension refers to low blood pressure. one cause of hypotension is loss of blood volume, which decreases arterial pressure. orthostatic hypotension is the drop in blood pressure resulting from standing up from a reclined position. whenever blood pressure decreases, reflexes restore some blood pressure to normal as described in the figure on the previous page. other forms of hypotension are hemorrhages, and chronic hypotension resulting from poor nutrition, low viscosity of blood, or addison’s disease. finally, shock is characterized \n as any situation in which a decrease in blood flow to the organs or tissues damages them. this is often diagnosed by acute hypotension. the below diagram is a useful diagram in examining how reflexes compensate for sudden hypotension (such as hemorrhaging): hypertension – hypertension is defined as a chronically increased systemic arterial pressure. most people do not know they have it until it has caused serious damage. interventions to lower blood pressure should be instituted at systolic pressures of 130139 and diastolic pressure of 85 89. prolonged hypertension is the major cause of heart failure, renal failure, stroke, and vascular disease. primary hypertension is apparent in over 90% of cases and the causes are not identifiable. secondary hypertension is apparent in about 10% of cases and the causes are identifiable. secondary hypertension is usually the result of tumor in the adrenal medulla, cushing’s disease, obstruction of the renal arteries, kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, or hyperthyroidism. factors involved in hypertension – environmental factors involved in hypertension are a high cholesterol diet, obesity, age (normally occurs before the age of 40), gender (males get it more), diabetes, genetics, stress, and smoking. plasma – plasma consists of a large number of organic and inorganic substances dissolved in water. plasma proteins constitute most of the plasma solutes by weight. their role in exerting osmotic pressure favors absorption of extracellular fluid. plasma proteins can be divided into 3 groups: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. serum is any plasma that lack fibrinogen. most plasma proteins perform their functions in the plasma itself and do not travel to other cells in the body. the plasma’s overall function is to carry electrolytes, nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body. \n erythrocytes – the major function is to carry oxygen taken in by the lungs and carbon dioxide produced by the cells. they contain large amounts of hemoglobin, in which oxygen can bind to iron atoms. they have a high surface area to volume ratio because of their biconcave shape, so diffusion can occur rapidly. erythrocytes have no nucleus and no organelles, including ribosomes. erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow. young erythrocytes in the bone marrow are called reticulocytes, because they have a network of ribosomes in which they will eventually lose. the average lifespan of an rbc is 120 days, because they lack a nucleus and mitochondria so they cannot reproduce or maintain function very long. destruction of damaged or dying red blood cells occurs in the liver and spleen. when hemoglobin is broken down, bilirubin is produced which is returned to circulation and gives plasma its characteristic yellow color. importance of iron – iron is the element in which oxygen binds in hemoglobin. the body has a considerable store of iron in the liver. this iron is bound up in a protein called ferritin. 50% of body iron is in hemoglobin, 25% is in other hemecontaining proteins, and 25% is in ferritin. when rbcs are destroyed by the spleen, iron is released into the plasma and bound to an iron transport protein called transferrin. transferrin delivers the iron to the bone marrow to be incorporated into new erythrocytes. folic acid and vitamin b – 12lic acid is essential for the formation of thymine, so it is necessary for the formation of dna and essential for normal cell division. thus, when there is a folic acid deficiency, fewer erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow. vitamin b is also 12 necessary for the action of folic acid and is found only in animal products. therefore, vegetarian diets tend to be vitamin b 12eficient. regulation of erythrocyte production – erythropoiesis is rbc production. although iron, folic acid, and vitamin b 12e all necessary for rbc production, they are not the signals the regulate production rate. rbc production rate is the job of a hormone called erythropoietin, which is secreted into the blood stream by a group of hormonesecreting connective tissue cells in the kidneys. erythropoietin acts on the bone marrow to stimulate the proliferation of erythrocyte progenitor cells and their differentiation into mature erythrocytes. life of iron in the body: hemoglobin→bilirubin→transferrin→bonemarrow→ hemoglobin leukocytes – leukocytes (wbcs) function in the defense of the body. wbcs are divided into 2 groups: polymorphonuclear granulocytes and agranulocytes. the 3 types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. the 2 types of agranulocytes are monocytes and lymphocytes. all of these wbcs are produced in the bone marrow, just like rbcs. \n platelets – platelets are colorless, nonnucleated cell fragments that contain numerous granules are much smaller than erythrocytes. platelets are produced when cytoplasmic portions of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes pinch off and enter circulation. platelets function in blood clotting. regulation of blood cell production – all blood cells are descended from a single population of bone marrow cells called pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. these are pluripotent stem cells can give rise to either lymphoid stem cells or myeloid stem cells. proliferation and differentiation are dependent on hematopoietic growth factors (hgf). erythropoietin, the hormone described earlier, is an hgf. hemostasis: the prevention of blood loss – the stoppage of bleeding is called hemostasis. hemostasis is a 3step process that involves vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, and blood coagulation. 1. vascular spasm – when a blood vessel is severed or injured, its immediate response is to constrict. this shortlived response slows the flow of blood in the affected area. this vascular spasm also causes the opposed endothelial surfaces of the vessels to press and stick together. 2. formation of platelet plug – platelets adhere to the collagen of the exposed connected tissue of the blood vessel. this binding causes the platelets to release the contents of their secretory vesicles, which contain a variety of chemical agents. these agents induce multiple changes in metabolism, shape, and surface proteins in a process called platelet activation. these changes cause new platelets to adhere to old ones in a positive feedback phenomenon called platelet aggregation, which creates a platelet plug inside the vessel. adhesion also induces the platelets to synthesize thromboxane a . thi12is released into the extracellular fluid and acts locally to further stimulate platelet aggregation and release more vesicle contents. 3. blood coagulation – blood coagulation, or clotting, is the transformation of blood into a solid gel called a clot or thrombus. thrombus consists mainly of a protein called fibrin. clotting occurs around the platelet plug. a plasma protein called prothrombin is converted to the enzyme thrombin, which catalyzes a reaction in which several large polypeptides are split from molecules of the large, rodshaped plasma protein fibrinogen. the fibrinogen remnants bind to each other to form fibrin. fibrin is a mesh of interlacing strands that is stabilized by enzymemediated crosslinking. steps leading to the prothrombinthrombin reaction – the early reactions in the process consist of 2 seemingly parallel pathways that merge at the step just before the prothrombinthrombin reaction. 1. intrinsic pathway – everything necessary for this step is in the blood. \n 2. extrinsic pathway – everything necessary for this step is outside the blood. clotting factors – clotting factors are produced in the liver and secreted into the blood in inactive forms which are activated during the clotting cascade. hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by deficiencies in clotting factors, especially in factor viii. the symptoms of hemophilia are excess bleeding. also, people with liver problems have problems with excess bleeding, because the liver is the site that produces clotting factors. the liver also produces bile salts which are important for the normal intestinal absorption of vitamin k. vitamin k is necessary for the liver to produce prothrombin and several other clotting factors. \n tissue factors – these are derived from the extrinsic pathway, while most of the clotting factors are involved in the intrinsic pathway. the extrinsic pathway begins with a protein called tissue factor, which is located on the outer plasma membrane of various tissue cells, including fibroblasts and other cells in the walls of blood vessel outside the endothelium. tissue factor binds to factor vii. dissolving blood clots – the primary mechanism for dissolving blood clots is the fibrinolytic system. a fibrin clot is not meant to last forever. first, a plasma proenzyme called plasminogen is activated to the active enzyme called plasmin by protein plasminogen activators. plasmin digests fibrin, dissolving the clot. 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8c78eb963a492dbb95a1ec8d0a8189fe | in exercises 6774, find (a) (b) (c) and (d) ab, b, a,
ab a 2
4
1
2,
b b
1
0
2
1 a | in exercises 6774, find (a) (b) (c) and (d) ab, b, a, ab a 2412,b b 1021 a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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3e7a1589d605afb516d87e7c26d5a45b | problem 26e when you double the charge on only one of a pair of particles, what effect does this have on the force between them? does the effect depend on the sign of the charge? | when you double the charge on only one of a pair of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.39 | [
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"text": "nutrition 2000: exam 3 study guide part i: write the correct word that corresponds with the given definition. 1. decreased bone mass due to aging, genetic background, and a poor diet. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 2. a condition resulting from protein deficiency, characterized by edema, mild to moderate weight loss, maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat, growth impairment, a fatty liver, and onsets quickly. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 3. water that is inside the cell. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 4. the hardening of the cornea and drying of the surface of the eye, which can result in blindness. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 5. a condition caused by a vitamin d deficiency; characterized by bowed legs, enlarged head, joints, and ribcage, and a deformed pelvis.\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 6. a condition resulting from protein deficiency, characterized by severe weight loss, wasting of muscle and fat, severe growth impairment, and develops gradually. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 7. the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 8. when the skin turns a yelloworange color, particularly on the hands and the soles of the feet. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 9. anemia that eventually leads to death. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 10. the softening of bones in adults due to a vitamin d deficiency. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ 11. water that is outside of the cell. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ part ii: true/false: write true or false on the following statements. if the statement is false, write the correct answer or statement in the space provided. 12. proteins regulate and maintain body functions and provides the essential form of nitrogen. \n 13. the proteins in our bodies are made up of twenty different amino acids; eleven are essential, nine are nonessential. 14. the fat soluble vitamins are b and c. 15. vitamin d deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. 16. vitamin d helps to regulate blood calcium levels and bone metabolism. 17. water makes up 3060% of the body’s weight. 18. ions control the movement of water between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. 19. iron is the most abundant mineral in the body. 20. zinc deficiency was first discovered in the 1960’s in the middle east. 21. humans absorb 60% of the sodium they consume. 22. chloride is a major negative ion in the extracellular fluid. \n 23. vitamin e acts as a fatsoluble antioxidant. part iii: short answer. answer the question entirely. 24. what are the general functions of proteins? 25. in ages 5065, what is a low protein diet associated with? 26. in ages 66+, what is a low protein diet associated with? 27. what are the building blocks of proteins and what is their chemical structure? 28. is protein shape necessary for function? 29. how is a protein’s primary structure determined? 30. what does mrna do? 31. what is the amino acid structure? what makes an amino acid its own? 32. how are amino acids connected? \n 33. how can a protein be denatured? 34. what acid in the stomach denatures the proteins during digestion? 35. what enzyme breaks down the peptide bonds? where is it released and how does it work? 36. what hormone regulates the enzyme from question 35? how is it released? 37. what does the hormone cck do? 38. what is celiac disease? what is its prevalence in the us? 39. how are amino acids absorbed? 40. how are amino acids used in the liver? 41. what are the functions of proteins in the body? \n 42. what do amino acids leave behind in the body and how is it excreted? 43. what is the rda for protein? 44. what are the top five contributors of protein in a western diet? 45. what are the alternatives to a high protein diet? 46. what are the two proteinenergy deficiencies discussed in class? what are the symptoms? 47. what are vitamins? do they produce energy? 48. what are the fat soluble vitamins? 49. what are the water soluble vitamins? \n 50. what are the functions of vitamins? 51. what are the function of vitamin a? 52. what are the functions of vitamin d? 53. what are the functions of vitamin e? \n 54. what are the functions of vitamin k? 55. what are the functions of vitamin c? 56. what are the b vitamins that we discussed in class? briefly describe their function. 57. what controls fluid movement? \n 58. what are the functions of water? 59. describe what happens at the percentages of water loss. 60. what is aldosterone? 61. what does over consumption of water lead to? 62. what does bioavailability depend on? 63. what are the two mineral binders discussed in class? 64. what are the major minerals? 65. what are the functions of calcium? \n 66. how can you maintain bone density? 67. what are the functions of sodium? 68. what are the functions of chloride? 69. what are the functions of potassium? 70. what are the trace minerals? 71. what are the two types of iron? 72. what can iron deficiency cause? 73. how can excess iron hurt the body? \n 74. what are the functions of zinc? 75. how is zinc absorbed? 76. what are the functions of selenium? 77. what are the functions of iodide? 78. what can iodide deficiency cause? 79. what are the functions of copper? 80. how is copper absorbed? 81. what is wilson’s disease? \n part i: write the correct word that corresponds with the given definition. 1. osteoporosis 2. kwashiorkor 3. intracellular fluid 4. xerophtalmia 5. rickets 6. marasmus 7. osmosis 8. hypercarotenemia 9. pernicious anemia 10. osteomalacia 11. extracellular fluid part ii: true/false: write true or false on the following statements. if the statement is false, write the correct answer or statement in the space provided. 12. true 13. false; nine are essential and eleven are nonessential. 14. false; the fat soluble vitamins are a, d, e, and k. 15. false; vitamin a deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. 16. true 17. false; water makes up 5070% of the body’s weight. 18. true 19. false; calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. 20. true 21. false; we absorb 100% of the sodium we consume. 22. true 23. true \n part iii: short answer. answer the question entirely. 24. regulates and maintains body functions and provides essential form of nitrogen (in the form of amino acids) 25. decreased mortality rates 26. increased mortality rates 27. amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. amino acids contain nitrogen bonded to a carbon 28. yes; primary structure lead to the protein higher order structure. this causes the protein to get into a specific shape. this shape is necessary for the protein to function properly 29. the protein's primary structure is determined by the dna. dna is kept in the cell's nucleus. 30. the information of the protein's primary structure gets transcribed into messenger rna (mrna). mrna leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome (rough er) where the protein gets translated (made). 31. one central carbon surrounded by an acid group, an amino group, some sort of side group, and hydrogen. the side group for each amino acid is different, making each amino acid unique. 32. amino acids are connected together by a peptide bond. 33. by heat, strong acids, bases, and heavy metals. 34. hydrochloric acid (hcl) 35. pepsin (enzyme) breaks the peptide bond of proteins resulting in protein fragments. pepsin is released in the stomach by cells in the stomach and is activated by the acidic environment. 36. gastrin regulates the release of pepsin. it's released in response to thinking about food and chewing and digesting food. 37. cck causes pancreas to release proteolytic enzymes that cleave proteins 38. incomplete gluten breakdown in small intestines leaving small peptides and amino acids. results in an inflammatory response to peptides and amino acids. prevalence in the us: 1 in 133 39. amino acids are taken up by the capillaries and taken to the liver by the portal vein. \n 40. used as building blocks for liver proteins, broken down for energy, can be released into the blood, and can be converted into nonessential amino acids, glucose, or fat. 41. producing vital body structures body is in a constant state of turnover. producing proteins and disassembling proteins. what happens in protein inadequacy producing proteins slows down muscles, blood proteins, and vital organs decrease in size. brain resists breakdown o maintaining fluid balance blood proteins attract fluids. if protein are inadequate, the fluid shifts into the tissues called edema. o contributing to acidbase balance act as buffers maintain ph within a narrow range keeps blood in an alkaline state. o forming hormones and enzymes hormones allow us to communicate between cells. enzymes catalyze reactions in the cells. transport and signaling receptors o transport brings nutrients into the cells. signaling receptors are used for communication in the cell o contributing to the immune function antibody production if there is protein deficiency, there is a decrease in immune function. o providing energy is need for prolonged exercise and calorie restriction however, cells use primarily fats and cho more efficient way to get energy. it wastes calories to metabolize amino acids for energy. o forming glucose amino acids can converted into glucose when blood sugar is low. during starvation: muscle wasting and edema results from protein breakdown. glucogenic amino acids are the only ones that can be used for glucose. use both nonessential and essential amino acids o contributes to satiety proteins provide the highest feeling of satisfaction after eating. may contribute to calorie control during weight loss \n 42. the breakdown of amino acids leave behind ammonia. ammonia is turned into urea in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys during urination. 43. 0.8 grams per kilogram per body weight. 44. beef, poultry, milk, white bread, and cheese. 45. vegetarian or a vegan diet. 46. 47. essential organic substances needed in small amounts in the diet for normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body. yield no energy. 48. a,d,e,k 49. b,c 50. to facilitate energy yielding chemical reactions and function as coenzymes. 51. promotes vision, prevents drying of the skin and eyes, maintains epithelial cells, promote immune function, and promotes growth. \n 52. helps regulate blood calcium levels and bone metabolism. it works with the parathyroid hormone, helps to regulate calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestine, regulates the deposition of calcium in the bone and regulates the excretion of calcium from the kidney. 53. acts as a fatsoluble antioxidant to help protect the components of cells. 54. vital for blood clotting, and also activates proteins present in bone, muscle, and kidneys to give calcium binding ability to the organs. 55. formation of collagen which strengthens tissues, formation of other compounds (carnitine, serotonin, norepinephrine) and acts as an antioxidant. 56. what are the b vitamins that we discussed in class? briefly describe their function. folate: functions as a single carbon supplier or donor, and adds a coenzyme to help for dna and metabolize various amino acids and their derivatives. vitamin b6: needed for the activity of many enzymes, important in amino acid metabolism, necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, important for hemoglobin synthesis, and is necessary for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin. vitamin b12: required to convert folate into its active form and maintains the myelin sheaths that insulate neurons. thiamin (b1): helps release energy from carbs. riboflavin (b2) and niacin (b3): both aid in energy metabolism and are coenzymes. 57. ions control the movement of water in between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. 58. solvent for chemical reaction in water, helps regulate temperature, helps remove waste products, cushions and lubricates. \n 59. 12%: thirst mechanism occurs 4%: muscle lose strength and endurance 1012%: heat tolerance is decreased. 20%: a coma and perhaps death. 60. released from the adrenal glands when blood volume decreases and communicates with kidneys to conserve water and salt. 61. dilutes the sodium levels causing nausea, confusion, vomiting, headaches, muscle weakness, and convulsions. 62. the soil it’s grown in and our ability to absorb it. 63. oxalates: found in spinach; binds calcium phytates: found in grains; binds calcium, iron, zinc, others. 64. calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium. 65. regulates transport of ions across the cell membrane, helps maintain blood pressure, essential for muscle contractions, essential for secretion of hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc., & is essential for blood clotting 66. get an adequate amount of calcium and vitamin d in your diet, exercising and estrogen. 67. fluid balance between compartments, nerve impulse conduction and absorption of glucose. 68. a major negative ion for extracellular fluid and is used in producing stomach acid. 69. important in fluid balance and nerve transmission. 70. iron, zinc, selenium, iodine, copper, chromium, fluoride, etc. 71. heme and nonheme iron 72. anemia 73. impaired physical and mental activity, fatigue, loss of appetite, decreased learning ability, attention span. 74. growth, wound healing, sexual maturity, taste perception \n 75. absorption depends on body needs. phytic acid binds to zinc and limits availability. high calcium intake decreases zinc absorption. zinc competes with iron and copper for absorption. 76. indirect antioxidant, works with vitamin e to help protect cell membranes from oxidizing agents. binds to enzymes to protect against oxidation. may have anticancer properties. 77. used in the production thyroid hormone 78. cells of the thyroid enlarge in attempt to trap more iodine. called goiter. people are sluggish and gain weight. during pregnancy, deficiency can cause extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation of developing baby. 79. involved in the metabolism of iron by functioning in the formation of hemoglobin and transport iron. also involved in the formation of connective tissue. is a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes. 80. absorption is highly variable. higher intakes associated with lower absorption efficiency. phytates, fiber, excess zinc and iron supplements interfere with absorption. 81. a genetic disorder that results in accumulation of copper in the tissues. characterized by damage to the liver, nervous system, and other organs.",
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5fa2b8a9e8af356418626edb5559a4ef | ?problem 1e
use strong induction to show that if you can run one mile or two miles, and if you can always run two more miles once you have run a specified number of miles, then you can run any number of miles. | use strong induction to show that if you can run one mile | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " comm 131 notes august 29th speech anxiety *it can be a positive * when asked if she gets nervous, carol channing (actress on broadway) said “the day i don’t get nervous is the day i quit. every performance is a different audience. i have to connect with them, i don’t know how to deal with them or how they will react. if i was content with myself my performances would become flat.” what can you do? *be prepared come into class knowing that you have done the best you can (gives you a level of comfort) *have a strong introduction (know your audience well) *use notes don’t rely on them too heavily (safety blanket) *select a topic you’re interested in (be enthusiastic) already know some of it (increase knowledge on subject) *use relaxing techniques (take deep breathes) *hold on to the edge *no one sees your nervousness *know yourself and your strengths *practice your speech (out loud) \n *know your audience *use the power of positive thinking september 3rd communication theory *nobody understands a message the same way, because we all have different experiences, perspectives, shaped by how you’ve been taught (family, school, friends, movies, tv), more than one meaning. generational differences (can make communication difficult) *more communication not always better *situations where it’s best not to communicate more facebook arguments (know when to stop) *who determines the meaning of the communication: the listener *communication: the process of humans exchanging ideas, information, and emotions through symbolic behavior. the process includes both verbal and nonverbal communication, and includes intrapersonal communication (within yourself) noise channel(s) sender encodes message decodes receiver (repeat) (gets feedback) *noise: anything that is a distraction to the message physical noise psychological noise (hunger, worrying, etc.) *the environment (frame of reference) \n where you’re from, what’s going on in the present, what might happen in the future (family, neighborhood, religion, etc.) everything takes place within a context / setting changes how we communicate (this classroom = more formal, lecture hall = less formal) changes how you talk in different places *ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures (americans) september 5th audience analysis *being audience – centered keep your audience in mind what does the audience want to hear? what do they already know? not so much of what we want to tell them *identification (form a bond) hard to do if you don’t know anything about them *egocentrism: the people in your audience are concerned with their own values, ideas, beliefs, etc. (react more positively to things that connect and that will help them) most interested in things that affect them demographic analysis: describing them as a group (taking away the individual) stereotyping: assuming all members of the group are alike don’t want to oversimplify or say its fixed (generalization) \n *different things to include in determining your topic demographics: a series of stable characteristics about an audience that might include age gender religious background sexual orientation economic level racial / ethnic / cultural background culture: a learned system of beliefs, behaviors shared by a group high context: nonverbal message very important (italy, japan, china, asia) low context: words important (u.s., germany, switzerland, australia) high power: levels of power are very distinct so that bosses and supervisors would not mingle with employees. (military) low power: blurs the distinction between power levels. (distinction is more subtle) ethnicity: cultural background that comes from a national or religious heritage race: a person’s biological heritage group membership marital status knowledge and interest level \n *situational analysis know how big your audience is / room size *audience’s interest in your subject voluntary (choose to come) captive (have to come) passersby (not expecting to come) only way to find out (survey / questionnaire / observe the audience / ask the person that invites you) 1 to 5 scale open ended yes / no / maybe once you have all this information use it to write your speech hook people connect with their interests adapt your speech september 12th introductory speech guidelines *not timed *short speech *audience taking notes about things speaker says (audience analysis) *speak slowly enough so everyone can take the notes introduction \n 1. need to say who i am 2. name of person i’m introducing 3. need to tell the audience what i’m doing (i would like to tell you about patrick because i thought he was interesting) body enough information for the audience to write their analysis on easy to understand group things that are similar warning: be careful not to go to fast when listing things always keep in mind that audience is keeping notes transition sentence into conclusion conclusion strong finish fascinated by . . . etc. one or two sentences thank you will be my exit ask if can be humorous, use notes never conclude speech with: that’s it, i’m done delivery speak slow enough to let them take notes speak loudly enough for everyone to hear eye contact at least 5 times (8 times to be safe) use your eye contact to see if writing too fast \n speaking from notes (number notecards) (make intro, body and conclusion different colors) (sheet of paper or notes*) write big posture: stand tall (straight) ethics and public speaking *difference between free and ethical speech free speech: any speech protected by law (1 amendment) ethical speech: communication that is honest, accurate, and serves the best interest of the audience (this class) ethical behavior can be seen as a continuum made up of degrees of ethnicity. one extreme is ethical or moral behavior and the opposite extreme is unethical and immoral behavior. ethical faults are behaviors which fall on the unethical and immoral side of the continuum ethical faults: 1. honesty/dishonesty deliberate lying withholding information withholding opposing arguments withholding the source of the evidence not disclosing private motives or special interests 2. pandering: telling the audience what they want to hear, when what they want to hear is wrong or not what you believe 3. accuracy/inaccuracy ignorant misstatement \n reporting opinion reporting rumors as truth 4. plagiarism failure to attribute the source of a piece of evidence failure to attribute the source of an idea global, patchwork, and incremental plagiarism reverse plagiarism: saying someone or some source said something when he or she did not 5. statistics manipulate the statistics so they sound better than warranted incorrect use of: mode (most frequent value) mean (arithmetic average) median (the point at which 50% of the values are greater and 50% of the values are less) average (not clarifying which of the definitions is being used) 6. logical and rational arguments/illogical and irrational arguments irrational claims and illogical claims and evidence accurate evidence which only indirectly or partially supports the claim emotional appeals which hinder the truth *concept of civility civility: allows us to participate in the public dialogue \n public dialogue: the civil exchange of ideas and opinions among communities about topics that affect the public allows us to recognize the influence of culture on speaking styles: nationality (country we grew up in) ethnicity heritage (italian american) *the power and influence of public speaking because public speaking influences others, it requires an ethical approach of activity civility means: the care and concern for others the thoughtful use of words and language the flexibility to see many sides of an issue triangle of meaning user (communicator) word (symbol) thing (referent) september 17th september 19th audience analysis paper (due thursday) 23 pages double spaced 1. describe the characteristics of the audience (taking the individual information that we got and grouped it all together) \n 2. analyze the characteristics (what does this mean for the speaker) (describe then analyze) (this speaker would need to talk like this to appeal to the audience) (how will a speaker use this information) group information to get a picture of the audience (cultural/ethnic backgrounds) (open to different ideas / cultural values) what does this mean? cover page: title name of author date introduction: identify the audience you are describing, mrs. ventre’s comm 131 11am, why do we identify the analysis. (can use “i”) transition body: don’t give raw data, group them together. do paragraphs or lists and charts. conclusion: briefly summarize (pick out 4 to 6 characteristics that a speaker should keep in mind when speaking to this audience), chapter 3: listening *2 things we do with our ears and our brain 1. hear: not processing the information (physiological) 2. listening: the process of selecting from all the noise you hear, attending or paying attention, understanding, remembering. (selecting, attending, understanding, remembering) when we listen we select the sounds we should be listening too, paying attention and giving them meaning \n active not passive increases heart rate (work) if you listen hard in class all day (burning 30 more calories in class listening) *4 kinds of listening 1. appreciative: listening for fun 2. empathic: listening for emotions or sympathy 3. comprehensive: listening for information / to understand decide to listen remove distractions / resist distractions withhold judgment be a selfish listener (look for something of interest to you / relates to you) try to listen for key ideas only take notes on key ideas (examples help explain or make things clearer) try to anticipate what the speaker is going to say (stay focused) reword in your head what the speaker just said (speaker’s ideas in your words) ask questions helps to summarize in your head separate the speaker from the message try to focus on the message, don’t let the speaker’s habits affect the way you receive it \n decide whether or not to take notes be an active listener reorganize, rephrase, repeat most important: treat the speaker courteously (be polite) 4. critical: listening to evaluate (find out the speaker’s message) do all of the above for comprehensive listening look at the speaker’s credibility (training, experience, position of authority, ability to explain clearly) is the speaker impartial or bias? evaluate the evidence given (accurate, true, relevant, is there enough, source reliable or subjective, relevant) is the information uptodate (current) is the emotional appeal taking over the reasonable appeal? is the emotion honest? is it warranted? is it trying to cover up a weak argument? short informative / demonstration speeches (47 min long) *tells us about a topic *informs, explains *demonstration speeches verbal or teaching someone how to do something explain how something operates demonstrating how to do something \n september 24th take pictures of each step if demonstrating visual aids are required oral citations (author and where information was found) speak from notes if you read speech, it drops a letter grade. make sure you can see what you’re looking at pictures when using visual aids, make sure visuals illustrate the main points you are making or be used to explain something that audience might not get selecting a topic (how to keep a professional baseball field well kept) know yourself what are you interested in? enthusiasm do you want to show or tell? what are you comfortable with? something i know about something you would like to know more about pick something the audience would be interested in *general purpose 1. to perform \n 2. to entertain 3. to inform (this class) *specific purpose guideline when developing outline says what you want the audience to get from the speech does my purpose meet the assignment? can i accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? is the purpose relevant to my audience? is the purpose too trivial for my audience? is the purpose too technical for my audience? format: after hearing my speech, the audience will understand, and know 3 actions each of them can take to slow global warming complete sentence statement, never a question use concrete, specific language one distinct idea not vague or too general *central idea (only thing that is actually said in the speech) thesis statement for your speech one sentence summary of the main idea of your speech same format as specific purpose guidelines: main points of the speech \n where you get your information use experience and personal knowledge traditional sources (books, magazines, newspapers = reliable sources) be aware of what kind of source you are using (bias) *evaluating internet sources how do we know whether they are acceptable or not? 1. what’s the purpose (to provide information / promote a position / selling a product) 2. what kind of site is it? (.com / .org / .edu) 3. who’s the author (credentials) september 26th interviewing define your purpose decide who you want to interview decide if you want to use a tape recorder (illegal to tape someone without permission) positive: not as much pressure on you while taking notes, exact quotes negative: hard to find the specific information, may inhibit interview in the beginning prepare questions ahead of time main questions (followup questions come later) be on time and respectful \n dress appropriately your job to keep the interview on track (don’t stay too long) review your notes as soon as you can after the interview rewrite them or elaborate on them start research early when taking notes, make sure your recording the sources make sure it’s a quote or paraphrase supporting your ideas suggested number of points in a speech: 2 key points (minimum), 5 (maximum) if you state your central idea and main points (2 minutes) supporting ideas used to explain key points, make them understandable / meaningful / memorable using examples (3 types) to personalize and reinforce vivid and richly textured practice delivery with examples descriptions and explanations avoid too much definitions (only when needed, understandable, don’t use too many) 1. brief: selfexplanatory 2. extended: long, descriptive, that develops throughout the whole speech \n 3. hypothetical (not true but gets the point across) *comparisons and analogies comparisons: comparing something to another thing (comparing to something the audience can relate too) analogy: comparing something the audience is familiar with, with something the audience is not familiar with *statistics surrounded by statistics make sure the statistics used are clear, the audience can easily understand, and are not misleading represents the group (representative) mean, median, mode reliable source primary: original collector of information secondary: wrote a report about the primary source can be very impressive (strong impression on audience) look for unbiased, accurately sourced stats don’t use too many if number is large or more than two, audience must see and hear it. can round off stats 1. compacting a statistic: get a big number and reduce it 2. explode a statistic: makes statistic bigger, which makes it more impressive \n *select interesting supporting material 1. magnitude (bigger is better) 2. proximity (relates to your audience / close to home) 3. concreteness (make sure examples are concrete, visual) 4. variety (don’t use all of the same kinds) 5. humor 6. suitability (won’t offend audience members) october 1st informative / demonstrative speech (october 15 ) th testimony: quoting or paraphrasing someone expert: quoting or paraphrasing an expert in the field (broad) peer: not an expert, but just experienced it (specific) *quoting vs. paraphrasing you quote someone when it is exactly what you are looking for and you can build of it paraphrase: condense what is being said (better understanding) chapter 8: citing sources orally all speeches need to have orally cited citations reporters name, what they do, where you got it from, date, when talked to person most of my background information came from … (only one source) model citations after one’s in book (pg. 161) chapter 9: organizing a speech \n organizing in a way to help your audience organizing main points in your speech general purpose, specific purpose, central idea (25 main points) *tips: keep key points separate try to keep same wording for each main point (shows organizational pattern) balance between main points when organizing material: primacy and recency ways to organize information chronologically: first to last (story / history / directions / instructions / least important most important) spatial: talking about things in order they occur in space (things nearby) (maps / battlefields) cause and effect: make connection between cause and effect very clear (have to be directly related) problem solution: what you’re trying to solve what you select to be your solution (have to be directly related) (if temporary explain why) topically: no particular order main points need to be in (order that flows naturally for you) primacy theory: the first thing you hear, makes the biggest impression. most important = first in speech recency theory: the last thing you hear is the most likely thing to remember. most important = last in speech specificity: general specific or specific general \n complexity: simple complex evidence: soft hard soft = opinions / inferences / emotions hard = facts / statistics *connectives any word or phrase that connect the ideas in the speech, so you can see the connection with them *transition a kind of connective, a word or phrase that says the speaker is finished with one thought and moving on to the next (sentences or phrases) next / finally / in addition *internal previews / summaries internal preview: inside the speech, telling your audience what you are going to talk about internal summary: used when topic is complex, so you review what you have gone over *signposts brief, help focus your attention, lets audience know where you are (first / second / third / “not in text” / nonverbal voice, gesture, pause, walking around for different points) october 3rd chapter 10 – beginning and concluding a speech *beginning \n 1. get the audience’s attention (ask a question / begin with a quote / use humor / short story or anecdote / dramatic statement) 2. establish your credibility (wait until everyone is silence / eye contact / sound and look confident) stand tall / look at your audience / big, strong voice / be prepared / dress appropriately (ravens polo) / set the tone / develop a rapport with your audience 3. introduce the topic 4. state the central idea (previewing what you’re saying in your speech) 5. transition sentence into body of speech keep intro brief be creative don’t try to word intro exactly until you are finished the body of your speech can write out introduction word for word (strong voice, read slowly, eye contact) wait until audience is calm *conclusion (really important) the long speech (ask audience if they have any questions at end of the body) (more than 10 min) 1. prepare the audience for the conclusion (must use signpost or transition) 2. restate your central idea in a strong way 3. summarize main points 4. above all, make it strong and memorable (must plan it) \n not too abrupt make sure not to ramble (go on to long) refer to introduction keep audience’s interests in mind visual aids (speech aids) things / objects / you can show it / photographs / powerpoint / sounds / positive smells / touch? / dvds when preparing a powerpoint slide keep it simple do not put too much information you should not be looking at slides limit number of fonts to 3 (same as heading) clear and simple fonts no transition slides display key points then you fill in the blank october 17th long informative speech 6 – 10 minutes at least 3 sources (cite orally in speech) turn in formal outline on day of speech with attached bibliography (works cited) must have: visual aids (pp, music, etc.) \n 200 point speech 50 point outline must be researched speak from notes apa or mla format 10/24/13 test (chapters 1 – 10, 14) definitions short answer multiple choice chapter 11 – outlines *speaking outline be more organized using key words in notes to jog memory put transitions in notes underlining to stress some words *preparation outline organize outline as you find it *formal outline (what ventre wants me to turn into her): (pg. 208) title (put name somewhere) general purpose: to inform specific purpose: what you want the audience to get, know what to do when the presentation is over \n central idea: main topic including points in speech introduction i. full sentences ii. full sentences (or write out the introduction in paragraph form) body i. full sentences a. phrases b. phrases ii. full sentences a. phrases b. phrases 1. single words 2. single words c. phrases conclusion chapter 12 – using language well *denotative or connotative meaning denotative: precise, literal, objective connotative: variable, figurative, subjective (9/11) *using language accurately always go for simple language \n use words familiar to you and your audience use concrete / specific words eliminate clutter don’t use overused words (clichés) *rhythm parallel structure november 12th persuasive speech (december 3 ) (6 – 10 min) persuasion: the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions *principles of persuasion 1. persuasion is more likely if goals are limited rather than global 2. persuasion is more important permanent if achieved incrementally 3. persuasion is more likely if the audience lacks information on the topic 4. persuasion is related to how important the audience considers the topic 5. persuasion is more likely if the audience is selfmotivated in the direction of the message 6. persuasion is more likely if the speaker’s message is consistent with listeners’ values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors 7. persuasion is more likely if arguments are placed appropriately 8. persuasion is more likely if the source is credible \n 9. persuasion is more likely if the speaker establishes common ground with the audience target audience – those who you think can be persuaded questions of: 1. fact – a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion 2. value – a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action 3. policy – a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken *organizing persuasive speeches 1. refutational strategy: state a claim and show that it is not true 2. problemsolution division: describe a problem and its solution 3. needplan division 4. motivated sequence a. attention step b. need step c. satisfaction step the solution (which will satisfy the need and make the audience feel satisfied) d. visualization step – vivid; the audience can actually see or imagine the effect of the persuasive claim e. action step – the desired audience behavior or change in thought 5. instructor’s 4 step sequence a. attract and hold attention b. motivate (emotional appeal) \n c. instill belief (factual and logical appeal) d. move to action (or change of thought)",
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a4e937e1d838f20030d6a0c3a9a91039 | problem 2dq two metal spheres are hanging from nylon threads. when you bring the spheres close to each other, they tend to attract. based on this information alone, discuss all the possible ways that the spheres could be charged. is it possible that after the spheres touch, they will cling together? explain. | two metal spheres are hanging from nylon threads. when you | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " russian 100 notes: week of 4/4/16 ● after the fall of communism... foreign ice cream vanilla is/was the most popular flavor hot dogs with buns (they had never eaten them with buns prior) new movie theatres with nice seats and food (popcorn for example) health clubs (gyms/fitness) aerobics was the fitness craze with women. women especially, wanted to lose weight. along with the aerobics, women of all ages went on all kinds of diets. sweat pants, sweatshirts, jogging shoes, etc… country club (just one in moscow) jewelry a russian man, giving his fiance a wedding ring was not the norm. women wear their wedding bands, men typically do not. wedding bands are worn on the right hand, not the left. amber was the thing to buy in terms of jewelry. in the 90’s, costume jewelry came in from china and became very popular. cosmetics what does a russian woman want to own more than anything? western brand cosmetics*** fashion women are incredibly invested in fashion. they dress in a very sexy way, especially the younger women. \n the men don’t like to dress up much, except maybe on their wedding day. a good businessman would buy italian clothes (italian leather shoes, belts, briefcases, suits, etc..) perfume (especially french) sunglasses reading glasses everyone could get them but they all had the same frames. pets pets were not a big part of russian life, there wasn’t usually room in the small apartments for any animal aside from a cat. cats were often used for pest control. in the new russia, big dogs were the fad. if your neighbor had a dog, you got abigger dog. artificial flowers and silk foreign cars stolen from germany (mercedes and bmw) stuffed animals/barbie dolls especially with young women movies mostly american movies (you could hardly find a russian movie) they were all dubbed these movies were very expensive (upwards of $20, $30, $40) nothing is edited on tv or in movies music videos/mtv american music was everywhere eventually, by the late 90’s, yeltsin had 50/50 russian/us music on the radio omens \n they believe in magnetic forces the are very superstitious they believe in palm reading, zodiacs, fortune tellers, etc… soap operas favorite tv shows*** american cop shows action films cartoons (among all age groups)*** books/literature**** they wanted to read everything in translation no one was writing anything of their own translations were usually very poor detective stories and mysteries were the most popular*** magazines (most popular: cosmopolitan*) anything western pornography/erotica there was nothing like this, prior billboards, tv advertisements, sex was everywhere strippers were everywhere (hotels, bars, etc…) american style bars and restaurants laundry detergent deodorant they had never had access to it prior foreign toothpaste russian toothpaste was horrible teeth quality was very poor real shampoo/hygiene products including hair dye for the women malls \n was very expensive cell phones russians wore their cellphones around their necks roller blading/tattooing/piercings/dog fighting drive in movie theatres built one in moscow, hardly anyone came, so that was the end of it motor cycle clubs most famous one was called night wolves bowling alleys night clubs/dance clubs casinos these were all closed and made ‘underground’ mafia came in poker became a sport gambling became an addiction only four areas of the country allows gambling but they are too far away for most to go to ● russians finally begin writing their own literature again, making their own movies, removing english words/phrases from their language (under putin) listening to russian music, etc… ● if they can afford it, politics aside, young people still prefer to buy something made in the united states*** for them, that is quality and it gives them some kind of status among their friends. ● favorite sports… hockey socker ● violence in sports (especially hockey) led many athletes to travel abroad to out of fear of being murdered ● there was so little crime under communism, that it was almost unheard of \n ● high crime rate started after the fall of communism ● russian heroin addicts have a 4 year life expectancy after they become hooked ● prostitutes in russia have an even shorter life expectancy ● in 1998, it was put into effect, that police could stop and search people on the street, looking for drugs usually. ● afghanistan produces the majority of the world’s heroin ● among the young, in russia, there is no stigma around doing drugs ● roughly 100,000 die in russia, annually due to drugs ● currently, russia is the #1 consumer of heroin, in the world ● exotic animals have become a new fad in russia, people owning eagles and hawks for example. mafia members might keep alligators, siberian tigers (becoming extinct), squirrels, etc… ● as a last resort for heroin addicts, there was a brain institute where neurosurgeons would perform a three hour surgery to attempt to neutralize the part of the brain that controls addiction. this institute reported that 70% of patients were successfully cured without any effects to their personality. by 2001, the government banned these surgeries. ● krokodil russian for crocodile, is one of the most dangerous drugs in the world. a synthetic heroin, extremely addictive and dangerous. a morphine derivative cheap homemade extremely lethal primary ingredient is codine much higher dosage for the same high causes your skin to scale up, turn black, and fall off, to the bone, hence the name crocodile (many/most developed gangrene) users typically die within a year of use, the most is 23 years \n ● russian government issued a statement last year that they will never legalize marijuana, they see it as a gateway to heroin. ● after the fall of communism, the russian youth turn to either drugs or religion*** they feel a spiritual emptiness. ● religion… freedom of religion by the late 80’s (strong revival in many religions: islam, christianity, orthodox, etc). many christians would wear crosses around their necks, they needed a cross to be baptised. the russian orthodox cross is slightly different from the traditional cross, with bars above and below the traditional cross. young people decorate their homes with religious icons, russians especially include a lot of color ● ***there are more russians who profess to being religious than those who do not. ● 75% of americans (december 2015) say they are christians, this number continues to drop. ● ***one of the major trends among young people during the gorbachev era, was an interest in prerevolutionary russia russia of the czars, before communism especially the last czar, and his family as part of that interest, was the restoration of churches ● all churches were restored, the people involved in these restorations were the young ● ***with the revival of religion, all of these religious groups from all over the world, went to russia, trying to convert the russians to a religion. ● ***new law in religion cracked down, there are now only 4 officially recognized religions today... \n russian orthodox judaism islam buddhism ● ***young people to this day (started after the fall of communism and intensified during the 90s) when asked, who do you trust the most? the number one answer is the orthodox church (doesn’t necessarily mean that they attend church). ",
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0a98821fa4db33a15eb43fbc329a6f72 | as shown in fig. p3.20, a closed, rigid cylinder contains different volumes of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor at a temperature of 1508c. determine the quality of the mixture, expressed as a percent. | as shown in fig. p3.20, a closed, rigid cylinder contains | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " introduction: astronomy & astrophysics astron = star nomos= law physic= nature astronomy: observable properties of objects in the sky ex: brightness, motion astrophysics: intrinsic properties of objects ex: mass our understanding is based in the laws of physics electro magnetic, gravity, & quantum mechanics key facts about info in astronomy: scientific method, hypothesis, no proof answer is correct there is just supporting evidence no definitive answers universe is every changing wonderful and violent celestial objects evolve stars are born and die, universe expands astronomy in a time machine everything we observe we observe in the past, more distant= more distant in past. ex: takes 8 minutes for sunlight to reach our skin an indirect science assumptions: we must assume laws of physics are valid everywhere (space and time) it’s a branch of physics modern astronomers try to determine physical nature of celestial objects and relationship among the various objects philosophical replacement of geocentric cosmology with heliocentric one different between modern philosophy, religion, culture and music publicity modern technology arises from understanding laws of nature (basic science) * less rapid development if all scientist were involved in applied science astronomy in everyday life: iphone has nice camera, chip measures light and lots and lots of pixels which is how the camera takes a photo, if it weren’t for astronomers there wouldn’t be the ccd cameras that are in your phone. direct application of astronomy into lifestyle astronomy is observational rather than experimental, all direct information about conditions of celestial objects must come from an understanding of the nature of atoms and the constituents. \n everything is based on the scientific method theory must be consistent with observations, theory then enables us to make predictions which can be test and then tweak hypothesis. (observe, theorize, and test) cycle definition: 1. create hypothesis 2. prediction 3. observation info gathering 4. hypothesis testing –intent is to disprove hypothesis usually cycle is like this *but we can very much be influenced by the confirmation bias 1. initial observation (need to explain something, ask “what is that?”) 2. create hypothesis 3. prediction 4. observation 5. hypothesis testing scientific notation 10 followed by an exponent or superscript = # of zeros why scientific notation? scales! numbers are vast, humans make scales such as inches, meters. numbers in astronomy quickly become unimaginably large astronomical unit (au) average distance between the earth and the sun. which equals 1.5x10^8 (93 million miles) “light year” distance (measure of distance) light travels in 1 year 186,000 miles per second. so in 1 year light travels 63,000 au parsec (parallax second) the distance at which 1 au makes an angle of 1/3600 degree. 1 pc= 3.09 x 10^13 km proxima centauri 1 kpc = kilo pc distance from the sun to center of milky way 1 mpc = mega pc distance to the nearly cluster of galaxies size scale earth – 10^3 km solar system 10^810 stars – 10^1315 galaxy 10^18km time: \n remember that light travels at a fast but finite speed it takes time for light to travel between objects (light year = distance light travels in 1 year) astronomical time machine: moon – 1.5 seconds sun – 8.5 minutes pluto – 45 hours center of galaxy 25,000 years ago scales: it would take you 80 years to count to 1 billion years if you started when you were born. the universe is 400 million billion seconds old. size/distance examples: object radius sun 7 x 10^10 cm earth 6 x 10^8 cm moon 2 x 10^8 cm if the sun is 1 meter in diameter earth would be 1 centimeter (marble) moon would be .3 centimeter (bb) jupiter would be 4 inches at this scale 1 au would = 214 meters proxima centauri would = 35,700 miles early views: \n early centuries had advanced ides and the greeks wanted to understand nature. aristarchus (300 bc) proposed the sun was the center model because he knew the sun was distant. also contributes the moon diameter compared to the earth and the distance of the moon to the sun. all was based on observation rd eratosthenes (3 century bc) measured diameter of the earth by used its shadow and discovered that the earth was round. hipparchus: observed stars and compared catalogs greeks were stuck in thinking everything was perfect in nature ptolemy (130 ad) makes star chars and brightness systems but still believed the earth was the center of the universe. greeks observed motions of planets with respect to background stars. epicycles: made models of planets with the earth being center nicholas copernicus: still stuck in the idea that nature was perfect and unchanging. discovered that as planets were closer to the sun their orbit was faster and their years were shorter ( but still stuck in the idea of perfect circular orbit) heliocentric isn’t more accurate that geocentric models but just simpler. occam’s razor: helps to choose between two ideas, states that you should follow the simpler idea. supernova 1572: caused questioning that the heavens weren’t unchanging (greeks idea) those trying to figure out what it was couldn’t detect a parallax which indicated that it was far away. 1600: kepler abandons the idea of perfect circular orbit motion or elliptical orbit kepler’s 3 laws: 1. orbit is ellipse – sun is the center 2. law of equal areas \n 3. closer to the sun = more rapid a planets orbit and shorter year. galileo (1610) st 1 person to point telescope at night sky. discovered phases of venus – using a heliocentric system found 4 large moons of jupiter which follow kepler’s laws sunspots imperfections all support heliocentric and changing universe but his physics was a problem isaac newton 1660s: law of inertia force acting on planets velocity acceleration force = mass x acceleration momentum gravity universe las proof of heliocentric model: aberration of light parallax rotation of the earth nature of light: white light = all colors prisms separate light speed of light = finite but fast waving electric and magnetic fields color = different wave lengths light is sometime a wave or particle shorter wave = higher energy visible light is only a small component of em radiation roy g. biv – red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet waves: large waves short waves radio infrared visible – ultra violet x rays – y rays not all are transmitting by atmosphere",
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3ec30fbc9d31952ce1fd9cd4311ad091 | the heat flux that is applied to the left face of a plane wall is . the wall is of thickness l 10 mm and of thermal conductivity k 12 w/m k. if the surface temperatures of the wall are measured to be 50 c on the left side and 30 c on the right side, do steady-state conditions exist? | the heat flux that is applied to the left face of a plane | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
{
"text": " russian 100 notes: week of 4/4/16 ● after the fall of communism... foreign ice cream vanilla is/was the most popular flavor hot dogs with buns (they had never eaten them with buns prior) new movie theatres with nice seats and food (popcorn for example) health clubs (gyms/fitness) aerobics was the fitness craze with women. women especially, wanted to lose weight. along with the aerobics, women of all ages went on all kinds of diets. sweat pants, sweatshirts, jogging shoes, etc… country club (just one in moscow) jewelry a russian man, giving his fiance a wedding ring was not the norm. women wear their wedding bands, men typically do not. wedding bands are worn on the right hand, not the left. amber was the thing to buy in terms of jewelry. in the 90’s, costume jewelry came in from china and became very popular. cosmetics what does a russian woman want to own more than anything? western brand cosmetics*** fashion women are incredibly invested in fashion. they dress in a very sexy way, especially the younger women. \n the men don’t like to dress up much, except maybe on their wedding day. a good businessman would buy italian clothes (italian leather shoes, belts, briefcases, suits, etc..) perfume (especially french) sunglasses reading glasses everyone could get them but they all had the same frames. pets pets were not a big part of russian life, there wasn’t usually room in the small apartments for any animal aside from a cat. cats were often used for pest control. in the new russia, big dogs were the fad. if your neighbor had a dog, you got abigger dog. artificial flowers and silk foreign cars stolen from germany (mercedes and bmw) stuffed animals/barbie dolls especially with young women movies mostly american movies (you could hardly find a russian movie) they were all dubbed these movies were very expensive (upwards of $20, $30, $40) nothing is edited on tv or in movies music videos/mtv american music was everywhere eventually, by the late 90’s, yeltsin had 50/50 russian/us music on the radio omens \n they believe in magnetic forces the are very superstitious they believe in palm reading, zodiacs, fortune tellers, etc… soap operas favorite tv shows*** american cop shows action films cartoons (among all age groups)*** books/literature**** they wanted to read everything in translation no one was writing anything of their own translations were usually very poor detective stories and mysteries were the most popular*** magazines (most popular: cosmopolitan*) anything western pornography/erotica there was nothing like this, prior billboards, tv advertisements, sex was everywhere strippers were everywhere (hotels, bars, etc…) american style bars and restaurants laundry detergent deodorant they had never had access to it prior foreign toothpaste russian toothpaste was horrible teeth quality was very poor real shampoo/hygiene products including hair dye for the women malls \n was very expensive cell phones russians wore their cellphones around their necks roller blading/tattooing/piercings/dog fighting drive in movie theatres built one in moscow, hardly anyone came, so that was the end of it motor cycle clubs most famous one was called night wolves bowling alleys night clubs/dance clubs casinos these were all closed and made ‘underground’ mafia came in poker became a sport gambling became an addiction only four areas of the country allows gambling but they are too far away for most to go to ● russians finally begin writing their own literature again, making their own movies, removing english words/phrases from their language (under putin) listening to russian music, etc… ● if they can afford it, politics aside, young people still prefer to buy something made in the united states*** for them, that is quality and it gives them some kind of status among their friends. ● favorite sports… hockey socker ● violence in sports (especially hockey) led many athletes to travel abroad to out of fear of being murdered ● there was so little crime under communism, that it was almost unheard of \n ● high crime rate started after the fall of communism ● russian heroin addicts have a 4 year life expectancy after they become hooked ● prostitutes in russia have an even shorter life expectancy ● in 1998, it was put into effect, that police could stop and search people on the street, looking for drugs usually. ● afghanistan produces the majority of the world’s heroin ● among the young, in russia, there is no stigma around doing drugs ● roughly 100,000 die in russia, annually due to drugs ● currently, russia is the #1 consumer of heroin, in the world ● exotic animals have become a new fad in russia, people owning eagles and hawks for example. mafia members might keep alligators, siberian tigers (becoming extinct), squirrels, etc… ● as a last resort for heroin addicts, there was a brain institute where neurosurgeons would perform a three hour surgery to attempt to neutralize the part of the brain that controls addiction. this institute reported that 70% of patients were successfully cured without any effects to their personality. by 2001, the government banned these surgeries. ● krokodil russian for crocodile, is one of the most dangerous drugs in the world. a synthetic heroin, extremely addictive and dangerous. a morphine derivative cheap homemade extremely lethal primary ingredient is codine much higher dosage for the same high causes your skin to scale up, turn black, and fall off, to the bone, hence the name crocodile (many/most developed gangrene) users typically die within a year of use, the most is 23 years \n ● russian government issued a statement last year that they will never legalize marijuana, they see it as a gateway to heroin. ● after the fall of communism, the russian youth turn to either drugs or religion*** they feel a spiritual emptiness. ● religion… freedom of religion by the late 80’s (strong revival in many religions: islam, christianity, orthodox, etc). many christians would wear crosses around their necks, they needed a cross to be baptised. the russian orthodox cross is slightly different from the traditional cross, with bars above and below the traditional cross. young people decorate their homes with religious icons, russians especially include a lot of color ● ***there are more russians who profess to being religious than those who do not. ● 75% of americans (december 2015) say they are christians, this number continues to drop. ● ***one of the major trends among young people during the gorbachev era, was an interest in prerevolutionary russia russia of the czars, before communism especially the last czar, and his family as part of that interest, was the restoration of churches ● all churches were restored, the people involved in these restorations were the young ● ***with the revival of religion, all of these religious groups from all over the world, went to russia, trying to convert the russians to a religion. ● ***new law in religion cracked down, there are now only 4 officially recognized religions today... \n russian orthodox judaism islam buddhism ● ***young people to this day (started after the fall of communism and intensified during the 90s) when asked, who do you trust the most? the number one answer is the orthodox church (doesn’t necessarily mean that they attend church). ",
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946b910b346e068a92c7074774ff34db | if the 300-kg drum has a center of mass at point g, determine the horizontal and vertical components of force acting at pin a and the reactions on the smooth pads c and d. the grip at b on member dab resists both horizontal and vertical components of force at the rim of the drum. p 390 mm 100 mm 60 mm 60 mm 600 mm 30 b a c d g e prob. 699 | solved: if the 300-kg drum has a center of mass at point | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
{
"text": " youngstown state university department of health professions college of health and human services course: medical insurance forms course code: 22939 catalog: matec 2600 spring 2016 instructor: ms. stephanie patterson, bsas,cma (aama) office: cushwa hall room #1074 office hours: after class and by appointment at a mutually agreed date and time department phone: (330) 9411760 class site: cushwa hall room#2230 class day/time: tuesday 11am to 12:50pm email: [email protected] chapter 2: introduction to health insurance health insurance contract that protects insured from loss contract between policyholder and thirdparty payer or government program provides reimbursement for medically necessary treatment or preventive care types of insurance automobile disability health liability medical care vs. health care medical care indetification of disease provision of care and treatment to sick and injured health care includes medical care and preventive services preventative services help individuals avoid health and injury problems results in early detection of health problems \n health insurance terminology policyholder person who signs contract with insurance company policyholder is the insured (or enrollee) policy might include coverage for dependents thirdparty payer health care insurance company that processes reimbursement examples include commercial insurance, bluecross, blueshield, medicare, medicaid, tricare and workers’ compensation health insurance coverage statistics 64% covered by private health insurance 55% covered by employmentbased plans 32% covered by government plans 16.5% covered by medicaid health care documentation patient record (or medical record) ―documents health care services provided to a patient continuity of care―documenting patient care services so that others who treat the patient have a source of information to assist with additional care and treatment secondary purposes of record evaluating quality of patient care providing data for use in clinical research, epidemiology studies, education, public policy making, facilities planning, and health care statistics providing information to thirdparty payers for reimbursement serving medicolegal interests of patient, facility, and providers of care teaching physicians involve residents in patient care present during critical or key portions of procedures performed on patient available to furnish services during the entire service provided to patient medical necessity documentation requirements procedures are proper and needed for diagnosis/treatment of medical condition procedures are provided for diagnosis, direct care, and treatment of medical condition procedures are consistent with standards of good medical practice in local area procedures are not mainly for convenience of physician, patient, or health care facility \n problemoriented record systematic method of documentation consists of four components database problem list initial plan progress notes problemoriented database chief complaint present conditions and diagnoses social data past, personal, medical, and social history review of systems physical examination baseline laboratory data problemoriented problem list serves as table of contents for problemoriented record (por) filed at beginning of record contains numbered list of patient problems helps index documentation throughout record problemoriented initial plan strategy for managing patient care actions taken to investigate condition and to treat/educate patient consists of three categories: diagnostic/management plans therapeutic plans patient education plans por progress notes documented for each problem documented soap format is used: subjective objective assessment plan \n electronic health record (ehr) global concept collection of patient information documented by a number of providers at different facilities about one patient facilitates record linkage allows patient information to be created at different locations unique patient identifier or identification number is assigned to patient electronic medical record (emr) narrow focus record created for a single medical practice allows providers to prescribe medications and order/view results of ancillary tests alerts provider about drug interactions, etc. allows access to evidencebased decision support tools total practice management software (tpms) automates medical practice functions: registering patients scheduling appointments generating insurance claims and patient statements processing payments from patient and thirdparty payers producing administrative and clinical reports meaningful ehr user physicians who demonstrate that certified ehr technology is used for electronic prescribing, exchange of health information, and submission of information on clinical quality measures hospitals that demonstrate that certified ehr technology provides for electronic exchange of health information to improve quality of health care and submit information on clinical quality measures meaningful use measures engage patients/families in their health ensure adequate privacy and security of protected health information improve care corrdination improve population and public health improve quality, safety, efficiency reduce health diparities stages of meaningful use objectives and measures stage 1 (2012) data capture and sharing stage 2 (2014) advanced clinical processes \n stage 3 (2016) improved outcomes \n chapter 3: managed health care managed health care also called managed care provides reasonably priced health care for consumers and providers who agree to certain conditions is currently being challenged by growing consumerdirected health plans, “a sort of 401(k) plan for health care” managed care provides health care services that are: affordable comprehensive prepaid enrollees are subscribers or policyholders and usually: employees and dependents who join a managed care plan beneficiaries in private insurance plans managed care organizations responsible for the health of a group of enrollees and can be a: health plan health system hospital physician group capitation payment system financing method for managed care preestablished payments for health care services provided to enrollees if services cost less than capitation amount, profit results if services cost more than capitation amount, provider loses money primary care provider (pcp) supervises and organizes health care services approves referrals to specialists approves inpatient hospital stays serves as a gatekeeper to control costs of health care services \n quality assurance (qa) activities that assess the quality of care in a health care setting types of qa programs government oversight patient satisfaction surveys data from grievance procedures reviews by independent organizations ncqa the joint commission quality assurance qismc ensures accountability of managed care plans requires evaluation of objective, measurable standards pqri provides financial incentive for eligible professionals who participate in a voluntary quality reporting program (e.g., hedis) hedis voluntary quality reporting program sponsored by ncqa, which develops data report cards utilization management (um) also called utilization review (ur) method of controlling health care costs and quality of care via: prospective review (review of appropriateness and necessity of care provided to patients prior to the administration of care) retrospective review (review after care has been provided to patients) utilization management activities preadmission certification (pac) medical necessity of inpatient care prior to admission preauthorization prior approval for reimbursement of health care service concurrent review medical necessity of tests and procedures ordered during hospitalization discharge planning arranging appropriate services for discharged patients utilization review organization (uro) contracting agency that establishes um program performs external utilization review services \n note: selfinsurance companies also contract with a thirdparty administrator (tpa), which provides health benefits claims administration and other outsourced services \n case management development of patient care plans: coordinate care provision of care manage complicated cases ensure most costeffective services case manager authorizes treatment written confirmation submitted to provider and managed care plan second surgical opinions (sso) second physician asked to: evaluate necessity for surgery recommend most economical, appropriate facility outpatient clinic doctor’s office versus inpatient hospitalization when sso is required by payer: report modifier 32 on cms1500 claim report e/m service code as new patient visit (not a consultation) gag clause prevents providers from discussing all treatment options with patient, even when managed plan will pay for treatment is now prohibited from being included in managed care contracts ensures that all medical advice is shard with patient, whether treatment is covered or not physician incentives direct or indirect payments to providers encourage providers to reduce or limit services to save money physician incentive plan: federal law that requires managed care plans to disclose all physician incentive plans before a medicare or medicaid contract will be renewed managed care models exclusive provider organization (epo) integrated delivery system (ids) health maintenance organization (hmo) pointofservice plan (pos) preferred provider organization (ppo) triple option plan exclusive provider organization (epo) subscribers are required to receive services from network providers \n network provider―physician or health care facility under contract to managed care plan most restrictive type of managed care model integrated delivery system (ids) organization of affiliated providers’ sites that offer joint health care services to subscribers ids models include: physicianhospital organization (pho) management service organization (mso) group practice without walls (gpww) integrated provider organization (ipo) medical foundation (nonprofit) health maintenance organization (hmo) comprehensive health care services for members on prepaid basis preventive care services and more provided to promote “wellness” often require copayments there are 5 hmo models hmo models group model (closed panel) staff model ( closed panel) direct contract model ( open panel) individual practice association( open panel) network model( open panel) pointofservice plan (pos) offers freedom to use managed care panel of providers or to selfrefer to outofnetwork providers innetwork services incur standard outofpocket costs (e.g., copayment) outofnetwork services require payment of deductible and/or coinsurance preferred provider organization (ppo) also called participating provider organization physician/hospital network contracts with payers/employers to provide health care to members at discounted rate use of nonppo providers results in higher outofpocket costs \n triple option plan offered by single insurance plan or as joint venture among multiple insurance payers provides subscribers with choice of hmo, ppo, or traditional health insurance plans also called cafeteria plan or flexible benefit plan different benefit plans and extra coverage options provided through the insurer or tpa intended to prevent problem of covering members who are sicker than the general population (called adverse selection) risk pool is created when a number of people are grouped for insurance purposes (e.g., employees of an organization) cost of health care coverage is determined by employees’ health status, age, sex, and occupation consumerdirected health plans (cdhps) individuals are provided with: incentives to control costs of health benefits and care greater freedom in spending health care dollars (up to designated amount) full coverage for innetwork preventive care assume higher costsharing expenses after designated amount is spent cdhp tiers taxexempt account used to pay for health care expenses provides more flexibility regarding access to providers outofpocket payments for health care expenses made after taxexempt account is expended and before deductible for highdeductible insurance is met actually represents gap in coverage highdeductible insurance policy reimburses allowable health care expenses after high deductible has been paid types of cdhps customized subcapitation plan (cscp) flexible spending account (fsa) health savings account (hsa) or health savings security account (hssa) health care reimbursement account (hcra) health reimbursement arrangement (hra) customized subcapitation plan (cscp) health care expenses funded by customized insurance coverage individual selects one of each type of provider to create customized network \n each provider receives monthly subcapitation payment to provide health care to an individual \n flexible spending account (fsa) taxexempt account offered by employers employee contributes funds to fsa through salary (payroll) reduction agreement employees withdraw funds from fsa to pay medical bills employees forfeit unspent funds at end of year health savings account (hsa) also called health savings security account (hssa) participants enroll in highdeductible insurance plan taxdeductible savings account cover current and future medical expenses unused balances “roll over” from year to year health care reimbursementaccount (hcra) taxexempt account used to pay for health care expenses individual decides, in advance, how much money to deposit in the hcra unused funds are forfeited at end of year health reimbursementarrangement (hra) taxexempt account offered by employers with more than 50 employees employees enroll in highdeductible insurance individuals use hra to pay health care bills individuals allowed to accumulate unspent money for future years accreditation of managed care organizations voluntary process (versus regulatory process) survey demonstrates that standards beyond those required by law have been met national committee for quality assurance (ncqa) accredits managed care organizations impact of managed care on a physician’s practice separate bookkeeping systems for each capitated plan tracking system for preauthorizations preauthorization for hospitalizations list of referrals to participating providers administrative procedures for each managed care plan contract list of copayments and fees for each managed care plan contract help patients understand preauthorization and outofnetwork requirements paperwork for specialists to complete filing of treatment and discharge plans managed care organization case managers monitoring of services provided to enrollees preauthorization documentation must be included with some claims submissions \n ",
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3cb0d08c887dd79bf70b9b4693c27f3e | for the circuit of fig. 12.13, what is the total current required from the power supplies when the op amp is operated in the linear mode, but with no load? hence, estimate the quiescent power dissipation in the circuit. (hint: use the data given in table 12.1.) | for the circuit of fig. 12.13, what is the total current | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " unit 2 study guide spring 2016 micr 3050 objectives: chapter 3.1 – 3.5 1. compare and contrast the structure, composition, and functions of the cell walls of grampositive and gramnegative bacteria. be able to label them. composition: gram positive: plasma membrane surrounded by a thick peptidoglycan wall; 90% of wall is peptidoglycan large amounts of teichoic acids o negatively charged – stops some negatively charged particles o maintains structure of cell envelope o protects the cell from harmful substances o may bind to host cells (pathogenic bacteria) lipoteichoic acids o attached to membrane lipids some gram positive bacteria have a layer of proteins on surface of peptidoglycan gram negative: plasma membrane surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan wall, a large periplasmic space, and an outer membrane thin larger of peptidoglycan (10% of cell wall) outer membrane composed of lipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide (lps) o outer membrane is more permeable than the plasma membrane due to presence of porin proteins and transporter proteins porins form channels through which small, hydrophilic molecules (like sugars) can pass lps o three parts lipid a: fatty acid; only part stuck in the membrane core polysaccharide : in the middle, always the same o side chain/antigen: at the end, unique for each lps, causes an immune response in the body, can mutate o contributes to negative charge on cell surface (core polysacchar.) o helps stabilize outer membrane structure (lipid a) o may contribute to attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation o creates a permeability barrier o may mutate to protect from host defenses (o antigen) o can act as an endotoxin (lipid a) no teichoic acids periplasmic space makes up 2040% of cell volume o gellike o contains enzymes, particularly hydrolytic enzymes which transport materials o very active; proteins used for nutrient acquisition braun’s lipoproteins connect outer membrane to peptidoglycan o anchor phospholipid later in outer layer to peptidoglycan cell membrane is mainly phospholipids and integral proteins \n structure: both positive and negative have peptidoglycan, a meshlike polymer composed of back bone with two alternating sugars (nag and nam) and alternating d and l amino acids peptidoglycan sugars are held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds nam has 4 amino acids coming off of it peptidoglycan chains are crosslinked by peptides (direct and indirect linkages) amino acid always comes off of nam 2. describe the effects of lysozyme and penicillin on a bacterial cell wall. lysozyme: break down beta 1,4 glycosidic bond between nag and nam pencilin – keeps amino acids from forming linkage between each other **gram negative less susceptible to lysozyme and pencilin because outer membrane blocks the peptidoglycan layer 3. explain how bacteria may survive without a cell wall. mycoplasma has no cell wall, but have more structural stability in their plasma membrane due to presence of sterols 4. describe capsules and slime layers and discuss their functions. capsules usually composed of polysaccharides well organized and not easily removed from cell give cell protective advantage o resistance to phagocytosis capsule are sticky: helps them stick to each other to form biofilms, helps them stick to host o protection from desiccation (drying out) slime layer similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized, and easily removed o no definite shape, easily removed o only exuded when needed, not a consistent layer slime may aid in motility by allowing microorganism to glide chapter 3.6 – 3.9 5. describe the following bacterial structures and their functions: cytoskeletal proteins, cell inclusions, fimbriae, pili, flagella, and endospores. cytoskeletal proteins description: proteins found in the cytoskeleton of a cell function: play role in cell division, protein localization, and determination of cell shape cell inclusion aggregates of organic or inorganic material (granules, crystals, globules) found in all cell types \n might be enclosed by a singlelayered “membrane” or invaginations of plasma membrane different types o storage inclusions, gas vacuoles, magnetosomes strorage inclusion storage of nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks o carbon (phb) o phosphate (polyphosphate granules) o sulfur globules o nitrogen (cynaophycin granules) gas vacuoles: filled with gases provide buoyancy magnetosome contain magnetite particles allow for orientation in earth’s magnetic field fimbriae and pili short, thin hairlike, proteinaceous appendages mediate attachment to surfaces some required for motility or dna uptake sex pili similar to fimbriae except longer, thicker, and less numerous genes for formation found on plasmids required for conjugation (horizontal gene transfer) flagella threadlike appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall used for motility and swarming help attach to surfaces may be virulence factors 6. describe flagella structure and movement. structure (from cell towards tip of tail basal body (c ring, ms ring, p ring, l ring), hook, filament basal body is closest to the cell body o acts as motor o consists on rings c (in line with cytoplasm) and ms (in line with membrane) rings will spin p(in line with peptidoglycan) and l (in line with lps layer) will remain stationary p and l rings not present in grampositive cells hook: curved part that connects the flagella to the motor filament: actual flagella part o filament is made of lots of proteins o proteins added to the tip movement \n flagella is a 2 part motor that produces torque o rotor: c and m ring turn and interact with stator o stator mot a and mot b (two proteins located in the plasma membrane right on the outside of the basal body) o membrane has a build up of potential energy due to energy gradient formed by positive charges being stuck on the outside and negative charges being stuck on the inside o to create energy hydrogen ions are moved into the cell takes 1,000 h+ ions to make flagella rotate one 360 degrees flagella rotates like a propeller o counter clockwise rotation causes forward motion (run) o clockwise rotation disrupts run causing cell to stop and tumble 7. define chemotaxis and describe how bacteria move toward an attractant (or away from a repellent). chemotaxis: movement toward a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent cells can’t turn and can not run indefinitely achieve movement through a series of run and tumbles – referred to as a biased random “walk) concentration of chemoattracts and chemorepellants detected by chemoreceptors on surfaces of cells to move toward an attractant, cell lowers the frequency of tumbles – runs in direction of attract are longer to move away from a repellent the cell increases the number of tumbles 8. describe other types of motility (spirochete, twitching, and gliding). spirochete multiple flagella ofrm axial fibril which winds around the cell flagella remain in periplasmic space inside outer sheath corkscrew shape exhibits flexing and spinning movements twitching pili at ends of cell short, intermittent, jerky motions cells are in contact with each other and surface may involve type iv pili gliding smooth movements probably involves slime 9. understand the structure and functions of bacterial endospores, the basics of sporulation and germination, and endospore resistance. endospore complex, dormant structure formed by some bacteria various locations within the cell resistant to numerous environmental conditions o heat, radiation, chemicals, desiccation sporulation \n process through which a vegetative (normally functioning) cell produces a spore sporulation results in death of original cell triggered when the cell has a lack of nutrients and is unable to grow sporulation process o cytoplasmic membrane folds in on itself to create a pocket, then again to create protoplast o forespore is created: consists of core (center), inner spore membrane, and outer spore membrane o forespore is dehydrated and exosporium appears, cortex forms between membrane and exosporium o spore produces sasps and dipicolinic acid which protect dna, spore coat layers are developed o cell lyses and endospore emerges o whole processes takes about 10 hours spore from inside to out o core: cytoplasm, contains all the structures a normal cell has, just very dehydrated o inner membrane: becomes plasma membrane o germ cell wall: becomes outer most part of cell after germination o cortex: contain peptidoglycan, structural component o outer membrane o spore coat: 1415 protein layers thick, make spore impermeable to lots of stuff (house hold cleaners, toxins) o exosporium: outer protein coating that protects the spore germination spore produces a vegetative cell (3 parts) o activation prepares spores for germination often results from treatments like heating o germination environmental nutrients are detected spore swelling and rupture of spore coat loss of resistance (becomes vulnerable) increased metabolic activity o outgrowth emergence of vegetative cell spore resistance spores are resistant to extreme heat, radiation, chemicals, and desiccation spore is very dehydrated o resistance to heat (hard to boil) calcium dipicolinate (cadpa) and small, acidsoluble, dna binding proteins sasps o protects dna slightly lower ph o keeps enzymes from working and reactions using nutrients exosporium and spore coat: protein layers \n o make spore very impermeable chapters 11.1, 10.1 – 10.4 10. know the requirements for microbial survival and growth and their sources. source of energy i. needed to complete cellular work ii. must be able to conserve it for later source of electrons i. electrons play a role in energy production (used in electron transport chain to create pmf that results in atp ch. 11) ii. reduce co2 to form organic molecules nutrients i. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are used to synthesize organic building blocks needed for cell maintenance and growth 11. define and recognize the major nutritional types of microorganisms based on their energy source, electron source, and carbon source. require energy i. sunlight: phototrophs ii. chemical compounds : chemotrophs require electrons i. inorganic substances: lithotrophs ii. organic substances: organotrophs require nutrients/carbon i. organic molecules: heterotrophs ii. carbon dioxide: autotrophs when put all together first part tell you energy, second part tells you electrons, and third part tells you carbon (photolithoautotroph, chemoorganoheterotroph) 12. define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. metabolism: total of all chemical reactions occurring in the cell catabolism: breaking down large molecules, releases energy fuels reactions energyconserving reactions provides reducing power (releases electrons) generates precursors for biosynthesis anabolism: building of larger molecules, requires energy the synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones requires energy and building blocks and fueling reactions **think ana builds with blocks, cat comes and knocks it down 13. understand the concepts of free energy (g) and standard free energy change o ( g ). free energy (g) amount of energy that is available to do useful work delta g = change in energy that can occur in chemical reaction o measure at ph 7, temp 25 c, 1 atm, with reactants and products at 1 m concentration 14. distinguish between exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions and their o relationship to g . \n exergonic reaction (delta g is negative): release energy and proceed spontaneously (catabolism) endergonic (delta g is positive): energy is required and reaction will not proceed spontaneously (anabolism) 15. explain the importance of atp. atp is the energy currency of the cell when phosphate groups are cleaved off of atp it is turned into adp and releases energy doesn’t take a lot of energy to make atp, but gives away a decent amount when it is broke (easy to make, easy to break!) cleaving one phosphate releases 31 kj/mol cleaving a second phosphate requires more energy because it is less stable, net energy released is less (15 kj/mol) cleaving both phosphates releases 46 kj/mol combine cleaving atp with an endergonic reaction in order to make it proceed 16. be aware of other highenergy compounds, and know the change in standard free energy requirement for cells to use them. phosphoenolpyruvate: 61.9 kj/mol 1,3bisphosphoglycerate: 49.3 kj/mol acetyl phosphate: 44.8 kj atp: 30.5 kj/mol (one phosphate cleaved); 45.6kj/mol (two phosphates cleaved) acetyl coa: 31 kj/mol glucose 6phosphate: 13.8 kj/mol 17. understand redox reactions including the standard reduction potential (e ) o0 half reactions, the electron tower, and their relationship to g . oxidationreduction (redox) reaction many metabolic processes involve redox reaction (electron transfers) one compound is oxidized (electrons are removed) while another compound is reduced (electrons are added) o oxidation and reduction frequently involve the transfer of not just electrons, but both an electron (e) plus a proton (h+) electron carriers are often used to transfer from an electron donor to an electron acceptor o electron carriers (nadh, fadh2, easily add and remove electrons) can result in energy release, which can be conserved as atp or another energyrich compound standard reduction potential equilibrium constant for an oxidationreduction reaction a measure of the tendency of the reducing agent to lose electrons more negative e’ means better electron donor more positive e’ means better electron acceptor halfreactions \n all reactions are written as half reaction with acceptor on the left and donor on the right electron tower tower has the compounds with more negative e’ at the top and the most positive e’ at the bottom compounds at the top are better electron donors, compounds at the bottom are better electron acceptor the greater the difference between the e’ of the donor and the e’ of the acceptor the more negative the delatg the father down the tower the electron falls the more energy that will be released (nadh to o2 released more energy than fadh2 to o2) as electrons flow down the tower it releases energy; light energy is used to drive electrons up the tower during photosynthesis 18. describe the location, organization, and functions of the electron transport chains in bacteria. electron transport chain (etc) electron carriers organized into etc with the first electron carrier having the most negative e’ o potential energy stored in first redox couple is released and used to form atp o first carrier is reduced and electrons moved to the next carrier and so on **net energy change of the complete reaction sequence is determine by the difference in reduction potentials between the primary donor and the final acceptor location found in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells found in plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells function as electrons are carried from electron donors to electron acceptors they fall lower on the electron tower, proton motive force is produced, which makes atp 19. define the two classes of electron carriers. coenzymes freely diffusible; can transfer electrons from one place to another in the cell (ex. nad) prosthetic groups firmly attached (fixed) to enzymes in the plasma membrane; function in membraneassociated electron transport reactions (ex. cytochromes) + + 20. describe how nad /nadh and nadp /nadph carry electrons and their roles in metabolism. act as electron acceptors (nad+/nadp+) and electron donors (nadh/nadph) in their different states nadp+/nadph: used in anabolism nad+/nadh: used in catabolism, delivers electrons to the electron transport chain \n *even if we do not cover these diseases in class, you are still responsible for the information. diseases* 46. for each of the microbial diseases listed below, be able to briefly describe the following: a. cause (name of bacterium or virus) b. general characteristics of the microbe (bacteria – gram reaction and shape, viruses – type of genome and shape) c. route of transmission d. characteristic symptoms. strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis) streptococcus pyogenes grampositive, cocci, link in chains transmitted through contact with infected throat mucus, nasal discharge, or saliva (coughing, sneezing, or touching) fever, sore throat, red tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes cholera vibrio cholerae gramnegative, commashaped bacterium spread mostly by water and food that has been contaminated with human feces, insufficiently cooked food infection of the small intestine, watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps bacterial meningitis (meningococcal) caused by n. meningitides neisseria meningitidis gramnegative, diplococcic transmitted through saliva and occasionally through close, prolonged general contact with an infected person acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord; headache and neck stiffness, fever, confusion, altered consciousness, inability to tolerate light or loud noises lyme disease borrelia burgdorferi diderm (doublemembrane) spirochete tick bites expanding area of redness (erythema migrans), loss of ability to move face, joint pains, severe headaches with neck stiffness infectious mononucleosis epsteinbarr virus herpesvirus, double helix dna of about 172,000 bp (85 genes) direct contact with an infected person’s saliva (kissing) childhood: not noticeable or flulike symptoms; adolescence: fever, sore throat, and fatigue gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) caused by c. perfringens \n clostridium perfringens grampositive, rodshaped enter body through significant skin breakage produces gas in tissues in gangrene, necrosis, bubbles note: unless otherwise stated, you are responsible for all of the unit objectives even if they are not covered in lecture (see textbook). \n unit 2 test study guide part 2 chapter 11.2 – 11.8 1. compare and contrast aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation in bacteria. fermentation o uses endogenous organic electric acceptor (pyruvate) o substrate level phosphorylation is primary way or making atp aerobic respiration o uses exogenous electron accept (oxygen) o uses oxidative phosphorylation as primary way of making atp anaerobic respiration o uses exogenous electron acceptor (not oxygen) o uses oxidative phosphorylation as primary way of making atp 2. compare and contrast substratelevel phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. substratelevel phosphorylation o used in fermentation and other pathways o atp is synthesized during steps in the catabolism of an organic compound oxidative phosphorylation o used in respiration o atp is produced by proton motive force produced o indirect way of making atp: electron carriers carry electrons to etc, which makes pmf that makes atp 3. describe aerobic catabolism (overview). stage 1: exoenzymes are released outside the cell to break down polymers into monomers so they can be brought into the cell i. exoenzymes are inducible (turn on when nutrients are there, turn off when they aren’t) ii. polysaccharide turned into monosaccharide stage 2: endoenzymes break down monomers into small parts i. endoenzymes are constitutive (always being produced) ii. monosaccharide (glucose) turned into smaller compound pyruvate) stage 3: creb’s cycle, takes pyruvate and turns it into co2 i. through the process atp, nadh, and fadh2 are produced stage 2 and 3 include amphibolic pathways which means they can be reverse 4. describe the organization and functions of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration including its role in atp production. electron transport chain series of electron carries that operate together transfer electrons from nadh and fadh2 to a terminal electron acceptor \n electrons flow from carriers with more negative e’ to carriers with more positive e’ as electrons are transferred, energy is released to make atp by oxidative phosphorylation 5. understand the chemiosmotic hypothesis. movement of protons established pmf atp synthase uses proton flow down gradient (into the cell) to make atp 6. explain the function of atp synthase. h+ on bottom c protein makes atp synthase want to spin, but b2 protein holds it in place instead of spinning it changes conformation in beta conformation active site is empty – adp and pi come in atp is released – goes back to alpha confirmation 7. know the functions of proton motive force and how it is established. pmf force is established by electron transport chain light from photosynthesis pmf is used to make atp rotate bacterial flagella active transport 8. for aerobic respiration, explain where in the pathway atp is produced (glycolysis, tca cycle, and etc), the methods of atp production used for each atp generated, the electron carriers used, and the number of atps produced (during the process and the final net yield). each nadh will make 2.5 atp each fadh2 will make 1.5 atp fadh2 is lower on the electron tower so it will release less energy when it’s electrons are transferred to oxygen substrate level phosphorylation (7 atp) 2 nadh (becomes 5 atp) 2 atp bridge step (5 atp) 2 nadh (become 5 atp) tca cycle (20 atp) 6 nadh (becomes 15 atp) 2 fadh2 (becomes 3 atp) 2 atp in all 4 atp (2 in glycolysis, 2 in tc) 10 nadh (25 atp) 2 fadh2 (3 atp) \n o 28 made in etc total = 32 atp 9. summarize the major features of the entnerdoudoroff pathway. used by some soil bacteria yields pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3p key intermediate i. 2keto3deoxy6phosphogluconate (kdpg) net yield i. 1 atp ii. 1 nadh iii. 1 nadph nd (when coupled with 2 half of embdenmeyerhof) 10. describe the process of fermentation, its functions, and its products. takes place in the absence of an exogenous electron acceptor i. oxygen not needed uses pyruvate or derivative as endogenous electron accepto i. pyruvate is reduced continues recycling of electron carriers i. nadh from glycolysis is oxidized to nad+ forms atp via substratelevel phosphorylation produces various fermentation products 11. know why bacteria produce fermentation products and how these products are useful to humans. fermentation products are produced as fermentators try to recycle electron carriers useful to humans because some become food or alcohol ;) i. ethanol makes breads, wine, beer 12. distinguish between homolactic and heterolactic acid fermentation. homolactic: make lactate and no gases i. cheese, sour cream, yogurt heterolactic: make lactate and some other things, possibly co2 i. sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk 13. distinguish between mixed acid and butanediol fermentation. mixed acid fermentators use several pathways simulataneously butandiol bacteria only use that one pathway 14. explain the purpose of the mrvp test and know how it works. if bacteria uses several fermentation pathways, it will create acid byproducts and it’s ph will decrease i. methyl red detects ph <5 ii. positive: turns red if ph less than 5 vogesproskauer tests if bacteria uses 2,3 – butanediol pathway i. intermediate of this pathway is acetoin, vp tests for its presence \n ii. positive: turns red if acetoin is present chapter 7.1, 7.3 – 7.4, 7.6 – 7.7 35. describe the growth of bacterial cells (binary fission). growth often referring to an increase in the number of cells study population growth rather than growth of individual cells binary fission two cells arise from one cell cell elongation o cellular constituents increase proportionally genome is replicated and segregated cell division o septum formed at midcell increase in cell number one cell become two cells = one generation 36. describe in detail the four phases of bacterial growth observed in a batch culture. lag phase cell synthesizing new components o to replenish spent material o to adapt to new medium or other conditions varies in length o may be short or even absent exponential phase/log phase rate of growth is constant and maximal population is most uniform in terms of chemical and physical properties during this phase stationary phase total number of viable cells remains constant o metabolically active cells stop reproducing o reproductive rate is balanced by death rate possible reasons for this phase o nutrient limitation o limited oxygen availability o toxic waste accumulation o critical population density reached death phase total number of viable cells is decreasing o removal of critical nutrients below a threshold level o metabolic end product reaches toxic level death \n o irreversible loss of ability to reproduce o lysis may occur 37. be able to label a growth curve. 38. define generation time, and be able to calculate it. generation (doubling) time time required for the population to double in size varies depending on species and environmental conditions exponential growth o cell number doubles within a fixed time period calculating n 1. n =tn x02 n ts the population at time t n 0is the original population number n = number of generations for t 2. log n = log n + n log 2 t 0 (note: log 2 = 0.301) 3. n = log nt – log 0 n 0.301 4. n = 3.3 (log n – tog n ) 0 39. explain the methods of measuring the growth (number) of microbes (microscopic count, plating methods, turbidity measurements). 40. describe how water activity, ph, temperature, and oxygen affect microbial growth. at optimal levels of nacl, ph, temp, and oxygen growth rate will be highest when they are above or below optimum cell will continue to grow but slowly above or below maximum and minimum level, cell will no longer grow \n 41. be able to name, recognize, and define the types of microorganisms that grow in various environments, and know the adaptations they have made to live there. nacl nonhalophiles o does not require nacl (grow in <1% nacl) halotolerant halophile o requires nacl for growth o grow optimally at >.2m o 115% nacl extreme halophile o require 26.2 m o 1530% nacl ph most microbes maintain an internal ph near neutrality use acid shock protein many microbes change the ph of their habitat by producing acidic or basic waste products acidophiles o growth optimum between 0 and 5.5 neutrophiles o growth optimum between 5.5 and 7 alkaliphiles o growth optimum between 8.5 and 11.5 temperature microbes cannot regulate internal temperature exhibit distinct cardinal growth temperatures (min, max, optimum) psychrophiles (020 c) pyschrotroph (035c) mesophiles (1545 c) thermophiles (4585 c) hyperthermophiles (65113 c) oxygen \n aerobe o grows in presence of atmosphere oxygen (20% 02) obligate aerobe o requires 02 anerobe o grows in the absence of o2 obligate anaerobe o killed in presence of o2 microaerophiles o requires 210% o2 facultative aerobe/anaerobe o does not require 02, but grows better in it’s presence aerotolerant anaerob o grows with or without o2 o a – obligate aerobe o b – obligate anaerobe o c – facultative aerobe o d – microaerophiles o e – aerotolerant anerobe 42. explain how microorganisms protect themselves from the toxic products of oxygen reduction. oxygen easily reduced to toxic reactive oxygen species (ros) o superoxide radical o hydrogen peroxide o hydroxyl radical aerobes produce protective enzymes that break down ross o superoxide dismutase (sod) o catalase o peroxidase 43. describe, in general, microbial growth in natural environments. \n microbial environments o complex o constantly changing o often contain low nutrient concentration (oligotrophic environment) microbial growth depends on o nutrient supply o tolerance of environment o inhibitory substances most microbes grow attached to surfaces as biofilms 44. describe biofilms including their characteristics, growth (formation), advantages (for bacteria), and disadvantages (for humans). biofilm formation microbes reversibly attach to conditioned surface and release polysaccharides, proteins, and dna to form the extracellular polymeric substance (eps) microbes begin sending chemical signals to each other which causes them to produce even more lps and attract even more bacteria to join the biofilm advantages (for bacteria) heterogeneous community o metabolic difference some cells waste will be another cells food o location provide protection o very difficult for antibiotics to get through a biofilm microbial interaction o metabolic exchange some might be fermentator that produce fermentation products that other cells can use o dna uptake as some cell lyse, other cells will come in and uptake dna o quorum sensing chemical messaging between cells density dependent: only happens when there are enough cells disadvantages (for humans) medical o form on medical devices for artificial valves and joints, if infected with a biofilm they have to be removed and replace o cause disease cavities form when plaque (biofilm) builds up on teeth pneumonia: biofilm forms, difficult to kill \n o industrial interfere with fluids distribution pipes can get clogged if a biofilm forms large enough corrosion potential diseases* 46. for each of the microbial diseases listed below, be able to briefly describe the following: a. cause (name of bacterium or virus) b. general characteristics of the microbe (bacteria – gram reaction and shape, viruses – type of genome and shape) c. route of transmission d. characteristic symptoms. strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis) streptococcus pyogenes grampositive, cocci, link in chains transmitted through contact with infected throat mucus, nasal discharge, or saliva (coughing, sneezing, or touching) fever, sore throat, red tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes cholera vibrio cholerae gramnegative, commashaped bacterium spread mostly by water and food that has been contaminated with human feces, insufficiently cooked food infection of the small intestine, watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps bacterial meningitis (meningococcal) caused by n. meningitides neisseria meningitidis gramnegative, diplococcic transmitted through saliva and occasionally through close, prolonged general contact with an infected person acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord; headache and neck stiffness, fever, confusion, altered consciousness, inability to tolerate light or loud noises lyme disease borrelia burgdorferi diderm (doublemembrane) spirochete tick bites expanding area of redness (erythema migrans), loss of ability to move face, joint pains, severe headaches with neck stiffness infectious mononucleosis \n epsteinbarr virus herpesvirus, double helix dna of about 172,000 bp (85 genes) direct contact with an infected person’s saliva (kissing) childhood: not noticeable or flulike symptoms; adolescence: fever, sore throat, and fatigue gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) caused by c. perfringens clostridium perfringens grampositive, rodshaped enter body through significant skin breakage produces gas in tissues in gangrene, necrosis, bubbles unit 2 animations to watch: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073375268/student\\_view0/index.html chapter 3 bacterial locomotion chemotaxis in e. coli (first part only – omit the part discussing the chemoreceptors involved) bacterial (endo) spore formation http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073402400/student\\_view0/index.html chapter 11 electron transport system and atp synthesis electron transport system and formation of atp how glycolysis works how nad+ works how the krebs cycle works (just watch for an overview) chapter 7 binary fission biofilms",
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40dddf469fb87b54736ad849c6c81e01 | (a) find the maximum deflection of the cantilever beam in problem 1. (b) how does the maximum deflection of a beam that is half as long compare with the value in part (a)? (c) find the maximum deflection of the simply supported beam in problem 2. (d) how does the maximum deflection of the simply supported beam in part (c) compare with the value of maximum deflection of the embedded beam in example 1? | solved: (a) find the maximum deflection of the cantilever | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. btm71038 john halstead, phd research design assignment 8 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction developing a methodology and design for a dissertation research topic based on the research problem, and purpose of a topic previously developed. after developing the methodology and design, a justification is provided for the use of the methodology and design and a discussion of why the alternative is less desirable. in addition, the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed design will be provided. the topic that will be discussed herein is online business development. by understanding the various types of online businesses that become successful is a process that will take significant research and analysis. everyday thousands of people begin an online business and many fail in the early stages. the small business association states that 60% of small businesses fail within the first year (frazer, 2015). the first step of this process includes identifying the types of businesses that are the most successful and subsequently analyze and comprehend the factors that make them successful. after determining which businesses are successful and further understanding the steps to make them successful, new business owners can be provided with a leg up in the online business world. in order to make an assessment of the types of businesses that are successful, an initial assessment through an online question and answer forum will be conducted. upon vetting the various companies and their owners, the next step is to conduct facetoface interviews to further analyze best practices. the strategic area of focus is based upon american businessmen or women opening up a business in the asiapacific region. this region of the world is chosen based upon personal preference to also open a business in this area of the world. the following pages will include: (a) statement of the problem, (b) purpose statement, (c) research questions, (d) methodology selection, (e) advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses, (f) validity, \n 3 and (g) strengths, challenges, and ethical considerations. problem statement the problem to be addressed in this proposed study is based upon failing online businesses and finding ways for new online business owners to become profitable. over 60% of small businesses have failed to achieve a profitable position and subsequently shut down (simmons, wiklund, & levie, 2014). this problem affects millions of individuals each year and can potentially be influenced by first understanding which type online business to begin. by helping individuals to understand the type of businesses that are successful, programs can be developed to help these individuals by developing a startup program. online businesses are growing in a significant manner each and every day, and many people will not take the time to understand what works and what does not work prior to jumping in head first. worldwide, there are about 300 million people trying to start about 150 million businesses. of the 150 million, only approximately 50 million businesses make it to launch (mason, 2016). to begin to identify whether a business has a high probability of becoming successful, one must look to other online business owners and the types of business strategies previously utilized. understanding current online business owners’ perceptions and experiences, the most successful niche(s) can be identified. this type of work is applicable to the applied dba by researching existing data in the online business environment and applying it to the future of the online business environment. purpose statement the purpose of this research is to discover the best possible online business types to achieve success. groups of individuals in a variety of online business ventures will be studied to determine the most successful solutions to forming an online business. this process will save \n 4 time and energy for those that wish to move into the world of entrepreneurship. in this study, successful online businesses will be defined as those bringing in a net income of over $10,000 per month. with a solid understanding of the best types of businesses to begin online, an individual will be able to make an educated decision on the type of business to move into. using a quantitative methodology for this study will allow a researcher to identify the spectrum of success by identifying profitability levels. the study will also identify the number of online business started, as well as the number of individuals and the gender of the individuals starting them. by identifying each set of data collected in the research questions listed in the following section, an idea of the characteristics makes up a successful online business. research questions asking the right questions that are effective in providing an answer to the problem the research is trying to solve, requires careful consideration. questions are normally developed by utilizing one of three methods. the three methods are: logic, practicality, and accident (locke, spirduso, & silverman, 2007). by utilizing logic and practicality, questions can be developed to answer a problem by developing a hypothesis in the beginning stages of the project. as the research study continues, questions will begin to arise by pure accident, allowing other avenues to be discovered. in the given project, identifying the most successful online businesses will require significant research. the following questions target current successful online business owners: (a) what makes your online business successful? (b) how does gender affect business startup and success? (c) which web tools are most effective in supporting online businesses? conducting a research experiment in its natural environment has limitations. \n 5 the following will describe the hypothesis for each question: question 1: what makes your online business successful? hypothesis: ten of the sixteen items listed below need to be met to identify as successful. the following are noted as making an online business a success (a) capital, (b) strong record keeping and financial control, (c) industrial experience, (d) managerial experience, (e) planning, (f) professional advice, (g) educational level, (h) personnel, (i) economic circumstances, (j) age of business, (k) election of appropriate time to provide products or services, (l) age of entrepreneur, (m) partners, (n) parents, (o) minorities, and (p) marketing question 2: how does gender affect business startup and success? hypothesis: males are more successful in business than females. overall most females are less likely to succeed in business as there are a smaller number of females starting up businesses. females that startup businesses are more likely to startup businesses with a partner involved (kodama & odaki, 2011). question 3: which web tools are most effective in supporting online businesses? hypothesis: social media will be noted as the most effective online marketing tools. five main platforms for social media that are extremely effective marketing tools. the tools include facebook, youtube, google+, linkedln and twitter. each of these tools can also be utilized to track competitor effectiveness (aichner & jacob, 2015). methodology selection determining which type of study and methodology that will be utilized is vital to the research being conducted. first, a researcher must understand how to choose an appropriate research project and how to write in a scholarly way. many new students to the research field \n 6 are unsure of not only how to write in a scholarly manner, but must learn quickly how write as well and choose the appropriate type of study, qualitative or quantitative. understanding the details and the processes that develop a proper study is necessary to ensure research is conducted appropriately (caffarella & barnett, 2000). quantitative methodology could potentially be utilized within the realm of descriptive research to identify a variable. in this study the variable could entail determining the level of success by dollar figure earned per month. the interviewees could be asked a question of how much their business earns per month, and those that have the highest totals would rank as the most successful. as a researcher conducts a quantitative study, the following should be clearly identified in the analysis (a) the statistical tests which were utilized in the study, (b) why the tests were chosen, and (c) the results of the study (coughlan, cronin, & ryan, 2007). alternatively, qualitative studies consist of collecting a large amount of data, organizing and analyzing that data to create a succinct statement to provide a prediction or insight into the purpose that is being studied (lecompte, 2000). the primary element to the qualitative methodology involves descriptive research (“key elements,” 2010). upon review, the qualitative methodology is the best format for the selected research problem. by utilizing a strategy that incorporates the human element, a thorough analysis can be conducted on successful online businesses. other strengths of a qualitative study involve the level of detail that can be acquired. the weaknesses involve the acquisition of too much data that a researcher could get bogged down in the amount of data collected. in addition, the data collected could potentially be skewed by researcher bias due to nature of the questions being asked. while the weaknesses for qualitative studies may cause extensive conflicts, a quantitative study would not \n 7 provide enough data to truly understand what makes a company successful. the research will require the ability to ask a variety of in depth questions that provides more description. by understanding current online business owners’ perceptions and experience, the most successful niche(s) can be identified. now that the type of study that is the most appropriate and the types of data that will need to be collected, the next step is to create a record of the collected data for further interpretation (gibbs, 2007). surveys will be the collection method of choice and will be discussed further in the upcoming sections. collection methods there are several different methods that will be utilized in this study to collect data for analysis. the three types that will be utilized are surveys, field notes, observation, and interviews. each method provides a unique way to collect data to interpret and develop a well rounded study. each type of data collected will provide a portion of data which will more fully develop the bigger picture. surveys can be utilized in (quasi) experimental data collection. the population and sample size for this study will need to be between 2550 online businesses covering a variety of online business types. trying to survey the entire population of all online businesses would not be feasible and quite expensive. conducting simple random sampling and focusing on a small sample size of the overall population will provide an equal opportunity for business selection. if the overall number of businesses in the asiapacific locale was 250500 businesses, a 10% ratio random selection could provide a fairly average response (trochim & donnelly, 2008). the small sample size is appropriate for this type of study due to the amount of information will need to be collected. the specific selection will include american based businesses operating in the \n 8 asiapacific region. by allocating limiting factors and vetting the selected interviewees, the data will become reliable and valid specifically for the identified factors. when collecting data, a survey must be valid and reliable. the location utilized to locate potential individuals for the survey is on the website quora. quora is a contemporary, webbased forum where users can post questions and acquire answers from other users. in addition, others can vote up or down the answer based upon the accuracy or quality of answer (ovadia, 2011). this method of data collection will allow researchers to acquire a base for source identification. surveys conducted through quora may provide a base of individuals to choose from, the data collected may be less reliable than surveys administered facetoface. the advantage of using surveys allows researchers to target specific information required. the facetoface survey offers the ability to not only receive the answer to the question, but additional information that is naturally acquired through conversation. the disadvantages of utilizing surveys include (a) potential false information and answers, (b) gathering information that exaggerated or understated, (c) asks irrelevant questions, and (d) attracts only those who are willing to answer the survey (cozby, 2012). another relatable study to discuss utilized quantitative design involved online business courses. the study reviewed involved three online quantitative business courses that were taught over a period of 8 years. the study took place at the location of athabasca university, and the data collected was done so by observation and experience (lam & khare, 2010). the study analyzed only three online businesses over the 8year period, and allowed the researchers to gather in depth data on a small sample size. by utilizing a small sample size, the researcher could collect an extensive amount of data. to collect the same amount of data on a much larger \n 9 sample size would have required a much larger number of individuals to collect the data. field notes and observations other data collection methods to utilize in this study are field notes and observations. both types of data collection involve field research. field research is the overall label that defines a particular type of collection method that includes direct observation of naturally occurring events. field research is different from survey research. field research records the actions are being conducted and recorded at that time rather than a survey taken after the event’s occurrence (jane & liz, 2002). field notes are described as those that are written down in the field as the event takes place. in this study, fieldwork and observation can be used in the in the form of attending an online business conference. the conference type of forum could provide a solid foundation for successful online business. by learning from each entrepreneur as to what worked well versus those actions that did not work would be valuable information to analyze. the field notes collected at the conferences could provide a way to compare and contrast viable business strategies. the advantages of using field notes would allow for a log of questions asked to current online business owners. the disadvantages would be that only a certain number of online business owners would be able to attend the conference and the information collected may be biased as others in the room challenge the answers given (cozby, 2012). interviewing interviewing is another data collection method to be used in this research study to answer the above research questions by speaking directly with selected online business owners. the preferred method for interviews would be facetoface. while electronic interviews may provide a well thought out answer that is written down, the value of facetoface interviews is priceless. \n 10 an interviewer can not only hear the answers to the questions, but also interpret body language and ask followup questions (cozby, 2012). for this study, participants would be interviewed individually. a followup study could incorporate a group interview. this followup could be utilized to analyze the differences between the business types and address the challenges by comparing and contrasting the answers given. advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses identifying appropriate questions for the study can be both advantageous and disadvantageous. the data collected could potentially be skewed by the pure nature of the experiment. data collected and potential factors that could be influenced by the analyses based upon the number of years a business has been active. the data could also be skewed by the ages of the individuals at the helm of the business. older individuals may be less likely to utilize social media and electronic means to conduct business, but may be successful due to the length of time and the experience they have been in business. identifying the reasoning behind a company’s success will be useful information to acquire. appropriate background data on each of the companies and the key managers will need to be collected to ensure the data is reviewed for accuracy. according to fink (2003), statistical analyses provide descriptions, relationships, comparisons, and predictions. another potential issue is to ensure an appropriate target is selected and it represents the entire population. a study was conducted to detect alcoholism amongst the delhi high court’s attorneys. the study showed that 5% of the targeted market were alcoholics. the issue was then attempting to apply this across the board for all lawyers, which was certainly was not the case. a study as detailed above can only be applied to the particular sector located within the study. \n 11 attempting to apply the same criteria to the lawyer population in a small town with limited stress would most likely be significantly lower (banerjee & chaudhury, 2010). for the study of online business, the target market may not apply across the board. successful online trading business may not all be successful for the same reason. to develop an understanding, a more in depth analysis must be conducted to ensure the data collected is analyzed for validity in the asia pacific region. validity validity is a concept that needs to be reviewed to ensure that is in place for each study. the three different types of validity that each study needs to be evaluated for are construct validity, internal validity, and external validity. it is important to ensure that the study being conducted is valid for each of the three types will help to determine the appropriateness of the study. each area will be discussed in the sections below. construct validity construct validity involves a specific sample size and the accuracy of the involved variables. as the defined variables are reviewed and measured within the study, inferences are developed. construct validity essentially reviews how closely the data inferences are to the reality of the concept (braun & kuljanin, 2015). with the study at hand, the data collected involves the number of businesses making over $10,000 per month. a sample inference based upon the 10% of the population, could show that the type of business with the highest success rate of 50% are in electronics sales. if applied across the board, this would imply that 50% of all asiapacific companies’ electronic companies would be successful if this were the case. internal validity \n 12 internal validity is a bit different than construct validity due the nature of cause and effect. if the current study changed but one factor in the study based upon the current conclusions, a researcher would be able to predict cause and effect relationships (cozby, 2012). an example of this could be determining that an online company could make $2,500 in sales on average by completing $500 in marketing each month. if marketing efforts were increased to $1,000 each month, the logical step would be to say that the company would double its sales. external validity external validity focuses on whether the findings of a study can be analyzed and allocate them in other settings (cozby, 2012). external validity serves to provide a sense of truth to a given conclusion in a variety of circumstances. stereotyping could be a way to define external validity. an example of this type of validity could be something like the following: if the conclusion is that it will take 2 years for a tech online business to become successful in the u.s., a tech online business will take 2 years to become successful in france. threats to validity the types of validity discussed above are in place to ensure the highest level of accuracy within a study. when a study is conducted, a researcher must identify the threats to internal and external validity. the threats begin to infiltrate procedures, treatments, or experiences of participating individuals (creswell, 2013). by identifying the potential threats, mitigating processes can be put into place. threats to validity could include something as simple as a researcher injecting a bias into the facetoface interview simply by asking questions that push an interviewee to answer a question in a certain manner. strengths, challenges, and ethical considerations \n 13 the strengths associated with this qualitative study would start with providing access to a significant number of individuals currently owning online businesses. the online environment will certainly allow for ease of access to the type of individuals that will be interviewed. while conducting the study in the online environment with online business owners is considered a strength, the challenge associated with finding the successful online business owners may be more difficult. huberman and miles (2002) discussed campbell and stanley’s attack on the “oneshot case study”. an ethical issue that evolved from this study was the thought that one observation, from one group, only one time, does not allow for other alternative outcomes. if only one possible outcome is analyzed, the data can be skewed. reporting that observed data of only one test as true across the board in every similar situation will certainly lead to an ethical dilemma. a strategy will need to be formulated to account for the other possible results and outcomes. during this study, the questions will be asked from a variety of business owners allowing for open ended discussion. another ethical issue to consider within this study will be how business owners will be found, interviewed, and protection of interviewees and information provided. if individuals are not responsive, a fee may be required to acquire the interviewees. by providing a fee, this may attract an unintended and unethical audience. another potential solution would be to locate forums that allow individuals to respond to the masses, such as quora. by utilizing a database such as quora, an ethical issue of whether or not the individual is actually a business owner or someone more or less pretending to be a business owner could develop. time will need to be taken to validate the accuracy of the person’s claims. by asking what the name of the associated \n 14 business, further research can be conducted to validate the individual’s statements. the research can then be furthered by locating the business and the individual’s association with that business by validating the relationship between the individual and the company. upon validation, the information provided will then need protection. the interviewee would need to sign a release of information as well as confidentiality agreement that specifies which portions of information would be authorized for release. in addition, names and addresses of would be withheld and how the information would be stored and disposed. conclusion this week’s final assignment was focused on selecting a research method for a previously developed study. the topic of discussion for this hypothetical study is proposal online business development. by understanding the various types of online businesses that become successful is a process that will take significant research and analysis. everyday thousands of people undertake starting an online business and many fail in the early stages. the first step of this process included identifying the types of businesses that are the most successful and subsequently analyze and comprehend the factors that make them successful. by choosing a study method that involves collecting an extensive amount of data. the qualitative study provides a vehicle to ask questions that allow for more fluent and descriptive data collection. while the qualitative method allows for the a more thorough picture of the problem, the method may also hinder the study by acquiring too much data. the strategic area of focus for this assignment was based upon american businessmen or women opening up businesses in the asiapacific region. this region of the world is chosen based upon personal preference to also open a business in this area of the world. the above pages included a discussion of each of the \n 15 noted points: (a) statement of the problem, (b) purpose statement, (c) research questions, (d) methodology selection, (e) advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses, (f) validity, and (g) strengths, challenges, and ethical considerations. \n 16 references aichner, t., & jacob, f. (2015). measuring the degree of corporate social media use. international journal of market research, 57(2), 257275. doi:10.2501/ijmr2015018 banerjee, a., & chaudhury, s. (2010). statistics without tears: populations and samples. industrial psychiatry journal, 19(1), 60–65. doi.org/10.4103/09726748.77642 braun, m. t., & kuljanin, g. (2015). big data and the challenge of construct validity. industrial & organizational psychology, 8(4), 521527. doi:10.1017/iop.2015.77 caffarella, r. s., & barnett, b. g. (2000). teaching doctoral students to become scholarly writers: the importance of giving and receiving critiques. studies in higher education, 25(1), 3952. doi:10.1080/030750700116000 coughlan, m., cronin, p., & ryan, f. (2007). stepbystep guide to critiquing research. par 1: quantitative research.http://keiranhenderson.com/articulate/critiquing\\_research/ data/downloads/ critiquing\\_quantitative\\_research\\_bjn.pdf cozby, p. c. (2012). methods in behavioral research. boston, ma mcgraw hill higher education fink, a. (2003). what statistics do for surveys. (2003). in a. fink (ed.), how to manage, analyze and interpret survey data. doi:10.4135/9781412984454 frazer, l. (2015). failure to launch. cpa journal, 85(5), 3436 huberman, m. & miles, m. (2002). understanding and validity in qualitative research. the qualitative researcher's companion. doi: 10.4135/9781412986274.n2 key elements of a research proposal quantitative design. (2010). retrieved from http://www. bcps.org/offices/lis/researchcourse/develop\\_quantitative.html kodama, n., & odaki, k. (2011). gender difference in the probability of success in starting business turns negligible when controlling for the managerial experience. applied economics letters, 18(13), 12371241. doi:10.1080/13504851.2010.532097 kristandy, s. j., & aldianto, l. (2015). factors that influence student's decision in startingup service franchise business in bandung. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 169(the 6th indonesia international conference on innovation, entrepreneurship, and small business (iicies 2014), 318328. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.316 lam, h., & khare, a. (2010). effective practices for online delivery of quantitative business courses. international journal on elearning, 9(2), 229250 \n 17 lecompte, m.d. (2000). analyzing qualitative data. theory into practice, 39 (3), 146154 locke, l.f., spirduso, w.w. & silverman, s.j. (2007). developing the thesis or dissertation proposal: some common problems. retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upmdata/ 14135\\_chapter3.pdf mason, m. (2016). worldwide business startups. retrieved from http://www.moyak.com/ papers/businessstartupsentrepreneurs.html ovadia, s. (2011). quora.com: another place for users to ask questions. behavioral & social sciences librarian, 30(3), 176. doi:10.1080/01639269.2011.591279 simmons, s., wiklund, j., & levie, j. (2014). stigma and business failure: implications for entrepreneurs' career choices. small business economics, 42(3), 485505. doi:10.1007/s1118701395193 trochim, w., & donnelly, j. (2008). the research methods knowledge base. 3rd. ed. mason, oh cengage \n northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. btm71038 john halstead, phd research design assignment 8 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction developing a methodology and design for a dissertation research topic based on the research problem, and purpose of a topic previously developed. after developing the methodology and design, a justification is provided for the use of the methodology and design and a discussion of why the alternative is less desirable. in addition, the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed design will be provided. the topic that will be discussed herein is online business development. by understanding the various types of online businesses that become successful is a process that will take significant research and analysis. everyday thousands of people begin an online business and many fail in the early stages. the small business association states that 60% of small businesses fail within the first year (frazer, 2015). the first step of this process includes identifying the types of businesses that are the most successful and subsequently analyze and comprehend the factors that make them successful. after determining which businesses are successful and further understanding the steps to make them successful, new business owners can be provided with a leg up in the online business world. in order to make an assessment of the types of businesses that are successful, an initial assessment through an online question and answer forum will be conducted. upon vetting the various companies and their owners, the next step is to conduct facetoface interviews to further analyze best practices. the strategic area of focus is based upon american businessmen or women opening up a business in the asiapacific region. this region of the world is chosen based upon personal preference to also open a business in this area of the world. the following pages will include: (a) statement of the problem, (b) purpose statement, (c) research questions, (d) methodology selection, (e) advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses, (f) validity, \n 3 and (g) strengths, challenges, and ethical considerations. problem statement the problem to be addressed in this proposed study is based upon failing online businesses and finding ways for new online business owners to become profitable. over 60% of small businesses have failed to achieve a profitable position and subsequently shut down (simmons, wiklund, & levie, 2014). this problem affects millions of individuals each year and can potentially be influenced by first understanding which type online business to begin. by helping individuals to understand the type of businesses that are successful, programs can be developed to help these individuals by developing a startup program. online businesses are growing in a significant manner each and every day, and many people will not take the time to understand what works and what does not work prior to jumping in head first. worldwide, there are about 300 million people trying to start about 150 million businesses. of the 150 million, only approximately 50 million businesses make it to launch (mason, 2016). to begin to identify whether a business has a high probability of becoming successful, one must look to other online business owners and the types of business strategies previously utilized. understanding current online business owners’ perceptions and experiences, the most successful niche(s) can be identified. this type of work is applicable to the applied dba by researching existing data in the online business environment and applying it to the future of the online business environment. purpose statement the purpose of this research is to discover the best possible online business types to achieve success. groups of individuals in a variety of online business ventures will be studied to determine the most successful solutions to forming an online business. this process will save \n 4 time and energy for those that wish to move into the world of entrepreneurship. in this study, successful online businesses will be defined as those bringing in a net income of over $10,000 per month. with a solid understanding of the best types of businesses to begin online, an individual will be able to make an educated decision on the type of business to move into. using a quantitative methodology for this study will allow a researcher to identify the spectrum of success by identifying profitability levels. the study will also identify the number of online business started, as well as the number of individuals and the gender of the individuals starting them. by identifying each set of data collected in the research questions listed in the following section, an idea of the characteristics makes up a successful online business. research questions asking the right questions that are effective in providing an answer to the problem the research is trying to solve, requires careful consideration. questions are normally developed by utilizing one of three methods. the three methods are: logic, practicality, and accident (locke, spirduso, & silverman, 2007). by utilizing logic and practicality, questions can be developed to answer a problem by developing a hypothesis in the beginning stages of the project. as the research study continues, questions will begin to arise by pure accident, allowing other avenues to be discovered. in the given project, identifying the most successful online businesses will require significant research. the following questions target current successful online business owners: (a) what makes your online business successful? (b) how does gender affect business startup and success? (c) which web tools are most effective in supporting online businesses? conducting a research experiment in its natural environment has limitations. \n 5 the following will describe the hypothesis for each question: question 1: what makes your online business successful? hypothesis: ten of the sixteen items listed below need to be met to identify as successful. the following are noted as making an online business a success (a) capital, (b) strong record keeping and financial control, (c) industrial experience, (d) managerial experience, (e) planning, (f) professional advice, (g) educational level, (h) personnel, (i) economic circumstances, (j) age of business, (k) election of appropriate time to provide products or services, (l) age of entrepreneur, (m) partners, (n) parents, (o) minorities, and (p) marketing question 2: how does gender affect business startup and success? hypothesis: males are more successful in business than females. overall most females are less likely to succeed in business as there are a smaller number of females starting up businesses. females that startup businesses are more likely to startup businesses with a partner involved (kodama & odaki, 2011). question 3: which web tools are most effective in supporting online businesses? hypothesis: social media will be noted as the most effective online marketing tools. five main platforms for social media that are extremely effective marketing tools. the tools include facebook, youtube, google+, linkedln and twitter. each of these tools can also be utilized to track competitor effectiveness (aichner & jacob, 2015). methodology selection determining which type of study and methodology that will be utilized is vital to the research being conducted. first, a researcher must understand how to choose an appropriate research project and how to write in a scholarly way. many new students to the research field \n 6 are unsure of not only how to write in a scholarly manner, but must learn quickly how write as well and choose the appropriate type of study, qualitative or quantitative. understanding the details and the processes that develop a proper study is necessary to ensure research is conducted appropriately (caffarella & barnett, 2000). quantitative methodology could potentially be utilized within the realm of descriptive research to identify a variable. in this study the variable could entail determining the level of success by dollar figure earned per month. the interviewees could be asked a question of how much their business earns per month, and those that have the highest totals would rank as the most successful. as a researcher conducts a quantitative study, the following should be clearly identified in the analysis (a) the statistical tests which were utilized in the study, (b) why the tests were chosen, and (c) the results of the study (coughlan, cronin, & ryan, 2007). alternatively, qualitative studies consist of collecting a large amount of data, organizing and analyzing that data to create a succinct statement to provide a prediction or insight into the purpose that is being studied (lecompte, 2000). the primary element to the qualitative methodology involves descriptive research (“key elements,” 2010). upon review, the qualitative methodology is the best format for the selected research problem. by utilizing a strategy that incorporates the human element, a thorough analysis can be conducted on successful online businesses. other strengths of a qualitative study involve the level of detail that can be acquired. the weaknesses involve the acquisition of too much data that a researcher could get bogged down in the amount of data collected. in addition, the data collected could potentially be skewed by researcher bias due to nature of the questions being asked. while the weaknesses for qualitative studies may cause extensive conflicts, a quantitative study would not \n 7 provide enough data to truly understand what makes a company successful. the research will require the ability to ask a variety of in depth questions that provides more description. by understanding current online business owners’ perceptions and experience, the most successful niche(s) can be identified. now that the type of study that is the most appropriate and the types of data that will need to be collected, the next step is to create a record of the collected data for further interpretation (gibbs, 2007). surveys will be the collection method of choice and will be discussed further in the upcoming sections. collection methods there are several different methods that will be utilized in this study to collect data for analysis. the three types that will be utilized are surveys, field notes, observation, and interviews. each method provides a unique way to collect data to interpret and develop a well rounded study. each type of data collected will provide a portion of data which will more fully develop the bigger picture. surveys can be utilized in (quasi) experimental data collection. the population and sample size for this study will need to be between 2550 online businesses covering a variety of online business types. trying to survey the entire population of all online businesses would not be feasible and quite expensive. conducting simple random sampling and focusing on a small sample size of the overall population will provide an equal opportunity for business selection. if the overall number of businesses in the asiapacific locale was 250500 businesses, a 10% ratio random selection could provide a fairly average response (trochim & donnelly, 2008). the small sample size is appropriate for this type of study due to the amount of information will need to be collected. the specific selection will include american based businesses operating in the \n 8 asiapacific region. by allocating limiting factors and vetting the selected interviewees, the data will become reliable and valid specifically for the identified factors. when collecting data, a survey must be valid and reliable. the location utilized to locate potential individuals for the survey is on the website quora. quora is a contemporary, webbased forum where users can post questions and acquire answers from other users. in addition, others can vote up or down the answer based upon the accuracy or quality of answer (ovadia, 2011). this method of data collection will allow researchers to acquire a base for source identification. surveys conducted through quora may provide a base of individuals to choose from, the data collected may be less reliable than surveys administered facetoface. the advantage of using surveys allows researchers to target specific information required. the facetoface survey offers the ability to not only receive the answer to the question, but additional information that is naturally acquired through conversation. the disadvantages of utilizing surveys include (a) potential false information and answers, (b) gathering information that exaggerated or understated, (c) asks irrelevant questions, and (d) attracts only those who are willing to answer the survey (cozby, 2012). another relatable study to discuss utilized quantitative design involved online business courses. the study reviewed involved three online quantitative business courses that were taught over a period of 8 years. the study took place at the location of athabasca university, and the data collected was done so by observation and experience (lam & khare, 2010). the study analyzed only three online businesses over the 8year period, and allowed the researchers to gather in depth data on a small sample size. by utilizing a small sample size, the researcher could collect an extensive amount of data. to collect the same amount of data on a much larger \n 9 sample size would have required a much larger number of individuals to collect the data. field notes and observations other data collection methods to utilize in this study are field notes and observations. both types of data collection involve field research. field research is the overall label that defines a particular type of collection method that includes direct observation of naturally occurring events. field research is different from survey research. field research records the actions are being conducted and recorded at that time rather than a survey taken after the event’s occurrence (jane & liz, 2002). field notes are described as those that are written down in the field as the event takes place. in this study, fieldwork and observation can be used in the in the form of attending an online business conference. the conference type of forum could provide a solid foundation for successful online business. by learning from each entrepreneur as to what worked well versus those actions that did not work would be valuable information to analyze. the field notes collected at the conferences could provide a way to compare and contrast viable business strategies. the advantages of using field notes would allow for a log of questions asked to current online business owners. the disadvantages would be that only a certain number of online business owners would be able to attend the conference and the information collected may be biased as others in the room challenge the answers given (cozby, 2012). interviewing interviewing is another data collection method to be used in this research study to answer the above research questions by speaking directly with selected online business owners. the preferred method for interviews would be facetoface. while electronic interviews may provide a well thought out answer that is written down, the value of facetoface interviews is priceless. \n 10 an interviewer can not only hear the answers to the questions, but also interpret body language and ask followup questions (cozby, 2012). for this study, participants would be interviewed individually. a followup study could incorporate a group interview. this followup could be utilized to analyze the differences between the business types and address the challenges by comparing and contrasting the answers given. advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses identifying appropriate questions for the study can be both advantageous and disadvantageous. the data collected could potentially be skewed by the pure nature of the experiment. data collected and potential factors that could be influenced by the analyses based upon the number of years a business has been active. the data could also be skewed by the ages of the individuals at the helm of the business. older individuals may be less likely to utilize social media and electronic means to conduct business, but may be successful due to the length of time and the experience they have been in business. identifying the reasoning behind a company’s success will be useful information to acquire. appropriate background data on each of the companies and the key managers will need to be collected to ensure the data is reviewed for accuracy. according to fink (2003), statistical analyses provide descriptions, relationships, comparisons, and predictions. another potential issue is to ensure an appropriate target is selected and it represents the entire population. a study was conducted to detect alcoholism amongst the delhi high court’s attorneys. the study showed that 5% of the targeted market were alcoholics. the issue was then attempting to apply this across the board for all lawyers, which was certainly was not the case. a study as detailed above can only be applied to the particular sector located within the study. \n 11 attempting to apply the same criteria to the lawyer population in a small town with limited stress would most likely be significantly lower (banerjee & chaudhury, 2010). for the study of online business, the target market may not apply across the board. successful online trading business may not all be successful for the same reason. to develop an understanding, a more in depth analysis must be conducted to ensure the data collected is analyzed for validity in the asia pacific region. validity validity is a concept that needs to be reviewed to ensure that is in place for each study. the three different types of validity that each study needs?",
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c71a0597d8b55a7e677aff813c213053 | acetaldehyde is synthesized by the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethanol: c2hsoh ch3cho + hz fresh feed (pure ethanol) is blended with a recycle stream (95 mole% ethanol and 5% acetaldehyde), and the combined stream is heated and vaporized, entering the reactor at 280c. gases leaving the reactor are cooled to -40c to condense the acetaldehyde and unreacted ethanol. off-gas from the condenser is sent to a scrubber, where the uncondensed organic compounds are removed and hydrogen is recovered as a by-product. the condensate from the condenser, which is 45 mole% ethanol, is sent to a distillation column that produces a distillate containing 97 mole% acetaldehyde and a bottoms product that constitutes the recycle blended with fresh feed to the process. the production rate of the distillate is 1000 kg/h. the pressure throughout the process may be taken as 1 atm absolute. condenser distillate 97 mole% ch3cho(l) distillation 55 mole% ch column 3cho(i) condensate 45 mole% czh50h(i) off-gas to scrubber condenser 95 mole% czh50h(i) 5 mole% ch 3cho(i) ,-\_\_-, reactor output: hz, czh50h(v), ch3cho(v) recycle (a) calculate the molar flow rates (kmol/h) of the fresh feed, the recycle stream, and the hydrogen in the off-gas. also determine the volumetric flow rate (m3/h) of the feed to the reactor. (suggestion: use raoult's law in the analysis of the condenser.) (b) estimate (i) the overall and single-pass conversions of ethanol and (ii) the rates (kmoi/h) at which ethanol and acetaldehyde are sent to the scrubber | acetaldehyde is synthesized by the catalytic | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " chapter 12 notes: social psychology week april 3 april 10 a. social psychology: the study of how people influence other people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. 12.1 how does group membership affect people? humans have an overriding motivation to fit with the group. interpersonal attachments motive have evolved for adaptive purposes. a. social brain hypothesis (dunbar) large prefrontal cortexes because of the high dynamic and complex social groups. i. people favor their own groups a. formation ofingroup (belong groups) anutgroups o not belong groups) b security from predators and assistance in hunting and gathering food. c. better mating opportunities i. two conditions appear to be critical for group formation: a. reciprocity: “if you scratch my back, i'll scratch yours” i. reciprocity means that if person a helps (or harms) person b, then person b will help (or harm) person a. b. transitivity “people generally share their friend’s opinions of other people” b. outgroup homogeneity effect: the tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members. c. social identity the the idea that in groups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership. d. ingroup favoritism the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup.people are more willing to do favors for ingroup members or to forgive their mistakes or errors. the power of group membership is so strong that people exhibit ingroup favoritism even if the groups are determarbitrary processes. a. minimal group paradigm: the basis of group membership occurred even when the participants were told that the basis of group membership was arbitrary. \n b. women show a much greater automatic ingroup bias toward other women than men do toward other women. e. various brain regions (including the fusiform face area, the nucleus accumbens, the insula, and the amygdala) are differentially active when we consider ingroup versus outgroup members. f. the medial prefrontal cortex is less active when people are members of outgroups. ii. groups influence individual behavior a. social facilitation: the presence of others enhances performance. occurs in other animals i. zajonc’s model: animals are predisposed to become aroused by the presence of others of their own species. arousal leads animals to emit a dominant response. this model predicts that social facilitation can either enhance or impair performance. the change depends on whether the response that is required in a situation is the individual’s dominant response. i.e. crowds do not distract professional players while they will distract amatuer players due to pressure. b. deindividuation: reduced attention to personal standards when part of a group i. stanford prison study: this experiment demonstrate what people are willing to do when put in a situation with defined social roles. c. group decision making: riskyshift effect :groups often make riskier decision than individuals do. i.group polarization : the process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time. ii.groupthink: the tendency of groups to make bad decisions when the group is under pressure, facing external threats, and is biased d. social loafing: the tendency to work less hard in a group than when alone. occurs when people’s efforts are pooled so that individuals do not feel personally responsible for the group’s output. iii. people conform to others a. conformity: altering one’s beliefs/behaviors to match those of other people \n b. influence: i. normative influence occurs when people go along with the crowd to fit in with the group and to avoid looking foolish ii.nformational influence occurs when people assume that the behavior of the crowd represents the correct way to respond. autokinetic effect: power of conformity in social judgement. c. social norms: expected standards of conduct influence behavior d. the asch and sherif studies. i. groups enforce conformity, and those who fail to go along can be rejected. ii people tend to conform to social norms, even when those norms are obviously wrong. iii.) when do people reject social norms? group size too small lack of unanimity (any dissent from majority opinion can diminish the influence of social norms. anxiety of social exclusion (actually appeared as a signal in the amygdala iv. people are often compliant a. compliance: the tendency to do things requested by others: i. footinthedoor effect: once people commit to a course of action, they behave in ways consistent with that commitment. ii. door in the face people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request. iii. lowballing strategy once a person has committed to an option, then deciding to do so by spending a bit more money does not seem like such a big decision. v. people are obedient to authority \n a. milgram’s famous study demonstrated the tendency to follow the directions of authority. (experimentee was a teacher administering shocks to conduct a test) some situations produced less obedience i. nearly twothirds completely obeyed all the experimenter’s directives. 12.2 when do people harm or help others? vi. many factors can influence aggression a. aggression: any behavior that involves the intention to harm another. another factor that influences aggression is heat. b. biological factors: i. genetic research has identified the role of the maoa gene in aggression: a. maoa is not a “violence gene.” b. associated with amygdala and neurotransmitters(serotonin) c. maoa gene controls the amount of mao, an enzyme that regulates the activity of a number of neurotransmitters, including serotonin and norepinephrine. ii. the hormone testosterone also appears to have a modest correlation with aggression. however a particular form of the gene appears to make individuals susceptible to environmental risk factors associated with antisocial behaviors. iii ) the prefrontal cortex is important for controlling emotional and behavioral reactions. c. social and cultural factors. i. culture of honor: men are primed to protect their reputations through physical aggression. vii. many factors can influence helping behavior a. prosocial: actions that tend to benefit others, such as doing favors or helping by providing benefits to others, prosocial behaviors promote positive interpersonal relationships. b. altruistic behavior: providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so: natural selection occurs at the genetic level rather than at the individual level. \n inclusive fitness (hamilton’s): the adaptive benefits of transmitting genes rather than focusing on individual survival. people are altruistic toward those with whom they share genes, also known as kin selection. i. kin selection ii. reciprocal helping: robert rivers: one animal helps another because the other may return the favor in the future. viii. some situations lead to bystander apathy a. bystander intervention effect: failure to offer help to someone in need if other bystanders are around. i. diffusion of responsibility : bystanders expect other bystanders to help. thus the greater the number of people who witness someone in need of help, the less likely it is that any of them will step forward. ii. social blunders: people feel less constrained from seeking help as the need for help becomes clearer. iii. wish to be anonymous people are less likely to help when they are anonymous and can remain so. iv. how much harm do they risk to themselves by helping? v. kitty genovese 38 witnesses and still none of them could do anything to stop the murder. ix. cooperation can reduce outgroup bias a. sherif's robbers cave experiment: among strangers, competition and isolation created enemies among enemies, cooperation created friends. b. shared superordinate goals — goals that require people to cooperate — reduce hostility between groups. c. jigsaw classroom i. children in jigsaw classrooms grow to like each other more and develop higher selfesteem than do children in traditional classrooms. dependent on one another to achieve a task as a group. each person is specialized in one thing. \n 12.3 how do attitudes guide behavior? a. attitudes are evaluations of: i. objects. ii. events. iii. ideas. and are shaped by social context and play an important role in how we evaluate and interact with people. x. people form attitudes through experience and socialization a. negative attitudes develop more rapidly than positive attitudes. in general, bad is always a stronger motivating force than good. b. mere exposure effe ct greater exposure leads to familiarity and therefore more positive attitudes. ex: when people are presented with normal photographs of themselves and the same images reversed, they tend to prefer the reversed version because the reversed versions correspond to what people see when they look in the mirror. xi. behaviors are consistent with strong attitudes in general, the stronger and more personally relevant the attitude, the more likely it is to predict behavior. the strong and personally relevant nature of the attitude will lead the person to act the same across situations related to that attitude. the more specific the attitude, the more predictive it is. attitude accessibility: the ease or difficulty that a person has in retrieving an attitude from memory. a. ease of attitude accessibility predicts behavior resistant to change. xii. attitudes can be explicit or implicit a. explicit attitudes: because we know we hold them, we can report them to other people. b. implicit attitudes: at an unconscious level, they influence feelings and behavior. these influence feelings and behaviors because people can access these implicit attitudes from memory quickly with little conscious effort or control. \n in a way, implicit attitudes function like implicit memories. xiii. discrepancies lead to dissonance a. cognitive dissonance: dissonance is a lack of agreement, occurs when there is a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. i. an uncomfortable mental state ii. due to contradiction between two attitudes or between behavior and attitude iii. insufficient justificatioone way to get people to change their attitudes is to change their behaviors first, using as few incentives as possible. iv. postdecisional dissonance: dissonance can arise when a person holds positive attitudes about different options but has to choose one of the options. for example, a person might have trouble deciding which of many excellent colleges to attend. post decisional dissonance then motivates to focus on one school’s the chosen school’s positive aspects and the other school’s negative aspects. v. justifying effort:when people put themselves through pain, embarrassment, or discomfort to join a group, they experience a great deal of dissonance. after all, they would typically not choose to be in pain, embarrassed, or uncomfortable. people dissolve dissonance by inflating the importance of the group and their commitment to it. “they have sacrificed so much to join a group, people believe the group must be extraordinarily important. xiv. attitudes can be changed through persuasion a. persuasion is active and conscious effort to change attitude through transmission of message. persuasion is most likely to occur when people pay attention to a message, understand it, and find it convincing. most importantly, the message must be memorable. strong arguments that appeal to emotions are the most persuasive. advertisers also use the mere exposure effect, repeating the message over and over in the hope that multiple exposures will lead to increased persuasiveness. b. according to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasive communication changes attitudes through a: i. central routewhen people are motivated to process information and are able to take that information. people are paying attention to the arguments, considering all the information, and using rational cognitive processes. leads to strong attitudes that last over time. \n ii. peripheral route: minimal attention to information leads to impulsivity. when people are either not motivated to process information or are unable to process it. this route leads to moreimpulsive action, as when a person decides to purchase a product because of endorsement \n 12.4 how do people think about others? xv. physical appearance affects first impressions first thing to notice is typically the face of a person during an initial interaction a. nonverbal behavior, otherwise referred to asbody language , ithe facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others: thin slices of behaviorpeople can make accurate judgements based on only a few seconds of observation. thin slices of behavior are powerful cues for impression formation. i. accurate judgments can be based on brief observations. ii. facial expressions and body movements influence impressions. xvi. people make attributions about others a. attributions: people’s explanations for why events or actions occur they are explanations for events or actions, including other people’s behaviors. people are motivated to draw inferences in part by a basic need for both order and predictability. b. personal attributions: xplanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts these explanations refer to things within people, such as abilities, mood, or efforts. for example, you might assume that a firefighter saved the kitten because he is brave. c. situational attributions explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions fritz heider and harold kelley has described people as intuitive scientists who try to draw inferences about others and make attributions about events. but unlike objective scientists, people tend to be systematically biased when they process social information. when explaining other people’s behavior, people tend to overemphasize the importance of personality traits and underestimate the expectancy that people’s actions correspond with their belief and personalities. these explanations refer to outside events, such as luck, accident or the actions of other people. d. in explaining behavior, undamental attribution error is the tendency to: i. overemphasize personality. \n ii. underestimate situation. e. actor/observer discrepancy: i. in interpreting our own behavior, we focus on situation. ii. in interpreting others’ behavior, we focus on personality. example: people tend to attribute their own lateness to external factors such as traffic. while they tend to attribute other’s lateness to personal characteristics such as laziness or lack of organization. xvii. stereotypes are based on automatic categorization a. stereotypes: mental shortcuts for rapid processing of social information b. as a result of directed attention and memory biases, people may see illusory correlations. stereotypes guide attention toward information that confirms the stereotypes and away from disconfirming evidence. *moreover when people encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, they put that person in a special category rather than alter the stereotype. this latter process is known as subtyping. xviii. stereotypes can lead to prejudice a. prejudice : negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype b. discrimination: inappropriate, unjustified treatment of people based on prejudice c. ingroup/outgroup bias is the tendency to: i. positively evaluate groups we belong to. ii. negatively evaluate groups different from ours d. modern racism: subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs . modern racists tend to believe that discrimination is no longer a serious problems and that minority groups are demanding too much societal change as in too many changes to traditional values. ex: people may condemn racist attitudes toward latinos but be unwilling to help a latino in need. \n xix. prejudice can be reduced a. inhibiting stereotypes. i. in everyday life, inhibiting stereotyped thinking is difficult and requires selfcontrol. b. perspective taking and perspective giving: i . perspective taking involves people actively contemplating the psychological experiences of other people. such contemplation can reduce racial bias and help to smooth potentially awkward interracial interactions. taking another group’s perspective appears to reduce negative or positive stereotypes. ii. perspective giving, in which people share their experiences of being targets of discrimination. \n 12.5 what determines the quality of relationships? a. relationships are connections with friends and with romantic partners. xx. situational and personal factors influence interpersonal attraction and friendships a. relationships are promoted by: i. proximity and familiarity. a. the more people come into contact, the more likely they are to become friends. the more often people come into contact with each other because they are physically nearby, they more likely they are to become friends. ii similarity or “birds of a feather” matching principle and personal characteristics a. people tend especially to like those who have admirable personality characteristics and who are physically attractive. iv. physical attractiveness. a. how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures. b. “what is beautiful is good” stereotype; the belief that attractive people are superior in most ways some standards of beauty, such as preferences for particular body types, appear to change over time and across cultures. nevertheless, how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures xxi. love is an important component of romantic relationships a. passionate love: intense longing and sexual desire i. generally happens early in relationships b. companionate love: strong commitment to caring for and supporting partner i. evolves in relationships \n c. love in relationships may be related to early attachment styles from childhood days. (how their parents treated them and their attachment behavior) people whose parents treated them inconsistently—sometimes warm and sometimes not—have ambivalent attachments. these people are best described as clingy. they worry that people do not really love them and are bound to leave them. about 11 percent of adults report having this attachment style. xxii. staying in love can require work if people do not develop companionate forms of satisfaction in their romantic relationships—such as friendship, social support, and intimacy—the loss of passion leads to dissatisfaction and often to the eventual dissolution of the relationship a. dealing with conflict: i. being overly critical ii. holding the partner in contempt (i.e., having disdain, lacking respect) iii. being defensive iv. mentally withdrawing from the relationship, arguing by only seeing things from one side of the relationship. b. happy couples also differ from unhappy couples in attributional style. attribution style: how one partner explains the other’s behavior. i. they overlook bad behavior or respond constructively, a process called accommodation. also, optimistic people typically have a happier relationship than those who are not. c. can psychology rekindle a romance? the following will help: i. show interest in your partner. ii. be affectionate. iii. show you care. iv. spend quality time together. v. maintain loyalty and fidelity. vi. learn how to handle conflict. 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0ac7b383af440e955691ab64b4e9ae6a | beth and charles are at rest relative to each other. anjay runs past at velocity v while holding a long pole parallel to his motion. anjay, beth, and charles each measure the length of the pole at the instant anjay passes beth. rank in order, from largest to smallest, the three lengths l a, lb, and lc | beth and charles are at rest relative to each other. anjay | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "midterm study guide music history ii, spring 2016 listening identification (~40%) compositions to know: be able to identify each composition by composer (including first and last name) and title. you do not need to know the specific portions for works listed (e.g.,l’incoronazione di poppea ” suffices as a title). be able to discuss what you are hearing: there will be multiple choice and short answer questions based on the musical characteristics of what you hear (and some of your multiple choice, identification, and essay questions will be based on the musical characteristics of these pieces). review our discussions of pieces in class, and reread the discussions in your anthology. nawm 71: claudio monteverdi, cruda amarilli repeat “cruda amarilli” in the beginning madrigal dissonance madrigalism “e piu fugace” ← elusive and descending nawm 72: giulio caccini, vedrò ‘l mio sol solo madrigal (male voice) with basso continuo/lute ornaments (trills, turns) trilli: rapid repetitions of the same pitch each phrase ends in a cadence dynamics throughcomposed (different music for each verse) differing speeds nawm 73: jacopo peri, le musiche sopra l’euridice (excerpts a and b) [euridice] a) aria flute/recorders ritornello dance rhythm male voice rhyming → emphasized by two ♩ (or and ♪) b) dialogue in recitative female voice with basso continuo (lute) starts calm and consonant then turns dramatic with dissonances, rapid movement in bass (dafne tells orfeo that euridice died by snake bite) two voices interject (arcetro and orfeo) stronger dissonances ending is diatonic \n nawm 74: claudio monteverdi, l’orfeo (excerpts from act ii) a) aria/canzonetta starts with ritornello by strings male voice light hearted/bouncy strophic b) song: mira, deh mira orfeo says title of song andante male voice tuneful and brief c) dialogue in recitative operatic basso continuo (strings) dialogue between shepherd (relaxed) and messenger (female) ← urgent and dissonant d) recitative: tu se’ morta slow orfeo’s lament dramatic building intensity through rising pitches “a dio terra” rhythmic parallelism and chromaticism and rising pitch to climax on “e sole” with leap down to seventh e) choral madrigal: ahi, caso acerbo andante madrigalism: voices speedup “che tosto fugge” (that soon fly away) ascend “gran salita” (steep ascent) and descend “il precipizio” (the precipice) nawm 75: claudio monteverdi, l’incoronazione di poppea (act i, scene 3) a) dialogue in recitative starts with “signor” slow guitar and female solo joined by harpsichord intense, fast with chromaticism “da me” exchange between nerone and poppea b) aria: in un sospir starts with string section solo female voice \n lots of “sospir”s c) aria: signor, sempre mi vedi repeats the title several times strings, harpsichord and flutes female solo with guitar and flutes happy “non posso”s at end d) dialogue in mixed styles happy solo female with instrumental accompaniment exchange between poppea and nerone trills and embellishments becomes distressed→ dissonance voice and harpsichord nawm 77: barbara strozzi, lagrime mie cantata recitative → doesn’t have a clear tempo melismatic harpsichord (imitates melody at times) and solo female voice trills and voice tremors minor key with chromaticism lament/ostenato bass nawm 78: giovanni gabrieli, in ecclesiis solo joined by choir “alleuias” voices join in one by one to go to climax basso continuo: organ male solo brass and flute instrumentation large scale sacred concerto nawm 79: alessandro grandi, o quam tu pulchra es harpsichord and male solo voice title is repeated several times calm triple meter nawm 80: giacomo carissimi, historia di jephte(excerpts) harpsichord and solo female voice dramatic conversation between roles chorus has ritornello nawm 81: heinrich schütz, saul, was verfolgst du mich male choir repeating “saul” \n women join with strings repeating “saul” suspensions and dissonance text depiction and melismas nawm 82: girolamo frescobaldi, toccata no. 3 harpsichord solo with embellishments and trills speeds up at beginnings of phrases and slows at the end nawm 84: biagio marini, sonata iv per il violino per sonar con due corde harpsichord and violin duet differing speeds: tardo, presto violin melody over harpsichord chords in bass (basso continuo) joined by more strings nawm 85: jeanbaptiste lully, armide (excerpts) a) overture snares, trumpets, harpsichord, strings and winds stately theme first part: slow duple meter/homophonic second part: fast compound triple meter → returns to first section b) conclusion of divertissement strings suspensions, unison, flowing female solo over strings and harpsichord, later joined by homophonic choir c) act ii, scene 5 *wind machine*, harpsichord, trumpets, winds stately theme female solo over harpsichord picks up with dance nawm 88: elisabethclaude jacquet de la guerre, suite in a minor from pièces de clavecin solo harpsichord trills, literally all the trills descending phrase line nawm 89: henry purcell, dido and aeneas (excerpts) melancholy solo voice over strings choir and strings in english descending patterns dissonance and suspensions nawm 92: alessandro scarlatti, clori vezzosa, e bella \n a) recitative harpsichord, strings and female solo (minor key) dissonant ”pena: b) aria dancetype rhythm repetition of “si, si” modulates to major key da capo form nawm 93: alessandro scarlatti, la griselda (excerpts) dancelike strings female solo says “griselda” da capo form aba/framed with ritornellos nawm 94: arcangelo corelli, trio sonata op. 3, no. 2 basically strings only a) grave strings suspended over walking bass dissonant b) allegro violins dance rhythm fugal and fast c) adagio slow strings d) allegro dance, fast strings fugal imitation nawm 95: dieterich buxtehude, praeludium in e major, buxwv 141 organ prelude fast and grand alternates between free and fugal sections unknown listening (~510%). you will hear music not on our listening list. using elements that you hear in the music (style, continuo, relationship of different voices/voices to continuo, structure, etc), you will describe what you hear. you will \n identify a possible composer for the excerpt. note that you must justify your choice, and that your reasons are far more important than a correct identification. it is possible to receive full credit without correctly identifying the composer. multiple choice (~1015%): multiple choice questions will focus on major concepts from your reading and listening, including compositional styles. to prepare, review both the assignment sheets posted weekly and your class notes. identifications (~20%) : i will give you a subset of the terms listed below. you should explain the significance of the term to music history. in your studying, focus on the most important aspects of the terms, based on class discussion and your text. each identification will be worth five points; you will receive a point for each important aspect that you correctly identify. seconda pratica th monteverdi’s term for practice of counterpoint that breaks 16 century counterpoint rules to express the feelings of the text music heightens the effect of lyrics voiceleading rules/counterpoint rules were broken dissonances used more freely (not always resolved properly) “music is the servant of the word” dissonances in monteverdi’s “cruda amarilli” monody accompanied solo singing solo accompanied with one or more instruments 16th and 17th centuries galilei was advocating this style caccini “le nuove musica” artusimonteverdi controversy artusi criticized monteverdi’s cruda amarilli because of the needless violations of counterpoint rules and dissonances monteverdi’s brother, in response, says that artusi failed to look at the text which is what the music is based off of. l’artusi overo delle imperfettioni della moderna musica (the artusi, or concerning the imperfections of modern music): criticism of monteverdi’s madrigal and said monteverdi needlessly broke the rules \n ● prima practica: music had to follow the rules which led how the verbal text was formed ← artusi versus ● seconda practica: music follows text, voice leading rules can broken, more dissonances for feelings/emotions (affections) in text ← monteverdi monteverdi’s madrigals numerous dissonances breaking rules for resolving dissonances music conveys emotions of text ex: cruda amarilli in the style of seconda practica, cruda amarilli, breaks traditional musical rules in counterpoint to portray center emotions (affections) madrigals were criticized due to the fact that they were in seconda practica a part of the shift of music at the time florentine camerata the association of scholars who discussed literature, science and the arts during the 1500s musicians performed new music at meetings camerata means circle mei’s letters about greek music were a topic of conversation classical antiquity was fostered by the medici family to show their power and political standing opera poetry, drama, and music performed from a text, usually greek tragedy continuous music staged with scenery, costumes and action is a union of poetry, drama, music and stagecraft people used greek tragedy as a model in early operas pastoral drama (a play with music and song put in by verse) madrigal was an influence as well intermedio (a musical interlude performed between acts of a play) basso ostinato persistent or ground bass a pattern in the bass that repeats while the melody above it changes the bass pattern repeats while the melody above it changes most are in triple or compound meter well established in spain and italy of popular songs usually 2, 4, 8 measures long th any songs and instrumental work had that type of bass in the early 17 century \n cantata (seventeenth century) secular vocal chamber music with continuo solo voice several movements with recitatives and arias to set a lyrical text composed for private performance carissimi and strozzi reserved only in manuscript oratorio sacred music unstaged dramatic music combining narrative, dialogue and commentary arias, recitative, ensembles, choruses italian used by the catholic church to spread messages to people latin – church elites because it was invitation only dance suite pacsg 1. prelude: more improvisatory 2. allemande: pickup, in duple meter 3. courante: triple/compound 4. sarabande:triple meter, emphasis on beat 2 5. gigue: fast, continuous triples binary form two complementary sections, each of which is repeated first section ends on dominant, relative major, or tonic of new key second section returns to tonic used for dance music and other instrumental genres th 17 century dance music french overture type of overture used in tragedie en musique opens with slow, homophonic, majestic section second faster section beginning with imitation two sections played twice st 1 is homophonic and majestic; dotted rhythms and figures 2nd is faster and resembles fugue and imitation and usually goes back to the tempo and figuration of the first section lully’s armide (opera) is an example of this genre \n king louis xiv used art as propaganda and stimulated growth of music built versailles to control and monitor nobles → kept them busy with court ceremonies, etiquette, and entertainment to keep them from making trouble as a result, developed distinctive french genre: court ballet, french opera etc. dance was important to him france replaced spain as predominant power power and wealth more concentrated tragédie lyrique lyric tragedy french 17th and 18th century form of opera combines french classic drama and ballet with music, dance and spectacles quinault came together to form a new form of french opera sonata (seventeenth century) one or two melody instruments basso continuo several sections differentiated by musical material, mood, texture, meter and tempo sonata in marini’s time had rhythmic themes, scored for 1 or 2 instruments with mass continuo, imitated expressive vocal style. the two main types of sonatas around 1660s were sonata de chiesa and sonata da camera ● sonata de chiesa: church sonata, abstract movements. often included one or more dance rhythms/binary form. could substitute in church service in mass proper ● sonata da camera: chamber sonata. series of stylized dances, often begins with with prelude. corelli’s sonatas tend to be based on a single subject/theme with connections between movements. his music is tonal and marked with sense of direction. da capo aria aba aria form in three sections first section is repeated after the second section ends a section is broken into two stanzas separated (or at least introduced by) an instrumental ritornello b section enters a new key and lack the ritonellos of the a section to give it contrast before we return to the a section, possibly embellished ex: alessandro scarlatti’s clori vezzosa, e bella. short essays (~20%) will address questions including: \n identify the three main types of monody (hint: think about caccini and peri’s compositions), describe their musical characteristics, and give an example of each from your listening. ● monody is a single line of melody accompanied by a continuo instrument. ● three types of monody: ● aria lyrical melody, used in an opera to develop a single character’s emotion or feeling. ex: peri’s le musiche sopra l’euridice, nel pur ardor. ● recitative moves through text quickly, used in opera to get through a large amount of time or a series of events. ex: monteverdi’s l’orfeo, dialogue in recitative, ah casi acerbo. ● solo madrigal through composed, more specific distinction of the traditional madrigal, non strophic. ex: caccini’s vedro l’mio sol. what is the artusimonteverdi controversy? give at least one specific musical example, and explain who responded and how. review the source documents in your text. ● prima practica (zarlino): music had to follow the rules which led how the verbal text was formed ← artusi versus ● seconda practica: music follows text, voice leading rules can broken, more dissonances for feelings/emotions (affections) in text ← monteverdi ● artusi criticized ex: monteverdi’s cruda amarilli for needless violations of the rules of counterpoint ● artusi believes dissonances should resolve because it violates counterpoint rules (prima practica) ● in response, monteverdi’s brother argues that artusi failed to notice the text which was what the music was based off (seconda practica) describe the origins of opera. what genres influenced it? what was the role of the florentine camerata (and identify several figures involved with the camerata)? identify some early operas and give dates. when did opera spread to venice? what was the first public opera house? ● opera is an union of opera, poetry, and staging ● in attempt to recreate greek tragedy ← they thought that was the way epic poems/tragedies were performed ● florentine camerata: association of intellectuals hosted by count bardi at his academy where scholars discussed literature, science, and the arts and musicians performed new music. \n ● people associated with camerata: girolamo mei→ concluded that greek music consisted of single melody, sung by soloist or chorus with or w/o accompaniment and shared his ideas with colleagues in florence. ● vincenzo galilei used mei’s doctrines to attack vocal counterpoint→ only a single line of melody could express a given line of poetry, while multiple voices were like a chaotic mess messing with the message of the text. advocated for monody: soloistic singing with accompaniment. ● early operas: jacopi peri’s l’euridice (1600) & claudio monteverdi’s l’orfeo (1607) ● first public opera house: teatro san cassiano (1637) what is an oratorio? what is the difference between oratorio and opera? when in the liturgical year would you have been likely to hear each during the seventeenth century? describe the plot of carissimi’s jephte, and contrast it to the plot of one opera we have studied this semester. ● oratorio: religious, unstaged dramatic music, different from operas, which are staged grandly with costumes. ● most common during lent, because operas were forbidden for religious reasons during lent. ● common themes of oratorios, since they are usually performed during lent, emphasis themes of lenten suffering and obedience to god. ● carissimi’s jephte retells a biblical story from the book of judges where jephtha, the military leader of the israelites is forced to sacrifice his daughter because of a promise he made to god if he returned home victorious from battle with the ammonites. ● whereas monteverdi’s l’orfeo retells the tragic myth of orfeo attempting to retrieve the love of his life, euridice, from the underworld and failing to have faith. (secular subject) describe musical life in france at versailles, under the reign of louis xiv. ● built versailles to keep nobles from interfering in politics and to monitor them. kept them busy with court etiquette, entertainment, and ceremonies. also, versailles was a symbol of louis’ power ● as a result, distinctive french genres emerged: court ballet, french opera, etc… ● court ballet: musicaldramatic worked, staged with costumes ● first model for modern orchestra → large ensemble of violin family ● french ouverture: marks entry of king \n ● dance reinforced the state by offering a model of discipline, order, refinement, etc… required aristocrats to participate in social dancing and ballet performances to keep them busy and provided structure of social hierarchy, with king on top ● french baroque music centered on refined, elegant, and restrained dance, compared to italian music concentrated on individuality and showmanship. be prepared to explain how the following musical forms are put together, using an example of a piece to talk through them: binary form, french overture, da capo aria. ● binary form: ab where a: (iv) and b: (xchordi) widely used for dance style instrumental music ex: elisabethclaude jaquet de la guerre’s suite no. 3 in a minor. ● french overture: two sections, each played twice in which the first section is homophonic, slow and “majestic,” followed by a faster, second section that usually begins with a fugallike imitation before ending in the style of the first section (not quite ternary form). ex: jeanbaptiste lully’s armide, ouverture. ● da capo aria: overall takes a ternary form (aba) in which the a section is broken into two stanzas separated (or at least introduced by) an instrumental ritornello. the b section enters a new key and lack the ritonellos of the a section to give it contrast before we return to the a section, possibly embellished. ex: alessandro scarlatti’s clori vezzosa, e bella. how did the sonata change over the course of the seventeenth century? what was a sonata like in the time of marini? what were two main types of sonata by around 1660? what was a typical sonata like for corelli? ● sonata in marini’s time had rhythmic themes, scored for 1 or 2 instruments with mass continuo, imitated expressive vocal style. ● the two main types of sonatas around 1660s were sonata de chiesa and sonata da camera ● sonata de chiesa: church sonata, abstract movements. often included one or more dance rhythms/binary form. could substitute in church service in mass proper ● sonata da camera: chamber sonata. series of stylized dances, often begins with with prelude. ● corelli’s sonatas tend to be based on a single subject/theme with connections between movements. his music is tonal and marked with sense of direction. \n please make sure to review your assignment sheets! additionally, you may find the lists below helpful: terms : (know what these are and how they relate to the larger narratives of music history in the baroque period; be prepared to answer questions about them or to use these terms in your short essays) baroque affections prima pratica seconda pratica l’artusi overo delle imperfettioni della moderna musica (or english title) criticized monteverdi’s madrigal for breaking the traditional rules of counterpoint basso continuo figured bass realization stile concitato stile concertatosacred concerto cadenza opera libretto pastoral drama madrigal intermedio la pellegrina (and its date and context) dialogo della musica antica et della moderna florentine camerata monody solo madrigal teatro san cassiano st. mark’s impresario basso ostinato concerted madrigal lament bass cantata stile antico stile moderno oratorio toccata ricercare sonata passacaglia and chaconne organ mass dance suite ballet de cour vingtquatre violons du roi tragédie lyrique divertissement french overture notes inégales overdotting agréments clavecin style brisébinary form prelude allemande courante sarabande gigue da capo aria sonata da camera sonata da chiesa trio sonata walking bass concerto concerto grosso collegium musicum people : (know who they are, roughly when and where they lived, and why they are important to music history; again, be prepared to answer questions about them or discuss their importance in your short essays) \n claudio monteverdi ottavio rinuccini cardinal mazarin giulio cesare giovanni de’ bardi luigi rossi monteverdi girolamo mei jeanbaptiste lully giovanni maria artusi vincenzo galilei jeanphilippe quinault gioseffo zarlino francesco gonzaga john blow jacopo peri francesco cavalli henry purcell emilio de’ cavalieri louis xiv antonio stradivarius ",
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67c172c8887fbf375283b960a870bd5a | sop3004 sop3004 sop3004 | sop3004 | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "sop 3004: social psychology professor derrick schlangen tr 9:30am10:50am, pa 101 week four chapter 3: social cognition: how we think about the social world bolded words: definitions underlined: names italics: examples/ studies (from the book & lectures) highlighted: test material/ important human thinking can be best described as “flawed scientist” chapter 3: social cognition: how we think about the social world social cognition: how people thin",
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b11dcf49ffde4b04dc59a4b3f77e6552 | biol 2050 o what are some theories as to why? ▪ how does molecular composition affect traits? | biol 2050 | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " extra readings study guide – test i “no sex required” o albert-ludwigs university in freburg, germany ralf reski and nir ohad o summary: scientist recently discovered a gene trigger in moss physcomitrella that leads to offspring without fertilization the mechanism is assumed to be conserved in evolution o the gene bell1 had been identified as a potential regulator for the ormation and development of embryos in physcomitrella they were able to induce embryo development by activating the gene o the protein belongs to the homeobox trascription factors category these are known to control devel",
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99c71fe2bb7f0c5a6fc32305c5502c27 | are the following sequences zl, z2, ... , zn> ... bounded? convergent? find their limit points. (show the details of your work.) | answer: are the following sequences zl, z2, ... , zn> .. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " unit 8: disorders and t reatments read chapters 13 and 14 . 1) be able to define harmful dysfunction. (399) . a behavior or an emotional state that is harmful to oneself or others, as judged by the community or culture in which it occurs . 2) what is a mental disorder? how does unusual behavior differ from a mental disorder? (399400) . any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering, is self destructive, seriously impairs the persons ability to work or get along with others, or makes a person unable to control the impulse to endanger others . . 3) what is the purpose of the dsm? what are some of the advantages of using the dsm? what are some of the problems with the dsm? (400402 and lecture) . the dsm implies that everyday problems are comparable to serious mental disorders . 4) be able to define and distinguish between categorical or dimensional models of mental disorders. which model does the dsm primarily rely on? (lecture) . 5) what is generalized anxiety disorder? (406) . a continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension . 6) what is a phobia? how do phobias differ from fears? (407) . an exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object . 7) what is posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd)? what are symptoms of ptsd (be able to list three)? (408) \n . a disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or lifethreatening event has symptoms such as nightmares, flashbacks, insomnia, reliving of the trauma, and increased physiological arousal . 8) what is obsessivecompulsive disorder? how do obsessions differ from compulsions? what is the function of compulsions in this disorder? (409) . an anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts and repetitive (obsessions), ritualized behaviors (compulsions) . 9) what is major depression? how do symptoms differ from normal sadness? (410411 and lecture) . a disorder involving disturbances in emotion, behavior, cognition , and body function . 10) one local source of help for suicide prevention is gryphon place. if asked on the exam to provide the name of the local suicide prevention center in kalamazoo, be able to provide this name. note: the website for gryphon place is http://www.gryphon.org . 11) what is bipolar disorder? what is a manic episode? (411) . a mood disorder in which episodes of both depression and mania occur . 12) what is the vulnerabilitystress model of depression? be able to describe the four contributing factors of this model. (411413) . approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce specific mental disorders, such as depression . 13) what characterizes borderline personality disorder? how does it differ from bipolar disorder? (414 and lecture) . a disorder characterized by extreme negative emotionality and an inability to regulate emotions; it often results in intense but unstable relationships, impulsiveness, self mutilating behavior, feelings of emptiness, and a fear of abandonment by others . 14) what is antisocial personality disorder? (414415) . a personality disorder characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive reckless acts \n . 15) what is dissociative identity disorder? what is the controversy regarding the existence of this disorder? be able to discuss the controversy in detail, including the arguments of the posttraumatic model and the sociocognitive model. (425427) . a controversial disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; formerly known as multiple personality disorder . 16) what is schizophrenia? be able to list and describe the five core abnormalities associated with the disorder. (427429) . a psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior, and cognitive impairments . 17) be able to list and describe the four main classes of drugs used for the treatment of mental disorders. (435437) . antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) – drugs used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; they are often used off label and inappropriately for other disorders such as dementia and impulsive aggressiveness . antidepressant drugs – drugs used primarily in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression and anxiety . antianxiety drugs (tranquilizers) – drugs commonly prescribed for patients who complain of unhappiness, anxiety, or worry . lithium carbonate (type of salt) – the apparent success of a medication or treatment due to the patient’s expectations or hopes rather than to the drug or treatment itself . 18) what are the cautions about drug treatments that the book lists? (437440) . publication bias – the tendency for journals to publish positive findings but not negative or ambiguous ones many publishers have financial ties in the pharmaceutical industry placebo effect – the apparent success of a medication or treatment due to the patient’s expectations or hopes rather than to the drug or treatment itself high relapse and dropout rates – a person may only have shortterm success with antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs. anywhere from ½ to 1/3 of people stop taking \n medications due to the unpleasant side effects. those people are likely to relapse disregard for effective, possibly better nonmedical treatments – drugs are typically the more popular source of treatment. this is due to advertisements and rise of popularity by consumers unknown risks over time and drug interactions – the effects of taking antidepressants indefinitely are still unknown, especially for vulnerable groups such . 19) what is the main goal of psychodynamic therapy? (442) . all different forms of psychodynamic treatment share a goal of exploring the unconscious dynamics of personality, such as defenses and conflicts . 20) how does flooding differ from graduated exposure? (443) . flooding – in behavior therapy, a form of exposure treatment in which the client is taken directly into a feared situation until his or her panic subsides . graduated exposure – in behavior therapy, a method in which a person suffering from a phobia or panic attacks is gradually taken into the feared situation or exposed to a traumatic memory until the anxiety subsides . 21) what is systematic desensitization? be able to describe its relation to counterconditioning. (444) . in behavior therapy, a stepbystep process of desensitizing a client to a feared object or experience; it is based on the classicalconditioning procedure of counterconditioning . 22) what is cognitive therapy? how do mindfulness and acceptance based therapies differ from traditional cognitive therapies? (445447 and lecture) . a form of therapy designed to identify and change irrational, unproductive ways of thinking and, hence, to reduce negative emotions . 23) what is behavioral activation? (lecture) . 24) what is clientcentered therapy? (447) . a humanist approach, devised by carl rogers, which emphasizes the therapist’s empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard . a humanist approach, devised by carl rogers, which emphasizes the therapist’s empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard \n . 25) be able to describe the scientistpractitioner gap. what is meant by empirically supported treatments? (452453 and lecture) . 26) review the “when therapy helps” section in your textbook. what types of therapies have the most empirical support? (454455) . cognitive therapy’s greatest success has been in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression . . 27) be able to list and describe the risks associated with psychotherapy. (458459) . the use of empirically unsupported, potentially dangerous techniques . inappropriate or coercive influences, which can create new problems for the client . prejudice or cultural ignorance on the part of the therapist . sexual intimacies or other unethical behavior on the part of the therapist . . 28) be able to list and explain the suggestions the book provides for being a smart consumer of psychological treatments. (461) ",
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f2eaade9dfcf51103d8be0e2903dc75f | math 431 uw madison probability formulas cheat sheet math 431 | math 431 uw madison | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " 1) basics a) for every event you have a set, or space, of possible outcomes called the sample space: ω i) you get probabilities from subsets of the sample space b) for every event the probability measure is somewhere between 0 and 1 i) the probability for the whole space is, and the probability for the empty set is 0 c) set theory i) for set a inside ω, the compliment of a is all of ω that is not part of a ii) the union of sets a and b, aub, is all of what is contained in a, and all of what is contained in b iii) the intersection of a and b, a∩b, is what in bot a and b iv) the probability of a set and its compliment add to one v) the cardinality: #, of",
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2ea867d649f710b424f91f16db9adf8b | ?problem 37p
refrigerant-134a enters a diffuser steadily as saturated vapor at 600 kpa with a velocity of 160 m/s, and it leaves at 700 kpa and 40°c. the refrigerant is gaining heat at a rate of 2 kj/s as it passes through the diffuser. if the exit area is 80 percent greater than the inlet area, determine (a) the exit velocity and (b) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. | refrigerant-134a enters a diffuser steadily as saturated | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": "mktg 3650 foundations of marketing practice chapter 6a: appendix moving from knowledge to action: a 35,000 foot view of marketing information the power of actionable knowledge knowledge is an operant resource. knowledge is the key foundation for achieving sustainable competitive advantage and marketing growth through innovation because innovation is the key to achieving lasting differentiation and marketing power. firms and people who seek to become better informed, smarter, more powerful, and ultimately more successful must search for differentiating knowledge in a proactive and strategic fashion. good strategy is about getting more out of a situation than the beginning balance of power between competing firms would suggest is likely or perhaps even possible. propositional knowledge is abstract and generalized in nature the applications of propositional knowledge are broad as is its value. a threepart principle is always in play in business, marketing, or life. it is this: o the more diverse and broader one’s base of knowledge becomes, the more interesting and valuable are the connections (intersections) that one can make. o those connections or intersections, in turn, are exactly where the most useful solutions to even the most vexing problems will reside. o all one has to do, metaphorically, is reach in and pick out the best possible solution. propositional knowledge contributes to the managers’ ability to operate on the leadingknowledge edge as they identify differentiating opportunities for their firms through marketing research efforts. prescriptive knowledge more narrowly focused referred to as techniques and know hows \n marketing research process and its associated tasks are often complicated and technical in nature highly subjectspecific bodies of leadingedge knowledge must be understood and enacted by marketing researchers if they are to perform adequately and effectively. having the right prescriptive knowledge is an absolute “musthave” in any marketing research and marketing planner/manager career. propositional and prescriptive knowledge propositional and prescriptive knowledge, separately and collectively, are critical to the success of marketing researchers and of all businesspeople. this is because at their cores, the general practice of business and specific practice of marketing is about making bets on current and future human behaviors —bets on behavioral topics such as which product is most likely to be purchased. other ways to describe marketing research an ongoing process that generally involves collecting and analyzing information usually related to a specific problem or opportunity that is facing the firm the marketing research process itself unfolds in two general stages: o the first stage involves describing/diagnosing the problem or opportunity that is facing the firm more accurately o the second stage involves developing prescriptive inferences regarding how best to strategically address the problem or opportunity through betterinformed, more effective management of the firm’s marketing mix customers, operating in either b2c or b2b domains, are impressionable, emotional, and irrational—at times, predictably irrational. marketing researchers understand that customers are often so illogical that they believe price determines the value of something rather than the other way around. descriptive and prescriptive value “information is power” information only becomes a source of power or managerial effectiveness after it has been converted into usable or actionable knowledge. politics fundamentally involves two activities o the artistic development and effective selling of possible versions of the future. o the act of developing and marketing those new political products known as people and their ideas as harbingers of these projected futures. \n the right sort of information generates value the marketing information and insights generated by the firm and its marketing research should describe changing trends that represent either threats or opportunities to the firm or, the information and knowledgebased insights generated by the firm should prescribe—dictate or point the way toward—the strategic marketing actions that the firm should pursue. descriptive, aka diagnostic, information should always come first. then, prescriptive recommendations follow. two equations; remember each better (marketing) information = better (marketing) decisions = better (marketing) performance “know yourself (the firm); know your enemy (the firm’s competition); and know your terrain (the markets and environments in which your firm will engage with competitors) and you should win 100% of your battles.” o sun tzu’s statement from the art of war underscores the value of having uptodate and accurate marketing information about: competitors relevant marketplace, and environmental trends customers the value of knowledge: revealed through statistics the fact that statistics and probability assessments are usually in play when marketing research is conducted means that firms collect information from samples that are supposedly representative of the entire population of interest. the probability assessments that follow from statistical analyses enable managers to make reasonably accurate decisions in settings that feature imperfect information and substantial uncertainty by measuring the level of uncertainty embedded in a given decision. when working with statistics and computers, researchers too often fall victim to automation and complacency bias. o automation bias arises when our computers lull us into a false sense of security. o complacency bias arises when people place too much faith in the accuracy of information provided by computers. \n knowledge generated through marketing research creates… leadingedge marketing research knowledge is generally used to identify and define marketing opportunities. this knowledge is also used to generate, refine, and evaluate marketing activities; particularly segmentation, targeting, and marketing mix management and positioning efforts. marketing researchers summarize and communicate their research findings and the implications to firms for which or within which they work. the firm that possesses superior knowledge and the marketing ability, resources and managerial willingness to act decisively based on that knowledge will generally prevail in the proverbial battle for preferred real estate inside their customers and prospects minds. sustainable competitive advantage the three ways through which any firm can create sustainable competitive advantages or enduring points of differentiation in route to more power and greater wealth are through: o achieving customer intimacy advantages o achieving technological advantage o achieving costbased advantages",
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682ef1db919d5161006413b6754a605d | a triangular plate made of homogeneous material has a constant thickness that is very small. if it is folded over as shown, determine the location y of the plates center of gravity g. \_ z \_ y g 1 in. 1 in. 3 in. 3 in. z 1 in. 1 in. y x 6 in. 3 in. 3 in. prob. 968 | a triangular plate made of homogeneous material | ch 9 - 9-68 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "globalization study guide for quiz 3 class: feb 29 lecture: how do developed and developing countries tend to differ in terms of birth rates, death rates, and fertility rates? why? o know how to read and interpret changes in a population pyramid (e.g., changes in birth rates, mortality rates, or immigration). o declining fertility, increased longevity & mortality rate decline supersedes decrease in fertility o what is the demographic transition? know how to correctly label and explain what’s changing on population pyramids representing the four phases of the demographic transition. o demographic transition refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre industrial to an industrialized economic system. this is typically demonstrated through a demographic transition model o for most of human history, the percentage of people age 65+ has been around 3 4% of the total population. how much is it predicted to be in 2050? why? o most of human history, 65+ ~ 34% of population o today = 15%; 2050 = 25% (estimate) o by 2030, workingage population expected to contract in nearly all developed countries (us=exception thanks to expected inmigration) o by 2050, 60+ = 2 billion globally – ¾ from developing countries \n o this is because of the shift in the demographic transition model in which as populations grow older people are having less and less children and the old are living longer; thus the percentage of elderly in the population changes what is berelson and samuel’s theory of fertility decline thresholds? what criteria do they specify that are correlated with fertility decline? o bernard berelson & john samuel’s theory of fertility decline thresholds argues that fertility will not decline significantly enough to begin the demographic transition until… 1. <50% labor force employed in agriculture 2. 50% of age 519 enrolled in school 3. life expectancy is at least 60 years 4. infant mortality is <65 per 1,000 5. 80%+ females age 1519 are unmarried what is the demographic trap? what kinds of countries tend to be caught in the demographic trap and why? o the demographic trap is the point at which population growth exceeds environment’s carrying capacity. often due to deathrate decline but no fertilityrate change as is seen in many laborintensive developing economies and many emerging markets o this creates challenges & opportunities for governments, ngos, private sector according to guest speaker shaheen siraz, bangladesh is currently grappling with several challenges due to their large youth population. what are these challenges? o many of the youth in their nation do not have access to proper education. o a quarter (27%) of young bangladeshis never completed primary school and do not have the skills they need for work. that totals over 8 million 15 to 24yearolds in the country. o there are 250 million children of primary school age who cannot read or count whether they are in school or not. in bangladesh, for example, less than 50% of teachers are trained; o there are 44 million illiterates in bangladesh alone – the fourth highest rate of any country in the world. preparation materials: be able to define each of the following demographic terms: o birth/death rate – annual # of births/deaths per 1,000 people in a designated geographic area o total fertility rate – average # of children women in a specific population bear over their lifetime o infant mortality rate – annual # of deaths of infants 1 year old or younger for every 1,000 infants born alive \n o maternal mortality rate – death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of the termination of a pregnancy from any cause due to or aggravated by pregnancy or the way it is managed. expressed as the # of maternal deaths per 100,000 pregnancies o sex ratio – number of men per 100 females in a designated geographic area o inmigration/outmigration – movement of people into or out of a designated area o immigration – act of entering one country after leaving another o emigration – act of departing one country with the purpose of taking up residence elsewhere o net migration rate – rate based on the # of people entering and # of people leaving a designated area in a year. we divide that number by the size of the relevant population and then multiply the result by 1,000 o internal migration – movement of people within the given boundaries of a country. o agglomerations – urban populations with 1 million or more how and why has the world’s population pyramid changed between 19702015? why? how and why is it predicted to change 20152060? o how: o why: as women enter the workforce in greater numbers, children live longer into life, and baby boomers enter the elderly demographic the number of children the average family is having is declining so the population age differences are evening out. how has global aging impacted auto companies, banks, assisted living facilities, and telemedicine (give examples of new products or services created in each of these industries)? o all of these firms are catering towards the newfound longevity of the elderly population. as people live longer and longer into life the market for consumers of assisted living facilities, investment firms, and telemedicine opportunities increases. take for instance elderly people from abroad who wish to be buried honoring the traditions of their heritage: there are emerging markets wherein one can hire a team of people to throw a tradition funeral within the customs of one’s culture. class: march 2 discussion: \n how had india’s population pyramid changed between the year that shoppers stop opened for business and the year of the case? why did it change? o there is a large amount of loyal older customers, but the store wants to bring in younger consumers to widen their market. what were the four factors driving the indian retail revolution mentioned in the shoppers stop case? o changing demographics, upward migration of income, easy credit, government impetus. what was india’s “demographic dividend” mentioned in the shoppers stop case? o the population of india was forecasted to stay young for the next two decades, therefore to have a successful market shopper’s stop must rebrand to younger customers how did the case describe shoppers stop customers? o shoppers stop customers are older, extremely loyal, and looking for unique clothing that will make them stand apart. did shoppers stop make changes to its business to take advantage of india’s “demographic dividend?” if so, how? if not, why not? o absolutely! they ran an ad campaign for younger people, targeting the collage and teenage spectrum bringing in this larger demographic. class: march 7 lecture: know the following facts about migration: o the number of international migrants more than doubled 19752000, o today’s total stock of international migrants is 244 million, o 48% of today’s international migrants in the world are women, o 2/3 of international migrants live in europe and asia, o europe has just slightly more inmigrants than outmigrants, o africa has just slightly more outmigrants than inmigrants, o asia has just slightly more outmigrants than inmigrants, and o north america has many more inmigrants than outmigrants. what is the iom and what does it do? o the international organization for migration is the leading intergovernmental organization specializing in the field of migration. o it specializes in labour migration, human development, immigration and border management, migration assistance, migrant health, refugee resettlement, emergency, postcrisis and disaster risk reduction, migration policy and migration law research according to guest speaker lara white, what are the benefits of labor migration for households, nations, and regions/the globe? o households \n increases incomes boosts health & wellbeing promotes school enrolment generates jobs in host countries o national stimulates innovation increases labour market efficiency changes age pyramid and dependency ratios facilitates trade and investment o regional/global addresses global talent & labour shortages reduces “braindrain” through skill circulation highlights need for increased international collaboration according to guest speaker lara white, what are the 5 challenges of migrant integration into their new countries of residence? o xenophobia o access to the labor market o psychosocial well being o skill and qualifications recognition o language and cultural barriers preparation materials: in the summer of 2014, what kind of immigrants was germany looking for? why? o german is in dire need of educated workers and is readily searching for experienced immigrants to work in their engineering fields what are the 3 ways globalization makes the global migrant crisis more unstable? o there is a large amount of uncertainty of how the process works and how long someone might stay in a nation, the factors that challenge immigration increase as the volume increases, there are many displaced refugees as well adding to the volume of immigrants know the fact that immigrants in america are more than twice as likely to start a business as someone born in america. know the country of origin for the founders of each of these us immigrant founded companies: google, at&t, goldman sachs, and ebay. (note – you do not need to know the founders’ names just the countries from which they originated.) o google russia o at&t scotland o goldman sachs germany o ebay france class: march 9 \n discussion: what are the internal and external benefits of migration for business? o according to the hague process study, what are the top 3 (most commonly mentioned) benefits of migration that business leaders mention first in the study? o according to the hague process study, how do business leaders’ general perceptions of migration differ from their general perceptions of migrant labor/employees? o managers and leaders often times see the potential to utilize the global perspective and skillset international employees provide why did jane lew, “upglo” founder, reach the conclusion that both government funded resettlement programs and privatesector job placement firms were failing educated and professional immigrants? how were their incentive systems set up to fail them and why? o the governmentfunded resettlement programs and privatesector job placement firms all focused on getting people jobs immediately, when in reality people need to work towards carrers. upglo focuses on preparing people to inter the workforce looking for a career and secure them a job in their specialized field. at the close of the case, what were the key elements of upglo’s business model? (who are their markets, what services do they offer these markets, what are all their sources of revenue, what are their major costs). o upglo focuses on matching businesses with employees perfectly fitting for the career path they are entering. this is a symbiotic relationship as the businesses gain educated and hardworking employees and the immigrants get a career they have worked for. \n class: march 21 lecture: according to guest lecturer, dr. noel maurer, what are the main sources of pressure on global resources in the world today? o his main themes were that: natural resources aren’t natural global warming is the worst possible challenge policies and alternatives o and therefore there is an immense struggle to make change in the spectrum of resource conservation. preparation materials: prior to 2011, food prices spikes were usually attributable to weather (e.g., unusually hot, dry, cold, or wet seasons). but in 2011, trends in both sides of the food supply/demand equation were driving up prices. be able to list each of the demand and supplyside effects on food prices – and explain how changes in these issues affect the price of food. o on the demand side, the culprits are population growth, rising affluence, and the use of grain to fuel cars. on the supply side: soil erosion, aquifer depletion, the loss of cropland to nonfarm uses, the diversion of irrigation water to cities, the plateauing of crop yields in agriculturally advanced countries, and — due to climate change — cropwithering heat waves and melting mountain glaciers and ice sheets. these climaterelated trends seem destined to take a far greater toll in the future. why do scientists consider 2 degrees celsius (3.6 degrees fahrenheit) a critical value for global warming? according to the article, “hot and bothered,” does the global community have political commitments and technologies in place to keep global temperatures below 2 degrees celsius? o crop ecologists have their own rule of thumb: for each 1 degree celsius rise in temperature above the optimum during the growing season, we can expect a 10 percent decline in grain yields. this temperature effect on yields was all too visible in western russia during the summer of 2010 as the harvest was decimated when temperatures soared far above the norm. what is the relationship between developingcountry economic development and rising global temperature? o the people who are being harmed most by global warming are the people who do not benefit from the cause of it. the oil and tech that is causing \n global warming is only used by first world countries, but those in third world countries are the first to starve because of it. the article, “hot and bothered,” suggests a couple of ways that mankind will have to adapt to living under skies containing high concentrations of greenhouse gases. what are they? o this can be helped by growing crops that can tolerate heat and extreme weather, in part by abandoning the worstaffected places. animals and plants will need help, including transporting them across national and even continental boundaries. more research is required on deliberately engineering the earth’s atmosphere in order to cool the planet.",
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c39ede3f649a4b6e266d5e93dea7f2e6 | soc 1004 soc 1004 virginia tech soc 1004 | soc 1004 | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " exam 3 study guide: family: how groups handle nature detours on the road to equality: many believe that the barriers preventing women from entering new fields has been dismantled, but that’s not entirely true. women were once increasingly entering male dominated fields but this growth has come to a stop. o “the slow but steady movement of women into formerly male-dominated occupations has tapered off, if not completely stopped, during the 1990s” (32). most occupations remain skewed either towards men or women. sociologists refer to this concentration of men and women in different jobs as the gender segregation of work. o “…a woman more o",
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747f9c90238dc32d4104ad6f3e6769fb | determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles of the resultant force, and sketch this vector on the coordinate system. x z f2 500 n f1 = 400 n 135 60 60 20 y 60 prob. 277 | determine the magnitude and | ch 2 - 2-77, 14th edition | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " global geography week 10 march 22, 2016 ancient kingdoms- south east asia has never had one dominating country influences- south east asia (india) influenced architecture the chinese- influenced the mainland (thailand, vietnam, etc.). buddhism was brought to the mainland. languages are related to chinese. the islands were influenced by islam- southeast asia came into contact with islam through merchants. sultans would become muslim and therefore all his people would become muslim under him. south east asia is extremely diverse in regard to religion- all 4 major religions are found here christianity- the spanish brought christianity to philippines. portuguese brought catholicism to east timor. the philippines was the spanish’s only major colony. however the us has had a greater influence on the philippines. us took control over the philippines after defeating spain in war. we brought english to this region. they became us territory. philippines became a likely cause for the us getting involved in wwii. us vs. japan- it is argued that one of the main reason the japanese attacked pear harbor is because the us was in the philippines- the us was too close for comfort. japan eventually took over the philippines. the us took it back but the philippines eventually became independent. religious clashes- clashes are very rare. the clashes usually against the government. saffron rebellion- monks led the protest against the military government of myanmar. the government attacked the buddhists- the monks then decided not to take donations from the government- this was seen as a rejection from heaven. huge slap in the face. jemaah and abu sayyaf- people have fought for serria law- have attacked tourists in order to protest the government. groups like abu sayyaf want autonomy- radical group who has been known to kidnap people. languages- thai and laotian- not related to india language but the writing system was influenced by south asia vietnamese- was never a written language- the language was originally written in chinese. french missionaries came to viet \n name and helped create the written language in order to spread christianity. indonesian diversity- incredibly diverse. 700 different languages. they created a national language- bahasa indonesian- helped unify the country. political geography- colonialism in southeast asia- vietnam was seen as the front porch to the pacific- used to mekong to get into china. vietnam- nan viet (means people of the south)- for some reason the people flipped the name. vietnam has had heavy chinese influence and has never been fully unified. post wwii vietnam wanted independence from the french. ho chi minh- leader in vietnam- he fought against the japanese in wwii- seen as an ally. he became an enemy when he pushed for independence from the french. we became involved. north was communist- the south had more western influence. they were going to allow a vote- we technically lost- we were trying to fight communists- we didn’t put all our resources in (we fought a limited war). the north vietnamese objective was for independence they were fighting a total war and putting everything into it. ho chi minh was loved in both the north and the south (seen as founder). the ted offensive showed that we weren’t winning- we were losing in a political perspective. since the 80s and 90s vietnam has become more capitalist. laos- heavily affected by vietnam war. attacked just as much as vietnam. laos government was supporting vietnam. had more bombs dropped on it than all of wwii. there is a health affect even today from the craters made from the bombs- created standing water where diseases and mosquitos breed. hmong- they were supported by the us during the war- left for themselves- many fled to the us –mid west has the highest concentration. cambodia- because of the war cambodia’s structure broke down- pol pot rose to power- attempted to restart cambodia. they decided to leave the capital city with no technology- the starting with year zero. if you went against this you were killed- as were vietnamese and those who were considered “slower.” mass graves were discovered. 33% of the population was killed in the “killing fields.” who saved cambodia? the vietnamese- they invaded in order to save cambodia. thailand- affected because of prostitution. they were more used to “comfort” service men who were away from their wives. women with mental handicaps were often used as the \n prostitutes. in the 1980s- thailand tried to make thailand the land of sex because so many prostitutes were left after the war. hiv has exploded here. since the 90s- prostitutes are required to get checked for hiv every 6 months. the north has been more affected by the hiv epidemic. 2 years ago a doctor has convicted of murder for using hiv infected needles to treat patients (this also happened in the north). rural- urban divide- yingluck shinawatra tied to reform the rural areas- people in the urban area pushed here out and looked to undo the rural reform. 2014 military coup- military government in thailand 17,000 islands in indonesia- minangkabau- power and property are handed down through the female side of the female (matrilineal society). papua- ethnically/religiously different from the rest of indonesia- pushed for independence east timor- became independent from indonesia. a major oil line was drawn between indonesia and australia- east timor was able to get the percentages changed- they now have 80% of the oil line- australia has 20% indonesia crime- piracy- is very heavy in this region. this happens in the straight of malacca- the lands start to bottleneck together so ships have to slow down. this makes it very easier for pirates to attack. problem with jurisdiction over who should prosecute the pirates. malaysia- unified because of convenience. the creation of malaysia- the federation of malaya included the federated area and non federate area. singapore was not brought in. brunei- was part of the british empire unto 1984- has one of the wealthiest leader in the world- he banned santa clause. singapore- chinese majority- they were kicked out of malaysia- no singapore representatives- now one of the wealthiest countries in the world. \n south east asia study guide 1. which river of southeast asia runs through or borders all mainland southeast asian countries and is known for its giant catfish? mekong river 2. which country is known for its floating markets, a reflection of the importance of rivers in the region? thailand 3. how do the population patterns of mainland southeast asia differ from that of insular southeast asia (islands)? mekong river delta very fertile and flat. the population follows the rivers in mainland southeast asia. vietnam is very mountainous most of the population is on the coast and the mekong river delta islands many islands have few people. larger islands are usually more 55%of the population.is large but not heavily populated. java, indonesia 4. in terms of physical geography, how does the island of borneo differ from the indonesian islands of java and \n sumatra? borneo has no volcanoes and was part of the mainland of se asia. it is made up of limestone, poor soil & less populated. sumatra & java are volcanic. 5. compared to the pacific ocean, why was the death toll from the 2004 sumatra tsunami so widespread, affecting all regions along the indian ocean rim? asia did not have warning bouys sent out and the indian ocean was not aware it was going to occur so everyone was hit without preparation. learned that they need a warning system. 6. though not the sole reason, the eruption of what volcano aided in the closing of clark air base? mnt. pinatubo in the philippines 7. how did malaysia and indonesia differ in their approach to deforestation on the island of borneo? thailand banned commercial logging. they wanted \n to protect environment. created a kutai national park to protect forest & wildlife. malaysia heavily logged for japanese markets. 8. what is a primate city? countries largest city is many times larger than the 2 largest city. 9. know what explains the high birth rates in the philippines, east timor, and laos. catholic, ban on contraceptives. makes them underdeveloped, poor. economics & religion work against them. 10. what is transmigration? indonesian policy to get people to move from java to other islands. ease population strain, government offers money, not forced but encouraged. people return because of cultural differences & farming \n 11. why have farmers from the island of java struggled to reproduce farming practices on other islands, such as borneo? farming techniques in java are different from rainforest soil on different soil and it’s hard to adjust. 12. who are the rohingya? move from bangladesh to myanmar, persecuted by myanmar people. native burmans say they aren’t a minority, the british brought them over & they need to go back to bangledesh. 13. what economic activity have some of the rebel groups in karen state used to fund its opposition against the myanmar government? golden triangle: opium/heroine trafficking 14. know the three major outside influences discussed in class. \n expect a “which of the following is not…” type of question south asian influence: brought in architectural styles chinese influence: impact mainland; thailand, vietnam, lao islamic influence: bring religion to spice islands 15. what particular event provided the catalyst for the japanese attack on pearl harbor, hawai'i? because the us was in the philippines, “too close for comfort” thought they could get us out of the region by doing this 16. due to its large englishspeaking population, which east asian country is becoming a site for u.s. call centers? philippines 17. know the two christian countries in southeast asia. \n east timor and the philippines 18. though more violent than other groups in southern philippines, what is the ultimate goal of the terrorist group abu sayyaf? fight for serria law. radical, extreme group. chritian vs. muslim battle want autonomy: more rights for them to control the south battle against the government (religion vs. government) 19. which southeast asian language’s written language was designed by french missionaries, and thus today uses a latinbased alphabet and script? vietnamese 20. what purpose did the declaration of bahasa indonesian serve the country? unify the people through a national language, had indonesian diversity. \n 21. how did the united states misunderstand the situation in viet nam? approached viet nam very carefully. us government was funding france and helping them after their loss in war. viet nam divided in n & s. (south was more independent) allowed for elections to decide how to unify the 2 places. us thought ho chi minh was a communist. n & s viet nam loved him & he was our george washington. (us & viet nam on 2 different pages) misunderstanding: us fighting communism, viet nam was fighting independence. us tried to stop communism: fought limited war, had a small scope. n. viet nam wanted independence 22. most hmong that fled to the u.s. reside in which region of the country, a fact reflected in the film gran torino? midwest: ex) minnesota 23. which country invaded cambodia, acting as a sort \n of savior to help end the \"killing fields\" and the brutal regime of pol pot? vietnam 24. what was the primary cause of the increase in commercial, westernoriented prostitution in thailand? used to comfort stationed soldiers who were away from home, wives knew & young boys to become experienced. handicapped women typically. vietnam war ended & thailand became “land of sex” to use prostitutes aside from comforting soldiers, they were left after the war. 25. in terms of prevalence, which region of thailand has been affected the hardest by hiv? the north: it’s a poorer region, not enough doctors to take care of them. 26. what is the primary source of division with regards to the ongoing turmoil in thailand? ruralurban divide \n yingluck shinawatra tried to reform rural areas. in doing so it shifted money from urban to rural areas. government came in and undid what yingluck did. red represents the rural, yellow represents urban (support the king) try to help rural people and urban people get angry 27. what attribute is unique about the mingangkabau of sumatra? matrilineal society power handed down on female side, usually on the male side. property & power handed down through female side of family. 28. what is the source of the resource dispute between australia and east timor? oil fields major oil field given to australia, zone of cooperation made by indonesia. 80% given to \n australia & 20% to indonesia. east timor said line should be further out so timor would get some of it, timor did not get any though & it favored australia. east timor now gets 80% and australia gets 20%. fought off indonesia & east timor can now develop. 29. which water body creates a natural “choke point” that generates opportunities for pirate attacks in southeast asia? straight of malacca 30. what country essentially banned christmas by outlawing public displays of the holiday? brunei 31. what was the principle cause for malaysia to kick out singapore? singapore is 75% chinese & malaysia doesn't like china",
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426df09da363ac19779e976c925c82a8 | using fig. 4.113, design a problem to help other students better understand norton equivalent circuits. | using fig. 4.113, design a problem to help other students | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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ab922600d275ffed54aee296f7c51cd0 | africol africol africol | africol | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "deborah gray white • mia bay • waldo e. martin jr. freedom on my mind a history of african americans, with documents first edition chapter 2 african slavery in north america 1619–1739 copyright © 2013 by bedford/st. martin’s i. slavery and freedom in early english north america a. settlers, servants, and slaves in the chesapeake 1. jamestown and english colonization 2. tobacco 3. indentured servants and slaves 4. chattel slavery and the law 5. advantages of chattel slavery 6. bacon’s rebellion 1 \n i. slavery and freedom in early ",
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a880d4cf0740f719434ed9afa48eeb9f | identify the phase for the graph of y 1 4 cos 3x 2 . a. 2 b. 6 c. 2 d. 1 sectio | identify the phase for the graph of y 1 4 cos 3x 2 . a. 2 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " 1 reproductive systems male vs female primary reproductive structure in males are the testicles. o occurs in pairs. internally divided into sections. (if dissected, would look internally same as an orange) each section (lobe) has a seminiferous tubules. each tubule is roughly 3 feet long. seminiferous tubules are where sperm production occurs. epididymis o extension of the tubules on the outside of the testicle. this is where sperm is stored for brief periods of time vas deferens connects to the epididymis moves sperm from the testicle to the urethra. o (urethra) this is the only structure shared by the reproductive and urinary system in males. o no structures are shared between the female reproductive and urinary systems. production of semen seminal vesiclenear the prostate gland toward the end of the vas deferens. prostate gland: production of semen. o surrounds the urethra, located at the base of the bladder o the prostate continues to grow throughout life. has a very fibrous outer covering which restricts oenlargement o as it grows, it may restrict flow within the urethra making it difficult to completely empty the bladder. o prostate is prone to develop cancer, easily treatable if caught early. cowper’s gland \n 2 o located at the base of the prostate o connects to the urethra urethra: drains the bladder and facilitates the introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract. penile shaft made up of 2 types of tissue (corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum) collectively known as erectile tissue o when stimulated, these tissue fill with blood causing an erection interstitial cells found in the testicles major function: production of testosterone sperm: main regions o tail: used for swimming o midpiece: has numerous mitochondria mitochondria provide atp needed by tail o head region: nucleus (needed for fertilization) acrosome: package of digestive enzymes enzymes are used to degrade the outer portion of an ova (egg) seminal fluid (semen) structures that produce semen o testicles: contribute sperm to the semen o seminal vesicle & prostate & cowper’s gland: produce the rest of the semen contained in it: sperm, alkali solution (used to neutralize the ph of the female reproductive system. sperm are most active in a neutral environment (ph around 7) female reproductive tract tends to be acidic o fructose: produced by one of the 3 glands. o broken down by the sperm in order to produce atp \n 3 o prostoglandins: hormones that cause uterine contractions force sperm higher into the female reproductive tract external genitals testicles: o surrounded by scrotal sac scrotal sac expands and contracts under the influence of temperature suspended outside of the body (usually mammals) sperm production is greatly influenced by temperature 98.6 is too hot for functional sperm 93 is optimal temperature female reproductive system ovary: primary reproductive structure oproduces ova osolid structure oproduces some hormones (estrogen) o the ovaries take turns during each uterine cycle oviduct:is a tube that is loosely attached to the ovary o captures an ova when released conducts it towards the uterus is where fertilization occurs fallopian tubes; uterine tubes o at the tip of the oviduct where it loosely attaches to the ovary is fingerlike growths called fimbriae o are in constant motion and create a “water” current which forces any released ova into the oviduct uterus opear shaped organ, mostly smooth muscle, sits on top of the urinary bladder, where development will take place if fertilization occurs vagina (vaginal canal) ofacilitates intercourse oreceives male penis oserves as the birth canal olined with erectile tissue cervix ojunction between the vagina and the uterus \n 4 external genitals: oclitoris female organ of arousal; made up of erectile tissue, almost identical in structure to the male penis. olabia majoria and minora: folds of skin that cover the vaginal opening produce lubricants during intercourse menstrual cycle (uterine cycle) average length 28 days (can run anywhere from 1840 days) odays 15: menstruation, inner lining of uterus is discharged o days 613 proliferation stage (build up) o day 14 ovulation (ova released from ovaries) o days 1528 secretory phase, uterus prepares for implantation o birth control: o abstinence 100% o vasectomy almost 100% o tubal ligation (uterine tubes clipped) almost 100% o oral contraception (pill) almost 100% when tracked, it’s actually closer to 85% because the pill needs to be taken approx same time every day o contraceptive implants 95% o contraceptive injections 99% o intruterine device (iud) 90% device inserted into the cervix; usually made of copper or some kind of metal. does not prevent fertilization, just implantation o diaphragm 90% a device that covers the cervix; prevents sperm from reaching the ova o cervical cap 85% plugs the cervix; prevents sperm from reaching the ova o male condom 85% sleeve that fits the penis and traps sperm; the most effective method at preventing std’s o female condom 85% \n 5 sleeve that fits into the vagina and traps sperm very good at preventing std’s o coitus interruptus 75% removal of penis before ejaculation; couples that are attempting to get pregnant have only a roughly 25% success rate and 25% failure rate o jellies, creams and foams 75% chemicals that have spermicidal effects (kills sperm) are intended to be used with other forms of birth control o natural family planning 70% plan days of ovulation, avoid sex several days around that time o douche 70% contains spermicidal chemicals; while flushing some sperm out and some higher o sexually transmitted diseases aids caused by a virus; treatable but at present not curable acquired from an exchange of body fluids the immune system degenerates (targets helper tcells) victims tend to die from rare type of diseases genital herpes caused by a virus; treatable but not curable open sores on the genitals tend to be selfhealing tend to reoccur closely related to the virus that causes cold sores active outbreaks (individuals) tend to be caused by stress genital warts caused by a virus, warts develop on the genitals treatable but not curable; they tend to reoccur in females, there appears to be a link between genital warts and certain types of uterine/ovarian cancer gonorrhea caused by bacteria easily curable with antibiotics \n 6 one of the more common types of std’s symptoms: o white discharge from the penis/vagina o painful urination o in men: scar tissue can develop in the urethra may lead to a complete blockage medical intervention is required o in females: symptoms seem to go unnoticed scar tissue develops in the uterine tubes leading to sterility o at one point, was the most common cause of sterility medical intervention is required chlamydia probably the most common type of std but least reported most people are asymptomatic some people develop flu like symptoms but recover quickly some develop painful urination but recover quickly easily treated with antibiotics has a very weak immune response predisposes a person to contracting other std’s o most people diagnosed with an std, have chlamydia (85%) syphilis caused by bacteria easily treated in the early stages (antibiotics) impossible to treat in later stages stage 1: an (painless) ulcer develops on the genitals usually heal within a couple of weeks and may leave a scar stage 2: a rash develops on the palms of the hand/soles of the feet usually occompanied by flu like symptoms; may occur several months after the ulcer heals; rash clears in a couple of weeks stage 3: development of gumas (large weeping ulcers that develop throughout the body) the worst ones are the ones that develop on the internal organs (lead to death) untreatable \n 7 parasitic infection initial symptoms can last up to 9 months secondary can last up to 3040 years o fertilization: union of a sperm and an ova which forms a zygote. only 1 sperm penetrates the egg and the nucleus of the sperm and ova combine o takes place in the oviduct (fallopian tubes) requires hundreds of sperm/but only one penetrates the ova sperm: o head: acrosome, nucelus o middle piece: mitochondria for power o tail: swimming ova: o corona radiata: thick outer layer consists of cells from the ovary o zona pellucida: thickened middle layer o plasma membrane is not degraded during a fertilization event o the events of fertilization: o 1: thousands of sperm reach the ova and release the contents of their acrosome o 2: enzymes from the acrosome begin to degrade the corona radiata and zona pellucida o 3: eventually, one sperm comes in contact with the plasma membrane the remaining events take place within microseconds. a: plasma membrane separates from the zone pellucida this creates a gap making it difficult for additional sperm to enter b. a gap created fills with fluid c. the interior of the ova begins to spin o sperm and ova are unique because they each have a haploid nucleus so that when they combine they maintain the original chromosome count haploid means half. o development after fertilization: o cleavage: the zygote begins to divide without increasing in size, the cells numbers double after each division \n 8 (the cell size decreases by half during each division) o morula: solid ball of cells produced by cleavage events (mulberry) o blastula: cells from the center of the morula migrate to the outside leaving a hollow ball some cells remain in the cavity o gastrula: cells invade the space between the endoderm and the ectoderm (forming endoderm and ectoderm) cells reinvade the hollow space left by the blastula. this forms 2 layers of cells inner layer: endoderm o will eventually produce most of the internal organs outer layer: ectoderm o will eventually form the skin and nervous system toward the end of gastrulation, the cells invade the space between the endoderm and ectoderm (these cells form mesoderm) mesoderm will eventually produce skeletal and muscle tissue o neurula: notochord develops which will eventually be replaced by the spinal cord o germ layers: ectoderm: skin, brain and neurons, linings of the nose mouth and anus mesoderm: muscles, connective tissue, reproductive organs endoderm: digestive tract, glands, bladder (other internal organs) o implantation zygote embeds into the uterine lining oplacenta: a huge capillary bed (exchanges w/tissues) forms from fetal cells/blood vessels from the fetus intertwine with mothers blood vessels (forming a huge capillary bed) to provide nutrients and remove waste from developing embryo. is only present during pregnancy delivered after the baby (afterbirth) the placenta can develop anywhere within the uterus. umbilical cord attaches from the fetus to the placenta o embryonic development o 1st stages: first and second months of pregnancy \n 9 o week 1: preembryonic development implantation has not occurred, cleavage events occurring, nutrients are supplied by yolk, and blastula formation occur cell mass may split to form identical twins week 2: cell mass arrives at the uterus implantation occurs placenta begins to form tissues are being produced week 3: nervous system begins to develop (first system) o circulatory system begins to develop week 4: the appearance of a tail is present on embryo o head is much larger than rest of embryo o limb buds are present o eyes, ears, and nose all begin to appear o heart beats o liver produces blood cells osecond month: oarms and legs become more developed ostart getting fingers and toes by end of second month all major organ systems have developed o fetal development o third and fourth month: head growth slows (does not stop) eyelashes and eyebrows, hair on head, fingernails and nipples begin to appear bone begins to replace cartilage heartbeat may be heard approximately 6 in/6oz amniotic sac: filled with fluid, prevents drastic temp change, protects against mechanical damage. o fifth through seventh month: movement may be felt lanugo covers the baby (fine downy hair covering the entire body) eyelids open 12 in/3 pounds also covered with vernix casiosis (waxy substance looks like cheese) \n 10 prevents the fetus from becoming waterlogged o eighth and ninth month head begins to point down towards the cervix growth of fetus 21 inches/7.5 pounds o birth o stage 1: mucus plug, which has been at the cervix, is expelled amniotic sac breaks (water breaking) cervix dilates to 4 inches o stage 2: contractions every 12 minutes the uterus began contracting somewhere in the second/third month (called braxton hicks contractions) crowning: baby’s head appears in birth canal baby is expelled head first umbilical cord is cut after baby begins to breath normally o stage 3: delivery of the placenta ",
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03d7745ce49b1a178ed0d6a012cb1da6 | using fig. 4.89, design a problem to help other students better understand source transformation. | using fig. 4.89, design a problem to help other students | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
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"text": " mgmt 3720 organizational behavior study guide ch. 9: foundations of group behavior vocabulary group o two or more individuals interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives. formal groups o a designated work group defined by an organization’s structure. informal group o /a group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contract. social identity theory o perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups. o people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their selfesteem gets tied into the performance of the group. o social identities help us understand who we are and where we fit in with people. ingroup favoritism o perspective in which we see members of our ingroup as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same. fivestage group development model o the five distinct stages groups go through: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. forming stage o the first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty storming stage o the second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict norming stage o the third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness performing stage o the fourth stage in group development, during which the group is fully functional adjourning stage \n o the final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. punctuatedequilibrium model o a set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity. role o a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. role perception o an individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation. role expectations o how others believe a person should act in a given situation. psychological contract o an unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa. role conflict o a situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations. norms o acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members conformity o the adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group reference groups o important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with those whose norms individuals are likely to conform deviant workplace behavior o voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the wellbeing of the organization or its members. also called antisocial behavior or workplace incivility. o production, property, political, personal aggression = types of deviant workplace behavior status o a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others status characteristics theory differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups. social loafing: o the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. cohesiveness \n o the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. diversity o the degree to which members of the group are similar to, or different from, one another. faultlines o the perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, and education. groupthink o situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views. groupshift o a change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk but it generally is toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position. interacting groups o typical groups in which members interact with each other face to face. brainstorming o an ideageneration process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives. o in a brainstorming session: the group leader states the problem clearly members then “freewheel” as many alternatives as they can no criticism is allowed one idea stimulates others, and group members are encouraged to “think the unusual” nominal group technique o a group decisionmaking method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion. review questions 1. define group. what are the different types of groups? a. group i. two or more individuals interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives. b. formal groups i. a designated work group defined by an organization’s structure. c. informal group \n i. a group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contract. 2. what are the five stages of group development? a. fivestage group development model i. the five distinct stages groups go through: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. b. forming stage i. the first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty c. storming stage i. the second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict d. norming stage i. the third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness e. performing stage i. the fourth stage in group development, during which the group is fully functional f. adjourning stage i. the final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance 3. do role requirements change in different situations? if so, how? a. role i. a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. b. role perception i. an individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation. c. role expectations i. how others believe a person should act in a given situation. ii. psychological contract 1. an unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa. d. role conflict i. a situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations. 4. how do group norms and status influence an individual’s behavior? a. norms \n i. acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members ii. performance norms iii. appearance norms iv. social arrangement norms v. resource allocation norms b. conformity i. the adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group c. reference groups i. important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with those whose norms individuals are likely to conform d. deviant workplace behavior i. voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the wellbeing of the organization or its members. also called antisocial behavior or workplace incivility. ii. production, property, political, personal aggression = types of deviant workplace behavior e. status i. a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. ii. status characteristics theory 1. differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups. a. status is derived from one of three sources: i. the power a person wields over others ii. a person’s ability to contribute a group’s goals iii. an individual’s personal characteristics. f. status and norms i. high status individuals often have more freedom to deviate from norms g. status and group interaction i. high status people are often more assertive h. status inequity i. perceived inequity creates disequilibrium and can lead to resentment and corrective behavior. i. status and stigmatization i. stigma by association 5. how does group size affect group performance? a. group size affects the group’s overall behavior. i. large groups are good for gaining diverse input. ii. smaller groups are better doing something with input. \n b. social loafing: i. the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. c. synergy in a group, each contributing what their best at (opposite of social loafing) 6. what are the advantages and limitations of cohesive groups? a. cohesiveness i. the degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. b. 7. what are the implications of diversity for group effectiveness? diversity o the degree to which members of the group are similar to, or different from, one another. diversity appears to increase group conflict, especially in the early stages of a group’s tenure, which often lowers group morale and raises dropout rates. however if members can weather their differences, over time diversity may help them be more openminded and creative to do better. 8. what are the strengths and weaknesses of group (versus individual) decisionmaking? strengths of group decision making: o more complete information and knowledge o increased diversity of views o increased acceptance of solutions weaknesses of group decision making: o time consuming o conformity pressures \n o dominance of a few members o ambiguous responsibility o groupthink situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views. o groupshift a change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk but it generally is toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position. group member rationalize any resistance to the assumptions they’ve made members apply direct pressures on those who momentarily express doubts about any of the group’s shared views members who have doubts or differing points of view seek to avoid deviating from what appears to be group consensus there is an illusion of unanimity effectiveness and efficiency of group decisions: o accuracy o speed o creativity o acceptance 9. how effective are interacting, brainstorming, and the nominal group technique? interacting groups o typical groups in which members interact with each other face to face. brainstorming o an ideageneration process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives. o in a brainstorming session: the group leader states the problem clearly members then “freewheel” as many alternatives as they can no criticism is allowed one idea stimulates others, and group members are encouraged to “think the unusual” nominal group technique o a group decisionmaking method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion. o group members are all physically present, but members operate independently \n o the chief advantage of the nominal group technique is that it permits a group to meet formally but does not restrict independent thinking, as does an interacting group. ch. 10: understanding work team vocabulary work group o a group that interacts primarily to share information and to make decisions to help each group member perform within his or her area of responsibility work team o a group whose individual efforts result in performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs. problemsolving teams o groups of 5 to 12 employees from the same department who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environment. selfmanaged work teams o groups of 10 to 15 people who take on responsibilities of their former supervisors. crossfunctional teams o employees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task. virtual teams o teams that use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal. multiteam system o a collection of two or more interdependent teams that share a superordinate goal; a team of teams. organizational demography o the degree to which members of a work unit share a common demographic attribute, such as age, sex, race, educational level, or length of service in an organization, and the impact of this attribute on turnover. reflexivity o a team characteristic of reflecting on and adjusting the master plan when necessary mental models: o team members’ knowledge and beliefs about how the work gets done by the team \n review questions: 1. how do you explain the growing popularity of teams in organizations? a. to better compete, organizations are using teams. b. teams: i. offer a better way to use employee talents ii. are more flexible and responsive to changing events iii. can quickly assemble, deploy 2. what is the difference between a group and a team? a. work group i. a group that interacts primarily to share information and to make decisions to help each group member perform within his or her area of responsibility b. work team i. a group whose individual efforts result in performance that is greater than the sum of the individual inputs. 3. what are the five types of teams? a. problemsolving teams i. groups of 5 to 12 employees from the same department who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environment. b. selfmanaged work teams i. groups of 10 to 15 people who take on responsibilities of their former supervisors. c. crossfunctional teams i. employees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task. d. virtual teams i. teams that use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal. e. multiteam system i. a collection of two or more interdependent teams that share a superordinate goal; a team of teams. 4. what conditions or context factors determine whether teams are effective? a. what factors determine whether teams are successful? i. adequate resources 1. every work team relies on resources outside the group to sustain it. ii. leadership and structure 1. teams can’t function if they can’t agree on who is to do what and ensure all members share the workload iii. climate of trust 1. members of effective teams trust each other and their leaders \n iv. performance evaluations and rewards 1. individual performance evaluations and incentives may interfere with the development of highperformance teams. b. team composition: how should teams be staffed? i. abilities of members ii. personality iii. allocating roles iv. diversity 1. organizational demography a. the degree to which members of a work unit share a common demographic attribute, such as age, sex, race, educational level, or length of service in an organization, and the impact of this attribute on turnover. v. size of teams vi. member preferences c. key roles of teams i. task: need a leader to keep people on task ii. social glue: person good at sponsoring cohesiveness iii. conflicter: devil’s advocate d. team processes i. common plan and purpose ii. reflexivity 1. a team characteristic of reflecting on and adjusting the master plan when necessary e. mental models: i. team members’ knowledge and beliefs about how the work gets done by the team 5. how can organizations create team players? a. creating team players i. selecting: hiring team players ii. training: creating team players iii. rewarding: providing incentives to be a good team player 6. when is work performed by individuals preferred over work performed by teams? a. can the work be done better by more than one person? i. a good indicator is the complexity of the work and the need for different perspectives b. does the work create a common purpose or set of goals for the people in the group that is more than the aggregate of individual goals? c. determine whether the members of the group are interdependent \n d. using teams makes sense when there is interdependence among tasks— the success of the whole depends on the success of each one, and the success of each one depends on the success of others. chapter 12: leadership vocabulary leadership o the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. trait theories of leadership o theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders. behavioral theories of leadership o theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non leaders. initiating structure o the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinates in the search for goal attainment. consideration: o the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. employeeoriented leader o a leader who emphasizes interpersonal relations, takes a personal interest in the needs of employees, and accepts individual differences among members. productionoriented leader o a leader who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job. fiedler contingency model: o the theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. least preferred coworker (lpc) questionnaire o an instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task or relationship oriented. leadermember relations o the degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader. task structure \n o the degree to which job assignments are procedurized. position power o influence derived from one’s formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases. situational leadership theory (slt) o a contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness. o based on two levels: attitude and aptitude pathgoal theory o a theory that states that it is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. leaderparticipation model o a leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations. o leader behavior must adjust to reflect the task structure. o model is normative it provides a decision tree of seven contingencies and five leadership styles for determining the form and amount of participation in decision making. leadermember exchange (lmx) theory o a theory that supports leaders’ creation of ingroups and outgroups; subordinates with ingroup status will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction. charismatic leadership theory o a leadership theory that states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. vision o a longterm strategy for attaining a goal or goals. vision statement o a formal articulation of an organization’s vision or mission. transactional leaders o leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements. o transformational leaders o leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own selfinterests and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers. authentic leaders o leaders who know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. their followers would consider them to be ethical people. \n socialized charismatic leadership o a leadership concept that states that leaders convey values that are other centered versus selfcentered and who rolemodel ethical conduct. servant leadership o a leadership style marked by going beyond the leader’s own selfinterest and instead focusing on opportunities to help followers grow and develop. trust: o a positive expectation that another will not act opportunistically. mentor o a senior employee who sponsors and supports a lessexperienced employee, called a protégé. attribution theory of leadership o a leadership theory that says that leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals. substitutes o attributes, such as experience and raining, that can replace the need for a leader’s support or ability to create structure. neutralizers o attributes that make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes. identificationbased trust o trust based on a mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and appreciation of each other’s wants and desires. review questions 1. are leadership and management different form one another? if so, how? not all leaders are managers, nor are all managers leaders. nonsanctioned leadership is often as important or more important than formal influence. strong leadership and strong management are needed for optimal effectiveness. leaders: o challenge the status quo. o create visions of the future. o inspire organizational members to want tot achieve the visions. managers o formulate detailed plans. o create efficient organizational structures. o oversee daytoday operations. 2. what is the difference between trait and behavioral theories? are the theories valid? \n trait theories of leadership o theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders. o the search for personality, social, physical, or intellectual attributes that differentiate leaders from nonleaders goes back to the earliest stages of leadership research. conclusions based on the latest findings: o traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders. 3. what are the main limitations of behavioral theories of leadership? initiating structure o the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinates in the search for goal attainment. consideration: o the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates’ ideas, and regard for their feelings. employeeoriented leader o a leader who emphasizes interpersonal relations, takes a personal interest in the needs of employees, and accepts individual differences among members. productionoriented leader o a leader who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job. 4. what is fielder’s contingency model? has it been supported in research? fiedler contingency model: o the theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions: o leadermember relations the degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader. o task structure the degree to which job assignments are procedurized. o position power influence derived from one’s formal structural position in the organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases. 5. how do charismatic and transformational leadership compare and contrast? \n charismatic leadership theory o a leadership theory that states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. key characteristics of a charismatic leader o vision and articulation o personal risk o sensitivity to follower needs o unconventional behavior transformational leaders o leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own selfinterests and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers. o how transformational leadership works creativity decentralization of responsibility propensity to take risks compensation is geared toward longterm results greater agreement among top managers about the organizaton’s goals. increase follower selfefficacy, giving the group a “can do” spirit. 6. what is authentic leadership? why do ethics and trust matter to leadership? authentic leaders o leaders who know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. their followers would consider them to be ethical people. the result: people come to have faith in them. ethical leadership o ethics touches on leadership at a number of junctures. o efforts have been made to combine ethical and charismatic leadership into an idea of socialized charismatic leadership trust: o a positive expectation that another will not act opportunistically. o a primary attribute associated with leadership o when trust is broken, it can have serious adverse effects on a group’s performance. o trust leads to risk taking, information sharing, group effectiveness and productivity. 7. how is mentoring valuable to leadership? what are the keys to effective mentoring? mentor \n o a senior employee who sponsors and supports a lessexperienced employee, called a protégé. o mentors may be effective not because of the function sthey provide, but because of the resources they can obtain; a mentor connected to a powerful network can build relationships that will help the protégé advance. 8. how can organizations select and develop effective leaders? selecting leaders o identifying effective leaders: review specific requirements for the position. consider personality tests to identify leadership traits. situationspecific experience is relevant. o plan for a change in leadership. training leaders o leadership training is likely to be more successful with high self monitors. o teach implementation skills. o teach trust building, mentoring, and situationalanalysis. o behavioral training through modeling exercises can increase an individual’s charismatic leadership qualities. o review leadership after key organizational events. o train in transformational leadership skills. ch. 13: power and politics vocabulary power o a capacity that a has to influence the behavior of b so that b acts in accordance with a’s wishes. dependence o b’s relationship to a when a possesses something that b requires. coercive power o a power base that is dependent on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. reward power o compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. legitimate power o the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. \n expert power o influence based on special skills or knowledge. referent power o influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits. power tactics: o ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions political skill o the ability to influence others in such a way as to enhance one’s objectives. sexual harassment: o any unwanted activity of a sexual nature that affects an individual’s employment and creates a hostile work environment political behavior o activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in the organization, but that influence the distribution of advantages within the organization. impression management (im)— o the process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them. review questions 1. what is power? how is leadership different from power? power o a capacity that a has to influence the behavior of b so that b acts in accordance with a’s wishes. contrasting leadership and power o leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. o goal compatibility power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence o the direction of influence leadership focuses on the downward influence on one’s followers. o leadership research emphasizes style. 2. what are the similarities and differences among the five bases of power? formal power: formal power is based on an individual’s position in an organization. it can come from the ability to coerce or reward, or from formal authority. o coercive power a power base that is dependent on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. \n o reward power compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. o legitimate power the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. personal power: personal power comes from an individual’s unique characteristics. there are two bases of personal power: expertise and respect and admiration of others. o expert power influence based on special skills or knowledge. o referent power influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits. formal power is based on an individual’s position in an organization. it can come from the ability to coerce or reward, or from formal authority. which bases of power are most effective? o personal sources are most effective o both expert and referent power are positively related to employees’ satisfaction with supervision, their organizational commitment, and their performance, whereas reward and legitimate power seem to be unrelated to these outcomes. o coercive power usually backfires. 3. what is the role of dependence in power relationships? the general dependency postulate o when you possess anything that others require but that you alone control, you make them dependent upon you and, therefore, you gain power over them. o dependence, then, is inversely proportional to the alternative sources of supply. what creates dependence? o importance if nobody wants what you have, it’s not going to create dependence o scarcity dependence relationship in the power of occupational categories o nonsubstitutability the fewer viable substitutes for a resource, the more power control that resource provides 4. what are the nine most often identified power or influence tactics and their contingencies? \n power tactics: o ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions legitimacy o relying on your authority position or saying a request accords with organizational policies or rules. rational persuasion o presenting logical arguments and factual evidence to demonstrate a request is reasonable inspirational appeals o developing emotional commitment by appealing to a target’s values, needs, hopes, and aspirations. consultation o increasing the target’s support by involving him or her in deciding how you will accomplish your plan. exchange o rewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for following a request. personal appeals o asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty. ingratiating o using flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to making a request. pressure o using warnings, repeated demands, and threats coalitions o enlisting the aid or support of others to persuade the target to agree 5. what is the connection between sexual harassment and the abuse of power? the concept of power is central to understanding sexual harassment. o sexual harassment is more likely to occur when there are large power differentials. managers have a responsibility to protect their employees from a hostile work environment, but they also need to protect themselves. o managers may be unaware of sexual harassment, but being unaware does not protect them or their organization. o if investigators believe a manger could have known about the harassment, both the manager and the company can be held liable. 6. what are the causes and consequences of political behavior? political behavior—activities that are not required as part of one’s formal role in the organization, but that influence the distribution of advantages within the organization. o outside of one’s specified job requirements \n o encompasses efforts to influence decisionmaking goals, criteria, or processes. o includes such behaviors as withholding information, whistle blowing, spreading rumors, and leaking confidential information. factors contributing to political behavior o individual factors o organizational factors 7. what are some examples of impression management technique? impression management (im)—the process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them. examples: o conformity o favors o excuses o apologies o selfpromotion o enhancement o flattery o exemplification 8. what standards can you use to determine whether political action is ethical? questions to consider: o what is the utility of engaging in politicking? o how does the utility of engaging in the political behavior balance out any harm (or potential harm) it will do to others? o does the political activity conform to standards of equity and justice?",
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f729a6130b3b19890c3e12105c9c33c6 | biol 112 biology 112 exam 1 bio exam 1 | biol 112 | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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78d46380b5585e65b3f3e2df26a91d61 | in problems 2328, answer the questions about the given function. | in 2328, answer the questions about the given function. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " formal analysis: medium, colors, structure, nothing to do with context/culture (don’t care who painted it, why it was painted, only what’s in the composition) the protorenaissance 1200’s 1300’s in italy the style of the artist are anticipating the changes of the renaissance. there’s a danger in calling it the proto renaissance because it implies that it’s inferior to the renaissance. art doesn’t progress/get better and better. italy as a nation didn’t come into being until the 19th century. italy wasn’t unified until the early 20th century. it was made up of small self governing units (city states). the republic of siena had it’s arch enemy the republic of florence. the pope was a prince. during this time period there was a lot of excitement (especially in literature). dante and petrarch famous italian poets who write in the vernacular. (vernacular v latin). similar to the difference in artistic style. latin represents religion, education, comes from ancient rome has specific terms, conservative. vernacular represents the common people, represents no or low education… a lot more imprecision. doesn’t talk about complicated ideas from theology. might be easier to understand. it’s shocking for you to write good literature in the vernacular. there were guilds during this time period. art/apothecary/goldsmiths guild, wool makers guild, armor guild. both the apothecary/doctors and the painters grind things up. the 100 year war is also at this time. joan of arc is during this time. it’s also the era of the black plague. 2 types of art mirror 2 types of art. art in florence compared to siena. florence: cathedral is a church where the bishop reins of 150 smaller churches.. it’s his throne/administrative center. the city of rome/paris only has one cathedral. cimabue, virgin and child enthroned. cimabue very influenced by the iconic art imported by the byzantine empire. the eastern part of roman empire. it had it’s own language, culture, and practice of christianity. their practice of religion relied heavily on icons. icon: complicated dimension of shading, egg tempora, many thin layers of paint from dark to light, stylized clothing (not trying to make it look natural), jesus is a miniature adult (not an ordinary baby, he’s a god who has humbled himself down for us), gold background, shading chrysography (the shading of jesus’ clothes are gold), halo around head. the icon functions as a window in the orthodox church. you pray in front of icon, kiss the icon, leave gifts for the icon. so they aren’t worshiping the icon, the prayers transfer through the window and go to the person they represent. the eyes are always exaggerated in icon art. she’s pointing to the christ child to represent her praying to them. christ has his hand facing down towards her as he blesses her. the forehead is large to symbolize wisdom. one of the important styles in the proto renaissance is heavily influenced by byzantine art and is called the italo byzantine or the greek manner. \n cimabue works in this style. christ is raising his hand in blessing. both the mother and the son have their right foot forward so that you can kiss it. you should get the sense (as with the icons) that you’re looking into another world. the christ baby is holding out two fingers. two fingers means: perfectly divine and perfectly man at the same time. or representing icxc which is his name, so he blesses you with his name. devotion to the virgin mary really accelerates through the renaissance. this is because they believed salvation was a community effort. you also depend on the prayers of other people. they ask the living and the dead to pray for you (the dead are already in heaven and can intercede on your behalf). the lord’s own mother is the best one to pray to because how could christ refuse anything of his mother? also, christ is harder to conceptualize since he’s half god. so mary was viewed as the queen of heaven, the mother of christians in catholicism. one of mary’s titles is the throne of wisdom. because christ sits on her lap. giotto di bondone is one of the most important figures leading us towards the renaissance. it’s a style based on observation of nature. giotto paints on a fresco wall the saint francis. saint francis was born in 1180 and dies in 1226. he was born to a wealthy family but decides to serve the lord as a poor man. he’s a very popular saint. he kneels in prayer at a crucifix that talks to him and tells him to repair his disordered church. he realizes this is a call to repair the institutional church that was crumbling under unethical practices. his reform is to go back to absolute strict poverty, chastity, and obedience. the friars that follow him represent these values with 3 knots that they wear. friars work in the city and they preach in the vernacular. the most important event in st francis’s life is that he goes up into the mountain and a crucifix with wings appears to him. he received the stigmata from the crucifix (christ’s wounds). it’s an important part of franciscan theology that he lived so much like christ that he was given his wounds. fresco where you take a wall and put a layer of fresh plaster on a small section and then with pigments you paint. the color and pigments then become part of the wall. fresco is perfect for southern/central italy climate. giotto uses a lot of frescos. giotto paints st francis in a twisting awkward pose to show all of his wounds. nothing is stylized/it’s normal looking. there’s a sense of depth since there’s a shallow stagelike background. the figures are fairly bulky. there’s a naturalistic light. it creates a story. it ties into the franciscan friars preaching.. they pointed to the pictures as they preached. giotto goes north to work for enricho scrovegni,. he was guilty of the sin of usury. coming to the end of his life he decides that in order to show sorrow for his life to make a special gift to god. he has giotto design the inside of the chapel he made. the most expensive pigment was ultramarine made out of lapis lazuri. it was more expensive than gold. your eyes are drawn to mary since her clothes were made out of the expensive pigment. there’s an image of scrovegni placing himself on the heaven side presenting his chapel to mary and she’s reaching out to him. the lamentation of christ one of the panels. right next to the resurrection. he puts the mourning of christ next to \n the raising of lazarus. the mountain is connected through the panels. the lion breathes life into their young, so there’s a symbolic image of a lion in between the two panels. the mourning panelshows mary magdalene mourning of christ’s feet. the angels are foreshortened so it looks like they are coming at you. the leading line of the background mountain pulls your gaze to his face. in a way giotto leaves rooms for you to view christ.. “leaves a spot open for you.” you are supposed to connect this to the nativity of christ because mary and christ are in the same positions. mary wrapped baby jesus and at his death they wrapped his body. like a faithful animal in the manger you can go and take from the sacrament in the tomb. siena cathedral: duccio de buoninegra very influenced by guccio and cima. the altar piece is covered on the front and back. it’s very iconic and very narrative as well. he paints with egg tempera on panel. he paints mary in the ultramarine blue (which unfortunately fades). she’s in the throne which shows that she rules siena in a theological way. the governor of siena gave her the keys to the city trusting her to save them in their trial. he’s a little more interested in naturalism. duccio uses calligraphic lines to display her apparel. on her throne is says “holy mother of god give life to siena and to duccio who painted you thus”.. he involved himself and asked people to pray for him in this way. mary points to christ to guide you to him. he also paints the betrayal of christ. more calligraphic lines on christ’s clothing. the figures are all stretched out to make it look otherworldly. the background is gold to represent that although it is a narrative it is a holy narrative. duccio’s important student is simone martini. in 1309 the pope was an elected french man who wanted to move the court to southern france in avignon. so they elected another pope in rome to have a pope in italy. both of them excommunicate each other. in 1417 the french pope resigned. however, simone went to paint for the french pope during that time. his style was then spread throughout europe. it was called the international gothic style. he also uses elongated figures. he paints annunciation mary accepting the angel’s invitation to become the mother of the savior. gabriel says” hail thou that art highly favored” in latin right on the panel. mary is started and leans back a little bit. there’s punchwork around mary’s head. the gold leaf is punchwork. as the light shines of the gold it glitters and you aren’t blinded by the gold. the last work is in the palazzo pubblico, the main city hall of siena. it was ruled by an oligarchy of 9 men. these old rich wealthy men commissioned frescoes for the walls so that they would make good decisions for siena. so they commissioned frescoes of good government and bad government. some art historians speculate that the men threw things at the walls with the bad government frescoes. in the good government frescoes there are people dancing, donkeys carrying goods, construction going on, (it looks like a dollhouse/stage set). outside of siena there are fields with farmers. in the sky there’s a nude figure.. the beginning of the new allegorical classical art. the figure in the sky represents prosperity. she holds a paper talking about siena being great and also a gallows. less than 10 years after this fresco was made the city was taken out by the black plague.. 40% of the city was killed. rats that came in from venice caused the plague but people thought it was caused by sin. there was a group that walked around \n beating themselves as ‘punishment’ to try to get god to stop the plague. the plague prepared a way for a new style. 1/12/2016 the fifteenth century northern renaissance the northern europe’s history is the medieval/dark ages. when you think of the dark ages: gargoyles, prayer books, stained glass,cathedral, treasury, tapestry… stained glass is extremely difficult to make. deep emotion in the sculpture. the preciousness of jeweled covers… tiny and detailed. very small art that glows with jewel like colors and gold leaf. philip the bold was the first duke of burgundy. he was ruthless, engaged in lots of warfare. he wasn’t honest/took over people’s lands. towards the end of his life he worried about his soul. they believed at this time that everyone goes to purgatory and you suffer for your sins forever. the life of a monk is manual labor, not speaking, being righteous… their order, they never were reformed because they were never deformed. he wanted the carthusians to pray night and day for his soul since he built them this monastery. he hoped their prayers would get him through purgatory. he created the well of moses. christ on the crucifix was at the very top, held up by the prophets of old. the sculpture has a lot of texture and details of the natural world. it’s based on the philosophy of aristotle. (italy sides with plato). aristotle finds truth by scientifically categorizing… looks very closely at objects to understand them. not worried about proportions, worried about the detail, skin looks like skin, leather that looks like leather, they’re bent forward. the north isn’t worried about anatomy… also they are bearing the news of christ’s suffering. he shall be led as a lamb to the slaughter. silent (good for the carthusians). jeremiah is different than the other prophets because he’s wearing different colors than the other prophets. he has a very distinctive look… similar to philip the bold. he wore purple and green like how they painted jeremiah. in his death he wanted himself wearing the carthusian wardrobe. they believed that the soul of a person was malleable, and you sculpted it through your sense. what you looked at, listen to, read, what you said.. you could change the way your soul looked. 15th century christians wanted to reform their warped souls to make it look like christ. the way you best do that is to feel his suffering and empathize with him. book of hours owned by the brother of philip the bold. john duke de berry. his book was called “the very rich hours of john de berry”. lay people wanted to do the 7 prayers ( a series of prayers 7 times a day). so they got a book of prayers that they could do. there’s hundreds of pages of beautiful illustrations that represent what labors go on during that month of the year. it’s done in the international gothic style. when the pope moved to northern france the style came with him and simone martini. there’s even text written on the picture like there was with simone’s other piece. the january piece is of john’s feasting. february shows how it’s a snowy day and the serfs are working. it’s very naturalistic. there’s a huge contrast between january and february. he’s \n showing off his property/his serfs that work his land. there’s a lot of tiny details, the footprints, the expensive materials, are all used to glorify john. the merode triptych by robert campin one of the founders of naturalism and one of the first artists to use oil paints. oil paint=northern renaissance. you grind pigments and mix with linseed oil. you can work on a layer a lot longer, you can work, work and rework. they thinned it down and then did layers on layers. glazes and glazes. oil is extremely reflective. it was a triptych3 panels that open up. they are imagining that the annunciation of mary/the birth of christ is happening in their home. it’s suppose to help you be more spiritual/devoted. you compare the heart as a home that’s furnished with objects that represent virtues. it’s the pure immaculate chamber of her soul. a basin of pure water and a clean towel=her purity. a lily with 3 petals represent the trinity. she’s on the floor in humility. there’s lions on her bench to represent a kingly throne and her lineage of david. the home of mary’s soul is in their own heart. anyone who has prepared their heart like mary has will be able to have christ in their heart. christ comes straight through the window.. like how he entered into mary without breaking her virginity. joseph in the the carpenters shop… creating a fire screen, representing the protection of mary. he sands away rough places, he makes things beautiful. northern renaissance is known for all the details, microscopic and telescopic. mousetrap.. if he gets the people to kill christ then he thinks that he’s won. christ will be on the cross and the devil will pounce and be killed. because he doesn’t that christ will be resurrected. peter is carrying a rose. his wife is carrying a rosary (beads). mary is the rose (she’s dressed as a rose). they try to become roses themselves. the paintings are meant to help recreate yourself. the ghent altarpiece jan van eyck. was a court painter with a fixed salary.. so he could spend a lot of time on panels. he paints with a level of detail that is perhaps unmatched. it was done for wealthy merchant class couple. the man was concerned with the end of his life and decided to make this great gift to god and put it in their family chapel. really big for a northern renaissance painting. he prays to john the baptist who is holding the lamb of god. behold the lamb of god. the annunciation takes place on it. gabriel is talking to mary and there are prophets of old above him. god becomes flesh and blood in the sacrament in the same way that he became flesh and blood inside mary. on the inside there’s bright colors mimicking the miracle by which the sacrament takes place. also shows the contrast of taking the sacrament on a regular day versus the sabbath. the red figure embodies the father, the son, and the holy ghost. a crown similar to the one the pope wears.. the pope of the universe. mary and john are on the other sides of him, showing how he’s also christ. adam and eve on the outsides. on the bottom there’s the theology of the mass. 1/14/2015 cont.) the ghent altarpiece.. the inside is dramatically different.. representing a holy days and the central theme of the eucharist. behold the lamb of god. it’s supposed to mirror transubstantiation. here john the baptist is pointing the living breathing lamb of god. his robe is red.. to represent his blood.it’s wool that has been sheared from his \n own body (the lamb) and then dyed in his own blood. the bread at the altar is actually the lamb of god in front of you. you’re joined by the saints and the angels. the male martyrs are wearing robes in their own blood. righteous pagans in the bottom left. carrying palm fronds to represent resurrection. pilgrim saints on the left hand side.. all worshipping at the altar, the well represents the living water of god. up close you can see the golden chalice, the blood of the lamb pours into the cup, the blood is much brighter than the gold cup. he does a lot of detail...the knight has reflective metals..the fountain you can see the water, you can see every single plant. the dayisis is a way of showing the intercession of the saints. mankind’s most powerful intercessors are on his sides. his mother on his right and his left is john the baptist. embroidered in the tapestry behind him there’s a bird. the legend of the pelican. it was believed that mother of father would pierce their own heart when there was no food and their children could feed their children. in the final moments of christ’s crucifixion his heart broke with love for the world. there’s little scratches on his staff, there’s a ton of detail in all the pearls of his broach. each pearl is attached with silk. jan van eyck puts himself in one of the jewels. jan van eyck, wear a red turban in his self portraits. northern renaissance portraits look exactly like the people.. it’s a ¾’s view you can see more of the face. straight on view is associated with christ as he faces you straight on. northern likes to describe things scientifically. often the perspective is manipulated so that you can see more things. “as i can” he writes as false humble, “it’s the best i can do”.. he has the abbreviated name for christ when he says that. christ usually has a bleeding head.. which he references with the red turban that he’s wearing. reforming yourself to look like christ=northern renaissance idea. he’s trying to conform his soul to christ.. he’s receiving his image. jan van eyck says that he imitates the way that god creates. rogier van der weyden, deposition (descent from the cross). no one can compete with him in realism of emotion. it fills your heart with sympathy. they are bent in grief. mary magdalene is looking at the feet of christ that she once washed with her tears. it shows the kind of wooden frame work that was found on altar pieces. he gives you the sense that they were wooden sculptures. he’s the first artist to paint 3 diminsionational tears. when you fill your heart in devotion can essentially animate a scene in front of you. this idea of imagining yourself there is closely related to the imitation of christ thomas. it’s based around the idea that christ tells us to take up our cross and follow him. you imitate him by suffering with him. you do it with a heart turned to chirst. you imagine yourself with him in his suffering as if you were feeling his pain. the theme of deposition is that all the surrounding people are imitating his suffering. polyphony multiple melodies going at once. the idea is that there’s a harmonic line and there’s voices with variations on it and you get a beautiful whole. you imagine the suffering of christ as the main harmonic line. the two outside figures create a parenthesis around the group. mary magdalene is holding her hands in front of her, she feels such empathy that she turns herself into a cross. his mother falls in the same way (as she faints) as he does because she experiences a type of death. christ has nails in his hands and a spear in her side, mary is pierced with a spiritual sword in her soul. nicodemus is staring at christ’s hand… his stare pierces through his sides, his other hand, mary’s soul, and then the skull of adam. the crossbowman who created this painting thought their whole guild represented christ. \n portinari altarpiece by hugo van der goes. portinari commissioned this for the hospital chapel. all the people dying could look into the chapel and see this portrait. st margaret was swallowed by a dragon and then made a cross and was spit out of the dragon.. which then made her the patron saint of childbirth. mary stares at her child who is laying on the ground in the middle of the circle. he’s on a “golden plate” that represents how the sacrament would be on a golden plate. there’s a flower in the front… in a medicine jar.. so the ultimate healing is christ. in the jar are blood red lilies that reference the compassion of the virgin (a sword piercing through her soul). violets for his humility. there’s the shepherds (with a lot of detail of northern renaissance). all of the angels are wearing the different vestments of bishops.. they have the words holy holy holy. christ is the priest. his vestment is his flesh that he has put on. ox and a donkey comes from isaiah representing that the gentiles know christ but not the jews. the diptych are two panels. hans memlingdiptych of maarten van nieuwenhave. he would have prayed to it at night. he was very ambitious. he wanted to show his power as someone who would be good for political office. maarten’s family crest is in the background with illustrations that would represent his name.. which means new garden. the hand of god is planting the garden. people try to represent christ through the house.. another way to show your heart is malleable is to represent it as a garden. the old garden is the garden of eden with adam and eve. the apple in this painting represents a new apple in the new garden which is the apple of salvation. as in adam all die. christ is the new adam. mary is called the new eve because she sets the plan of salvation into motion. this vision is prompted by the book of hours. he’s looking into space which shows that this is a vision that he has conjured up. the important thing to see is that he shows us how deeply real a spiritual vision can be. because you can see the mirror on the back wall that has the reflection of mary and maarten. early italian renaissance: fifteenth century the renaissance is a renewed interest in classical art (rome). part of the reason this starts is because there are ruins everywhere. inspired by the augustus of prima porta. at it’s heart is the ideal. they like naturalism that is made idealized. eternally young. to look youthful/godlike. they are concerned with exact and ratioed proportions. it’s often very static. there’s lots of stable horizontal and vertical lines. it’s stoic. they don’t show a lot of emotion. italian renaissance artists looked back to the parthenon. there’s the doric, ionic, and the corinthian order. the easiest way to tell them apart is with the capital (the top part). the doric has a bowl shaped/squashed tire capital. the ionic has a rams horn top. the corinthian has a very decorated capital. the medici family was a group of bankers that were extremely powerful.. they cultivated the interest of the liberal arts (an idea that changes over time). before they were things that you had to use your mind to do, like philosophy, theology, poetry. artists try to \n become part of this. there are a couple important philosophies to talk about.. humanism was theologists trying to figure out where man fit in the scheme of things. the body of humans is glorious. the psalm says that man is just lower than the angels. one of the most important philosophers in humanism was giovanni. they were interested in vitruvius who believed in architecture and perfect proportions. one aspect of humanism is called individualism: because human beings are endowed with talents then they can take advantage over other people. machiavelli says the ends always justify the means.. you can hurt and destroy with your intellect to get to the top, you need to hurt people so they respect you. 1/19/2016 there was a renewal of interest in classicism and art and architecture. there’s an emphasis on platonism. in the north they like aristotle. the italians like aristotle but they mainly like plato. plato is interested in the perfect. aristotle discovers truth in a very scientific hypothesis/observation. plato on the other hand is more focused on the ideal. he writes about these ideals and writes about how they’ll never be realized. he called their adaptation neo platonism. it seeks to reconcile platonism with italian art and christianity. in the arts you can see the influence of neoplatonism. exact mathematical recession into space. ideal human figures. everyone is eternally young and beautiful. you can’t recognize them in the spirit world. neoplatonism flourishes with the medici. a man named george bizarreone of the first art historians. he wrote a history of the italian renaissance and was very biased. he’s from florence and writes his history as if everything good comes from florence. bizarre loved michelangelo. from florence. the great cathedral of florence. there is a structure called the baptistry on the end of it. it used to be separated from the church because you weren’t supposed to affiliated with the church until you’re baptised. there was a competition to design the best doors. may the best man win (individualism). it came down to lorenzo ghiberti and filippo brunelleschi. they each made a bronze relief panel (sculpture attached to a backing). brunelleschi was famous from making the dome on the cathedral and challenged ghiberti. brunelleschi made a relief where it shows abraham sacrificing isaac but the angel stopping him at the last moment… it also shows the ram in front of the thicket. brunelleschi made his relief in international gothic style. it doesn’t look as natural. ghiberti foreshortens the angel so it looks like the bronze background is the sky. he portrays isaac as a nude figure. it’s a reference to classical greek and roman. abraham twists and turns. ghiberti borrows that from giotto (the foreshortening). the guild holding this competition couldn’t decide. so brunelleschi just pulls out of the competition. ghiberti does the doors and then are given the commission to do the doors between the baptistry and the chapel. these doors were nicknamed the gates of paradise because they were so beautiful. they are bronze covered in gilding. he made gold frames in squares. with the international style it was an ornamental gothic shape.{ } it was a continuous narrative (like a cartoon strip). in the background you can see rebecca. it is revealed to her that there are two people within her (jacob and esau). in the middle she is giving birth. in the same frame in the front she is talking to jacob plotting to take esau’s birthright. it’s interesting that he uses atmospheric perspective to put the story together. ghiberti makes the characters flatter when they are farther away.. you get the sense that you are looking farther into the distance. by doing that it makes the continuous narrative. contrapposto the italian renaissance are copying the ancient \n greek sculptures. his weight weight is all on one foot. he also uses linear/mathematical/one point perspective. all the lines in the piece go to one point. all the orthogonal lines recede into the one vanishing point. they are emulating the writings of leon albertihe wrote a book called on painting. it talks about all the things you need to do to create a good painting. his ultimate goal is that “art should be a window on the world.” no one challenges this idea until the late 19th century. everyone tries to copy nature as completely as possible. ex: the ultimately compliment is to say: that looks just like a photograph. ghiberti is consciously competing with atmospheric perspective. this idea of competition is an aspect of individualism.. he’s competing with painting.. called patagonia.. challenging other art forms. graineryhouses very important piece of art. all of the guilds were commissioned to create a sculpture to represent their guild. most of the guild choose to do their saints. donatellost george. done for the arms and armory guild. he’s a knight.. and the guild made armor for the knights. originally he was wearing a helmet and a sword. they made it very similar to the prima porta augustus. st george has been very idealized.. he’s proportionate. st george was never painted because they didn’t know that the romans used to paint their sculptures. donatello made atmospheric perspective in his sculpture as well. the vanishing point in his scene is st george himself. he’s bringing your eye to the most important figure. he just faces you to communicate grandeur, stature. donatello also made an equestrian portrait of gattamelata. this also comes from ancient rome. marcus orelius’ equestrian statue is one of the only surviving ones because they thought it was constantine who started christianity. gattamelata condottiere/he was a mercenary soldier. he hires himself out to help the warring city states. he worked for venice and became very powerful. you can sense his power because he’s on a huge horse. the diagonal sword takes your eyes to his armor. also, he’s controlling the horse. a humanist would understand that he controls his passion. king david as he’s about to go forward and kill goliath. he’s the first nude figure in the renaissance since the medieval ages. it used to be that only: adam and eve were nude, or spirits were nudeit represents how god can see their conscience. nudity had a very negative connotations. in greece and rome the body was seen as something divine… gods were nude because the human body was something glorious. so nudity represented gloriousness. david was naked because he’s giving himself completely to god’s care… neoplatonism. taking philosophy of plato and applying it to sculpture. medici think of themselves as having their great victory because of god’s help too. masaccio brancacci chapel filled fresco’s. christ tells peter to catch a fish and it will have money for the tax collector. the fresco is from florence saying that even christ made people pay taxes. peter is showed three times.. there’s the use of perspective to make it seem more natural. masaccio versus giotto=masaccio is contraposto, the figures are slimmer, there’s atmospheric perspective in the mountains, the lines on the buildings go to christ, peter isn’t facing the front, giotto uses profiles and masaccio is more naturalistic, masaccio uses a real light source (the window in the chapel lines up with the shadows). in masaccio uses chiaro oscurothe figures are modeling/have shading, there’s a lot of light and dark to show 3dimensionality. the lenzi family commissioned the holy trinity. they are one either side of christ being crucified.. to show that god was crucified with his son. throught the savior we have access to the father. in italy they were so used to rationality that he gave god a little podium to stand on. there’s a lot of chiaro oscuro.. the light and dark of the skin on christ’s face/body. \n the lenzi family would build a little chapel where they would be buried.they wanted masaccio to create a fake chapel for them. pillistar=pillar attached to the wall. under the altar there’s a skeleton “as you now are, so once was i, as i now am so will you one day become”. the church of santa maria novelladesigned by leon alberti. it’s the shape of a cross so you can imagine christ crucified on the church.. so you enter the body of christ and in the center of the church you are in his heart. 1470. there a very mathematical measurements showing off the golden mean. derived from nature. 1/21/2016 pelotazo the medici palace. ruling family in florence. they were an ordinary family. they were very wealthy. the become puppeteers behind the government. vitruvius wrote about proportions created by god, are natural and occur in the human body. the stones on the bottom of the palace are very rough. the next level has smoother stone. the final level, the windows are closest together. the stone is dressed/very smooth that you get the impression of something light. the bottom level feels very bulky/heavy. it’s stopped by a very heavy cornice on the top. you bank with us your money stays here, the corners are big solid, represents stability and power. sandro botticelli, primavera. he was one of the most beloved painters. he tried to insert himself in liberal arts discussions. this painting brings in new ideas of neoplatonism. botticelli’s figures seem like they’re floating. he doesn’t used as much chiaro oscuro. his figures are contrapposto. he’s showing off the technical skills (individual skills) in order to look good. it comes from the saying, she comes forth, it’s suppose to be telling us about spring. in the center there’s venus/aphrodite. she’s the goddess of beauty and love. she’s a perfect personification of spring. she’s in very old fashioned clothing for the time. it represents the spring of the medici family. the orange grove=the garden of the medici family. the significance of venus in the center of the painting. she represents the virgin mary. because mary was beautiful… it showed the medici’s love and dedication to the virgin. the dominicans versus the franciscans. the dominicans are preachers and they stamp out heresy. they’re often behind inquisitions. a dominican friar, girolamo savonarola, brought florence to the attention that they were too prideful. there were laws against fine clothing because it shows you are too prideful.. so people would get around those laws by having themselves painted. the friar told people to burn their fine clothing in the fires of vanity. bottecelli was converted by this friar and started burning a lot of his paintings. this friar expelled the medici family. he was later hanged by the florentines. fra angelico, from the same order as girolamo. it’s a nickname for angelic friar. he’s a very pious painter. his work is deeply religious. the angel gabirel is very idealized. he uses one point perspective. calligrpahic international gothic style. there’s lots of gold leaf. he only is using egg tempera. the virgin mary is ‘living’ with the monks. ultramarine pigment on the ceiling.15th century of the renaissance was an experimental time.. if mary stood up she wouldn’t fit in the building. adam and eve are being expelled from the garden outside of where mary is talking to gabriel. christ is the new adam. the virgin mary assists christ in bringing about redemption. fra angelico makes a point about this in the inscription of the painting. ave mariahail mary. ave \n backwards is the latin name for eve. he’s saying that because she agrees to become the mother of the receiver, and that makes her eve/setting forth the reversal of the fall.. reversing the name of eve. northern italy15th century the alps separated italy from the rest of europe. northern italy gets more interested in vast landscaped background. they also use oil in northern italy as they do in the rest of europe. sforza and fedrico da montefeltro by pero della francesca. still dedicated to humanism, individualism etc. urbino was taken over by ^. she died after having nine children. fedrico is not shown in the regular manner of portraits. he lost his right eye so the portrait shows the left side of his face. northern realism is reflected in fedrico’s portrait. sforza was fedrico’s property and has an expressionless face. (well she was also dead). the profile portrait was favored because that’s what they did in ancient rome. the landscapes are also gendered. sforza is landlocked, she stays at home and has children. fredrico’s is filled with waterways to show that he goes out into the world to provide for his family. manciafresco walls painted for his son francesco coming home as a cardinal. andrea mantegnacumera picta, worm’s eye perspective. give the perception that the ceiling isn’t even there. there’s cupid figures looking down at you. it’s an oculus. it’s a copy of the pantheon. venicegiovanni bellini, st francis in ectasy. it’s in oil and has atmospheric perspective (northern influence). there’s telescopic detail as well. his heart is filled with praise for god. he looks as if he’s ready to receive the wounds of christ. test question distinctions: high renaissance very end of the 14th century to the beginning of the 16th. the medici (the big promotors of the renaissace) get kicked out of power and a new power center dominates. rome. very powerful popes, mainly julius ll. this is also the generation of the most famous italian renaissance artists. leonardo, michelangelo, and rafael. bizarri loves all 3. bizarri says that artists are no longer experimenting. they can now use the techniques they’ve perfected. they make compositions are are extremely unified. artists who have been trying to get into that liberal art circles are now firm established in the liberal arts. there’s the idea of a renaissance man, they know everything, poetry, botany, prints, invents, mechanics etc. the artists now become liberal arts philosopher. the artists are no longer just craftspeople. another important change is that oil paint becomes the primary medium. it used to be only used in northern italy. high renaissance in italy leonardo’s sketch of a fetus… dissection was/is illegal in italy. leonardo was very interested in science. he moves around a lot. he’s employed as a military designer. he designed weaponry. he makes militaristic plans. he invents a lot of things. his paintings show how he puzzles through things. \n the madonna of the rocks. the virgin mary in the center. jesus is by the angel, john the baptist is on the other side of the virgin. he was influenced by northern europe too by categorizing plants and rock formations. the high renaissance still loves the triangle. but he makes it 3 dimensional. he loves twisting fingers. he uses stable greens and reds and yellows.. he paints a golden glaze over the top to unify the colors. leonardo is one of the first to use chiaro oscura. sfato makes it looks like you’re looking through mist. leonardo takes you through the composition through gazes. 1/28/2016 bramantethe architect who plans the first iteration of the st peter basilica. little temple/tempietto. he works in northern italy and ends up in rome. he makes the temple for ferdinand and isabella (king and queen of portugal). they want him to make a martyrium =centrally planned building. constructed over a sacred site. it’s over the spot where st peter was believed to be crucified. there’s a hole in the ground where peter’s cross was put in upside down.. since he didn’t want to be killed like christ. for a high renaissance architect, they’re interested in perfection….very interested in proportions.. so a centrally planned building is great! it’s perfect.. like how god is perfect. mathematical divisions. the very top it slows down… slow >fast >slow. imitating a classical greek temple. doric order. frieze on top of the columns. he’s evoking the image of greek architecture in an educated way. giorgione, the tempest. northern europe/venetians like to incorporate very careful details, light and shadow. studying species of plants. oil painting. venetian has a golden feel to its paintings. giorgione had an impact on the other painters.. he died at 35. there’s also telescopic views far into the distance. he swapped a man in where the woman was.. so the story wasn’t very important. the subject of the painting is the storm… which is very innovative because in the 16th century the focus was always the people. most famous venetian painter is titian. remember his name. he’s very interested in naturalistic textures. the effects of lights shining on new materials… called the pesaro madonna.. he’s the leading naval officer of the pope’s army. so he has quite a bit of power. in honor of a huge victory he commissioned this painting. he thought she prayed in his behalf. goes right to the heart of humanism and individualism. it gives you a sense of a little chapel that you could climb inside the painting. he repeats the columns into the painting. he uses the pyramidal composition. titian builds his figures with color (no one else has done this yet!). the rest of the artists have been very linear painters. he makes the lines by color blocking.. nothing it very linear. his brushstroke is painterly/loose brush stroke. (the ultimate painterly artists are the impressionists). they use their entire arm to do the brushstrokes. it gives you the impression of a lot of movement. why venice? it has to do with mosaics. when you get into a church with mosaics you see shifts shimmering glowing color. venice traded most with the byzantine empire and so they have the most mosaic. last work from the high renaiassance.. by pilladio.. he was born next to venice, he;s well versed in classical culture. he was not just a philosopher he was also a stonemason. he told people how to make things. he made the church of san giorgio \n maggiore. he imitates classical architecture very strongly. corinthian order. the whole thing in high renaissance white. pure ratios and rhythms. mannerism in italy and spain mannerism is a style that appears all over europe. the best examples are in italy.. but it’s going on everywhere. the high renaissance ends in the teens (only lasts a few decades). in the 1510’s there’s a huge thing. martin luther a catholic priestbecomes dissatisfied with the catholic church. he’s excommunicated. it started the protestant church. the pope did not have his act together. luther’s grievances: indulgences ( a pope or a bishop says to show your devotion to god and then the pope/bishop will loose you from your punishment). in the 16th century you’re then allowed to pay a certain amount to the church to pay for your sins. he also complained that there wasn’t enough access to the bible. their vernacular bibles were filled with glosses/footnotes that were lutheran. martin does not believe in priesthood lineage… he believes that if you have faith then you can have authority. there’s 7 sacraments/ordinances in the catholic church, he says are unnecessary… because they aren’t in the bible. you don’t need works to save you. you only need faith. martin loved images. his friend john calvin believes images are idolatrous. they do awful things to art.. they would bash statues. erasmus translated the bible. he was a tremendous humanist who never left the catholic church. king henry vlll earned defender of the faith award. he wanted to divorce his wife catherine of eragon. the pope won’t let him divorce. so he forms the anglican church. henry v111 was friends with thomas moore who was friends with erasmus and deeply loyal to the church. he wouldn’t become anglican with the king and so he was beheaded. mannered=proper, intentional distortions of the high renaissance rules.. the high renaissance was symmetrical, reasoned, no emotion.. mannerism is illogical, not based on proper proportions, figures are stretched, colors are jarring, twisted, cramped, illogical space.. people think it’s a reflection of the anxiety of the time. michelangelo starts to work in a mannerly style. pope paul lll asked michelangelo to remove a painting and create the last judgment scene. usually they are very organized and christ is the great judge in the middle. michelangelo creates a swirling vortex of humans. there’s corpses being pulled out of the grave. it’s an eery resurrection around christ. it’s hard to tell who the saved and the righteous are. mary is much smaller than christ. she’s strange/ he makes an ambiguous gesture. anyone can go to hell. there’s psychological torment… jacopo da pontormo, deposition people are elongated. the figures are stacked in weird positions. balancing on toes, weird shaped back. very flattened and abstracted and weird colors… lots of light blue.. strange orange. all the figures are looking in different directions. art review who patronage/who it was for what material used, historical content.. formal qualities \n where when why… why it was comissioned only need last names for artists. 58 pieces of art per essay. you can use same paintings for different essays. write what you know and then stop once you’ve said everything. study for 3 of the essay questions… 2 will be given and you only have to answer 1. 1. 15th century italy and northern europe (not mannerism or michelangelo) philosophy interests north=aristotle (tryptic, telescopic, earthly rational here and now, realism, extreme detail) italy=platonic (botticelli primavera, plato looks at the ideal, idealized figures, looking at ancient greece, venus in the center, humanistic platonism=neoplatonism is christianity. venus represents mary. the orange trees represents the medici family. materials and media employed northern renaissance started using oils. the oil paints give it luster. italy was fond of fresco. masaccio. the frescos are more matte. literature religion patrons italy was the medici family (bankers). they commissioned things to show power. north was the laymen commissioning objects of devotion. merchants with some extra cash. and institutions/hospitals/monasteries. cultural heritages italy is looking back to rome. the north is looking back to medieval times. politics economics 2. 4 aspects of change in renaissance religion with 5 pieces of art referring to the religious doctrine and how the portrayal changes. timeline of 12001500 the doctrine of christianity changing in the art. proto renaissance (cimabue) christ is a man child… to show that you can trust him and put faith in him. madonna of the rockschrist looks like a baby. humanismmaking him like us because we were a baby once too. man is the measure of all things. super self reflecting… the emphasis is on man. by making christ a baby it’s bringing god down to us… elevate humanity and denigrate their gods. similar to how the greek gods had a lot of problems. but the humans were the heros. christ as a human connects humanity stronger to god and empowers them. christ is changing ^ incorporating humanism. \n neoplatonism… instead of being grounded in reality the art starts to push towards the ideal. that pushes towards heaven. bodies are idealized. protestantism art commissioning is starting to be done by popes. art becomes a tool for the popes. the ideas of latin or vernacular (low/high art). christianity becoming more generalized. latin was a higher language, used by the church, used for philosophy. vernacular was the language of the common people… not as sophisticated. there’s two types of art. latinized high church with the international gothic style.. all in gold. the image is flat. the figures are elongated. more sophisticated. influenced by the idea of an icon, very stylized/unrealistic. compared to the stigmatization of st francis. he;s set into a space. there’s no gold. he’s more readable. it’s not idealized. vernacular is for the common people to understand and read. more narrative... like a story. the vernacular takes over the latin. the church was always in latin but in the 1500’s there’s not martin luther saying everyone needs a bible. christianity becomes more generalized. 3. development from the early italian renaissance > high renaissance > mannerism 34 images for each section below. early italian art some examples could be: perspective, prove to you they can do it (gates of paradise ghiberti). artist status in society was pretty low.. they were still craftsman. naturalism/idealism/triangle composition. very stable. lacking emotion. they don’t move very much. realistic figures. high renaissance not emphasizing perspectives. the renaissance men.. they don’t have to prove themselves. they can do images that show off.. the triangle becomes 3dimensional (madonna of the rocks). the way the disciples are looking. the gazes are hidden. the last supper… 3 quarters view profile (mona lisa). they start experimenting with subjects (the tempest).. there’s still a triangle but it’s with a natural weather event. starting to be more movement. expanding on early renaissance. mannerism a lot of motion. they aren’t made rationally. represents anxiety. there’s no sense of harmony and unity. every gaze is going in different directions. nothings a focal point. entombment of christ. it happens along the time with the separation of the church. no harmony, no sense or logic in the outside world. martin is breaking up the church. there’s a lot of questioning. breaking all the rules. 4. patronages. \n churches are commissioning work in the north medicis in italy. effects of good and bad government in sienna. ^they’re showing how great their city is. it’s on the wall of their civic office building. it represents something to reach for. arena chapelgiotto di bondone. the chapel was commissioned as a deathbed repentance to make up for giving loans and then charging interest on it. he’s a layman. it’s in italy. religiously motivated.",
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434ec099772560de863ce2c7a5b36434 | the drawing shows three situations in which a block is attached to a spring. the position labeled 0 m represents the unstrained position of the spring. the block is moved from an initial position x0 to a fi nal position xf, the magnitude of the displacement being denoted by the symbol s. suppose the spring has a spring constant of k 5 46.0 n/m. using the data provided in the drawing, determine the total work done by the restoring force of the spring for each situation. | the drawing shows three situations in which a block is | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " gph210geographyofterrestriallife springsemester2016 professor:dr.elizabethlarson elitenotetaker:phoebe([email protected]) 1. interstate biogeography ○ human activities effects ■ roads / highways blocking animals and plants ■ fire suppression stopping cyclical succession ■ removal of animal species ■ bison ■ wolves ■ exotic species ■ increasing range of deserts ○ endemism ■ a species that thrives within a very restricted geographic range (at a biological hotspot) ■ migratory birds are most influenced by the loss of two different biomes ■ e.g. salamander (only in southern appalachian mountains) 2. the geography of biomes ○ biomes ■ communities of similar organisms in a certain climate ■ defined by the key features of the plants that grow there ■ determined by atmosphere and climate (temperature/precipitation) ■ the colder it is, the drier the air gets ■ grouped into three climatic zone ■ tropical zone— equator to 25° n/s ■ temperate zone— 25° n/s to 60° n/s ■ polar zone— above 60° n/s 1 \n ○ climatography ■ presenting the climate of biomes ■ shows the pattern of seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature ■ moisture availability isn’t directly indicated but can predict ○ tropical zone ■ 0°25° latitude ■ high diversity ■ warm climate ■ tropical rainforest ■ annual rainfall > 2000mm (80in) ■ greatest net primary production (npp) ■ rapid nutrients cycled ■ great unique niches and endemic species ■ tropical seasonal rainforest ■ annual rainfall 15002500 (6098in) ■ wet and dry season ■ ranges from tall tree canopy (wet) to scrubby woodlands (dry) ■ tropical savanna ■ climate overlapping with seasonal tropical forest ■ highly seasonal rainfall ■ drought persists more than half the year ■ dominated by grasses ■ massive herds of grazing animals ○ temperature zone ■ 25°60° latitude ■ annual rainfall 2002000mm ■ annual temperature 520℃ ■ 60% of earth's land mass ■ dominated by forest ■ growing season ranges from 410 months ■ temperate deciduous forest 2 \n ■ broadleaf trees ■ no leaves in winter ■ moderate summer / cold winter ■ growing season: between first and last hard frosts ■ little remains undisturbed ■ temperate evergreen forest ■ evergreen conifers (keep leaves) ■ drier summer / warmer winter ■ some can be temperate rainforest ■ mild temperature all year ■ less precipitation ■ seeing solution— using fire to conserve a biome ■ fire suppression ■ litter accumulating ■ shadetolerant trees invades the ecosystem ■ 1960s: ecologists realize stopping the fire = disrupt natural cycles ■ beneficial fire ■ primarily burning litter and woody debris on soil surface ■ not damaging forest canopy ■ allows giant sequoias' seeds to germinate ■ chaparral ■ 30°40° latitude ■ mediterranean climate ■ dominated by summer drought ■ adapted to fire ■ evergreen shrubland + low woodlands ■ stony leafed ■ water loss resistant ■ wilting 3 \n ■ e.g. sclerophyllous leaves of manzanita ■ temperate grasslands ■ 90% are altered by agriculture and cattle grazing ■ best climate and soil condition for corn, wheat and soybeans ■ long/cold winter ■ hot summer ■ in between the wetness of forest and the dryness of desert ■ e.g. konza prairie of eastern kansas (undisturbed) ■ dominated by grasses and herbs (dense sod) ■ bunch grasses— tussocks of fescue in the arid grasslands of patagonia (southern chile) ■ able to grow back after grazed ■ individual clumps can survive centuries ○ polar biomes ■ 60° and above latitude ■ less than 5℃ ■ short growing seasons ■ limited abundance and diversity ■ e.g. northern hemisphere / antarctica ■ global warming impacts ■ increasing depths to permafrost ■ increasing infestation of bark beetles ■ boreal forest ■ cold and wet ■ less than 4 months of growing season ■ long/dry/bitterly cold winters ■ forests are dominated by conifers ■ permafrost ■ permanently frozen soil ■ 30100 cm below surface ■ e.g. siberia taiga ■ tundra 4 \n ■ annual rainfall 100500mm ■ less than 3 months of growing season ■ cold and dry (harsh winter) ■ permafrost ■ e.g. alaska range ■ supports a diverse array of shrubs and herbs ■ alaska pipeline disturbs the tundra ○ deserts ■ occur worldwide ■ 25% of earth’s surface ■ extremely arid ■ annual rainfall < 250mm ■ daily temperature vary extremely (cold to hot) ■ animals and plants adapted for litter water (succulents) ■ kangaroo rat of north america (never drinks) ■ being nocturnal (active at night) ■ e.g. dry valleys of antarctica / asian gobi / north american sonoran 3. mountains and coastlines ○ facts ■ not biomes ■ including all climatic zones ■ affected by environmental change ■ changes in elevation produce different climates ■ vulnerable to human activities and global warming ■ elevation of treeline is lower at higher latitudes ○ mountains ■ climate changes ■ temperature decreases as altitude increases ■ same biome transitions in altitude as continent in latitude ■ rain shadow (orographic rainfall) ■ rain falls on the side of the mountain where air climbs (windward) 5 \n ■ rain doesn’t fall on the side of the mountain where air slides (leeward) ○ coastlines ■ narrow transition of terrestrial biomes and ocean ■ vegetation ■ saltwater / wave action = harsh environment ■ plants / animals are adapted to high salt / less fresh water ■ human actions damage coastal areas ■ e.g. sea rocket ■ dune pioneer ■ stabilize 6 \n gph210biodiversityconsevation springsemester2016 professor:dr.elizabethlarson elitenotetaker:phoebe([email protected]) 1. requiem for the po'ouli ○ human activities effects ■ 1973, in hawaii ■ 2004, extinct due to: ■ overhunting ■ exotic species ■ indian mongoose to control rats ■ affected akiapola’au (honeycreeper) ■ destructed habitat ○ captive breeding ■ puaiohi (small thrushlike bird) ■ in kauai, hawaii ■ san diego zoo hatched over 200 of them out of 20 ■ over 150 have been reintroduced into wild ■ population growing still 2. biodiversity ○ definition ■ variety of life in all forms, combinations and organization ○ types of biodiversity ■ landscape biodiversity ■ variety and abundance of species from place to place ■ two factors ■ gradual change in environmental factors ■ e.g. temperature / growing seasons / water availability ■ history of local ■ e.g. fire / food cycles ■ community biodiversity ■ definition ■ the number of different species (richness) ■ the relative abundance of different species (evenness) ■ the spatial distribution of different species (3d) ■ structural complexity ■ complexity = diversity 1 \n ■ marine complexity ■ coral reefs supports many more species comparing to sandy ocean bottoms ■ the higher the latitudes, the less species we should see ■ population biodiversity ■ definition ■ genetic diversity (genetic variation) ■ outbreeding (mating with nonrelated individual) ■ inbreeding (mating with closely related individuals) ■ impacts ■ improves survival ■ maximize diversity ■ increases genetic disease and reproductive failure ○ importance of biodiversity ■ impacts on human ■ provide humans with a lot more ecosystem services ■ depending on individual species and interactions ■ producers are more abundant ■ increases productivity ■ complementarity effect ■ resources used by various species in a complementary way are more efficient ■ ecosystem stability ■ help ecosystem to change/adjust/recover/resist to disturbances ■ enhance survival rates (increase tolerance) ■ economic value ■ improve production of good ■ e.g. food, fuel, fiber, medicine ■ ecotourism ■ interested in exploring natural exploring natural environments ■ existence value ■ intrinsic value of plants and animals ■ religious beliefs ■ ethics (un charter for nature) 3. global patterns of biodiversity ○ facts ■ earth supports 715 million species of eukaryotes ■ 1020% are described by human ■ land: 80% are insects ■ marine: 50% are algae ■ specie richness ■ number of species decreases when moving away from equator ○ 4 factors for global pattern ■ net primary production 2 \n ■ past disturbance ■ habitat gradients ■ ecosystem complexity ○ biodiversity hotspots ■ large number of endemic species ■ human actions are threatening habitats ■ 1.5k endemic species have at least 70% of original area disturbed ■ conservation internationally to prioritize hotspot areas (25 of them in the world ○ ecological communities biodiversity ■ immigration / extinction ■ mostly due to human activities ■ affects species on island the most ■ habitat diversity ■ more niches and species supported ■ different topography = different habitat ■ e.g. mountains, rivers, valleys ■ species interaction ■ competition ■ predation ■ predators (no single prey can dominate) ■ herbivores (drive adaptation/diversity of plants) ■ disturbance ■ peaks at intermediate level of disturbance ■ acts like an herbivore ■ prevent one species dominating ■ fire / flood / hurricanes 4. threats to biodiversity ○ habitat loss ■ greatest treat ■ 82% of endangered bird lost their habitat ○ logging / agriculture / development ■ 95% of north american deciduous forest are gone or altered ■ 3% of u.s. mixed and tallgrass prairie remain ○ endangered species ■ gopher tortoise ■ redcockaded woodpecker ■ dugong ○ habitat fragmentation ■ habitat divided into small disconnected habitats due to roads, dams, developments ■ behave as islands ■ reduces/eliminates movement or dispersal ■ reduces gene flow 3 \n ■ e.g. forest songbirds, shad and salmon declining ○ overharvesting ■ human consumption (food, industry, pet) ■ reproduction rate cannot keep up with the harvest rate ■ certain vulnerable species ■ slow population growth rates ■ flocking/schooling behavior ■ large bodied ○ nonnative invasive species ■ population explodes and displaces natives ■ lacking predators / pathogens ■ lacking competitors ■ own adaptations ■ disrupt food web or species composition ○ pollution ■ air / water pollution kill species ■ pollutants build up through food web ○ altered patterns of disturbance ■ change in frequency and intensity ■ e.g. floods / fire ■ change in species composition ○ climate change ■ alter or eliminate habitat ■ example ■ sea ice melting (polar bear habitat) ■ coral bleaching 5. strategies for conserving biodiversity ○ preserves and protected areas ■ health of individual species population ■ management of habitat ■ maximizing migration ■ maintaining cycles ■ minimizing human influence (buffers) ■ behave as islands (distance from other preserves) ■ depend on principles of island biogeography ■ larger preserves support more species ■ migration corridors increases connectivity ■ using abandoned railway or streams to connect the preserves ○ managing populations of individual species ■ restoration / maintenance of healthy population ■ population viability ■ probability of extinction in given number of years 4 \n ■ affecting factors ■ availability/quantity of habitat ■ size of population ■ disease ■ predators ■ umbrella species ■ species whose protection protects other species that require similar habitat ○ national parks and wilderness areas ■ park system setting high standards ■ establish protection of habitat and preservation for human use ■ protect sensitive habitat ■ some suffer from overuse or visitation 6. u.s. policies for conserving biodiversity ○ legislation to protect species ■ limit commerce and injury to threatened and endangered species ■ e.g. 1900 lacey act (prevent illegal killing or sale) / u.s. fish and wildlife service ■ endangered species act ■ species whose population is reduced to near critical levels are threatened ■ prohibits taking endangered or threatened species regardless of landownership 7. international policies for conserving biodiversity ○ convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ■ aka cites ■ slowing down overhunting and collection of plants and animals ■ created black market ■ e.g. regulation of whaling (more effective than rhinos since it’s easier to kill rhinos) ○ economic incentives ■ hotspots are in poor developing countries ■ ecotourism ■ debtfornature swags (debts forgiven if create preserves and parks) 5",
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aaa3a50177e5ead9ae672ab7648efc0c | (i) a light plane must reach a speed of 32 m/s for takeoff.
how long a runway is needed if the (constant) acceleration
is 3.0 m/s2? | (i) a light plane must reach a speed of 32 m/s for | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "bchm exam 4 study guide classify monosaccharides as isomers, and based on number of c atoms warning: study guide might not contain pictures of all of the monosaccarides we have to know!! don’t use this a sole study tool!! stereoisomers: same atoms connected in the same sequence, but positioned differently in space. enantiomers: nonsuperimposable mirror images (dribose and lribose) diastereomers: stereoisomers that aren’t enantiomers (dribose and darabinose) epimers: diastereomers that differ at a single chiral carbon (dglucose and dmannose) # of carbon atoms: (3,4,5,6; tri,tetra,pent,hex) anomers: two possible diastereomers that form because of cyclization (α or β) \n know structures and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides monosaccharides glucose: primary fuel for living cells, preferred energy source for brain cells and cells without mitochondria fructose: twice as sweet as sucrose, used by sperm as an energy source galactose: necessary to synthesize a variety of important biomolecules disaccharides lactose: found in milk, one molecule of galactose bonded to one molecule of glucose by a β 1,4 glycosidic bond, a reducing sugar maltose: an intermediate product of starch hydrolysis, α 1,4 glycosidic bond between two glucose molecules cellobiose: degradation product of cellulose, β 1,4 glycosidic bond between two glucose molecules, does not exist freely in nature \n sucrose: produced in the leaves and stems of plants, one molecule of glucose bounded to one molecule of fructose by an α 1,2 glycosidic bond, a nonreducing sugar polysaccharides starch: used for energy storage in plant cells glycogen: used for energy storage in animal cells cellulose: used for structural support in the cell walls of plants and many algae chitin: used for structural support in the cell walls of fungi and the external skeletons of insects and crustaceans peptidoglycan: used for structural support in bacterial cell walls know furanose v/s pyranose forms of sugar furanose: 5membered ring (fructose) pyranose: 6membered ring (glucose and galactose) know structure and functions of all sugars shown in her power point how does glycosidic bond formation happen in sugars? glycosidic bonding o this is crucial in the linking of monosaccarides together to form disaccharides. o two parts to this problem!!!! the bond is named either in the β conformation. and the carbon that it is attached to. (14) (12) the first number corresponds to the first sugar and the second number is for the second sugar. \n identify compounds based on existing glycosidic bonds (eg: lactose, maltose, sucrose etc) know some common reactions of sugars and identify the products (oxidation, reduction, polymerization) sugar definition what is it what characteristic structure bonded type of s too bond lactose disaccharid galactos β (1,4) common to (milk e found in e bonded glycosidi have a sugar) milk to c bond deficiency in glucose breaking down this sugar reducing sugar maltose is an glucose α (1,4) (malt intermediate bonded linkage sugar) of starch to hydrolysis glucose cellobios degradation glucose β (1,4) don’t exist e product of bonded freely in cellulose to nature glucose sucrose table sugar glucose α (1,2) non produced in bonded reducing the leaves to and stems of fructose plants polysaccharid definition type of special notes structure es (use) bondin g \n starch used for α (1,4) two parts: energy storage amylose: this in plant cells. is the linear (potatoes) part of starch amylopectin: this is the branched part of starch (just another linear molecule attached to a linear molecule) (note it is an α (1,6)) glycogen used for α (1,4) highly energy storage branched! in animals !! (liver and muscles) (storage form of glucose) cellulose used for β (1,4) humans can structural digest support in cell cellulose walls of plants and algae more structured and organized chitin used for β (1,4) this is two structural modified support of cell glucoses walls in fungi bonded and the together exoskeletons of insects modification: nhcoch 3 \n peptidoglycan used for β (1,4) has an amino structural acid chain that support in links with bacterial cell another amino walls acid chain making it a strong structural component distinguish between catabolic, anabolic and amphibolic pathways. anabolic pathwayssynthesize molecules and require energy. catabolic pathways break down molecules and produce energy. biochemical pathwaythat involves both catabolism and anabolism (krebs’s) name & describe the three stages (or subprocesses) in the overall process of aerobic respiration including their functions, overall reaction and subcellular locations. aerobic respiration: o glycolysis done in the cytosol produces 4 atp and 2 nadh o krebs’s cycle done in the matrix (except for pyruvate dehydrogenase) produces 8 nadh, 2 fadh, 2 atp o etc done in the inner membrane produces: 26 atp distinguish between stage 1 vs. stage 2 of glycolysis, including where energy (atp) is used and where it is released. energy investment phase (15) o step 1 atp + glucose(hexokinase) glucose6pphosphate traps glucose inside the cell the addition of a phosphate causes a negative charge to be on the molecule which restricts it from leaving the cell irreversible regulation possible= the product inhibits hexokinase inhibition= glucose 6phosphate glucose 6 phosphate is a huge compound glycogen synthesis \n glycolysis pentose phosphate o step 2 glucose 6 phosphate (phosphoglucose) fructose 6 phosphate reversible o step 3 (most heavily regulated) fructose6phosphate (phosphofructokinase 1) fructose 1,6 bisphosphate irreversible activators: o amp o adp o fructose 2,6 bisphosphate inhibitor o atp o citrate o glucagon atp generally inhibits glycolysis while amp + adp to activate it atp is allosterically inhibited o step 4 (super important) fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate (aldolase) dihydroxyacetone phosphate+ glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate o step 5 dihydroxyacetone phosphate (triose phosphate) glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate energy harvest phase o step 6 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate+ nad + p(glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase) 1,3 bisphsophoglycerate generation of a reduction agent nadh o 2 molecules of nadh generated oxidative phosphorylation step!!!! nadnadh (low potential energyhigh potential energy) \n o step 7 (important enzyme) 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase) 3 phosphoglycerate first atp generated in glycolysis via substrate level phosphorylation all kinases transferase reversible standard free energy of hydrolysis 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate 43.4 kj/mol atp 30.5 kj/mol when these are broken down the extra 15 kj are lost as heat o step 8 3phosphoglycerate(phosphoglycerate) 2 phosphoglycerate o step 9 phosphoglycerate (enolase)phosphopheolpyruvate inhibitor: flouride (toothpaste) o step 10 phosphoenolopyruvate +adp (pyruvate) pyruvate +atp activators fructose 1,6 bisphosphate irreversible inhibitor o atp o acetyl coa o alanine second atp generation in glycolysis via substrate level phosphorylation energy investment phase 15 energy harvest phase 610 steps where atp is put in 1 and 3 steps where atp is harvested 7 and 10 where nadh is made 6 \n describe the three possible metabolic fates for the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis, including why each occurs. aerobic respiration makes much more atp (but you have to have oxygen for the final electron acceptor in the etc) lactate is formed during exercise in the form of lactic acid. \n lactic acid fermentation a common theme throughout the regulation process is the regeneration of nadh and fadh2. the cell knows that lactic acid fermentation is slow and inefficient. thus, it does everything it can to keep the etc going since it substantially more effective. pyruvate (lactate dehydrogenase)lactate glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate(glyceraldehydep dehydrogenase) glycerate1,3 bisphosphate alcoholic fermentation note re alcoholism: ethanol stimulates synthesis of nadh in liver by adh the extra nadh will inhibit glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation acetylaldehyde acetic acid fatty acid synthesis result is accumulation of fat in the liver o loss of function cirrhosis describe all the mechanisms of regulation of glycolysis with examples. regulation of glycolysis direct modification of enzymes o pyruvate kinase (runners) this is the only enzyme that is directly phosphorylated dephosphorylating will activate this enzyme \n in this example, insulin takes off the phosphate and glucagon puts it on glucokinase is a molecular sensor of high glucose levels as blood sugar levels rise, so does the activity of the glucokinase. o this rise and fall of the activity is regulated by the km of the enzyme. o the lower the km the higher the affinity of the enzyme of the substrate. o in addition, the regulation of glucokinase is regulated my insulin as well. activators and inhibitors o steps that inhibit: 1,3,10 (all reactions with kinase) o know them! availability of substrate allosteric regulation regulator hexokinase (1) phosphofructokinase pyruvate kinase (3) (10) glucose 6p fructose1,6p2 + amp + + adp + atp citrate acetyl coa fructose 2,6 + bisphosphate o all this table has done is put the enzymes and their respective activators and inhibitors in a table format summarize the overall function and reaction of the citric acid cycle, including the origins and fates of key reactants (or substrates) and fates of the main products of the citric acid cycle. \n overview o the main purpose of this cycle is yes produce atp but more importantly, produce electron carriers such as nadh and fadh2 to power the electron pumps in the etc. o this cycle has a net return of: 6 nadh's are generated (3 per acetyl coa that enters) 2 fadh2 is generated (1 per acetyl coa that enters) 2 atp are generated (1 per acetyl coa that enters) 4 co2's are released (2 per acetyl coa that enters) (don’t forget that 2 nadh and 2 co2 come from the transformation of the pyruvate into 2 acetyl coa. o pyruvate gets completely oxidized to co2 o in order to keep the cycle going, oaxaloacetate has to be reproduced things to remember when doing this cycle: 1. name the enzyme 2. count the carbons 3. know the substrates and products 4. know the order they come in 5. know where nadh, fadh, and atp are produced \n some of the fates of the products in the tca cycle: citrate fatty acids α ketogluterate nucleotides succinyl coa heme malate pyruvate oaa glucose what is meant by the term “anaplerotic” pathway? does this term apply to the citric acid cycle? anaplerotic pathway this is the act of replenishing the intermediates of the krebs’s cycle. this term applies to the citric acid cycle because the products of the previous reaction (whatever step) regenerates the intermediates of the tca. illustrate or describe the essential features in the ultrastructure of mitochondria, and indicate the locations of the various subdivisions of aerobic respiration. glycolysis- cytosol pdh- inner membrane and matrix tca- matrix etc – inner membrane list and/or describe the key regulatory reactions of the citric acid cycle, including substrates, products, cofactors and modes of regulation. step 1 o pyruvate(pyruvate dehydrogenase) 2 acetyl coa o this is the only reaction that occurs in both the mitochondrial matrix and the inner membrane step 2 o oaxalacetate(from the previous cycle) + acetyl coa (citrate synthase) citrate step 3 \n o citrate(aconitase) isocitrate step 4 o isocitrate +nad(isocitrate dehydrogenase)αketogluterate +nadh+co2 step 5 o oaxalsuccinate+ nad ( αketogluterate dehydrogenase) succinyl coa +nadh +co2 step 6 o succinyl coa +gdp(succinyl coa synthase) succinate o gtp phosphorylates adp to atp o warning, even tough the enzyme says synthase, it removes coa!!!!! don’t be tricked step 7 o succinate +fad(succinate dehydrogenase) fumerate +fadh2 step 8 o fumerate +h2o(fumerase) malate step 9 o malate +nad(malate dehydrogenase) oaxalacetate +nadh regulator pfk1 pyr. kin pyr. citrate isocit. αkglt dehase synthase dehydrogenas dehase e atp nadh adp + + + + + amp + + nad+ + + + citrate acetyl coa succinyl coa relate and distinguish between reduction reactions, oxidation reactions, and standard reduction potentials. redox reactions: o reduction: gain of electrons(nad+nadh) o oxidation: loss of electrons (nadh nad+) o o e’ –standard reduction potentialo, the more negative your e’ the more likely that your molecule will be oxidized the more positive your e’ the more likely that your molecule will be reduced \n think of this whole thing like an electron tower. if the e’ is negative then you are standing at the top of the tower. when the molecule is oxidized, the electrons fall down the tower. the farther they fall (the greater the difference in e’ ) the more energy that is released. this is why oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor in the etc because the electrons can fall the furthest. where, in the overall process of aerobic respiration, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and respiratory electron transport, do redox reactions occur? stage of respiration steps glycolysis 6 tca 1,4,5,7,9 etc every step in the complex remember that a redox reaction occurs where ever you see a dehydrogenase. generally it is where an nadh or fadh is produced because you are oxidizing the substrate and reducing nad+ and fadh name and describe the four complexes of respiratory electron transport in terms of where they get vs. donate electrons and any specialized functions they may have. \n glycolysis nadh: 2 nadh krebs nadh and fadh 8 nadh 2 fadh name and describe the four types of biomolecules that serve as electron carries of respiratory electron transport, including their active components and the numbers of electrons and/or protons they carry. 4 important biomolecules that make up the complexes: o flavoproteins contain flavin (fad)(fmn) o fes proteinnonheme proteins contain 24 fe atoms bound to protein via cysteine residues o cytochromes heme proteins contain single fe atoms bound to the heme o ubiquinone (coenzyme q) nonprotein lipophillic molecule o what dr. sri wants us to take out of this is that complex 1 and 2 have more flavo proteins and fes proteins o whereas complexes 3 and 4 contain more cytochromes what is the driving force for spontaneous electron flow in respiratory electron transport? o standard reduction potential. as stated before, complex 1 has a super high ability to be oxidized and thus give up its electrons. o thus, each complex following the first will have a slightly less chance of being oxidized, however, it will never have a greater chance of being reduced than the complex following it o therefore, you can think of the etc as one large hill relate the biological activity and use of “poisons” like rotenone, carbon monoxide, cyanide to their mechanisms of inhibiting respiratory electron transport. some poisons inhibit etc \n o amytal and rotenone inhibits the movement of electrons from nadh to complex 1 o antimycin inhibits the transfer of electrons in complex 3 o carbon monoxide, cyanide, and azide inhibit the final transfer of electrons to oxygen describe the “alternate oxidase” of plants in terms of its mechanism of action (i.e. direction of electron transport), and its physiological purpose(s) and/or function(s). the oxidase provides an alternative route for electrons passing through the electron transport chain to reduce oxygen. however, as several protonpumping steps are bypassed in this alternative pathway, activation of the oxidase reduces atp generation. this enzyme was first identified as a distinct oxidase pathway from cytochrome c oxidase as the alternative oxidase is resistant to inhibition by the poison cyanide. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alternative\\_oxidase) it is like taking the bypass route around downtown, you don’t get to see the scenery but you don’t get caught in traffic. found in: skunk cabbage and voodoo lily distinguish between oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation and substratelevel phosphorylation. 3 types of phosphorylation o substrate level phosphorylationatp synthesis is coupled to carbon metabolism o oxidative phosphorylation atp synthase coupled to oxidative processes of etc o photophosphorylationatp synthesis coupled to the light drive reactions of photosynthesis. describe the chemiosmotic theory for atp synthesis. chemiosmotic theory o chemical reactions could be coupled to osmotic gradients o protons can only pass though atp synthase to get back in o atp synthesis is coupled to the shuttle of protons back into the matrix evidence supporting the chemiosmotic theory o active mitochondrion secrete protons o atp is not made when inner membrane is disrupted o molecules can lower atp synthesis by collapsing the proton gradient uncoupelershydrophobic compounds with a dissociable proton carry back across membrane ionphores fake channels that are inserted into membrane that can shuttle the protons back across. o there is enough gradient to drive atp synthesis. \n describe the subunit structure and mechanism of function of the mitochondrial atp synthase, including the “binding change” mechanism or theory for atp synthesis. how the whole changing the conformation thing works: o so the β subunit has three distinctive sites on the f1 complex. however, they don’t rotate at all! o so the β subunit stays in one place and the γ subunit spins and causes the β subunit to change conformation. o the β subunit has three distinctive conformations. it has the tight, loose, and open. o in the open sight, the adp and a phosphate are placed inside. much like loading a gun o then when the γ rotates, it will then turn into the loose conformation. here, the subunit locks the adp and phosphate group in place until the γ subunit rotates again. o then the tight conformation is caused when the γ subunit rotates again. here the atp is made and then one final rotation with release the atp and thus the cycle starts over again. o determine how many molecules of atp can be theoretically made per molecule of glucose oxidized? 1 hexose 30 atp o 8 nadh from krebs and pdh (x2.5 atp)20 o 2 nadh from glycolysis2 o 2 fadh from krebs(x1.5 atp)3 o 4 atp from krebs and glycolysis4 \n describe how the glycerol3p and aspartate/malate shuttles function to deliver external (cytoplasmic) reducing equivalents to the respiratory electron transport chain inside of the mitochondria, including the site of entry of electrons into the transport chain. so what about nadh from glycolysis: o the 2 nadh made from glycolysis needs to be carried across the membrane into the matrix. o it can be done by either: glycerol3phosphate shuttle (brain & skeletal muscles) don’t get the glycerol 3 phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate on the exam! malate/aspartate shuttle (liver). define or describe what is meant by the term “respiratory uncoupler”. describe the modes of action of dinitrophenol, gramacidin, and thermogenin. uncoupelershydrophobic compounds with a dissociable proton carry back across membrane ionphores fake channels that are inserted into membrane that can shuttle the protons back across. o examples of uncoupling: \n o brown fat: this is found in hibernating animals, cold adapted animals and newborns. this is adipose tissue that is rich in mitochondrion electron transport is uncoupled by the protein thermogenin this protein is activated by the fatty acids of the adipose cells o dinitrophenol – toxic phenol; used as insecticide; human toxicity symptoms include marked fatigue, elevated body temperature, cyanosis. gramicidin – antibiotic produced by bacillus breva; used to treat local (topological) infections of gram+ bacteria. determine how many protons can pass from the matrix to the intermembrane space per molecule of glucose to allow formation of a proton gradientin the liver and in the muscle/brain. total atp made per molecule of glucose: 30 atp 30∗4protons=120 protonsrequired 30∗3=90 protonsrequired why the different numbers? this is because it only takes 3 protons to turn synthase to make atp. however, the forth proton brings in a phosphate group per atp made. she will tell us which one to use so no stress! \n name of enzyme class of substrate products irreversible? inhibitor activator? atp atp enzyme ? invested generated? ? hexokinase transferase glucose & atp glucose 6phosphate & yes glucose no yes, 1 no adp 6 phoaphate phosphoglucose isomerase glucose 6phosphate fructose 6phosphate no no no no no isomerase phosphofrutokinas transferase fructose 6phosphate fructose 1,6bisphosphate yes atp & amp, adp, yes , 1 no e1 & atp & adp citrate fructose 2,6 biphosphate aldolase liase fructose 1,6 dihydroxyacetone no no no no no biphosphate phosphate & glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate triose phosphate isomerase dihydroxyacetone glyceraldehyde 3 no no no no no isomerase phosphate phosphate glyceraldehyde 3 oxyreductas glyceraldehyde 3 1,3bisphosphoglycerate no no no no no phosphate e phosphate & nadh dehydrogenase phosphoglycerate transferase 1,3 3phosphoglycerate & no no no no yes (through kinase bisphosphoglycerate atp substrate level phosphorylation ) phosphoglycerate isomerase 3phosphoglycerate 2phosphoglycerate no no no no no mutase endolase liase 2phosphoglycerate phosphoenolopyruvate & no no no no no h2o pyruvate kinase transferase phosphoenolopyruvate pyruvate & atp yes atp, fructose no yes (through acetyl 1,6 substrate level coa, biphosphate phosphorylation alanine ) glycolysis",
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68d5c0f26aaad32d3e87a298d8dfba93 | solenoid a has length l and n turns, solenoid b has length 2l and n turns, and solenoid c has length l/2 and 2n turns. if each solenoid carries the same current, rank by the strength of the magnetic fi eld in the center of each solenoid from largest to smallest. (a) a, b, c (b) a, c, b (c) b, c, a (d) c, a, b (e) c, b, a | solenoid a has length l and n turns, solenoid b has length | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " (midterm 2) theory lemmas, theorems and definitions polynomials over a ring r definition: polynomials over a ring r (with coefficients in r) are expressions of type r0 1+r2+........n where, x is referred to an indeterminate (n≥0 an1 2…..,nare coefficients) subject to certain conventions. lemma: all polynomials together with ‘+’, ‘.’ forms a ring called polynomial ring over r; denoted as r[x] (contains r) lemma: suppose r is an integral domain . let f(x), g(x) ∈ r[x]. then deg(f(x).g(x))=deg f(x) + deg g(x) theorem: suppose r is an integral domain, then the ring r[x] is an integral domain. theorem: let r be an integral domain. let f(x)∈r[x] then f(x) is a unit in r[x] division algorithm for polynomials let f be a field let a(x), b(x) ∈ f[x], then there exists polynomials q(x), r(x) satisfying 1. a(x)=b(x)q(x)+r(x) 2. r(x)=0 or deg r(x)<deg b(x) moreover, q(x), r(x) are unique let f:r→s be a homomorphism of rings. let k⊆r, k={r∈r|f(r)=0 s(k is the kernel of the homomorphism). show that k is the subring of r def: two polynomials a(x), b(x) are said to be associates if they differ only by a unit i.e. there exists λ∈f, λ being nonzero, such that b(x)=λa(x) thm: if b(x)|a(x), then λb(x)|a(x) thm: if b(x)|a(x), then deg(b(x))≤deg(a(x)) def: a polynomial a(x) is monic if its lead coefficient is 1. any nonzero a(x)∈f(x) is an associate of a monic polynomial def: d(x) is a greatest common divisor(gcd) of a(x), b(x) in f[x] if 1. d(x)|a(x); d(x)|b(x) 2. if e(x)|a(x) and e(x)|b(x) then deg(e(x))≤deg(d(x)) def: let a(x), b(x)∈f[x], then there exists a unique monic gcd of a(x), b(x) \n def: a polynomial f(x)∈f[x] is irreducible if and only if it’s divisors are the units and the associates of f(x) lemma: every polynomial of degree 1 is irreducible in f[x] theorem: f(x) is irreducible ⇔f(x) cannot be factored into two polynomials each with degree less than deg(f) thm: if f(x) is irreducible and f(x)|g(x)h(x) then f(x)|g(x) or f(x)|h(x) thm: let f(x)∈f[x] be a nonconstant polynomial. then f(x) is the product in an essentially unique way of a finite number of irreducible polynomials the remainder theorem let f be a field, with f(x)∈f[x]. let a∈f. the remainder when f(x) is divided by xa is equal to f(a) congruence in polynomial rings def: let f[x] be a ring of polynomials over a field f, we define what it means for two polynomials f(x), g(x) to be congruent mod m(x) f(x≡g(x) mod m(x)) means m(x) divides f(x)g(x) lemma: congruence in polynomials is an equivalence relation lemma: if≡k mod m, g≡l mod m , then f+g≡k+l mod m and fg≡kl mod m n n corollary:suppose f≡k mod m. then f=k mod m for n=1, 2, 3, ……. def: fix m(x)∈f[x]. the congruence class [f] of f∈f[x] is defined by [f]≡f ∈f[x] | g mod m} theorem: [f(x)]=[g(x)] ⇔ ≡g(x) mod m(x) in f[x], we call the set of all possible classes of remainder polynomials upon division by m(x) as “f[x] modulo m(x)” i.e. the ring f[x]/m(x) of classes of remainder polynomials mod m(x) theorem: f[x]/m(x) is a field ⇔ m(x) is an irreducible polynomial ideals def: i is said to be an ideal of r if for all x∈i, for all r∈r we have rx∈i, xr∈i (say i has absorption property) note: see for left ideal and right ideal theorem: i is an ideaℤ⇔ i=nℤ for some∈ℤ \n theorem: a nonempty subset i of the ring r is a⇔ 1. ab∈i for all a∈i; b∈i 2. for all a∈i, r∈r, ra∈i; ar∈i let c, , c, …………, c∈r. consider r is commutative, i=c+rc+.....c| ∈r}. 1 2 3 n 11 22 nn i then i is an ideal of r def: an ideal that is generated by a single element ‘a’, namely, i=ar={ar | r∈r} is called the principal ideal generated by ‘a’ def: let r be a ring. let i be an ideal of r. we say r, s∈r are congruent modulo i ⇔ rs ∈ i cosets def: r/i is the set of all cosets of i in r = {a+i | a∈r} lemma: congruence modulo i is an equivalence relation lemma: if ≡b mod i, c≡d mod i then a+c≡b+d mod i and ac≡bd mod i fundamental theorem: [x]=[y] (or x+i = y⇔ x≡y mod i corollary: x]=[0]⇔ x∈i theorem: r/i, +, . is a ring lemma: if r is commutative, then r/i is commutative ring. if r has a multiplicative identity , then r/i has a multiplicative identity r def: letø:r→s be ring homomorphism. the kernel of ø, ker(ø) is defined by ker(ø) = {r∈r | ø(r)=0s lemma: ker(ø) is an ideal of r lemma: let ø:r→s be a ring homomorphism, then ø is inje⇔ ker(ø)={0} lemma: let r be a ring, with ideal i. then, we have an associated quotient ring r/i. defineπ : r→r/i a→a+i then π is a surjective ring homomorphism and ker(π)=i lemma: im(ø)={s∈s | s=ø(r) for some∈r}, then im(ø) is a subring of s first isomorphism theorem: let ø:r→s be a surjective ring homomorphism. then k=ker(ø) is an ideal of r and r/k≅s def: an ideal≠r is said to be prime idea∈i ⇒ a∈i or b∈i \n def: an ideal≠r is said to be maximal if there is no ideal other than r containing i i.e. if i⊆j⊆r for some ideal j, then j=i or j=r theorem: r/i is an integral domain iff i is prime ideal i is maximal ideal iff r/i is a field corollary: suppose i is a maximal ideal, then i is a prime ideal def: let a,∈r we say a divides b in r if there exists c∈r satisfying ac=b theorem: let u∈r be a unit. let r∈r, then u divides r any associate of r divides r theorem: let p∈r be nonzero and not a unit. then p is irreducible in r ⇔ (p=rs ⇒ r is a unit or s is a unit) euclidean domain def: an integral domain r is said to be euclidean domain if there ▯ from nction nonzero elements to nonnegative integers ▯:r{0}→ℤ+which satisfies the following 1.▯(a(ab) for all nonzero∈r b 2. foa, ∈r, b≠0 then there exists∈r satisfying a=bq+r with r=0▯(r)<▯(b) theorem: gvenα,β ∈ [i]β≠0, there exists q, [i] satisfyα=βq+r and 0≤▯(r)<▯(β) let r be an euclidean domain with euclidean function ▯. then the following conditions are equivalent: 1. u is a unit 2. ▯(u)=▯(1) 3. ▯(c)=▯(uc) for so∈r, c≠0 def: r is a principal ideal domain (pid) if r is an integral domain in which every ideal is principal theorem: let r be a n euclidean domain, with euclidean f▯:r→ℕ, then r is a pid lemma: let r be an integral domain. then 1. (a)⊆(b⇔ b divides a 2. (a)=(b) ⇔ a|b and b|a 3. (a(b) ⇔ b|a and b is not an associate of a sub lemma: a|b and b|a ⇔ a and b are not associates corollary: the set of all the euclidean domains is contained in the set of all principal ideal domains \n def: let r be an integral domain, r is said to satisfy the ascending chain condition(a.c.c) if whenever )⊆(a)⊆…………. then the chain “stops” in the sense that 1 2 there is an intege0ℕ such that (1(a2⊆…………(a 0 −1⊆(a 0=(a n0+1)=(an0+2 )=........ theorem: let r be a principal ideal domain. then r satisfies the ascending chain condition theorem: let r be a principal ideal domain. let p be an irreducible element of r. then p|bc ⇒ p|b or p|c theorem: in a principal ideal domain, every nonzero nonunit element can be written essentially uniquely as a product of irreducibles unique factorization domain (ufd) def: ufd is defined to be an integral domain in which every nonzero unit can be written essentially uniquely as a product of irreducibles. from previous theorem, we already proved that every pid is a ufd def: in the ring r define a norm function →ℤ by n(a+b√d)=(a+b√d)(ab√d)=a 2db ",
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d2b90dd8ab83a61a8d9711adada03788 | in exercises 9- 16, rwo vecrors al'l! given. compwe lire dol producr of rile vecrors. and detennine wilerher lire vecrors are orrlwgmral. | answer: in exercises 9- 16, rwo vecrors al'l! given. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " skin infections multiple choice 1. the rickettsial disease that killed howard ricketts and stanislaus prowazek was a. louseborne typhus. b. tickborne typhus. c. yellow fever. d. bubonic plague. 2. which of the following is considered an important function of the skin? a. hold muscle to bone b. manufacture blood cells c. produce antibodies d. control body temperature 7. the antimicrobial aspect(s) of the skin is/are a. dryness. b. saltiness. c. acidity. d. toxicity. e. all of the above 8. which of the following organisms is not normally found on the skin? a. staphylococci b. diptheroids c. candida spp. d. malassezia spp. 9. diphtheroids a. are part of the normal flora of the skin. b. are responsible for body odor. c. include p. acnes. d. include malassezia spp.. e. a, b and c 10. which of the following normal skin flora is a small yeast? a. staphylococci b. diphtheroids c. candida spp. d. malassezia spp. 11. the growth of p. acnes within hair follicles, in many individuals, leads to a. eczema. b. carbuncles. c. boils. d. acne. \n 12. the principal species of staphylococcus found on the skin is a. aureus. b. acnes. c. pyogenes. d. epidermidis. 13. the bacteria that appear to maintain balance between the members of the normal flora and play a vital role in limiting colonization by pathogens are a. staphylococci. b. diptheroids. c. candida spp. d. malassezia spp. 14. which of the following may be added to normal media to make it more selective for staphylococci? a. 7.5% salt b. 0.5% hcl c. 1.0 % glucose d. 5.0% mannose 15. the member of the normal flora sometimes considered responsible for tinea versicolor is a. staphylococci. b. diptheroids. c. candida spp. d. malassezia spp. 16. which is deemed the most serious staphylococcal skin infection? a. tinea versicolor b. folliculitis c. furuncles d. carbuncles 17. a protein associated with a more virulent form of staphylococcus is a. leukocidin. b. mannose. c. streptokinase. d. coagulase. 18. the protein produced by s. aureus that interferes with phagocytosis is a. protein m. b. collagen. c. protein a. d. capsular protein. 19. the preferred habitat of s. aureus is the a. throat. b. urethra. c. bladder. \n d. nasal chamber. 21. approximately 90% of s. aureus strains are resistant to a. methicillin. b. tetracyclin. c. polymyxin b. d. penicillin. 22. the s. aureus product that causes scalded skin syndrome is/are a. exfoliative toxin. b. lipases. c. leukocidins. d. protein m. e. all of the above 23. a frequent complication of scalded skin syndrome is a secondary infection caused by a. m. luteus. b. s. pyogenes. c. s. epidermidis. d. pseudomonas spp. 24. in addition to s. aureus, impetigo may also involve a. m. luteus. b. s. pyogenes. c. s. epidermidis. d. pseudomonas spp. 25. in s. pyogenes, which of the following interferes with phagocytosis? a. m protein b. protein a c. collagen d. pilin 26. in which of the following does a rash start on the palms and soles and progress toward the trunk? a. epidemic typhus b. typhoid c. lyme disease d. impetigo e. rocky mountain spotted fever 27. the major vector of rocky mountain spotted fever in the western u.s. is a. rickettsia rickettsi. b. rickettsia prowazeki. c. borrelia burgdorferi. \n d. dermacentor andersoni. 28. rocky mountain spotted fever is an example of a(n) a. animalosis. b. tickonosis. c. plantonosis. d. zoonosis. 29. after being bitten by an infected tick, transfer of the rickettsial organism occurs a. immediately. b. within 5 minutes. c. within 20 minutes. d. within 410 hours. 30. the causative agent of lyme disease is a. rickettsia rickettsi. b. rickettsia prowazeki. c. borrelia burgdorferi. d. dermacentor andersoni. 31. the unique characteristic of lyme disease is a. erythema migrans. b. induration. c. carbuncle. d. furuncle. 32. which of the following is an obligate intracellular parasite? a. m. luteus b. s. pyogenes c. rickettsia rickettsi d. pseudomonas spp. 33. the stage of lyme disease that is characterized by arthritis is the a. primary. b. third. c. second. 34. the most important vector of lyme disease in the eastern u.s. is a. dermacentor virabilis. b. dermacentor andersoni. c. staphylococcus aureus. d. ixodes scapularis. 35. which of the following pertains to borrelia burgdorferi? a. coccus b. bacillus c. spirochete d. filament \n 37. the growth stage of the vector that is mainly responsible for transmitting lyme disease is the a. nymph stage. b. larva. c. adult. d: all of t he above e: a and c 40. many childhood diseases caused by viral infections of the upper respiratory tract can usually be diagnosed by a. inspection of the rash. b. the type of cough. c. the type of fever. d. the incubation period. 41. the varicella virus is a member of which virus family? a. paramyxo b. toga c. papilloma d. herpes 42. reactivation of chickenpox is called a. shingles. b. herpes zoster. c. pneumonia. d. exanthems. e. a and b 43. rubella, rubeola and varicellazoster are all only acquired via a. the gastrointestinal route. b. the respiratory route. c. wounds. d. blood transfusions. 44. an important diagnostic sign of measles is a. koplik’s spots. b. giant cells. c. fever. d. swollen lymph nodes. 45. the mmr vaccine is used to protect against a. mononucleosis, mange, rubeola. b. measles, mange, rubeola. c. mononucleosis, mumps, rubella. d. measles, mumps, rubella. 46. the most serious consequence of rubella is a. encephalitis. \n b. meningitis. c. deafness. d. birth defects. 47. rubella is a member of which virus family? a. paramyxo virus b. herpes c. toga virus d. papovavirus 48. warts are caused by a. papillomavirus. b. parvovirus. c. papovavirus. d. herpes virus. true/false 51. diphtheroids are responsible for body odor. (true) 52. coagulasepositive s. aureus is often involved in disease. (true) 53. borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete with a number of axial filaments. (true) 54. varicella is a member of the herpes family of viruses and produces a latent infection. (true) 55. humans are the only reservoir for varicellazoster. (true) 56. complications of measles may include pneumonia and encephalitis. (true) 57. chickenpox and measles are both acquired by the respiratory route.(true) 58. the mmr vaccine is used to protect against measles, mumps, rubella. (true) 59. diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses. (true) 60. t the skininvading molds are collectively called termed dermatophytes. (true) wound infections multiple choice 1. the normal habitat of clostridium tetani is a. humans. b. animals. c. plants. d. soil and dust. 2. wound healing can be slowed by the presence of a. normal flora. b. antiseptic ointments. c. sweat. d. foreign matter. \n 3. a wound created by a knife can be classified as a. puncture. b. incised. c. lacerated. d. contused. 4. factor(s) not found in abscesses is/are a. pus. b. dead leukocytes. c. tissue remnants. d. blood vessels. 5. an important feature of many wounds that may lead to more serious problems is that they are a. well aerated. b. well fed. c. sterile. d. relatively anaerobic. 6. which of the following are involved in coating staphylococcus with host proteins? a. clumping factor b. coagulase c. protein a d. leukocidin e. a, b and c 7. which of the following has been associated with the flesheating organism? a. h. lechter b. pseudomonas aeruginosa c. staphylococcus aureus d. streptococcus pyogenes 8. the exotoxin produced by c. tetani is a. tetanoxin. b. exotetanus. c. tetanospasmin. d. endospasmin. 9. the disease that involves the muscles and often manifests itself first with spasms of the jaw muscles is a. polio. b. rabies. c. tetanus. d. gastritis. 10. tetanus prevents the release of neurotransmitters from a. muscle cells. b. excitatory neurons. c. inhibitory neurons. \n d. tetano cells. 11. the toxin implicated in c. perfringens toxicity is a. tetanospasmin. b. exoenzyme s. c. alphatoxin.phospholipase d. endoenzyme t. 12. effective treatment of gas gangrene primarily involves a. use of an antitoxin. b. use of immune globulins. c. vaccination with inactivated toxin. d. surgical removal of dead and infected tissues. 13. the disease most feared to develop after an animal bite is a. tetanus. b. rabies. c. gas gangrene. d. actinomycosis. 14. wound infections may result in a. delayed healing. b. abscess formation. c. extension of bacteria or their products into surrounding tissues or bloodstream. d. aerobic conditions. e. a, b and c true / false questions the very low humidity of the desert would lead to rapid evaporation of sweat and sebum from an individual's skin. bacteria need these secretions for a nutrient source. without them, bacteria would be found in much lower numbers on the skin of a person in the desert than the skin of the person in the tropics. true false diphtheroids are responsible for body odor. true false coagulase-positive s. aureus is often involved in disease. true false borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete with a number of axial filaments. true false varicella is a member of the herpes family of viruses and produces a latent \n infection. true false humans are the only reservoir for varicella-zoster. true false complications of measles may include pneumonia and encephalitis. true false chickenpox and measles are both acquired by the respiratory route. true false the mmr vaccine is used to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella. true false diseases caused by fungi are called mycoses. true false the skin-invading molds are collectively called dermatophytes. true false when lyme disease was first being investigated, the observation that frequently only 1 person in a household was infected was a clue leading to the discovery that the disease was spread by arthropod bites. why was this so? if the infection is spread by the bite of an arthropod, it wouldn't spread easily by respiratory secretions, direct contact, or sexual contact between individuals within the family. mosquitoes (an example of arthropods) are never inside a house. they are strictly outdoor animals, so they couldn't spread the infection inside the household mosquitoes (an example of arthropods) only bite once in their life cycle. as such, they can only transmit the illness once before they die. even if an infected mosquito was inside a house, it could therefore only infect one human. true -false if the infection is spread by the bite of an arthropod, it wouldn't spread easily by respiratory secretions, direct contact, or sexual contact between individuals within the family. true false arthropods lose their mechanical ability to bite a human after a single bite, much like certain bees that lose their stinger after a single sting. this prevents them from transmitting the infection to more than one individual in a household. \n true false 3- what is the epidemiological significance of shingles? it shows that, as a latent viral infection, there is always a possible reservoir available to reinfect new susceptible individuals and it shows that our fight for long-term eradication of varicella zoster virus will be a very long fight, depending on immunizing all newly-born individuals until all the people that had ever contracted the illness have died. it shows that, as a latent viral infection, there is always a possible reservoir available to reinfect new susceptible individuals. true false it shows that we must always be vigilant against this deadly and highly infectious secondary infection in elderly and immunocompromised individuals true false it shows that, as a chronic viral infection, individuals infected are always infectious to others around them, even when they do not show outward symptoms. true talse it shows that our fight for long-term eradication of varicella zoster virus will be a very long fight, depending on immunizing all newly-born individuals until all the people that had ever contracted the illness have died t true false it shows that, as a latent viral infection, there is always a possible reservoir available to reinfect new susceptible individuals and it shows that our fight for long-term eradication of varicella zoster virus will be a very long fight, depending on immunizing all newly-born individuals until all the people that had ever contracted the illness have died. true fase respiratory system infections adenoviral pharyngitis is effectively treated with a. antibiotics. b. lysozyme. c. proteases. d. nucleotide analogs. e. none of the choices is correct. \n . which of the following are considered diseases of the lower respiratory tract? a. diphtheria and pneumonia b. influenza and diphtheria c. tuberculosis and pneumonia d. common cold and tuberculosis . about 60% of the bacterial pneumonias that require hospitalization of adults are caused by a. s. pyogenes. b. s. pneumoniae. c. s. aureus. d. k. pneumonia. . the characteristic virulence factor of s. pneumoniae is a. a capsule. b. flagella. c. pili. d. cilia. . both s. pneumoniae and k. pneumoniae use this as a virulence factor. a. pili b. flagella c. capsules d. cilia . the causative agent of the pneumonia that causes permanent lung damage, may be nosocomial and has a high mortality if untreated is a. s. pneumoniae. b. k. pneumoniae. c. s. pyogenes. d. s. aureus. \n . the virulence of klebsiella is due partly to the a. motility of the organism. b. exotoxin produced. c. engorgement of blood vessels. d. antiphagocytic properties of their capsules. e. exotoxin produced and antiphagocytic properties of their capsules. . the resistance of klebsiella to antibiotics may be a. chromosomal mediated. b. plasmid mediated. c. lysosomal mediated. d. capsule mediated. e. chromosomal mediated and plasmid mediated. . mycoplasmal and klebsiellal pneumonias a. have similar incubation periods. b. have causative agents that lack cell walls. c. are serious diseases often requiring hospitalization. d. are both relatively mild diseases. e. none of the choices is correct. . the spread of mycoplasma is through a. inhalation of infected droplets. b. the fecal-oral route. c. an insect vector. d. a fomite. . which antibiotics may be completely ineffective in treating a mycoplasmal infection? a. penicillin b. cephalosporin c. tetracycline d. erythromycin e. penicillin and cephalosporin \n . the sudden, violent, uncontrollable cough of pertussis is described as a. productive. b. contagious. c. infective. d. paroxysmal. . the causative agent of whooping cough is a. parvovirus. b. m. pneumoniae. c. b. pertussis. d. s. aureus. . pertussis toxin a. uses part b to attach to receptors on the host cell. b. uses part a to inactivate g protein. c. affects the level of camp in a cell. d. affects the level of mucus secretion. e. all of the choices are correct. . although unusually resistant to many control factors, the tubercle bacillus is easily killed by a. strong acids. b. disinfectants. c. pasteurization. d. strong alkalis. . the resistance of the tubercle bacillus to various factors is probably due to its a. capsule. b. larger ribosomes. c. ability to adhere tightly. d. cell wall. . the virulence of the tubercle bacillus is due to its a. toxin. b. lysogenic conversion. c. resistance to antibiotics. d. survival within macrophages. e. lysogenic conversion and resistance to antibiotics. \n . the destructive nature of tuberculosis can be characterized as a(n) a. endotoxin pyrogenic response. b. immune complex reaction. c. inflammatory response. d. delayed hypersensitivity reaction. . influenza is caused by a. orthomyxovirus. b. h. influenza. c. cytomegalovirus. d. adenovirus. . projecting from the outer envelope of the influenza virus are two glycoproteins called a. leukocidin and hemolysin. b. hyaluronidase and coagulase. c. hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. d. lysozyme and coagulase. . antigenic shifts may be the result of a. two different viruses infecting a cell at the same time. b. the lysogenic conversion of two viruses. c. conjugation of two viruses. d. blending of a bacterial and a viral genome. e. the lysogenic conversion of two viruses and blending of a bacterial and viral genome. . true / false questions otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that is rare in the first month of life. true false humans are the only source of the cold virus. true false rhinoviruses are effectively treated with antibiotics. true false of infectious diseases, pneumonia is a major killer in the general population. true false a vaccine is available for protection from pneumococcal pneumonia. true false klebsiella easily acquire and are a source of r factors. true false \n pneumonias are inflammatory diseases of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli. true false mycoplasma is effectively treated with cell wall inhibiting antibiotics. true false pneumonias are inflammatory diseases of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli. true false mycoplasma is effectively treated with cell wall inhibiting antibiotics. true false . what is the most likely reason why smokers are more at risk for respiratory system infections? cigarette smoke is carcinogenic (cancer-causing), leading to a much higher incidence of lung cancer. true false they aren't-this is just a rumor used to get people to stop smoking true false. chemicals in cigarette smoke can impair the mucociliary escalator, preventing natural cleansing of the respiratory tract. true false smokers take in microbes from their hands into their lungs as they handle cigarettes and inhale the smoke. true false. why would it be reasonable to treat strep throat with antibacterial antibiotics, but not diphtheria? the illness in diphtheria is largely from the exotoxin produced. an antibiotic won't clear out the exotoxin. true false the illness in strep throat is largely from the exotoxin produced. an antibiotic \n effectively eliminates exotoxins true false. the causative agent of diphtheria is a virus, not a bacterium. the drug would have no effect. true false there are no antibiotics that have proven effective against the bacterium that causes diphtheria true false the best way to speed up recovery from a common cold is to dose the patient with ibuprofen to keep the fever down. true false to take decongestants as a means of alleviating the symptoms of the cold true false to take 1,000 mg of vitamin c every day during the illness. true false none of the above-in fact, the only way to clear out a cold is to let your immune system do its job. several of the treatments above may actually increase the time needed to get over the illness. true false if you are a 20-year-old healthy young adult and you have to choose a type of pneumonia to become infected with (and you will not get treatment for it), which would be the 'best,' and why? pneumococcal pneumonia-it doesn't destroy lung tissue and can be completely recovered from. true flase klebsiella pneumonia-it has the shortest recovery time. \n true false mycoplasmal pneumonia-it has the mildest symptoms and is generally easily cleared out true false viral pneumonia-there are many antiviral medications you can take for this version with very few side effects. true false why are pneumococcal pneumonia infections so dangerous in nursing homes? there is no vaccine available for protection. true false there is no longer an antibiotic effective against the infection. true false this type of pneumonia causes permanent lung damage, and old people often have impaired lung function in the first place. true false while this type of pneumonia does not cause permanent lung damage, the immune system of older people is usually impaired, leaving them predisposed to more serious and potentially life-threatening pneumonia infections. true false people infected with m. tuberculosis are always highly infectious to everyone around them-true or false, and why? they are constantly shedding bacteria to the environment around them in high numbers, facilitating transmission. true false -while in the early stages of the illness, their tissues are not irritated and damaged to induce the cough required to spread the organism in respiratory droplets very easily. \n true false as the mode of transmission is direct contact, anyone or anything they touchcan be infected. true false since tb requires a very high infectious dose, in the early stages of the disease, the patients aren't producing enough bacteria in their respiratory secretions to be infectious. true false which is more likely to happen-antigenic drift, or antigenic shift- and why? true false antigenic shift-since infection with only a single virus is required, and the random mutations happen as the virus replicates in the infected person's cells. true false antigenic drift-since random mutations occur more readily when only 1 virus is infecting a cell at a given time. true false antigenic shift-since multiple viruses in a cell at once means more rna polymerase to copy the rna, and therefore more possibilities for much larger mistakes to be made in the copying (leading to mutations). true false which is more dangerous to human beings-antigenic drift or antigenic shift-and why? antigenic drift-since this produces the quickest and largest degree of \n changes in the virus structure. true false antigenic shift-since this produces the quickest and largest degree of changes in the virus structure. true false antigenic drift-the small changes make the virus look like something we already have an immune response in place for, but we actually don't. this lets the virus hide from the immune responses needed to clear it out for a longer period of time. true false \\_antigenic shift-the process completely changes the virus, 100%, allowing it to jump into different species (i.e. from birds into humans). as such, we have no responses in place for the new virus. true false true/false streptococci are grouped by their cell wall carbohydrates. (true) otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that is rare in the first month of life. (true) humans are the only source of the cold virus. (true) rhinoviruses are effectively treated with antibiotics. (false) of infectious diseases, pneumonia is a major killer in the general population. (true) a vaccine is available for protection from pneumococcal pneumonia. (true) pneumonias are inflammatory diseases of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli. (true) mycoplasma is effectively treated with cell wall inhibiting antibiotics. (false) case studies 1 three year old developed a series of blister like lesions around her nose and mouth. the lesions remained localized to the area and began to scab over the \n next couple of days. however the parents grew concerned when the second child developed the same kind of lesions impetigo numerous gram positive cocci in chain and numerous pus cells culture shows large number of group a beta hemolytic streptococci and a few staph aureus what is the most likely diagnosis of the disease ? a tinea versicolor b scalded skin syndrome c impetigo d furuncles e carbuncles 2 a 2yearold girl is admitted to the hospital with massive tissue destruction along her right arm. the skin is a violet color and large fluidfilled blisters are present. the patient has a fever, a rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and seems confused. her mother informs the physician that the child had been recovering from chickenpox, and, for the past two days, had frequently been scratching at chickenpox lesions on that area of her arm. once the area appeared to have become infected, the infection spread very rapidly. a gramstain of exudate from the infected tissue reveals grampositive cocci in chains. the physician suspects that her infection is being caused by \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. clostridium perfringens b. clostridium tetani c. staphylococcus aureus d. streptococcus pneumoniae \n e. streptococcus pyogenes (group a strep) 3 an 80yearold female is transferred from a nursing home to the hospital because she is suspected of having pneumonia. she is experiencing chest pain, chills, fever, and shortness of breath. she has a productive cough (meaning that she is coughing up sputum). a gramstain of the sputum reveals numerous white blood cells and numerous grampositive diplococci. upon receipt of the gramstain report, the physician treats the patient for a pneumonia caused by \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. haemophilus influenzae b. staphylococcus aureus c. streptococcus agalactiae (group b strep) d. streptococcus pneumoniae e. streptococcus pyogenes (group a strep) 4 over a period of three weeks, a total of five newborns in the hospital nursery developed staphylococcal infections with s.aureus bacterimia . the isolates had the same colony morphology and hemolytic properties and identical antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, suggesting that they were the same. later molecular methods showed the isolates were identical. which of the following hould be done now? a prophylactic treatments of all newborns with intravenous vancomycin b protective isolation of all new born c closing the nursery and referring pregnant women to another hospital d hiring new staff for the hospital nursery e culture using mannitol salt agar of the anterior nostrils of the physicians nurses and others who cared for the infected babies \n 5 an 8year old boy falls while playing and abrades the skin over his thigh and rib. the injury does not appear serious and no effort is made to clean the wound or apply antibiotic creams.the wound of the hip worsens after 3 days with inflammation and small amount of purulence. that evening the child develop a high fever ,40 c (105 f), headache and a diffuse rash. by the time the child arrives to the hospital he is hypotensivecomplains of severe myagias, and has diarrhea. after one more day his skin desquamats (including his palms and soles) and he develops renal and hepatic abnormalities. which toxin is most likely responsible for his illness a alpha toxin b enterotoxin a c exfoliatin toxin d leukocidin e toxic shock syndrome toxin1 6 a sputum gram stain of an elderly person with cough and fever shows gram positive cocci in pairs. what is the most likely organism? a haemophilus influenzae b streptococcus pyogenes c enterobacter species d streptococcus pneumonia 7 over the course of 1 week, a 6yearold boy develops 0.5 to 1.0cm pustules on his face. during the next 2 days, some of the pustules break, forming shallow erosions covered by a dry goldencolored crust. new lesions then form around the crust. the boy's 40yearold uncle develops similar lesions after visiting for 1 week during the child's illness. the photograph shows a particularly severe case of impetigo bullosa. it is highly contagious and frequently seen in otherwise healthy children and occasionally in adults who are in poor health. the blood agar plate shows colonied with beta hemolysis typical of staphylococcus aureus. the organism is catalase and coagulase positive. a positive coagulase test is \n shown. most organisms that cause imptetigo are antiobiotic sensitive. the technique for perfoming antiobiotic sensitivity is illustrated. examples of antiobiotic sensitive and methicillin resistant staph aureus are shown. 2a what is the most likely diagnosis impetigo 2bthe gram stain from a skin pustule showed gram positive cocci in clusters. the organism grew on sheep blood agar (sba) and was catalase positive. what is the most likely microorganism? a. staphylococcus aureus b. staphylococcus epidermidis c. streptococcus pyogenes d. streptococcus pneumoniae 8 a 25yearold man is involved in an accident in which he is ejected from the vehicle. he sustains a compound fracture of the left humerus and undergoes open reduction with internal fixation of the humeral fracture. several days later, he has marked swelling of the left arm and crepitus crackling, bubbling sound) on the arms, there is marked swelling and tissue destruction with black discoloration. boxcar shaped gram positive rods are seen in the gangrenous tissue. the organism requires anaerobic culture conditions and egg yolk agar for growth what is the most likely organism fusobacterium nucleatum (a fungus) bacteroides fragilis clostridium perfringens \n peptostreptococcus spp 9a 4yearold female had a gradual onset of fever, productive cough, anorexia and diarrhea about eleven days prior to death. the breath sounds were harsh, and a few cracking rales were heard over the right base posteriorly. sputum smear showed acid fast bacilli. sputum cultures results became available four weeks after death, showing the presence of slowgrowing colonies. the lungs showed fibrinous exudates over the pleural surfaces. the cut surface of the lung revealed innumerable small, graywhite nodules 14 mm in size. a large caseous tubercle of 0.5 cm was present in the left lower lobe, eroding into a large pulmonary vessel. a lower power examination reveals numerous poorly defined tubercles approximately of the same size and same stage of development. these tubercles show a slight caseous necrosis and consist predominantly of mononuclear cells, epithelioid cells, and a few giant cells. in alveoli there is a moderate amount of mononuclear cell infiltration. some lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration is diffusely present in the alveolar septa.. based on these clinical findings, what is the likely causative agent? mycobacterium tuberculosis 10 a 45yearold male became ill approximately 2 to 3 weeks ago following an alcoholic spree. he had nausea, vomiting, dehydration, confusion and high fever. he died suddenly shortly after admission gram stain of sputum obtained before death shows gram positive cocci in pairs. the right lung was heavy weighing 700 grams. its lower lobe showed diffuse gray consolidation. the trachea and bronchi contained a great deal of mucus, and the mucosa was dark red. the alveoli are distended and contain a large amount of inflammatory exudate, which consists of many polymorphonuclear leukocytes, a few rbc's, macrophages and strands of fibrin. many rbc's have been \n phagocytosed by the macrophages and are undergoing disintegration. the alveolar septa are delicate and well preserved, but markedly congested. what is the most likely diagnosis and the likely causative agent? lobar pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae 11 a 66yearold man incurs extensive thermal burns to his skin and undergoes skin grafting procedures in the surgical intensive care unit. two weeks later, he has increasing respiratory distress. laboratory studies show hemoglobin of 13.1 g/dl, hematocrit 39.2%, platelet count 222,200/mm , and wbc count 4520/mm with 15% monocytes a chest radiograph shows extensive bilateral infiltrates with patchy areas of consolidation there is a thick purulent exudate on the skin surface. cultures of the wound on macconkey and sheep blood agar (sba) showed aerobic, lactosenegative, gramnegative bacterium. macconkey (shows growth of gram negative bacteria and if colonies are colored pink, it shows bacteria is positive for lactose fermentation) based on these clinical findings, what is the likely causative agent? pseudomona aeruginosa 12 a suspicious envelope arrived for sorting at rural post office. the envelope was opened and found to contain white powder. approximately two days later, the postal worker who handled the letter developed cutaneous boils, which were and 1 to 5 cm in diameter with central necrosis and eschars. he and his wife also developed a mild nonproductive cough with fatigue, myalgia for 72 hours, followed by severe dyspnea, diaphoresis and cyanosis. temperature of 39.5°c, pulse 105/min, respiration 25/min, and blood pressure 85/45mm hg. crackles were heard at the lung bases. a chest xray shows a widened mediastinum and small pleural effusions. wbc count of 13,130/mm , 3 hemoglobin 13.7g/dl, hematocrit 41.2%, mcv 91 um , and platelet count 244,000/mm . 3 both died despite antibiotic therapy. several cattle, horses, and sheep on the postal worker's farm also died \n a bacillus anthracis b herpes simplex virus c mycobacterium leprae d staphylococcus aureus e yersinia pestis honor students only must also answer case studies from mhhe.com/nester7 go to student edition and select case studies 1 to 6. alimentary system infections multiple choice 1. the passage from the mouth to the anus is termed the a. gut canal. b. oral cavity. c. grand canal. d. alimentary canal. 2. collections of bacteria that adhere to the surfaces of the teeth are called a. dental caries. b. dental plaque. c. halitosis. d. periodontal disease. 3. the most common infectious disease of humans is a. the common cold. b. dental caries. c. hepatitis a. d. halitosis 4. the principal cause of dental caries is a. s. mutans. b. s. salivarius. c. s. mitis. d. s. sanguis. \n 5. part of the ability of s. mutans to produce dental caries depends on its ability to a. invade plaque and dissolve the gums. b. convert sucrose to lactic acid. c. convert proteins to sugars. d. attach to the gums. 6. this mineral, typically added to drinking water, makes enamel more resistant to dissolving in acid. a. calcium b. chlorine c. chloramine d. fluoride 7. the chronic inflammatory process involving the gums and tissues around the teeth is called a. dental caries. b. periodontal disease. c. dental plaque. d. root caries. 8. h. pylori is, in part, able to survive in the stomach by its ability to produce a. lactic acid from sugar. b. fatty acids from sebum. c. neutralizing proteins from glucans. d. ammonia from urea. 9. h. pylori appears to have some connection with a. acid reflux disease. b. ulcers. c. dental caries. d. stomach cancer. e. b and d 10. where in the body does the latent, noninfectious nonreplicating, form of the herpes simplex virus persist? a. motor neurons b. red blood cells c. cranial nerves d. sensory nerves 11. a painful finger infection attributable to herpes virus is known as a(n) a. finger sore. b. abrasion lesion. c. furuncle. d. herpetic whitlow. 12. which of the following has shown some effectiveness in treating a herpes infection? a. azt b. protease inhibitors c. acyclovir \n d. cephalosporin 13. the viral disease that characteristically infects the parotid glands is a. measles. b. herpes. c. chickenpox. d. mumps. 15. almost all bacterial intestinal infections may be attributed to a. vibrio spp. b. c. jejuni. c. salmonella spp. d. enterobacteria. e. all of the above 16. the initial attachment required for establishment of a bacterial intestinal infection is by a. flagella. b. cilia. c. pseudopodia. d. pili. 17. the toxins involved in intestinal infections typically a. kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. b. modify cell physiology resulting in increased secretion of water and electrolytes. c. modify cell physiology resulting in decreased secretion of water and electrolytes. d. kill cells by inhibiting dna synthesis. e. a and b 18. cholera is the classic example of a(n) a. foodborne illness. b. zoonosis. c. opportunist. d. very severe form of diarrhea. 19. the diarrhea of cholera has been described as a. a viscous fluid. b. small in volume. c. somewhat watery. d. a rice water stool. 20. the symptoms of cholera are due to the action of a. an endotoxin. b. modified mucus. c. flagella. d. an exotoxin. \n 21. a common source of cholera infection is a. acid rain. b. unpasteurized milk. c. fecal contaminated material, especially water. d. boiled water. e. a and d 22. the primary treatment for cholera is a. the administration of antibiotics. b. vaccination. c. by blood transfusion. d. simply rehydration. e. b and c 23. shigella and cholera toxin both a. have an ab arrangement. b. work through adp ribosylation. c. increase camp levels. d. prevent protein synthesis. 24. shigella a. are themselves nonmotile. b. may be pushed from cell to cell by actin tails. c. utilize pili to move. d. utilize flagella to move. e. a and b 25. which of the following groups contain diarrheacausing e. coli? a. enterotoxigenic b. enteroinvasive c. enteropathogenic d. enterohemorrhagic e. all of the above 26. which of the following groups give rise to a disease similar to that caused by shigella sp.? a. enterotoxigenic b. enteroinvasive c. enteropathogenic d. enterohemorrhagic e. all of the above 27. which group produces a toxin somewhat similar to that produced by shigella dysenteriae? a. enterotoxigenic b. enteroinvasive c. enteropathogenic d. enterohemorrhagic e. all of the above 28. v. cholera and most salmonellas are a. killed by acid conditions. b. stimulated by acid conditions. \n c. killed by low concentrations of salt. d. killed by neutral conditions. 29. most cases of salmonella gastroenteritis have a(n) a. water source. b. human source. c. plant source. d. animal source. 30. the food products most commonly contaminated with salmonella strains are a. meat and seafood. b. milk and cheese. c. fruit and vegetables. d. eggs and poultry. 31. the animal(s) often associated with salmonella strains is/are a. turtles. b. iguanas. c. baby chickens. d. ducks. e. all of the above 32. in which of these organs does a carrier of typhoid bacilli maintain the bacteria? a. liver b. gallbladder c. peyer’s patches d. colon e. a and c 33. the most notorious typhoid carrier was a. typhoid tilly. b. typhoid tom. c. typhoid mary. d. typhoid mark. 34. which of these bacteria require a special medium and microaerophilic conditions? a. e. coli b. pseudomonas c. s. aureus d. c. jejuni 35. a mysterious sequel to c. jejuni infections is a. reye’s syndrome. b. tourette’s syndrome. c. pasteur’s syndrome. d. guillianbarré syndrome. 36. the animal(s) most often associated with c. jejuni is/are a. turtles. b. iguanas. \n c. chickens. d. ducks. e. all of the above 37. viral gastroenteritis in infants and children is most commonly caused by a. herpes. b. hepatitis b. c. norwalk virus. d. rotavirus. 38. viral gastroenteritis in children and adults is most commonly caused by a. herpes. b. hepatitis b. c. norwalk virus. d. rotavirus. 39. hepatitis a spreads via a. the respiratory route. b. blood transfusion. c. body fluids. d. the fecaloral route. 40. hbv is mainly spread by a. blood. b. blood products. c. semen. d. saliva. e. a, b and c true/false the bacteria primarily responsible for dental caries is streptococcus mutans. (true) sucrose is one of the major contributors to the development of dental caries. (true) h. pylori appears connected to stomach cancer and ulcers. (true) the saliva of asymptomatic carriers of herpes simplex is commonly infectious. (true) the infectious dose of cholera is much larger than that for shigella. (true) case studies . a three year old developed a series of blister like lesions around her nose and mouth. the lesions remained localized to the area and began to scab over the next couple of days. however the parents grew concerned when the second child developed the same kind of lesions numerous gram positive cocci in chain and numerous pus cells culture shows large number of group a beta hemolytic streptococci and a few staph aureus what is the most likely diagnosis of the disease ? \n . your patient has a subacute bacterial endocarditis caused by the a number of the viridans group of streptococci. which one of the following sites is most likely to be the source of the organism a skin b colon c oropharynx d urethra . a 19yearold female visits the clinic complaining of a frequent, urgent desire to urinate, a burning sensation during urination, and pain above her pubic bone. the physician suspects cystitis and arranges for the patient to collect a cleancatch, midstream urine specimen. the urine is cloudy and tinged with blood. in the laboratory, a colony count confirms that the patient does have a urinary tract infection. the pathogen causing the infection is producing pink colonies on macconkey agar. which one of the following pathogens do you suspect is causing this patient’s cystitis? a. chlamydia trachomatis b. escherichia coli c. neisseria gonorrhoeae d. proteus mirabilis e. staphylococcus saprophyticus . a 2yearold girl is admitted to the hospital with massive tissue destruction along her right arm. the skin is a violet color and large fluidfilled blisters are present. the patient has a fever, a rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and seems confused. her mother informs the physician that the child had been recovering from chickenpox, and, for the past two days, had frequently been scratching at chickenpox lesions on that area of her arm. once the area appeared to have become infected, the infection spread very rapidly. a gramstain of exudate from the infected tissue reveals grampositive cocci in chains. the physician suspects that her infection is being caused by \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. clostridium perfringens b. clostridium tetani c. staphylococcus aureus d. streptococcus pneumoniae e. streptococcus pyogenes (group a strep) 3. a 16yearold female is admitted to the hospital with severe abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea. she has a fever of 102 f. she has been experiencing her symptoms for the past three days, since several hours after eating at a fast food restaurant with a group of her friends. she recalls that the hamburger she ate was not very well cooked. (it is later learned that the meat being used in that restaurant to prepare hamburgers has been recalled due to bacterial contamination.) all of the following organisms can cause diarrhea, but which is the most likely cause of her illness? a. a species of salmonella b. a species of shigella c. escherichia coli o157:h7 d. staphylococcus aureus e. vibrio cholerae \n 4. a 20yearold male is admitted to the hospital with fever, headache, stiff neck, sore throat, and vomiting. the attending physician suspects that the patient has meningitis and immediately performs a lumbar puncture. a cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimen is rushed to the laboratory, where it is processed immediately. after centrifuging an aliquot of the specimen, the sediment is spread onto a microscope slide, fixed, and gramstained. microscopic examination of the gramstained specimen reveals numerous white blood cells and numerous gramnegative diplococci. this information is telephoned to the attending physician, who will now treat the patient for a meningitis caused by \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. haemophilus influenzae b. neisseria meningitidis c. streptococcus agalactiae (group b strep) d. streptococcus pneumoniae e. streptococcus pyogenes (group a strep) 5. an 80yearold female is transferred from a nursing home to the hospital because she is suspected of having pneumonia. she is experiencing chest pain, chills, fever, and shortness of breath. she has a productive cough (meaning that she is coughing up sputum). a gramstain of the sputum reveals numerous white blood cells and numerous grampositive diplococci. upon receipt of the gramstain report, the physician treats the patient for a pneumonia caused by \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. haemophilus influenzae b. staphylococcus aureus c. streptococcus agalactiae (group b strep) d. streptococcus pneumoniae e. streptococcus pyogenes (group a strep) 6 a three year old developed a series of blister like lesions around her nose and mouth. the lesions remained localized to the area and began to scab over the next couple of days. however the parents grew concerned when the second child developed the same kind of lesions numerous gram positive cocci in chain and numerous pus cells culture shows large number of group a beta hemolytic streptococci and a few staph aureus what is the most likely diagnosis of the disease ? skin 7 over a period of threeweeks, atotal of five newbornsin the hospital nursery developed staphylococcal infections with s.aureus bacterimia . the isolates hd the same colony morphology and hemolytic properties and identical antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, suggesting that they were the same. later molecular methods showed the isolates were identical. which of the following hould be done now? f prophylactic treatments of all newborns with intravenous vancomycin g protective isolation of all new born h closing the nursery and referring pregnant women to another hospital i hiring new staff for the hospital nursery j culture using mannitol salt agar of the anterior nostrils of the physicians nurses and others who cared for the infected babies 8a seven –year old girl sees her pediatrician for a cutaneous pustule on her armat the site where her kitten had scrachedher 1 week prior to the appointment, her mother has also noticed an enlargementof the right axillary lymph nodes.. the girl has low grade fever and complains that \n she is tired. the pediatricians collects cultures of the pustule, lymph nodes and blood.but all the results are negative after 1 week. which organisms is most likely for this infection a bartonella hanselae b klebsiella granulomatis c pasteurella multicoda d escherichia e fusobacterium 9 an 8year old boy falls while playing and abrades the skin over his thigh and rib. the injury does not appear serious and no effort is made to clean the wound or apply antibiotic creams.the wound of the hip worsens after 3 days with inflammation and small amount of purulence. that evening the child develop a high fever ,40 c (105 f), headache and a diffuse rash. by the time the child arrives to the hospital he is hypotensivecomplains of severe myagias, and has diarrhea. after one more day his skin desquamats (including his palms and soles) and he develops renal and hepatic abnormalities. which toxin is most likely responsible for his illness f alpha toxin g enterotoxin a h exfoliatin toxin i leukocidin j toxic shock syndrome toxin1 complaint a 42yearold woman complains of diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever for the past 72 hours. she describes her stools as liquid consistency and voluminous. she denies melena or hematochezia and says her symptoms came on rapidly 3 days ago. her symptoms have been getting steadily worse. the woman denies any recent sick contacts. history the patient recently finished a 2week course of ampicillin for a bout of sinusitis. her sinus symptoms have resolved. the patient's past medical history is otherwise unremarkable, and she denies any weight loss or recent travel history. she has no past history of gastrointestinal problems other than those related to her current complaints. she does not drink alcohol, smoke, or use illicit drugs and is not sexually active. family history is remarkable only for heart disease. physical exam the patient has a fever and appears acutely ill. abdominal exam reveals mild, diffuse tenderness, with no signs of peritonitis. rectal exam reveals watery stool that tests negative for occult blood. no skin rashes are appreciated. tests leukocyte count: 16,400/μl (normal 450011,000/μl) liver function tests: normal stool analysis: no pathogenic bacteria, ova, or protozoa detected; no white blood cells seen; positive for exotoxin sigmoidoscopy: yellowishwhite plaques scattered over the colonic mucosa questions which organism is likely responsible for this patient's diarrhea, given the recent history of antibiotic use and clinical and laboratory findings? what is the name of this woman's clinical condition, which is confirmed by the sigmoidoscopy findings? clostridium difficile diarrhea how does this organism cause diarrhea? complication of ampicillin use complaint \n a 41yearold woman complains of nausea and vomiting. she also reports that her eyes have \"turned yellow,\" her abdomen is sore, and her urine has turned dark. the patient first felt ill 3 to 4 days ago. she mentions that she went to a seafood restaurant 3 weeks ago. apparently, all her dinner partners from that night also are experiencing fatigue and nausea and vomiting history the woman is usually healthy. she takes no regular medications; is monogamous; and does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. physical exam a lowgrade fever is present, and the patient is jaundiced. abdominal exam reveals right upper quadrant tenderness and mild hepatomegaly. tests hemoglobin: 14 g/dl (normal 1216 g/dl) alanine aminotransferase (alt): 100 iu/l (normal 121 iu/l) aspartate aminotransferase (ast): 98 iu/l (normal 727 iu/l) bilirubin, total: 3.2 mg/dl (normal 0.11.0 mg/dl) bilirubin, direct: 1.6 mg/dl (normal 0.10.4 iu/l) alkaline phosphatase: 42 iu/l (normal 1339 iu/l) urinalysis: elevated urobilinogen; negative for glucose, protein, and bacteria hepatitis a igm: positive hepatitis b panel: negative hepatitis c igm antibody: negative hepatitis d igm antibody: negative questions given her history and lifestyle, how many of the four hepatitis viruses listed would the woman be unlikely to contract? what is the route of spread of hepatitis a? is there a chronic carrier state for this virus? critical thinking 1. you are with some friends in a crowded movie theater during the middle of the flu season. some of the people seated around you are coughing and sneezing. some of your friends develop influenza as a result of their moviegoing experience. but, you don’t! cite some reasons why you were one of the fortunate moviegoers. 2. a group of your friends is discussing some recent meat recalls that involved e. coli o157:h7. they say that, in the future, they are going to avoid hamburgers in fast food establishments and eat salads only. explain to them why this will not necessarily protect them from e. coli o157:h7 food poisoning. 3. one of your friends is complaining about her sore throat. you suggest that she get checked for strep throat. she is reluctant. step up your advice by listing as many complications of streptococcal infections as possible. 4. a friend of yours has read that there is a connection between hiv infection and immunosuppression. however, she doesn’t have a clue as to how the two events are connected. explain to her the mechanism by which hivinfected individuals become immunosuppressed, and why aids patients die of overwhelming infections due to a variety of different types of pathogens. \n genitourinary infections multiple choice 1. the urinary tract above the bladder usually shows a. e. coli. b. s. aureus. c. p. vulgaris. d. no bacteria. e. a and b 2. the normal flora of the lower urethra may show a. lactobacillus. b. staphylococcus. c. corynebacterium. d. bacteroides. e. all of the above answer: e 3. the normal flora of the genital tract of women is a. affected by estrogen levels. b. dependent on the activity of lactobacillus. c. unchanging. d. typically composed of e. coli. e. a and b 6. pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis are at risk of a. placental insufficiency. b. being unable to nurse. c. being unable to deliver vaginally. d. having a premature baby. answer: d 7. the genital tract infection characterized by an unpleasant odor and an increase in clue cells is a. trichomoniasis. b. candidiasis. c. amoebiasis. d. bacterial vaginosis. 8. among the major causes of vulvovaginal candidiasis is/are \n a. sexual promiscuity. b. intense antibacterial treatment. c. disruption of normal flora. d. the use of oral contraceptives. e. b, c and d 9. staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of a. bacterial vaginosis. b. puerperal fever. c. toxic shock syndrome. d. gas gangrene. e. a and b 12. gonococci are parasites of a. cows. b. iguanas. c. sheep. d. humans. e. a and c 3. gonococci selectively attach to certain epithelial cells by a. pili. b. flagella. c. cilia. d. actin bridges. e. b and c answer: a 14. untreated gonorrhea in males may lead to a. sterility. b. urinary tract infections. c. prostatic abscesses. d. orchitis. e. all of the above 15. a frequent complication of untreated gonorrhea in women is a. pelvic inflammatory disease. b. syphilis. c. dysuria. d. vaginal discharge. 16. the treatment of neonates with drops of erythromycin directly into the eyes is to p",
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"text": "1 abiotic altruism biodiversity biotic biome carrying capacity climate community consumers decomposers density dependent density independent ecology ecosystem ecosystem diversity genetic diversity innate learning population population ecology primary producers proximate survivorship ultimate weather 1. the study of how individuals of a species in a geographic area and how it changes over time population ecology 2. unselfish behavior that could lower the fitness of the individual performing the behavior altruism 3. the physiological or genetic mechanism for a behavior proximate 4. organisms that acquire energy from eating other organisms consumers 5. in general, an area along with all the biotic and abiotic components ecosystem 6. organisms that acquire energy from digesting decaying material or detritus decomposers 7. a group of individuals within a species found in a given area at a particular time population 8. nonliving factors abiotic 9. inborn behaviors innate 10. long term patterns of temperature and rainfall for a given area climate \n 2 11. which number would designate the biome with the highest variation in annual precipitation? 1 12. which number would designate the arctic tundra biome? 5 13. different types of research have all concluded that global climate change is: making climates more extreme. 14. a female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination? it is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. \n 3 15. innate behaviors: are expressed in most individuals in a population. 16. why is it likely that humans undergo kin selection? humans often provide resources to kin to increase fitness. the 2010 agestructure pyramid for niger indicates that the population of niger: was increasing. 18. how can human population size keep increasing despite decreased fertility rates? population size will continue to increase as long as the average fertility is above the replacement rate. 19. according to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same: niche. 20. why does net productivity diminish with increasing trophic levels? due to poor energy transfer efficiency, most energy is lost at higher trophic levels. 21. which of the following locations is the main reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle? atmosphere 22. if all the individuals in the last remaining population of a particular bird species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to keep the species from going extinct? genetic diversity \n 4 23. the most serious consequence of loss of biodiversity to humans would be: the potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend. 24. the main factor that leads to the loss of biodiversity is: a. habitat fragmentation. b. industrialization. c. pollution. d. transportation. 25. which country is growing the most rapidly out of this list below? a. china b. estonia c. kenya d. south africa . 26. the eight climographs in the figure show the yearly temperature and precipitation averages for each month for locations on earth. which climograph shows the climate for location 2? \n 5 f 27. suppose that a friend says that the snow and cold this winter is proof that global warming isn’t really occurring. what is the flaw in your friend’s logic? while the average global temperature is increasing, local temperatures and precipitation will vary. 28. how might global warming impact terrestrial biomes? increased evaporation from plants 29. a question about why a behavior occurs relates to: ultimate causation. 30. which of the following describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause? b. a female bird lays her eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day. 31. learning has the most influence on behavior when: making mistakes does not result in death. 33. how do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection? by his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. 34. based on a comparison of the age structure pyramids, which of the following would likely be a higher priority in canada rather than in niger? providing long term care for the elderly \n 6 \n 7 35. which of the arrows represents the carrying capacity? c 36. which of the arrows represents the most rapid population growth? b \n 8 37. what is the fundamental niche of chthamalus? the upper and lower intertidal zones 38. if there were no difference in the distribution of chthamalus after the addition of semibalanus, you could conclude that: chthamalus is the better competitor of the two species. 39. matter is gained or lost in ecosystems. how does this occur? matter can be moved via organisms from one ecosystem to another. 40. the arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels. which letter represents an organism that could only be a primary consumer? c 41. considering the global carbon cycle, which of the following is the largest reservoir of carbon? atmosphere 42. what is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations? diversity allows adaptation to local conditions. 43. why does high species richness result in high productivity? more species = more niches 44. a land developer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed while saving twenty hectares as natural habitat. the land developer suggests that the twenty hectares be divided into twenty separate onehectare areas. the ecologists suggest that it would be better to have one intact parcel of twenty hectares. what is the significance of these different arrangements of twenty hectares? the isolated plots will be more vulnerable to effects from habitat fragmentation. \n 9 average temperature average temperature 45. the temperature is measured on the yaxis in degrees celsius; the month is given on the x axis for the current year. what locality do you think this is? what biome is it in? iceland; tundra",
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cb3fb749d9959e64bc81767717b73098 | making a can a can in the shape of a right circular cylinder is required to have a volume of 250 cubic centimeters. (a) express the amount a of material to make the can as a function of the radius r of the cylinder. (b) how much material is required if the can is of radius 3 centimeters? (c) how much material is required if the can is of radius 5 centimeters? (d) graph . for what value of r is a smallest? | making a can a can in the shape of a right circular | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " mycenae 3/22/16: mycenaean culture continued reconstruction of mycenae ● cyclopean masonry : massive rough stones that have been levered/stacked into place without mortar; named because the monuments were so large, it was as if they could only have been built by mythical cyclops/giants ○ implied huge wealth and power; was used to fortify cities and intimidate enemies ● lion gate: ca 1250 bce; famous example of cyclopean masonry, features a relieving triangle with what appears to be two lions ● lion gate hattusa : hittite capital in anatolia ca. 13501200 bce; just like in mycenae, lions are used as a sort of gateway guardian \n ● tholos tombs: aka beehive tombs. first became popular in 1600 bce, but didn’t become the dominant over shaft graves until 1250. built from smoothed stones primarily around mycenae. made up of dromos (long approach), stomion (large tomb entrance), thalamos (burial chamber), and the beehive/conical roof (corbelled vault) ● treasury of atreus: amous tholos tomb built circa 13001250 bce; excavated by schliemann. empty space indicative of a relieving triangle that has since been lost ○ named for the mythological king atreus; possibly referred to as a treasury because there was once a large amount of grave goods that have since been lost ○ the cursed house of atreus:greek mythological background ● tantalus sacrificed his son pelops to the gods; they were offended and cursed him, at the same time they resurrected pelops. pelops betrayed and murdered his friend myrtilos, resulting in another curse on the family. atreus and his brother thyestes fight for years, resulting in a false reconciliation dinner at which atreus serves thyestes his two sons for dinner; the house is then cursed for a third time. atreus has two sons, menelaus (married to helen of troy) and agamemnon (who sacrifices his daughter iphigenia for good winds before going to war; is later \n murdered by his wife clytemnestra). basically, the whole family is a mythological mess mycenaean pottery: ● kraters: tall vases used to store and transport water/wine ● pictorial style 14001150: red or brown on buff; chariot scenes, nature scenes, departure scenes. early attempts at perspective ○ warrior vase: krater ca 1200 bce from mycenae, 40.6 cm height, depicts war scene ○ chariot krater:ca. 13001250 bce, found at an art market, 41.6 cm height, departure scene that is an early example of perspective with schematic figures end of the mycenaean period ● ca. 12001000 bce: massive destruction across the mediterranean and the near east ● on greek mainland: pylos is violently destroyed; athens is sacked and parts near the acropolis are destroyed; an earthquake hits mycenae and tiryns, though the area continue to be occupied into the 11th century potential causes of mycenae destruction: ● civil wa “seven against thebes” myth ● invasion: dorian invasion ? possible entry of new greeks speaking doric dialect may have taken advantage of existing instability and taken over ● natural disaster/climate changeleads to inability to grow crops \n ● attack by sea peoples: multiple dispossessed groups travel by water and survive by raiding cities descent into the dark ages ● 15001100 bce: significant loss of technology, decentralization of power and community ● late helladic iii (12001050 bce) ○ post palatial period; regionally diverse ceramic assemblages ○ unsettled conditions die to decentralization; many people move away from the larger cities and back to the small villages they came from ● octopus style pottery (12th11th century bce) ○ derived from the minoan marine ware style ○ “stirrup” jars, characterized by the stirruplike handles; large size, used to store/transport wines and water \n the neoassyrian empire 3/24/16 assyria is located in the northernmost region of mesopotamia neoassyrian period: 911612 bce neo babylonian period: 612539 bce achaemenid persian empire: 559331 bce the middle assyrian decline ● late 13th century bce: fullest extent of the empire. assyrians consumed parts of mitanni, hittite anatolia, and babylonia ● reasserts power under tiglath pileser i circa 11141076; declines end of 2nd millennium bce as aramean empire struggles against assyria notable rulers ● ashuranipal ii (883859 bce) ● sargon ii (721705) ● sennacherib (704681) ● esarhaddon (680669) ● ashurbanipal (668627) notable sites: nineveh (aka kuyunjik), assur, nimrud (aka kalhu), khorsabad (dur sharrukin) resources : sun, clay, mud, rain (as opposed to marshes in the south), salt, timber, stone (alabaster, limestone and gypsum) qualities of neoassyrian art ● strong continuity with middle assyrian period ● greater power=greater influence : subject nations sent craftsmen and objects to assyrian capitals as tribute; foreign craftsmen imitate assyrian style but add in some of their local style ● themes: power, mastery, and ritual/religion ○ power: images of warfare, siege, brutality ○ mastery: lions/beasts are shown being conquered ○ ritual/religion: king holds back chaos by appeasing gods \n assurnasirpal ii (883859 bce) ● assyrian ruler that consolidated terrestrial gains of his father/grandfather ● launched military campaigns basically everywhere, but especially in the west, in syria and levant; built many fortresses along borders ○ focus was more so on having influence (indirect control) rather than conquest (true rulership) ● moved capital to nimrud (aka kalhu): administrative center, palace site ○ northwest palace: completed construction ca. 860 bce. built atop a mud brick terrace 120 courses hugh and 28,000 square meters. large open courtyard for public affairs, separate throne room for meetings, inner palace complex organized around small courtyards ○ ideological statement: size/scale represents physical might and strength, materials show territorial reach and influence, and the art impresses and intimidates enemies ● lamassu : stone gateway guardians built/sculpted to resemble hybrids of humans, lions, bulls, and birds. identical within a single building, and at least partially carved in the quarry prior to being erected ○ lamassus of assurnasirpal ii: ca 883859 bce built at the northwest palace at nimrud, carved from one piece of stone, about 3.3 m tall ",
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5407ceb265410fa9a4628e715338efdb | the american chemist robert s. mulliken suggested a different definition for the electronegativity (en) of an element, given by en 5 ie 1 ea 2 where ie is the first ionization energy and ea the electron affinity of the element. calculate the electronegativities of o, f, and cl using the above equation. compare the electronegativities of these elements on the mulliken and pauling scale. (to convert to the pauling scale, divide each en value by 230 kj/mol.) | answer: the american chemist robert s. mulliken suggested | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " monday, march 21, 2016 criminal justice needed to not devoid of: 4 amendment, 5 amendment, 8 amendment, and 6 amendment th th 4 amendment: unreasonable searches & seizure’s what is unreasonable? san diego: what is in the bag? the kid said nothing. i plead the 4 amendment. police looks at the bag and saw alcohol expectation of privacy not a clear bag black bagone of thing buy in porn shop it is search seizures: they seize it and take it away. people can be seized no one called the cops a nonanswer gives right to search it? katz v. u.s. mr. katz was conducting a book keeping business olmstead in oregon olmstead is general manager of the business tapped in phone home effects protected under the 4 amendment without physical intrusion, not a search 1967 mr. katz used a phone booth katz said going to revisit it u.s. argues olmstead court decided to go away from precedence th instead, used 4 amendment to apply to a right to privacy with 2 step test to privacy is the purpose of the 4 amendment designed to protect those places? what is private is our heads… 2 prong tests 1. subjective: did that person take any steps to protect their privacy? he did take steps to have privacy 2. objective: would a reasonable person of average intelligence expect for it to be private? *any search without a warrant per se (start out of the gate) unreasonable. exclusionary rule: evidence found without a warrant cannot be used in court. federal government violated the protection element th violated the 4 amendment take incriminating evidence and take it to the state government state said do not have exclusionary rule \n prosecute in state statute mapp v. ohio 1961 extended exclusionary rule to states dealt with it in the state level came in and knock in the door get loss and go get a warrant got our warrant get back and will search the house found illicit material found to be obscene and prosecute on that exigent circumstances: emergency situations to violate exclusionary rule it is for the sake of human life, public safety, and preserving evidence have a lesser expectation of privacy: airports and cars cannot have tint windows broader checks leon caseestablished expectation good faith exception purpose of exclusionary rule to punish police for wrong behavior clerk makes mistakes on wrong address on affidavit cops went under good faith exception can use evidence1984 5 amendmentright against self incrimination selfincriminationissue if being arrested in custodial matters being detainedprotection against stating the contents of your mind miranda rightshave to read the their rights it has to be voluntary confession stands what is custody? *a reasonable will not feel free to leave except for brave conditions except traffic stop more than 20 minutes traffic stop is detainment detention is a guideline. traffic stop should not stand longer than need to be miranda v. arizona 1966 did not read rights confession needs to be suppressed have the right to remain silent, anything say cannot be used against you. cannot afford lawyer, one will appoint for you 5 amendmentthere is right to counsel to have the right to counsel. \n right to remain silent, they will watching what you say if say want lawyer, can get one do not have to tell you if lawyer is out there lawyer is upset if knew that 6 amendmentright to jury trial and the right to counsel right to counsel did not used to be a right if charged with a crime, have to defend yourself no idea how to object that but a prosecutor does in felonies, should get the lawyers. does not include cannot pay bmv. if only is indigent clarence gideon works in a saloon: bar. he said don’t i get a lawyer. he had defend himself. he wrote his own appeal in the jail. clarence gideon was accused of felony theft he wanted a lawyer for his misdemeanor after convicted, he worked his appeal up to supreme court possible outcome is jail, then can get lawyer gideon v. wainwright: 6 amendment guarantee a fair trial goes against the fundamental fairness that was set subject to any imprisonment, a lawyer will be appointed to them guarantee not get a lawyer, some said no misdemeanor crimes: going to need a lawyer because not going to get jail time the answer is yes. it is need to get lawyer. family law court: disobey court. then get appointed counsel. in contempt, five days in jail duivery rarely get jail. get counsel steal walmartstill get appointed counsel. 1989get public defender first court day is an arraignment to plead guilty or not guilty when know violation of the right to counsel, a lineup #6 everybody turn to the right and left and saying someone to get down. it is for identification purposes. victim can say #3 to identify as perpetrator have counsel at that stage; he is the only had a school name on it. this guy did not have full beard. this is an objection *6 amendment attached to the critical phase th th 5 and 6 amendment right to counsel they do not have to tell lawyer so must ask for lawyer \n only if cannot pay for a lawyer, it is indigent. then must have lawyer. not because cannot pay bmw. right to counsel on arraignment have false cases to be shown of the pictures before know that from somewhere right to jury trial from your peers at critical phase jury summon wait for the second one how to get out of this? have to walk dog that day the only time to part of that time actually had to decide something th 8 amendment: against cruel and unusual punishment cannot hang culture changed is death penalty constitutional? they did not write the death penalty government can take life, liberty, and property with due process. justice scalia would agree we do not want it public because do not want kids to see it. why cannot hang neck? it was cracked. it is suffering and cruel. life without the possibility of parole: it is cruel. is it suffering? solitary confinement. that is suffering firing squad: gary mark gilmore: murderer.he was an alcoholic 1972 furman v. georgia made the death penalty unconstitutional. sentence to life without possibility of parole he was doing life without parole charles milles manson gets the parole because of that charles milles manson was a murderer he choose to be fire squad first person to be executed told his attorney to stop late 1970s execute people with fire squad electric chairelectric until stop hanging and fire squad is cruel and unusual now people are choking to death killing with gas chambers lethal injection \n try to figure out with cruel and unusual punishment stolen of pizza without the possibility of parole hit with a third felony petty thief with a prior is a grand thief 1972 supreme court made death penalty unconstitutional 290 sex registration naked in public free from clothes end up dying people on sex registration with indecent exposure he and she had sex. he was arrested even if consented. oral sexnever heard of getting pregnant sex registration law start to expand the law so many people on registration and keep track of bad ones this is guy officially attacked a young girl judge can make a call based on circumstances brewers v. williams williams told cops where a dead girl was after coercing him to tell where the body was sure wish family was catholic give that girl a good christian girl to grow quicker to god mr. williams tells where it is pretty incriminating it was playing on emotions to confess to give up the body saying things to illicit a response, it is considered questioning (christian burial speech: it could be songs, gestures, words, etc.) no bright line. it is considered measurement cannot use the body that is found grid search going *inevitable discovery doctrine: if police or law enforcement had undergone activity that would resulted in discovery of the evidence to the point where discovered what is inevitable. then the evidence is allowed. purging the taint. it is called. anything discovered after that: fruit of the poisoning tree. any information derived from criminal activity \n *independent source: different person giving the illegally obtained information. if found the evidence, then say find it. many people are jailed for doing crack oxytocin: behavioral response to stress and to not dependent on marijuana if someone is that industrious, be one to figure that out better engineer than that ",
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7536e9926313c5fa8dfdfebe9321155b | birthrates 2009 the table shows the number of live births per 1000 women aged 1544 years in the united states, starting in 1965. (national center for health statistics, www.cdc.gov/nchs/) a) make a scatterplot and describe the general trend in birthrates. (enter year as years since 1900: 65, 70, 75, etc.) b) find the equation of the regression line. c) check to see if the line is an appropriate model. explain. d) interpret the slope of the line. e) the table gives rates only at 5-year intervals. estimate what the rate was in 1978. f) in 1978, the birthrate was actually 15.0. how close did your model come? g) predict what the birthrate will be in 2010. comment on your faith in this prediction. h) predict the birthrate for 2025. comment on your faith in this prediction | birthrates 2009 the table shows the number of live births per 1000 women aged 1544 years | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.43 | [
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"text": " chapter one useful unit conversions 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 0.305 m 1 mile = 1.609 km 1 mph = 0.447 m/s 1 m = 39.37 in 1 km = 0.621 mile 1 m/s = 2.24 mph ● the number of significant figures after multiplication or division is equal to the number of significant figures of the least accurately known quantity ● the number of decimal places after addition or subtraction is equal to the smallest number of decimal places chapter three ● dimensions refer to the quality ([l]], [m], [t], etc…) ● units refer to the quantity ● don’t say “the length of the table is 6 ft” ● instead say “the measure of the length of the table is 6 ft” ● scalar: has magnitude (number with units) ● vector: quantity with magnitude and direction \n ● vectors are written in boldface or with an arrow on top ● displacement has to do with your initial and final position ● moving along the xaxis can be represented with x or i ● moving along the yaxis can be represented with y or j ● moving along the zaxis can be represented with z or k ● a =b only a and b have the same magnitude and direction ● we can move vectors around as long as you don’t change orientation or length ● it is common practice to measure the angle from the positive xaxis and to measure it in a counterclockwise (ccw) direction ● adding vectors geographically: place the tail of the second vector at the tip of the first (tip to tail method) ○ you can do this with as many vectors as you want ● the negative of a vector has the same magnitude but is pointing in the other direction (flip it 180 degrees on its tip) ● adding vectors using components (quantitative method) ○ find the x and y components of each vector to be added ○ add all the x and all the y components separately ○ find the magnitude of the resultant vector chapter two ● mechanics is the study of how objects move, how they respond to external forces, and how other factors such as size, mass, and mass distribution affect their motion ● kinematics is the description of motion ● dynamics is the study of the cause of motion ● we must set up a coordinate system (origin and positive direction) in order to define motion ● if an object is in the air, its acceleration is a constant 9.81 m/s^2 ○ this is the only acceleration acting on it ● average speed is defined as the distance traveled divided by the time the trip took ● average velocity is displacement divided by time ● speed is always positive as it is a scalar quantity ● velocity can be positive or negative based on the direction of displacement because it is a vector quantity ● a speedometer measures speed, not velocity ● in a position vs. time graph, the slope is the average velocity ○ it is a motion diagram put as a graph ● in a velocity vs. time graph, the slope is the average acceleration ● in a position vs. time graph, the line tangent to a point is the instantaneous velocity at that point ● between any two times on a position vs. time graph, draw a line between the two points and that slope is the average velocity ● uniform velocity is constant velocity motion \n ● when velocity is constant, the average velocity over any interval is equal to the instantaneous velocity at any point ● the magnitude of the average velocity is only equal to speed when it is a straight line ● acceleration and deceleration should not be confused with the direction of velocity and acceleration ● if you are slowing down, your acceleration and velocity will be in opposite directions ● freefall is the motion of an object subject only to the influence of gravity ● once you release something from your hand, it is in freefall ● when you throw something up, at its peak the velocity is zero but the acceleration is still a constant g ● air resistance only has a big effect if the object is light like a feather or a piece of paper ● mass doesn’t cause the effect of air resistance (surface area does) ● on the earth’s surface, the acceleration on the yaxis is never zero ● when you throw something, its trajectory has a symmetric shape and velocity (parabola shaped) ● g is always 9.8 but your acceleration can be g (you will never have g = 9.8) three main equations of motion chapter four ● two dimensional motion is when an object is moving in two dimensions at the same time (x and y) ● make sure you break these vectors down into x and y components ● x component = dcos(theta) ● y component = dsin(theta) ● motion in the x and y directions should be solved separately ● ignore air resistance ● gravity always acts downward ● if the y axis points up, acceleration in the x direction is zero and acceleration in the y direction is 9.81 m/s^2 ● solve x and y independently; the only thing they have in common is time ● acceleration is independent of direction ● in projectile motion, x velocity is constant and x acceleration is zero ● launch angle: direction of initial velocity with respect to the horizontal ● horizontal launch is a zero launch angle; there is only an x component of initial velocity \n ● if your launch angle is not zero, you need to look at both the x and y components ● range: horizontal distance an object travels ● if the final and initial elevation are the same, you can use r = (v0g)sin(2theta) ● range is a maximum when theta = 45 degrees ● if you have two complementary angles (add up to 90 degrees) they have the same range ● if final and initial elevation are the same and you’re solving for range, you don’t have to break it into x and y components ● the least speed is found at the highest point in the trajectory ● if all projectiles reach the same height, they are in the air the same amount of time (time in the air is determined by height reached, not the distance traveled!) physics test two chapter five ● newton’s laws of motion ○ an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an outside force ○ force is equal to the mass of an object times its acceleration (f = ma) ○ for each force, there is an equal and opposite force. ● if two object have the same force acting upon them, the smaller object will accelerate more (e.g. hammer and nail) ● dynamics is the study of the cause of motion ● force is a vector because it has magnitude and direction ○ sometimes force must be broken up into its x and y components ● mass is a measure of how hard it is to change an object’s velocity newton’s first law ● inertia means an object wants to stay where it is ○ an inertial reference frame is one in which the first law of motion is true ○ if you stop pushing an object, it doesn’t stop moving unless there are external forces acting on it such as friction ○ you require a force to start the motion of an object, but it does not need force to keep moving (an object can be in motion without force) ○ law of inertia: in the absence of any net external force, an object will keep moving at a constant speed in a straight line, or remain at rest ● two equal weights exert twice the force of one and this can be used for the calibration of a spring newton’s second law ● acceleration is inversely proportional to mass \n ● the direction of acceleration is in the same direction as the resulting force ● net force = f1 + f2 + f3….. ● 1 newton = 1 (kg x m)/s^2 ● force can be measured in newtons ● contact force: agent of force that is actually making contact with the surface ● there are also long range forces such as gravity ● forces cannot act by themselves which means there will always be an agent or external action ● weight: the gravitational pull of the earth on an object or near the surface of the earth ● tension is an equilibrium force such as something hanging by a string ● spring force: contact force that can push when compressed or pull when stretched ● drag: resistive force that opposes the direction of motion ○ e.g. friction and air resistance ○ ignore air resistance unless told to consider it ● thrust: occurs when a jet or rocket engine expels gas molecules at high speed (this is a contact force) ● normal force: due to the atomic structure of solids, if an object is placed on some material that material will exert an upward spring force ○ always perpendicular to the surface ● kinetic friction: occurs when an object is already moving and it opposed the motion and its vector points in the opposite direction ● static friction: occurs when the object is at rest ○ it keeps it at rest so it is a force opposite the direction ○ the object would move if there was more force ● if something is not moving or has constant velocity, you can treat it basically the same because acceleration is zero ● free body diagram steps ○ identify all forces ○ draw a coordinate system ○ represent the object as a dot at the origin of the coordinate axes ○ draw vector representing each of the forces ○ draw and label the net force vector newton’s third law ● every force occurs as one member of an action/reaction pair ● members of the action/reaction pair act on different objects ● the forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction ● if an object is moving at constant speed, the net force is zero \n ● apparent weight: your perception of your weight is based on the contact forces between your body and your surroundings ○ e.g. elevator problems ○ if your surroundings are accelerating, your apparent weight may be more or less than your actual weight ○ if you’re stationary or moving with constant speed, your apparent weight is equal to your actual weight ○ if you’re accelerating upward, your apparent weight is greater than your actual weight ○ if you’re accelerating downward, your apparent weight is less than your actual weight ● weightlessness: apparent weight is zero ○ force is gone so g = a and you appear to have no weight ○ this is the case of astronauts in space ● even if you have a tension force and you’re moving upward, if you speed is constant then it’s like you’re at rest chapter six ● friction has its basis in surfaces that are not completely smooth ● ● kinetic friction is equal to the coefficient of kinetic friction times the normal force ● static friction is equal to the coefficient of static friction times the normal force ● kinetic friction is the friction experienced by objects sliding against one another ● kinetic and static friction are independent of the relative speed of the surfaces and of their area of contact force ● static friction is experienced by objects at rest ● static friction can range from zero to its maximum value ○ the maximum value is just before the object starts to move and right before it switches to kinetic friction ● whenever you pull a string, it becomes taut so there is tension in the spring ● the tension in an actual rope depends on the length and mass of the rope, but for this class we will assume there is no mass to the rope ● with a pulley, there are two tension forces that both point toward the suspension force ● hooke’s law: the force in a spring increases with the amount the spring in compressed or stretched \n ○ the force on a spring is equal to kx where k is the spring constant ● an object is in equilibrium when the force acting on it is zero ● this happens when an object is not moving or moving at a constant speed (a = 0) ● when forces are exerted on connected objects, they will have the same acceleration ● if there are two boxes connected by a string, we treat each box as a separate system ● normal force does not always equal weight ● uniform circular motion is when speed is constant but direction is constantly changing so the acceleration is nonzero ○ if you take any two vectors, their difference will point to the center of the circle ○ centripetal acceleration always points to the center of the circle ○ the resulting force of this acceleration is the centripetal force ○ centripetal acceleration = ○ there must be a force acting on the objects because if there wasn’t they would be moving in a straight line and not a circle (this is the centripetal force) ○ centripetal force = ○ centripetal force can be produced by friction, tension, gravity,normal force, etc…. ○ when a call is swinging in a circle on a string, the centripetal force is the tension in the circle ○ in a vertical circle, tension and weight can or cannot be in the same direction ○ a car going around a loop is kept in the circle by friction pointing to the middle of the circle ○ if there’s no friction, the car might be on a bank (inclined) and you’ll have to use the xcomponent of the normal force physics test three chapter seven \n ● the basic definition of energy is work ● work is force times displacement, or the change in kinetic energy ● work is a scalar quantity that comes from two vectors ● you want the component of the force that is parallel to the displacement, which may not simply be the force ● if the displacement is perpendicular to the force, there is no work ● work may be positive, negative, or zero ● if the angle of the force to displacement is acute, the work is positive ● if the angle of the force to displacement is obtuse, the work is negative ● if you have multiple forces on an object, you can find the work done by the net force ○ find the components of the net force that’s parallel to the displacement and multiple it by the displacement ● energy transformations within the system do not change the overall energy of the system ● work energy theorem: work is the change in kinetic energy ● if force is constant, we can calculate work graphically ○ graph force on the yaxis and displacement on the xaxis ○ the area under the curve is work ● if force is changing but has several successive constant forces, you can calculate it graphically as well in the same way ● we can also calculate a continuously varying force using integration (this is calculus and more than what we’ll do in this class) ● work done by the spring force: ● power is the rate at which work is done ○ power = work/time ○ power is measured in watts or horsepower (1 hp = 746 w) ○ in cars, use horsepower ● two situations may have the same final kinetic energy, but their power is different because they took different times chapter eight ● conservative force: work done by this force is stored as usable energy (like putting money from your checking account into your savings account) ● gravity is an example of a conservative force (by something falling due to gravity, kinetic energy is created so gravity is a force that has potential to be used) ● nonconservative force: cannot be stored as usable energy (like taking money from checking account and spending it) ● friction is an example of a nonconservative force (friction creates kinetic energy when you rub your hands together but when you stop you can’t get that heat back) ● when moving an object around a closed path, work done by a conservative force is zero ○ this is not true for a nonconservative force \n ● work done by friction is negative (decreasing kinetic energy) because friction is a force against motion ● u = potential energy ○ work = initial u final u ● work you do by conservative forces is stored as potential energy ● you can choose your zero potential energy based on where you decide to start ● spring force is also a conservative force ● mechanical energy = u + k ○ using this formula, and only using conservative forces, initial energy equals final energy ○ if there are only conservative forces, mechanical energy is constant ● law of conservation of energy: the sum of potential and kinetic energy is equal before and after ● gravitational potential energy = mgh (mass x gravity x height) chapter nine ● linear momentum: p = mv ● unless an outside force acts on it, an object in motion stays in motion and this natural tendency is called momentum ● impetus: the ability for an object to move in that straight line path ○ momentum is the measure of impetus ● momentum is like inertia in how it resists motion ● momentum is a vector whose direction is the same as the velocity ● newton’s second law of motion is only true for objects of constant (so most everything we work with) ● when mass is changing, force = change in momentum/change in time ● impulse: momentary forward force ○ e.g. kicking a soccer ball ○ huge amount of force in a very short time interval ○ impulse = force x time = change in momentum ○ impulse is a vector in the same direction as the force ○ impulse is the area under a force x time graph ● change in momentum can be a small force acting for a long time or a large force acting for a short time ● conservation of momentum concept ○ conservation of linear momentum: if the net force acting on an object is zero, its momentum is conserved ○ collision: two objects striking each other and the time of collision is short enough that external forces can be ignored ○ inelastic collision: the momentum of a system is conserved, but kinetic energy is not conserved ■ two objects colliding and moving away from each other \n ■ completely inelastic collision: two things stick together after the collision ■ perfectly inelastic: two objects move together at a common final velocity after collision ○ elastic collision: momentum and kinetic energy are conserved ■ one dimensional elastic collision: moving object collides with stationary object then stops moving while the stationary ball starts moving (billiard ball example) ■ with elastic collisions, we have an equation for kinetic energy and an equation for momentum so we can work with both of those to make these: ■ you can put these on your equation sheet physics test four chapter eleven ● static equilibrium ○ the resultant external force is zero ○ the external torque around any axis is zero ● first condition implies that a = 0 ● second condition implies that alpha = 0 ● we can choose our axis of rotation to be wherever we want ● when you have a fulcrum you have to consider the position of the fulcrum ● angular momentum = l = iw = rmv = rp ● torque is the change in angular momentum chapter twelve ● g = gravitational constant = 6.67 x 10^11 ● law of universal gravitation says f = force acting between any two objects = gm1m2/r^2 ○ r is the distance between the two centers of mass ● gravitational force is a vector and a force exists between any two massive particles ● inverse square law = force is inversely proportional to radius ● so as the distance between two particles increase, the gravitational force will decrease \n ● since g is really small, the objects have to be really massive for the gravitational force to not be negligible ● principle of superposition: net force is the vector sum of the individual forces ● force between any object on the surface of the earth = f = mg = m (gmearth/(r of earth)^2 ● kepler’s three laws of planetary motion ○ each planet moves in an elliptical orbit with the sun at one focus ○ the line from the sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas at equal time intervals ○ for each planet, the square of the period is proportional to the cube of the average radius ● k = 2.9 x 10^19 ○ this is for all planets ○ this does not involve the orbiting object ● anything moving in a circle in constant velocity has centripetal force ● geosynchronous satellite: orbit around the earth is 24 hours ● gps satellites are 12 hours, twice the speed of geosynchronous satellites ",
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873af6f91686e0afa8a035a40893b594 | region between spheres two spheres have the same center and radii r and r, where 0 6 r 6 r. the volume of the region between the spheres is v1r, r2 = 4p 3 1r3 - r32. a. first use your intuition. if r is held fixed, how does v change as r increases? what is the sign of vr? if r is held fixed, how does v change as r increases (up to the value of r)? what is the sign of vr? b. compute vr and vr. are the results consistent with part (a)? c. consider spheres with r = 3 and r = 1. does the volume change more if r is increased by \_r = 0.1 (with r fixed) or if r is decreased by \_r = 0.1 (with r fixed)? | solved: region between spheres two spheres have the same | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 political structures are invisible in a lot of ways. although we don’t see them, they still shape us in many ways. governments markets culture civil society individual liberty (john stuart mill) two maxims of liberty o no impingement on liberty unless it negatively affects others o only those actions that negatively affect others can be subject to regulation on liberty the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. his own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. freedom as utilitarian he regards utility as ultimate appeal on all ethical questions; but it must be utility in largest sense, grounded on permanent interests of man as a progressive being tyranny of the majority if all mankind minus one were of one opinion, and only one person was of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind on free speech can free speech ever become harmful to others? “no one pretends that actions should be as free as opinions. on the contrary, even opinions lose their immunity when the circumstances in which they are expressed as such as to constitute their expression a positive instigation to some mischievous act… liberty of the individual must be thus far limited: he must not make himself a nuisance to other people” truth as a market of ideas examples of liberty prohibition of alcohol o social rights vs individual rights polygamy among mormons adam smith division of labor three results (direct) \n on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 o increase of dexterity of every worker o saving of time which is commonly lost when moving from one species of work to another o invention of machines which facilitate & abridge labor & enable one man to do the work of many rising standards of living (more & cheaper goods) > abundance leads to savings & investment markets & commodities labor value vs exchange value “the actual price at which any commodity is commonly sold is called its market price. it may either be above or below or exactly the same w/ its natural price” on monopolies role of gov’t providing for common defense from outside aggressors adjudicating disputes w/in society public works that go beyond private interest/gain culture (harrison) dp moynihan: “the central conservative myth is that it is culture, not politics, that determines success of a society. the central liberal truth is that politics can change a culture & save it from itself” marx vs weber o economic vs cultural forces in shaping society/history (progress) o weber: important of protestant ethic why protestant countries grew faster than catholic ones why western nations grew faster than nonwestern ones how to explain success of certain nonwestern nations? democratic capitalism it does a better job of promoting human progress & wellbeing than other systems but as experience of most third world countries in recent decades shows, building of durable democratic capitalist institutions can be dauntingly difficult four cultural forces 1. radius of trust: social empathy/community 2. rigor of ethical system: good life 3. exercising of authority: impersonal, responsible selfgovernance 4. positive attitudes towards work: rationality, education, delayed gratification civil society (putnam) how to explain disappearance of social capital & civic engagement in america? o not just civic but community engagement the problem \n on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 time spent on informal socializing & visiting is down since 1965: ptas, church attendance, etc o increased isolation possible explanations busyness & time pressure economic hard times or rising affluence residential mobility suburbanization movement of women into work place & twocareer families disruption of marriage & family ties disillusion w/ public life due to cultural revolt against authority & visible corruption growth of welfare state civil rights revolution television & telecommunications revolution television as opposed to newspapers, tv is a low social capital activity (encourages disengagement rather than engagement) tv viewers are isolated, distrustful of others, pessimistic about politics & society, passive moral economy 4.7.16 brief history of capitalism 1. rise of industrial capitalism, transition from feudal mercantile capitalism 2. rationalization of economic science, disembedding of market/economy from society at large 3. planned/centralized national economies (keynesianism) 4. deregulated economies (neoliberalism), rise of financial capitalism, dominance over industrial capitalism 5. crisis economics (post2008), rise of populist economics? moral economy (sayer) “moral economy embodies norms & sentiments regarding responsibilities and rights of individuals & institutions w/ respect to others” “these norms & sentiments go beyond matters of justice & equality to conceptions of the good; for example, regarding needs & ends of economic activity/ they may also be extended further to include treatment of the environment” he wants to use the term “moral economy” to refer to the study of the ways in which economic activities are influenced by moralpolitical norms & sentiments o also how those norms are comprised by economic forces so much so that in some cases norms represent little more than legitimations entrenched power relations” grappling w/ the market market comes into being as soon as abstract people replace abstract activities w/ people that we do know \n on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 what is gained & what is lost in transition to market society? o gained: spatial & social mobility, questioning of status quo, creativity, entrepreneurship, individualism, critical attitude o lost” traditional communities, social solidarity & identity, prejudice & provincial bias, social roles (gender, class, ethnic) these transformations are not isomorphic (don’t follow same pattern) * simultaneous, but rather piecemeal, uneven, & fragmented. some things change while others remain the same, become more rigid, etc early moral economists what sayer says about them: o “looking back at work of scottish enlightenment authors such as hume, ferguson & smith, one cannot help but be struck by extent to which they saw moral sentiments, involving sympathy as cement of society” o along w/ increase in market relations comes fragmentation/extension of society o “but hume & smith were also well aware of extent to which such moral sentiments tended to decline w/ distance’ from here the shift occurs from moral to market economy as growth of trade increased proportion of economic relations w/ others, they adapted their theories accordingly, giving increasing emphasis to more abstract, reason based notions of justice rather than moral sentiments o in case of smith, to selfinterest as regulator of economic activity even smith retains his social conception of morality. he only comes to defend pursuit of individual selfinterest on grounds that it increased collective welfare of society at large continued are moral economies precapitalist? is economics amoral? o meaning, without moral? detached from questions of morality? is there hidden morality in contemporary economics that conceals fundamental political orientation? what is gained/lost from demoralization of economics? how economics was demoralized construction of “national economy” (methodological nationalism\\_ o in what ways is such an economy fundamentally deterritorialized? individuals as rational economic agents (methodological individualism) o utility maximizers (pursue selfinterest) > eliminates moral question bc utilitarianism harmonizes egoistic behavior w/ general good/social welfare o to what extent is ability to be selfish universal? are markets really ‘free”? (chang) \n on structure 4.5.16 moral economy 4.7.16 we are told by economists that markets need to be kept free of gov’t interference in order to operate efficiently “free market doesn’t exist. every market has rules & boundaries that restrict freedom of choice. market looks free only bc we unconditionally accept underlying restrictions that we fail to see them” o “how ‘free’ a market is cannot be defined. it is a political definition. gov’t is always involved & those freemarketers are as politically motivated as anyone else. overcoming myth that there is such a thing as an objectively defined “free market” is the first step towards understanding capitalism” example of child labor laws o before their enactment “many people judged child labor regulation to be against principles of free market” o their argument: the children need and want to work, & factory owners want to employ them so what is the problem” freedom of a market is in the eyes of the beholder o should there be a freemarket in wage labor? o wages in rich countries are determined more by immigration control than anything else, including any minimum wage legislation. 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276da60725ea784d7de0c7d9b375f96f | problem 28e | ch 1.4 - 28e | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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10d0f1436b77c240887d1e2377534498 | a tennis shop sells five different brands of rackets, each of which comes in either a midsize version or an oversize version. consider the chance experiment in which brand and size are noted for the next racket purchased. one possible outcome is head midsize, and another is prince oversize. possible outcomes correspond to cells in the following table: a. let a denote the event that an oversize racket is purchased. list the outcomes in a. b. let b denote the event that the name of the brand purchased begins with a w. list the outcomes in b. c. list the outcomes in the event not b. d. head, prince, and wilson are u.s. companies. let c denote the event that the racket purchased is made by a
u.s. company. list the outcomes in the event b or c.
e. list outcomes in b and c.
f. display the possible outcomes on a tree diagram, with
a first-generation branch for each brand. | a tennis shop sells five different brands of rackets, each | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " psychology 457: exam 2 review page 1 sexuality in childhood & adolescence ● summarize typical sexual behavior in: ○ infancy ■ infants can be observed discovering the pleasure of genital stimulation soon after they are born ■ body begins first sexual response in utero ■ boys have erections in utero ■ girls may have vaginal lubrication and genital swelling when infants ■ both male and female infants have been observed experiencing what appears to be an orgasm ○ early childhood ■ typically they’ll disguise their interest rather than risk the disapproval of their elders ■ begin interacting with peers and children explore their bodies together ● masturbate ● play “mommy and daddy” ● hug and kiss and lie on top of each other ● play “doctor” so they can look at each other’s genitals ○ preadolescence ■ curiosity and sex play ■ masturbation and permission to feel pleasure ■ between ages 1012, 24% of boys and 29% of girls is very interested in the other sex ○ adolescence ■ masturbation ● males typically start this earlier than females (1315 for males) ■ motivation to have sex socialenvironmental factors and individual characteristics ■ first intercourse: average age for first intercourse is currently 17 years old ● define puberty and adolescence ○ puberty: the stage of human development when the body becomes capable of reproduction ○ adolescence: the social and psychological state that occurs between the beginning of puberty and acceptance into full adulthood ● summarize the impact of family, peers and the media on adolescent sexuality sex isn’t that simple ● in the us, most new cases of hiv infection are among \\_\\_\\_\\_ ○ people under 25 years of age, and the vast majority of these infections occur through sexual activity. ● what are sexual lifeways? ○ the sexual culture creates a system for categorizing certain sexual acts and behaviors as desirable and appropriate – individual develop their sexuality within different cultures and create sexual lifeways which are viewed as “erotic emotions, categories and roles” ● what is gay culture? ○ the culture consists of defining ethnic/racial groups within the psychological literature are applied to the lives of lesbians and gay men ○ gay and bisexual must learn “appropriate” sexual behaviors within tier sexual culture and learn the larger gay culture’s norms and expectations around ways of behaving, acting, and knowing ● what are the factors that impact acculturation? \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 2 ○ various forms of mass media have been sources of gay youths to use in becoming acculturated to gay culture – internet, gay cultural norms ○ when youths are able to feel comfortable with their sexual identity there is evidence that acculturation into a larger gay community can serve to buffer some of the negative effects of stigmatization and lead to deeecreased participation in hiv sexual risk behaviors ● what were the strategies used for developing culturally grounded hiv prevention programs? ○ these programs are grounded in the ethnic/racial culture of the targeted population and in an exploration of ethnic specific messages related to sexual identity and sexual risk/protective behaviors ○ subverting culture – created to examine the role of ethnic culture in hiv prevention programs ○ learning about gay culture, importance of contextual factors in hiv prevention programs (these intervention programs may not work in certain contexts where the people live – need to be developed with an understanding of the societallevel contextual factors that may influence the sexual lives of their participants), heterosexism and sexual risk/protection (lgb adolescents are often harassed), masculinity ideology and sexual risk/protection, sexual identity development, ethnic identity development sexuality in adulthood ● what are the developmental challenges for young adults? ○ establishing sexual orientation ○ integrating love and sex (sex versus love dichotomy should be addressed in adulthood) ○ forging intimacy and making commitments (as adults become more intimate, most desire to develop their ability to make commitments) ○ making fertility/childbearing decisions (becoming a parent or not?) ○ practicing safer sex to protect against stis (awareness must be integrated into communication, values, and behaviors of all people) ○ evolving a sexual philosophy (as individuals move into adulthood – reevaluate moral standards – develop personal principles of right and wrong, caring, and responsibility) ● current status of singlehood and reasons ○ reasons for greater numbers of single young adults: ○ greater sexual experience ○ increased number of singles are divorced or widowed ○ widespread acceptance of cohabitation ○ unintended pregnancies ○ increased numbers of abortions and births to single women ○ greater numbers of separated and divorced men and women ○ rise in the number of singleparent families ● reasons for cohabitation ○ people cohabitate because the climate regarding sexuality is more openminded than it was a generation ago, divorce is seen now more preferable than an unhappy marriage, young adults ar continuing to defer marriage (but want a companionship) ● what is posslq? what are the biases? \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 3 ○ person of opposite sex sharing living quarters (term coined in the 1970s) ○ biases is that this automatically assumes that two opposite sex people can’t live together without having sexual relations – i.e. what if they are both homosexual ● what are the developmental challenges for those in middle adulthood? ○ redefining sex in marital or other longterm relationships (in longterm relationships, sex may need to be redefine as more of an expression of intimacy and caring) ○ reevaluating one’s sexuality (weight the costs and benefits of sex in casual/lightly committed relationships; redefining sexual orientation and sexual philosophy evolves) ○ accepting the biological aging process (challenges of aging including physiological slowing and menopause for women) ● summarize the findings on frequency and satisfaction in established relationships ○ people have sex less frequently when they are married, but are more satisfied with the sex they have ● summarize sexuality within marriage ○ married couples have sex less frequently as they are together longer – might be because of their biological clock or an adaptation of the initial surge of dopamine that prompts romance and desire ○ married couples don’t seem to feel that declining frequency in sexual intercourse is a major problem if their overall relationship is good ○ higher levels of sexual satisfaction and pleasure seem to be found in marriage ● what are the developmental challenges for those in late adulthood? ○ biological changes: sexuality tends to diffuse, less genitally oriented, and less insistent ○ death of a partner: absence of a sexual partner signals a dramatic change in the survivor’s sexual interactions ○ psychological influences: many people deem it inappropriate for older individuals to be sexually active – might interfere with other individual’s ability or willingness to see themselves as sexual beings ● discuss impact of aging on men & women ○ women: perimenopause – decline in fertility; menopause: complete cessation of menstruation for 1 year ○ men: manopause (symptoms include fatigue, inability to concentrate, depression, loss of appetite, and a decreased interest in sex) ○ ejaculation takes longer or does not happen ○ sexual interest and enjoyment generally do not decrease ● what are the physical effects of menopause? ○ menopause comes with a multitude of symptoms including hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and sleeping disturbances ○ lowered estrogen levels ○ some women also experience urinary incontinence, weakening of pelvic floor muscles, headaches, or weight gain ● what is benign prostatic hypertrophy? ○ an enlargement of the prostate gland ○ enlarged prostate puts pressure on the urethra and makes it difficult to urinate and frequent urgent need to urinate \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 4 sex education ● describe 4 types of sex education ○ four types of sex education include abstinence only (1950s movement for getting rid of unwanted teen pregnancy), comprehensive program (60s and 70s), abstinence only until marriage, and now abstinence only but use a condom if you do have sex (best program to prevent teen pregnancy). ● summarize findings re: effectiveness ○ the first three programs were basically ineffective, the last one has proven to make pregnancy rates go down as it encompasses the sex education component which is important for young people to understand ○ behaviors of the sexually healthy adult: ○ 1. human development: appreciating one’s own body, seeking further information about reproduction as needed, affirm that human development includes sexual development, interact with all genders in respectful/appropriate ways, affirm one’s own sexual orientation and respect the sexual orientation of others, affirm one’s own gender identities and respect the gender identities of others. ○ 2. relationships: express love and intimacy in appropriate ways, develop and maintain meaningful relationships, avoid exploitative/manipulative relationships, make informed choices about family options and relationships, exhibit skills that enhance personal relationships. ○ 3. personal skills: identify and live according to one’s own values, take responsibility for one’s own behavior, practice effective decision making, develop critical thinking skills, communicate effectively with family/peers/romantic partners. ○ 4. sexual behavior: enjoy/express one’s sexuality throughout life, express one’s sexuality in congruence with one’s values, enjoy sexual feelings without necessarily acting on them, discriminate between lifeenhancing sexual behaviors and those that are harmful to oneself and/or others, express one’s sexuality while respecting the rights of others, seek new information to enhance one’s sexuality, engage in sexual relationships that are consensual/nonexploitative/honest/pleasurable/protected. ○ 5. sexual health: practice healthpromoting behaviors such as regular checkups and exams, use contraception effectively to avoid unintended pregnancy, avoid stis and transmitting them, act consistently with one’s own values in dealing with an unintended pregnancy, seek early prenatal care, help prevent sexual abuse. ○ 6. society and culture: demonstrate respect for people with different sexual values, exercise democratic responsibility to influence legislation dealing with sexual issues, assess the impact of family/cultural/religious/media/societal messages on one’s thoughts/feelings/values/behaviors related to sexuality, critically examine the world around them for biases on gender/sexual orientation/culture/ethnicity/race, promote the rights of all people to have access to accurate sexuality information, \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 5 avoid behaviors that exhibit prejudice and bigotry, reject stereotypes about the sexuality of different populations, educate others about sexuality. ● list the siecus guidelines for sex ed ○ lifelong process of acquiring information and forming attitudes, beliefs, and values about identity, relationships and intimacy ○ primary goal of sexuality education is to promote adult sexual health ○ should assist young people in the developing a positive view of sexuality, provide them with information they need to take care of their sexual health, and help them acquire skills to make decisions now and in the future the sexual health model ● what is sexual health? ○ practice health promoting behaviors ○ use contraception effectively ○ avoiding contracting or transmitting stis ○ act consistent with your own values if dealing with an unwanted pregnancy ○ seek early prenatal care ● what is sexual pluralism? ○ advocates an acceptance of the rights of others to differ from you in their choices and a belief that there is more than one way to achieve a moral life ● what is the sexual health model? ○ framework to improve overall sexual wellbeing ● list and describe the 10 components ○ 1. talking about sex ■ foundation of the sexual health model is the ability to communicate about sexuality (e.g. sexual values, preferences, attraction, history, and behavior) ■ goal is to encourage use of sexual language ■ exercise involve small groups (objective: each individual discusses own sexual journey) ○ 2. culture and sexual identity ■ culture influences one’s sexuality and one’s self ■ it is important to examine impact: sexual identity, attitudes, behaviors, health ■ all cultural meaning needs to be taken into account since that meaning may drive safe/unsafe sex ■ kammerer (2001): inform transgenders more about the impact of transphobia and harassment of hiv risk; transexuals who hide thier natal gender during sexual encounter may or may not want to raise safer sex issues which could jeopardize their secret and safety ○ 3. sexual anatomy functioning ■ sexual health: basic knowledge, understand and accept your sexual anatomy, sexual response and functioning, freedom of sexual dysfunction and other sexual problems ■ ehrhardt (1992): targeted aa women ● encouraged physical genitals exploration, increase comfort with genitals, teach the female response cycle, believe knowledge enables women to discuss safer sex ○ 4. sexual health care and safer sex ■ it is important to know: one’s body, obtaining regular exams for stds and cancer, and responding to physical changes with appropriate medical intervention ■ encourage exploration of the meanings of safe and unsafe sex behaviors \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 6 ● men who have sex with men testicular exams and medical checkup ● swallowing semen is considered a means of nourishing maleness among some femaletomale transgenders ○ 5. challenges ■ sexual abuse, substance abuse, compulsive sexual behavior, sex work, harassment and discrimination ■ promote safer sex with using resilience and empowerment ● bockting and robinson (2000) ○ targeted transgenders and men who have sex with men ○ goal was to help empower these individuals to challenge prejudice and internalized homo and transnegativity ○ 6. body image ■ different idea of beauty in cultures, media, and individuals ■ but unattainable for many ■ directly related to unsafe sexual practices ■ selfacceptance is relevant across all culture ■ ex: gay men are more likely to practice unsafe sex with “attractive” males ■ transgenders struggle with body image issues including: body dysphoria and deciding on outer appearance ○ 7. masturbation and fantasy ■ frowned upon ■ associated with sin, illness, immaturity ■ male stereotypes (males should masturbate) ■ female stereotypes (women should not masturbate) ■ positive light: great appreciation, ultimate role in safer sex, decreases the pressure of partner sex, positive views linked to positive communication and sex negotiation, and linked to positive attitudes toward condoms ○ 8. positive sexuality ■ appropriate experimentation, affirming sensuality, attaining sexual competence through ability to get and give pleasure, setting boundaries ■ explore to know who one’s self is sexually ■ exploring and celebrating sexuality in a positive and selfaffirming perspective ■ when comfortable, one can know and communicate what pleasures them sexually ■ set boundaries which leads to safer sex ■ what one knows as safe and responsible ○ 9. intimacy and relationships ■ critical area to address sti prevention ■ everyone needs intimacy in some form throughout their relationships ■ affects safer sex decisions ■ less likely to use condoms with primary partner than in more casual relationship ■ communication is important ■ taught dating and relationship skills ■ improve selfefficacy ○ 10. spirituality \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 7 ■ congruence between one’s ethical, spiritual and moral beliefs and one’s sexual behaviors and values ■ spirituality may or may not include identification with a formal religion ■ used to address moral and ethical concerns ■ it’s important to be successful while dealing with institutionalized homonegativity from many organized religions ■ transgender may research the spiritual meanings and roles of a transgender person in various religions and cultures ■ deeper reflection on values leads to better integration of sexual and spiritual selves ■ leads to safer selfcare the sexual health model (cont.) ● how does the model apply to hiv prevention? ○ the application of the sexual health model consists of collecting background of the target population and using the 10 components as intervention which leads to sexuality and hiv risk reduction outcomes ● summarize the preliminary findings ● a higher proportion of men who have sex with men in the intervention group reported consistent condom use at the 12 month follow up period ● significant reduction in internalized homonegativity in experimental group ● aa women who exhibited unsafe sex before intervention had positive changes in attitudes toward female condoms ● change in compulsive behaviors and body image in sample men who have sex with men ● what are the strengths and limitations of the model as it applies to hiv prevention? ○ limitations include the fact that the model posits the importance of a large number of variables, yet their relative importance and interactions with each other are currently unknown ■ not appropriate for all hiv prevention environments and not all components of the model need to be applied in all situations ■ doesn’t take into account chemical dependency, sexual dysfunction, and psychological issues ○ strength of the model include providing a stimulating,m motivational and fun environment, which can in turn motivate people to learn ■ might motivate people to have open communication about one’s own sexuality love and communication ● what is the relationship between love & sexuality? ○ love is an important determinant of sexual satisfaction ● what are some of the reasons people choose celibacy? ○ religious reasons, life circumstance, absence of a partner or imprisonment ● list and describe the seven types of love ○ 1. mania: obsessive and possessive love ○ 2. ludus: playful love ○ 3. storge: love between companions – natural affection ○ 4. eros: love of beauty – passionate and delight in the tactile, sensual, and immediate ○ 5. agape: chaste, patient, undemanding, altruistic \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 8 ○ 6. pragma: practical love – businesslike in approach to looking for someone who meets their needs ○ 7. philia: sibling love ● describe the triangular theory of love ○ emphasizes the dynamic quality of love relationships ○ ● what are the components? ○ components include passion (elements of romance, attraction, and sexuality in the relationship), commitment (shortterm = an individual’s decision that he or she loves someone; longterm = maintenance of love), and intimacy (refers to the warm close bonding feeling we get when we love someone) ● what types of “love” arise? ○ liking: intimacy only ○ infatuation: passion only (love at first sight) ○ romantic love: intimacy and passion (more intense than liking as a result of physical/emotional attraction) ○ companionate love: intimacy and commitment (love begins romantically and turns into this) ○ fatuous love: passion and commitment (whirlwind love – develops really quickly) ○ consummate love: intimacy, passion, and commitment (kind of love we dream about) ○ empty love: commitment only (staying together for appearance sake) ○ nonlove: absence of all components (might occur because of financial reason, fear, or the fulfillment of neurotic needs) ● describe the types of attachment ○ secure attachments: adults who find it relatively easy to get close to other people; don’t worry about being abandoned or having someone get too close to them ○ anxious/ambivalent attachments: believe that other people did not get as close as they themselves wanted; feel that it is easy to fall out of love \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 9 ○ avoidant attachments: feel discomfort when close to other people; not likely to focus on partner’s needs; feared intimacy and experienced emotional highs and lows and jealousy ● how does attachment type impact romantic love? ○ attachment style developed in infancy combines with sexual desire and caring behaviors to give rise to romantic love ○ however, an individual’s past does not necessarily determine the future course of his or her relationships ● what are the types of communication? ○ verbal and nonverbal ○ nonverbal communication makes up the majority of our communication – our moods, proximity, eye contact, and touching convey how we feel ● what are the goals of communication? what are common difficulties? ○ establish human contact, exchange information, and reinforce or change the attitudes and behaviors of ourselves and others ○ common difficulties include having trouble articulating our feelings about sex because we rarely have models for talking openly and honestly about sexuality, talking about sexual matters defines us as being interested in sex, we may believe that talking about sex will threaten our relationships ● what are helpful communication strategies? ○ selfdisclosure – revealing ourselves to others ○ trust – believe in the reliability and integrity of another person ○ feedback – constructive response to another’s selfdisclosure sexual orientation ● describe and compare the three models of sexual orientation ○ first model was a dichotomy that simply consisted of heterosexuality and homosexuality ○ kinsey challenged this model and made a model that resembled a continuum between homosexuality and heterosexuality ○ storms criticized kinsey’s model because he thought homo/heteroeroticism we important components of sexual orientation ■ his model has four boxes homosexual, bisexual, asexual and heterosexual ■ an individual who is homosexual is high on the homoeroticism dimension, but low on the heterosexual dimension; a bisexual person would be high on both dimensions, an asexual person would be high on heteroeroticism; an asexual person would be low on both dimensions \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 10 ○ ● define sexual orientation ○ an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender ● homoeroticism ○ feelings of sexual attraction to members of the same sex ● sexual fluidity ○ regardless of one’s sexual orientation, sexual fluidity makes it possible for some women under unique circumstances to experience samesex or othersex desires ○ women are more likely to view their sexuality is flexible and dependent upon the context they are in while men view their sexual orientation as rigid and fixed/innate ● internalized homophobia ○ a set of negative attitudes and affects toward homosexuality in other persons and toward same sex attraction in oneself ● heterosexism ○ feelings of sexual attraction to members of the opposite sex ● heterosexual privilege ○ being heterosexual is already approved by society so they do not have the difficult task of establishing their sexual orientation and fighting against prominent cultural taboos asexuality ● define asexuality ○ a person who does not experience sexual attraction or desire ● list and define the categories ○ behavior/desire – lack of sexual acts or lack of desire for sexual acts (usually examines it as either a bodily dysfunction that requires health intervention or a psychological diagnosis and treated through therapeutic means) \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 11 ○ identity: production of the identity associated with being asexual; identifying with asexuality typically prompts discrimination because of its association of mental and physical health; asexual identity reflects an introspective process and internal experience of coming to the identity to others ● what were the three themes discussed? ○ the meaning of the sexual ■ definition of asexuality: “a person who does not experience sexual attraction” (aven 2007) ○ essentially asexual ■ scherrer argues being essentially asexual could be used as a strategy for those who do not want to be completely identified as asexual ■ the idea behind this notion is that people may not feel their asexuality is particularly important but only in certain situations ■ many participants say asexuality is naturally who they are ■ the “essentialness” of asexual identity was absent before people created the language to describe their true selves ○ romantic dimension ■ romantics are those who desire a partnership but delineate this romantic partnership from sexual acts ■ aromantics are individuals who desire relationships that are friendships and do not feel the need for anything more than emotional support ● how does asexuality differ from celibacy? ○ celibacy is a choice not to have sex while asexuality is the absence of desiring sex variations in sexual behavior ● define sexual variation ○ many of the behaviors that are uncommon to us have been labeled as unnatural, pathological, and perverted ○ sexulity can be expressed in a variety of ways, more are very common and others are more uncommon ● paraphilia – definition ○ paraphillias: apa defines as “any intense and persistent sexual interest other than genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature consenting human partners.” ○ paraphilias don not need to be treated because they are less harmful ○ on the other hand paraphilic disorder does cause stress or harm to the individual or others as it is harmful sexual behaviors ● types and descriptions of paraphilias ○ noncoercive paraphilias: regarded as relatively harmless because they are victimless ■ fetishism: using an inanimate object or focus on nongenital body parts ■ transvestism: crossdressing in clothing of the other sex ○ coercive paraphilias: involve victimization and therefore are a source of concern for society because they are harmful to others ■ exhibitionism: exposing one’s genitals to an unsuspected person ■ frotteurism: touching or rubbing sexually against a nonconsenting person in public places \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 12 ■ pedophilia: have a sexual focus on a prepubescent child or children ■ bdsm: bondage, discipline, sadism, masochism ■ sexual masochism: being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer ■ sexual sadism: inflicting psychological or physical suffering upon another person ■ voyeurism: observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing, or having sex ■ necrophilia: having sexual activity with dead bodies ■ telephone scatologia: making sexual and obscene phone calls ■ zoophilia: having sexual activity with nonhuman animals (beastiality is those who are not interested in the welfare of the animal) ● causes of paraphilias ○ combination of biology, sociocultural norms, and life experiences ○ could be linked to higher levels of testosterone, brain damage, or inheritance ○ seems to be heavily linked to biology most are male ○ dysfunctional home environments as well as unhealthy early sexual experiences ● treatment of paraphilias ○ many go untreated by some therapies they use to treat paraphilias include: psychodynamic therapy, aversive conditioning, cognitivebehavioral programs, relapse prevention, medical intervention, enhancing social and sexual skills, developing selfmanagement plans, modifying sexual interests, providing sexuality and relationship education feminist sm: a contradiction in terms… ● define – ○ feminism ■ movement that involves women and men working together for equality ○ bdsm ■ encompasses various types of play involving pain, power exchange, restriction of movement and punishment ○ sex hierarchy ■ the terms ‘top’ or ‘dom(me)’ is used to refer to people who give the sensation or exert control, and the terms ‘bottom’ or ‘submissive’ are used to refer to the people who receive sensation or give up control ■ feminists argue that this isn’t necessarily reinforcing gender stereotypes because sometimes it is two women and couples will often switch roles from being the submissive and being the dominant ○ 24/7 relationship ■ this is where a woman submitted to a male top or dom all of the time women are consensual in this situation ○ autoethnography ■ part of the agenda in sm is to tell their own sexual stories they would inevitable be telling the stories of their lovers, play partners, and friends it seems more honest to allow those women into the story construction, and invite their lovers in telling their own stories too feminist sm: a contradiction in terms… ● list 3 misconceptions about bdsm ○ 1. men are always dominant/tops and women are always submissive/bottoms ○ 2. female submissives don’t have any power \n psychology 457: exam 2 review page 13 ○ 3. sm reproduces negative gender stereotypes ● who holds the power in bdsm relationships? why? ○ the submissive holds the power in bdsm relationships because that person is relinquishing their body and trusting the other person – “giving in” and allowing it to happen",
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1d16c5d35493b318c7e60fe26c4890d8 | ?problem 2p
a television camera lens has a 14-cm focal length and a lens diameter of 6.0 cm. what is its f-number? | a television camera lens has a 14-cm focal length and a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.39 | [
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"text": " chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide understanding and defining mood disorders mood disorders “depressive disorders” “affective disorders” “depressive neuroses” gross deviations in mood depression mania an overview of depression and mania major depressive episode extreme depression 2 weeks cognitive symptoms physical dysfunction anhedonia duration—4 to 9 months, untreated manic episode exaggerated elation, joy, euphoria 1 week, or less cognitive symptoms duration—3 to 4 months, untreated hypomanic episode 1structure of mood disorders unipolar disorders depression or mania alone typically depression bipolar disorders depression and mania dysphoric manic episode mixed manic episode depressive disorders major depressive disorder, single episode no mania/hypomania single episode rare major depressive disorder, recurrent 4 – 7 episodes (lifetime) duration—4 to 5 months persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) milder symptoms \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide 2+ years chronic persistent double depression major depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder dysthymia first severe psychopathology poor course additional defining criteria for depressive disorders symptom specifiers psychotic features hallucinations delusions anxious distress comorbid disorders or anxiety symptoms mixed features at least 3 symptoms of mania melancholic severe somatic symptoms additional defining criteria for depressive disorders symptom specifiers atypical features oversleeping and overeating catatonic features catalepsy additional defining criteria for depressive disorders symptom specifiers peripartum onset 13 19% meet criteria for depression seasonal pattern seasonal affective disorder (sad) 2.7% of population melatonin phototherapy cbt onset and duration onset average 30 years old for depression 512 years 5% 1317 years 19% 1823 years 24% \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide 2430 years 16% duration 2 weeks to several years for depression early onset has poor prognosis in dysthymic disorder dysthymic disorder may last 20 to 30 years from grief to depression depression frequently follows loss integrated grief pathological or impacted grief reaction severity of symptoms dysfunction persistence of symptoms additional defining criteria for depressive disorders other depressive disorders premenstrual dysphoric disorder (pmdd) 2 5% of women meet criteria disruptive mood dysregulation disorder children have increased diagnosis for bipolar 40% between 1995 and 2005 bipolar (nos) premenstrual dysphoric disorder (pmdd) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder bipolar i disorder alternating major depressive and manic episodes single manic episode recurrent symptomfree for 2 months bipolar ii disorder cyclothymic disorder alternating manic and depressive episodes \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide less severe persists longer chronic symptoms adults = 2+ years children and adolescents = 1+ year statistics chronic risks for bipolar i/ii additional defining criteria for bipolar disorders rapid—cycling specifier 20 – 50% onset bipolar i age 1518 onset bipolar ii age 1922 prevalence of mood disorders children and adolescents similar to adults sex ratio 50:50 prevalence adolescence female disorder misdiagnosis adhd conduct disorder older adults prevalence 16% worldwide over 65 years 1∕2 of general population female : male = 1:1 diagnostic difficulty across cultures similar prevalence among u.s. subcultures exceptions native americans physical or somatic symptoms comparability among the creative higher prevalence melancholia mania gender differences \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide causes of mood disorders: biological familial and genetic influences family studies twin studies bipolar unipolar higher heritability for females depression and anxiety: the same genes? shared genetic vulnerability high familial heritability same genetic factors general predisposition except mania? depression and anxiety: same genes? causes of mood disorders: biological neurotransmitter systems serotonin—depression the “permissive” hypothesis dopamine norepinephrine dopamine—mania endocrine system “stress hypothesis” overactive hpa axis neurohormones elevated cortisol suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis dexamethasone suppression test (dst) sleep and circadian rhythms rem sleep reduced latency increased intensity decreased slow wave sleep sleep deprivation effects causes of mood disorders: psychological stressful life events context meaning stressful life events are strongly related to the onset of mood disorders \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide reciprocal model stress and bipolar disorder a more positive set of stressful life events seems to trigger mania episode develop a “life of their own” loss of sleep and jet lag learned helplessness (seligman) lack of perceived control depressive attributional style internal stable global sense of hopelessness lack of perceived control w ill not regain control pessimism before or after? negative cognitive styles cognitive theory of depression (beck) cognitive errors in depression negative interpretations types of cognitive errors arbitrary inference overgeneralization depressive cognitive triad cognitive theory of depression (beck) negative schemas automatic thoughts treatment implications correcting the errors cognitive vulnerability for depression pessimistic explanatory style negative cognitions hopelessness attributions interactions with: biological vulnerabilities stressful life events social and cultural dimensions marriage and interpersonal relationships relationship disruption precedes depression \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide strongest effects for males martial conflict vs. marital support gender differences in causal direction mood disorders in women prevalence: females > males true for all mood disorders except bipolar mood disorders in women gender roles perceptions of uncontrollability socialization access to resources social support related to depression lack of support predicts late onset depression substantial support predicts recovery for depression (not mania) an integrative theory an integrative theory shared biological vulnerability psychological vulnerability exposure to stress social and interpersonal relationships antidepressant medications tricyclics (tofranil, elavil) frequently used for severe depression block reuptake/down regulate norepinephrine serotonin 2 to 8 weeks to work many negative side effects lethality monoamine oxidase (mao) inhibitors block mao higher efficacy fewer side effects interactions foods \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide medicines selective maois selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssri) fluoxetine (prozac) first treatment choice block presynaptic reuptake no unique risks suicide or violence many negative side effects mixed reuptake inhibitors blocking reuptake of norepinephrine as well as serotonin other medications venlafaxine similar to tricyclics nefazodone similar to ssris st. john’s wort questionable efficacy other issues efficacy in special populations children elderly preventing relapse maintaining benefits lithium moodstabilizing drug common salt primary treatment for bipolar disorders unsure of mechanism of action narrow therapeutic window too little—ineffective too much—toxic, lethal treatment of mood disorders: antimanics other antimania drugs carbamazepine valproate electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide electroconvulsive therapy (ect) brief electrical current temporary seizures 6 to 10 treatments high efficacy severe depression few side effects relapse is common transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) localized electromagnetic pulse fewer side effects efficacy is likely good more studies needed vagus nerve stimulation psychological treatments for depression cognitive therapy identify errors in thinking correct cognitive errors substitute more adaptive thoughts correct negative cognitive schemas behavioral therapy increased positive events exercise interpersonal psychotherapy (ipt) address interpersonal issues in relationships role disputes loss new relationships social skill deficits stage of dispute negotiation stage impasse stage resolution stage cbt and ipt outcomes comparable to medications more effective than: placebo brief psychodynamic treatment \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide combined treatments for depression possible benefits above individual treatments 48% benefit from meds or cbt 73% benefit from combined preventing relapse of depression preventing relapse universal programs selected interventions indicated interventions preventing relapse psychological treatment of bipolar disorders psychological treatment management of interpersonal problems increase medication compliance interpersonal and social rhythm therapy familyfocused treatment suicide population specific caucasians native americans increasing rates adolescents elderly types of suicide (durkheim) altruistic egoistic anomic fatalistic risk factors risk factors family history neurobiology preexisting disorder alcohol stressful life event shameful/humiliating stressor suicide publicity and media coverage treatment \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide importance of assessment suicidal desire ideation suicidal capability – past attempts suicidal intent plan nosuicide contract hospitalization complete or partial cbt",
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2dbb99d1d58a0f50067147c552fc6854 | western music uses a musical scale with equal temperament tuning, which means that any two adjacent notes have the same frequency ratio r. that is, notes n and n + 1 are related by fn+1 = rfn for all n. in this system, the frequency doubles every 12 notesan interval called an octave. a. what is the value of r? b. orchestras tune to the note a, which has a frequency of 440 hz. what is the frequency of the next note of the scale (called a-sharp)? | western music uses a musical scale with equal temperament | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " chapter 1: what is cognitive psy/research methods overview according to rationalists, how is knowledge obtained? according to empiricists, how is knowledge obtained? innate external acquire knowledge through reason knowledge comes from experience introspective and logical analysis knowledge is learned and acquired reality is in the physical world cognition is defined as the study of processes by which sensory inputs is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. be able to recognize descriptions or examples of how these functions differ. transform information transformation information ● external information must be transformed into an internal code that is processed by our brain ○ electrical, mechanical, and chemical stimulation of our receptors is transformed into perceptual experience ● ex. ○ mental transformation ○ you will see two pair of circles. as quickly as you can, decide which circle is biggest ○ reduce information ● cognitive processes tend to reduce our experiences ● memories of events are not perfect recordings ex. which is the real penny? elaborate information ● recollections tend not to be perfect duplications of what was originally learned ● recollections are more like reconstructions that elaborate on a theme ● students heard list of random words that could be one of 4 categories and would later recall other words from those categories that had not been listed 1 \n store and recover information ● memory involves mental operations that store information as well as recover or retrieve it at the appropriate times ● why does memory sometimes fail? ● “how is it that our memory is good enough to retain the last triviality that happens to us, and yet not good enough to recollect how often we have it to the same person?” (la rochefoucauld) use information ● remembering that an exam is coming up (prospective memory) ● comprehending what people say to us (language understanding) ● answering, “do they grow coffee in paraguay?” (reasoning) how do the behaviorist and cognitive psychology approaches differ? what are their views on mental processes? behaviorists cognitive psychologists approaches ● watson, skinner ● wanted to know “what’s in ● operant conditioning the black box?” ○ consequences of behavior determined if behaviors change in frequency or intensity ○ if pushing a button = food, pushing a button will increase in frequency views on mental ● to understand humans, scientists must look processes exclusively at behavior (i.e. the observable) rather than hypothesizing about mental processes ● stimulus response (sr) approach to the analysis of behavior ● stimulus → organism → ● stimulus→ blackbox→ response response ● bell → don’t care → saliva ○ used behavior to infer mental states and cognitive processes what four disciplines gave rise to modern cognitive psychology? gestalt psychology human factors research computer simulation cognitive neuroscience ● the scientific study of the relationship between brain structures, neurological activity, and cognitive function (ex. broca in the 1860s) how did gestalt psychology contribute to the development of cognitive psychology? gestalt psychology ● gestalt (german for “form”) experiencing the whole form or pattern rather than the individual components ● gestalt psychology seeks to discover the principles that determine how people’s perception of the whole is derived from their perception of individual parts 2 \n what is the purpose of human factors research? ● wwii military concerned w/ people doing their jobs ● concerned with helping people to perform tasks efficiently and safely ● focuses on the limits of our mental capacities (when they didn’t see an enemy on a radar) and how they constrain our actions how did interest in computer simulation contribute to the development of cognitive psychology? ● approach has been used to create models of thinking ○ some terms derived from the computer metaphor: memory capacity, storage, retrieval, encoding, and decoding ● goal of computer simulation is to have a computer respond to a problem by producing an output that matches the behavior of a real person confronted with the same problem ● 2 major types of models ○ serial processors ○ parallel distributed processing, neural networks explain the difference between serial processing and parallel distributed processing in computer models of human information processing. ● serial processors ○ sequential processing of information (steps) ○ input → step 1 → step 2 → step 3 → response ○ way we understand human memory and problemsolving ● parallel distributed processing, neural networks ○ different processes at once ○ information processing is a series of decisions and actions produced at the same time ○ input → process 1, 2, & 3 → response ○ way we understand pattern recognition explain how response accuracy, produced response, and response latency differ as measures of cognitive processes. why would a researcher use each method? response accuracy produced response response latency definition measures whether or not a the actual responses (response time or reaction to participant makes a correct participants make when they time) measures the amount of response in a specified period of freely recall an event time a participant takes to make time (memory) a response assumed to be filled with cognitive processes 3 \n why gives researchers an idea of researchers use how a participant interprets a method story or what details they attend to example facial recognition tasks → a week after reading stories response latency for accuracy is worse when faces are about the first day of school firstgraders as they performed inverted reflective of either mexican or mental arithmetic. took less vigilance task must detect subtle u.s. culture, participants time to add 1 + 5 than to add 3 change in movement of clock’s mistakenly recalled events + 5 and the same amount of hand → accuracy was not affected from other cultures in ways time to add 1 + 6 by having a hangover from binge there were consistent with their drinking own culture what do cognitive psychologists assume about response latency? ● cognitive latency (response time or reaction time) measures the amount of time a participant takes to make a response ○ time between the moment a stimulus is presented to the moment a response is made by the participant ○ assumed to be filled with specific cognitive processes ○ longer = more cognitive processes = harder ○ ex. response latency for firstgraders as they performed mental arithmetic. took less time to add 1 + 5 than to add 3 + 5 and the same amount of time to add 1 + 6 4 \n chapter 2: the brain and cognition name and describe the 3 major parts of a neuron. ● dendrites branchlike fibers that conduct input from other neurons into the cell body ● cell body (soma) contains cell nucleus; processes input and initiates transmission of information if input is strong enough ● axon a long fiber extending from the cell body which conducts electrical activity to other neurons (via synapses onto their dendrites) how is information transmitted through a neuron? ➢ dendrite, cell body, axon ➢ comes from other neurons through synapse → input to the dendrite → cell body → output in axon ➢ comes in from other neurons through synapse → dendrites how do neurons communicate with other neurons? what are the roles of the synapse and neurotransmitters? ● synapse the gap between neurons ○ when an electrical signal is transmitted down the axon, the synapse fills with packets of chemicals called neurotransmitters ● neurotransmitters allow an electrical impulse to occur or prevent an electrical signal ○ after acting on postsynaptic neuron, nts are broken down or taken back up into axon ○ deficits in neurotransmitters can lead to cognitive difficulties ○ ex. neurotransmitters dopamine produced in thesubstantia nigra stimulates neurons that control muscles ○ people with parkinson’s disease have lost at least 80% of the neurons in the substantia nigra and thus their motor system neurons cannot control movement what are the 3 major divisions of the brain? what are the functions of each? name hindbrain midbrain forebrain function controls automatic processes relay center for sensory surrounds the midbrain that regulate lifesupport information entering the brain functions includes amygdala (fear) and contains fibers critical for hippocampus (memory) includes thecerebellum voluntary movement → involved in balance includes thecerebral cortex andcoordination of includes thesubstantia nigra (wrinkled outer portion which is voluntary movement → produces nt dopamine mostly cell bodies and dendrites of → plays a role in (deteriorated in parkinson’s neurons) highlevel cognitive tasks patients) 5 \n be able to locate the cerebellum. which brain division includes the cerebellum? located in the hindbrain which brain division includes the substantia nigra? why is the substantia nigra important? what degenerative disorder is associated with this structure? ● midbrain contains theubstantia nigra ● substantia nigra produces the neurotransmittopamine ● parkinson’s is associated with deterioration of this structure what is the cerebral cortex? why is it folded? what are sulci and gyri? ● forebrain includes thcerebral cortex ● the cerebral cortex is the wrinkled outer portion (mostly cell bodies and dendrites of neurons) ○ the folds allow for a lot more cell bodies to be present → more complex thought (ex. mouse brain is pretty smooth) ○ regulates mental processes enabling complex learning, thought, sulci orfissure are the valleys (singular: sulcus/fissure) and language ○ folds allow more cortex (increased surface area) to fit in skull gyri are the hills (singular = gyrus) describe the corpus callosum and its function. ● corpus callosum : largest commissure connecting left and right hemispheres ○ function to connect the two hemispheres and have them communicate ■ when cut (or not developed fully), people experiensplit brain ■ split brain = one hemisphere has little knowledge of signals processed by other hemisphere 6 \n explain what is meant by lateralization and localization. lateralization localization brain is divided into two halves specific brain areascontrol specific parts of the body two of every structure from forebrain to hindbrain localization of function is the hypothesis that different functions of thought are performed in different locations in halves of cortex are callehemispheres the brain each hemisphere is dominant for particular functions what is phrenology? in what way was it correct? in what way was it incorrect? ● 1835: gall proposed that different mental abilities were localized in different areas ○ phrenology assumed the size of areas was in proportion to the amount of a person’s ability and could be analyzed by measuring skull bumps ■ phrenology has been debunked, but other aspects of the localization hypothesis still hold true (i.e. thought is not related to skull bumps but mental functions are localized to specific areas) be able to identify the locations and describe general functions of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. frontal lobes ● higher cognitive functions including attention, problem solving, communication parietal lobes ● provide ability to locate objects in space (including our body space and left/right) ● allow spatially based mathematical thinking temporal lobes ● processing of sound, language, and longterm memory occipital lobes ● contains the primary visual areas of the cortex what is meant by “brain plasticity”? ● “plastic” refers to the brain’s ability to be modified by experience ○ brain is able to be plastic because new connections form between neurons throughout life (and experience then refines these connections) ■ ex. occipital lobe (visual area) active when visually impaired people who have been blind since birth read braille what does eeg measure? what sort of equipment is used? what is a major strength of this technique? ● electrodes on the scalp record the electrical activity of underlying brain regions ● uses electrode helmet vs magnet ● good temporal resolution 7 \n what does pet measure? what somewhat invasive procedure is required for this technique? provide a strength of pet. ● pet scans indirectly measure blood flow to regions of brain most active at a given time ● radioactive glucose injecte into bloodstream ○ glucose emits positrons ○ brain is scanned to detect energy released from positrons ● strength: better spatial resolution than eeg what does fmri measure? ● uses a large magnet to infer brain activity ● blood flow increases to active brain regions ● amount of oxygen increases, which affects the blood’s magnetic properties and brain’s magnetic signal (bold signal = blood oxygen level dependent) what is the subtractive method? which two research techniques use this method? ● subject is scanned twice ○ during baseline : task requiring minimal cognitive processing ○ during task : requiring function of interest ● pet and fmri use this method how do fmri and rtms differ in the way they use magnets? fmri ● functional magnetic resonance imaging ○ amount of oxygen increases, which affects the blood’s magnetic properties and brain’s magnetic signal (bold signal = blood oxygen level dependent) rtms ● repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ○ magnetic pulses repeated over an area of the head can increase or decrease specific brain area activity (fairly new) 8 \n chapter 3: attention define attention, and name the three general properties of attention. attention ● set of cognitive processes that allow us to concentrate on one set of events in our environment ● controls mental environment by choosing the events that enter our consciousness 3 properties ● limited ● selective ● universal describe the method clock task. how does it show that attention is limited? (limited) mackworth clock task ● proved that attention diminishes with time ● participants watched a red dot moving around a clock. when it skipped a position participants were told to press a button. ● found that participants missed more targets the longer they performed the task explain preattentive and focused attentional processing. (selective) ● preattentive processing ○ the ability to focus on relevant event to the exclusion of all else ○ can occur so quickly that perceiver is unaware of all the stimuli that have been excluded ○ ex. locate the red circle (notice the “pop out” effect) ● focused attentional processing ○ processes by which the attentional system deeply processes stimuli in the environment ○ required when target shares features with other objects in a display ○ ex. locate the red circle (notice how features are assessed sequentially and with effort) 9 \n when are you likely to use each type? ● if they don’t share features = preattentive processing ● if target shares features = focused attentional processing what are the orienting reflex and habituation? (universal) ● orientation reflex ○ basic biological reaction to turn our attention to any change in the environment ○ a universal component of human cognitive architecture ○ helps us to identify the stimulus ● habituation ○ occurs when we do not orient to a stimulus because it is no longer novel and doesn’t capture our attention ○ diminishing of a response because we are used to it how are each adaptive to survival? ➢ adaptive to survival because it protects us from unknown ➢ habituation helps because then we don’t waste our resources on things that happen again and again recognize functions and locations (i.e. lobe to where the sensory cortices project) of the where and what circuits. (universal) where/what circuits ● where circuit processes information about the spatial location of objects ○ from visual or auditory cortex → parietal lobe ● what circuit allows memories to be activated in order to recognize the object ○ from visual or auditory cortex → temporal lobe attentional spotlight explain the attentional spotlight metaphor. attentional spotlight ● a cognitive ability to focus in or sharpen our attention ● metaphor: a spotlight on stage ○ attention can be moved and refocused ○ it takes time to shift attention from one thing to another ○ attention has a limited range be able to recognize the results and conclusions of the posner, snyder, and davidson (1980) study. (i would provide the authors and a brief description of the task in the question prompt.) ● study ○ eyes focused on the center of the screen ○ arrow cue pointing to the right or left box on the screen (correct direction 80% of the time...20% misleading) ○ target stimulus (some shape) will appear in either the left or right box ○ observer must respond to the target immediately after detecting it ● results ○ decreased reaction times when the cue was valid (direction of arrow pointed to the correct stimulus box) ○ slower reaction times for invalidly cued targets ● conclusions ○ can shift attentional spotlight without moving our eyes but it’s not instantaneous ○ that it takes time to shift the spotlight if the cue is invalid ■ if you’re already looking at the cue but it’s only 20% correct, you have to shift to the other spot 10 \n explain how the flanker task can be used to measure the width (i.e. distance between boundaries) of the attentional spotlight. what is the width of the spotlight? ● target is the center letter in a string of 5 letters ○ if “h” or “k”, press right ○ if “s”, press left ● k k h k k ● s s h s s ***flankers only have effect if they are within 1 degree of the central target*** 1 degree = width of 1 thumb nail outstretched what is subitizing? what is the upper limit of subitizing? subitizing ● the ability to determine small numbers of items presented simultaneously ● takes longer to name how many dots there are when there are more ● research on subitizing has shown that attentional spotlight can hold up to four item ● we can estimate four or few items automatically ● more than four items have to be counted upper limit = 4 11 \n platform for attention what is sensory storage? ● a buffer memory system that hosts an incoming stream of information long enough for us to pay attention to it ● separates incoming stimuli from everything else in cognitive system ● allow sensory information to briefly remain after the stimulus ceases for any memory system we ask ● what is its capacity? ● what is its duration? ● how does forgetting occur? ● how do we code the information? capacity of sensory storage describe the partial report procedure designed by sperling and explain how it can be used to measure capacity of visual sensory storage. whole report ● arrays of 2 12 letters flashed for 50 msec (really fast) ● participants had to recall all the letters ○ could only recall 4.5 letters when stimulus contained more than 5 letters ○ claimed they saw more than they could report (perhaps because the information left sensory storage faster than they could repeat it?) why was this method an improvement over the whole report technique (what was wrong with the whole report technique?)? ● could only report 4 letters but said they could see more! ● this was a low measure of sensory capacity storage ● so then they developed the partial report how was the partial report procedure used to study duration of sensory storage and what were the findings? partial report ● participants were shown a display of items but asked to report only a selected part of the display corresponding to a sound pitch 1. participants shown display 2. sound goes off after 3. participants must recall the row of letters that corresponded to the sound ● important because it shows that our capacity of sensory memory is larger than we can report (fades away) ● if you can recall 75% of any row that means that technically we could report 75% of the whole thing and therefore we have a much larger capacity than the whole report suggests 12 \n what limitation in the whole report technique was the partial report technique use by sperling (1960) designed to overcome? partial part designed to overcome our limited memory span. by cuing participants to identify a specific row it indicated that subjects do have access to all of the letters in a visual buffer (we see them all) but that we have difficulty in reporting them before they fade away. explain how the partial report procedure designed by sperling (1960) can be used to measure capacity and duration of visual sensory storage. what is the approximate capacity and duration? capacity??? partial report revealed that immediately after the stimulus offset, participants could recall most letters. when the auditory cue was delayed even 1 second, we lose sensory storage. within a half second, ⅓ of the storage is gone. ● if you wait too long you can’t access the sensory storage what is the cocktail party phenomenon? ● the ability to shift attention immediately when a word or voice from a peripheral stream of speech captures your attention (if you hear your name in a different conversation, if something is bright in our peripheral, if something is loud) describe the dichotic listening task. what is the participant instructed to do? ● participants wear headphones that present a different message to each ear (“channel”) ● is supposed to attend to one channel and ignore other ● must repeat back (“shadow:) what is said in attended channel ● participants are generally unaware of content of unattended channel ○ can’t detect change of language ○ can’t detect if senses are nonsensical ● participants are aware of content on unattended channel if own name is spoken or if message contains sexually explicit words attention as a filter how does attention filter sensory input? describe the role of early and lateselection attentional filters. ● idea that we can’t attend to everything. limited resource. ● not everything can reach our brain ● attention filters what comes in and what doesn’t ● where does this attentional filter occur? ● perceptual processes = identifying objects 13 \n ● earlyselection filter ○ attention is captured by the physical properties of a stimulus in the environment prior to perception ○ ● lateselection theory ○ unattended stimuli are perceived and are filtered ouonly if they are not relevant to the context ○ some stimuli havepermanently low threshol (always relevant) and are unconsciously retained even if they are not related to current mental processes ■ your name ■ smell of gas ■ someone yelling “fire!” ○ how did the corteen and wood (1972) study involving dichotic listening and mildelectric shock provide evidence for lateselection of attention? what did they measure? ● dichotic listening task with mild electric shock to certain words ● participants showegalvanic skin response to shockassociated words presented in unattended channel ○ even though they were in the unattended channel they were getting sweaty ○ important because it suggests a late selection response ○ galvanic skin response measures electric conductance of skin automatic and controlled processes what are the characteristics of automatic and controlled processing? automatic processes are the attentional processes not consciously controlled ● evoked without making decisions or necessarily intending them to occur ● require minimal attentional resources controlled processes are the processes that are deliberately attended to ● often available to conscious and understanding ● exist on a continuum with automatic processes ● with extensive practice, a controlled process can become automatic ○ closed skill ■ a task that can be reliably accomplished under a variety of predictable circumstances (ex. tying) ○ open skill ■ a task that requires considerable conscious attention to perform in unpredictable circumstances (ex. driving in snow) why is it beneficial to have both types? ● automatic processes require minimal attentional resources and allow for a quick response ● controlled processes allow reflection and adjustment but are resource demanding 14 \n describe the stroop effect, and explain how it reveals a conflict between automatic and controlled processing. stroop effect ● participants must name the color of the ink ● longer response times when there is conflict between ink and color name because we automatically readred, word ( green,green lu, yellow) ● automatic response = read word ● incongruent example is shower because there’s a conflict ● reveals that we have an automatic response but when it is incongruent it requires controlled processing??? attention as a resource explain the capacity theory of attention. ● attention is a resource distributed among tasks ● the ability to focus varies with number and complexity of tasks and how mentally energized we are ● performing a task costs resources ● if costs exceed our capacity, performance suffers recognize the differences between descriptions/examples of attentional blink, repetition blindness, change blindness, and inattentional blindness. ● attentional blink ○ the moment when a person is shifting attentional focus and is unable to attend to new target event ○ “the phenomenon that the second of two targets cannot be detected or identified when it appears close in time to the first ○ rapid serial visual presentation method recognize a description of the rapid serial visual presentation method. rapid serial visual presentation method ● letters presented rapidly ● must press button if either of two target letters are shown why is it used? → used to study the attentional blink and repetition blindness → shows that performance is worse when participants are looking for two targets especially if right after the other target → repetition: k and then k again, you wouldn't’ press a button for the second k ● repetition blindness ○ decreases in the ability to perceive repeated stimuli during a rapid serial presentation of items ○ ex. two consecutive letters are “b”, may remember seeing only b ■ not due to inability to visually separate letters because occurs if letters are in different cases (i.e. b and b) or sizes ● change blindness ○ inability to notice when a change occurs in a visual stimulus ○ ex. the video when the person asking directions is changed 15 \n ○ ● inattentional blindness ○ failure to notice stimuli when focus of attention is elsewhere ○ ex. when performing two attentiondemanding task (focusing on counting the # of passes people in white shirts are making...gorilla comes through...many people did not see it) ○ ex. using cell while driving neuropsychology of attention in which cortical lobe would a patient with simultanagnosia or hemispheric neglect likely have a lesion? simultanagnosia bilateral parietal lobe damage hemispheric neglect lesion to parietal lobe (usually right) what are the symptoms of each disorder? simultanagnosia ➢ individual is unable to attend to more than one object at the same time ➢ often bumps into objects hemispheric neglect ➢ individual is unable to attend to opposite visual field (usually left) in what ways are parkinson’s disease and adhd behaviorally similar? ● in adhd and advanced stages of parkinson’s disease, symptoms include attentional problems what is the name of the neurotransmitter that is associated with both disorders? → dopamine 16 \n chapter 4: pattern recognition ● pattern recognition is the use of fragmentary pieces of sensory information to create a higherlevel identification of what has been experienced ● allows us to evaluate sensory information in a structured, predictable way what are the roles of bottomup processing and topdown processing in pattern recognition? ● bottomup processing ○ extracting primitive or basic elements from a stimulus and creating a higher representation of it ○ the physical element ● topdown processing ○ occurs afte a preliminary guess is made about a stimulus through bottomup processing ○ using knowledge stored in longterm memory (exceptions, context, biases) to select features of the object for further analysis to complete identification gestalt perception the idea that we perceive the form or configuration of things before we understand their parts be able to explain and recognize the name of the principle underlying gestalt perception. the principle of pragnanz ● the perception of a stimulus will be organized into “as cohesive a figure as possible” ● cohesive figure = a “good” figure = symmetrical, simple, closed, and regular ● see (a) as composition of figures in (c) rather than the actual lines that do compos it be able to explain and give (or recognize) examples of the laws of proximity, similarity, closure, common fate, symmetry, and good continuation. ● gestalt psychologists used the principle of pragnanz to define 6 basic laws of automatic perceptual grouping 1. law of proximity elements that are closer together will be perceived as a coherent group and be differentiated from items that are far from them 2. law of similarity elements that look similar will be perceived as part of the same group similarity can be based on size, color, brightness, shape, or orientation (red circles, black circles) stimuli for test of color vision utilize law of similarity ex. people with redgreen color blindness see “12” but not “5” 17 \n 3. law of closure the experience of seeing a figure as a closed unit, even when the observer knows there are open spaces gives rise to illusory contours visual illusions that evoke the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge ex. kaniza triangle (1976) ex. people perceiving one large circle (rather than a set of 10) 4. law of common fate if two or more objects are moving in the same direction at the same speed, they will tend to be perceived as a group that shares the same destiny 5. law of symmetry 1. images that are perceived as symmetrical are experienced as belonging together 2. people tend to find symmetry in a figure even if it is otherwise disordered preference for symmetry is evident early in development: 3 month old infants prefer symmetrical figures over asymmetrical figure (such as the image below) evolutionary significance ability to detect may aid in survival (if you see a tiger you run away vs if you see a rock that is not symmetrical. basically we don’t need to attend to things that are not symmetrical) 6. law of good continuation the tendency to connect elements in a way that makes the elements seem continuous or flowing in a particular direction bottom up processing 1. distinctive features theory 2. recognition by components theory 3. templatematching theory 4. prototype theory 18 \n how do we perceive and recognize stimuli according to distinctive features theory? distinctive features theory gibson (1969) all complex perceptual stimuli are composed of distinctive and separable attributes called features distinctive features are cuse that allow observers to distinguish one object from another according to this theory, pattern recognition is accomplished by mentally assessing the presence or absence of critical features (achecklist...does it have this features, yes or no?) distinguish local and global features of navon stimuli. what did navon’s 1977 experiment utilizing the stimuli reveal about the processing of local and global features? ➢ prioritizing features ○ navon, 1977 ○ global features = the letter the the small letters make up ○ local features = the letters within the big letter ○ study using navon figures demonstrated that global features are processed prior to local features ■ could tell b/c if the local feature conflicts with the global feature it didn’t change the reaction time ■ however if told to name the local feature it took more time if it’s inconsistent with the big global feature how do we identify patterns according to the recognition by components theory (biederman)? be able to define geons and explain their role in the pattern recognition process. recognition by components theory biederman (1987) describes the pattern recognition process in terms of how people recognize 3d objects by identifying basic features that comprise the objects these basic elements are composed of an alphabet of 36 primitive shapes, called geons geons geometric ions 36 primitive shapes that are the building blocks for identifying 3d objects critical pattern recognition because can be rotated in three dimensions and create an unlimited number of impressions on the retina ○ people identify an object by noticing edges and geons that fit the edges and then rely on longterm memory of objects with that configuration of geons 19 \n describe template matching theory and how past experience is used in the pattern recognition process. template matching theory practical for machines but not humans assumes we have an unlimited number of patterns storedliteral copies corresponding to every object we have experienced patterns are labeled with the name of the object and can be matched to a new instance of the object describe a strength and a weakness of this theory. strength: this theory works well when objects can be easily discriminated ➢ describes the pattern recognition used by machines to analyze checks weakness: this theory is not practical for human pattern recognition ➢ too many possible patterns ➢ inefficient ➢ can’t account for recognizing new objects what is a prototype? how does pattern recognition occur according to prototype theory? prototype an average (or typical instance) of many different views of an object prototype theory ● pattern recognition occurs when the features of the object to be recognizes overlap in some way with the features of the prototype ● ex. if we see a weird looking table we can still recognize it ● addresses some of the limitations otemplate matching theory ○ does not need to be an exact match between object and prototype ○ does not require storage of patterns for every possible view of an object how do the results of the experiment with the identikit faces (solso and mccarthy, 1981) support the ecological validity of this theory? ecological validit = corresponds to how people operate in the real world ● solso and mccarthy (1981) ● created prototypical faces using identikit ● also created exemplars that varied in degree of similarity to prototype ● during learning phase, participants saw exemplars (but not the actual prototypes) ● later (both immediately and 6 weeks later), participants had to judge whether faces had been seen before ○ participants were confident that they had seen prototypes before (which they had not see) ○ important because it suggests that when we see faces we extract faces and making a “prototype” to map and recognize people 20 \n topdown processing ● the mechanism by which expectations, knowledge, and context guide perception ● allows us to behave more quickly than we could with bottomup processing alone ● important for speech understanding (auditory) ○ context matters fphoneme perception: a perceptually distinct sound unit, but the simplest one ■ the *eel is on the shoe ● participants heard “heel” ■ the *eel is on the axle ● participants heard “wheel” ■ * = (a little cough as the rest of the word is said) describe the symptoms of pure word deafness. ● usually because of a tumor or stroke ● patients are unable to understand spoken speech but can hear, read, speak, and write how is this problem related to topdown processing? ➢ relates to topdown processing because these people are unable to use their knowledge of language to interpret the physical stimulus of speech what is the word superiority effect? explain how it is tested. wordsuperiority effect ● people are better at recognizing letters when they are embedded in real words than when those letters are seen in random strings of letters or when the letters appear alone ○ fonghgtaew ○ foghatnew ● paradigm to study wordsuperiority effect (reicher, 1969) ○ participants more accurate at identifying presence of a letter when it is within a word than when presented alone how does context facilitate pattern recognition when a person is reading? ● reading requires pattern recognition ● reading depends on topdown processing ○ skilled readers do not read every letter of every word but instead use context to derive meaning ■ shape of word ■ grammar of sentence ■ theme of passage face recognition ● topdown and bottomup ● important for social interaction ● evidence in early life suggests innate biological mechanism allows facial recognition ○ infants only a few hours old prefer mother’s face ○ 23 week old infants can recognize and imitate mouth gestures without explicit reward (baby watching person, makes the same faces) describe the high amplitude sucking procedure and how it is used to assess face preferences in very young infants. face recognition by infants ● high amplitude sucking procedure ● when infants engage in highamplitude sucking (has) a sound or image is presented ○ babies learn that has can change the stimulus (a sound or a picture) 21 \n ● infants presented with 4 faces and then a composite that averaged the 4 similar faces or 4 new faces ○ longer time spent looking at composite of familiar faces (not sucking to change picture) ● explains the preference for mother’s face neonates have hours after birth ○ newborns store a composite of faces in memory ○ because they see mother frequently, her face makes a large contribution to the composite how do the results suggest infants are able to recognize faces? ➢ suggests that infants are able to recognize faces because on familiar faces they don’t suck to change the picture! describe the facial prototype hypothesis of how humans recognize faces. ● hypothesis: humans have an inherent understanding of the structural organization of faces (the facial prototype) and recognize faces by encoding/retrieving according to this prototype ○ all faces have same set of parts ■ eyes, nose, mouth ○ all faces appear in the same basic configuration ■ nose centered in face, above mouth and below eyes ○ facial prototypes allow us to process faces in holistic, gestalt manner what is the basic finding regarding the ability to recognize inverted faces? what does this suggest about the facial recognition process (think about the thatcher illusion)? ● we do not have a prototype for inverted faces ○ lack of experience with inverted faces ○ facial recognition of inverted faces is poor ■ we can analyze component features but cannot maintain configurations of these features to holistically process the face (what it suggests) the thatcher illusion ● upside down faces may look the same even if eyes and nose and mouth are different ● evidence that we have a facial prototype ● when it’s inverted we can’t tell describe the crossrace effect. ● people have difficulty recognizing the faces of people from a different race ● not just as a result of having more experiences with faces of own race ○ white people in singapore are just as bad at recognizing asian faces as white people in canada ● may reflect that we develop an expectation of what the configuration of a face is supposed to look like (our facial prototype) based on experience with our ownrace faces ● people use features such as hairstyle and color to identify race ● maclin & malpa",
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df6c5f91651de65fb00010c2e969e9a3 | ?problem 111ap
a 3.664-g sample of a monoprotic acid was dissolved in water.it took 20.27 ml of a 0.1578 m naoh solution to neutralize the acid. calculate the molar mass of the acid. | a 3.664-g sample of a monoprotic acid was dissolved in | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " biol 2510 notes for test 3 overview – anatomy primary sex organs: gonads male = testes females = ovaries produce: o gametes (sperm and ova) o hormones: testosterone, estrogen secondary sexual characteristics regulate reproductive system accessory (secondary) reproductive organs reproductive tract – ducts and organs o receive, store, transfer gametes o female: environment for development of zygote, embryo, fetus accessory glands – fluids for transfer external genitalia – transmission of gametes male reproductive system – testes within scrotum sperm 3 degrees celsius below core body temperature (about 93.2 degrees fahrenheit) cremaster muscle – elevates or suspends testes o proximity to core dartos muscle – o shrinks/expands scrotal skin cold – shrink hot – expand seminiferous tubules – site of spermatogenesis = production of spermatozoa (sperm cells) o spermatogenic cells – in epithelial walls of seminiferous tubules and give rise to sperm includes spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids spermatogenesis: o spermatogonia – stem cells divide through mitosis and become primary spermatocytes meiosis i forming secondary spermatocytes meiosis ii becoming \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ seminiferous tubules 1. spermatogenic cells: meiosis sperm \n 2. sertoli cells (sustentocytes) bloodtestis barrier sperm are genetically unique nutrients and signaling molecules move spermatogenic cells along to lumen phagocytize defective cells and cytoplasm secrete inhibin and androgenbinding protein (abp) – regulate spermatogenesis 3. leydig cells (interstitial endocrine cells) – produce testosterone 4. myoid cells: contract, move sperm through tubule tunics: tunica vaginalis o “sheath” o two layered o derived from peritoneum tunica albuginea o “white coat” o fibrous capsule o septa lobules containing seminiferous tubule male reproductive system – sperm’s big adventure seminiferous tubules rete testis – sperm from seminiferous tubules efferent ductules – sperm from efferent ductule, mature and stores sperm vas (ductus) deferens – (in spermatic cord) paired tubes that deliver sperm to ejaculatory duct ejaculatory duct – connects vas deferens to urethra urethra: 3 regions – prostatic, membranous, and spongy male reproductive system – penis penis – copulatory organ for delivering sperm to female reproductive tract o root – attachment to body o shaft – body that contains erectile tissue: corpus spongiosum – midventral erectile tissue surrounding (spongy) urethra bulb of penis at root corpora cavernosa – paired dorsal erectile tissue (most abundant tissue of penis) crus of penis at root both are dense ct, smooth muscle, and vascular spaces o glans penis – enlarged tip of penis \n prepuce – foreskin that encloses the glans removal = circumcision (60% of newborn males in us) male reproductive system – accessory glands semen – milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions accessory glands: o seminal vesicles (2) – alkaline fluid, 70% of semen. enhance sperm motility and fertility fructose citrate coagulating enzyme (vesiculase) o prostate gland (1) – slightly acidic fluid activates sperm, 2030% citrate enzymes prostatespecific antigen o bulbourethral glands (2) – thick, clear mucus for lubrication and to neutralize urine 1. question: fructose (a carbohydrate) is aerobically metabolized by sperm cells. this means that fructose functions as a(n) \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ source for the sperm. a. energy male reproductive system – semen composition and purpose: o relaxin: hormone that enhances sperm motility o citrate (atp) and fructose: provide energy for sperm o prostaglandins: decrease viscosity of mucus at the cervix and stimulates sperm movement through female reproductive tract o suppression of immune response in female reproductive tract o antibiotics: destroy some bacteria o clotting factors: cause coagulation to vagina wall male reproductive system – erection and ejaculation erection – enlargement, stiffening of penis o parasympathetic reflex to arousal: nitric oxide released locally – vasodilation of arterioles supplying erectile tissue and blood fills vascular spaces expansion of corpora cavernosa compresses drainage veins (to maintain erection) corpus spongiosum keeps urethra open during ejaculation ejaculation – propulsion of semen from male duct system o under sympathetic control: bladder sphincter constricts (keeps urine and semen separate) \n reproductive ducts and accessory glands contract – empties contents into urethra spinal reflex triggers muscle contraction and semen release from urethra o refractory period – time after ejaculation before another erection can be achieved mitosis/meiosis review diploid chromosomal number (2n) – normal chromosome number in most body cells; 46 in humans (23 pairs of homologous chromosomes) haploid chromosome number (n) – number of chromosomes in gametes; 23 in humans mitosis – process by which most body cells divide; replicated chromosomes distributed equally to 2 daughter cells o chromosomes replicated o chromosomes align o sister chromatids pulled toward the opposite polls o each daughter cell has a copy of every chromosome meiosis i – process of nuclear division that forms the gametes; occurs in gonads o chromosomes replicated o synapsis – replicated chromosomes pair up with their homologue o chromosomes align o homologous chromosomes separated to opposite poles o each daughter cell has haploid chromosome number meiosis ii – o chromosomes align o sister chromatids pulled apart 1. question: true or false. spermatazoa are haploid because they have gone through meiosis and have a chromosomal number of 1n. a. true 2. spermatagonia are haploid because they have gone through meiosis and have a chromosomal number of 1. a. false – spermatoagonia are stem cells that go through mitosis and are diploid male reproduction system – hormonal regulation the hypothalamicpituitarygonadal (hpg) axis: o gonadotropinreleasing hormone (gnrh) from hypothalamus causes a release of: luteinizing hormone (lh) and follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) from anterior pituitary lh causes leydig cells secrete testosterone (t) for spermatogenesis fsh causes sertoli cells to secrete inhibin and androgen binding protein (abp) \n negative feedback o inhibin inhibits fsh secretion o testosterone inhibits gnrh and lh secretion, leading to lower t levels testosterone from leydig cells: o fetus male external genitalia o neonate brain development, sexual differentiation, ??? o puberty – 2 sex characteristics: pubic, axillary, facial, chest hair deepening of the voice skin thickens and becomes oily bones grow and increase in density skeletal muscles increase in size and mass o is the basis of libido in both males and females dhea important in females male reproductive system – pathologies 1. cryptorchidism – “hidden” testes 2. testicular cancer a. most common cancer in young men b. risk factors: orchitis and cryptorchidism c. detection: selfexam. solid mass. 3. prostate ndncer a. 2 most common causes of death in men b. risk factors: fatty diet, genetic predisposition i. retrovirus – newly discovered, sexually transmitted enzyme in semen increases male susceptibility c. detection: palpation, ultrasound, blood levels of psa read your book: pages 10541062 female reproductive system – ovaries 1. ovaries – produce ovum (=egg) and secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone a. layers of ovary i. cortex – houses forming gametes ii. medulla – large blood vessels and nerves 2. ligaments: a. ovarian ligament – anchors to uterus b. suspensory ligament – anchors to pelvic wall c. mesovarium – encloses and holds ovary in place 3. ovarian follicles = immature egg (oocyte) and surrounding cells (follicle cells or granulosa cells) a. oogenesis – egg production \n i. in fetus: oogonia – stem cells divide through mitosis and become primary oocytes start meiosis but arrested in late prophase 1 until puberty ii. after puberty: 1 primary oocyte finish meiosis 1 first polar body (smaller haploid cell) and secondary oocyte 1. secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2 but arrested at metaphase 2 and is ovulated 2. if no sperm penetrates: oocyte deteriorates 3. if sperm penetrates: secondary oocyte finishes meiosis 2 second polar body and ovum b. follicular development i. primordial follicle – primary oocyte and single layer of follicle cells ii. primary follicle – primary oocyte and single layer of enlarged follicle cells iii. secondary follicle – primary oocyte and multiple layers of granulosa cells iv. vesicular (antral) follicle – with large fluid filled antrum (cavity); secondary oocyte sitting on stalk of cells 1. ovulation – single, secondary oocyte ejected from ovary into fallopian tube; once a month v. corpus luteum – “yellow body”, ruptured follicle after ovulation. secrete progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy until placenta takes over vi. corpus albicans – “white body”, if no pregnancy; scar left after corpus luteum regresses female reproduction system – comparison with male 1. female: monthly changes of a menstrual cycle a. 1 oocyte each month (male 20150 million sperm/ml ejaculation) 2. female: all gametes they will ever have are produced at birth (probably) a. 500 oocytes ovulated (male continuous production) 3. oogenesis 1 viable gamete (spermatogenesis 4 viable gametes) 4. oogenesis begins in the fetus (spermatogenesis begins at puberty, ~age 14) female reproductive system – uterine tubes uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts) – receive ovulated oocyte, site of fertilization, no contact with the ovaries o ~4 inches long o ampulla – enlarged distal end of tube where fertilization takes place o infundibulum – funnelshaped end of tube with ciliated projections (fimbriae) that drape over ovary o isthmus – constricted proximal region where uterine tube joins uterus o composed of: sheets of smooth muscle (move oocyte toward uterus) highly folded mucosa with ciliated cells (move oocyte toward uterus) and nonciliated cells (secrete moist, nutritive fluid) uterus – hollow, muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum o anterior to rectum and posterosuperior to bladder \n o ~3 inches long (nonpregnant) o 3 regions: body, fundus, cervix o 3 layers of uterine wall: perimtrium – serous layer myometrium – smooth muscle, expels baby during childbirth endrometrium – mucosal lining where embryo implants, sheds if no implantation occurs vagina – thin walled tube extending from cervix to body exterior o ~34 inches long o female organ of copulation (chamber for sperm deposition) o 3 layers of vaginal wall: adventitia, muscularis, mucosa (contains rugae) homologous structure shared embryonic or evolutionary origin 1. question: abp functions to: a. concentrate testosterone 2. abp is found mainly in: a. sertolli cells homologous structure shared embryonic or evolutionary origin female reproductive system – external genitalia 1. mons pubis – rounded fatty area overlying pubic symphysis 2. labia: a. labia majora – lateral skin folds: homologous to scrotum b. labia minora – medial skin folds: homologous to ventral penis 3. vestibule – recess enclosed by labia minora that contains external urethral and vaginal orifices 4. greater vestibular glands: mucous secreting glands on posterolateral sides of vaginal opening for lubrication: homologous to bulbourethral glands 5. clitoris – partially protruding structure composed of erectile tissue (like corpora cavernosa); anterior to urethral orifice, homologous to glans penis female reproductive cycles ovarian and uterine 1. question: the gamete in “5” is what? \n a. secondary oocyte female – ovarian cycle ovarian cycle – monthly events associated with maturation of egg o follicular phase (days 114, variable depending on a person and stress) primordial follicle primary follicle oocyte enlarges follicle cells around primary oocyte become cuboidal primary follicle secondary follicle follicle cells proliferate into multiple layers (= granulosa cells) secondary follicle late secondary follicle formation of theca folliculi (layer of connective tissue around follicle) thecal cells produce androgens, granulosa cells convert to estrogens formation of zona pellucida (glycoprotein substance secreted by oocyte that forms a layer around oocyte) late secondary follicle vesicular follicle formation of antrum (fluidfilled cavity between granulosa cells) o ovulation vesicular follicle ruptures secondary oocyte is expelled into fallopian tube o luteal phase (1528, duration is set) remaining follicle (thecal and granulosa cells) form into corpus luteum corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen if no pregnancy, the corpus luteum degenerates ~10 days, leaving only corpus albicans (scar) if pregnancy, the corpus luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over (~3 months) female – uterine cycle uterine (menstrual) cycle – monthly changes inn uterine environment o menstrual phase (days 15) – uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium, estrogen/progesterone levels low o proliferative (preovulatory) phase (days 614) – rising levels of estrogen cause endometrium to rebuild itself and cervical mucus thins o secretory (postovulatory) phase (days 1528) – rising levels of progesterone increase vascularization of endometrium, prepares it for implantation of embryo, endometrial glands enlarge cervical mucus thickens o if no pregnancy – progesterone levels fall and endometrium prepares for menstrual phase \n female – hormone regulation of cycles major hormones involved: o gonadotropinreleasing hormone (gnrh) – stimulates anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) o fsh – stimulates follicle growth o lh – stimulates follicle maturation, stimulates thecal cells to produce androgens and causes ovulation o estrogen – “sex” hormone, analogous to testosterone promote oogenesis and follicle growth induce secondary sexual characteristics growth of breasts increased fat deposition around hips and breasts widening of pelvis promotes endometrial growth during proliferative phase of uterine cycle o progesterone – “sex” hormone; promote secretory phase of menstrual cycle female – early to mid follicular phase gnrh causes fsh and lh secretion fsh binds to receptors on granulosa cells, promoting follicular growth and proliferation lh causes thecal cells to secrete androgens o androgens converted to estrogen in granulosa cells negative feedback of estrogen stop rise of fsh and lh o positive feedback of estrogen onto the granulosa cells allows continued production of e when lh and fsh are low female – late follicular phase and ovulation a dominant follicle begins to secrete high levels of e granulosa cells start to secrete inhibin and small amount of p o inhibin suppresses fsh e now exerts a positive feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary o rise in e thickens endometrium o lh surges (and to lesser extent fsh) lh surge: o oocyte complete meiosis i becoming secondary oocyte o triggers ovulation o ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum female – early to mid luteal phase corpus luteum secretes e, p, and inhibin o feedback negatively on hypothalamus and pituitary progesterone: o prepares endometrium for implantation o thickens cervical mucus \n female – late luteal phase if no fertilization o corpus luteum degenerates o estrogen and progesterone levels drop o this releases negative feedback and fsh and lh levels begin to rise new follicles begin to develop female reproductive system – mammary glands function: produce milk to nourish newborn modified sweat glands (technically part of the integumentary system) o areola – ring of pigmented skin o nipple – protrusion with openings to lactiferous ducts o lobes – 1520 per breast, made up of lobules and ducts o lobules – contain alveoli (hollow cavities) with secretory cells (produce milk) and myoepithelial cells (milk letdown) o lactiferous ducts – carry milk to openings in nipples o lactiferous sinus – store milk female pathologies ectopic pregnancy – zygote implanted in peritoneal cavity/distal portion of tube pelvic inflammatory disease o infection in peritoneal cavity scarring of uterine tubes/ovaries o sti (e.g. gonorrhea) can escape uterine tubes cervical cancer – cancer of cervix o risk factors: cervical inflammations, sti (ex. hpv), multiple pregnancies o detection: pap smear breast cancer – typically arise in epithelial cells of ducts o risk factors: early onset menstruation and late menopause, no pregnancies (or later in life), no (or short period) breastfeeding, genetics o detection: routine monthly breast exam, mammograms o treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, drug therapy, lumpectomy, mastectomy hormonal contraception estrogen and progestin (progesterone mimic) constant intermediate level = reduced hpg activity o oocyte is not released from ovary o cervical mucous thickens, reduced sperm o alters endometrium side effects o weight gain \n o sore breasts o irregular menstrual flow o nausea o acne o mood changes/decreased libido development of reproductive system genetic sex determined by sex chromosomes – xy or xx (we have 44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes) o males = xy; females = xx sry (sexdetermining region of the y) gene o development of male reproductive structures 5 to 6 week old fetus gonadal ridge – future gonads for both male and female metanephros (kidney) – future female reproductive ducts; fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, upper 1/3 of vagina mesonephric (wolffian) duct – future male reproductive ducts; epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, and seminal vesicles paramesonephric (mullerian duct) genital tubercle – small projection on external surface; gives rise to external genitalia labioscrotal swelling – swelling inferolateral to genital tubercle male development male development begins in week 7 o mullerian ducts regress o testes from gonadal ridges o seminiferous tubules form in gonadal ridges and join wolffian ducts via efferent ductules o wolffian ducts develop external genitalia begins developing in week 8 o penis forms from genital tubercle o labiocscrotal swellings orm the scrotum ~2 months before birth, testes to descend from abdominal cavity into scrotum female development o if sry gene is absent, this stimulates female development. female is the default sex. o development begins at week 8 o wolffian ducts regress o ovaries form rom gonadal ridges o mullerian ducts develop o external genitalia begins to develop o clitoris forms from genital tubercle \n o labioscrotal swellings become the labia majora reproductive system ii o fertilization – sperm’s chromosomes combine with chromosomes of secondary oocyte forming a zygote (the initial cell) o oocyte – viable 1224 hours post ovulation o sperm – viable 2448 hours after ejaculation o how many days per month is a woman fertile? o 3 days fertilization o fate of sperm: o leak out of vagina o destroyed by acidic environment in vagina o blocked at the cervix o phagocytes destroy them o peristalsis guides sperm to oocyte (~100 to few thousand) & secretions in female reproductive tract capacitate sperm process of fertilization o sperm: enzymes digest junctions between granulosa cells o sperm binds to receptors on zona pellucida o acrosomal reaction – acrosomoal enzymes digest holes through the zona pellucida o one sperm binds and fuses to the plasma membrane of oocyte o cytoplasmic contents of sperm enter oocyte o oocyte completes meiosis ii o cortical reaction prevents polyspermy o enzymes released by oocyte destroy its sperm receptors o zona pellucida hardens o the two nuclei fuse forming the zygote pregnancy and developmental periods o pregnancy – events that occur from fertilization until infant is born o gestation period – length of time woman is pregnant; ~280 days o embryonic period – fertilization to week 8 o fetal period – week 9 to birth embryonic development: cleavage o cleavage – period of rapid mitotic divisions o 36 hours: 1 cleavage creates 2 identical cells = blastomeres o 72 hours: morula (16 or more cells) o 45 days: blastocyst: cluster of ~100 cells \n fluidfilled cavity zona pellucida breaks down trophoblast – single layer of large, flattened cells; aids implantation, role in placenta formation, protect embryo from mother’s immune system inner cell mass – internal cluster of 2030 cells; forms embryo and 3 extraembryonic membranes o 67 days: implantation of blastocyst into endometrium begins maintenance of pregnancy o at implantation: o human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) – from trophoblast, stimulates corpus luteum e and p pregnancy test o postimplantation: o chorion develops from trophoblast, takes over stimulating corpus luteum development: extraembryonic membranes o we are descended from egg layers… amniotes o yolk sac from inner cell mass nutrients to developing embryo o amnion from inner cell mass of blastocyst transparent sac, fills with amniotic fluid protection, temperature regulation o allantois forms as outpocket from end of yolk sac blood vessels become part of umbilical cord becomes part of urinary bladder o chorion from trophoblast develops chorionic villi that form part of placenta embryonic development: gastrulation o gastrulation – formation of 3 primary germ layers o primary germ layers: o ectoderm becomes: epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands brain and spinal cord o endoderm becomes: epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems and associated glands o mesoderm becomes: \n everything else developmental milestones o between 23 months – placenta fully formed and functional o 5 weeks – brain, spinal cord, other organs developing, heart begins beating o 8 weeks – arms, legs, face developing o 912 weeks – head dominant, retina of eye forms, genital sex evident, hematopoiesis begins o 1316 weeks – eyes and ears developing, body growth, bones distinct o 1720 weeks – movements o 2130 weeks – substantial weight gain / fetus viable ~24 weeks o 3140 weeks – slowed weight gain, subcutaneous fat being deposited parturition (birth) labor – series of events that expel infant from uterus 3 parts o initiation rise in estrogen oxytocin receptors in cells of myometrium estrogen causes braxton hicks contractions fetus begins producing oxytocin: stimulate placenta to release prostaglandins oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulate rhythmic contractions of myometrium (=real labor) + feedback loop: mother’s hypothalamus triggers release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary, more prostaglandin release from placenta greater myometrium contraction o dilation cervix dilates (to ~10 cm) and effaces (thins) o expulsion strong uterine contractions push baby out o placental uterus continues contracting to expel placenta and attached fetal membranes lactation lactation – production of milk by mammary glands mammary gland development during pregnancy: o ducts elongate and branch, lobuloalveolar development and growth o due to prolactin (anterior pituitary), estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen (placenta) \n colostrum – “first milk”; immunoglobulins (antibodies), antimicrobial proteins (lactoferrin), and antibacterials (lysozyme) composition of “true milk” (23 days after birth): o fat, protein, sugar o minerals o vitamins o hormones o water o immunofactors (antibodies, antimicrobials, antibacterials) o bacteria milk production and letdown prolactin – stimulates milk production oxytocin – causes milk letdown reflex o trust, pairbonding, contentment o wound healing decreases the time needed to heal being around others releases oxytocin, which helps healing o important in “romantic attraction,” sexual arousal (especially in females) o treatment for autism? endocrinology – endocrine system ch. 16 overview – endocrine vs. exocrine glands 1. endocrine: ductless glands a. secrete: hormones – chemical messenger i. bloodstream or in an extracellular fluid then diffuse into bloodstream ii. receptors bind hormones response b. ex: pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, adrenal glands 2. exocrine: nonhormonal components to membrane surface (body cavity, lumen of organ or body surface) through ducts a. ex: salivary glands, mammary glands, chief cells in stomach, liver, and pancreas b. *pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine hormones vs. paracrines and autocrines hormones – chemical messengers released into bloodstream or ecf (and then diffuse into bloodstream) o circulate throughout body, receptors to respond autocrines – chemical messengers, exert effect on cells that secrete them o ex: prostaglandins in smooth muscle \n paracrines – chemical messengers, exert effect on nearby cells o act locally o ex: somatostatin in pancreas inhibits insulin from beta cells compared to nervous system, endocrine system: o releases hormones (vs. neurotransmitter) o has a systemic effect (vs. localized) o takes minutes or hours for effect (vs. milliseconds) o effects long lasting: hours, days, years (vs. shortlived) o regulates long term metabolic functions (vs. shortterm muscle/gland activity) overview – functions maintenance of overall homeostasis and reproduction negative feedbacks! o maintains the internal environment in the body (the optimum biochemical environment) o influences metabolic activities o integrates and regulates growth and development o controls, maintains stimulates sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth and development, and nourishment of the newborn overview – types of hormones amino acid derivatives (amines) – from amino acid tyrosine o are water soluble o ex: thyroid hormones o epinephrine/norepinephrine (from adrenal medulla) peptide hormones – consist of short or long chains of amino acids o are water soluble o ex: thyrotropinreleasing hormone (trh, from hypothalamus) o adh (from posterior pituitary) o oxytocin (from posterior pituitary) o growth hormone (from anterior pituitary) o lh, fsh (both from anterior pituitary) lipid derivatives – are lipid soluble o steroid hormones – constructed from cholesterol ex: estrogen, testosterone, progesterone (from gonads), glucocorticoids (from adrenal cortex) o eicosanoids – made from fatty acids ex: prostaglandins (from cells throughout body) how hormones work – target cell activation target cells – activity is altered by the hormone activation depends on 3 factors: o blood levels of the hormone which depend on: rate of synthesis/secretion \n levels of binding plasma proteins (for lipidsoluble hormones) clearance rate (halflife) o relative number of receptors on the target cell upregulation – target cells form more receptors in response to increasing blood levels of hormone downregulation – target cells lose receptors in response to high levels of hormone o affinity of receptors for the hormone mechanism of hormone action in general, hormones can act on target cells in 1 of 2 ways: o secondary messenger (involves regulatory g proteins): aminoacid derived and peptide hormones (watersoluble, hydrophilic hormones) steps hormone binds to a gproteinlinked receptor on the plasma membrane hormone binding activates the gprotein gprotein binds to an enzyme, activating the enzyme to produce second messenger, such as camp second messenger activates or inactivates enzymes in the cell o activate genes: steroid and thyroid hormones (lipidsoluble, hydrophobic hormones) steps diffuse through plasma membrane of cells bind receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus hormonereceptor complex (hrc) o enters nucleus in nucleus, hrc binds to specific region of dna either turn genes “on” or “off” 1. question: which type of hormone utilizes a gprotein coupled receptor on its target cell? a. hydrophilic hormones 2. question: which of the following form a hormonereceptor complex to alter a target cell? a. testosterone effects of hormones hormones produce one or more of the following cellular changes in target cells: o alter plasma membrane permeability by opening or closing ion channels ex: epi, norepi opens ca channels on heart o increase or decrease the rate of synthesis of enzyme or proteins o activate or deactivate enzymes \n ex: glucagon activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen o induce secretory activity ex: progesterone on cervical mucus production during secretory phase of uterine cycle o stimulate mitosis ex: growth hormone on skeletal muscles control of endocrine activity hormones are synthesized and released in response to: o humoral stimuli – a direct response to changes in blood levels of a certain ion or nutrient ex: low blood ca causes secretion of parathyroid hormone o neural stimuli – nerve fibers stimulate hormone release sympathetic ns stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion from adrenal medulla o hormonal stimuli – endocrine organ secrete hormones in response to hormones from another endocrine organ gnrh from hypothalamus lh and fsh from anterior pituitary estrogen from ovaries pituitary gland (hypophysis) 1. connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum 2. consists of 2 major lobes: a. anterior pituitary – composed of glandular tissue, produce/secrete many hormones b. posterior pituitary – composed of neural tissue, stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus hypothalamicpituitary axis hypothalamicpituitary relationship o anterior pituitary no direct neural connection to hypothalamus vascular connection – hypophyseal portal system (2 capillary beds connected by veins) 6 hormones produced (all protein): luteinizing hormone (lh), follicle stimulating hormone (fsh), prolactin (prl), adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth), thyroidstimulating hormone (tsh), and growth hormone (gh) steps secretion of regulatory hormones from hypothalamic neurons regulatory hormone travel through hypophyseal portal system into the anterior pituitary hormones from anterior pituitary released into capillaries o posterior pituitary \n maintains neural connection with hypothalamus – hypothalamic hypophyseal tract 2 hormones released: antidiuretic hormone (adh), oxytocin steps: hypothalamus synthesizes stored in posterior pituitary within axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons released in response to action potentials from the hypothalamic neurons pathologies: growth hormone 1. gigantism – hypersecretion of gh in children 2. acromegaly – hypersecretion of gh after epiphyseal plates closed a. overgrowth of hands, feet, face 3. pituitary dwarfism – hyposecretion of gh a. slows long bone growth b. may coincide with deficiencies in other pituitary hormones hypothalamicpituitarythyroid axis 1. thyroid glands a. located on the trachea, just inferior to the larynx b. inside thyroid glands i. follicles – secrete thyroid hormones 1. follicular cells – epithelial cells making up the walls of follicles, synthesize thyroglobulin (glycoprotein) and secrete it into the cavity 2. follicular cavity – stores colloid (fluid with thyroglobulin and attached iodine atoms for th synthesis) ii. parafollicular cells 1. secrete calcitonin – decreases blood ca levels in animals, role not clear in humans thyroid hormones 1. major metabolic hormones – affects almost every cell in the body except adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland itself 2. 2 active forms of the hormone a. thyroxine (t4) – less potent form, has 4 iodine ions, predominant th secreted by thyroid gland, most t4 is converted to t3 at the target tissue b. triiodothyronine (t3) – more potent form, has 3 iodine ions, small amount is produced by thyroid hormone 3. effects a. promote glucose catabolism, mobilizes fats b. increases basal metabolic rate and body heat production \n c. increase adrenergic receptor in blood vessels (increase sensitivity to sympathetic ns activity) d. regulate tissue growth and development, including muscular, skeletal growth, development of ns thyroid hormone synthesis 1. follicular cell synthesizes enzymes and thyroglobulin, which are secreted into follicular cavity 2. iodide ions are transported into follicle cells 3. iodide ions then move into follicular cavity and are oxidized to iodine 4. enzymes add iodine to thyroglobulin to make t1 (monoiodotyrosine) and t2 (diiodotyrosine) 5. enzymes link t1 and t2 a. t1 + t2 yields t3 (triiodothyronine) b. t2 + t2 yields t4 (thyroxine) 6. thyroglobulin endocytosed back into follicular cell 7. enzymes cleave t3 and t4 from thyroglobulin, hormones secreted into bloodstream control of thyroid hormone secretion 1. stimuli for release: a. decreased thyroid hormone levels in blood b. low body temperature 2. thyrotropinreleasing hormone (trh) from hypothalamus thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) from anterior pituitary t3 and t4 from thyroid gland 3. t3 and t4 exert negative feedback onto the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hpt axis – pathology 1. hyperthyroidism a. cause i. grave’s disease – autoimmune disease, abnormal antibodies mimic tsh b. symptoms i. increased bmr, heat production, sweating ii. muscle weakness, weight loss iii. hyperexcitable reflexes and psychological disturbances, e.g., insomnia, irritability, restlessness iv. rapid, irregular heartbeat v. bulging eyeballs c. treatment i. surgically remove thyroid ii. consume radioactive iodine hpt axis – pathology 2. hypothyroidism (myxedema) \n a) cause 1. removal of thyroid gland 2. lack of iodine in the diet b) symptoms 1. feeling cold, low metabolic rate 2. slowed reflexes, slow speech and thought process 3. slow heart rate 4. goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) – insufficient iodine follicular cells produce colloid, insufficient iodine to make t3 and t4 pituitary increase tsh secretion more unusable colloid reason for iodized salt c) treatment 1. iodine supplements 2. thyroid hormone replacement therapy",
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93ea4ad27d9bdd69b6b38d9781fed452 | ?problem 1rp
find the first four nonzero terms in the taylor polynomial approximation for the given initial value problem. | find the first four nonzero terms in the taylor polynomial | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "april 12 2016 we are beginning the late antiquity phase of the romans. it is the final stage right after the soldier emperors. dates from 284 ad 476 ad. it is the spread of the christian faith. various religions practiced at the beginning of it (pegans, christians, egyptians, baels, etc.), they were like a dozen of religions practiced at the beginning but it all ended into one monotheistic religion. the main reason of the spread of religion is the promise of salvation to all (no requirements were needed to be saved, you were not required to know how to read or write for example) and in an era of total chaos, salvation seemed the most positive choice one made. dura europos known as the pompeii of the east it was a city which was destroyed (like pompeii) destroyed in 256 ad sinagogue jerusalem was destroyed in 70 ad with this destruction, jews began spreading themselves among the regions jews workship inside the buildings (unlike pegans for example, who workship on the outside, they decorated their temples mostly on the outside) for jews, it is forbidden to depict god (also a truth in islam) for jews, it is fine if you depict stories from the torah (five books of the old testament for jews which have to be read three times a week), but you are not allowed under any circumstance to depict god stories depicted are read from left to right samuel anoints david the first king david is here these are frescos painted on blasters figures are depicted iin a simplistic way for a total legibility of the complete story book says the legs do not correspond to the men, but dr. grossman states legs do correspond, so we should state that on the final figures are simple to keep distractions away from communicating the message of the story another reason for the simple figures is that you don’t have stylish painters in this stage kirche, christian community house the major difference between jews and christians is that jews are still waiting for the messiah to come and christians believe this messiah is jesus christ \n at this time, there were no churches rather, christian communities reunited in private homes christians were minority at the time, a community was made of 7 people at its maximum eclesia means a christian community titulus is the proper term for the private houses where christians gathered inside the titulus, there is always a room destined only for baptisms (baptistery) they also have atriums (courtyards) there are historical and archaeological proof of christian persecutions, one of them is edict of milan which was made in 315 ad, it is a proclamation of christians stating your freedom at practicing any religion you want without the fear of being persecuted by any ruler, happened at times of constantine catacomb of priscilla there were underground passageways of strict tufa to accommodate poor people’s bodies at this phase it was illegal to bury someone inside the town/empire, s/he had to be buried outside of town since it was expensive to bury on land, the majority of the romans were buried on these catacombs because this land was owned by no one, it was free to all christians didn’t used to cremate (romans were the ones cremated), they would bury the intact body on the catacomb 4 million people could fit in here it had like 90 miles of passageways loculus/loculi was the place where the body was placed, there were little rectangles and they were painted with terracotta at this era, life expectancy was short; most children died before reaching 5 years old, so they were buried at these rectangles for christians, the date of your death was your birthday because this is the date when you enter to heaven (at each anniversary, your family would gather around and eat dinner) place was nasty, there were rats, an awful smell, you could get a disease and it was just disgusting to be there arcosolium was the larger table that could accommodate an entire family, this is the type of tomb you could buy if you had more money but if you had even more money, you could buy an entire cubiculum, which was an entire room to bury your family the best preserved places that show christian art are catacombs these serve as sources \n we do not have sources for the early spread of christianity the paintings are fresco artworks are influenced by peganism because they have reclining figures ( roman and greek influence of depicting the afterlife figures), at the roof there is medusa (to protect the cubiculum), you have astronomical figures like scorpio at the roof, catacomb of donitica church was rebuilt underground martyrs are the people who died for believing in christianity saints are ordinary people who lived all their lives being christians and because of this, they are honored as saints (people with certain powers towards certain characteristic things in their lives). you can have remains like bones and objects from them, you could pray to these objects. many saints were buried at catacombs, later they were removed along with martyrs to be underground only at the churches saint peter was buried and later, constantine built the entire vatican around his body making it to be under the altar of the vatican good sheperd good shepherd is jesus it is depicting here the story of jona (at hebrew in the bible) since we don’t have an exact description of how christ looked like, many images have been attributed to him in art exegesis is this prefiguration of christ exegesis is proved in this story of jona; since jona was swallowed by a gigantic serpent and spit out three days later, here is the proof jesus christ rebirth 3 days it is the mythical signal of jesus coming to be the messiah to bring peace jona is here in the orant position, the position to pray they are praying to christ for the deceased sarcophagus junius bassus pegans were buried cremated in sarcophagus christians were buried with body intact at the catacombs this sarcophagus in particular belonged to a roman administrator this administrator was baptized moments before he died the reliefs shown at this sarcophagus are a mix of pegans and christians imagery (old testament) at the center, christ is without beard wearing a toga next to peter (first pope) \n christ is stepping above caelus (pegan god, sky god; giving the message god rules heavens) at the relief below this, the scene of christ entering jerusalem in a mula is depicted at the top left, we see the scene of abraham sacrificing his own son obeying god’s orders (exegesis) next to this scene, we see plaus is going to be beheaded we see on different scenes the arrest of two of the apostles of jesus, testing both’s faith at the bottom left there are adam and eve from the old testament; again, we see their faith being tested giving birth to the original sin vatican city vatican city is a country within a country the surrounding walls delineate the territory of the vatican center of the vatican there is the saint peter basilica at one side we see gardens (belong to the pope) we also see the sistine chapel (private chapel of the pope) plaza saint peter is here old saint peter’s basilica first built church serves as three purposes: martyrium (all martyrs are going to be adored here), funeral hall (bodies were buried inside the church) and pilgrimage (you could travel to the holly place to pray to the remains of the saints stood here) constantine built it in 319 church really has two influences= aula palatina and basilica \n april 12 2016 we are beginning the late antiquity phase of the romans. it is the final stage right after the soldier emperors. dates from 284 ad 476 ad. it is the spread of the christian faith. various religions practiced at the beginning of it (pegans, christians, egyptians, baels, etc.), they were like a dozen of religions practiced at the beginning but it all ended into one monotheistic religion. the main reason of the spread of religion is the promise of salvation to all (no requirements were needed to be saved, you were not required to know how to read or write for example) and in an era of total chaos, salvation seemed the most positive choice one made. dura europos known as the pompeii of the east it was a city which was destroyed (like pompeii) destroyed in 256 ad sinagogue jerusalem was destroyed in 70 ad with this destruction, jews began spreading themselves among the regions jews workship inside the buildings (unlike pegans for example, who workship on the outside, they decorated their temples mostly on the outside) for jews, it is forbidden to depict god (also a truth in islam) for jews, it is fine if you depict stories from the torah (five books of the old testament for jews which have to be read three times a week), but you are not allowed under any circumstance to depict god stories depicted are read from left to right samuel anoints david the first king david is here these are frescos painted on blasters figures are depicted iin a simplistic way for a total legibility of the complete story book says the legs do not correspond to the men, but dr. grossman states legs do correspond, so we should state that on the final figures are simple to keep distractions away from communicating the message of the story another reason for the simple figures is that you don’t have stylish painters in this stage kirche, christian community house the major difference between jews and christians is that jews are still waiting for the messiah to come and christians believe this messiah is jesus christ \n at this time, there were no churches rather, christian communities reunited in private homes christians were minority at the time, a community was made of 7 people at its maximum eclesia means a christian community titulus is the proper term for the private houses where christians gathered inside the titulus, there is always a room destined only for baptisms (baptistery) they also have atriums (courtyards) there are historical and archaeological proof of christian persecutions, one of them is edict of milan which was made in 315 ad, it is a proclamation of christians stating your freedom at practicing any religion you want without the fear of being persecuted by any ruler, happened at times of constantine catacomb of priscilla there were underground passageways of strict tufa to accommodate poor people’s bodies at this phase it was illegal to bury someone inside the town/empire, s/he had to be buried outside of town since it was expensive to bury on land, the majority of the romans were buried on these catacombs because this land was owned by no one, it was free to all christians didn’t used to cremate (romans were the ones cremated), they would bury the intact body on the catacomb 4 million people could fit in here it had like 90 miles of passageways loculus/loculi was the place where the body was placed, there were little rectangles and they were painted with terracotta at this era, life expectancy was short; most children died before reaching 5 years old, so they were buried at these rectangles for christians, the date of your death was your birthday because this is the date when you enter to heaven (at each anniversary, your family would gather around and eat dinner) place was nasty, there were rats, an awful smell, you could get a disease and it was just disgusting to be there arcosolium was the larger table that could accommodate an entire family, this is the type of tomb you could buy if you had more money but if you had even more money, you could buy an entire cubiculum, which was an entire room to bury your family the best preserved places that show christian art are catacombs these serve as sources \n we do not have sources for the early spread of christianity the paintings are fresco artworks are influenced by peganism because they have reclining figures ( roman and greek influence of depicting the afterlife figures), at the roof there is medusa (to protect the cubiculum), you have astronomical figures like scorpio at the roof, catacomb of donitica church was rebuilt underground martyrs are the people who died for believing in christianity saints are ordinary people who lived all their lives being christians and because of this, they are honored as saints (people with certain powers towards certain characteristic things in their lives). you can have remains like bones and objects from them, you could pray to these objects. many saints were buried at catacombs, later they were removed along with martyrs to be underground only at the churches saint peter was buried and later, constantine built the entire vatican around his body making it to be under the altar of the vatican good sheperd good shepherd is jesus it is depicting here the story of jona (at hebrew in the bible) since we don’t have an exact description of how christ looked like, many images have been attributed to him in art exegesis is this prefiguration of christ exegesis is proved in this story of jona; since jona was swallowed by a gigantic serpent and spit out three days later, here is the proof jesus christ rebirth 3 days it is the mythical signal of jesus coming to be the messiah to bring peace jona is here in the orant position, the position to pray they are praying to christ for the deceased sarcophagus junius bassus pegans were buried cremated in sarcophagus christians were buried with body intact at the catacombs this sarcophagus in particular belonged to a roman administrator this administrator was baptized moments before he died the reliefs shown at this sarcophagus are a mix of pegans and christians imagery (old testament) at the center, christ is without beard wearing a toga next to peter (first pope) \n christ is stepping above caelus (pegan god, sky god; giving the message god rules heavens) at the relief below this, the scene of christ entering jerusalem in a mula is depicted at the top left, we see the scene of abraham sacrificing his own son obeying god’s orders (exegesis) next to this scene, we see plaus is going to be beheaded we see on different scenes the arrest of two of the apostles of jesus, testing both’s faith at the bottom left there are adam and eve from the old testament; again, we see their faith being tested giving birth to the original sin vatican city vatican city is a country within a country the surrounding walls delineate the territory of the vatican center of the vatican there is the saint peter basilica at one side we see gardens (belong to the pope) we also see the sistine chapel (private chapel of the pope) plaza saint peter is here old saint peter’s basilica first built church serves as three purposes: martyrium (all martyrs are going to be adored here), funeral hall (bodies were buried inside the church) and pilgrimage (you could travel to the holly place to pray to the remains of the saints stood here) constantine built it in 319 church really has two influences= aula palatina and basilica ",
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fff40ba8bb96ec63e7c296049af8846b | in exercises 5 and 6, determine whether each ordered pair is a solution of the system.
2x y 4
8x y 9
(a | in exercises 5 and 6, determine whether each ordered pair | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. btm71038 john halstead, phd research design assignment 6 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction developing a doctoral dissertation requires extensive research and an understanding on a wide variety of topics. throughout the first half a student’s doctoral degree, foundation courses incorporating basic research methodologies and literature review are required. as each doctoral student enters into the process of completing their dissertation to complete their final degree, many considerations need to be made. the considerations start off with not only choosing a topic, but determining whether to use a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method design. the type of study a researcher chooses to conduct will impact the way research is conducted. both types of studies have similarities as well as important differences on how to move forward with the research. by reviewing the similarities and differences between the types of research, one can be chosen and best practices developed. there are many similarities between each of the study type of study method, but it’s the differences a researcher needs to keep in mind. the differences between study types need to be identified up front so the most appropriate approach can be utilized. within this week’s assignment a discussion on the following areas will be discussed: (a) research and research type: similarities and differences, (b) research questions, (c) operational definitions, (d) null and alternate hypotheses, (e) source text books, and (f) verb tense, and (g) best practices. research and research type: similarities and differences research is defined as “the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested” (leedy & ormrod, 2005). conducting research and analyzing data to this point has served the purpose of developing and preparing students to conduct their own study. \n 3 students are developed by understanding the basic foundation of how to conduct a research project from the start to finish. this week’s assignment allows students to analyze the similarities and differences of potential methodologies to develop an understanding of which will be utilized in the future dissertation process. the purpose of the dissertation will at minimum require a number of key points. each study will establish casual relationships which will analyze a previously documented problem. by conducting an experiment or quasiexperimental study, the efficacy of the approach will be evaluated as well as both positive and negative aspects of the problem. an examination of the impacts of time on a study as well as the depth of the positive and negative aspects will be conducted. methods to first identify the characteristics creating the documented problem as well as a discussion on what will decrease the impact of the problem will be established in this step (ellis, & levy, 2008). as process of creating a dissertation continues, a researcher must review the type of that is intended to be conducted within the research. the research is identified as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed method. the process of how the research is conducted has both similarities as well as differences. in the following sections, the similarities and differences between the research types will be discussed. after reviewing each of the methodologies, best practices can be identified. the way that a research study is approached is contingent upon the type of study that is chosen, qualitative or quantitative. research questions in quantitative studies the following are required: (a) research questions incorporated into the document, (b) contain a hypotheses aligned with the purpose statement, (c) contain questions \n 4 that must be answerable, and (d) hypotheses must be directly answerable, specific and testable. quantitative studies collect that that are numerical by nature while quantitative data collects data in the form of text, photos, and sound bytes. the questions asked and they way they are asked is dependent upon the type of data a researcher is attempting to achieve. qualitative data focus on questions that are openended while quantitative data is focused on closed and pointed questions. qualitative studies focus on telling a through and descriptive story with words through the participant’s point of view, while quantitative studies provide a quantifiable analysis that can provide a system to analyze data. this type of study is similar in nature as the qualitative data is incorporates questions into the research. the questions must align with the purpose statement. the difference between the two types of studies is that qualitative study questions should be openended and avoid yes/no and closed ended questions. while both types of studies have strong points and specific reasons to use each, there may be cases where a mixed methodology would be the most effective. in this type of study, the researcher essentially must double the work needed to conduct the study. the data collected can be acquired all at once by utilizing a variety of methods, but the analysis will require different ways to translate and interpret the acquired data (trochim & donnelly, 2008). operational definitions if the proposed study is qualitative, the study does not identify operational definition of variables. each of the constructs require a question, the hypotheses, an overview of how each will be operationally defined, as well how measurements will be conducted. if the proposed study is quantitative, operational definitions are not incorporated (northcentral university dissertation center, 2013). \n 5 null and alternative hypotheses quantitative/mixed method studies are the only types of studies utilizing null and alternative hypotheses. this section will not be utilized in a qualitative study when conducting quantitative or mixed studies, the null and alternative hypotheses must be incorporated and bare direct correspondence (northcentral university dissertation center, 2013). source text books throughout the initial courses, textbooks have been utilized to present factual content and guidance to the papers written. while these are the primary sources up until this point, a variety of sources are to be utilized from the concept paper forward. instead of text books, each method will utilize an advanced commonly referenced source. qualitative study resources are to utilize shank’s qualitative research: a personal skills approach and patton’s qualitative research and evaluation methods. quantitative methodology research focus upon utilizing black’s doing in the social sciences and vogt’s quantitative research methods for professionals. if a mixed methodology is chosen, the sources to be utilized are teddlie’s and tashakkori’s foundations of mixed methods research: integrating quantitative and qualitative. verb tense the simplest of concepts is the way the sentences are structure. utilizing past tense to review the literature is primarily related to and utilized in quantitative studies. when developing the study, the focus answers questions that took place in the past. present tense is indicative of qualitative studies. researchers need to ensure that the same orientation is reflected throughout the study (creswell, 2013). best practices \n 6 the chosen approach for my future study and concept paper is the qualitative approach. in order to identify a topic that is worthy of conducting a doctoral study, a number of additional steps must be taken. choosing a dissertation topic appears to be one of the most complex portions of a research study. a best practice to follow is to pull recent dissertations that resemble the proposed study to identify research projects. by reviewing prior dissertations, a researcher can locate the gaps that still remain within the literature (barnham, 2015). the planned topic for analysis has to do with global product launches and how to improve the overall process. the quantitative process allows for a full discovery of what makes a launch successful, how it is developed, and how the launch is created and utilized. archival data and naturalistic observation are two methods that can be utilized for acquiring qualitative data (cozby, 2012). conclusion developing a doctoral dissertation requires extensive research and an understanding on a wide variety of topics. throughout the first half a student’s doctoral degree, foundation courses incorporating basic research methodologies and literature review are required. as each doctoral student enters into the process of completing their dissertation to complete their final degree, many considerations need to be made. the considerations start off with not only choosing a topic, but determining whether to use a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method design. the type of study a researcher chooses to conduct will impact the way research is conducted. both types of studies have similarities as well as important differences on how to move forward with the research. by reviewing the similarities and differences between the types of research, one can be chosen and best practices developed. there are many similarities between each of the \n 7 study type of study method, but it’s the differences a researcher needs to keep in mind. the differences between study types need to be identified up front so the most appropriate approach can be utilized. within this week’s assignment a discussion on the following areas will be discussed: (a) research and research type: similarities and differences, (b) research questions, (c) operational definitions, (d) null and alternate hypotheses, (e) source text books, and (f) verb tense, and (g) best practices. \n 8 references barnham, c. (2015). quantitative and qualitative research. international journal of market research, 57(6), 837-854. doi:10.2501/ijmr-2015-070 best practices for concept paper development, version 1.0 (2010). retrieved from http://learners.ncu.edu/ncu\\_diss/default.aspx cozby, p. c. (2012). methods in behavioral research. 3rd ed. boston, ma mcgraw hill higher education creswell, j. w. (2013). research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. thousand oaks, ca sage publications ellis, t. & levy, y. (2008). framework of problembased research: a guide for novice researchers on the development of a researchworthy problem. retrieved from http://inform.nu/articles/vol11/isjv11p017033ellis486.pdf leedy, p. d., & ormrod, j. e. (2005). practical research: planning and design (8th ed.). upper saddle river, nj: prentice hall northcentral university dissertation center. (2013). applied degree concept paper template. retrieved from http://learners.ncu.edu/ncu\\_diss/default.aspx trochim, w., & donnelly, j. (2008). the research methods knowledge base. mason, oh cengage ",
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37cb42c2600371e4fcd6388559f68517 | a polystyrene rod of length 12 in. and diameter 0.5 in. is subjected
to an 800-lb tensile load. knowing that e 5 0.45 3 106 psi, determine
(a) the elongation of the rod, (b) the normal stress in the
rod. | a polystyrene rod of length 12 in. and diameter 0.5 in. is | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib70028 isabel wan, phd international business assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. causes and explanation payne (2013) goes into great detail about the potential causes of the global financial crisis. he references the fact that it is difficult to specifically point at exact reasons for crisis, but he states that there are a number that are talked about most frequently. the six areas payne discusses that are listed as probable causes are as follows: “(1) deregulation of financial markets; (2) sophisticated financial innovations linked to rapid changes in computer technologies; (3) excessive executive compensation; (4) low interest rates; (5) subprime loans, especially for mortgages; and (6) speculation in general, with an emphasis on speculation in housing”. just looking at the list of items, it could have been any number of things or a combination of any \n 3 number of the items identified above. one of the main points to recognize factors that is for certain is that humans were involved and well as their associated greed. those two factors alone can and do cause any number of issues. after this financial crisis began its downward spiral, blame began to be thrown anywhere it would stick. as with any controversy, anyone involved or that touched the issue at hand would face possible blame. in this article, the auditors were noted as part of the problem. doogar, rowe, and sivadasan (2015) question the auditors that were to be the eyes and ears of the financial system. they were to respond to the risks that were presented, and it appears they were not able to effectively identify and notify investors of what was truly happening. this is one of the areas that has to be addressed in future years to help to keep this type of scenario from happening again. another important factor that began this downfall was president bush’s declaration of war on iraq. military funding immediately increased and has continued since the war began. while being seen as a global superpower is a privilege, doing so in a continual nature significantly affects the economy only growing the $18 trillion in debt. while increased military spending initially impacted the economy in a positive manner, the continued increase in spending could not be maintained only adding to the factors contributing to the financial crisis (payne, 2013). the global response overall the global response was significant. banks began to refuse lending to construction developers. manufacturing and trade slowed down considerably. global trade declined to levels that were equitable to 2005 levels. this drop off took place rapidly and fell \n 4 almost 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. global economic activity also declined in a very short time period. output levels fell by 1.2% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and by 1.4% in the first quarter of 2009. to combat this significant downturn in the economy, the u.s. implemented a $787 billiondollar stimulus package to keep the banks from collapsing and a second great depression from taking place (cracuin and ochea, m.v., 2014). this stimulus plan may be the one major factor that kept the u.s. out of the next great depression. while the uk attempted to implement a more conservative approach by not allowing the gdp to increase past 60%, this was noted as the one thing that slowed their regrowth. to take this discussion a bit further, it was not only the the increase of monetary funding that needed to increase but also a change to fiscal policy by temporarily increasing demand. it is noted that both points need to be incorporated to recover the economy (elson, 2015). an example of what would happen if both pieces are not incorporated is if the government would have issued the funding for the bailout and consumers became too afraid to spend their money. without the spending, people would effectively hold onto the money which would only increase the government’s debt. without both pieces to the puzzle, recovery would be slowed and the situation gets worse. this lesson was learned from the great depression in 1930. by learning from past mistakes, the u.s. managed to pull out of this financial crisis, only losing a portion of the market share. other nations also began to implement stimulus packages following the lead of the u.s. germany began to implement the stimulus package which ended up causing issues in other countries that utilized the euro which again had a negative impact in countries such as greece, portugal and france. the impacts continued to roll downhill as the crisis worsened. one major \n 5 factor that each county’s government needs to pay close attention to is the impact that they can have on the welfare of other’s countries. without being cognizant of the impact one nation could have, that nation could potentially affect the downfall of another country. while each country needs to place appropriate fiscal plans into motion as well as plan and monitor for for risk, a potential financial crisis could be avoided. the impact, outcomes, and results due to the size of the united states and the size of the market it holds, the impact was significant. it caused shifts in markets around the world. the number of homes that were foreclosed equated to one out of every 45 homes, an approximation of 3 million homes by 2010. housing prices declined and over 1 million lost their homes by 2010 (payne, 2013). according to cracuin and ochea, m.v., (2014) it caused imbalances in other countries. one of the major areas of concern was the decline in global trade. the level of trade in goods dropped approximately 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. in 2008’s fourth quarter the global economic activity fell 1.2% and 1.4% in the 1 quarter of 2009. in addition, foreign investors limited their investments in the u.s. to limit their risk. the markets of asia, latin america, and the baltic’s countries also began a downturn and negative gdp. these were not the only countries affected. the other countries affected were the czech republic, hungary, bulgaria, and romania. not only were countries affected, but large financial institutions collapsed, government bailouts began to take place, and food shortages in developing countries became prevalent. on the other side of the crisis, several countries actually benefited from the financial crisis. rao and reddy (2015) noted that while the negatively affected countries were developed \n 6 countries, there were several others that were positively affected. the countries in particular that benefited from this crisis were known as bric, brazil, russia, india, and china (payne, 2013). each of these countries had positive impacts due to their implemented policies that were quite the opposite of that of the u.s. as the u.s. began to decline in power while china began to gain power. they had significant savings ended doing significantly better than those with little savings. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. \n 7 references cracuin, l. & ochea, m.v. (2014). the dimensions of the global financial crisis. theoretical & applied economics, 21(1), 121130. doogar, r., rowe, s. p., & sivadasan, p. (2015). asleep at the wheel (again)? bank audits during the leadup to the financial crisis. contemporary accounting research, 32(1), 358391. doi:10.1111/19113846.12101 elson, a. (2015). what have we learned from the global financial crisis of 200809 and its aftermath? world economics, 16(2), 2346. payne, r. j. (2013) global issues. new jersey: pearson education, inc. rao, n., & reddy, k. (2015). the impact of the global financial crisis on crossborder mergers and acquisitions: a continental and industry analysis. eurasian business review, 5(2), 309341. doi:10.1007/s408210150028y \n northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib70028 isabel wan, phd international business assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. causes and explanation payne (2013) goes into great detail about the potential causes of the global financial crisis. he references the fact that it is difficult to specifically point at exact reasons for crisis, but he states that there are a number that are talked about most frequently. the six areas payne discusses that are listed as probable causes are as follows: “(1) deregulation of financial markets; (2) sophisticated financial innovations linked to rapid changes in computer technologies; (3) excessive executive compensation; (4) low interest rates; (5) subprime loans, especially for mortgages; and (6) speculation in general, with an emphasis on speculation in housing”. just looking at the list of items, it could have been any number of things or a combination of any \n 3 number of the items identified above. one of the main points to recognize factors that is for certain is that humans were involved and well as their associated greed. those two factors alone can and do cause any number of issues. after this financial crisis began its downward spiral, blame began to be thrown anywhere it would stick. as with any controversy, anyone involved or that touched the issue at hand would face possible blame. in this article, the auditors were noted as part of the problem. doogar, rowe, and sivadasan (2015) question the auditors that were to be the eyes and ears of the financial system. they were to respond to the risks that were presented, and it appears they were not able to effectively identify and notify investors of what was truly happening. this is one of the areas that has to be addressed in future years to help to keep this type of scenario from happening again. another important factor that began this downfall was president bush’s declaration of war on iraq. military funding immediately increased and has continued since the war began. while being seen as a global superpower is a privilege, doing so in a continual nature significantly affects the economy only growing the $18 trillion in debt. while increased military spending initially impacted the economy in a positive manner, the continued increase in spending could not be maintained only adding to the factors contributing to the financial crisis (payne, 2013). the global response overall the global response was significant. banks began to refuse lending to construction developers. manufacturing and trade slowed down considerably. global trade declined to levels that were equitable to 2005 levels. this drop off took place rapidly and fell \n 4 almost 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. global economic activity also declined in a very short time period. output levels fell by 1.2% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and by 1.4% in the first quarter of 2009. to combat this significant downturn in the economy, the u.s. implemented a $787 billiondollar stimulus package to keep the banks from collapsing and a second great depression from taking place (cracuin and ochea, m.v., 2014). this stimulus plan may be the one major factor that kept the u.s. out of the next great depression. while the uk attempted to implement a more conservative approach by not allowing the gdp to increase past 60%, this was noted as the one thing that slowed their regrowth. to take this discussion a bit further, it was not only the the increase of monetary funding that needed to increase but also a change to fiscal policy by temporarily increasing demand. it is noted that both points need to be incorporated to recover the economy (elson, 2015). an example of what would happen if both pieces are not incorporated is if the government would have issued the funding for the bailout and consumers became too afraid to spend their money. without the spending, people would effectively hold onto the money which would only increase the government’s debt. without both pieces to the puzzle, recovery would be slowed and the situation gets worse. this lesson was learned from the great depression in 1930. by learning from past mistakes, the u.s. managed to pull out of this financial crisis, only losing a portion of the market share. other nations also began to implement stimulus packages following the lead of the u.s. germany began to implement the stimulus package which ended up causing issues in other countries that utilized the euro which again had a negative impact in countries such as greece, portugal and france. the impacts continued to roll downhill as the crisis worsened. one major \n 5 factor that each county’s government needs to pay close attention to is the impact that they can have on the welfare of other’s countries. without being cognizant of the impact one nation could have, that nation could potentially affect the downfall of another country. while each country needs to place appropriate fiscal plans into motion as well as plan and monitor for for risk, a potential financial crisis could be avoided. the impact, outcomes, and results due to the size of the united states and the size of the market it holds, the impact was significant. it caused shifts in markets around the world. the number of homes that were foreclosed equated to one out of every 45 homes, an approximation of 3 million homes by 2010. housing prices declined and over 1 million lost their homes by 2010 (payne, 2013). according to cracuin and ochea, m.v., (2014) it caused imbalances in other countries. one of the major areas of concern was the decline in global trade. the level of trade in goods dropped approximately 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. in 2008’s fourth quarter the global economic activity fell 1.2% and 1.4% in the 1 quarter of 2009. in addition, foreign investors limited their investments in the u.s. to limit their risk. the markets of asia, latin america, and the baltic’s countries also began a downturn and negative gdp. these were not the only countries affected. the other countries affected were the czech republic, hungary, bulgaria, and romania. not only were countries affected, but large financial institutions collapsed, government bailouts began to take place, and food shortages in developing countries became prevalent. on the other side of the crisis, several countries actually benefited from the financial crisis. rao and reddy (2015) noted that while the negatively affected countries were developed \n 6 countries, there were several others that were positively affected. the countries in particular that benefited from this crisis were known as bric, brazil, russia, india, and china (payne, 2013). each of these countries had positive impacts due to their implemented policies that were quite the opposite of that of the u.s. as the u.s. began to decline in power while china began to gain power. they had significant savings ended doing significantly better than those with little savings. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. \n 7 references cracuin, l. & ochea, m.v. (2014). the dimensions of the global financial crisis. theoretical & applied economics, 21(1), 121130. doogar, r., rowe, s. p., & sivadasan, p. (2015). asleep at the wheel (again)? bank audits during the leadup to the financial crisis. contemporary accounting research, 32(1), 358391. doi:10.1111/19113846.12101 elson, a. (2015). what have we learned from the global financial crisis of 200809 and its aftermath? world economics, 16(2), 2346. payne, r. j. (2013) global issues. new jersey: pearson education, inc. rao, n., & reddy, k. (2015). the impact of the global financial crisis on crossborder mergers and acquisitions: a continental and industry analysis. eurasian business review, 5(2), 309341. doi:10.1007/s408210150028y ",
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70d3afe12cfb39119be69e26e2cca41e | find current i in the circuit of fig. 3.91. | find current i in the circuit of fig. 3.91. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
{
"text": " exam: chapter 14 and 15, know cases! chapter 14 cases cove management v. aflac, inc. galgano signed an “associates agreement” with aflac in 2004 agreement stated galgano was an independent contractor without authority to bind alfac for his “debts, faults or actions.” also stated galgano may not enter into contracts or incur debt on behalf of aflac galgano did not have authority to “rent any office space” without written authorization 2009: galgano leased office space from cove management tenant was aflac and guarantor was galgano galgano signed as lessee and guarantor. later he defaulted on his payment cove sued aflac for losses cove noted that office was clearly listed as an aflac office and engaged in business for aflac district court dismissed the suit; cove appealed determination of galgano ’s authority will define him as either independent contractor or an agent of aflac. authority may be either actual or apparent cove argued that aflac clothed galgano with apparent authority apparent authority defined: “such authority as the principal knowingly permits the agent to assume… or holds his agent out as possessing…” the other party has “reasonably and detrimentally relied on agent’s authority.” most evidence came into existence after signing of the lease cove did not make any effort to determine if galgano was independent contractor or agent of aflac. cove relied on statement and representations of galgano that he had authority to bind aflac to the lease on premises. held: affirmed galgano was not acting under apparent authority. bearden v. wardley corporation bearden listed some rental property with gritton (a real estate agent) who worked for wardley gritton told bearden he wanted to buy the property for $89,000 and bearden agreed contract called for gritton to pay bearden $400 a month followed by a balloon payment after 5 years unknown to bearden, gritton gave warranty deed with other documents for bearded to sign and she signed he had signature impropery notarized recorded the deed and title was transferred to gritton gritton doesn ’t keep up on payments bearden ’s lawyer discovers gritton’s fraud \n sued gritton and wardley for breach of contract, fraud, and breach of fiduciary duty jury awarded damages and punitive damages against gritton and wardley wardley appealed held: affirmed wardley breached its duty of care to bearden and is liable yim v. j’s fashion accessories, inc. yim did business under trade name ho tae ordered goods from j ’s fashion; invoices were sent to ho tae account not paid. fashion sued yim. he denied liability, saying he acted as an agent for a corporationprincipal, hosung enterprise, inc. hosung did business under name ho tae fashion thought they were always dealing with yim with trade name ho tae trial court entered summary judgement against yim he appealed, saying he was only an agent for hosung enterprises held: affirmed agent who makes a contract without giving identity of principal becomes personally liable at no point did yim indicate he was acting other than an individual doing business as ho tae france v. southern equipment co. hensley did business under trade name royalty builders hired 16yearold robert france to do roofing work southern equipment needed a new metal roof on a building. accepted bid from quality who hired royalty to work and quality supplied materials while working on roof, france fell and suffered head injuries he sued southern for exposing him to an inherently dangerous job of roofing court granted summary judgement for southern france appealed. affirmed. royalty builders was an independent contractor. southern had no control over the work done by royalty builders southern equipment could not be held vicariously liable as royalty builder ’s (thereby france’s) employer guz v. bechtel national guz worked for bechtel (bni) with a good employment record under employment at will termination would be for unsatisfactory performance or due to a layoff budget for guz ’s division was cut; he and others were terminated guz applied for another job with the same company but was rejected he sued, breach of implied contract to be terminated only for good cause and breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing trial court dismissed suit, saying he was an atwill employee \n appeals court reversed, holding that his longevity, raises, etc. warranted a retrial held: reversed in favor of bni bni had right to reorganize and terminate employees as they wished armstrong v. food lion, inc. armstrong went to food lion with his mother, tillie, to buy food. three men in food lion uniforms approached ronnie they all started to attach ronnie and when his mom came to help ronnie, cam (a worker) pushed her and knocked her down, she called for assistance armstrong sued food lion for numerous torts trial court held for food lion; appeals court affirmed. armstrong appealed held: affirmed acts of the employees were for an independent purpose than service to their employer at the store brown and cameron were not furthering food lion ’s business in any manner when they attacked armstrong chapter 15 cases ballalatak v. all iowa agriculture assn. ballalatak worked as a security supervisor 2 employees were injured in a workrelated accident called ball and reported injury ball drove to the scene, helped get men to hospital and filled out accident report the general manager told the workers that their medical care expenses would be taken care of without filing for workers compensation later, the workers told ball that they were concerned that they would not receive workers ’ comp benefits ball told the general manager, nowers, the workers had rights to benefits nowers fired him ball sued, saying he was fired for asking re: workers ’ compensation duties to the injured workers nowers claimed he fired him for insubordination district court dismissed suit ballalatak appealed held: district court judgement affirmed ballalatak claims he was fired for raising concerns to his employer about workers ’ comp rights ball was fired for his attempt to ensure his employer did not violate statutory right of other employees ball loses \n zambelli fireworks manufacturing co. v. wood zambelli is one of the oldest and largest fireworks companies in the us wood hired by zambelli in 2001 to work as pyrotechnical and choreographer to produce fireworks displays with music on the job, wood learned of technical trade secrets, client lists, pricing, costs and contract terms zambelli paid for wood to become a certified trainer for the pyrotechnic guild international noncompete agreement signed in 2005 stating things wood wouldn't do if he left zambelli wood was hired by pyrotechnico, a major competitor. signed an agreement he would not take or use any zambelli info or trade secrets pyro agree to pay his salary for 2 years if needed because of covenant with zambelli and also would cover legal expenses wood resigned from zambelli and went to pyro zambelli sued to enforce covenant not to compete district court held: agreement was enforceable under pennsylvania law; enjoined most technical work by wood wood and pyro appealed held: district court decision affirmed agreements are upheld when restrictions are reasonable to protect employer ’s interests caterpillar logistics services, in. v. solis caterpillar logistics handles parts orders for caterpillar products workers handle 650 parts per day; requires repetitive hand, wrist, elbow and shoulder movements a month after mk began working she had elbow pain company md put her on leave for 3 months. same problem after she returned to work. transferred to a position that required less movement took care of the problem company had a panel of 5 specialists and they concluded that the problem was prior to mk ’s going to work, and not workrelated dept. of labor disagreed. assessed a $900 fine for failing to report workrelated injury administrative law judge upheld penalty oshrc upheld decision, which became the final decision of the secretary of labor caterpillar filed to review the order agency failed to consider what caterpillar ’s actual experience was secretary ’s decision is vacated. caterpillar logistics wins. long v. superior senior care, inc. long was an inhome certified nursing assistant (cna) working for superior senior care clients would contact superior; it would post requirements to match cnas with clients cnas paid from escrow account \n long was told her pay would be $10/hr was assisting a client move from wheelchair to bed when client “went limp” became dead weight. her back popped as she struggled to help client. in pain, received a back brace at hospital, but eventually couldn't work filed for workers comp. superior said she was independent contractor, not employee administrative law judge held long was an employee commission reversed that she was an independent contractor not eligible for worker ’s compensation long appealed here, long was acting as an independent contractor held: affirmed callison v. city of philadelphia callison worked for city; diagnosed with anxiety caused by stress used a lot of sick leave; was placed on sick abuse list sick leave investigator calls homes to see if employees are there callison took 3 months fmla leave city checked on him. often not home suspended for failure to follow policy callison sued, saying he was not subject to discipline while on fmla leave said discipline by the city was retaliatory trial court held for city callison appealed held: affirmed. city did not engage in prohibited acts by their policies. there is no right in the fmla that employee is “left alone” when under the act internal callin policy does not diminish protections of the fmla. teamsters local union no. 523 v. nlrb interstate brands makes/distributes bakery products different distribution system handled different products employer consolidated distribution sales distributors and reps would handle all product lines. meant union would not represent all distribution workers, rather than only some workers rammage had been a dolly madison sales rep for 15 years before consolidation (was not represented by union) he became part of the union but was at the bottom of seniority list result: rammage was “entailed” to bottom of distribution system lost his regular route; was demoted he complained to nlrb that union and employer were engaged in “unfair labor practice” board held in rammage ’s favor. union appealed. held: affirmed \n when there is a unit merger, union and employer are not permuted to “dovetail the seniority of employees while entailing” previously unrepresented employees” the fact that rammage was entailed plus demoted (because he was not in the union) suggests union caused employer to discriminated against him rammage wins!",
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2ccd37bc84d67ace90340e1245bfa3dd | the problems that follow review material we covered in section 6.2. find all solutions in the interval 0 the nearest tenth of a degree.2 sin (j - 1 csc ( | the problems that follow review material we | ch 7.2 - 34 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide understanding and defining mood disorders mood disorders “depressive disorders” “affective disorders” “depressive neuroses” gross deviations in mood depression mania an overview of depression and mania major depressive episode extreme depression 2 weeks cognitive symptoms physical dysfunction anhedonia duration—4 to 9 months, untreated manic episode exaggerated elation, joy, euphoria 1 week, or less cognitive symptoms duration—3 to 4 months, untreated hypomanic episode 1structure of mood disorders unipolar disorders depression or mania alone typically depression bipolar disorders depression and mania dysphoric manic episode mixed manic episode depressive disorders major depressive disorder, single episode no mania/hypomania single episode rare major depressive disorder, recurrent 4 – 7 episodes (lifetime) duration—4 to 5 months persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) milder symptoms \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide 2+ years chronic persistent double depression major depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder dysthymia first severe psychopathology poor course additional defining criteria for depressive disorders symptom specifiers psychotic features hallucinations delusions anxious distress comorbid disorders or anxiety symptoms mixed features at least 3 symptoms of mania melancholic severe somatic symptoms additional defining criteria for depressive disorders symptom specifiers atypical features oversleeping and overeating catatonic features catalepsy additional defining criteria for depressive disorders symptom specifiers peripartum onset 13 19% meet criteria for depression seasonal pattern seasonal affective disorder (sad) 2.7% of population melatonin phototherapy cbt onset and duration onset average 30 years old for depression 512 years 5% 1317 years 19% 1823 years 24% \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide 2430 years 16% duration 2 weeks to several years for depression early onset has poor prognosis in dysthymic disorder dysthymic disorder may last 20 to 30 years from grief to depression depression frequently follows loss integrated grief pathological or impacted grief reaction severity of symptoms dysfunction persistence of symptoms additional defining criteria for depressive disorders other depressive disorders premenstrual dysphoric disorder (pmdd) 2 5% of women meet criteria disruptive mood dysregulation disorder children have increased diagnosis for bipolar 40% between 1995 and 2005 bipolar (nos) premenstrual dysphoric disorder (pmdd) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder bipolar i disorder alternating major depressive and manic episodes single manic episode recurrent symptomfree for 2 months bipolar ii disorder cyclothymic disorder alternating manic and depressive episodes \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide less severe persists longer chronic symptoms adults = 2+ years children and adolescents = 1+ year statistics chronic risks for bipolar i/ii additional defining criteria for bipolar disorders rapid—cycling specifier 20 – 50% onset bipolar i age 1518 onset bipolar ii age 1922 prevalence of mood disorders children and adolescents similar to adults sex ratio 50:50 prevalence adolescence female disorder misdiagnosis adhd conduct disorder older adults prevalence 16% worldwide over 65 years 1∕2 of general population female : male = 1:1 diagnostic difficulty across cultures similar prevalence among u.s. subcultures exceptions native americans physical or somatic symptoms comparability among the creative higher prevalence melancholia mania gender differences \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide causes of mood disorders: biological familial and genetic influences family studies twin studies bipolar unipolar higher heritability for females depression and anxiety: the same genes? shared genetic vulnerability high familial heritability same genetic factors general predisposition except mania? depression and anxiety: same genes? causes of mood disorders: biological neurotransmitter systems serotonin—depression the “permissive” hypothesis dopamine norepinephrine dopamine—mania endocrine system “stress hypothesis” overactive hpa axis neurohormones elevated cortisol suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis dexamethasone suppression test (dst) sleep and circadian rhythms rem sleep reduced latency increased intensity decreased slow wave sleep sleep deprivation effects causes of mood disorders: psychological stressful life events context meaning stressful life events are strongly related to the onset of mood disorders \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide reciprocal model stress and bipolar disorder a more positive set of stressful life events seems to trigger mania episode develop a “life of their own” loss of sleep and jet lag learned helplessness (seligman) lack of perceived control depressive attributional style internal stable global sense of hopelessness lack of perceived control w ill not regain control pessimism before or after? negative cognitive styles cognitive theory of depression (beck) cognitive errors in depression negative interpretations types of cognitive errors arbitrary inference overgeneralization depressive cognitive triad cognitive theory of depression (beck) negative schemas automatic thoughts treatment implications correcting the errors cognitive vulnerability for depression pessimistic explanatory style negative cognitions hopelessness attributions interactions with: biological vulnerabilities stressful life events social and cultural dimensions marriage and interpersonal relationships relationship disruption precedes depression \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide strongest effects for males martial conflict vs. marital support gender differences in causal direction mood disorders in women prevalence: females > males true for all mood disorders except bipolar mood disorders in women gender roles perceptions of uncontrollability socialization access to resources social support related to depression lack of support predicts late onset depression substantial support predicts recovery for depression (not mania) an integrative theory an integrative theory shared biological vulnerability psychological vulnerability exposure to stress social and interpersonal relationships antidepressant medications tricyclics (tofranil, elavil) frequently used for severe depression block reuptake/down regulate norepinephrine serotonin 2 to 8 weeks to work many negative side effects lethality monoamine oxidase (mao) inhibitors block mao higher efficacy fewer side effects interactions foods \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide medicines selective maois selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssri) fluoxetine (prozac) first treatment choice block presynaptic reuptake no unique risks suicide or violence many negative side effects mixed reuptake inhibitors blocking reuptake of norepinephrine as well as serotonin other medications venlafaxine similar to tricyclics nefazodone similar to ssris st. john’s wort questionable efficacy other issues efficacy in special populations children elderly preventing relapse maintaining benefits lithium moodstabilizing drug common salt primary treatment for bipolar disorders unsure of mechanism of action narrow therapeutic window too little—ineffective too much—toxic, lethal treatment of mood disorders: antimanics other antimania drugs carbamazepine valproate electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide electroconvulsive therapy (ect) brief electrical current temporary seizures 6 to 10 treatments high efficacy severe depression few side effects relapse is common transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) localized electromagnetic pulse fewer side effects efficacy is likely good more studies needed vagus nerve stimulation psychological treatments for depression cognitive therapy identify errors in thinking correct cognitive errors substitute more adaptive thoughts correct negative cognitive schemas behavioral therapy increased positive events exercise interpersonal psychotherapy (ipt) address interpersonal issues in relationships role disputes loss new relationships social skill deficits stage of dispute negotiation stage impasse stage resolution stage cbt and ipt outcomes comparable to medications more effective than: placebo brief psychodynamic treatment \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide combined treatments for depression possible benefits above individual treatments 48% benefit from meds or cbt 73% benefit from combined preventing relapse of depression preventing relapse universal programs selected interventions indicated interventions preventing relapse psychological treatment of bipolar disorders psychological treatment management of interpersonal problems increase medication compliance interpersonal and social rhythm therapy familyfocused treatment suicide population specific caucasians native americans increasing rates adolescents elderly types of suicide (durkheim) altruistic egoistic anomic fatalistic risk factors risk factors family history neurobiology preexisting disorder alcohol stressful life event shameful/humiliating stressor suicide publicity and media coverage treatment \n chapter 7 mood disorders and suicide importance of assessment suicidal desire ideation suicidal capability – past attempts suicidal intent plan nosuicide contract hospitalization complete or partial cbt",
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6fa817e576897a794b7f06f938802014 | problem 60e | ch 5 - 60e | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " energy behavior temperature depends on amount of energy absorbed or reflected • reflection depends on albedo – describes the reflectivity of surfaces – dark woodlands reflect 5 percent to 15 percent – light grasslands reflect 25 percent • absorption – energy that is not reflected is absorbed – different objects absorb different wavelengths – hotter objects radiate energy more rapidly and at shorter wavelengths 9.3 atmosphere thin gaseous envelope that surrounds earth – gas molecules – suspended particles of solid and liquid – falling precipitation • causes weather experienced every day • responsible for trapping heat that keeps the earth warm • knowledge of structure and dynamics critical to understand severe weather composition of the atmosphere composed mostly of nitrogen and oxygen – smaller amounts of argon, water vapor, and carbon dioxide – other trace elements and compounds • water vapor – important for cloud formation and circulation – comes from evaporation off of earth’s surface – humidity describes amount of moisture in atmosphere at particular temperature • relative humidity is the ratio of water vapor present to the amount that saturates the air • increases at night because of cooler temps, decreases during the day due to heating structure of the atmosphere water vapor content and temperature vary from earth’s surface to it’s upper limits • troposphere – all of earth’s surface is within this layer – upper boundary is tropopause – temperature decreases with increasing altitude \n – most visible characteristic is presence of clouds • made from very small water droplets or ice crystals that condense from the atmosphere • cumulus: puffy fair weather clouds • cumulonimbus: tall, dark storm clouds – contains most of the atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane cloud type associated with severe weather four aspects of atmosphere directly related to severe weather – atmospheric pressure and circulation patterns – vertical stability of the atmosphere – coriolis effect (is a result of the earth's rotation. as air moves from high to low pressure in the northern hemisphere, it is deflected to the right by the coriolis force.) – interaction of different air masses atmospheric pressure and circulation atmospheric pressure also called barometric pressure – weight of a column of air above a given point – force exerted by molecules on surface • in the atmosphere, pressure decreases with increasing altitude – nearly all of the weight of the atmosphere is in the lower atmosphere – density and pressure decrease rapidly as you go to higher elevations cont. changes in air temperature and air movement are responsible for horizontal changes in pressure – temperature influences pressure because cold air is more dense and exerts greater pressure on surface – global variations in temperature cause global winds • at equator, air is warm and low in density – creates low pressure zones at the equator – air rises, condenses, forms clouds and rain – cooler, drier air sinks at latitudes around 30° causing deserts – similar vertical circulation cells observed at middle and high latitudes cont. jet streams – midlatitude air masses of different temperatures colliding near tropopause • westerly winds encircling the globe due to coriolis effect • greater the temperature difference, faster the flow northern hemisphere has two jet streams – polar jet stream • stronger of the two and boundary between cold arctic polar and warm subtropical and tropical air masses \n – subtropical jet stream • weak during the summer months but strongest in winter when temperature gradient between lowlatitude and midlatitude air masses is greatest",
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79515ec30cf189e84d759e6abbc90962 | ?problem 9e
in problems 9–12, write the given system as a set of scalar equations. | in 9–12, write the given system as a set of scalar | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " hdfs 1070 3/28, page 1 problems of youth 3/28/16 lecture notes anxiety is the primary emotion that is behind all problem behavior! problem behavior includes: o gang affiliation o cults affiliation o runaways o substance abuse drugs, alcohol, food (bulimia, anorexia), sex o anxiety disorders o depression o narcissism o suicide when the anxiety of a person goes over the capacity of that person’s ability to cope with it, they decompensate: become overly reactive to the anxiety. their behavior is likely to be more destructive than constructive. if someone can cope with their anxiety, they continue to function well and don’t exhibit problem behaviors. etiology = cause anxiety is the cause of problem behaviors why is it important to have some idea of the cause? no single or simple explanation no single or simple solution problems of youth – must see youth as residing within a developmental niche that includes family and a radius of significant others niche generates anxiety o trust o competence o mattering anxiety and reactivity reactivity – when faced with “emotionevoking” situations (within the family, within the peer world), the tendency is for individuals to react in ways that subverts their own development. o the source of the anxiety is important o it is the reactivity to the anxiety that leads to problems o the reactivity is an attempt to manage the anxiety/emotion \n hdfs 1070 3/28, page 2 o when people feel excessively anxious about trust, competency, and mattering, they engage in destructive coping responses in an effort to reduce their anxiety o the efforts to reduce their anxiety are their problem behaviors (problems are solutions to excessive anxiety) ex. feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, so drink alcohol to cope with it. this would be decompensation. ex. superficial hook ups because in that time you feel like you matter, but after you don’t and feel even worse than before— it is a deconstructive behavior. o it is important to know what the source of the anxiety is o we need to understand that when anxiety goes beyond that tipping point, the problem behavior is a solution to the underlying source of anxiety that the person is experiencing. the problem behavior is part of the excessive anxiety. o when we see this problem behavior, we must ask what the source of the anxiety is in their lives in an effort to understand the manifestation of that problem behavior this reactivity is reflected in: anxiety about trust, competence, and mattering what youth think (cognitions) what youth feel (emotions) what youth do (behaviors) *these become the legacy that is transmitted across generations and carried on over time! emotionevoking experiences of youth youth alienation: anxiety that comes from problematic peer relationships family of origin experiences: being exposed to patterns and dynamics of interactions that generate excessive anxiety and emotion within us (in an individuation enhancing environment, we feel like we matter and that our needs will be met—cope more constructively). below, youth experience a profound sense of feeling like they have been rejected, are helpless, don’t matter, etc. coping with these feelings might result in them engaging in problem behaviors in an effort to reduce that excessive anxiety. expelling dynamics: it is being communicated to them that they don’t matter. perhaps they might join a gang to feel part of a “family”. binding dynamics: when people are overinvolved in your life, overly intrusive, and overly present. what is being communicated to you is that you are not competent enough to manage things on your own. that you need help and support, that you are an under functioner. that you need people in your life to help you function through binding. the more we over function for youth, the more we encourage them to under function. the more we encourage this, the more they adopt an identity of not being competent. \n hdfs 1070 3/28, page 3 delegating dynamics: parents form their identity based on the work of their children. this puts an excessive amount of pressure on that child. constructive responses: takes a lot of control and support to not give into the powerful feelings of rejection, engulfment, abandonment, powerlessness. this is the focus of much of the therapy done with youth. problems related to alienation and/or expelling forces within the family note: legacy of anger and mistrust of authorities; need for connection and closeness – reactive responses can include finding a group that will take you in (those these also typically share the legacy of anger and mistrust of authorities) gangs: surrogate for a system feeling like you matter. this is a response to anxiety about mattering. youth might join a gang because they aren’t given opportunities to succeed, experience racism, and people in their lives have little commitment to them and their development— therefore feeling like they don’t matter. society contributes to whether we feel alienated or not as well. gangs become a reasonable solution for that anxiety about mattering. cults: people join a cult to feel like they matter and to possibly turn on their own family because their family makes them angry. the anger towards their family stems from feeling like they don’t matter. fusing with girl/boy friend and joining his/her family: some people find a boyfriend or girlfriend that makes them feel like they matter to deal with their anxiety about mattering. this love is based on reducing their anxiety and is not based on joy. these people are more reactively in love because they are anxious. they need to be with them all the time. antisocial attitudes and behaviors: act in antisocial and hostile ways toward authority. drink, use drugs, vandalize, and ignore agents of authority. all of this is a way of responding to the anxiety about whether they matter, which is manifested secondarily with anger. ex. i can’t do anything about my parents but i can vandalize my school and disrespect my teachers. to become an agent of change, you have to show an individual that they can depend on you and trust you. therapy is so difficult with people who are anxious about their mattering because they are not receptive to messages since they have not been exposed to trusting people. binding: three basic solutions to this developmental dilemma fuse and give in anxiety: over challenges to do things. ex. go to school, pay your own car insurance. depression: common emotion generated by the binding dynamic. they feel helpless and that there is no hope. under functioning encourages them \n hdfs 1070 3/28, page 4 to feel helpless and hopeless. depression doesn’t always manifest itself with suicide. suicide: needs to be considered as a possible reaction to being excessively depressed for long periods of time. it is a way of succumbing to the helplessness and hopelessness. it could also be a way of taking control over their lives. cutoff (rebel) – legacy, though involving anger, is different than that found within expelled youth! how? guilt. ambivalence. concern for approval. truly tormented! some of us will rebel against the forces of fusion: “if i stay here, i have to buy into this identity that i am not competent and am an under functioner, so i am going to leave and rebel against it”. these individuals cut off from their families because they finally reach the stage in their life where they can have nothing ever to do again with their families. anger and anxiety still remain very much in control of people when they cut off. they do things to spite their parents and do things in reaction to the emotions that they’re experiencing. they are reacting to the dynamics of their family that are controlling their life. ex. marry someone because your parents hate him or her. not because you really want to make that life choice for yourself. pseudoindividuation – here we can talk about certain kinds of substance abuse problems in youth – one’s that involve youth exercising control over themselves but remaining dependent and in a childlike position within the family. rebelling against parents, but in rebelling against them, will result in self becoming more dependent on them in the long run. it is a false appearance of individuation. instead of becoming autonomous, they become more dependent. substance abuses: because angry and feel alienated. used to sooth the underlying anxieties that they experience. in this scenario, they are using the substances and confusing them as a way of expressing their autonomy and individuality but this ends up in having their parents come back and rescue them as a result of their dependency on the drugs or alcohol. it looks like they are moving forward with their life but they are still very much a child after their parents rescue them. ex. parents put them in rehab and monitor their behavior excessively. delegating: need to understand youths’ reactivity to parents’ excessive need to control developmental trajectory of youth? some parents are so fragile themselves that inappropriate parent behavior reflects the anxiety on the parents’ part of whether they matter and are competent \n hdfs 1070 3/28, page 5 themselves. if the parent doesn’t feel like they matter, they have a difficult time putting the child’s needs before their own. if a parent doesn’t feel competent, sometimes they bind up with the child and their motivation for binding is feeling like they are needed to take care of someone. they are bound up with their kids in promoting their children’s excellence and living vicariously through that excellence. pushing, requiring excellence from child so they can live through them creates a developmental bind. have to live the life that the parents want you to live. can lead to narcissism in children: believes that they are the center of everyone’s universe. that everything revolves around them. that the only person that matters is them. the only person’s problems, feelings that matter are theirs. when you are elevated in standing, you are communicated to that you are special. what is missing is feeling like people really care about you and opportunities to develop social emotional learning skills. if you are the center of your parents’ universe, you don’t have to learn how to be empathic, and communicate with others because you are in a central position. don’t have the social capacity to function in the real world. suicide enhancing dynamic: might result in kids committing suicide when otherwise they seem to be doing so well. every now and then a kid commits suicide who has been exceptional and how we make sense out of this is that if their parents are delegating, they are locking opportunities to make choices. controlling what you can and cannot do, what you have to do and excel at. some people feel so controlled and so constrained by that dynamic that instead of rebelling or constructively cutting off, they think of suicide being the only solution to gain control over their identity and over their lives. our accomplishes as children should bring us joy rather than pressure us to become better. delegating creates the absence of joy and the creation of anxiety. even in the presence of achievement, it can result in decompensation. the basic therapeutic response to all of these situations is some variation on cognitive behavior therapy. in order for people to change their trajectory in a positive way, they need to understand the sources of anxiety (cognitive) and how their problem behavior is an attempt on their part to solve their anxiety (cognitive). finding help from a therapist, a coach, a mentor, etc. to behave differently when exposed to those environments. to substitute deconstructive responses with something more constructive instead (behavioral). this therapy takes so long because the person needs to gain trust with the therapist. prevention vs intervention prevention: there are very few windows of opportunity to educate people about families and development. \n hdfs 1070 3/28, page 6 sabatelli, ronald. “problems of youth.” hdfs 1070. university of connecticut, storrs. 28 march 2016. lecture. \n hdfs 1070 notes 4/1/16, page 1 lifetime system issues 4/1/16 lecture notes setting up the lifetime relationship system why lifetime partnership instead of marriage: establishing priorities in terms of your family life most people set up a lifetime partnership they partner with someone where the expectation of the relationship will be permanent, sexually exclusive, and enduring once you establish these, you enter into a new stage of your family life cycle. you are now somewhat separate from your family of origin and setting up a new stage in your own family life cycle. cohabitation versus lifetime partnerships sliding versus deciding: o there are more people cohabiting today than ever before rather than choosing to marry o marriage is declining while cohabiting is going up o sliding a lot less intentionality (people are entering into marriage like relationships—only because it is convenient, expedient, and makes sense given what the alternatives are). you more or less wind up in a lifetime partnership because you have been living together and financially it makes the most sense. it is mostly about the fact that you are getting older and can’t live independently without a roommate (finances) and seem to be compatible, so might as well move forward in life together. those who slide have higher divorce and dissolution rates. they will also probably have less stable futures because the decision didn’t reflect intentional commitment to the idea of living together for the rest of their lives—it more so represents expediency (economic reality). motivation for sliding comes from wanting to live with some control over your life, not having to have roommates, and not having to depend on your parents—so you decide to make a lifetime partnership. this is a new phenomenon which has to do a lot with our heightened economic standards. o deciding the conventional pathway into a lifetime partnership. you date, you relate, you live together… at some point in time you make the decision to go forward and get married because you both believe this is your life path and a conscious deliberate intentional decision to live the rest of your lives together. tasks for the newly partnered system everything is an ordinary difficulty, not a problem! o ordinary difficulties can become problems when they are ignored o ordinary difficulties can become problems if they are overreacted to (treated like problems) \n hdfs 1070 notes 4/1/16, page 2 there is a certain normative amount of complaints and tensions and if you overreact to these things, that overreaction can result in ordinary difficulties becoming problems to normalize these ordinary difficulties, we educate people. the more knowledge they have, the better prepared they are to respond to them. what makes the marital system unique are themes, roles, and identities identity tasks o conjugal themes (lifetime relationship/marital themes) when you partner with someone you both have different themes. there is a merging of themes which have to be negotiated. easier if you come from families where you like your families. you are more open to the possibilities and tolerant of differentness. if you come from families that you don’t like, you struggle with how you want to structure your own family because you don’t like how your family was structured. resources you and your partner negotiate and make decisions that result in you basing your relationship around certain themes: time what you spend time with energy what you put your energy into money what you put money into organize themes around certain activities and hobbies/interests. ex. relationship is organized around the importance of music. ex. relationship based around planning for the future rather than thinking about the present. o conjugal roles how you should act as a partner in a partnered lifetime relationship (how you should act as a husband or a wife/partner) conjugal role expectations each partner has a set of expectations of what they should do, are expected to do, and what they are required to do. it is a negotiation process because you are simultaneously talking about each person establishing expectations for the self when the expectations you have for yourself are simultaneously imposing expectations on your partner. these are codependent identities. o self expectations (role) partner expectations (counterrole) o there are opportunities for conflict because the expectation one has for themselves and their partner are not likely to match the expectations the partner has for themselves and them. when the expectations are mismatched they need to be negotiated in order for the couple to be satisfied with one another. a negotiation is \n hdfs 1070 notes 4/1/16, page 3 usually resolved with conflict. the absence of a match can become a problem if you don’t negotiate. o congruence of expectations potential for satisfaction o behavior relative to expectations complaints a fit in how those things should be done complaints are ordinary and can become a problem if you don’t address them, negotiate them, or smooth them over ex. agree that half of the time each cleans the bathroom. if one doesn’t clean the bathroom like the other expected it should be done, then there can be conflict. ex. husband: i go to work and provide for the family. i don’t do housework, i don’t cook. o conjugal identities the identities that partners assign to one another just like in your family, your parents assign critical images to all their children in partnerships, they assign similar personal critical images to one another conjugal identities these identities are part of the shorthand ways in which couples organize their relationships ex. you’re the one who can’t be trusted with money, you are the responsible one, etc. these assigned identities can create tension between them if they aren’t true. this creates a need for negotiation. the responsible one starts delegating tasks to the irresponsible partner can create conflict and become a problem external boundary tasks o family versus partner primary loyalties and triangulation when you are living intentionally in a lifetime relationship, your primary loyalty should be to your partner, not your family of origin if your primary loyalty is to your mother, for example, and not to your partner, that can create a problem in the relationship some people never get to this place because they have not sufficiently individuated from their family. their loyalty to their partner is compromised by their sense of obligation to their family of origin. this can lead to loyalty triangulation which leads to intergenerational conflict and martial conflicts as well. \n hdfs 1070 notes 4/1/16, page 4 individuation if both are individuated from families, and not oppressed from parents’ power and authority, they establish intimacy rather than conflict. many of the couples that you see in therapy got married in hope that the marriage would help them individuate from their parents. what you need to be is autonomous and then get married! o friends versus partner need to explain to your friends that they need to respect the fact that your partner is where your primary loyalty is. if someone’s primary loyalty is to their friends, this can create problems. in our culture, we label men as “pussy whipped” when their primary loyalty is to their kids and partner our culture says that being a real man is when you establish your primary identity to friends rather than your partner most men cannot have this conversation with their friends because they don’t want to be viewed as “pussy whipped”. internal boundaries o balancing separateness versus connectedness each of us has an expectation of how much time as a couple we are going to spend together and also how much time apart we are going to spend from each other need to create a balance of separateness and connectedness when you start living with someone you are in uncharted territory trying to figure out how much time you will spend together, apart, and how much time you will have to do things alone when in the bonding/formative stages of the relationship, emphasis is all on connectedness once you are living with someone, you want to have some time alone, which creates tension ordinary conflict and difficulty when ignored and not managed, becomes a problem maintenance tasks o housework roles – when you live with someone, there has to be plans for how household management tasks, cleaning, etc. are managed symbolic significance of household roles roles and counterroles o most women really believe: household tasks should ( not need to) be shared and i’ll settle if the guy helps out a little \n hdfs 1070 notes 4/1/16, page 5 o women are always compromising their expectations because men hold out “it’s good enough if i help out a little and not share the tasks”. most men start their intimate lifetime partnerships with the expectations that at most they just have to help out with housework, not share it. women are not necessarily happy with this, but are just happy they are helping out there is a lot of identity work invested in this because it is privileged on the part of men to help out (not your responsibility but you have a choice to help out) nurturance tasks o communication and intimacy we need to develop communication patterns in order to develop intimacy we also need to create an environment that promotes intimacy every single interaction that you have with your partner is a communication act the climate that is created by these interactions become key to the experience of intimacy ex. when the wife wakes up and smiles and says “good morning” but the husband just grunts, creates a negative emotional climate, which decreases intimacy. o management of conflict conflict is inevitable the presence of conflict doesn’t mean the absence of intimacy conflict can be used to achieve a higher level of intimacy. it is an important part because you become mindful of your conflicts and negotiate them. o dyadic sexual scripts – 5 w’s (symbolic activity—how you communicate) negotiating the erotic part but also negotiating the symbolic part of sex, which contributes to the experience of intimacy there is always a tension between eroticism and intimacy who why making love versus having sex! what has to be negotiated on what they do in their sexual activities we are more accommodating than we ever will be when we are forming a relationship rather than when we are in a relationship when have to figure out how often having sex is enough \n hdfs 1070 notes 4/1/16, page 6 when you start living together, inevitably, the frequency of your sex is going to decline over time o may or may not be a problem o when the frequency is declining, the frequency is always being determined by the partner who is least interested in sex. when its declining, it is always in that instance when there is one partner more interested and one partner least interested—this is an ordinary difficulty that needs to be negotiated. the partner least interested in having sex controls the frequency where there is a relationship between sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction! for most men, sexual satisfaction is highly correlated with their relationship satisfaction (sexual satisfaction is more important than relationship satisfaction—sexual satisfaction leads to relationship satisfaction) for most women, it is their happiness with their relationship that is associated with their sex life (relationship satisfaction is more important than sexual satisfaction—relationship satisfaction leads to sexual satisfaction) this is a dynamic that has to be worked out in a relationship sabatelli, ronald. “lifetime system issues.” hdfs 1070. university of connecticut, storrs. 1 april 2016. lecture. \n early adulthood 3/30/16 lecture notes generally speaking, early adulthood begins in the early, mid20s o this is a higher age than the past because it takes longer for people to transition into the adult world today o need to establish a life plan— the themes within that life plan direct your time, energy and money. if you don’t have a plan, you are not using those factors efficiently and intentionally. o things that you do are done with a purpose work of adulthood – developmental tasks knowing yourself, maturity, gaining ego resources to take on adult roles commitment to life’s work (career) shaping your dreams: mapping out a vision for the future find mentors assumption is that identity work leads to maturity and maturity is necessary to take on adult roles and responsibilities what is maturity – robert white: the operational indicators of maturity. each of these is an indicator is that an individual has achieved a high level of maturity in which they can take on adult responsibility. stabilizing of identity: done experimenting, now acting with a purpose. you know what your career goals are, know about your values, know about your lifestyle: the identity triangle. comfortable in your mind with career, values, and lifestyle. freeing from personal relationships: when we are younger, we are very reliant and responsive to people’s approval and disapproval of us. a mature person is less responsive to and less reactive to the approval and disapproval of others. not so dependent on others for their approval and disapproval. will not run life in pursuit of approval and avoidance of disapproval. deepening of interests: when the identity triangle is resolved for the time being, because everything is clear, you sharpen your focus on things that truly interest you. you know what interests you and pursue the things that interest you. it’s about balancing your life with things that bring you joy. ex. hobbies. young people don’t have hobbies. mature people have hobbies. the intention sets the foundation for them to put interest in their activities. the activities balance the demands in life and brings joy. expansion of caring: as you know yourself, instead of directing a lot of your psyche energy inward towards yourself, the resolution of that anxiety around that identity creates more empathy, sensitivity, and kindness towards others. \n less burdened by identity related anxieties, so it becomes more possible to care about others. \n psychosocial tension/crisis – tension revolves around developing a capacity for life long intimacy maturity provides us with a psychosocial resource that enables us to move forward in an intentional way to our adult years. as we move forward, it will occur that we will start to experience stage specific anxiety about forming a partnership with someone. a lot of pressure to start focusing your psychosocial attention on intimacy. erikson’s crisis: intimacy vs. isolation intimacy – the ability to experience an open, supportive, tender relationship with another without the fear of losing one’s own identity in the process. o that you can’t be intimate with someone if you have to compromise your identity to be in that relationship, and can’t be intimate if you demand that they compromise their identity to meet your needs for intimacy. o intimacy is freely given and experienced, it is an experience of a joyful union. it is not an identity driven union or an anxious union. intimacy is characterized by several different abilities or capacities: mutuality and empathy are expressions of intimacy (he said this would be an exam question) mutuality: the ability and willingness to regulate one’s needs in order to respond to the needs of one’s partner willingness to regulate your needs and emotions in response to what you partner needs. empathy: a skill enabling us to connect with others that allows us to respond to others i.e. if you have a problem it becomes their problem (product of fusion), if like this then not allowed to have your moment to be taken care of the skill to connect with others in a way that communicates our concern with their lived emotional experiences and that they matter trust: the ability to be in a relationship and know they differentiate and meet your needs intimacy is trust. to be in a relationship and be confident that your partner will differentiate and meet your needs. that confidence is the counterpoint of being anxious about whether your partner will differentiate and meet your needs. if you aren’t confident then you are saying you don’t trust them. if you are, you are saying you do trust them. mutuality and empathy are a lot like decentering. decentering is like mutuality. empathy is being open to emotions and experiences. both convey to you that you matter. both are so important in intimate relationships, because they are the primary ways to let someone know that they matter and they are respected by you. have to know yourself and be less anxious about who you are. to truly develop the capacity for intimacy, you have to have a foundation of identity. have to be \n secure in respect to who you are. if you are anxious about yourself, then you are asking your partner to respond to your anxiety, which compromises the intimacy. a psychosocial mature intimate relationship is experienced with joy psychosocially immature and anxious intimacy is characterized by demands that compromise what you do and who you are to reduce the other’s anxiety or by comprising self in order to be in the relationship. anxious dependency. intimacy is experienced when we are able to experience closeness with another without having to compromise who we are in the process! intimacy is experienced when we are able to experience closeness with another without demanding that our partner compromise who they are in the process! manifestations of isolation fusion: if dependent on someone to reduce anxiety and meet needs a codependence where we are saying that we need one another to make us feel less anxious and whole as a person—foundation of identity is missing, not a joyful union. it is a dependent and anxious union. you are always worried that your needs wont be met. chronic loneliness: even when you are in an intimate relationship with someone, you feel lonely all the time. or you are single and are lonely. feeling anxious about being alone all the time. feel like your needs wont be met. two critical questions: 1. what are the relationships among our developmental legacy and sources of anxiety and the ability to express and experience intimacy? 2. what are the relationships between developmental sources of anxiety and how we choose lifetime partners? a. if we have experienced lot of developmental sources of anxiety from infancy and on (mattering, trusting, competentency), that anxiety overruns our intimate relationships and creates a fused dependent intimacy rather than a joyful one. lifetime partnerships filtering the pool of eligibles distinguishing features of a lifetime partnership developmental history and family of origin have to influence the selection process \n interpersonal attraction: social exchange metaphor. attracted to people who provide a higher balance of rewards vs cost. focuses our attention on the fact that there are specific conscious and unconscious attributes of people that we are uniquely rewarded by and vice versa. rewards costs o balance of rewards and costs o each of us are different in how we view rewards and costs outcomes comparison levels (cl): each of us walks around with a subjective set of expectations derived from our personal lived experiences that factor into what we expect from relationships and people. what we deserve, what we think is important, what we think is expected. the more anxious you are about yourself, the less you feel you deserve, the more you settle, the more someone is willing to look at you may be the reward you need to feel attracted to them. if anxious about who you are, when treated unfairly by a person, will stay. comparison levels for alternatives (clalt): has to do with what you feel subjectively and what you believe are the rewards available to you in alternatives. attraction is based on whether or not you feel you have better alternatives. the more anxious you are, the fewer alternatives you believe you have. if you find someone with some margin of reward, you go with that as an anxious person. people who are in toxic relationships stay because they don’t believe they have any other alternatives. o outcomes available in alternatives o costs/barriers to leaving what influences comparison levels? cultural orientations family of origin experiences o attachment history – developmental sources of anxiety lived experiences and observations o if you are anxious you have different sets of expectations and different expectations of alternatives than someone who is not anxious what builds the experiences of commitment and trust? basis for commitment high levels of attraction perception of reciprocity: the fact that we go around processing information about how we feel, think, and believe, but we also process information about how we think others feel think, and believe. have to believe that another is as invested, as involved and attracted in the relationship as you are. this is a perception; we never know that for sure. in order to collect that information, we can: \n o secret tests: can become a problem but just a part of being in a relationship. ex. test someone: you didn’t text me back, you didn’t come with me. o the more anxious you are, the more testing you do, the more testing you do, the more you drive reasonable people away. basis of trust high levels of attraction commitment perception of reciprocity equity/fairness what does love have to do with it? love as a secondary emotion (just like anger) o in the presence of attraction, arousal, commitment, reciprocity, emerging trust we label the heighten emotional state love o either based in joy or anxiety o for most of us, we probably experience certain forces of joy from being in a relationship with a person and they reduce our anxiety, we say we love them. o important to understand the tension between joy and anxiety o functional family environments: leave us open to experiencing more joy in partnerships o the more anxious we are developmentally, the more dependent we are on other people to meet our needs (say we love someone because we are dependent on them) if love is a secondary emotion then it is related to the primary emotions of joy and anxiety! joy based love: passion joy commitment anxiety based love: passion fears commitment lonely and anxious all the time even though in a relationship manifestation of fear afraid of being alone afraid of loosing one’s identity \n afraid of not mattering sabatelli, ronald. “early adulthood partner selection.” hdfs 1070. university of connecticut, storrs. 30 march 2016. lecture.",
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cd2b6da93c6b63853d138cdc6ba03505 | predre conjugation predre conjugation predre conjugation | predre conjugation | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": " french test 3 study guide (chapter 8) french notes week 8 un repas (a meal) predre- to take, to eat, to drink. passe compose- pris je prends tu prends il/elle prend nous prenons vous prenez ils/elles prennent the verbs apprendre (to learn) and comprendre (to understand or include) are conjugated the same way as predre. negative quantities - in the negative, un becomes de - avez vous un frere? non, je n’ai pa e frere. les expressions de qu",
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7735cbed421325d0fd4ad54d6c6995bb | y+ y = 1; y(0) = 6, y (0) = 0 | y+ y = 1; y(0) = 6, y (0) = 0 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "question 1 which of the following statements would support the ônature' argument for gender socialization? a mothers place more restrictions on their daughters' autonomy when compared to restrictions . placed on their sons' autonomy. b a flood of hormones causes adolescents to incorporate sexuality into their gender . attitudes and behavior. c some researchers have concluded that the elementary school playground is ògender schooló . d boys get more instruction from teachers than girls when they have trouble with a question. . 1 points question 2 james has flunked out of high school, has severed all of his ties with family and friends, and has no sense of where he is headed. according to erikson, james is experiencing: a. identity diffusion. b. negative identity. c. identity foreclosure. d. psychosocial moratorium. 1 points \n question 3 during childhood, cathy had high selfesteem. as she enters adolescence, cathy's selfesteem is most likely to: a. increase. b. remain the same or increase. c. remain the same or decrease. d. decrease. question 4 kurt is 15 and spends most of his energy wondering who he is and what kind of person he will become. erikson would describe him as facing the crisis called: a. basic trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame and doubt. c. industry versus inferiority. d. identity versus identity diffusion. 1 points question 5 jason is normally a very outgoing, confident young man, but this morning he is embarrassed and quiet because his mother yelled at him in front of his friends as she dropped him off at school. his present mood is reflective of a change in his: a. crystallized selfesteem. b. fluid selfesteem. \n c. barometric selfesteem. d. baseline selfesteem. 1 points question 6 dr. smith argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. his argument focuses on the idea of: a. individuation. b. separation. c. crystallization. d. psychosocial moratorium. 1 points question 7 steve has been classified as lacking commitment but currently exploring career options. what identity status (james marcia's model) would steve fall under? a. achievement b. foreclosure c. diffusion \n d. moratorium 1 points question 8 which of the following is not generally a predictor of selfesteem? a. academic achievement b. parental love c. supportive friends d. religious affiliation question 9 kikko hates country music but told keith, who is a big garth brooks fan and her latest love interest, that she adored country music and would love to go with him to see garth in concert. this type of behavior is called: a. negative identity. b. code switching. c. identity confusion. d. falseself. 1 points question 10 maria sees herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. maria's description fits best with the idea of: a. selfconceptio n. b. selfesteem. c. selfattribution. d. selfcontrol. ",
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d6ffe73bd3fad861ac4c0d634047d6df | focus problem: impulse buying let x represent the dollar amount spent on supermarket impulse buying in a 10-minute (unplanned) shopping interval. based on a denver post article, the mean of the x distribution is about $20 and the estimated standard deviation is about $7. (a) consider a random sample of n 100 customers, each of whom has 10 minutes of unplanned shopping time in a supermarket. from the central limit theorem, what can you say about the probability distribution of the average amount spent by these customers due to impulse buying? what are the mean and standard deviation of the distribution? is it necessary to make any assumption about the x distribution? explain. (b) what is the probability that is between $18 and $22? (c) let us assume that x has a distribution that is approximately normal. what is the probability that x is between $18 and $22? (d) interpretation: in part (b), we used , the average amount spent, computed for 100 customers. in part (c), we used x, the amount spent by only one customer. the answers to parts (b) and (c) are very different. why would this happen? in this example, is a much more predictable or reliable statistic than x. consider that almost all marketing strategies and sales pitches are designed for the average customer and not the individual customer. how does the central limit theorem tell us that the average customer is much more predictable than the individual customer? | focus problem: impulse buying let x represent the dollar | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " soc 100 week 11 chapter 8 social stratification o working class 33% focus on getting by slightly favor liberal, but not by much targeted by political candidates due to variability value social life, education is necessary evil o lower class 20% living on the edge or apathy stays pretty consistent percentagewise 2008 grew to 25% religion – if there is one in the neighborhood they go, if not they don’t new class society o upper class is 20% upper, small diamond shape o lower/middle is 80% lower, large diamond shape o illustrates distribution better does not correspond to wealth distribution clicker what class did you grow up in? o overwhelmingly middle class clicker – where will you be in 20 years? o overwhelmingly middle class, and some upper who gets ahead – christopher jencks o education * years of certain levels of education o who your parents are * how many children father’s career o luck o race o sex o hard work o * education and parents are most important) functionalist see it as acceptable education requires hard work conflict – we don’t choose our parents, so it’s not fair income has been rising steadily since 1950 o however, distribution does not show change as equal among classes highest 20% income has risen greatly but as you go down the classes, income has remained almost the same from 1940’s – 1980 the increase in income was relatively equally distributed \n now only the upper classes are seeing a rise in income clicker – will you be better off fincancially than your parents o 40% yes o 30% no or uncertain more billionaires than ever o 2003 262 billionaires o 2016 – 1810 billionaires o riches – bill gates $75 billion o richest women $36.1 billion o oprah – 3 billion o pat striker 2.3 billion from fort collins likely the “anonymous” donator that donated 25 million for stadium o u.s has 8 of the top 10 billionaires national study – “differences in income in us are too large” o class figures – 61% agree, 10% disagree o national study 65% agree, 14% disagree some billionaires agree the giving pledge – billionaires donating half of their wealth reasons for lower class mobility in us o rise of the money culture making money > content/enjoyment of life o bank deregulation in 1980’s and 1990’s harmful to majority of us, beneficial to super wealthy o technology – jobs done by machines o rise of emerging markets, especially in china and india clicker emily and mark are high school teachers, volunteer every weekend, and are very religious what class are they in? o correct answer= average middle class poverty o relative poverty: poorer in relation to others with more money o absolute poverty: deprivation of resources that is lifethreatening or inability to afford minimum standards of food, clothing, shelter, and health o most poverty in us is relative poverty who is responsible for poverty o blame the poor: the poor are mostly responsible for their own poverty (functionalist) o blame society: society is primarily responsible for poverty (conflict) national study who’s responsible for helping the poor o 27% government o 24% people should take care of themselves o 46% combination of both what is major cause of poverty? \n o us, japan, australia – lack of individual effort o mexico, sweden, germany societal injustice poverty rate in us o normally assume a family of 4 with 2 kids under 18 o current 47 million 14.5% us population $24,250/year o 55% more than current poverty rate = 73 million, 22.5% us population $37,588 / year o lifestyle of those at 155% of poverty rate never go out to eat, to movies, entertainment, don’t take vacations, hire babysitters, buy anything in excess who are the poor o age: 19.9% of children under 18 9.5% of elderly 65 and above o race/ethnicity 28% of native americans 27% of african americans 23.5% of hispanic americans 10.5% asian americans 9.6% white o sex/gender 31% of female head of household 16% male head of household o workers 14% of the poor work fulltime 45% of the poor work at least parttime to reach 155% of poverty, you need to make $18.07/hour well over minimum wage hidden costs of class o judgement from others o feelings of hopelessness o acceptance of symbols of inability o loss of dignity and a sense of accomplishment homelessness o 2540% work o 37% are families with children o 25% are children o 2530% are mentally disabled o 30% are veterans o 40% drug and alcohol dependent cure for poverty? \n o answer depends on whom you blame clicker welfare vs. wealthfare what does government spend most money on? o 64% said health care for richest 10% of elderly medicare beneficiaries correct answer clicker – government housing subsidies end up going to ? o more to the middle class than the poor welfare distribution o distributed unequally in a manner that is deemed best o everyone gets some sort of entitlement how are we doing? o us is one of richest nations and has one of highest standards of living o some members of our society are benefitting handsomely while others are not o “rich getting richer, poor are getting poorer, so it all averages out” ",
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753b378a51f04abe42d52f22efd5d60a | ?(i) calculate the torque about the front support post (b) of a diving board, fig. 9-42, exerted by a person from that post. | solved: calculate the torque about the front support post | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.43 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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186337696f736355731da56e0528b3a2 | ?problem 5rcq
what does a decibel measure? | what does a decibel measure? | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
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"text": "business and government relations study guide ii: chapters 1013 & questions chapter 10: regulation: law, economics, and politics introduction ● regulation takes place through a public process that is relatively open and allows participation by interested parties ● regulatory decisions and rulemaking proceedings are extremely important to many firms, industries, and interest groups set of interventions ● controlling prices ● setting floor prices ● ensuring equal opportunity ● regularizing employment practices ● specifying qualifications ● providing for solvency ● controlling the number of market participants ● limiting ownership ● requiring premarketing approval ● ensuring product safety ● mandating product characteristics and technology ● establishing service territories ● establishing performance standards ● controlling toxic emissions and other pollutants ● specifying industry boundaries ● allocating public resources ● establishing technical standards ● controlling unfair international trade practices ● providing information ● rationing common pool resources ● protecting consumers ● controlling risks periods of regulatory reform ● four major periods of regulatory change ○ populist era (late 1800s) ○ progressive era and the new deal ○ social regulation (began in the 1960s) ○ economic deregulation (began in the 1970s) the constitutional basis for regulation ● the u.s. constitution not only provides the authority for regulation \n ○ it also limits its application ● many legal principles of regulation in the united states have come from court decisions that draw on the common law ● the fifth and fourteenth amendments place limits on regulation principal federal regulatory agencies and commissions delegation, rulemaking, due process, and discretion ● article i, section 1 of the constitution grants congress the sole power to enact laws ● congress enacted the administrative procedure act (apa) of 1946 to: ○ provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action ■ agencies adopt their own rulemaking procedures in a manner consistent with the apa ● the apa grants parties right to sue for judicial review of an agency action ○ a basis for that review is failure to follow the procedures required for an action ■ under the framework of procedural due process ● the apa requires: ○ agency actions not be “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” ● the courts review regulatory actions for whether they are arbitrary or capricious \n influences on regulatory agencies \n market imperfections •natural monopoly •externalities •public goods •asymmetric information government imperfections ● market imperfections warrant government regulation ○ only a necessary condition for regulation to improve economic efficiency capture theory ● predicts that regulation initially will be found where there are market imperfections and over time will evolve to serve the interests of the regulated industry rentseeking theory ● regulation not established to address market imperfections ○ instead, it is established to benefit politically effective interests fairness ● regulation used to accomplish fairness goals ● can involve policies such as: ○ lifeline rates for telephone service for lowincome people ○ the provision of aid such as food stamps costofservice theory ● regulation in a number of industries has centered on costofservice pricing ● this costofservice regulatory system has been blamed for inducing high costs and slowing the introduction of new technology. chapter 11: financial markets and their regulation introduction \n ● the capital markets are an essential component of a capitalist economic system that allow individuals to ○ save their money in a broad array of financial instruments ○ transform those savings into funding for businesses, homebuying, and retirement the formal and informal banking systems ● depository institutions such as banks accept deposits and make loans ○ these institutions are required to maintain a fractional reserve requirement ■ allows the formal banking system to lend a multiple of the deposits held repurchase agreement “shadow banking” system ● operates outside the purview of regulators ○ provides much of the financing for banks, securities traders, and mortgage lenders ● securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations ○ a component of the shadow banking system \n collateralized debt obligations credit default swap \n the federal reserve system ● established in 1913 ● serves as the central bank of the united states ● has broad responsibilities for managing the money supply ● has regulatory authority over national banks and state banks that participate in the federal reserve system securities regulation ● the first new deal legislation enacted was the securities act of 1933 ○ regulated the issuance of new securities ● in 1934, congress enacted the securities exchange act to: ○ extend regulation to stock exchanges and the trading of alreadyissued securities ● glasssteagall act of 1933 ○ forced banks to separate their commercial banking and investment banking businesses ○ later repealed by the grammleachbliley act of 1999 credit card regulation ● credit card (card accountability responsibility and disclosure) act of 2009 ○ increases the regulation of credit card issuers \n ● regulations intended to eliminate abuses can have effects on markets mortgage lending and subprime mortgages ● mortgage lending had been dominated by banks and savings and loans associations ● lenders held some of the mortgages they originated and sold the rest to: ○ governmentsponsored enterprises ○ federal national mortgage association (fannie mae) ○ federal home loan mortgage corporation (freddie mac) ● the federal housing administration (fha) provided financing for qualified borrowers ○ government policy supported expanding home ownership through government support of fannie mae, freddie mac, and the fha financial crisis inquiry commission ● principal conclusions of the majority: ○ it was avoidable ○ widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision ○ dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions ○ excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency ○ inconsistent response of an ill prepared government ○ collapsing mortgagelending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline ○ overthecounter derivatives contributed significantly ○ failures of the credit rating agencies were essential cogs in the wheel of financial destruction ● 10 essential causes identified by the dissenters: ○ credit bubble ○ housing bubble ○ nontraditional mortgages ○ credit ratings and securitization ○ financial institutions concentrated correlated risks ○ leverage and liquidity risk ○ risk of contagion ○ common shock (the fall in housing prices) ○ financial shock and panic ○ financial crisis causes economic crisis \n tarp, bailouts, and the stimulus ● the bush administration and congress created the troubled asset relief program (tarp) ○ administered by the department of the treasury ○ authorized with funding up to $700 billion to be used to shore up banks and stimulate the provision of credit to borrowers the doddfrank wall street reform and consumer protection act ● doddfrank act ○ provided for new regulations ○ strengthened enforcement ○ required new rule making by regulators ○ created a new regulatory agency the consumer financial protection bureau ○ restricted the pricing of credit card borrowings ○ increased the exposure of credit rating agencies to lawsuits ○ restricted securities trading by banks ○ required derivatives trades to go through clearinghouses ○ imposed new capital requirements on banks ○ did not address the roles of fannie mae and freddie mac financial stability oversight council ● established by the doddfrank act ● composed of the heads of 10 regulatory agencies with responsibility for: ○ monitoring the economy ○ responding to emergencies that threaten the stability of the financial system too big to fail ● the act: ○ authorized the government to seize and break up a firm whose collapse could result in substantial harm to the economy ○ required financial companies to develop “living wills” for closing down and provided for the orderly liquidation of failed companies \n the volcker rule ● included in the doddfrank act after heated debate ○ subsequently subject to extensive rulemaking activity to refine the restrictions ● allowed banks to trade on behalf of clients and to hedge their own risks derivatives and swaps ● to reduce risks and increase regulatory scrutiny: ○ the act gave the commodities and futures trading commission (cftc) regulatory authority over swaps and major swap market participants such as marketmakers securitization and excessive risks ● issuers of assetbacked securities were required to retain: ○ at least 5 percent of the risk unless the assets meet certain loan standards consumer protection ● complaints from consumers and consumer advocacy groups about financial products centered on: ○ abusive mortgages ○ high interest rates charged by payday lenders ○ financing practices of automobile dealers and student loan companies ● the doddfrank act created a consumer financial protection bureau (cfpb) ○ has authority over: ■ banks with assets over $10 billion ■ mortgage lenders ■ student loan companies ■ payday lenders compensation ● the doddfrank act directed the sec to address the compensation issue ● the sec: ○ promulgated “say on pay” rules requiring a nonbinding shareholder vote on executive compensation at least every 3 years ○ proposed rules requiring banks and financial services firms to: ■ report bonuses paid to individual employees ■ block bonuses that posed the risk of “material financial loss” for the firm \n credit ranging agencies ● provide information to investors about risks associated with securities ● government regulators have delegated to designated nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (nrsro) the assessment of risks associated with securities. global capital requirements regulation basel iii ● basel committee on banking supervision an organization of 27 nations that sets capital requirements for banks ○ requirements must be approved by the g20 nations ■ enacted into law by each nation chapter 12: environmental management and sustainability introduction ● public, government, and businesses recognize the importance of environmental protection and sustainability ● benefits include: ○ improved human health ○ a more vibrant natural environment ○ the preservation of ecosystems ○ a more sustainable relationship with the natural environment the environment and sustainability ● goals and action ● global climate change ● policy ● tradeoffs socially efficient control of externalities ● the control of externalities has taken the form of commandandcontrol regulation ● incentive approaches take into account the benefits and costs of attaining environmental objectives ○ achieves those objectives by aligning the social and private costs of pollution and its abatement \n the coase theorum ● pertains to market imperfections, including externalities and public goods ● focuses on the standard of social efficiency ● provide s a conceptual foundation for both regulation and the liability system \n transaction costs and the limits of the coase theorem ● the coase theorem implies that: ○ when bargaining between the parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved capandtrade systems ● caps the total allowed emissions of a particular pollutant, issues permits (entitlements) for that amount, and allows the permits to be traded ○ also called tradable permits systems global climate change and emissions trading systems ● kyoto protocol ● emissions trading in the european union ● the regional greenhouse gas initiative (rggi) ● emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) kyoto protocol ● accomplishments under the kyoto protocol a subject of disagreement ○ developed countries have reduced their domestic emissions ■ research shows that this is due to increased imports displacing local production emissions trading in the european union ● the european union took the lead on multination emission ○ traded with the european trading system (ets) commencing in 2005 ● ets is a capandtrade system that covers 12,000 facilities in 15 eu member states ○ the eu goal was an 8 percent reduction by 2012 from a 1990 base emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) ● to address the global climate change issue: ○ in 1998 bp plc committed by 2010 to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (ghgs) by 10 percent from 1990 levels ● to achieve its goal, bp worked with environmental defense to develop an internal ghgs trading system for the company the regional greenhouse gas initiative ● formed in 2005 by 10 northeastern u.s. states \n ○ to operate a capandtrade system for reducing greenhouse gases emissions ○ auctioned 86 percent of the allowances generating $790 million through 2010 ● supported by companies that benefited from the funds generated by the auctions ○ other companies argued that it drove up costs and drove jobs away the environmental protection agency (epa) ● an independent agency located in the executive branch ● headed by an administrator appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate ● responsible for administering the major environmental acts enforcement ● the epa enforcement process requires: ○ filing of a notice of a complaint and a hearing before an administrative law judge standards setting and engineering control ● epa regulation has largely been command and control ○ uniform rules or standards are ordered and then enforced ● the epa sets emissions standards and air quality standards ● epa has increasingly used incentive approaches: ○ credits and offsets superfund ● administered by the epa ○ for the cleanup of existing toxic waste disposal sites ● epa attempts to identify the source of the dumping and force it to clean the site the nature of environmental politics ● environmental issues are complex because of: ○ scientific uncertainty about the consequences of pollution ○ incomplete information about the costs and benefits of environmental protection ○ disagreements about alternative approaches, such as liability versus regulation, to protection ○ differing perspectives about the protection of entitlements judicial politics ● politics of environmental protection often moves into judicial arenas ● environmental groups have succeeded in inserting citizen provisions in environmental statutes \n advocacy science ● much remains unknown about environmental hazards and their control ○ this scientific uncertainty is a source of contention in environmental politics ○ it provides an opportunity to use advocacy science as a component of a private politics strategy distributive politics ● environmental politics is motivated by: ○ distributive consequences of environmental policy ○ costs of environmental protection ○ benefits from the reduction in pollution and hazards private and public politics ● many environmental ngos active in public politics at the federal, state, and local levels ● environmental groups testify regularly in legislative and regulatory hearings ○ some demonstrate to attract media coverage to their side of the issue nimby and private politics ● nimby “not in mybackyard” ○ focuses on local environmental concerns, particularly as they involve possible risks to persons or property ○ directed toward: refuse disposal & toxic waste sites, chemical & oil plants, other facilities that may emit toxins ● energized by information provided by the federal government’s toxics release inventory (tri) ● the tri is a result of the “righttoknow” amendment to a 1985 superfund reauthorization bill voluntary collective environmental programs ● iso 14001 ● responsible care program ● criticisms of voluntary programs ○ called “greenwash” by environmental groups ○ allege that these programs sound good to the public ○ fail to live up to their promises chapter 13: the investor’s perspective: renewable energy introduction \n ● managing effectively in the nonmarket environment is essential for firms when: ○ a company is at a major strategic crossroad ○ there are market or nonmarket challenges ● strategy implementation is essential on an ongoing basis at an operational level to: ○ achieve performance goals ○ address challenges ○ seize opportunities investment decisions ● in making their decisions, investors assess: ○ opportunities and risks associated with firms ○ quality of their management ● the assessment of managerial quality depends on: ○ a firm’s leadership and market strategy ○ a firm's nonmarket strategy ○ the ability of management to anticipate and deal effectively with the emergence and development of nonmarket issues the environment of wind and solar power ● longterm opportunities for wind and solar power were enormous ○ supply costs were falling ○ demand for renewable power was expected to continue to grow ○ demand growth had been led by europe as a result of generous subsidies ■ as the subsidies were reduced, growth slowed ○ at the same time demand grew in china and the united states ■ more countries began to support wind and solar power ○ demand was expected to grow substantially in china and developing nations ● growth hinged on government support and the cost of other energy sources markets and government involvement ● retail electricity prices varied greatly across the states ○ both solar and wind power were quite variable ■ solar power output depended on the weather ■ wind power was most attractive in locations where the wind blows hard and steadily ○ solar/wind power faced nonmarket opposition because of: ■ the cost of subsidization ■ environmental nimby market signal ● market for solar panels in europe and the united states slowed to a crawl in 2010 \n ○ market in china grew at a rapid pace economic rationale for subsidization ● economic rationales for the subsidization of renewable power: ○ based on positive externalities ■ subsidization provides environmental improvements by displacing carbonbased power generated from coal or natural gas ■ subsidization provides security benefits to the extent that it reduced the dependence on imported fuels ○ intended to achieve cost efficiencies and increased output ■ subsidies could enable producers to realize economies of scale that would reduce costs and allow output to expand political rationale for subsidization ● positive externalities for the environment and security benefitted constituents ● subsidization generated pork: ○ recipients of the subsidies and their suppliers earned rents from the economic activity stimulated by the subsidization the costs of subsidization ● direct costs of subsidies are the corresponding government budget expenditures and liabilities ○ examples grants and loan guaranties solyndra inc ● in 2008 solyndra and solar power, inc., a leading installer of solar panels, agreed to a supply arrangement for $325 million of solar panels over the 2008–2012 period ● market risks: prices and costs ● non market risks *solar power opportunities and risks—market and nonmarket factors \n practice questions ch. 1013 true/false 1. when there are market imperfections, government intervention can improve its efficiency. true/ false 2. congress mandates that regulatory agencies provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action. true/ false 3. interested parties such as firms are prohibited from participating in formal and informal rule making proceedings. true/ false 4. regulation in the us takes place through a private process that is closed and lowprofile. true/ false 5. with the disintegration of the mortgage market, lenders do not bear the risk of failure of borrowers to repay loans. true/false 6. securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations. true/false 7. securitization can reduce idiosyncratic risks but cannot reduce systematic risks. true/false 8. commandandcontrol regulation imposes uniform controls and standards on dissimilar sources of pollution. true/false 9. the coase theorem implies that a negative externality can be resolved when property rights are assigned to the pollutees, not the polluters. true/false 10. the coase theorem implies that when bargaining between two parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved. true/false 11. voluntary environmental information disclosure by firms provides an accurate representation of their environmental performance. true/false 12. renewable energy (non hydroelectric) production has been dependent on subsidies because it is not cost competitive. true/false \n 13. the u.s. government provided subsidization on both the demand and supply sides of the market for renewable power. true/false 14. the nimby movement can hamper the development of renewable energy. true/false multiple choice 1. globedot is a leading manufacturer of information display systems based in california. it seeks uniform federal regulation to impose a carbon emission tax on all manufacturing firms. this is an example of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. natural monopoly b. rentseeking theory c. adverse selection d. moral hazard 2. which of the following regulatory approach has been blamed for inducing inefficiency across companies? a. deregulation b. costofservice regulation c. information disclosure requirement d. monopoly restrictions 3. in constructing cdos, the mortgage loans are sliced into tranches with the cash flowing first to the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. \n a. most safe tranche (lowest interest rate) b. most risky tranche (highest interest rate) c. noninvestment grade tranche 4. which of the following did not contribute to the financial crisis of 20072008? a. subprime lending b. high leverage ratio for banks c. credit default swaps d. regulation of derivatives 5. the regulatory responses to the financial crisis include all of the following except a. penalizing customers who defaulted on interest payments b. increasing the regulation of credit card issuers c. .reducing speculative investments by banks d. .regulating credit rating agencies 6. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ have become an effective means of achieving environmental goals at the least cost to society. a. commandandcontrol regulations b. incentivebased regulations c. costofservice regulations d. voluntary approaches 7. why were the loan guarantee and cash option awarded to renewable power producers jeopardized? a. .state public utility regulatory agencies were barred by law from determining renewable energy prices. b. the huge federal budget deficit required measures to reduce expenditure. c. state public utility regulatory agencies gave a negligible premium for renewable power. d. the price of natural gas rose considerably. short answers •what are alternative theories to explain where regulation is or is not imposed? \n •under what circumstances does the market fail to function properly and government intervention is justified? •explain commandandcontrol vs. incentivebased approach to environmental regulation. •explain the basics of emissions trading scheme. •explain two nonmarket factors that encourage investment in renewable energy. •explain two nonmarket factors that discourage investment in renewable energy. answer key true/false 1. t 2. t \n 3. f 4. f 5. t 6. t 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. t 11. f 12. t 13. t 14. t multiple choice 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b",
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65aeb5042a91431e0d8143d0d1d144a4 | find the total capacitance ct in the network in fig. p6.56. all capacitors are 12 microfarads. ct figure p6.56 | find the total capacitance ct in the network in fig. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "geol 1010 dr. coulson test 4 study guide highlight= important principle highligh= key term lecture 13: hydrology why do we care? need water to survive finite amount of water on earth hydrologic cycle ocean = biggest reservoir of water rivers/lakes have relatively small amounts of water glaciers = second largest reservoir groundwater = third largest groundwater precipitation can either hit ground and stay on surface and runoff, or go into ground infiltrat process of water soaking into ground (groundwater) porosit total amount of open spaces (cracks, pores) in area (%) 3 types: 1. intergranular pores little spaces in between grains a. typically very small, but in large amount b. most groundwater stored here 2. fractures any kind of crack or opening a. larger than intergranular, and can store lots of water i. do not always hold lots of water (small cracks don’t hold a lot) 3. vugs large openings/holes a. largest of the 3 (can be the size of caverns) b. not very common c. formed by some dissolving/erosion controls of porosity determined by sediment/rock properties sorting (shapes and sizes of sediment; how well do they fit together?) (wellsorted > high porosity) if poorly sorted, the openings b/w sediment is filled with very small sediment instead of water cementation: how well cemented sediment is \n permeability how much water can move/flow in area want high permeability > easier to extract water table (wt) boundary of zone of aeration/saturation (everything become saturated) zone of aeration aka unsaturated zone vadose zone everything is not saturated zone of saturation phreatic zone everything is not saturated groundwater supply aquifer any layer of sediment/rock that produces water recovered by people via wells types: unconfined no other material that messes up flow selfsustaining aquitard prohibits water confined extra layer than unconfined results in more difficulty to refill aquifer artesian well takes advantage of high water pressure of confined aquifers saves time and money ideal solution: want a sloped aquifer and place well at bottom of slope perched aka perch wt relatively small drilling shallow well = cheap and easier recharge how fast are you filling aquifier discharge how fast are you losing water if recharge > discharge, water table rises can cause issues \n construction in water isn’t easy… if recharge < discharge → overdrafting cone of depression water table around well is sucked down subsidence ground concave in a little removing water quickly can alter structure of ground example california 1970s high elevation than now salinity contamination close to coast could result in salt water going into well water desalination getting salt out of water adds a lot of expense to water bill gw movement typically very slow (a few inches a day) good: most water stays in same place for long time bad: if water gets contaminated, then it sits there for a long time erosion can occur (slowly) gw contains dissolved substances co 2and so dissolve carbonate rocks causes caves, sinkholes, etc. case study: gw contamination love canal, niagara falls ny early 1900s they tried to build a canal but never finished 1940s: disposal of chemical waste in these unfinished canals buried it and left it 1950s/1960s: large population increase in area chemical company sells land for $1 1960s/1970s: lots of rainfall and construction chemical contaminants rising increased health issues \n 50% of babies born with defects 1978 homeowners learn there are 21,000 tons of waste underground kids would fall on ground and have a burn mark august 7, 1978 president carter declared state of emergency 1980s superfund act clean up areas with national help because one state couldn’t handle it chemical components responsible and had to pay millions 2008 survey of 4 states found 500,000 kids in schools <½ miles from waste dumps, including one on top of pcb dump **geology in the news : mt. pavlof in alaska erupting ash spewed 37,000 ft high 3rd eruption in 3 years rivers and streams major agent of weathering/erosion easy water supply (because at the surface) could be hazardous river and stream are relatively same thing forming a river: drainage basin total area of where water is draining into a large area channels path that river/stream follows tends to have ‘v’ shape (different than ‘u’ shape of glacier) tributaries small streams that flow into larger stream patterns: branching/dendritic tributaries branch out in small, acute angles radial tributaries flowing out in all directions center is a hill; tells you that there is elevation rectangular sharp, right angles fractures in bedrock levee (sometimes manmade) deposits that push flow of water another way floodplain flat plane that floods if the river overflows \n channel types: braided streams a bunch of channels intertwined with each other relatively rare causes/conditions: varied water supply large sediment supply easily erodible banks steep elevation gradients: relatively straight water path low elevation gradient meandering (long turns/curves) each curve = meander/meander loop water on outside part of curve is moving very fast cut bank outer edge of curve of water point bar inner edge of water curve builds up sediment (due to sediment carried by cut bank) when curve switches sides, so do cut banks/point bars meanders migrate over time oxbow lakes horseshoeshaped lakes formed due to migrated meanders issues for people: could undercut foundation of house or result in landlocked fishing piers must artificially engineer paths for meanders can be very expensive, time consuming, etc can cause increased flooding ex: mississippi river in new orleans floods: amount of water moving past a point in given amount of time: discharge=velocity x area if discharge increases to where channel can’t contain water, then flooding deposit lots of sediment pro: good in farmland areas (flooding = rich sediment) ex: ancient egypt civilizations near flooded areas con: flooding can cause problems/destroy businesses/houses ex: raleigh, nc had businesses move within a year how often/how big? recurrence interval probability that a flood of a certain size will occur in a year 1/interval \n ex: probability of a 5 year flood happening this year: = 20% not a guarantee! varies from river to river the end of the river: mouth where water is emptied out water is typically very slow little erosion, a lot of deposition distributaries little streams branching off main streams and carrying water away opposite of tributaries delta shape that the mouth/distrib. make (△) subsidence ground level sinking down due to large amount of sediment in water ex: new orleans, venice (italy), etc water quality and availability average adult can survive 23 l/day cooking, bathing, sanitation, etc ~ 50 l/day average per capita in us ~ 6,000 l/day agriculture (water crops/taking care of livestock) and manufacturing cause large spikes in water use potable water safe to drink and tastes good some water is safe to drink but tastes/smells awful almost all water supplies contain some dissolved materials question is whether or not the given amount of material is safe perfectly pure water is extremely expensive fecal coliform count # of coliform bacteria within 100 ml coliform bacteria = proxy drinking water = 0 swimming /etc. = 200 chemical contamination chemicals commonly added due to infiltration and/or runoff radiation can also enter water mines/waste disposal water quality cleanup: takes time and money faster rechargeeasier to clean one contaminant is isolated water availability: states fighting over how much water goes to each state downriver states suing upriver states upriver states say old water use agreements are outdated \n case study: sc vs. nc 10 million gallons/year from catawba river river accounts for ½ water supply to sc taken before supreme court solved behind private closed doors case study: ga vs. tn ga state wants to move border 1 mile n case study: sw us vs. others in sw us colorado river lawsuits of 1931 overuse: provide water to 30 million people 10 years of drought and still going down does not reach gulf of mexico 2000: 36 nation's = ‘water stressed’ (<1700 m^3 h2o/person annually) 2010: 1 billion people living in water stressed 2050: estimated 2 billion people living in water stressed lecture 14: c oastlines ** geology in the news: siberian rhinoceros fossil found looks like unicorn coastal processes and features why do we care? 53% (>3.5 billion) people live within 120 miles of coastline coasts still on continental crust several forces act on environments (complicated process) changing just one factor can cause a huge impact processes: tides tidal flats area of land going above/below water during high/low tide high tide/low tide controlled by moon high tide: sides facing toward and away from moon low tide: sides ‘in between’ tide height: hawaii has tidal range of 12 ft bay of fundy has range of 40 ft affected by amount of land around it \n waves: wavelength distance between waves changes as they approach shore the slow down bottom of wave drags on seafloor wavelength decreases wave height gets taller wave refraction waves curve slightly waves come in at angle and therefore slow down at different speeds (leads to a curved pattern) longshore current zigzag pattern that forms by waves pushing into shore and back out longshore drift process of longshore current picking up and depositing sediment shoreline features depend on tectonics, rock type, sea level fluctuations, storm size/strength, etc types of coastlines: emergent shoreline is uplifted/exposed stacks steep, small islands (typically no beach) terraces large, flat, starlike areas each ‘step’ represents a former beach submergent coastline sinking or water level rising (opposite of emergent) long, wide beaches and coastal plains spit long, large deposits of sand still connected to land but extend out into water barrier islands same as spit but not connected to main land unstable (due to lots of forces acting on it, even though it is just sediment deposit) constantly in motion \n offshore features continental margin edge of continent under water that marks transition from continental to oceanic crust types: active location of plate boundary passive no plate boundary (ex: east coast usa) parts: continental shelf close to shore and flat good for fishing lots of nutrients results in lots of predators (fish) economically important (fossil fuel hotspot) continental slope edge of shelf that slopes downwards continental rise right before oceanic crust abyssal plain official start of oceanic plate coastal erosion can occur on emergent/submergent coasts natural process hazardous due to proximity of people to build on shores case study: cape hatteras lighthouse outer banks, nc strong longshore currents 1868: 1500ft inland 1998: 120ft inland average rate of erosion: 10.6ft/yr to fix this, 19992000: lighthouse moved 2900ft inland over 23 days cost: $15 million dealing with coastal erosion: 1. zoning build farther inland setback distance how far inland is safe \n calculated/expressed with erosion lines (e lines) line along coast marking where erosion will move shoreline in future ex: e10 line shows where shore will be in 10 yrs formula: (erosion rate)(interval)=eline distance how far is considered safe? national: e60 or further back 60 years due to building life expectancy of 50 years sc: e40 or further back tourism = #1 resource for sc 2010: tourism = $1.8 billion people want to be close to beach 2. barriers weaken waves keep sand from moving away less erosion, more stability seawalls parallel to coastline drawbacks block wave so it does not erode coast as much relatively effective expensive wear down in short time need repairs not visually appealing tourism affected groins perpendicular to coast shut down longshore drift (not stopping waves) builds land on one side, but erodes heavily on other private properties are affected expensive \n 3. beach (re)nourishment replacing eroded sand/sediment truck in or spray sand back on beaches case study: miami 1950s: erosion wiped out beaches 1960s1970s: beach nourishment processes: huge success 1980s: cost a lot but highly effective new jersey copies and loses sand due to erosion in short time redo it and change some things = success drawbacks: wildlife issues (nothing can survive in tight, compact, imported sand lecture 15: nonrenewable energy **geology in the news : archean eon glaciation (3.5 ga) may have been greater than previously thought energy runs everything ( technology, heating) affects personal budgets and national economics political topicwhere to get energy from energy sources renewablesources of energy that will quickly replace itself time scale = useful for humans nonrenewablesources that will never replenish or will replenish too slowly for humans to take benefit from fossil fuels ~82% of energy in the us comes from fossil fuels coal 22.6% oil 36.8% natural gas 22.9% hydroelectric 6.3% nuclear 6% all other 1.4% how much is there? reserve amount of something you have ready for use resource all of the stuff you have ready to use and the stuff you know about but it's not ready to use all known stuff advantages of fossil fuels historically cheap and abundant \n technology well developed we know how to use fossil fuels infrastructure built to run on them gas in cars burning coal disadvantages of fossil fuels nonrenewable deposits not uniformly distributed causes trouble between countries costs going up environmental damage types of fossil fuels hydrocarbons hydrogen and carbon combustible hc compounds requires: area of high biological productivity massive amounts of biomass continental shelf = good place organisms have short life span and constantly dying and decaying relatively low oxygen in water/sediment type of hydrocarbon: methane and natural gas advantages resources growing in recent years burns much cleaner than other fossil fuels price often cheaper than oil disadvantages safety issues sour gas ( contains h2s) filtering the gas is expensive and takes a lot of time still contributes to atmospheric co2 buildup combustible too much can cause large fires oil hard to get oil to form right temp and pressure to form oil window right conditions for oil to form ( 25 km, <150 degrees celsius) \n world oil supply 62% in the middle east 22% in saudi arabia 2.5% in the us long time agomiddle east was under water with right conditions so a lot of oil formed there everybody friendly to saudi arabia because they have so much oil us oil production and consumption us uses 7.5 billion barrels each year 2010: us imported 61% of the oil we needed cost = $337 billion $640,000 per minute 1973 importing 50% 2004 60% 2007 75% 2010 61% us consumption was greater than us productionnot good fracking hydraulic fracturing boost in production in recent years uses pressurized fluids to shatter rock below ground (creates permeability) advantages: get oil out of areas where traditional drilling cannot disadvantages: contamination not pure water is being shot into the ground contains chemicals chemicals get into ground water supply may 2015 water supplies in pa contaminated with fracking fluids \n fights over regulating the industry possible to do fracking safely put to follow regulations causes time and effort and drives the cost up seismic activity busting rock underground causes seismic activity example: oklahoma had to pass rules and regulations because of seismic activity due to so much fracking how much oil is left? debatable lots find new deposits improve technology to get more out of deposits little existing fields producing less new oil fields being found less often case study: anwr arctic national wildlife reserve original resource estimated 2030 billion barrels original reserve estimated 412 billion barrels should you drill in anwr? lots of oil land protected prodrilling side 30 billion barrels = enough to last the us 60 years free the us from foreign oil lower gas prices only a tiny area of anwr affected 2000 acres of 19 million acres used for drilling problems: 30 billion barrels assumes all 30 billion barrels of the resource will be available not realistic amount resources vs. reserve free from foreign oil the us imports 5 billion barrels per year not actually free from foreign oil lower gas prices opec production drives gas prices not us supply not all anwr oil would be used by us tiny area drilled \n the small area to drill in does not include infrastructure roads houses communities pipelines the area around it will be affected nodrilling side only 12 billion barrels not enough to fuel the us for even 2 years spills devastate the environment risk of ruining the protected land problems: spills exxonvaldez cleanup cost>$2 billion 20 years later oil was still on beaches gulf spill cost $40 billion not all paid by gas company, but rather paid by tax dollars 12 billion barrels is enough for 2 years assumes that there are 12 billion barrels available production rate: 12 bbls in 2 yrs = 6 bbls/yr impossible to pump that quickly other oil sources oil shales and tar sands shales and sands with high organic content problem: oil not fully formed yet can mine rock and cook it to complete process to get oil advantages: extensive deposit estimated shale resource has 4x more oil than saudi arabia estimated sands is 2x global oil resources disadvantages: produce more greenhouse gases than other fossil fuels 2550% more carbon dioxide produced than normal oil not profitable at low oil prices cooking uses energy to make energy extensive mining operations 13 million tons of shale to fuel us for one day uses lots of water 72 billion gallons of water to produce enough shale oil to power the us for 1 day coal lots of biomass low oxygen forms in swamps and bogs \n stagnant water not a lot of exygen formation: peat (50% carbon) lignite (70% carbon) bituminous coal (7090%) anthracite coal (90+%) advantages: us coal reserve big enough to last 100+ years disadvantages: more pollution than other fossil fuels 25% more carbon dioxide than oil mercury, arsenic, etc produced in burning and mining ash disposal 130 tons/year in us coal burning releases sulfur causes acid rain effects: weathering damage causes problems in environment leaches nutrients out of soils **geology in the news : new evidence supporting anthropocene hypothesis strata forming today contains evidence of human activity nuclear energy nonrenewable fission splitting an atom into smaller parts large amount of release of energy (radiation) must safely harness energy uranium ore = key element ore rock/sediment with high concentration yellowcake processed uranium ore extracting uranium from ore 235u and 238u separated very complex: must use centrifuge want to filter out some of 238u; not complete power plant: 35% enrichment weapons: 90% enrichment 235u is what we want more of firing neutrons takes time and energy splitting 235u atoms starts chain reaction problem: easy to get out of control \n cooling system removes heat energy requires water (4 million gallons/yr in some plants) advantages: large us reserve ~30 yr supply reduce carbon emission decrease fossil fuel dependence produce very large amount of energy 1kg uranium = 3 million times amount of energy than 1kg coal good safety record current us use: ~100 plants use amount 20% us electricity use declining since 1996 half of active plants will close by 2020 no new reactors or plants built between 19782010 48% of ones ordered before 1878 never built nuclear disadvantages: nuclear electric price tripled between 19701990 reactor safety (people fearful) nuclear proliferation are they making weapons or electricity? waste disposal radioactive waste average power plant crates 2530 tons/yr 2007: us had 50,000 tons stored radioactive waste radiation varies which means safety varies types: lowlevel (ll) not too much radiation; pretty safe things were not initially radioactive class ac: a=less radioactive than b, which is less than c gtcc greater than class c intermediate level in europe highlevel (hl) main types from power plants/weapons research requires heavy shielding and deep burial globally generate ~ 12,000 tons/yr types: spent nuclear fuel 20 tons/yr/plant transuranic beyond uranium on periodic table long halflife (>20yrs) generated during weapons research longterm problems \n what to do with waste? store it ensure stability and safety only 3 ll waste sites in us clive, utah only accepts a richland, washington accepts ac from 11 nw states barnwell, sc class ac from other 39 states 2008: closed to all but 3 states hl waste sites yucca mountain = us 1st site for spent fuel supposed to open in 1985: hasn’t started geologic concerns (earthquakes, faults, etc) legal challenges: ‘not in my backyard effect’ wanting benefits of nuclear power but don’t want it that close waste isolation pilot plant (wipp) in carlsbad, nm only us site for transuranic 20 yrs planning ~½ mile underground carved into 3000 ft thick salt containers must not be high temp, cannot contain fluid, and must be ventilated to prevent explosion longterm plans: site expected to be full by 2070 monitored for safety until 2170 then marked as offlimits for drilling, excavation, etc until 12,170 other storage ideas: dump in ocean put in subduction zones launch into space none of there are good ideas use it transmutation using as a resource big in 1970s until banned in us currently being revisited in europe 137 cs used for food irradiation 241 am used for smoke detectors radiation levels lots of units (curies, becquerels, grays, rads, etc) rem dose (amount) x quality factor (how likely it will cause biological problems) \n annual exposure from natural sources in millirems (mrem): cosmic rays 30 radon 95 medical 100 fallout 4 terrestrial 55 total 284 (0.3 rem) how much is safe/unsafe? <5 rem/yr = no problem 520 rem = problem longterm (higher risk for cancer, etc) 20100 rem = mild radiation sickness 200+ rem = hair loss, ⅓ chance of death 600+ rem = 100% fatality rate within 14 days contamination 108+ sites in us considered unsafe accidents, mismanagement, storage, etc ex: oak ridge national lab, tn over 167 sites where contaminants were released reactor failure: three mile island pa 1979: partial core meltdown no serious radiation released (still scared everyone) caused 30 year gap of no radiationrelated activity chernobyl 1986 fallout 30x> than bombs on japan 336,000 people permanently evacuate 19 mile exclusion zone exists today lecture 16: renewable energy **geology in the news: estimated 75% of species going extinct leave no record implies that modern species could go extinct without scientists knowing renewable energy basics general points each type has advantages/disadvantages no one source will provide all energy; need varied approach advantages abundant produce little pollution low maintenance safe \n disadvantages technology still being developed expensiveusually ‘bottom line’ for people infrastructure compatibility acceptance by society solar all sunlight for 1 hour = 1 year's supply of energy how can we harness? solar farms use mirrors to reflect sunlight onto receiver solar electricity capturing sunlight and turning it directly into electricity ( photovoltaics(pv)) pv cells (pvcs) materials used to complete photovoltaics always improving currently at 45% efficient new organic materials being studied using ~7.5% of sahara desert land for solar farms = provide ½ of world's energy needs assumes 1015% efficiency energy payback amount of time to generate enough energy to offset amount used to start since 2000 solars epb dropped 23 years disadvantages insolation variation rain/clouds would hinder as would night some pollution from make older pv cells where to put solar farms sw us? people want to build on national parks, wildlife area, etc reduces cost but could affect endangered species hydroelectric using water for energy turns turbines to make electricity advantages does not pollute water quick profit 5 years to recover plant construction cost disadvantages reservoir creation floods areas dams alter downstream environments site selection want a big river with lots of flowing water good spots already taken efficiency safety case study: banqiao dam built to resist 1000 years flood \n 1975 aug 672000 years flood 41+ included rain in one day wave 6 mile wide 20 ft 171000 died tides and waves convert kinetic energy into electricity old devices too complicated new buoy system is 2 components advantages simple device consistent concerns: rough environment erosion, hurricanes, storms, wildlife changes to coastal environments reduces wave energy some areas far from coasts effects on wildlife wind power winds generate 5x more power than total global energy consumption advantages: cost down almost 80% over 20 years energy payback ~ 1 year disadvantages not consistent in many areas areas defined by classes (17) <class 3 = not viable best places often far from population centers lots of money to build the right infrastructure “not in my backyard” syndrome home turbine = 30 ft tall, blades 725 ft long industrial turbine = 20 stories tall, blades 100 ft long case study: cape cod, ma people objecting to windmill being built 5.5 miles offshore ‘ruining the view’ warp turbines wind amplified rotor platform small blades instead of large \n is it safe for wildlife birds, especially worried about birds not highly affected what about other flying animals? nobody cares... biofuels use of biological material as fuel ex: wood renewable only if managed correctly algae: grow algae and convert lipids (fats) to biofuels algae farm = oil crops advantages: doesn’t need freshwater doesn’t need cropland/soil waste is biodegradable multiple harvests/yr can yield 15300x more energy per acre than other biofuel crops (like corn grown for ethanol) disadvantages currently expensive new technique published in dec. 2013, but still working doesn’t lower atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as some claim ",
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e5c6bd4b49d8e17ceabe15a0cf589fae | econ 3332 -how are the goods produced? -who gets these goods? | econ 3332 | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "lecture 1 introduction: economics: -study of the allocation of scarce resources among alternative uses. -scarcity leads to trade-offs: -which goods are produced? -how are the goods produced? -who gets these goods? -who makes these tradeoffs: -consumers – individuals or households -producers – firms -governments -consumers and firms operate in a structure where the game can be affected by government policy. -how do decision makers allocate the resources? -scarcity is what leads to tradeoffs. -rich do not necessarily face the same tradeoffs as poor. -time is a common scarcity that every one of every social statu",
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b8da3096a3a599c0c2e0598d211976d3 | solve for x: x3 5x2 4x 20 0. | solve for x: x3 5x2 4x 20 0. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "i. optimal foraging a. prey selection model (what size prey items should be selected to maximize the net rate of energy intake?) 1. holling’s disc equation a. r = rate of energy intake b. eg = energy gained by r = (e g e )h (t s t )h consumption c. e h energy lost to handling d. t = time spent searching s e. t h time spent handling 2. assumption: prey items of different sizes will have different profitabilities (energy gained/ energy expended) 3. prediction: optimal foragers should select prey that maximize their net energy intake 4. predictin: optimal foragers should be choosy about the size of prey they select b. diet selection model (which prey type should be included in an optimal diet to maximize the net rate of energy intake) 1. a. model predicts being a specialist when (e h /e1 1– 2 > 12 λ1 b. searching and handling are mutually exclusive activities c. encounter with prey is sequential and random d. e, h, λ remain constant e. forager has complete information 2. potential constraints a. excessive handling time/energy b. nutritional needs other than energy c. balancing the risk of predation c. patch selection model 1. marginal value theorem: a rate maximizing forager will choose the residence time or each patch type so that the marginal rate of gain at the time of leaving equals the long term average rate of energy intake in the habitat \n 2. a. searching for patches and feeding within one are mutually exclusive b. encounters with patches are sequential and random c. the gain function remains constant d. forager again has complete information 3. what determines the optimal time spent in a patch? a. understand the shape of the curve, and the distance between you and your next patch b. giveupdensity (gud) when travel time between patches is short, the gud is larger d. risk sensitive model 1. patches equal in mean rewards differ in their variance 2. a satiated forager should be risk adverse and choose the less variable patch 3. a hungry forager should be risk prone and choose the more variable patch e. predation foraging trade off 1. forager should forage optimally so long as it does not result in higher risk of predation 2. when predators are present, alternative foraging strategies that minimize predation risks are favored 3. ex. sticklebacks a. sticklebacks choose high prey density when predator is absent but low prey density with predator is present because it is easier for them to watch for predators ii. antipredatory behaviors a. evolutionary arms race 1. redqueen hypothesis: organisms must constantly adapt to survive while pitted against everevolving opposing organisms in an ever changing environment 2. evolutionary arms race: predators and prey coevolve due to their strong evolutionary influence on one another 3. prey should: a. avoid encounters b. avoid detection c. avoid capture \n predators prey visual activity cryptically search image polymorphism search patterns spacing patterns learning ability mimicry speed evasive maneuvers offensive weapons defensive weapons detoxins toxins b. predation risk model 1. p (death) = 1 – e^(α *d *t) a. α = rate of encounters b. d = probability of death per encounter with predator c. t = time spent vulnerable to encounters with a predator 2. d = [ p(1a)(1i1)(1e1) + q (12i ) (12e )] (3e ) a. p = probability prey detects predator first b. q = probability predator detects prey first c. a = probability prey avoids predator d. i = probability predator ignores prey e. e = probability prey escapes predator 3. avoiding encounters a. reducing α or t parameters b. timing of activity i. circadial patterns ii. circatidal patterns c. sheltering behavior i. crevices or burrows ii. commensal spaces 4. avoiding detection a. coloration i. disruptive ii. cryptic iii. polymorphism b. distribution and spacing c. cryptic behavior i. remaining motionless ii. swaying rhythmically 5. discouraging attacks a. coloration i. aposomatic coloration (bright coloration to demonstrate toxicity) ii. batesian mimicry (similar coloring to toxic animals) b. advertising unprofitability i. stotting – deer jump in air which advertises their fitness ii. inspection visits \n c. group behaviors can discourage predators by i. increasing your apparent size ii. disguising your true identity d. individual behaviors can discourage predators by i. illustrating superior escape abilities 6. escaping attacks a. startle coloration i. bright flash patches ( eyespots)2 z s b. evasive maneuvers c. group behaviors i. vigilence ii. confusing effect iii. mobbing 7. avoiding consumption a. defensive structures (spines and stings) b. defensive behaviors (autonomatization and bites) c. chemical weapons ( sprays and toxins) c. risk effects 1. predator risk effects arise when: a. predator alters the behavior of prey b. negatively influences the fitness of prey c. antipredator responses can reduce either survival or reproduction d. risk effects can exceed direct predation effects 2. whether prey should minimize direct predation or risk effects depend on their relationship? a. ex. spiny lobsters adaptations i. gregariousness begins: when crypsis ends when seeking crevices shelters before group defense is effective ii. gregariousness is favored by reducing attacks not favored by escaping attacks may be decreasing in lobsters today ",
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ea23fad5aa2521c29bbfe3672d0418a6 | exe1d.ft!.f 1- 20 refn ro the follolt'ill8 mmrices: a-[2 - 3 - 4 0 ~l 8 = [i c = [~ ~] give the domain and codomain of the matrix transformation induced by 8. | exe1d.ft!.f 1- 20 refn ro the follolt'ill8 mmrices: a-[2 - 3 - 4 0 ~l 8 = [i c = [~ ~] | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " february 25 we are in the late classical of ancient greece, an era characterized for the shift of stylistic to naturalistic sculptures. it was the shift to war, sometimes tyrany and political inestability. naturalistic, experimentation and individualism is emphasized in here. there is no longer the universal ideals pursued by greeks, there is no universal truth of beauty. famous masters praximeles skopas lysippos 1. aphrodite of knodos hydria=water basel scurve= it is a typical feature in the work of praxiteles, in aphrodite statue, there is this s throughout her whole body, a contrapposto in form of an s throughout her body. 2. hermes and baby dionisos 3. stele of young hunter 4. weary heracles 5. battle of issus mossaic=consists of many little pieces of tesserae, tens of thousands sometimes. tesserae is a durable and solid material, you can clean it easily and it is easier to handle. 6. theater orchestra = place of the performance skene = stone wall where they had customs for the theatre, statues, or any major material used for the performances cavea = cavity on the earth 7. corinthian order acanthus leaves = leaves that appear in this order, famous plant used by greeks in ceremonies (specially if they are religious) we now move forward to the hellenistic era (last one of the greeks). begins with the death of alex the great (323 bc). the empire divides in two, they have many princesses and many kingdoms that split themselves after the death of alex, and because of this, they have multiple capitals. it is the deadline period of the greeks (the dark age). ionians cities are going to become the most powerful. we are going to see the culture of greeks in different empires (romans for example) \n 8. temple of apollo dipteral plan = double peristyle around the temple (remember peristyle=colonnade) 9. hippodamian plan agora = central marketplace where greeks used to buy things, place for religious purposes, philosophers meetings, center of government because of the administration buildings that surrounded the agora. 10.stoa of artalos ii stoa = the surrounding colonnade of the agora, they provided shadow and they were always straight mar 1 we stood up with hellenistic, which begins in 323 bc (death of alex the great) to 330 bc (death of cleopatra). at this period, statues intensified their energetic representation, they tend to be even more violent and intense than in the late period. 1. altar of zeus 2. athena battling 3. epigonos 4. dying gaul 5. nike of samothrace 6. aphrodite (venus de milo) 7. seated boxer 8. old market woman 9. demosthenes 10.laoccon and his sons etruscans these were the people who dominated middle and north italy. etruria=erustrian italy. there is a modern tuscany region in italy right now. we don’t know where these people came from, but we do know they migrated here in 900 bc. each city was ruled by a king (monarchic societies). they lived out of mines (great miners of gold, silver, iron and cooper) which is the reason why almost all of their work in out of metal. rome, at their conquest, absorbs greek culture and also etruscans. they traded with egypt and greece. they believed in several gods. periodization orientalizing 7 century archaic (highest point in their culture)600480 bc classical/hellenistic 48089 bc \n 11.fibula with orientalizing lions 12.model of typical 6 century etruscan temple mar 15 1. etruscan temple (model) tuscan capitals order of this civilization; unfluted columns, they have bases and wide intercolumniations 2. apullu (apollo) 3. sarcophagus 4. tumuli tufa was the name of the stone o which tombs were built. it is a volcanic soft stone found everywhere in central italy, it is of colors brown and orange 5. tomb of reliefs cerberus dog with three heads characteristic of the greek myth, it welcomes you to the underworld (guardian of this world) 6. tomb of leopardo 7. capitoline wolf shewolf the wolf which feed twins romulus and romus, legend says romulus killed his brother and founded rome in april 12, 753 bc 8. chimera of arezzo 9. sarcophagus of lars 10.aule matele adlocutio process of speaking to people, addressing the people roman republican they were known for their empire war like people manly culture population of rome was 12 million people they had a roman forum where government, commerce and religion activities were held coliseum was a place to see death circus maximus: greatest building at the time, quarter million could fit, where the persecutions of the army were executed chronology before any periods listed on the chronology, people were simply living in villages monarchy 753509 bc period of seven kings, starting with romulus (the founder) republic 50927 bc romans looked at greeks and learned; their government was a republic (ruled by \n law, not majority of opinions); this ends with the civil war which started with the th murder of julius caesar on march 15 44 bc roman empire 27 bc476 ad which subdivides in a) pax romana 27180 ad pax meaning peace of rome, relative time where rome was at peace; time in which christ was born and died b) crisis and decline 180284 ad c) late antiquity 284476 ad time where christianity is born monarchy humble side of the romans started as farmers and warriors with strong work ethic archaeology has discovered ancient ruins where platforms with holes are found (these holes where the place in which the vertical posts were placed for the entire structure to have a stable architecture) roman republic begins in 509 bc senate is the most powerful form of law elders with strong talkative skills and high status are within the senate latin is spoken in the senate classes are: patricians (senators, man who possessed land), plebeians (common people, the majority of rome), and slaves (about one fourth of the society, there are no discrimination of color, even a white could be slave) patricians and plebeians were balanced with the powers of law (senate for the first and popular assembles for the second) dictator was another important character within this period; it is a temporary authority for a temporary period of time (dictator was the person in charge of a crisis, the person who would rule the army and make a difference between a life and death of any citizen for a period of 6 months) cincinnati was the famous dictator who quit his job this period ends with the murder of julius caesar (dictator who stood more than 6 months) mar 17 roman empire \n by this time, rome is the largest city of the world (in fact, it is the largest city in human history) the first emperor was augustus, he found a palace near the forum of rome (the equivalent of the agora of the greeks, marketplace, most important place of the entire city) there are seven important hills (buildings) in rome but we only have to learn 2: capitoline hill and forum every major town in rome had its amphitheater rome had the three branches of the government (executive, legislative and judicial) although they had their own language (latin), rome culture is a mix of etruscans and greeks cultures (hybrid culture), its culture is influenced by both civilizations temples are going to be defined by cheap materials, only bases are from expensive material; this allowed the romans to build their temples in a faster way masters of vault and arch engineering portraits for romans are composed of the head or bust (nipples to head) and they are never idealized, they are verist 1. temple of portunus tufa, cheap stone found at local buildings, and concrete (mix of cement, lime and sand) are the materials used for this temple. columns in this temple are made of tufa, and also engaged columns rebet means to clothe or to bet something travertine is a local stone, clistaline limestone found at the city walls of rome, it is soft when you extract it but becomes solid with time, and it is of a crème color. this is the type of stone which is rebeted at the podium of this temple (it is not seen at the picture of the power point slide because it has disappear) pseudoperipteral occurs when the peristyle of a temple is not open 2. sanctuary of fortuna vault is the term for stone ceiling (or concrete ceiling) all vaults are fireproof barrel vault is a half cylinder of vault groin vault: it is an efficient, more stable type of vault in which each vault is rotated 90 degrees fenestrated sequence: allowed light to come in hemispherical dome: hemispherical means half sphere, it has a oculus which makes the complex enter light \n barrel groin fenestrated sequence hemispherical dome arch: romans though post and lintel architecture of greeks would not last (because lintel could easily be broken or it could crack), so they mastered arch since this architecture is more resistant than post and lintel the upper squares of the arch are called voussoirs 3. head of man from scoppito verism: the exaggeration of naturalism in portraits, most portraits from rome were verist, rathen than idealized 4. portrait bust of a man 5. second portrait of bust of a man 6. portrait of roman general 7. funerary relief…gesii 8. denarius 9. head of julus caesar 10.mount vesuvius this was the volcano which destroyed pompeii (population of 20,000) in august 24, 79 ad pompeii had two main avenues: decumanus (the horizontal line at the map of pompeii) and cardo (the vertical line) forum shown next at the power point, was almost a sacred place, people could not defecate in there and not even pets were allowed (only pedestrians). it is surrounded by religious buildings 11.temple of jupiter 12.capitoline 13.basilica 14.amphitheater it was always built at the edge of town by civic man (not by government) composed of two parts: arena (sand in latin, the place were gladiators used to fight) and cavea (place were the audience sits) mar 22 roman republic \n last thing we saw was the amphitheater which could accommodate 20,000 people, it wasn’t exactly at a hill (romans didn’t need hills specifically like greeks, they could just construct the theaters) 1. atrium of house of the vettii atrium is the entrance of the house, the courtyard that receives you once entering a home impluvium is the pool designed for gathering rain water peristyle is the courtyard (most intimate place at the house) which was surrounded by columns 2. typical home (model) fauces is the entrance of the home cubiculum is the room/bedroom, ordinary storage room triclinium is the dinner room, designed for special meals 3. first style of painting 4. dyonisiac mystery 5. gardenscape roman empire period in which rome is again a monarchy; begins when octavius (later called augustus, first emperor of rome) defeats marc anthony (cleopatra suicides because of this). augustus adopts julius caesar (his grandnephew) as his direct son. different titles to augustus augustus means the great one imperator: control of military force pontefex maximus: head of state (highest) although he had these sophisticated titles, he would always appear to the roman people such a beloved, respected, modest, honest man; he would silence his enemies quietly. he mastered political propaganda, he would always send messages to roman empire of the greatness of the empire (he used coins and portraits for his propaganda). he served 2025 years at the military (which later, he managed for the army to maintain the peace [pax romana] at rome), it was the most powerful army at the time. barbarians: germans, people who used to destroy piece by piece their enemies under augustus, roman empire extended widely (from egypt to arabia saudi) population was 1 to 2 million people (largest at the time) augustus would send geologists in search for marble and would command the construction of other temples such as capitoline (most antique of all main buildings) \n 6. augustus as general cuirass was the main propaganda in this statue; he has two sphinx depicted on his shoulders (triumph over marc anthony and conquest over egypt), at his torso he the four borders of roman empire (spain, gaul. egypt, and parthia), at the approach of his neck he has the skygod at the middle of the necklace of cuirass, below that he has dawn and dust (eternity over augustus reign), then he has the apollo arch (continual eternity), below this arch there is a cornucopia (prosperity and abundance); at the mere center of the cuirass we have a barbarian against a roman giving the standard to the roman general (where rome recovered peace without a war). mar 24 pax romana 1. pontifex maximus patera is the thing over his extended arm 2. portrait bust of livia coiffure is the hairstyle of livia at this portrait (curls=nodus) 3. ara pacis augustae 4. female personification 5. imperial fora from left to right at the power point 1. roman forum 2. forum 3. forum of augustus carrara marble was the material used for construction of columns 6. maison carree pseudoperipteral is a peristyle confined with cella, with engaged columns 7. pont du gard 8. bust of nero colossus was the 120 ft statue, the most expensive in human history (decorated entrance of his palace) 9. octagonal severus and celer were the architects and engineers of the golden house civil war erupts after nero’s death; after this, there are several sucesors to vespasian (first of flavians who ruled for 10 years) at this era, we see a return to veristic in men, women prefer idealized images of themselves \n 10.colosseum travetine exterior is the exterior reberted of this stone mar 29 we stood with the colosseum, which was completed by son, constructed above the artificial lake of nero, could accommodate 50,000 people, divided into cavea, arena, and basement. the interior of the building is made with white marble and the exterior with tufa and concrete reberted with travertine. 1. coin 2. image of exterior decoration of colosseum piers are the supports which are not cylindrical, there are 76 in the 2d and 3 level and also the basement of the flavian amphitheater cobels are the little structures on the top of the colosseum made to support a roof that used to be there (now gone) velarium is the track of rood made of wood 3. arch of titus composite volutes are volutes that have multiple influence (ionic and corinthian elements in this case) coffers are the little squares beneath the arch decorating the inside of the roof at the sides, it has two reliefs which tell a story; on the right, titus is drawn by 4 horses, this is called a quadriga, he is coming back after defeating the jews accompanied by the god honos (god of honor) and god virtus (god of military valor). at the left, there is a relief of the destruction of jerusalem, the romans are carrying the menorah which is the symbol of the jews 4. nervanantonine flavians didn’t last so long, nervanantonine dynasty permitted rome to extend and this was their greatest moment geographically. nerva was a senate man, he replaced domesian (the last of the pervious dynasty who got assassinated because he, like nero, held also a tyranny 5. circus maximus 6. column of trajan 7. portrait bust of hadrian 8. pantheon pumice is the light weight volcanic stone which makes the structure lighter oculus is eye in latin, made for the message that when light comes in throughout the day, there are gods moving across heavens polychrome are the marbles reberted in other colors to make the decoration better 9. model of insula insula refers to an island 10.antonine emperors \n they are recognized because they learned from the past and they adopted benevolent and talented kids, antonius pius adopted marcus and lucius, until marcus led his natural biological son commodus the reign lucius died first, this is why marcus gets the reign all successors wore beards 11.apotheosis aion means eternity, it is the man who is on the left side of the emperor campus martius is the place where emperors where cremated, martius refers to mars. it was a complete neighborhood for the military drills roma is the man who is at the right side of the emperor 12.decursio 13.equestrian this statue was believed by the catholic church to be the first emperor of rome who led the spread of catholicism and was even put at the vatican entrance 14.severan emperors this is the beginning of crisis and decline they came from libya, this is the first dynasty who is not european caracalia murdered his brother geta this is a period of chaos, crisis, continuous assassinations (only the first emperor had a natural death) 15.portrait this is the only imperial portrait face of geta is missing because of damnatio memoriae, which is the worst punishment of a man (to pretend his memory didn’t exist), documents, coins, portraits, and everything depicting this person is burned. geta wasn’t the first in receiving this punishment 16.plan of baths at carcalia 17.battle of romans and barbarians 18.portraits of 4 tetrarchs 19.arch of constantine 20.portrait of constantine 21.aula palatina",
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97545fef4d629209e5c8a7bcb18490d6 | a hall-effect probe to measure magnetic field strengths needs to be calibrated in a known magnetic field. although it is not easy to do, magnetic fields can be precisely measured by measuring the cyclotron frequency of protons. a testing laboratory adjusts a magnetic field until the protons cyclotron frequency is 10.0 mhz. at this field strength, the hall voltage on the probe is 0.543 mv when the current through the probe is 0.150 ma. later, when an unknown magnetic field is measured, the hall voltage at the same current is 1.735 mv. what is the strength of this magnetic field? | a hall-effect probe to measure magnetic field strengths | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " 1 philosophy 1027 study questions kant’s grounding of the metaphysics of morals, preface and section 1: 1) what does kant mean when he says that moral duties, such as the duty not to lie, are “absolutely necessary”? (271) what does he mean when he says that they are absolutely “universal”? they are absolutely necessary because they can’t not be true 2) what do you think kant’s point might be of distinguishing between what is valid for all human beings and what is valid for all rational beings? (271) to point out that not all human beings are rational and therefore he is only addressing the rational ones who his arguments will apply to. 3) what do you think kant might mean by “supreme principle of morality”? (273) he means that surely there must be some principle that decisions are based on, specifically that we “surely take into consideration the happiness and misery of others in our decisions” and act in regard to the maxim of the action as at the same time as the universal law. 3) what does kant mean when he says that only a good will is good without qualification? explain how the goodness of a good will differs from other goods, such as talents of mind, qualities of temperament, and gifts of fortune, such as health and happiness. (ak393395) good will is valuable above al and not diminished by lack of talents, qualities or mind, or gifts of fortune. qualities of mind, talents, and gifts, are only good if used with good will but are not good by themselves. 4) how does what kant says about “qualities of temperament” differ from aristotle’s view? how does what kant says about “happiness” differ from aristotle’s view? (273) aristotle views “qualities of the mind” as part of the firm and unchanging character from which virtuous actions stem, where as kant believes they must be accompanied by a goodwill to result in virtuous actions and can be bad without them. kant rejects happiness as the supreme good by saying goodwill is the highest good. 5) what do you think kant means when he speaks of a “good will”? the will that chooses the right action for the right reason. \n 2 6) kant says that the goodness of the good will is independent of consequences, so that even when someone with a good will does something that has bad consequences, the action is not devalued by the bad consequences. give an example that illustrates kant’s point. do you agree with kant on this point? is the moral worth of a good action independent of its consequences? going into a fire to save an infant, but ending up getting tapped yourself, giving the firemen/firewomen an extra person to save. yes, personally i think it is not always possible to perceive outcomes and as long as intentions are pure, the consequences don’t have an impact of the morality of the action. 7) explain the distinction between empirical and a priori. why does kant think that moral laws are a priori? (preface) empirical knowledge is a position bound by experience a prori is not bound by experience; includes moral laws because they are necessary and can’t not be true. 9) what does kant mean when he speaks of acting “in conformity to duty”? (275) acting simply because you have to and from no moral position like the merchanct not overcharging a new cutomer because it would be bad for his business. 10) what, according to kant, is the difference between the prudent merchant, or “shopkeeper” and the person who acts “from duty”? the prudent merchant doesn’t overcharge because he believes it would be bad for his business whereas the merchant acting from duty believes he has an obligation to be fair to all customers. 11) what, according to kant, is the difference between someone who acts from the immediate inclination of benevolence and someone who acts from duty? why does he say that the action of the former “deserves praise and encouragement” but lacks “moral worth”? (note that the second question is difficult.) (2756) the person acting from inclination towards a moral action wants to do it, the person acting from duty doesn’t, the former should be praised for his inclination to do it, but had no moral worth because he is simply acting naturally from the desire to help instead of feeling a moral obligation or duty to. questions 12 17 deal with material presented on pp. 2756: \n 3 12) does kant think that all actions done from inclination are done for the sake of pleasing oneself? no, he thinks they are done for the sake of themselves but the agent feels pleasure from it. 13) is kant saying that an action has moral worth only if one has the inclination to act contrary to duty? no, but to have moral worth one must recognize that they do have a duty to perform moral actions. 14) we tend to praise someone who enjoys helping the needy more than someone who helps the needy with gritted teeth, without any enjoyment whatsoever, but only because she thinks it is her duty. is kant saying that the first person is morally no better than the second? yes, and even suggests the second personal has more moral worth since she has to act contrary to her original inclination not to help. 15) many people have made the following objection to kant: consider two people. one helps because she wants to. the other helps from duty and also wants to. there is nothing more commendable about the second person, but kant holds that there is. what do you think kant’s reply to this objection would be? the first person is doing the action simply because they like it whereas the second person recognizes it’s her duty to do it and then receives pleasure from the action. 16) what in the end, according to kant, distinguishes the will of someone who acts in accordance with duty from that of someone who acts from duty? (to answer this question you should consult what kant calls “the second proposition.” (276) the will of someone who acts from duty operates under the principle of the will, without regard of the ends their actions might bring since the moral worth is in the maxim. 17) kant says that the difference between the naturally sympathetic person and the dutiful person lie in their maxims. what does kant mean by a “maxim” of an action? give an example of a maxim. the maxim is a statement outline, “in circumstance c, i will do action a for the sake of purpose p” ex: “in a circumstance where i need money i will make a false promise in order to get the cash i want” \n 4 18) what does kant mean when he speaks of acting “from respect for law?” (277) acting from a law that does not serve or even excludes an inclination by adjusting a maxim to the law even if it goes against inclination and always in one that can be a universal law. philosophy 1027 study questions kant’s groundwork of the metaphysics of morals section 2: 1) kant writes, “everything in nature works according to laws. only a rational being has the power to act according to his conception of laws…” explain. nature follows strict, set laws while a rational being can act in how they interprets the law and consciously follows it. 2) what is an imperative? what, in particular, is a hypothetical imperative? give an example of a rule of skill? give an example of a counsel of prudence. rules that stae what one ought to do. hi’s are relative to the situation; skill – if your end is to get a degree you out to go to school; prudence – if you want to get respect you ought to keep promises (or any act for one’s selfinterest) 3) kant distinguishes between particular hypothetical imperative and the principle of the hypothetical imperative. what is the principle of the hypothetical imperative? one ought to take the means for one’s end 4) how does kant explain how hypothetical imperatives are possible? he explains that hi’s say only that an action is good fro some possible purpose and whether the end is rational and good is not in question, so they are possible. 5) if you violate the principle of the hypothetical imperative, how would your action be best described? morally impermissible and irrational 6) what is a categorical imperative? how does a categorical imperative differ from a hypothetical imperative? ci represents an action of absolute necessity; it doesn’t take into account ends \n 5 7) explain the distinction between particular categorical imperatives, such as “do not lie,” and the principle of the categorical imperative. particular categorical imperatives command a specific action, the principle just unconditionally demands performance of actions for their own sake. 8) do you agree with kant that moral rules are categorical imperative, or do you think that they are hypothetical imperatives? i believe moral rules are categorical imperatives since you absolutely should do them and do them for their own sake. 9) what is the principle of the categorical imperative in its universal law formulation? the categorical imperative is the action in the universal law formula 10) explain why the maxim of the false promiser fails the universalization test. because if everyone made false promises the convention of promising would not exists therefore it is impossible and irrational. 11) explain why the maxim of the person who wills not to help others in need fails the universalization test. because you can’t will a world in which that happens and when no one would help those in need, it would be impossible to get help for one’s self. 12) kant makes a distinction between “strict or narrow” duty and “broad” duty. what is this distinction? (ak 424) strict and narrow duties specify specific actions to make an end whereas broad duties just adopt an end. 13) explain kant’s claim on p. 289 that the objects of inclination have only “relative worth.” why do you think he holds that a rational being has absolute worth? the object is only valuable to the person who wants/needs it and if it does its job but a rational being’s worth is not determined by how well she/he can be used. 15) what does kant mean by “humanity”? why according to him must the humanity in a person be respected, and treated, as an end in itself? the power/capacity to determine what one does and what ends one pursues on the bases of reason and freedom. because he believes humans are ration agents who make \n 6 plans and deliberate cchoices and should never be sacrificed for anything less valuable (and nothing is more valuable) and have autonomy. 16) give an example in which you treat the humanity in someone as an end in itself, and one in which you treat someone only as a means? end in itself – hiring someone for a skill mererly a means – using someone to get ahead at work 17) is kant saying that it is never okay to treat someone as a means (notice that there is a distinction between treating someone merely as a means and treating them as a means)? it’s okay to use people as a means, so long as they are aware of it, but it’s never okay to use someone merely as a means. 18) explain why the maxim of the false promiser violates the categorical imperative in its expression in the formula of humanity. how does lying to someone involve treating them merely as a means? suppose that i lie to you, but it turns out that you know this and don’t mind. am i still treating you merely as a means when i lie to you? explain your answer. the act of lying violates the necessary morality in the categorical imperative. you are using a person merely as a means by deceiving them to get what you want. you are still treating me as merely a means because you believe i don’t know you’re deceiving me and never gave me an opportunity to agree to your maxim. 19) is kant saying that it is never morally permitted to act in a way that others don’t want? what about sporting competitions? it’s okay to act in a way other’s don’t want so long as hey are not deceived or harmed in a way they are not consenting to. in competition both parties are consenting to be harmed/deceived/beaten by the other in order to win themselves. 20) explain why the maxim of the suicide violates the categorical imperative in its expression in the formula of humanity. do you agree with kant that we have duties to ourselves? because you are violating your own humanity/’personhood. yes, i believe we have duties to take care of ourselves for selfinterest and for the sake of those we care for. ethics additional study questions on kant: 1) in class we talked about two problems with the universal law formulation of the principle of the categorical imperative, or “the universal law test”. first, it seems to \n 7 have the result that maxims that are in fact morally permissible come out according to the test morally impermissible (false negatives), and second, it seems to have the result that maxims that are in fact morally impermissible come out according to the test morally permissible (false positives). give examples of each. explain. false positive – killing an infant for sleep; it’s possible to imagine a world where it works, but the act of murder is morally impermissible false negative – always letting others go first through doors; if it happened universally no one would be able to enter or exit doors but the action is morally okay 2) does the second formulation of the principle of the categorical imperative have the same apparent results? explain. no. with the second formula, there can be shades of grey as to whether or not a person is being treated merely as an end and is up for interpretation, but there are no false positives or negatives. 3) what is the difference between treating someone as a means, and treating someone merely as a means? merely – not giving them an opportunity to agree to maxim means in end – they agree to maxim 4) explain the fundamental moral idea that is expressed by the formula of universal law? the idea is that if an action is immoral, it would not work in society if everyone performed it so immoral actions are irrational. philosophy 1027 study questions on hobbes fall 2009 1) what according to hobbes are desires and aversions? desire – what we love aversions – what we hate 2) how does hobbes explain the difference between desire and love, and between aversion and hate? desire – absence of object love – presense of object aversion – absence of object hate – presense of object \n 8 3) do we, according to hobbes, want something because we think that it is good or valuable, or do we think something good or valuable because we want it? explain your answer. for hobbe’s , something is good because someone loves/desires it, good and evil are relative to individuals. 4) explain hobbes’ analogy between color and value. just as color is not a genuine feature of an object and is simply what is perceived, so is the value of an object. 5) what is a state of nature? what is a state of war? what according to hobbes are the central features that characterize what he calls “the state of nature”? are there any moral laws in the state of nature? all men are equal in body and mind with few resources. the state of war is men living without a common power to keep them in line. the state of nature is war, equality of mind and body, limited resources, and no goverments. there are no moral laws. 6) explain why hobbes thought that the state of nature leads to a state of war? since everyone needs the limited resources, have no government, and are equal in mind and body, people will do whatever it takes to survive. 7) in class we looked the problem in decision theory called “the prisoner’s dilemma” to help us understand what hobbes thought our predicament is in the state of nature. explain the prisoner’s dilemma. why is it a dilemma? two parteners in crime are charged for a crime, but the prosecutor wants to charge at least one person with a larger crime and offers each one a deal. the dilemma is that it is in the best interest of each to congess, but it is better for both of them not to confess and go with their third choice. 8) use the prisoner’s dilemma model to explain why hobbes thinks that rational beings in the state of nature ought to cooperate, and in particular to agree to obey certain rules that constrain the unbridled pursuit of selfinterest. so as to not be a constant state of war and so all parties have rights and happier, longer lives 9) what according to hobbes are the conditions under which we are obligated to follow the rule, “do not that to another, which thou wouldest not have done to thyself”? \n 9 under the theory of a social contract where all parties have respect/cause no harm to one another so long as it’s reciprocated 10) how do you think hobbes would have defended the practice of punishing law breakers? since they opted to break the social contract they no longer are under its protection and therefore face the consequences. 11) under what conditions would a hobbesian political theory defend the right to exercise civil disobedience? when the social contract begins to harm, bot help and the ruling party that enforces it becomes a tyrant. additional study questions on hobbes: 1) why according to hobbes is it rational for each of us to agree to obey moral rules? because the social contract is safety with no war 2) why, according to hobbes, is it rational for each of us actually to obey moral rules? punishment if broken, better to adhere to the contract, no war 3) explain why hobbes’ account of moral obligation encounters problems explaining our moral obligations to small children and animals. because we can’t enter contracts with children and animals yet we seem to have duties to them 4) explain why hobbes would have hard time explaining the idea that some acts, like murder, are intrinsically wrong. because he believes the reason every act might be wrong is because of the social contract, not because things are inherently immoral 5) what is it that the fool has said “in his heart”, and sometimes “with his tongue?” explain. there is not justice/injustice because if it’s in my best interest to break the contract, i should. 6) explain hobbes’ answers to the fool. \n 10 it’s in one’s self interest that they adhere, doesn’t mean the action of breaking the social contract is wise just because it had no immediate consequences, it hurts the fool in the long run.",
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c533bf1d9d5826fe842d375179f80f86 | a rectangular array of real numbers that can be used to solve a system of linear equations is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | solved: a rectangular array of real numbers that can be | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "week 12, chem 143, prof. cracolice chapter 67: how is energy spread out within molecules? 4/11/16 67.1 how is energy spread out within molecules? translational energy molecule moving from location to another within its container, energy of random motion rotational energy energy from tumbling or rotating vibrational energy diatomic molecule stores energy by vibrations within the bond, similar to a spring stretching and contracting between 2 nuclei electronic energy attraction among the electrons and the nuclei and the repulsions among the electrons of the molecule all four times of energy are quantized set levels of energy for that molecule translational very small gaps between levels, rotational slightly more spread out but still small gaps vibrational very large gaps, electronic extremely large gaps (usually at ground level of energy) spectroscopy study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter translational and rotational studies with microwaves, vibrational with inferred, electronic with visible and uv radiation ∆ e=hv , the change in energy is equal to planks constant multiplied by frequency total thermodynamic energy sum of all of the 4 energy types energy at particulate level number of molecules in each energies are 1 for each type of energy how does molecular energy relate to entropy? o macroscopic level analysis of entropy pressure, volume, number of particles and temperature o microscopic level analysis considering behavior of particles energy state of each type of molecule for each molecule o total macroscopic energy total number of quantum states that correspond to macroscopic energy of system w the number of different combinations of particulate quantum states o boltzmann equation s=klnw, kboltzmann’s constant o assumption: all quantum states are equally probable o change in entropy depends on number of quantum state changes: ∆ s=kln ( w final inital how is w determined? o set up particulate level model of system o one dimensional solids only consider horizontal motion of atoms atoms move left and right as bonds vibrate \n week 12, chem 143, prof. cracolice vibrations are restricted to evenly spaced energy levels o large ∆ s+¿ for a reaction means statistically favored reaction o most probable arrangement is one that represents the greatest number of quantum states how can we make qualitative predictions about entropy changes? o an increase in entropy is an increase in molecular level energy dispersion and vise versa o entropy increases when a solid or liquid changes to a gas gas has higher motional order, less energy levels to more energy levels o entropy decreases when a gas is dissolved in water gas with large spaces in between particles, great deal of energy o entropy increases with increasing mass heavier particle has more closely spaced quantum energy levels o entropy increases with increasing number of ions in an otherwise similar ionic compound and increasing number of atoms in otherwise similar molecular compounds more particles, more ways the compound’s energy can be organized o entropy increase when a solid or a liquid is dissolved in water energy levels become more spread out o entropy increases with increase temperature at a high temperature there are many different speeds at which molecules are moving temperature increases, translational energy changes from a small amount to a large amount how small can w become? o entropy can be state on an absolute scale o third law of thermodynamics the entropy, s, of a perfect crystalline solid of a pure substance is zero at an absolute zero of temperature o only one such configuration of energy for a crystalline solid ° 67.2 how are ∆ r values determined? same as change in enthalpy: the sum of the enthalpy multiplied by the moles of each product subtracted from the sum of the enthalpy multiplied by the moles of each of the reactants at a low temperature entropy change is independent of temperature at °hich change occurs pressure dependent for reactions with gases s is 0 for all elements in an elemental state how do entropy changes compare for reversible and irreversible processes? v 2 o ∆ s=rln ( ) , r 8.315j/mol*k because entropy is measured in j/k v 1 \n week 12, chem 143, prof. cracolice ∆ s>0 o v2 will be greater than v1, o spontaneous irreversible the constant temperature expansion of an ideal gas which results in an increase in entropy of a system and the surroundings o spontaneous reversible the constant temperature expansion of an ideal gas that results in no change in entropy in a system and its surroundings o change in entropy is a state function it only depends on the final and initial states of the system o irreversible process at a constant temperature heat supplied to surroundings ∆ s = −q irreversible o surroundings stored reversible to original state changed t o q irreversiblent of heat absorbed by the system q o because process is irreversible ∆s> irrsot ∆s>q irre t o irreversible process, ∆s>0 for the system and surroundings, t ∆s>q irre o reversible process, ∆s=0 for system and surroundings, t ∆s=q irrev chapter 68: how can reaction spontaneity be predicted? 4/13/16 68.1 how does reaction chemical potential predict spontaneity? need to know the 2 forces of spontaneity: 1) minimization of energy 2) maximization of energy gibbs free energy net effect of energy working together or against each other being expressed in a thermodynamic state reaction chemical potential is zero at the point of minimum gibbs free energy (at equilibrium) extent of reaction is the reaction progress of the reaction spontaneous reaction direction is toward equilibrium concentrations when extent of ∆ r <0 reaction is less than the equilibrium, negative slope, positive chemical forces pushing reaction toward products= spontaneous positive slope, negative chemical forces pushing reaction toward reactants= nonspontaneous all points along curve to the right of zero reaction potential point along extent of reaction axis will have a negative chemical potential o spontaneous reaction direction toward formation of reactants + slope= chemical forces= toward reactants slope= + chemical forces= towards products \n week 12, chem 143, prof. cracolice 68.2 how is gibbs free energy related to other thermodynamic quantities? amount of heat transferred between system and surroundings must be equal with ∆h opposite signs: ∆s total∆ s system t d ∆ g change in free energy, ∆ g=∆h−t ∆s only used for a reaction in solution at constant temperature and pressure gibbs free energy represents the thermodynamic state of a system by combing enthalpy, entropy and temperature ° ° ° standard state of gibbs free energy of a reaction: ∆ r =∆ h −r ∆ s r ∆ h ∧∆ s ° o need to find both r r as learned previously o s in j/k= this is why you have to multiply by temperature in kelvin and then by 1kj/1000j o always watch units, they will lead you to where to go ° ∆ g change in free energy for a reaction in which pure, stable elements react (at a pressure of 1 bar if gases) to form 1 mole of products 68.3 what is the relationship between free energy and the equilibrium constant? ° ∆ r conversion of pure reactants to pure products (idealized reaction) ∆ g non idealized reaction r slope of line at any point in the reaction reactant quotient q same form as equilibrium constant for concentration or pressure o q/k both are dimensionless and effected by temperature ° ∆ g=∆ g rrtlnq because rtlnq is the adjustment for a reaction of non pure substances ° at equilibrium ∆rg =0 ∆ g=−rtlnq or ∆ g=−rtlnk p k indicating the pressure equilibrium k =k (rt ¿∆n(gases) p p c 68.4 what is the role of temperature in predicting reaction spontaneity? ∆ g <0 r reaction is spontaneous ° ∆ r >0 reaction is nonspontaneous ∆ g =∆ h −t ∆ s ° t in r r r is absolute always positive and in kelvin ° ° ° 1 when ∆ r ∧∆ s r have opposite signs, ∆ r is independent of temperature \n week 12, chem 143, prof. cracolice ° ° ° o −∆ hr∧+∆ s r −∆ gr and reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction ° ° ° o +∆ hr∧−∆ s r +∆ r and reaction is spontaneous in reverse direction ∆ h ∧∆ s ° ∆ g ° 2 when r r are both negative r is temperature dependent ° o at high temperature −∆ gr and reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction ° o at low temperature +∆ r and reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction ° ° ° 3 when ∆ r ∧∆ s r are positive ∆ r is temperature dependent ° o at high temperature +∆ r and reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction ° o at low temperature −∆ gr and reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction chapter 69: what are electron transfer reaction? 4/15/16 69.1 what is a voltanic cell? voltanic cell spontaneously generates flow of electrons as a result of a chemical change salt bridge has electrolyte where ions are not involved in the net chemical change the greater the flow of electrons thourught the circuit the stronger the current will be oxidation loss of electrons from an anode to the half reaction singular oxidation/reduction reaction because both have to be present for a reaction to occur reduction gain of electrons half reaction equations when combined, the amount of electrons will cancel on from each of the oxidation and reduction reaction to create the final equation electron transfer reaction electrons transferred from one substance to a second substance number of electrons lost by one species must be equal to the amount of electrons gained by the second substance how do chemists keep track of electrons in electron transfer reactions? o procedure for oxidation numbers: 1) oxidation number for any elemental substance is zero 2) oxidation number for a monatomic ion is the same as the charge of the ion \n week 12, chem 143, prof. cracolice 3) oxidation number of combined oxygen in 2, except in peroxides (1), superoxide’s (1/2) or of 2(+2) 4) oxidation number of combined hydrogen is +1, except when monatomic 5) any molecular or ionic species, the sum of the oxidation number of all the atoms in a formula is equal to the overall charge of the formula o oxidation half reaction oxidation number of a substance increases o oxidation is also thought to be the increase of oxidation number due to the loss of electrons o reduction is a decrease in oxidation number, oxidation number is getting more negative because of the addition of electrons o one element in a redox reaction must increase in oxidation number and the other must decrease o hints and tips elemental state must change: element on one side of equation oxidation number is zero so the other substance’s oxidation number is not zero non elemental form h= +1 and o=2, unless the elemental form of oxygen is on one side of the equation, the oxidation number of oxygen wont change group 1a/1 and 2a/2 elements only have one oxidation state besides zero when not appearing as an element their oxidation state wont change o sulfur oxidation state is +6 69.2 how do simple batteries operate? electrical energy/electrical work is expended or absorbed as charged particles move through a circuit if one joule of energy is required or released in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to the other in a circuit, the potential energy difference is one volt (j/c) volts sometimes considered emf or electromagnetic forces anodeoxidized substance that loses electrons (negatively charged) cathode reduced substance that gains electrons (positively charged) oxidizing agent species that accepts electrons and is being reduced reducing agent species that donates the electrons and is being oxidized species oxidized is the reducing agent species reduced is the oxidizing agent ",
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c56a3726459adfd3caed1928bde32ad9 | use coulomb s law (see appendix b) to verify the conclusion concerning the relative strengths of the attractive forces in the ion pairs and presented in figure 12-36. mg2+o2- na+cl- 651 c, | use coulomb s law (see appendix b) to verify the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " history lecture 19 by the 1830 slavery had become a big national issue. the leaders of the country would handle the issue by ignoring it. in 18181819, moses austin was an american by birth but became a spanish citizen. he recognized that america was about to take over missouri, he moved to new mexico. he got permission to settle land in texas. spain wanted to settle texas because they saw how america was settling the west like crazy. they wanted to create a buffer zone between new mexico and the rest of america to prevent the us from taking over their northern territory. when austin went to talk to the spanish government, he told them to let him sell land to americans in texas. the mexican government said yes and gave him a license to sell land. but he ended up dying before he made it back to missouri. his son, stephen f. austin, took over his fathers cause. he went back down to talk about protecting the land but this time with the mexican government, because by this time mexico had become the republic of texas. he became an empresario. he got so many acres of land for everyone he sold. when he saw the land, he saw the potential to make it the next great cotton kingdom. to make texas a cotton kingdom they had to have land and slaves. the land was easy you had to become mexican, catholic, ideally you had to learn to speak spanish, be from a good family. after that the land was dirt cheap. austin recruited most of his settlers from the southern states and they would bring their property with them. they would bring their slaves with them into texas. this was the problem. mexico had banned slavery in their new constitution. at first mexico just look the other way when it came to slavery. by 1830 for every mexican there was over 10 angloamericans living in texas. when americans comprise the majority, they tend to not take well when they are not in charge. when word got out how good the land was in texas, people who were not with empresario, would illegally invade texas. some of the small communities, had actually launched rebellion to over throw the mexican government so they could take over texas. the law of april 30,1829 made it illegal for americans to settle in texas. after that law was passed, a lot of the americans who lived in texas believed that they should have a role in mexican government because they were the majority. austin was thrown in jail. by 1835, the americans had began to form militias. they saw the mexican government like they use to see \n the british. it got so bad that the mexican government sent their military to take away their guns. word got out that one of the missions at goliad had a cannon in it possession. the mexican government sent the army to take it away. the people of goliad had made a fort out of their community. when the army arrived the colonist set the cannon off killing the army. the first battle of the revolution occurred in 1835. the battle of the alamo in san antonio soon followed. sam huston was the commander of the texas army. james buoys and travis were left in charge of the alamo while the original commander of the alamo went home to visit his family for valentine’s day and doesn’t return till march. buoys and travis got word that general antonio lopez de santa anna was marching to invade texas and punish the settlers. a call for volunteers went out across texas to defend the alamo. 288 men showed up. by the end of february, santa anna showed up with an army of 2600 men and the battle began. over the next 13 days the battle is fought. the mexicans over ran the alamo. it lasted for so long was because satan anna did not have the right cannons, siege guns, and he couldn’t shoot through the wall. when the guns arrive, the mexican army ran in, and they killed everyone including davy crocket. this became the inspiration that the texans needed. it is because of this defeat that the texans write their declaration of independence, march 6, 1836. 18 days later sam huston defeated santa anna at the battle of san jacinto. in this battle, huston forced santa anna to sign a peace treaty where they had to recognize everything north and east of the rio grande river as texas. the mexicans thought that the boarder of texas began at the nueces river and they thought that texas was ¼ its side. the treaty was never recognize by the mexican government because santa anna was under direst. as a result texas independence was never recognize by the mexican government. the was a coldwar between the two countries for the next 9 years. when texas declared independence, the us was the first country to recognize this. the president of the us, andrew jackson, was good friends with sam huston the leader of the war party in texas. mexico was convinced of us invoment that when santa anna signed the treaty that mexico declared that if the us made any attempt to annex texas that they would immediately declare war on the us. people did not want to bring texas into the union, mostly northerners because of slavery. they did not want to bring such a big slave state into the union. 1836 \n 1845texas was a republic because the us didn’t want to go to war with mexico and there was so much opposition for the north. the early 1840’s, western expansion was kicked into high gear. andrew jackson destroyed the us economy because he would not renew the charter with the united states bank because he thought they had too much power and the director was too powerful. nicolas biddle was the director of the bank, he said multiple time, “with the stroke of my pen, i could destroy the american economy”. the bank moderated the economy. so when jackson killed the bank who regulated the economy. jackson put the federal deposits in banks controlled by democratic banks. credit went wild. it was known as wild cat speculation. the banks would invest in the most risky businesses. banks soon have more money out then they have in. there was so much credit that soon the banks called in the credit. there wasn’t enough money to call in all the credit. the panic of 1837 was an economic depression. jackson made it worse when he issued the gold circular. it was an executive order that said that all the debts must be paid to the us government in gold coins only, no paper money. back then for every 3 dollars bills there was suppose to be 1 dollar in gold coins. it because of this that people began to move west in the 1840’s so that they could go somewhere to make money. people wanted to move to organ to began to tell the indians about the bible. back then they would get on a boat in the east and for three months they would sail to the west. in 1841, a group of 80 men took the first wagon train across the oregon trail. they made oregon out to be a farmers paradise. \n history lecture 20 quiz next thursday of geography quiz. study guide on blackboard. study guide for next exam will be posted on friday the south pass was what divided the east and west. it was the only pass that a wagon was able to through. a group of 80 men hired mountain men to teach them how to navigate the oregon trail. oregon was made out to be the land of milk and honey. most settled by the willemette river valley. every country had a claim on the oregon territory. the boundary was on the 42 degree line to the 53degree 40minute line. in 1827 great britten and the us signed the joint occupation treaty. it legally recognized oregon territory as belonging to both the united state and great britain. the biggest issue was which country had the jurisdiction in the town. neither country could extend its legal jurisdiction over oregon. in that time the people out there were british and french fur trappers. in 1841 the british wanted the area north of the columbia river and to the boarder of canada. they wanted that area because of the fur animals there. so they had the colonist setting in the wilemette river valley where there wasn’t as many fur animals but good growing soil. oregon represented a chance to find economic opportunity. by 1842 there was 160 families out in oregon and it continued growing over the next years. by 1846 there was about 5000 us citizens. the oregon question was “where would the us and great britain divide oregon?”. a couple years later after the joint occupation treaty, the us wanted part of the oregon land. they wanted to divide oregon at the 49 parallel. the british had investments in that land. by the 1840’s the situation was changing. the election if 1844, both political parties were trying to figure out what to do about western expansion. the democrats party (created in 1832 by andrew jackson) ran martin van buren from new york. the whig party (created in 1834 as an opposition party to jackson democrats) ran henry clay who was from kentucky. clay was not a fan of western expansion and said the whigs were against western expansion. van buren was also against bringing in texas. van buren was voted out and the democrats went to james k. polk from tennessee to be their candidate. polk was just like jackson, jackson was his ideal. polk’s nickname was young hickory. he won the democratic vote because he was for texas. in his acceptance speech he said, “reannex texas and reoccupy oregon”. but texas had never been \n annexed in the first place and oregon had never really been occupied. in saying this he said that he was ready to go to war with mexico and britain. the american people elected polk as president. his first priority was to settle the oregon question. he sent a letter to britain and told them that he was pulling out of the joint occupation treaty and told them that he was going to take all over oregon. the motto was “54.40 or fight”. in 1845 texas was a slave state in the union and to counter that people wanted to bring oregon in as a free state. in oregon, the british had major fur trade with their main corporation on vancouver island. eventually a treaty was send over where britain said they would give them the 49 parallel but they wanted all of vancouver island. the us ratified it on june 6,1846. polk had managed to avoid war with great britain. in 1844 president john tyler, knowing that he was not going to be elected president, but he also knew that the people wanted texas. he sent representatives to mexico to work out a deal for texas to join the union. through a simple majority vote, texas was asked to join the union. in december of 1845 texas held a vote if they wanted to become part of the us. in march of 1845,mexico broke off diplomatic relations with the united state. polk tried to make peace, he sent diplomats (who would eventually get kicked off mexican soil) to meet with the mexican government. he offered to buy texas, new mexico, arizona, and california. in late 1845, polk sent an army under general zachary taylor command to the mouth of the southern board to the mouth of the nueces river (near corpus christi). the reason was because that is where mexico recognized the southern board of texas. by being on the north side of corpus christi they could see if mexican army was going to invade the us because they would have had to cross the rio grande river and walk 100miles of disputive territory. in november of 1845 nothing happened. in april of 1846, polk ordered taylor to march to the rio grande. it the mexicans attack then the us is in defensive war, if mexico doesn’t attack then it meant that the land was the united states. by early may of 1846, polk wrote a declaration of war against mexico. the morning after he wrote it a cable arrived from general taylor which told him that us soldiers were attack on the northern side of the rio grande a few days before. this meant that it would be a defensive war. polk ripped up his delectation of war and wrote a new one that said that american blood was spilled on american soldiers. this was one of the most unpopular wars in american history. it was supported by southern but hated by northern. \n the spot resolution was issued by abraham lincoln against polk. he demanded that polk bring a map and point to the exact spot that american blood was spilt. because he believed that the slaveocracy had planned the whole thing. this was called the “spot resolution” ",
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69c7320abaf38447fb772a3564ea4b59 | for the geared system shown in figure p3.23, assume that shaft inertias and the gear inertias i1, i2, and i3 are negligible. the motor and load inertias in kgm2 are i4 = 0.03 i5 = 0.15 the speed ratios are
1
2
= 2
3
= 1.6
derive the system model in terms of the speed 3, with the applied torque t as
the input. | for the geared system shown in figure p3.23, assume that | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib70028 isabel wan, phd international business assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. causes and explanation payne (2013) goes into great detail about the potential causes of the global financial crisis. he references the fact that it is difficult to specifically point at exact reasons for crisis, but he states that there are a number that are talked about most frequently. the six areas payne discusses that are listed as probable causes are as follows: “(1) deregulation of financial markets; (2) sophisticated financial innovations linked to rapid changes in computer technologies; (3) excessive executive compensation; (4) low interest rates; (5) subprime loans, especially for mortgages; and (6) speculation in general, with an emphasis on speculation in housing”. just looking at the list of items, it could have been any number of things or a combination of any \n 3 number of the items identified above. one of the main points to recognize factors that is for certain is that humans were involved and well as their associated greed. those two factors alone can and do cause any number of issues. after this financial crisis began its downward spiral, blame began to be thrown anywhere it would stick. as with any controversy, anyone involved or that touched the issue at hand would face possible blame. in this article, the auditors were noted as part of the problem. doogar, rowe, and sivadasan (2015) question the auditors that were to be the eyes and ears of the financial system. they were to respond to the risks that were presented, and it appears they were not able to effectively identify and notify investors of what was truly happening. this is one of the areas that has to be addressed in future years to help to keep this type of scenario from happening again. another important factor that began this downfall was president bush’s declaration of war on iraq. military funding immediately increased and has continued since the war began. while being seen as a global superpower is a privilege, doing so in a continual nature significantly affects the economy only growing the $18 trillion in debt. while increased military spending initially impacted the economy in a positive manner, the continued increase in spending could not be maintained only adding to the factors contributing to the financial crisis (payne, 2013). the global response overall the global response was significant. banks began to refuse lending to construction developers. manufacturing and trade slowed down considerably. global trade declined to levels that were equitable to 2005 levels. this drop off took place rapidly and fell \n 4 almost 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. global economic activity also declined in a very short time period. output levels fell by 1.2% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and by 1.4% in the first quarter of 2009. to combat this significant downturn in the economy, the u.s. implemented a $787 billiondollar stimulus package to keep the banks from collapsing and a second great depression from taking place (cracuin and ochea, m.v., 2014). this stimulus plan may be the one major factor that kept the u.s. out of the next great depression. while the uk attempted to implement a more conservative approach by not allowing the gdp to increase past 60%, this was noted as the one thing that slowed their regrowth. to take this discussion a bit further, it was not only the the increase of monetary funding that needed to increase but also a change to fiscal policy by temporarily increasing demand. it is noted that both points need to be incorporated to recover the economy (elson, 2015). an example of what would happen if both pieces are not incorporated is if the government would have issued the funding for the bailout and consumers became too afraid to spend their money. without the spending, people would effectively hold onto the money which would only increase the government’s debt. without both pieces to the puzzle, recovery would be slowed and the situation gets worse. this lesson was learned from the great depression in 1930. by learning from past mistakes, the u.s. managed to pull out of this financial crisis, only losing a portion of the market share. other nations also began to implement stimulus packages following the lead of the u.s. germany began to implement the stimulus package which ended up causing issues in other countries that utilized the euro which again had a negative impact in countries such as greece, portugal and france. the impacts continued to roll downhill as the crisis worsened. one major \n 5 factor that each county’s government needs to pay close attention to is the impact that they can have on the welfare of other’s countries. without being cognizant of the impact one nation could have, that nation could potentially affect the downfall of another country. while each country needs to place appropriate fiscal plans into motion as well as plan and monitor for for risk, a potential financial crisis could be avoided. the impact, outcomes, and results due to the size of the united states and the size of the market it holds, the impact was significant. it caused shifts in markets around the world. the number of homes that were foreclosed equated to one out of every 45 homes, an approximation of 3 million homes by 2010. housing prices declined and over 1 million lost their homes by 2010 (payne, 2013). according to cracuin and ochea, m.v., (2014) it caused imbalances in other countries. one of the major areas of concern was the decline in global trade. the level of trade in goods dropped approximately 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. in 2008’s fourth quarter the global economic activity fell 1.2% and 1.4% in the 1 quarter of 2009. in addition, foreign investors limited their investments in the u.s. to limit their risk. the markets of asia, latin america, and the baltic’s countries also began a downturn and negative gdp. these were not the only countries affected. the other countries affected were the czech republic, hungary, bulgaria, and romania. not only were countries affected, but large financial institutions collapsed, government bailouts began to take place, and food shortages in developing countries became prevalent. on the other side of the crisis, several countries actually benefited from the financial crisis. rao and reddy (2015) noted that while the negatively affected countries were developed \n 6 countries, there were several others that were positively affected. the countries in particular that benefited from this crisis were known as bric, brazil, russia, india, and china (payne, 2013). each of these countries had positive impacts due to their implemented policies that were quite the opposite of that of the u.s. as the u.s. began to decline in power while china began to gain power. they had significant savings ended doing significantly better than those with little savings. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. \n 7 references cracuin, l. & ochea, m.v. (2014). the dimensions of the global financial crisis. theoretical & applied economics, 21(1), 121130. doogar, r., rowe, s. p., & sivadasan, p. (2015). asleep at the wheel (again)? bank audits during the leadup to the financial crisis. contemporary accounting research, 32(1), 358391. doi:10.1111/19113846.12101 elson, a. (2015). what have we learned from the global financial crisis of 200809 and its aftermath? world economics, 16(2), 2346. payne, r. j. (2013) global issues. new jersey: pearson education, inc. rao, n., & reddy, k. (2015). the impact of the global financial crisis on crossborder mergers and acquisitions: a continental and industry analysis. eurasian business review, 5(2), 309341. doi:10.1007/s408210150028y \n northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib70028 isabel wan, phd international business assignment 2 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. causes and explanation payne (2013) goes into great detail about the potential causes of the global financial crisis. he references the fact that it is difficult to specifically point at exact reasons for crisis, but he states that there are a number that are talked about most frequently. the six areas payne discusses that are listed as probable causes are as follows: “(1) deregulation of financial markets; (2) sophisticated financial innovations linked to rapid changes in computer technologies; (3) excessive executive compensation; (4) low interest rates; (5) subprime loans, especially for mortgages; and (6) speculation in general, with an emphasis on speculation in housing”. just looking at the list of items, it could have been any number of things or a combination of any \n 3 number of the items identified above. one of the main points to recognize factors that is for certain is that humans were involved and well as their associated greed. those two factors alone can and do cause any number of issues. after this financial crisis began its downward spiral, blame began to be thrown anywhere it would stick. as with any controversy, anyone involved or that touched the issue at hand would face possible blame. in this article, the auditors were noted as part of the problem. doogar, rowe, and sivadasan (2015) question the auditors that were to be the eyes and ears of the financial system. they were to respond to the risks that were presented, and it appears they were not able to effectively identify and notify investors of what was truly happening. this is one of the areas that has to be addressed in future years to help to keep this type of scenario from happening again. another important factor that began this downfall was president bush’s declaration of war on iraq. military funding immediately increased and has continued since the war began. while being seen as a global superpower is a privilege, doing so in a continual nature significantly affects the economy only growing the $18 trillion in debt. while increased military spending initially impacted the economy in a positive manner, the continued increase in spending could not be maintained only adding to the factors contributing to the financial crisis (payne, 2013). the global response overall the global response was significant. banks began to refuse lending to construction developers. manufacturing and trade slowed down considerably. global trade declined to levels that were equitable to 2005 levels. this drop off took place rapidly and fell \n 4 almost 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. global economic activity also declined in a very short time period. output levels fell by 1.2% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and by 1.4% in the first quarter of 2009. to combat this significant downturn in the economy, the u.s. implemented a $787 billiondollar stimulus package to keep the banks from collapsing and a second great depression from taking place (cracuin and ochea, m.v., 2014). this stimulus plan may be the one major factor that kept the u.s. out of the next great depression. while the uk attempted to implement a more conservative approach by not allowing the gdp to increase past 60%, this was noted as the one thing that slowed their regrowth. to take this discussion a bit further, it was not only the the increase of monetary funding that needed to increase but also a change to fiscal policy by temporarily increasing demand. it is noted that both points need to be incorporated to recover the economy (elson, 2015). an example of what would happen if both pieces are not incorporated is if the government would have issued the funding for the bailout and consumers became too afraid to spend their money. without the spending, people would effectively hold onto the money which would only increase the government’s debt. without both pieces to the puzzle, recovery would be slowed and the situation gets worse. this lesson was learned from the great depression in 1930. by learning from past mistakes, the u.s. managed to pull out of this financial crisis, only losing a portion of the market share. other nations also began to implement stimulus packages following the lead of the u.s. germany began to implement the stimulus package which ended up causing issues in other countries that utilized the euro which again had a negative impact in countries such as greece, portugal and france. the impacts continued to roll downhill as the crisis worsened. one major \n 5 factor that each county’s government needs to pay close attention to is the impact that they can have on the welfare of other’s countries. without being cognizant of the impact one nation could have, that nation could potentially affect the downfall of another country. while each country needs to place appropriate fiscal plans into motion as well as plan and monitor for for risk, a potential financial crisis could be avoided. the impact, outcomes, and results due to the size of the united states and the size of the market it holds, the impact was significant. it caused shifts in markets around the world. the number of homes that were foreclosed equated to one out of every 45 homes, an approximation of 3 million homes by 2010. housing prices declined and over 1 million lost their homes by 2010 (payne, 2013). according to cracuin and ochea, m.v., (2014) it caused imbalances in other countries. one of the major areas of concern was the decline in global trade. the level of trade in goods dropped approximately 17% between september 2008 and february 2009. in 2008’s fourth quarter the global economic activity fell 1.2% and 1.4% in the 1 quarter of 2009. in addition, foreign investors limited their investments in the u.s. to limit their risk. the markets of asia, latin america, and the baltic’s countries also began a downturn and negative gdp. these were not the only countries affected. the other countries affected were the czech republic, hungary, bulgaria, and romania. not only were countries affected, but large financial institutions collapsed, government bailouts began to take place, and food shortages in developing countries became prevalent. on the other side of the crisis, several countries actually benefited from the financial crisis. rao and reddy (2015) noted that while the negatively affected countries were developed \n 6 countries, there were several others that were positively affected. the countries in particular that benefited from this crisis were known as bric, brazil, russia, india, and china (payne, 2013). each of these countries had positive impacts due to their implemented policies that were quite the opposite of that of the u.s. as the u.s. began to decline in power while china began to gain power. they had significant savings ended doing significantly better than those with little savings. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment is to critically evaluate the global financial crisis. the global financial crisis took place in 2008 to 2009 and started with a large number of factors. while this paper discusses a portion of these factors, the one that stands out points directly to the human factor and the associated greed. this greed that began with the housing market, subsequently involved subprime lending that took place, and president bush’s need to go to war, are noted as only a few of the major factors playing into the recession. the united states has such a large market that any major impact to the economy will have a domino effect. this domino affect led a number of other major markets into significant financial difficulties, decreased overall global trade, and allowed a number of other countries to acquire the shifted power. in addition to the overall discussion of the 20082009 financial crisis, the following areas will be discussed: 1) causes and explanation, 2) the impact, outcomes, and results, and 3) the global response. \n 7 references cracuin, l. & ochea, m.v. (2014). the dimensions of the global financial crisis. theoretical & applied economics, 21(1), 121130. doogar, r., rowe, s. p., & sivadasan, p. (2015). asleep at the wheel (again)? bank audits during the leadup to the financial crisis. contemporary accounting research, 32(1), 358391. doi:10.1111/19113846.12101 elson, a. (2015). what have we learned from the global financial crisis of 200809 and its aftermath? world economics, 16(2), 2346. payne, r. j. (2013) global issues. new jersey: pearson education, inc. rao, n., & reddy, k. (2015). the impact of the global financial crisis on crossborder mergers and acquisitions: a continental and industry analysis. eurasian business review, 5(2), 309341. doi:10.1007/s408210150028y ",
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f8593b720cb824079545ce95f4bfbfe4 | consider a simple ideal rankine cycle with fixed boiler and condenser pressures. if the cycle is modified with reheating, (a) the turbine work output will decrease. (b) the amount of heat rejected will decrease. (c) the pump work input will decrease. (d) the moisture content at turbine exit will decrease. (e) the amount of heat input will decrease. | consider a simple ideal rankine cycle with | ch 10 - 10118 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " wwi: course of the war i. strategies a. schlieffen plan: put together in 1905; a german plan to invade france from the north, where france wouldn’t expect it. meant crossing through belgium, violating the official neutral nature of belgium. germany would send the bulk of their army through belgium in a sweeping motion to take over paris. tried to use this in fall 1914 in the hopes of knocking france out of the war early so that germany wouldn’t be fighting a war on two fronts with russia on their other side. b. first battle of the marne (1914): german armies stalled; armies were using 19 century th offense with 20 century defense. france dug in 475 miles of trenches 710 feet deep, and germany couldn’t get through. the line never moved more than 10 miles. between the french trench and the german trench was noman’s land. offense meant jumping out of your trench, running across noman’s land, and using a rifle/bayonet against the defense that was safely in the trench and fighting back with machine guns. a. became a war of attrition. goal was to grind and wear the other side down. b. noman’s land was often fortified with barbed wire, which was originally invented in america to hold cattle. offense had to climb over or crawl under the barbed wire, making them easy targets for the defense. c. life in trenches was horrific. water was often up to the knees, sometimes even up to the armpits. there was a large rat population, drawn by corpses. flies too. feel would rot because they were constantly wet. c. verdun (1916): 700,000 deaths d. somme river: 60,000 british in one day ii. stalemate and choices a. obvious solution was o bring in new allies. germans recruited the ottoman empire; britain and france brought in america in 1917. america originally saw the war as a european conflict and didn’t want to get involved, but was sympathetic to britain and france. a. germany used submarine warfare to cripple british in particular. when they attacked a british ship named the lusitania in 1915, killing over a hundred americans. america was outraged; germany backed off submarine warfare, delaying america’s involvement until 1917, when submarine warfare resumed and america went to war. b. new fronts: mostly to distract the allies and spread their forces thin. gallipoli was a battle in the ottoman empire that failed epically, engendering nationalism in new zealand because new zealand soldiers were sent to their deaths. a. t.e. lawrence was a british man that had lived in the middle east and knew the culture well. was tasked with engendering nationalism in the ottoman empire. c. new weapons: people are working really hard to make new weapons to turn the tide of the war. one was the tank, meant to be able to traverse noman’s land, but was not really successful until world war ii. planes were weaponized, fighting in “dogfights” above the \n trenches and dropping bombs. the biggest innovation, however, was gas. tear gas had a temporary blinding effect. chlorine gas was worse; it killed by asphyxiation. the worst, however, was mustard gas, causing tissues to blister, which could take days or weeks to kill and was excruciating. iii. entrance of u.s.: april 1917, crucial to turning the tide, brought new blood to the fight. iv.withdrawal of russia: wwi was a disaster for russia, led to the bolshevik revolution; pulled russia ut of the war in 1917 v. end of war: 1918 vi.treaty of versailles: britain, france, and america win; britain and france, in particular, are furious; treaties signed in france, where francoprussian treaties were signed. a. “war guilt” clause: blamed it on germany, led to incredibly harsh conditions dealt out to germany. had to pay a huge fine, wasn’t allowed to have army/navy (only 100,000 soldiers). b. territorial provisions: alsacelorraine went back to france; germany lost all colonial possessions, lost eastern territory to poland, ottoman empire officially broken apart. yugoslavia created. vii. effects were huge. loss of life was unprecedented. set up decolonization. women took more jobs (contributed to women’s movements. soldiers would never be the same. th a. lost generation: ideals of the 19 century; people turned to the government to fix things. russian revolution i. russia on the eve of the revolution a. rapid social and economic change: industrialization; russia was late to the game, but when industrialization finally comes, it is sudden and rapid. the middle class, in particular, become bigger and more powerful, and they want political power, but the government was a monarchy and was still run by a tsar. it does have a representative assembly known as the duma, but its relationship with the tsar is not great. the peasant class hadn’t been emancipated from serfdom until 1861, and all they wanted was their own land. stolypin passed reforms that allowed some to get land, but the majority worked for the mir. b. world war i: got involved very early; committed 15 million troops, and lost half of them before the end of the war. the war created economic dislocation and a shortage of food. russia was literally starving. it was so bad that in 1915, tsar nicolas goes to the frontline himself to try to alleviate some of the misery. c. government: was seen as corrupt and incompetent. rasputin grew very powerful in the government; he was a con artist, and convinced alexandra, tsar nicolas’s wife, that he \n could heal her hemophilic son. she allows him to become politically powerful when it seems to be working. ii. march revolution (1917): moderate in nature, middle class revolution a. strike in st. petersburg: march 8, 1917; started by women as food riots. the tsar’s response is to abolish the duma and send troops to end it. the soldiers take pity on the crowd; they vote to disobey orders and end up becoming part of the revolution. march 12, nicolas abdicates and the duma becomes the new government, the provisional government, meant to be temporary. they choose kerensky to be the head of their new government (prime minister) b. problems of the war: the provisional government chooses o continue to be involved in the war a. in russia, soviets have developed in major cities/towns. activists for more reforms. b. marxist inspired political parties helped the soviets form. iii. bolshevik revolution: much more radical a. arrival of lenin: marxist revolutionary; spent time in prison in siberia for criticizing tsar’s rule, was exiled from russia and lived throughout europe. with all that was happening, he decides to go back to russia, aided by the germans, who want him to destabilize russia and knowing that he will take russia out o the war if he succeeds. arrives in april 1917 and begins to campaign. b. lenin’s interpretation of marx: marx believed that revolutions had to happen on their own at the right time. lenin said that the time was now; sometimes you have to fast forward things, using intellectuals to indoctrinate people had to encourage the unhappiness of the people. bolsheviks go through soviets and talk to people, on the slogan “peace, land, and bread”; would pull russia out of the war, pass huge land reforms, and make sure that everyone was fed. c. st. petersburg soviet: like the nerve center of all the soviets; by november 1917, bolsheviks had acquired control of this soviet and through it, all the others. d. civil war: breaks out because of bolshevik influence. lasted until 1922 between reds (bolsheviks) and whites (antirevolutionaries). britain, the us., france, and other countries sent support for the antirevolutionaries out of fear. iv.lenin’s russia: in 1922, the reds win the war. a. new economic policy (nep): 1921; meant to be an emergency measure, but evolved and reverted to capitalism. offered profit incentive. meant to inspire productivity, and it worked. stalin was not happy with it as he saw it as encouraging capitalism. b. constitution and the communist party: communists not specifically mentioned in the constitution, but they still controlled everything. russia becomes totalitarian state. \n soviet union under stalin i. lenin’s successors: stalin vs. trotsky: lenin died in 1924, only two years after the end of the revolution. a. trotsky’s “permanent revolution”: the revolution must continue; for marxism to succeed, it needed to go beyond russia and become an international movement. b. stalin’s “socialism in one country”: socialism needed to e built up in russia first and be successful before it could be exported to other countries. c. stalin’s victory: by 1928, stalin was the undisputed leader of russia. was not an intellectual like lenin and trotsky, but was politically located very strategically and used this to create his own network in the government, a power base that trotsky didn’t have. trotsky was exiled in 1929 and took refuge in mexico until his assassination in 1940. stalin built a totalitarian state, a nation controlled by a dictator and one political party. always fighting an enemy (in this case, capitalism). ii. five year plans (1928) a. end of nep: the nep had worked, but there was evidence that the effects were positive but finite. stalin despised nep; saw it as reversion to capitalism, created a class a wealthier peasants called kulaks and stalin particularly hated them. five year plans would replace nep with socialist industrialization b. goals and economic objectives: goal was to change russia into an economic superpower. goals: 1. in five years, triple heavy industry production, 2. double smaller industries, and 3. increase by 50% agricultural production to support and sustain industrialization. c. peasants and land hunger: all the peasants had wanted for centuries was to own their own land, but the five year plans collected peasants and all their land, livestock, and equipment (this was called collectivization) d. peasants resisted, many of them destroying their equipment and livestock rather than have to turn it over to the government. made huge damages in agricultural sector. half of the livestock in the soviet union perished, leading to huge famine. probably 20 million people died in the 1930’s. kulak disappeared, many of them executed in huge massacres. e. factories: economic miracle, met objectives. set staggering objectives on individual workers. set daily quotas. stakhanov was a (probably fictitious) russian who was said to meet the daily quota 16 times over (most likely just propaganda) f. russia, by the beginning of wwii, was the 3 largest industrial superpower in the world. iii. life in stalinist russia a. terrorism, purges, and show trials: stalin executed and purged millions for political reasons. anyone who was perceived as not entirely socialist, or capitalist leaning, was \n killed. stalin’s own wife, after admitting where people could hear, that russia was suffering, committed suicide under questionable circumstances. there were show trials where people were forced to sign confessions and were executed, as young as twelve years old. many people were shipped off to labor camps, where about 1/3 died within the first year. ethnic minorities were targeted, like the jews and the muslims. 3040 thousand officers were executed because stalin was paranoid and wasn’t completely assured of their loyalty. b. housing and necessities: there was a shortage of basic consumer goods. shortages in housing and food; people did without st c. world’s 1 socialist country: was a beacon of hope internationally to marxists that socialism could be successful. d. propaganda: incredible censorship of literature, the media, and intellectuals. a. lysenko ran biochemistry experiments that were designed to prove marxist theories. was trying to prove that acquired characteristics could be genetic, that by changing the environment you could create a better world. ",
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b8390913a4cd68190c281feb3a1906e3 | (a) for the coupled coils in fig. 13.74(a), show that (b) for the coupled coils in fig. 13.74(b), show that leq l1l2 m2 l1 l2 2m | (a) for the coupled coils in fig. 13.74(a), show that (b) | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " bus 215 chapter 2: managerial accounting and cost concepts managerial accounting has many types of costs and are classified differently according to immediate needs of management. ex: prep of external fr requires the use of historical cost data, whereas decision making may require predictions about future costs. this notion odifferent costs for different purposis important. i. cost classifications for assigning costs to cost objects a. exhibit 21 summarizes the cost classifications that will be defined in this chapter, namely cost classifications ■ b. a cost object is anything for which cost data are desired including products, customers, jobs and organizational subunits. for purposes of assigning costs to cost objects, cost are classified as edirectorindirect. c. direct cost ■ a direct cost is a cost that can be easily and conveniently traced to a specified cost object. ■ ex: reebok assigning cost to various reg and national sales offices, salary of sales manager in tokyo office would be direct cost of that office. ■ ex: printing company made 10,000 brochure for spec customer, cost of paper is direct cost of customer d. indirect cost ■ an indirect costis a cost that cannot be easily and conveniently traced to a specified cost object. ● ex: campbell soup factory produce dozens of variety of soup. factory’s managers salary is indirect cost of a particular variety of soup. his salary is consequence of running whole factory not just one soup. ● to be traced to a cost object such as a particular product,the cost must be caused by the cost object. managers salary is acommon cost. ■ a common cost is a cost that is incurred to support a number of cost objects but cannot be traced to them individually. common cost is a type of indirect cost. ■ may be direct or indirect depending on cost object. salarindireccost of manufacturing chicken noodle soup, directcost of manufacturing division. → cost object is entire manufacturing division. ii. cost classifications for manufacturing companies two broad categories of costs: a. manufacturing costs: 2 types direct costs, 1 indirect ■ 2 types direct costs ● direct materials/indirect ○ the materials that go into the final product are caraw materials. (a) any materials that are used in final product not just wood pulp or iron ore. → the finished product of one company can be the raw material of another. ○ raw materials may include both directand indirect materia. (a) direct materials are those materials that become an integral part of the finished product and whose costs can be traced to the finished product. this would include, for ex, the seats that airbus purchases from subcontractors to install in its commercial aircraft and the electronic components that apple uses in its iphones. \n (b) indirect materialare not as important and are included as part of manufacturing overhead. ● direct labor ○ direct labo consists of labor costs that can be easily traced to individual units of product. direct labor is sometimes caltouch laborbecause direct labor workers typically touch the product while being made. (a) assembly line workers at toyota ○ labor costs that cannot be physically traced to particular products, or that can be traced only at great cost and inconvenience, are terlimited labor. (a) treated as part of manufacturing overhead (b) includes the labor costs of janitors, supervisors, material handlers and night security guards (c) impractical/impossible to accurately trace their costs to spec units of product → labor costs are treated as indirect labor. ■ indirect cost: manufacturing overhead ● manufacturing overhead , the third manufacturing cost category, includes all manufacturing costs except direct materials and direct labor. ○ items such as indirect materials; indirect labor; maintenance and repairs on production equipment; and heat and light, property taxes, depreciation, and insurance on manufacturing facilities. ○ those costs associated withoperating the factory are included in manufacturing overhead. ● also called those costs associated withoperating the factor are included in manufacturing overhead. b. nonmanufacturing costs: two categories ■ selling costs ● elling costs include all costs that are incurred to secure customer orders and get the finished product to the customer. ● these costs are sometimes called ordergetting andorderfilling costs. ● examples of selling costs include advertising, shipping, sales travel, sales commissions, sales salaries, and costs of finished goods warehouses. ● can be either direct or indirect costs ■ administrative costs ● include all costs associated with the general management of an organization rather than with manufacturing or selling. ● ex: include all costs associated with tgeneral management of an organization rather than with manufacturing or selling. ● can be either direct or indirect costs. ○ salary of an accounting manager in charge of accounts receivable collections in the east region is a direct cost of that region ○ salary of a chief financial officer who oversees all of a company’s regions is an indirect cost with respect to individual regions. ● also called selling, general, and administrative (sg&a) costs or just selling and administrative costs. iii. class classifications for preparing financial statements companies need to classify their costs aroduct costs orperiod costs costs are recognized as expenses on the income statement in the period that benefits from the cost the unexpensed portion of the insurance payment is carried on the balance sheet as an asset called prepaid insurance. matching principle is based on theaccrual concept thatcosts incurred to generate a particular revenue should be recognized as expenses in the same period that the revenue is recognized. if a cost is incurred to acquire or make something that will eventually be sold, then the cost should be recognized as an expense only when the sale takes place—that is, when the benefit occurs. such costs are calledproduct costs. \n a. product costs ■ product costs include all costs involved in acquiring or making a product. ■ consist of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead ■ product costs “attach” to units of product as the goods are purchased or manufactured, and they remain attached as the goods go into inventory awaiting sale. ■ product costs are initially assigned to an inventory account on the balance sheet. → when goods are sold, the costs are released from inventory as expenses (typically called cost of goods sold) ● → and matched against sales revenue on the income statement. ■ because product costs are initially assigned to inventories, they are also kinventoriable costs. ■ product costs are not necessarily recorded as expenses on the income statement in the period in which they are incurred. only after they are sold. b. period costs ■ period costs are all the costs that are not product costs. ■ all selling and administrative expenses are treated as period costs. ■ ex: sales commissions, advertising, executive salaries, public relations, and the rental costs of administrative offices are all period costs. ■ not included as part of the cost of either purchased or manufactured goods; i ● instead, period costs are expensed on the income statement in the period in which they are incurred using the usual rules of accrual accounting. ■ period in which a cost is incurred is not necessarily the period in which cash changes hands. ● for example, as discussed earlier, the costs of liability insurance are spread across the periods that benefit from the insurance—regardless of the period in which the insurance premium is paid. accrual accting c. prime cost and conversion cost ■ two more cost categories are often used in discussions of manufacturing cosprime cost and conversion cost. ■ prime cost is the sum of direct materials cost and direct labor cost. ■ conversion cost is the sum of direct labor cost and manufacturing overhead cost. ● term conversion cost is used to describe direct labor and manufacturing overhead because these costs are incurred to convert materials into the finished product. d. ex: consider the following scenario: a company has reported the following costs and expenses for the most recent month: categorized in a number of ways, including product costs, period costs, conversion costs, and prime costs: \n iv. cost classifications for predicting cost behavior a. often necessary to predict how a certain cost will behave in response to a change in activity. ■ example, a manager at under armour may want to estimate the impact a 5 percent increase in sales would have on the company’s total direct materials cost. b. cost behavior refers to how a cost reacts to changes in the level of activity. ■ as the activity level rises and falls, a particular cost may rise and fall as well—or it may remain constant. ■ the manager must be able to estimate how much it will change ■ to help make such distinctions, costs are often categorizedvariable, fixe ormixed. c. the relative proportion of each type of cost in an organization is known acost structure ■ for example, an organization might have many fixed costs but few variable or mixed costs. alternatively, it might have many variable costs but few fixed or mixed costs. d. variable cost ■ a variable cost varies, in total, in direct proportion to changes in the level of activity. ● ex: cost of goods sold for a merchandising company, direct materials, direct labor, variable elements of manufacturing overhead, such as indirect materials, supplies, and power, and variable elements of selling and administrative expenses, such as commissions and shipping costs ■ cost to be variable, it must be variwith respect to something. that “something” is its activity base. ● an activity base is a measure of whatever causes the incurrence of a variable cost. ● an activity base is sometimes referred to acost driver. ○ most common activity bases are direct laborhours, machinehours, units produced, and units sold. ○ other examples: the number of miles driven by salespersons, the number of pounds of laundry cleaned by a hotel, the number of calls handled by technical support staff at a software company, and the number of beds occupied in a hospital. ○ you should assume that the activity base under consideration is the total volume of goods and services provided by the organization. → we will specify the activity base only when it is something other than total output. ○ provide an example of a variable cost, consider nooksack expeditions, a small company that provides daylong whitewater rafting excursions on rivers in the north cascade mountains. \n (a) company provides all of the necessary equipment and experienced guides, and it serves gourmet meals to its guests. (b) meals are purchased from a caterer for $30 a person for a daylong excursion. the behavior of this variable cost, on both a per unit and a total basis, is shown below: (c) ■ total variable costs change as the activity level changes, it is important to note that a variable cost is constant if expressed on aper unitasis. ● ex: the per unit cost of the meals remains constant at $30 even though the total cost of the meals increases and decreases with activity. ● exhibit 2–2 illustrates that the total variable cost rises and falls as the activity level rises and falls. ○ at an activity level of 250 guests, the total meal cost is $7,500. at an activity level of 1,000 guests, the total meal cost rises to $30,000. ○ e. fixed cost ■ a fixed cost is a cost that remains constant, in total, regardless of changes in the level of activity. ● ex: straightline depreciation, insurance, property taxes, rent, supervisory salaries, administrative salaries, and advertising. ■ consequently, as the activity level rises and falls, total fixed costs remain constant unless influenced by some outside force, such as a landlord increasing your monthly rental expense. ■ to continue the nooksack expeditions example, assume the company rents a building for $500 per month to store its equipment. ● the total amount of rent paid is the same regardless of the number of guests the company takes on its expeditions during any given month. the concept of a fixed cost is shown graphically on the righthand side exhibit 2–2. ■ because total fixed costs remain constant for large variations in the level of activity, the average fixed costper uni becomes progressively smaller as the level of activity increases. ● note that as the number of guests increase, the average fixed cost per guest drops. \n ● ■ for planning purposes, fixed costs can be viewed as eicommitted ordiscretionary. ● committed fixed costs represent organizational investments witmulti yea planning horizon that can’t be significantly reduced even for short periods of time without making fundamental changes. ○ ex: investments in facilities and equipment, as well as real estate taxes, insurance expenses, and salaries of top management. ○ committed fixed costs remain largely unchanged in the short term because the costs of restoring them later are likely to be far greater than any shortrun savings that might be realized ● discretionary fixed costs (often referred tomanaged fixed costs) usually arise from annual decisions by management to spend on certain fixed cost items. ○ ex: discretionary fixed costs include advertising, research, public relations, management development programs, and internships for students. ○ discretionary fixed costs can be cut for short periods of time with minimal damage to the longrun goals of the organization. f. the linearity assumption and the relevant range ■ management accountants ordinarily assume that costs are strictly linear; that is, the relation between cost on the one hand and activity on the other can be represented by a straight line. ■ economists point out that many costs are actually curvilinear; that is, the relation between cost and activity is a curve. ■ nevertheless, even if a cost is not strictly linear, it can be approximated within a narrow band of activity known as televant range by a straight line. ● the relevant range is the range of activity within which the assumption that cost behavior is strictly linear is reasonably valid. ● outside of the relevant range, a fixed cost may no longer be strictly fixed or a variable cost may not be strictly variable ● assumptions made about cost behavior may be invalid if activity falls outside of the relevant range. ● the concept of the relevant range is important in understanding fixed costs. ● blood tests example: ■ this steporiented cost behavior pattern can also be used to describe other costs, such as some labor costs. ● for example, salaried employee expenses can be characterized using a step pattern. ● salaries are fixed amount every year, providing for capacity to work a prespecified amount of time, such as 40 hours a week for 50 weeks a year =2,000 hours per year. ○ in this example, the total salaried employee expense is $40,000 within a relevant range of 0 to 2,000 hours of work. the total salaried employee expense increases \n to $80,000 (or two employees) if the organization’s work requirements expand to a relevant range of 2,001 to 4,000 hours of work. ○ cost behavior patterns such as salaried employees are often called stepvariable costs. ○ stepvariable costs can often be adjusted quickly as conditions change. ○ the width of the steps for stepvariable costs is generally so narrow that these costs can be treated essentially as variable costs for most purposes. the width of the steps for fixed costs, on the other hand, is so wide that these costs should be treated as entirely fixed within the relevant range. ○ exhibit 2–4 summarizes four key concepts related to variable and fixed costs. study it carefully before reading further. g. mixed costs ■ a mixed cost contains both variable and fixed cost elements. also known as semivariable costs. ■ ex cont: the company incurs a mixed cost called fees paid to the state. it includes a license fee of $25,000 per year plus $3 per rafting party paid to the state’s department of natural resources. if the company runs 1,000 rafting parties this year, then the total fees paid to the state would be $28,000, made up of $25,000 in fixed cost plus $3,000 in variable cost. ● exhibit 2–5 depicts the behavior of this mixed cost ● even if nooksack fails to attract any customers, the company will still have to pay the license fee of $25,000. this is why cost line in 25 intersects the vercial cost at $25,000. for each rafting party, the total cost of state fees will increase by $3→ the total cost line slopes upward as variable cost of $3 per party is added to the fixed cost of $25,000 ● because the mixed cost in exhibit 2–5 is represented by a straight line, the following equation for a straight line can be used to express the relationship between a mixed cost \n and the level of activity: ● because the variable cost per unit = the slope of the straight line, the steeper the slope, the higher the variable cost per unit. ● the equation: ● equation makes it easy to calc the total mixed cost for any level of activity wihtin the relevant range ○ ex: suppose company expects to organize 800 rafting parties in next year. total state fees would be: h. analysis of mixed costs ■ mixed costs are very common. ■ the fixed portion of a mixed cost represents the minimum cost of having a servready and available for use. the variable portion represents the cost incurreactual consumption of the service, thus it varies in proportion to the amount of service actually consumed. ■ managers can use a variety of methods to estimate the fixed and variable components of a mixed cost such asaccount analysis, the engineering approach, thehighlow method, and leastsquares regression analysis. ● inaccount analysis, an account is classified as either variable or fixed based on the analyst’s prior knowledge of how the cost in the account behaves. ○ example, direct materials would be classified as variable and a building lease cost would be classified as fixed because of the nature of those costs. ● the engineering approach to cost analysis involves a detailed analysis of what cost behavior should be, based on an industrial engineer’s evaluation of the production methods to be used, the materials specifications, labor requirements, equipment usage, production efficiency, power consumption, and so on. ■ diagnosing cost behavior with a scattergraph plot ● come back to it ■ the highlow method ● assuming that the scattergraph plot indicates a linear relation between cost and activity, the fixed and variable cost elements of a mixed cost can be estimated using thighlow method or theleastsquares regression method. ○ the highlow method is based on the riseoverrun formula for the slope of a straight line ○ slope of the straight line is equal to the variable cost per unit of activity \n ● to analyze mixed costs with the highlow method , begin by identifying the period with the lowest level of activity and the period with the highest level of activity. ○ the period with the lowest activity is selected as the first point in the above formula and the period with the highest activity is selected as the second point. ○ consequently, the formula becomes: ○ or ○ therefore, when the highlow method is used, the variable cost is estimated by dividing the difference in cost between the high and low levels of activity by the change in activity between those two points. ○ to return to the brentline hospital example, using the highlow method, we first identify the periods with the highest and lowestactivit—in this case, june and march. we then use the activity and cost data from these two periods to estimate the variable cost component as follows: ● having determined that the variable maintenance cost is 80 cents per patientday, we can now determine the amount of fixed cost. this is done by taking the total cost aeither the high or the low activity level and deducting the variable cost element. in the computation below, total cost at the high activity level is used in computing the fixed cost element: ● both the variable and fixed cost elements have now been isolated. the cost of maintenance can be expressed as $3,400 per month plus 80 cents per patientday or as: \n ● the data used in this illustration are shown gxhibit 2– that is what the highlow method does—it draws a straight line through those two points. ● come back to ■ the leastsquares regression method ● the leastsquares regression meth, unlike the highlow method, uses all of the data to separate a mixed cost into its fixed and variable components. ● a egression li of the fr= +bx is fitted to the dataa represents the total fixed cost ab represents the variable cost per unit of activity. ● the basic idea underlying the leastsquares regression method iexhibit 2–8 d in using hypothetical data points. ● come back ● come back \n ■ the contribution format income statement ● come back i. traditional contribution format is ■ the traditional format is ■ the contribution formal is ● the crucial distinction between fixed and variable costs is at the heart of the contribution approach to constructing income statements. the unique thing about the contribution approach is that it provides managers with an income statement that clearly distinguishes between fixed and variable costs and therefore aids planning, controlling, and decision making. the righthand side of exhibit 2–9 shows a contribution format income statement for merchandising companies. ● the contribution approach separates costs into fixed and variable categories, first deducting variable expenses from sales to obtain thecontribution margin. for a merchandising company, cost of goods sold is a variable cost that gets included in the “variable expenses” portion of the contribution format income statement. the contribution margin is the amount remaining from sales revenues after variable expenses have been deducted. this amount contributes toward covering fixed expenses and then toward profits for the period. j. cost classifications for decision making ■ differential cost and revenue ● decisions involve choosing between alternatives. in business decisions, each alternative will have costs and benefits that must be compared to the costs and benefits of the other available alternatives ● a difference in costs between any two alternatives is known differential cos. ● a difference in revenues (usually just sales) between any two alternatives is known as differential revenue ● a differential cost is also known aincremental cost , although technically an incremental cost should refer only to an increase in cost from one alternative to another; decreases in cost should be referred to decremental costs. ○ differential cost is a broader term, encompassing both cost increases (incremental costs) and cost decreases (decremental costs) between alternatives. ● the accountant’s differential cost concept can be compared to the economist’s marginal cost concept. ○ in speaking of changes in cost and revenue, the economist uses the terms marginal cost and arginal revenue. ○ the revenue that can be obtained from selling one more unit of product is called marginal revenue, and the cost involved in producing one more unit of product is called marginal cost. ○ the economist’s marginal concept is basically the same as the accountant’s differential concept applied to a single unit of output. ● come back k. opportunity cost and sunk cost ■ opportunity cost is the potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is selected over another. ● for example, assume that you have a parttime job while attending college that pays $200 per week. if you spend one week at the beach during spring break without pay, then the $200 in lost wages would be an opportunity cost of taking the week off to be at the beach. ■ a unk cost is a costhat has already been incurred and that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future. ● because sunk costs cannot be changed by any decision, they are not differential costs. and because only differential costs are relevant in a decision, sunk costs should always be ignored. ● come bac ● ",
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334402daabd8a52f48fdce45a533d511 | lumber industry the number of board-feet (bf) that can be obtained from a log depends on the diameter, in inches, of the log and its length. the following table shows the number of boardfeet of lumber that can be obtained from a log that is 32 feet long. a. find a linear model for the number of board-feet as a function of log diameter. b. explain the meaning of the slope of this line in the
context of the problem. c. using this model, how many board-feet of lumber can be obtained from a log 32 feet long with a diameter of 19 inches? diameter (in.) bf
16 180
18 240
20 300
22 360 | lumber industry the number of board-feet (bf) that can be | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " contemporary views of long term memory three types of memory system ● semantic memory: stores knowledge about the world ○ decontextualized (independent of time and place) ○ how do you know that zebras have stripes? ● episodic memory: memory of experiences in subjective space and time ○ permits a personal past ○ long term memory of temporarily unique events ○ you remember your 21st birthday better than your lunch last week ○ autobiographical memory: usually significant to yourself and forms your personal life history ■ specific, personal, longlasting ■ late developing (childhood amnesia is the inability for people to form episodic memories before 24 years of age) ■ not to be confused with stuff your parents told you that you don’t actually remember ○ flashbulb memory: extremely vivid episodic memories ■ usually attached to a surprising, significant, or emotional event ● procedural memory: know how to do something rather than knowiomething ○ sometimes implicit (tacit, nondeclarative) ○ can function without episodic memory ● how to ice skate (procedural) vs. remembering when you learned to ice skate (episodic) vs. knowing ice is frozen water (semantic) what makes memories durable? ● some say repetition but this isn’t always the best (could you describe a penny even though you’ve seen it a thousand times?) ● trying to remember what’s on a penny is a recall test which is hard ● recall is much harder than recognition ● clearly repetition is not enough to make this stick permanently in memory ● we can account for this with the level processing theory levels of processing theory ● level or depth of processing (encoding) is the main factor governing storage and retrieval ● long term memory is not simply a permanent storage bin ● basically what you do with a memory after you get it determines whether or not you keep it ● the deeper levels of processing are the ones who make the longest lasting memories ● memory is a byproduct of perceptual/cognitive processing ● superficial processing: leads to poor, short lived memories ● deep, semantic processing: more durable memories \n ● effort makes no difference ● evidence for levels processing theory: ○ maintenance vs. elaborative rehearsal ■ repeating something over and over does not mean it will stick around long (this is maintenance or mere repetition) ■ elaborative rehearsal means you elaborate on it (you see an 803 phone number and think “that’s a sc phone number”) ■ mere repetition does not work because all they’re doing is keeping the information in short term memory ○ repeated exposure may not lead to retention of memory ■ e.g. we have all seen a penny a million times, but we can’t describe it ■ e.g. we have seen a telephone keypad many times but we can’t remember which button goes with each letter ■ in a british study, 0 of 50 adults could put all the numbers and letters on a blank phonepad ○ incidental learning is unintentional learning ■ results of surprise memory tests for differently encoded material showed that the deeper the processing required, the more they remembered ■ e.g. when asked to label some words as upper or lowercase, say a rhyme for some words, or put words in a sentence, the deeper the level of processing the more words they remembered ■ e.g. counting consonants in a word vs. putting the word in a category (you remember more of the category words because this requires a deeper level of processing) ■ people wondered if this wasn’t a matter of time (it’s faster to note if something is uppercase than to put it in a sentence) ■ they did structural tests where participants made consonants cs and vowels bs (brain = ccbbc) and they did semantic tests asking whether a word fit in a sentence that’s given ■ the structural test took longer than the semantic test but we remembered the semantic task afterwards better ○ selfreference effect: relate something to yourself and you’ll remember it better ■ selfschema: deeper processing of yourself ■ particularly easy to do if someone gives you a list of adjectives to remember and you apply them to yourself ■ we have a lot of deep processing when we think about things related to ourselves ■ think about experiences you have had and you have a lot of memory of these experiences (you can avoid getting a paper cut because you remember what you did the last time you got a papercut) effects of context on memory \n ○ encoding specificity principle: the probability of remembering depends on similarity of encoding at the time of learning and time of test taking ■ this always happens in a particular context ■ this network of things can help you either remember or not ■ a.k.a. context dependent memory (tendency to remember details about things depends on this match of context) ■ we have an advantage of taking a test in the same room that we learned the material ○ physical context: recall is better in the same physical environment ■ their memory was better tested with the same music they listened to when they studied than if they were tested with different music or silence ○ affective context (mood dependent memory): recall is better when your emotional state at the time of learning and time of recall match ■ i.e. something learned while in a particular mood is best retrieved when in the same mood ■ they took people and made them happy or sad with hypnosis ■ they learned word lists and then were tested while happy or sad ■ there was better memory when the mood was matched ○ mood congruence effect: better memory for material that “fits” your mood ■ e.g. happy people are more likely than depressed people to remember pleasant events ■ don’t confuse this with the mood dependent memory ○ pollyanna principle (positivity bias): we tend to have better memory for pleasant material ■ e.g. rosy views of past vacations ■ travelers on a europeans tour and students on thanksgiving break who went on a trip remembered it as more enjoyable than they said it was at the time ■ in retrospect, the trip becomes more pleasant ■ 61% of the students on a three week bike trip in california said they were disappointed during the trip, but several months later only 11% later remembered they’d been disappointed ○ state dependent learning: better memory with the same level/type of drug influence ■ we induce people or animals with drugs and then tested their memory ■ e.g. they had people smoking either cigarettes or weed ■ they used people who volunteered willingly ■ those who were tested under the same drug they used to learn the material did better ■ this does not mean it is a good idea to smoke weed and study and then go to an exam while high comprehension effects on memory \n ● poor comprehension generally means poor memory ● power law of learning: rate of memory loss decreases over time (basically the forgetting curve) reconstructive vs. reproductive memory ● reconstructive memory: getting the gist is really important ● reproductive memory: basically literal recall ○ our memories are not really like storage bins where we just sticks things away to be remembered ○ we forget stuff, distort stuff, and add stuff in ○ so reproductive memory is not very useful ● bartlett did studies where he repeatedly tested people’s ability to recall odd stories ○ he gave people english folk tales and asked them to recall them ○ omissions: people left out information, especially stuff that is illogical or violates expectations ■ e.g. stuff that didn’t really fit in with the story ○ additions: people added information that would help explain incongruous passages ■ they truly believed this information was in the story in the first place ■ e.g. subjects spent less than a minute in a college office and about a third of them “recalled” books in the room when no books were actually in there ○ transformations: also called distortions ■ altered information: fishing replaces seal hunting because it’s more familiar ■ altered sequences: people couldn’t always remember the correct order (we often get help with this from semantic memory because we know things like we eat the entree before the dessert) ○ some of the things that were forgotten could be recalled later so stuff isn’t just gone if we can’t remember it at some point in time ● bartlett was aware that people used their general knowledge about the world to aid them in remembering things ○ he refers to these things as schemas: memories are shaped by an active organization based on past experience or general knowledge ○ e.g. we could describe someone’s visit to a nice restaurant even though we weren’t with them because we know what it’s like ○ schemas: body of organized information we have about a concept, event, or knowledge domain ○ script: type of schema consisting of the knowledge of the typical ordered sequence of events/actions in a particular situation ■ e.g. how you go about getting gas in your vehicle ■ e.g. checking into a hotel ■ basically a schema with a sequence \n ○ we can try and remember how to get gas by remembering our last trip to the gas station ● linguistic memory: we retain the gist of a passage or sentence rather than the words verbatim ○ seems to be reconstructed from knowledge ● semantic integration: we take information from multiple sentences and store it in abstract form ○ in doing this, we no longer remember the exact words ○ we see a couple of sentences taken from a short story and people are basically able to figure out the plot without remembering or ever knowing the exact words of the story eyewitness testimony and face recognition studies ● research done by loftus ● we’re quite good at recognizing faces we’re familiar with ● however, faulty eyewitness testimony is the most frequent cause of wrongful convictions ● we usually find out that it was wrongful conviction because dna exonerates people ● these are wellmotivated and wellintended witnesses ● misleading postevent information: can distort and transform memories ○ e.g. misleading questions ○ appears that memories themselves are changed, not just people’s reports ○ you could ask “well, just how tall were they?” and now the witness thinks they’re tall ● source monitoring confusions: a memory derived from one source may be misattributed to another ○ includes information from before or after a remembered event ○ you may remember something directly but not remember where it came from ○ people remembered meeting bugs bunny at disneyland even though he’s not even disney ○ they put a clerk from a store that got held up in the lineup and the witness picked him (they got the place right but the source wrong) ● best match criterion: e.g. picking a person from a lineup who most resembles your memory of the culprit ○ a lot of people take the attitude that the culprit is definitely in the lineup, so they don’t feel like they can just say that none of them are right ○ so they pick the person who best matches the culprit and this could be a totally innocent person ● confidence is a poor index of accuracy ● just because someone is confident does not mean they are accurate (this is actually an extremely low correlation) ● weapons focus effect: if there’s a weapon involved in a crime, people find it harder to report on the person \n ○ we’ve already seen that attention can be really limited and you can see this in crimes involving a weapon ○ our attention is dragged to the weapon and not the person ○ people can often give a really good description of the weapon but then not really be able to describe the person recovered memories and false memory syndrome ● false memory syndrome: involves the belief that a behavioral problem is a reaction to a repressed traumatic event (usually childhood sexual abuse and the development of pseudo memories of childhood trauma) ● there was a lot of this surrounding child caretakers in the 1990s ● it included parents ● this appears to not be about remembering false things, but being led into false memories by someone or something ● accusations of childhood sexual abuse went up like crazy in the 1990s how false memories can be induced ● false memories can be induced by suggestion, usually from an authority figure ● loftus had older siblings tell their little siblings that something had happened to them as a kid ○ the older brother of chris (14 yo) told him that he got lost in the mall as a kid (this never actually happened) ○ chris originally gives vague memories like he remembers seeing the stores ○ then after a few weeks of being asked twice a week what he remembers, he starts describing all sorts of details and stuff ● in one study, participants were shown a fake photo of them in a hot air balloon that had been photoshopped from a real photo of them and it led to a vivid recollection of that experience even though they had never actually been in a hot air balloon ● false memories can be induced by dream interpretations because beliefs about one’s past can be readily influenced by a clinician’s dream interpretation ○ dreams may be the “royal road to memory manipulation” ○ studies have found that if you tell someone a dream indicates this particular thing happened to them, they are very confident that it actually happened to them ○ dreams can often later be mistaken for actual events ● imagination inflation: imagining events increases the likelihood of believing it happened ○ people can develop both a belief in, and “memory” of, an event that never actually happened to them simply by imagining it occurred ● false memories can be induced by suggestive therapists who may use hypnosis, sodium amytal, dream interpretation, and/or guided imagery ● recovered memories from childhood abuse are more likely to be valid if they occur outside any form of therapy and are a surprise to the victim causes of forgetting \n ● decay (lack of use): loss of inactive (unrefreshed) memories ○ we forget stuff we don’t use ○ this virtually impossible to test, but theoretically likely to occur ○ forgetting occurs more with episodic memory than with semantic memory ○ we can’t really test this because as time happens other things happen and this leads to interference ● interference: loss of memory due to other material ○ proactive interference: forward acting ■ older memories prevent new facts from being committed to memory ■ e.g. when you learn a new language, your old language may get in the way of your learning ○ retroactive interference: backward acting ■ new memories tend to replace old memories ■ e.g. learning a new language could make it difficult to remember an older language ● amnesia: loss of memory due to trauma or drugs ○ anterograde amnesia: something happens and they can’t remember new information (they have a learning deficit) ■ usually their memory span (stm) is normal ■ the memory that exists for them is stuff that happened before the incident ■ this can be temporarily druginduced (with midazolam) which can be very helpful for research ■ korsakoff syndrome often happens to chronic alcoholics and they are likely to suffer memory losses and cannot learn new things ■ h.m. was a famous case where he had a surgery that took out his amygdala and a lot of his hippocampus ● there wasn’t any long term memory for events after the surgery but most of the older memories are intact ● he basically didn’t learn anything new for the rest of his life ■ clive had a brain infection and he lives every moment in isolation from the past (e.g. minutes after eating a meal, he won’t remember that he ate) ● he remembers a lot such as his wife, how to play piano, how to read, write, and talk ● he feels like he’s always just woken up ○ retrograde amnesia: (backwards) no lasting memory of events for a limited period prior to the incident, but information is often retained shortly after the incident and onwards ■ causes include ect (shock therapy) or head trauma such as concussions ■ how far back it wipes out can be somewhat variable memory shifts due to knowledge or interference ● knowledge can include environmental variants like momentum or gravity ● we can have shifts in memory just due to stuff we know \n ● e.g. we know that if you let go of a cup it will fall to the ground ○ if you drop a cup and the lights go out while it’s falling, we will remember the location of the cup in the air as lower than it actually was when the lights went off ● this is representational momentum: memories tend to be distorted in the direction of perceived or implied motion ○ e.g. if we just glance at a bus, we’ll probably remember that it was further down the road than it was ○ these changes match the changes in events (e.g. if the event is faster, the change will be more extreme) ● boundary extension: tendency to remember more of a scene than was actually seen ○ pictures drawn from memory may include elements that would logically fall just outside the boundaries of the original ○ e.g. students saw a picture of a fork and were then asked to recreate it and they drew much more of the fork than was in the picture because they have extensive knowledge of forks reconstructive memory: some main points ● memories are rarely exact reproductions of what was experienced; we typically reconstruct memories using inference, beliefs, preexisting knowledge, and postevent information ● our memories can have distortions and additions as well as errors of omission ● other people may intentionally or unintentionally distort our memories or even implant false memories ● people can have false memories in a variety of situations ● source monitoring problem: we can have problems correctly identifying the source of information in memory ● confidence is not a good indicator of accuracy methods of improving encoding and consolidation ● consolidation: converting memories from short term to long term memory ● mnemonics: memory tricks (can be very helpful in acquiring a foreign language vocabulary) ○ method of loci: method of locations ■ traceable to a time in ancient greece when the roof fell in at a banquet and killed all but one man ■ this one man was able to name everybody at the banquet table by the method of loci ■ if you’ve got a set of locations in your mind, you can remember things at those locations and mentally revisit these things and remember things ■ three steps: identify a sequence of familiar places, create images of toberecalled items associated with places, recall by “revisiting” the places \n ○ peg word system: pairs of rhyming words form “pairs” for the toberecalled items ■ e.g. #4 is door, #3 is tree, #2 is shoe, etc….. ○ first letter technique: acrostics ■ homes are the great lakes of michigan ■ roy g biv are the colors of the color spectrum ○ chunking: reducing the amount you need to remember by putting them in chunks ○ rhyming/keying: eg. picturing a polka dotted lever to remember that polk was the eleventh president ● verbal rehearsal (maintenance) doesn’t work nearly as well as mnemonics ● dual (multiple) encoding: encode things in more than one way and you’ll remember it better ○ enactment effect: performing actions produces better recall than only learning action phrases ■ e.g. tear the paper ■ combines visual and motor memory ○ you could also combine visual and verbal ○ use varying study environments: college students who studied a list of 40 vocabulary items in two different rooms did far better on the test than students who only studied the list in one room ● comprehension: try to do whatever it takes to understand the material because you’ll remember it better if you comprehend it ● minimize interference: e.g. study before going to sleep ● use distributed vs. massed practice: memory is better when the learning is spread out (spacing effect) ● use deep processing such as elaborative rehearsal ● selftest: test yourself on the material before the actual exam ○ testing effect: people who are tested on information and then review how they did and why they missed things will know the information much better ● the goal of these improving retrieval techniques is to recreate types of processing that occurred when the event was originally encoded ○ context reinstatement is a reliable technique ■ e.g. sometimes law enforcement will take the witness back to the scene of the crime ○ a common problem with other techniques is false memories ■ e.g. adults over a long period of time tried to remember the names of schoolmates and there was as steady and significant increase in false names as time went on ○ hypnosis is likely to lead to additional information ■ there may be more recall, but if often won’t be accurate information ■ hypnosis is often used when there is a retrieval problem (they think they saw more than they are able to report) ■ hypnosis increases confidence but not accuracy \n ■ people are more open to suggestion under hypnosis ● to improve your chances of remembering where you put something, don’t hide it in bizarre or unusual places prospective memory ● remembering to do things in the future, as opposed to retrospective memory ● memory for intentions ● time based ○ e.g. remember to go to class at 2:00 ○ e.g. remember to take the pie out of the oven ● event based ○ e.g. remember to ask a friend about a problem with your car ○ e.g. remember to buy milk on the way home ○ e.g. remember to attach a file to an email ● this is far less studied than retrospective memory, but there are many similarities between the two ○ e.g. impact of retention interval (it is easier to remember to do laundry after class if class ends in an hour as opposed to four hours) ● prospective memory ability appears to be correlated with episodic memory ability ● failures are common and can occur even for highly important events or items and even with a short retention interval ○ departing from your customary action can make these failures more likely ○ being distracted ○ time pressure (you’re in a hurry and you’re likely to forget stuff) ● aging paradox: old people are often more impaired in the laboratory but perform significantly better on timebased tasks than young people in naturalistic settings ○ e.g. make a phone call or take a pill at a certain time ○ this paradox is probably due in part to differences in ongoing task demands in the lab and everyday life metacognition ● metacognition is the knowledge and beliefs about cognition, including awareness, understanding, and monitoring of one’s own cognitive state and activities ● comprehension monitoring (metacomprehension): understanding how well you understand something ○ this can be really important for students because they need to know if they understand the material in class ○ this is necessary for effective reading ○ failures to spot inconsistencies and contradictions reveal a metacomprehension problem ○ such failures are more common in inexperienced readers ○ a study found that only about half of children spot explicit inconsistencies and almost none spot implicit inconsistencies in stories \n ○ college students tend to overestimate comprehension and learning and this is a failure of metacomprehension ● spatial metacognition: e.g. judgement of one’s sense of direction ○ being able to judge if you’re lost or not ○ overall, we have a pretty good metacognition about our sense of direction ○ people who rate rate themselves as having a good sense of direction are usually good at these tasks ■ point in the direction of a known location (e.g. sites on campus) ■ maintaining orientation (e.g. in a maze or underground tunnel system) ● metamemory: your awareness of how your own memory works (one’s awareness and control of memory processes and capacities) ○ includes knowledge and beliefs about one’s own abilities, judgement of ease of learning, judgement of how well you’ve learned it, and feeling of knowing (tip of the tongue phenomenon) ○ self knowledge: type of metamemory where you have some idea of how you compare in memory to people around you ○ knowledge about differences among tasks (we know it’s easier to remember four numbers than forty) ○ strategic knowledge: such as knowing how to use rehearsal and knowing that elaborative rehearsal usually works better than rote quotation ○ you have better metamemory when you: ■ have easy material ■ overlearning/active learning: basically you already know it and you’re going over it again ■ intentional vs. incidental learning (knowing if we’re intentional, we’ll remember it better) ■ feedback: we know selftesting will help us remember something ● general problem with metacognition: we tend to overestimate our performance in comprehension or memory ○ optimistic bias includes both foresight (overestimating future bias) and hindsight bias ○ this can be adaptive, for example if students thought they were going to fail classes, they wouldn’t even take them ○ there is less overconfidence in experts with more experience ○ there is less overconfidence for easy questions mental imagery ● mental images are mental representations of objects or events that are not perceptually present ● you can come up with a visual representation even though you can’t actually see it ● e.g. if you think of a frog you can generate an image in your mind ● this is not input from our senses; it is internal and topdown processing ● there’s an ongoing controversy \n ● some people say mental images are simply epiphenomena which means they are byproducts of other cognitive processes ○ propositional hypothesis: all information is coded and stored in propositional form ○ images are created from information stored in the forms of propositions (propositions have a true or false value) ○ and these abstract languagelike representations are true or false ○ basically, you know that frogs do or do not have tails ○ the argument is that these images are generated along the way of other cognitive processes ● other people say that the mental images have function somewhat similar to perceiving things ○ they have functional significance ○ analog code (pictorial representation) hypothesis: we can generate images that are analogous (similar but not the same) ○ we can sometimes use mental images like we use real images ○ we can store images away as something other than propositions ● research shows that imagery seems to be able to substitute for perception in many situations ● several perceptual effects are also found in imagery ● imagery can often seem helpful or necessary for solving some problems ○ e.g. people who are experts at an abacus can picture an abacus and do math in their heads by visualizing this ○ it’s hard to argue that mental imagery is just a byproduct based on things like this ● this is supported by the existence of hallucinations which are internally generated images that people mistake for actual perception ● we don’t confuse images for percepts usually because our images are more feeble than actual percepts imagery research ● shepard started this famous research because he had a dream where things were floating around in space so he started examining mental imagery ○ he looked at depictions of 3d objects by presenting them in pairs in people and asking if they are the same ○ he found that people would rotate the objects so they are similarly placed to see if they matched up or not ○ this is called mental rotation ○ reaction time was highly correlated with the degree of rotation, as if the participants were viewing rotating objects and waiting for them to match up so they can compare them ○ participants appear to perform this task by rotating one object until it can be viewed from the same perspective as the reference figure ○ this is very nicely supported by data \n ○ there are some big individual differences in the ability to do this ○ there was follow up research asking if people can tell if two images are mirror images of each other or not ■ the findings were similar ○ men tend to be better at mental rotation ● shepard did more research asking people to mentally fold paper ○ asked them, “when folding this pattern into a cube, do these two marked sides meet?” ○ this is called mental paper folding ○ we count the number of folds that would need to be made to make the sides meet and there is clear relationship between the number of folds and reaction time ○ there were also experiments where there were patterns on the sides of the cube and participants were asked to choose what the cube would look like when folded up ● people tend to create mental images that are similar in size and other aspects as real life ● image sizing: having mental images that are similar in size to real life ○ there is faster sentence verification for larger images (given people a statement and asking them if it’s true or false) ○ in a larger picture, things are more obvious ● internal psychophysics: the study of how your mental experience relates to the physical world ○ e.g. mental clock example: when asked how far apart the hands are at a certain time, people automatically picture a mental clock face ○ if you cut the lighting in half, people don’t just guess that the light is halved (it’s more complicated than that) ○ people take longer making decisions about things when they are similar to each other ■ symbolic distance effect: when asked which of two animals are larger, it takes longer when the animals are similar in size ■ e.g. mental clocks: we take longer to judge angles of hands on imaged clocks when the hands are closer together ● selective interference: within modality > cross modality ○ more interference from task to another if they involve the same sensory system ○ e.g. visual + visual has more interference than visual + auditory ○ this holds for percept + percept and image + percept ■ people were asked to notice an auditory or visual signal while keeping an auditory or visual image in their mind ■ the best performance is when they are doing two different modalities ● neuropsychology: studies that basically show that part of our brains involving perception are the same parts of the brain with imagery ○ with mental imagery, we use the same parts of the brain we’d actually use to see something (same with auditory) \n ○ brain damage sometimes produces parallel impairments in imagery and perception ■ e.g. recognizing and visualizing faces (prosopagnosia: face blindness) ■ people that have prosopagnosia might not even recognize their family by facial appearance (they can identify them by other means) ■ people with this also report that they can’t visualize faces ○ neuroimaging has shown many common neural processes underlie perception and depictive imagery ○ so we’re using the same circuits to see stuff and to visualize stuff ■ the fusiform face area is activated when we see faces and when we visualize faces eidetic imagery ● a mental image that is so vivid and clear that it is as if it is actually perceived ● eidetikers are usually children and they have images of limited duration ● photographic memory = accurate + detailed + ltm ● there is very little evidence for true photographic memory and some of the research that has been done is suspect ● there was a famous case of a woman who supposedly had a photographic memory and it turns out she was married to the guy doing the research and the author refused to let anyone else examine her. spatial cognition ● e.g. is detroit or denver further west? ● e.g. describe exactly how you get to moe’s from class ● e.g. if you are in a new city, would you rather have accurate verbal directions or a map? ● for some people, a survey map can be really confusing and sometimes verbal instructions can be simpler ● however, verbal instructions can be limiting while maps offer more options ● people will pick the way they prefer to get around: verbal or pictorial ● map have reversibility: if you know a > b, then you know b < a ● maps are more flexible, but verbal instructions have landmarks ● females are more likely to prefer verbal instructions because they tend to rely more on landmarks ● is your internal representation of how to get somewhere on campus more like a visual map or a list of steps? ● tolman was originally against any idea of cognitive maps because he was strict behaviorist ○ however, he had rats going through a maze and found that rats formed cognitive maps that encoded routes and environmental relationships ○ he found that he clearly couldn’t explain what the rats were doing with behaviorism \n ○ they don’t learn a set of behaviors; they actually form an internal representation of the maze ○ there were rats who just ran across the top of the maze and jumped down to their reward ○ cognitive maps are just an analogy because our cognitive maps may have missing or distorted information unlike survey maps ● survey maps: accurately present distance and direction ● network maps: present important intersections (nodes) and other minimal information needed for navigation ○ simplified versions of survey maps ○ nodes are like stops on the subway ○ originally created for the london transit system, which was so complicated everyone found it confusing ○ these would show stops and order, but not distance or extraneous information ○ good for showing limited information ○ more schematic: “distance” may be indicated by number of nodes rather than milage ○ shows relative but not absolute distances or exact directions ○ our cognitive maps are more like network maps than survey maps ● cognitive maps: ○ limited information ○ schematic ○ rarely reflect absolute distances or direction ○ distance estimates are longer if there are: ■ more landmarks along the road (urban roads vs. rural roads) ■ more changes in direction ■ basically, the more “things” you remember on your journey, the longer you estimate the distance to be ● heuristics: general problemsolving strategies that often lead to a good solution (rules of thumb) ○ tend to simplify or standardize elements in our mental maps ○ used for many spatial judgements ○ allow approximate but imprecise spatial judgement ● using heuristics we tend to: ○ regularize angles to 90 degrees (right angle bias) ○ remember things are more symmetrical (symmetry heuristic) ■ e.g. we think of curved roads as straight ○ remember things are more vertical or horizontal (rotation heuristic) ○ tend to remember things such as landmarks and boundaries are more lined up than they are in reality (alignment heuristic) ■ e.g. tendency to line up europe and america visual spatial abilities \n ● there appear to be at least five qualitatively different kinds of spatial abilities ● each person could be good at a few of these and not as good at the others and people are all independent in these abilities ● field independence: requires identification of orientation (e.g. vertical) while ignoring distracting information ○ people are influenced by irrelevant things in the room around them ○ field dependent person: if there are four photos and one is not skewed while the other three are, they skew the not skewed one to match the rest ○ field independent person: would straighten the three skewed ones ○ rod and frame test: we ask people to put things on a true horizontal or vertical ○ water level task: we show people a tilted container of water and ask if the water line is horizontal (if you’re not influenced by the container, you’ll recognize that the water line did not tilt with the container) ● mental rotation ○ both timed and untimed tests ○ related to route learning ○ there is a sex difference here ○ this predicts useful abilities like being able to find your way around ● spatial visualization: complex, analytic, multistep processing of spatial information ○ this is the ability to visualize particular things ○ e.g. paper folding, hidden object games ○ embedded figures task: trying to find a shape in a pattern ○ men are often more correct than women ● spatiotemporal ability: involves judgements about, and responses to, dynamic visual displays ○ add motion to it ○ e.g. being able to catch something with one hand (you have to put your hand in the right place and close it at the right time) ○ this often comes up in various types of sports ○ e.g. time of arrival judgements ○ e.g. judging when a target is coincident with a stationary line ○ e.g. velocity judgements ● spatial location memory (object location memory task) ○ e.g. identify if items have changed location from one situation to another ○ women are usually better at this task sex differences in spatial abilities ● males are consistently better on most of these except spatial visualization ○ there doesn’t appear to be any significant difference between males and females with this ● females are usually better at spatial location memory ● males are more likely to use imagery when solving problems ● sex differences have been found in both lab and field tests \n ● hunter gatherer theory of sex differences in spatial abilities (evolution and sex differences) ○ women have to devote a lot of time and energy to pregnancy and raising children ○ so men are more likely to hunt, take long trips etc… ○ women are more likely to be gatherers and are good at spatial location memory because they need to remember good gathering spots ○ men developed spatial cognitive abilities to find the food, track the food, capture the food, and find their way back home ● other species with spatial abilities ○ male birds and mammals tend to perform better than females on tests of spatial ability in species in which the males have larger home ranges ○ but in species in which females range further (e.g. brood parasitic cowbirds) females tend to perform better than males ○ brood parasitic cowbirds lay their eggs in other birds’ nests and allow the other bird to incubate them and raise them ○ therefore, females need to look all over the place looking for different nests so these females perform better than males on spatial abilities tests ● sex differences in spatial abilities are associated with size differences in the hippocampus between different species ● the mean performance of men on the mental rotation test is about one sd higher than women (this is a huge difference) ○ this test is highly correlated with being able to find your way around ● metaanalysis confirms male advantage in mental rotation tasks, which is largest when there are time constraints ● crosscultural data shows that men scored significantly higher than women on mental rotation tasks ○ however, women outperformed men on test of object location memory in this study ● there is more variation in males, resulting in more males in each extreme ● sex differences in spatial ability can be affected by experience ○ e.g. mental rotation scores were changed by ten hours of playing tetris sex differences in cognition ● math ○ men are generally better ○ from 19712008 men always did better on the math section of the sat ○ if you look at performance on really high level math tests, men do better ○ females do better in math (and all other subjects) at school ○ males get higher scores on math reasoning and problem solving tests (sat or act) whereas females tend to do as well on tests involving lower level skills ○ sex differences are most obvious at highest levels of achievement and ability ○ this is also evident among preschoolers ○ males are more variable, resulting in more males at both extremes \n ○ so someone that is really bad at math is more likely to be male ● language: women tend to be better at fluency, spelling, grammatical usage, and reading ● episodic memory is on average better in females ● within gender variability is typically much greater than between gender variability ",
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7fdfa88419d3ea709f76a127168d98e5 | a) objects a and b have the same mass of 3.0 kg. they melt when 3.0 104 j of heat is added to object a and when 9.0 104 j is added to object b. determine the latent heat of fusion for the substance from which each object is made. (b) find the heat required to melt object a when its mass is 6.0 kg. | a) objects a and b have the same mass of 3.0 kg. they melt | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. mgt701983 thomas schaefer, dba ethics assignment 3 faculty use only thank you for the opportunity to review your assignment. this week you were asked to prepare a paper in which you evaluate the tyco international case study provided in kaplan (2009) and stephen et al. (2012). you needed to address the following in your paper: •briefly summarize the historical scenario surrounding tyco international. •how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? •evaluate the outcome of events. •was the punishment justified? why or why not? •is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? support your paper with a minimum of five (5) scholarly resources in \n 2 addition to required resources. in addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included. length: 57 pages not including title and reference pages. your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. your response should reflect scholarly writing and current apa standards. be sure to adhere to northcentral university's academic integrity policy. it is important for us as business leaders to review what others have done in the past, and to reflect on what could and should have been done differently. this allows us to learn from the mistakes from the past, and may help prevent them occurring in the future. you shared some good information in your paper, but you did have some minor format issues with your internal citations. incorrectly formatted citation. note that the citation format does change based on placement and use. for more help click here: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/. in future assignments, i encourage you to continue to use the writing prompts as headings in your paper. keep up the good work. if i can be of any assistance, or if you would like to discuss my comments, please let me know. dr. tom \n 3 introduction the purpose of this week’s paper is to review and evaluate the tyco international case study and provide a discussion on a variety of factors. the following items will be discussed here within: 1) summarizing the historical scenario surrounding tyco international, 2) how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? 3) evaluate the outcome of events, 4) was the punishment justified? why or why not? and 5) is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? in addition to the above discussion items, i will take a moment to identify ethical values and gives forethought to my own ethical processes. historical scenario surrounding tyco international the scenario surrounding tyco international stemmed from the ceo, dennis kozlowski. the historical scenario states that kozlowski took the company from 1.5billiondollar toy company to a 100billiondollar company kaplan (200 9). he became a star ceo and was widely known for how well he could run a corporation. the problem then began as he decided that he should be entitled to reap the benefits from his hard work by issuing himself various gifts from the company inclusive of money, art, and a yacht. while he made sure that what he was gifting himself with these items he ensured they were listed on the books almost making the transactions seem reasonable and appropriate. he had altered his sense of reality to work a bit outside of the ethical range. at some point, after acquiring onehalf of a billion dollars, the district attorney (da) began looking into kozlowsi’s tax documentation. upon investigation he da initially found almost a million dollars of unpaid sales tax. the da then pushed to open the investigation to other areas in kozlowsi’s life even further. as the investigation continued, the da was able to \n 4 show and prove that kozlowsi was embezzling funds from his company. this type of crime is considered a felony that holds up to a 25year sentence. how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? in these types of scenarios there are a number of factors that can play into the reasoning of how it could go on for so long. from what i’ve seen in my lifetime, it starts as one single incident of a small loan or a gift and begins to progress from there. the person receiving the benefit is most likely in a powerful position and those in subordinate roles are taught to do as the boss says. the person in power could later threaten the subordinate if they were to cause a problem. take for instance an abused woman. if she would begin dating an individual and he went all in abuse on the first date, she would drop him like a hot cake. this is rarely ever the case. abuse in most forms are progressive and gets more and more intense with time. this places fear into the weaker person making it impossible for the individual to fight back or even leave. in this case, i am sure the subordinates were in fear of losing their jobs or worse. as i have worked for five years in the middle east, i have seen the power that people in these positions hold and have heard of the associated death threats when the powerful were threatened. stephens, vance, and pettegrew (2012) discuss kohlbeg’s six stages of moral reasoning as to why people actually make an attempt at a moral and ethical lifestyle. if one of the items below are met, there is a strong chance that the individual will make the ethical choice. these items are as follows: “1) stage one: being ethical for fear of being caught or punished, 2) stage two: being ethical out of concern for one’s selfinterest, 3) stage three: being ethical because of peer pressure to do so 4) stage four: being ethical because it’s the rule, regulation, law, or standard 5) \n 5 stage five: being ethical out of concern for the good of others, because of a sense of social responsibility, and 6) stage six: being ethical out of a concern for the moral principle involved and knowing that it’s simply the right thing to do .” (stevens et al, 201 2) evaluate the outcome of events in this case, mr. kozlowsi was sentenced and ended up serving six and a half years of his sentence kaplan (200 9). according to kaplan (2015) and the new york times, mr. kozlowski also had to pay $167 million in restitution and fines. he is now out and living a more moderate life with his new wife and is happier than he’s ever been. he found an appreciation and a gratitude for life in his time away. was the punishment justified? why or why not? no, in no way was this punishment justified. a maximum sentence of 25 years in prison for a crime of this nature is absurd. our criminal justice system is so out of whack and those yielding the power are as guilty or guiltier than the criminal. the abuses of power extend far and wide and while mr. kozlowski did take something that wasn’t his, he was not a murderer. we as a society place far too much emphasis on money and it seems that when an actual life is at stake it is valued much less. our legal system has the ability to sentence those who knew about the crime, under the title “conspiracy” and give the one who knew abut it considerably more time than the person that actually did the crime. in this particular case, the individual was made to go to prison and was only sentenced $167 million of his worth. if they truly want to see equity, they should have hit him in the pocketbook hard enough that he would have to start his life over. this would have been a humbling experience for him, as the 6 ½ years in prison did. he certainly did not deserve to lose that much time in his life for a monetary crime, especially when those \n 6 committing heinous crimes are still on the streets. we as a nation seriously need to get our priorities straight. is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? yes, i believe it is difficult to see all ethical breaches that we ourselves commit. we as humans have a tendency to justify our actions. if we can find a way to place reason on a certain decision, it validates our actions. it may be something simple, or in the case of kozlowsi, he may very well have felt that he earned what he was receiving. he was responsible for a huge success within the company and felt justified in taking what he believed was his. we do this often within our own lives. how many of us would take the time to turn around and go back into the store if we recognized we received too much change? the justifications of why we would not turn around are endless. after many years of working within the government and the business environment, i realized the level of corruption and lack of ethical decision making increased the further up in government i went. from how promotions were conducted to who had to deploy to war zones, to which people were selected for an award. there was almost always a level of decision making that fell far beyond the ethical scope. these are truly just the small items on the list. one major point to identify is the fact that humans, while people want to find others “inherently good”, people are human and are tuned to survival. people will under most circumstances protect the ones they love or push for their own agenda whether it is fully ethical or not. this concept begs the question of whether or not teaching ethics and professional ethic in school actually makes a difference. borstner and gartner (2014) address this question and find that it does have an impact on society. they discuss that by bringing topics to light, discussing \n 7 and understanding the ethical issue at hand, a person can be taught to become more ethical. i am in agreement with the concept that teaching ethics does have an impact. i believe it will take a person more time to make a poor choice with the education at hand, although i do not believe that teaching will ever take over the human factor. ethics are in the eyes of the beholder and are taught as such. determining what is right is based upon someone’s answer of what thy believe to be right. this definition may or may not be true for everyone. i believe all we can truly hope for at this point is that people have a foundation of ethical concepts and evaluate the big picture and identify the best possible outcome. martinez (2014) wrote an article that talks to the points i’ve discussed above. her article discusses ethics and loyalty and how thy may play into one another. this article refers to serving as an assistant principal in a school where her cousin’s son was enrolled and was causing issues. she was asked to handle the situation and while she wanted to do her job, it was difficult to go against the family. she found herself making an exception for the boy to protect him from embarrassment. later a second issue with her cousin’s husband and she was once again asked to take sides. the difficulty of making a decision between family and ethics. one would have to consider if she would have made the same decision if it was a direct relative, a sister perhaps. the conflict of interest here is great and i would certainly have to recommend removing the family member from the decision making process to remove bias. conclusion in conclusion, purpose of this week’s paper was to review and evaluate the tyco international case study and provide a discussion on a variety of factors. the following items were discussed here within: 1) summarizing the historical scenario surrounding tyco \n 8 international, 2) how do you think the spending and the loans were able to go on for so long? 3) evaluate the outcome of events, 4) was the punishment justified? why or why not? and 5) is it difficult for us to see ethical breaches that we ourselves commit? in addition to the above discussion items, i will take a moment to identify ethical values and gives forethought to my own ethical processes. \n 9 references borstner, b., & gartner, s. (2014). teaching ethics and critical thinking in contemporary schools. problems of education in the 21st century, 61917 friedman, m. (1970). the social responsibility of business to increase its profits. the new york times magazine. retrieved from http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/ issues/friedmansocrespbusiness.html kaplan, d. a. (2009). koz makes his case. fortune, 160(11), 1416 kaplan, d., (2015). tyco’s ‘piggy,’ out of prison and living small. retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/business/dealbook/denniskozlowskispathfrom infamytoobscurity.html?\\_r=0 martinez, m. a. (2014). questions of ethics and loyalty: an assistant principal's tale. journal of cases in educational leadership, 17(4), 6677 stephens, w., vance, c. a., & pettegrew, l. s. (2012). embracing ethics and morality. cpa journal, 82(1), 1621 ",
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fd85d9848e2a0237a950382df248474c | ucstat ucstat ucstat | ucstat | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "exam 1 wednesday, june 15, 2016 11:45 am ch 1 if i have room: prob and stats page 1 \n discrete: add x columns for marg. d ist. and y rows for marg. dist. continuous: when you find marginal density of x, integrate with dy when you want to use marginal density to solve something, integrate again ",
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12d0625bd5163155e008f162af6c36ac | the 10-kg block a rests on the 50-kg plate b in the position shown. neglecting the mass of the rope and pulley, and using the coefficients of kinetic friction indicated, determine the time needed for block a to slide 0.5 m on the plate when the system is released from rest. | the 10-kg block a rests on the 50-kg plate b in the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "business and government relations study guide ii: chapters 1013 & questions chapter 10: regulation: law, economics, and politics introduction ● regulation takes place through a public process that is relatively open and allows participation by interested parties ● regulatory decisions and rulemaking proceedings are extremely important to many firms, industries, and interest groups set of interventions ● controlling prices ● setting floor prices ● ensuring equal opportunity ● regularizing employment practices ● specifying qualifications ● providing for solvency ● controlling the number of market participants ● limiting ownership ● requiring premarketing approval ● ensuring product safety ● mandating product characteristics and technology ● establishing service territories ● establishing performance standards ● controlling toxic emissions and other pollutants ● specifying industry boundaries ● allocating public resources ● establishing technical standards ● controlling unfair international trade practices ● providing information ● rationing common pool resources ● protecting consumers ● controlling risks periods of regulatory reform ● four major periods of regulatory change ○ populist era (late 1800s) ○ progressive era and the new deal ○ social regulation (began in the 1960s) ○ economic deregulation (began in the 1970s) the constitutional basis for regulation ● the u.s. constitution not only provides the authority for regulation \n ○ it also limits its application ● many legal principles of regulation in the united states have come from court decisions that draw on the common law ● the fifth and fourteenth amendments place limits on regulation principal federal regulatory agencies and commissions delegation, rulemaking, due process, and discretion ● article i, section 1 of the constitution grants congress the sole power to enact laws ● congress enacted the administrative procedure act (apa) of 1946 to: ○ provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action ■ agencies adopt their own rulemaking procedures in a manner consistent with the apa ● the apa grants parties right to sue for judicial review of an agency action ○ a basis for that review is failure to follow the procedures required for an action ■ under the framework of procedural due process ● the apa requires: ○ agency actions not be “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” ● the courts review regulatory actions for whether they are arbitrary or capricious \n influences on regulatory agencies \n market imperfections •natural monopoly •externalities •public goods •asymmetric information government imperfections ● market imperfections warrant government regulation ○ only a necessary condition for regulation to improve economic efficiency capture theory ● predicts that regulation initially will be found where there are market imperfections and over time will evolve to serve the interests of the regulated industry rentseeking theory ● regulation not established to address market imperfections ○ instead, it is established to benefit politically effective interests fairness ● regulation used to accomplish fairness goals ● can involve policies such as: ○ lifeline rates for telephone service for lowincome people ○ the provision of aid such as food stamps costofservice theory ● regulation in a number of industries has centered on costofservice pricing ● this costofservice regulatory system has been blamed for inducing high costs and slowing the introduction of new technology. chapter 11: financial markets and their regulation introduction \n ● the capital markets are an essential component of a capitalist economic system that allow individuals to ○ save their money in a broad array of financial instruments ○ transform those savings into funding for businesses, homebuying, and retirement the formal and informal banking systems ● depository institutions such as banks accept deposits and make loans ○ these institutions are required to maintain a fractional reserve requirement ■ allows the formal banking system to lend a multiple of the deposits held repurchase agreement “shadow banking” system ● operates outside the purview of regulators ○ provides much of the financing for banks, securities traders, and mortgage lenders ● securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations ○ a component of the shadow banking system \n collateralized debt obligations credit default swap \n the federal reserve system ● established in 1913 ● serves as the central bank of the united states ● has broad responsibilities for managing the money supply ● has regulatory authority over national banks and state banks that participate in the federal reserve system securities regulation ● the first new deal legislation enacted was the securities act of 1933 ○ regulated the issuance of new securities ● in 1934, congress enacted the securities exchange act to: ○ extend regulation to stock exchanges and the trading of alreadyissued securities ● glasssteagall act of 1933 ○ forced banks to separate their commercial banking and investment banking businesses ○ later repealed by the grammleachbliley act of 1999 credit card regulation ● credit card (card accountability responsibility and disclosure) act of 2009 ○ increases the regulation of credit card issuers \n ● regulations intended to eliminate abuses can have effects on markets mortgage lending and subprime mortgages ● mortgage lending had been dominated by banks and savings and loans associations ● lenders held some of the mortgages they originated and sold the rest to: ○ governmentsponsored enterprises ○ federal national mortgage association (fannie mae) ○ federal home loan mortgage corporation (freddie mac) ● the federal housing administration (fha) provided financing for qualified borrowers ○ government policy supported expanding home ownership through government support of fannie mae, freddie mac, and the fha financial crisis inquiry commission ● principal conclusions of the majority: ○ it was avoidable ○ widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision ○ dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions ○ excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency ○ inconsistent response of an ill prepared government ○ collapsing mortgagelending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline ○ overthecounter derivatives contributed significantly ○ failures of the credit rating agencies were essential cogs in the wheel of financial destruction ● 10 essential causes identified by the dissenters: ○ credit bubble ○ housing bubble ○ nontraditional mortgages ○ credit ratings and securitization ○ financial institutions concentrated correlated risks ○ leverage and liquidity risk ○ risk of contagion ○ common shock (the fall in housing prices) ○ financial shock and panic ○ financial crisis causes economic crisis \n tarp, bailouts, and the stimulus ● the bush administration and congress created the troubled asset relief program (tarp) ○ administered by the department of the treasury ○ authorized with funding up to $700 billion to be used to shore up banks and stimulate the provision of credit to borrowers the doddfrank wall street reform and consumer protection act ● doddfrank act ○ provided for new regulations ○ strengthened enforcement ○ required new rule making by regulators ○ created a new regulatory agency the consumer financial protection bureau ○ restricted the pricing of credit card borrowings ○ increased the exposure of credit rating agencies to lawsuits ○ restricted securities trading by banks ○ required derivatives trades to go through clearinghouses ○ imposed new capital requirements on banks ○ did not address the roles of fannie mae and freddie mac financial stability oversight council ● established by the doddfrank act ● composed of the heads of 10 regulatory agencies with responsibility for: ○ monitoring the economy ○ responding to emergencies that threaten the stability of the financial system too big to fail ● the act: ○ authorized the government to seize and break up a firm whose collapse could result in substantial harm to the economy ○ required financial companies to develop “living wills” for closing down and provided for the orderly liquidation of failed companies \n the volcker rule ● included in the doddfrank act after heated debate ○ subsequently subject to extensive rulemaking activity to refine the restrictions ● allowed banks to trade on behalf of clients and to hedge their own risks derivatives and swaps ● to reduce risks and increase regulatory scrutiny: ○ the act gave the commodities and futures trading commission (cftc) regulatory authority over swaps and major swap market participants such as marketmakers securitization and excessive risks ● issuers of assetbacked securities were required to retain: ○ at least 5 percent of the risk unless the assets meet certain loan standards consumer protection ● complaints from consumers and consumer advocacy groups about financial products centered on: ○ abusive mortgages ○ high interest rates charged by payday lenders ○ financing practices of automobile dealers and student loan companies ● the doddfrank act created a consumer financial protection bureau (cfpb) ○ has authority over: ■ banks with assets over $10 billion ■ mortgage lenders ■ student loan companies ■ payday lenders compensation ● the doddfrank act directed the sec to address the compensation issue ● the sec: ○ promulgated “say on pay” rules requiring a nonbinding shareholder vote on executive compensation at least every 3 years ○ proposed rules requiring banks and financial services firms to: ■ report bonuses paid to individual employees ■ block bonuses that posed the risk of “material financial loss” for the firm \n credit ranging agencies ● provide information to investors about risks associated with securities ● government regulators have delegated to designated nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (nrsro) the assessment of risks associated with securities. global capital requirements regulation basel iii ● basel committee on banking supervision an organization of 27 nations that sets capital requirements for banks ○ requirements must be approved by the g20 nations ■ enacted into law by each nation chapter 12: environmental management and sustainability introduction ● public, government, and businesses recognize the importance of environmental protection and sustainability ● benefits include: ○ improved human health ○ a more vibrant natural environment ○ the preservation of ecosystems ○ a more sustainable relationship with the natural environment the environment and sustainability ● goals and action ● global climate change ● policy ● tradeoffs socially efficient control of externalities ● the control of externalities has taken the form of commandandcontrol regulation ● incentive approaches take into account the benefits and costs of attaining environmental objectives ○ achieves those objectives by aligning the social and private costs of pollution and its abatement \n the coase theorum ● pertains to market imperfections, including externalities and public goods ● focuses on the standard of social efficiency ● provide s a conceptual foundation for both regulation and the liability system \n transaction costs and the limits of the coase theorem ● the coase theorem implies that: ○ when bargaining between the parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved capandtrade systems ● caps the total allowed emissions of a particular pollutant, issues permits (entitlements) for that amount, and allows the permits to be traded ○ also called tradable permits systems global climate change and emissions trading systems ● kyoto protocol ● emissions trading in the european union ● the regional greenhouse gas initiative (rggi) ● emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) kyoto protocol ● accomplishments under the kyoto protocol a subject of disagreement ○ developed countries have reduced their domestic emissions ■ research shows that this is due to increased imports displacing local production emissions trading in the european union ● the european union took the lead on multination emission ○ traded with the european trading system (ets) commencing in 2005 ● ets is a capandtrade system that covers 12,000 facilities in 15 eu member states ○ the eu goal was an 8 percent reduction by 2012 from a 1990 base emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) ● to address the global climate change issue: ○ in 1998 bp plc committed by 2010 to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (ghgs) by 10 percent from 1990 levels ● to achieve its goal, bp worked with environmental defense to develop an internal ghgs trading system for the company the regional greenhouse gas initiative ● formed in 2005 by 10 northeastern u.s. states \n ○ to operate a capandtrade system for reducing greenhouse gases emissions ○ auctioned 86 percent of the allowances generating $790 million through 2010 ● supported by companies that benefited from the funds generated by the auctions ○ other companies argued that it drove up costs and drove jobs away the environmental protection agency (epa) ● an independent agency located in the executive branch ● headed by an administrator appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate ● responsible for administering the major environmental acts enforcement ● the epa enforcement process requires: ○ filing of a notice of a complaint and a hearing before an administrative law judge standards setting and engineering control ● epa regulation has largely been command and control ○ uniform rules or standards are ordered and then enforced ● the epa sets emissions standards and air quality standards ● epa has increasingly used incentive approaches: ○ credits and offsets superfund ● administered by the epa ○ for the cleanup of existing toxic waste disposal sites ● epa attempts to identify the source of the dumping and force it to clean the site the nature of environmental politics ● environmental issues are complex because of: ○ scientific uncertainty about the consequences of pollution ○ incomplete information about the costs and benefits of environmental protection ○ disagreements about alternative approaches, such as liability versus regulation, to protection ○ differing perspectives about the protection of entitlements judicial politics ● politics of environmental protection often moves into judicial arenas ● environmental groups have succeeded in inserting citizen provisions in environmental statutes \n advocacy science ● much remains unknown about environmental hazards and their control ○ this scientific uncertainty is a source of contention in environmental politics ○ it provides an opportunity to use advocacy science as a component of a private politics strategy distributive politics ● environmental politics is motivated by: ○ distributive consequences of environmental policy ○ costs of environmental protection ○ benefits from the reduction in pollution and hazards private and public politics ● many environmental ngos active in public politics at the federal, state, and local levels ● environmental groups testify regularly in legislative and regulatory hearings ○ some demonstrate to attract media coverage to their side of the issue nimby and private politics ● nimby “not in mybackyard” ○ focuses on local environmental concerns, particularly as they involve possible risks to persons or property ○ directed toward: refuse disposal & toxic waste sites, chemical & oil plants, other facilities that may emit toxins ● energized by information provided by the federal government’s toxics release inventory (tri) ● the tri is a result of the “righttoknow” amendment to a 1985 superfund reauthorization bill voluntary collective environmental programs ● iso 14001 ● responsible care program ● criticisms of voluntary programs ○ called “greenwash” by environmental groups ○ allege that these programs sound good to the public ○ fail to live up to their promises chapter 13: the investor’s perspective: renewable energy introduction \n ● managing effectively in the nonmarket environment is essential for firms when: ○ a company is at a major strategic crossroad ○ there are market or nonmarket challenges ● strategy implementation is essential on an ongoing basis at an operational level to: ○ achieve performance goals ○ address challenges ○ seize opportunities investment decisions ● in making their decisions, investors assess: ○ opportunities and risks associated with firms ○ quality of their management ● the assessment of managerial quality depends on: ○ a firm’s leadership and market strategy ○ a firm's nonmarket strategy ○ the ability of management to anticipate and deal effectively with the emergence and development of nonmarket issues the environment of wind and solar power ● longterm opportunities for wind and solar power were enormous ○ supply costs were falling ○ demand for renewable power was expected to continue to grow ○ demand growth had been led by europe as a result of generous subsidies ■ as the subsidies were reduced, growth slowed ○ at the same time demand grew in china and the united states ■ more countries began to support wind and solar power ○ demand was expected to grow substantially in china and developing nations ● growth hinged on government support and the cost of other energy sources markets and government involvement ● retail electricity prices varied greatly across the states ○ both solar and wind power were quite variable ■ solar power output depended on the weather ■ wind power was most attractive in locations where the wind blows hard and steadily ○ solar/wind power faced nonmarket opposition because of: ■ the cost of subsidization ■ environmental nimby market signal ● market for solar panels in europe and the united states slowed to a crawl in 2010 \n ○ market in china grew at a rapid pace economic rationale for subsidization ● economic rationales for the subsidization of renewable power: ○ based on positive externalities ■ subsidization provides environmental improvements by displacing carbonbased power generated from coal or natural gas ■ subsidization provides security benefits to the extent that it reduced the dependence on imported fuels ○ intended to achieve cost efficiencies and increased output ■ subsidies could enable producers to realize economies of scale that would reduce costs and allow output to expand political rationale for subsidization ● positive externalities for the environment and security benefitted constituents ● subsidization generated pork: ○ recipients of the subsidies and their suppliers earned rents from the economic activity stimulated by the subsidization the costs of subsidization ● direct costs of subsidies are the corresponding government budget expenditures and liabilities ○ examples grants and loan guaranties solyndra inc ● in 2008 solyndra and solar power, inc., a leading installer of solar panels, agreed to a supply arrangement for $325 million of solar panels over the 2008–2012 period ● market risks: prices and costs ● non market risks *solar power opportunities and risks—market and nonmarket factors \n practice questions ch. 1013 true/false 1. when there are market imperfections, government intervention can improve its efficiency. true/ false 2. congress mandates that regulatory agencies provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action. true/ false 3. interested parties such as firms are prohibited from participating in formal and informal rule making proceedings. true/ false 4. regulation in the us takes place through a private process that is closed and lowprofile. true/ false 5. with the disintegration of the mortgage market, lenders do not bear the risk of failure of borrowers to repay loans. true/false 6. securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations. true/false 7. securitization can reduce idiosyncratic risks but cannot reduce systematic risks. true/false 8. commandandcontrol regulation imposes uniform controls and standards on dissimilar sources of pollution. true/false 9. the coase theorem implies that a negative externality can be resolved when property rights are assigned to the pollutees, not the polluters. true/false 10. the coase theorem implies that when bargaining between two parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved. true/false 11. voluntary environmental information disclosure by firms provides an accurate representation of their environmental performance. true/false 12. renewable energy (non hydroelectric) production has been dependent on subsidies because it is not cost competitive. true/false \n 13. the u.s. government provided subsidization on both the demand and supply sides of the market for renewable power. true/false 14. the nimby movement can hamper the development of renewable energy. true/false multiple choice 1. globedot is a leading manufacturer of information display systems based in california. it seeks uniform federal regulation to impose a carbon emission tax on all manufacturing firms. this is an example of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. natural monopoly b. rentseeking theory c. adverse selection d. moral hazard 2. which of the following regulatory approach has been blamed for inducing inefficiency across companies? a. deregulation b. costofservice regulation c. information disclosure requirement d. monopoly restrictions 3. in constructing cdos, the mortgage loans are sliced into tranches with the cash flowing first to the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. \n a. most safe tranche (lowest interest rate) b. most risky tranche (highest interest rate) c. noninvestment grade tranche 4. which of the following did not contribute to the financial crisis of 20072008? a. subprime lending b. high leverage ratio for banks c. credit default swaps d. regulation of derivatives 5. the regulatory responses to the financial crisis include all of the following except a. penalizing customers who defaulted on interest payments b. increasing the regulation of credit card issuers c. .reducing speculative investments by banks d. .regulating credit rating agencies 6. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ have become an effective means of achieving environmental goals at the least cost to society. a. commandandcontrol regulations b. incentivebased regulations c. costofservice regulations d. voluntary approaches 7. why were the loan guarantee and cash option awarded to renewable power producers jeopardized? a. .state public utility regulatory agencies were barred by law from determining renewable energy prices. b. the huge federal budget deficit required measures to reduce expenditure. c. state public utility regulatory agencies gave a negligible premium for renewable power. d. the price of natural gas rose considerably. short answers •what are alternative theories to explain where regulation is or is not imposed? \n •under what circumstances does the market fail to function properly and government intervention is justified? •explain commandandcontrol vs. incentivebased approach to environmental regulation. •explain the basics of emissions trading scheme. •explain two nonmarket factors that encourage investment in renewable energy. •explain two nonmarket factors that discourage investment in renewable energy. answer key true/false 1. t 2. t \n 3. f 4. f 5. t 6. t 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. t 11. f 12. t 13. t 14. t multiple choice 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b",
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928fbb6b06d31c8fa525f9c4e20560b1 | pols 2306 unit 3 pols 2306 unit 3 pols 2306 unit 3 | pols 2306 unit 3 | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "pols 2306, unit 3 study guide ➢ major differences between the “grand old divide” and “texas democratic party factions” ○ since the texas house is dominantly republican they are not sharing power with democrats, they are sharing power with themselves. ○ moderate vs. conservative ○ country club vs. country ➢ the nature of the divide within the republican party ○ some republicans believe in other issues while others don’t believe in them at all but in the long run they still share a similar political power which is why they are labeled republican together but when breaking it down they are considered a different type of republican ➢ the divide between main",
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d9711b26ba9dad222a60f9a4a488c53b | determine the current in each branch of the circuit shown in figure p18.17.
| determine the current in each branch of the circuit shown | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " innovation final exam study guide management is a balance between managing and controlling. firms consider users their most valuable source of new product ideas. universities contribute significantly to innovation through the publication of research results that are incorporated into the development efforts of others. the government helps universities implement discoveries and give rise to technology. creativity is the underlying process of innovation. it is the nurture for the development of new business that would otherwise lack technology and collaboration. collective thinking is most effective in groups of eccentric minds. individuals that live creative lives are key to the collaborations. all resources and capabilities are necessary to development and implementation of innovations. iphone are radical innovations since it was the unforeseen combination of many different as well as separate items since it is a phone and computer along with camera, map, camcorder, etc. now, we have a drastic increase in the smartphone industry, were we only see very minor changes every year, yet there is an increase in sales. every day we hire our phones to do the job of keeping our life on track. it is an essential to every aspect to our lives from school to work to relationships. now, we are seeing even more new features to accommodate our lives, for example, the new apps related to health and fitness. phones are now used for so much more than just a phone call; it is our handheld computers. source of innovation: o individuals o research o organization o linkage o online collaboration creativity is the ability to produce work that is useful and novel to the community. innovative workplaces: google, apple, facebook, space x, sales force, tesla, microsoft, ibm, sony, amazon, boeing, samsung, yahoo, virgin, tmobile, ford, audi, toyota, gmc, chevy, nissan, bmw, gopro, intel, l.l. bean, 3m, scaled composites. google and amazon are the most innovative companies. we discussed what companies are innovative? we compiled a list in the class. o google, apple, facebook, space x, sales force, tesla, microsoft, ibm, sony, amazon, boeing, samsung, yahoo, virgin, tmobile, ford, audi, toyota, gmc, chevy, nissan, bmw, gopro, intel, ll bean, 3m, scaled composites. o out of these, we discussed google and amazon the most. they both are two companies that had affected the classmates the most. for example, google has created many apps like google translate as well as google glasses. another example is that amazon now has delivery services based on the area you are located in. one student in the class talked about how he picked out his ingredients he needed to make buffalo chicken tacos. he said the delivery got to him a little \n over an hour later and he had dinner ready in an hour after that. he enjoyed it because this was during the snow day and he didn’t have to leave his house and it didn’t tempt him to buy more things like it would be like if we are in the store. video : choice, happiness, & spaghetti sauce (ted talk) o this video was to discuss the food industry and how the customer’s influence the business’s ideas of new products. o prego sauce was struggling as a product and in comparison to other sauces, was falling short yearly in sales. o innovation was made when a man discovered that not all individuals want a thin pasta sauce and this is how the making of chunky prego sauce was made. o when chunky prego sauce was first put on the shelves, the sales of prego sky rocketed. o the same thing happened with grey poupon mustard. it was sold in a small glass jar with old french writing and décor on the jar to make it stand out. well, there was skeptics about the popularity of the product since it wasn’t your usual yellow mustard, but is sold quickly off the shelves. video : abc nightline – ideo shopping cart o ideo is the company that created the giant mechanical whale in free willy. o shopping carts were clocked at 35 mph in this video. o the group working on this product was known for being laid back/informal, eclectic, collaborative, and for saying that there is no idea that is a bad idea. presentation idea for ideo: 1. goal description 2. idea pullin 3. time frame 4. collaboration 5. no idea is a bad idea the best way to evaluate an organization’s success in innovation is to look at the percentages of sales of products that had been introduces to the market in the last five years. the problem that you could potentially run into when doing this is that measurements can be skewed. innovation is important for firms because it is driven by globalization of markets and it is advent of advance technology. this enables more rapid product design and allows shorter production runs to be economically feasible. technological innovation advantages are increased gdp, greater mobility and communication, and improvement of medical technology. industries evaluate an organization’s success in innovation by looking over the percentages of the sales of products introduced in the last five years. industries evaluate the weakness of this measure by skewing the percentages of these sales. innovation is important for firms to compete in industries. it is driven by globalization of markets and advent of advanced technology that enables more rapid product designs and allows shorter production runs. \n industries evaluate an organization’s success in innovation by looking over the percentages of the sales of products introduced in the last five years. industries evaluate the weakness of this measure by skewing the percentages of these sales. an example of innovation that characterized the dimensions of innovations: toyota made an innovative step with the development of the prius hybrid. it is a product innovation since this is an output for the company. the prius hybrid is a radical innovation because it was very new and different when it first hit the streets. it was a competenceenhancing innovation because it soon gave other car companies, the want and desire to make vehicles that were perfect for commuters, gas saving, and eco friendly. it was architectural as an innovation because it brought in a whole new design. the car was made with an engine that would automatically switch back and forth with the energy motor to create the best gas mileage as well as allowing the vehicle to be ecofriendly. all in all, the prius hybrid was the first of its kind. it made itself a stepping stone for other car companies and models to match in innovation. honda has taken the design of toyota and has created the honda insight hybrid, which is the same design and model of the prius hybrid. an example of innovation is when toyota developed the prius hybrid. i viewed this as a product innovation since this is an output for the company. the prius hybrid is a radical innovation because it was very new and different when it first hit the streets. it was a competencyenhancing innovation because it soon gave other car company the want and desire to make vehicles that were perfect for commuters, gas saving, and eco friendly. it was architectural as an innovation because it brought in a whole new design. the car was made with an engine that goes back and forth with the energy motor to create the best gas mileage as well as ecofriendly. all in all, the prius hybrid was the first of its kind. it made itself a stepping stone for other car companies/models to match in innovation. now, honda has created the honda insight hybrid, which is modeled after the toyota prius hybrid. an example of hiring a product to do a job would be our cell phones. it allows us to keep our life on trach, every essential aspect – work, school, relationships, etc. now we are seeing even more new technology to accommodate our lives such as health and fitness apps. phones are basically computers that is being used now for so much more than calls, thus giving us the incredible machines we use today. iphones are a radical innovation since it was the unforeseen combination of many different/separate items, phones, computers, cameras, map, etc. now we have incrimination in the smartphone market, where we see minor changes every year. just last night, i saw an ad for the new samsung phone that has slightly improved. both the rate of technology performant improvement and the rate at which technology is adopted in the marketplace repeatedly to conform an sshape curve. \n collaborative research is especially important in high technology sectors, where it is unlikely that a single individual or organization will possess. all of the resources and capabilities are necessary to develop and implement a significant innovation. creativity is the underlying process for innovation. firms collaborate with customers by leveraging resources and capabilities across multiple individuals. they nurture the development of new businesses that would otherwise lack technology advice, collaboration, and funding, which would result in market failure. a disadvantage to technological innovation is pollution, resource depletion, and unintended consequences of technology changes. the innovation process makes a funnel with many potential new product ideas going from large to small in the development process. o 3000 ideas > 300 submissions > 125 small projects > 4 major developments > 2 launches > 1 product successful innovation requires indepth understanding of dynamics of innovation, a well craft innovation strategy, and a well development process to implementation. for example, you start out as an innovative group with 3,000 ideas, but only 300 is submitted in the end from the group. out of these 300, 125 small projects are made to test out the product. after testing, 4 major developments are chosen and they are once again ran through to find the pros and cons to the product. out of these 4, 2 will be launched to see which one is favored. when one is chosen, this is the product that the company would use. reasons of technology improvement and technology diffusions creating an sshape curve: o the rate of technology performance improvement and the rate at which technology is adopted in the marketplace is repeatedly done to conform an sshape curve. as you gain a deeper understanding of technology, your improvements will accelerate, but at some point it begins to diminish. o technology performance and technology diffusion are related since improvements will foster a faster adoption and the adoption may motivate investment, which will improve performance. as performance increases as well as effort, the technology gets closer to the limitation. it soon lags and eventually creates an s shape curve. advantages to technological innovation is increased gdp, greater mobility and communication, and improved medical technology. disadvantages are pollution, resource depletion, and unintended consequences of technology change. innovation projects fail to generate an economic return because it requires an indepth understanding of dynamics of innovations, a wellcraft innovative strategies, and a well developed process to implementation. the innovation process makes a funnel with many potential new product ideas going from larger too small in the development process. for example, you start out as an innovative group with 3,000 ideas, but only 300 is submitted in the end from the group. out of these 300, 125 small projects are made to test out the product. after testing, 4 major developments are chosen and they are once again \n ran through to find the pros and cons to the product. out of these 4, 2 will be launched to see which one is favored. when one is chosen, this is the product that the company would use. a disadvantage to technological innovation is pollution, resource depletion, and unintended consequences of technology changes. the innovation process makes a funnel with many potential new product ideas going from large to small in the development process. 1. 3000 ideas > 300 submissions > 125 small projects > 4 major developments > 2 launches > 1 product successful innovation requires indepth understanding of dynamics of innovation, a well craft innovation strategy, and a well development process to implementation. 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408dd3d5662d43b6402b6d66c1fba11d | consider a small surface of area a1 104 m2 , which emits diffusely with a total, hemispherical emissive power of e1 5 104 w/m2 . (a) at what rate is this emission intercepted by a small surface of area a2 5 104 m2 , which is oriented as shown? (b) what is the irradiation g2 on a2? (c) for zenith angles of 2 0, 30, and 60 , plot g2 as a function of the separation distance for 0.25 r2 1.0 m. 12. | consider a small surface of area a1 104 m2 , which emits | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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38f875f906c5580e89576747ef53bf41 | y < y > x2 2x 3 x2 4x 3 | y < y > x2 2x 3 x2 4x 3 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "l7 - 8 now you try it (nyti): 1. sketch an odd function f such that: lim+f(x)= −6, lim f(x)=+ ∞,f (0) = 0. x→0 x→2 under these circumstances, what is lim f(x)? what is lim f(x)? x→0− x→−2 2. evaluate the limits: (a) lim ln(2 − x) x→2− (b) lim sec(x) x→π+ 2",
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7c24d01fc6137a7a8cfd7365496d6f1f | show that (a) sinh(:: +:ri) = -sinh:::(/>) cosh(:: +;ri) - cosh::: (c) tanh<:: + ;ri) = tanh ::. | show that (a) sinh(:: +:ri) = -sinh:::(/>) cosh(:: +;ri) - | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "notes for the week of 4/11 management 300 key terms: management – guiding employees to complete their various roles and tasks. leadership – the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals. managerial leadership – the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives. authority – the right to perform or command that comes with a given job. power – the extent to which a person is able to influence others so they respond to orders. readiness – the extent to which a follower possesses the ability, skills, and willingness to complete a task. management – guiding employees to complete their various roles and tasks providing reward and punishments contingent on performance best stable situations planning organizi8ng directing controlling leadership – the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals can and should be present at all levels in an effective organization roles: passionate enthusiast visionary cheerleader coach investing trust and love \n managers vs. leaders managers a. coping with complexity b. planning, organizing, directing, and controlling c. executing plans and delivering goods and services d. being conscientious e. acting responsibly f. putting customers first leaders a. coping with change b. being visionary c. being inspiring, setting the tone and articulating the vision d. managing people e. being inspirational / charismatic f. acting decisively g. putting people first – responding to and acting for followers managerial leadership – the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives. authority – the right to perform or command that comes with a given job. power – the extent to which a person is able to influence others so they respond to orders. personalized power – power directed at helping oneself socialized power – power directed toward helping others legitimate power – results from formal positions within the organization reward power – results from authority to reward their subordination coercive power – results form an authority to punish their subordinates expert power – results from expertise sophisticated knowledge develops over time results from specialized information \n mundane knowledge acquired through experience referant power – derived from personal attraction relationship or connection power – results from social alliances or influence information power – access to and control over important information generic influence tactics rational persuasion – using reason, logic, or facts inspirational appeals – building enthusiasm or confidence by appealing to other’s emotions, ideals, or values. consultation – getting other to participate in the decisions ingratiating tactics – acting humble or friendly or making someone feel good or important before they make a decision personal appeals – drawing on friendship and loyalty exchange tactics – swapping favors coalition tactics – building support by amassing followers pressure tactics – using demands threats or intimidation legitimating tactics – basing requests on one’s authority, organizational rules and politics, or implied support from superiors possible responses to generic influence tactics: a. enthusiastic commitment b. grudging compliance c. outright resistance 5 approaches to leadership 1. trait approaches 2. behavioral approaches 3. contingency approaches 4. fullrange approach 5. four additional perspectives trait approach – an attempt to identify the distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders \n organizations may incorporate personality and leadership traits into selection and promotion aspiring leaders should invest in cultivating adaptive leadership traits traits play a central role in how people view/perceive leaders key positive leadership traits (ralph stogidll’s) 1. dominance 2. intelligence 3. selfconfidence 4. high energy 5. taskrelevant knowledge kouzes and posner’s five traits 1. honesty 2. competent 3. forwardlooking 4. inspiring 5. intelligent bass and bass’s 6 traits 1. task competence – intelligence, knowledge, problemsolving skills 2. interpersonal competence – ability to communicate and ability to demonstrate caring and empathy 3. intuition 4. traits of character – conscientiousness, discipline, moral reasoning, integrity, honesty 5. biophysical traits – physical fitness, hardiness, energy level 6. personal traits – selfconfidence, sociability, selfmonitoring, extraversion, self regulating, selfefficiency. gender studies women tend to have more leadership traits than men, but hold fewer leadership positions old assumption: women do not want to aspire to top positions new thinking on women in management careers \n women have traits that make them better than men in some instances and vice versa areas where women score higher than men producing high quality work goalsetting mentoring teamwork/being collaborative mentoring teamwork/being collaborative seeking less personal glory being motivated less by selfinterests less turf conscious recognizing trends generating new ideas engaging in participative management social leadership women tend to be more unwilling to complete or sacrifice kids and family are too important modesty women tend to give credit to others rather than taking it for themselves lack of a mentor less likely than males to have access to a supportive mentor because they can be excluded from important social networks starting out lower and more likely to quit because women start lower, they lack significant general management experience, and have not been around long enough to be selected. project globe (global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness) ongoing attempt to develop an empirically based theory to describe understand and predict the impact of specific cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes surveyed 17000middle managers from 951 organizations across 62 countries developed a list of universally liked and disliked leader attributes \n the behavioral approach – behavioral leadership – approach attempt to determine the distinctive styles used by effective leaders leadership style – the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors that leaders use to interact with others university of michigan’s leadership model job centered behavior – close attention to job and work procedures with the principal concerns being achieving production efficiency, keeping costs down and meeting schedules employee – centered behavior – managers pay more attention to employee satisfaction and making work groups cohesive ohio state’s leadership model initiating structure – focuses on getting things done and performing behavior that organizes and defines what group members should be doing consideration – focuses on building trust, supporting feelings, and establishing a warm friendly, supportive climate peter drucker’s tips for improving leadership effectiveness 1. determine what needs to be done 2. determine the right thing to do for the welfare of the entire enterprise or organization 3. develop action plans that specify desired results, probable restraints, future revisions, check0ins points, and implications for how one should spend his or her time 4. take responsibility for decisions 5. take responsibility for communication action plans and give people the information they need to get the job done 6. focus on opportunities rather than problems. do not sweep problems under the rug and treat change as an opportunity rather than as a threat 7. run productive meetings. different types of meetings require different forms of preparations and different results. prepare accordingly. 8. think and say “we” rather than “i” consider the needs an opportunities of the organization before thinking of your opportunities and needs 9. listen first speak last contingency leadership model \n 2 leadership orientations diagnosed with the least preferred coworker scale up 1. taskoriented – concerned with the task as hand (best in high or low control situations) 2. relationshiporiented – concerned with people (best in midlevel control situations) three dimensions of situational control (how much influence do you have in the situation) diagnosed by answering the questions in parenthesis 1. leadermember relations – (do employees accept me?) 2. task structure – (do employees know exactly what to do?) 3. position power – (do i have power to reward or punish?) pathgoal leadership model pathgoal leadership model – holds that the effective leader makes available to followers desirable rewards in the workplace and increases their motivation by clarifying the paths or behavior in the workplace and increase their motivation by clarifying the paths or behavior, that will help them achieve those goals providing them with support recommendations: the meaningful rewards to goalaccomplishment promote intrinsic motivation through empowerment share leadership key lessons use more than one leadership style help employees achieve their goals modify leadership style to fit employees and task characteristics pathgoal leadership 1. leader behaviors a. pathgoal clarifying (directive) \n b. achievementoriented c. work facilitation d. supportive e. interaction facilitation f. grouporiented decision making (participative) g. representation and networking h. valuebased 2. employee characteristics a. locus of control b. task ability c. need for achievement d. experience e. need for pathgoal clarity 3. environmental factors a. task structure b. work group dynamics 4. leadership effectiveness a. employee motivation b. employee satisfaction c. employee performance d. leader acceptance e. interaction facilitation f. workunit performance situational leadership theory – leadership behavior reflects how leaders should adjust their leadership style according to the readiness of the followers readiness – the extent to which a follower possesses the ability, skills, and willingness to complete a task. situational leadership in action 5 steps to applying situational leadership theory 1. identify important outcomes 2. identify relevant leadership behavior 3. identify situational condition 4. match leadership to the conditions at hand 5. determine how to make the match the fullrange model fullrange leadership – leadership behaviors vary along a full range of leadership styles \n fullrange model: transactional leadership transactional leadership – focuses on clarifying employees’ roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments that are contingent on performance key management behaviors: setting goals and monitoring progress best is stable situations motivates people to do ordinary things prerequisite to any effective leadership style transformational leadership: transforms employees to pursue organizational goals over selfinterests good in rapidly changing situations motivates people to do exceptional things encourage higher levels of intrinsic motivation, trust, commitment, and loyalty excite passion, inspiring passion factors that can influence transformational leaders 1. individual characteristics a. best characteristics include: extroverted, agreeable, proactive, open to change 2. organizational culture a. best characteristics include: adaptive and flexible 4 key behaviors of transformational leaders 1. inspirational motivation – “let me share a vision that transcends us all” i. charismatic leadership using interpersonal attraction to inspire motivation, acceptance, and support 2. idealize influence – “we are here to do the right thing” i. inspire trust by acting ethically with consistency and integrity 3. individualize consideration – “you have the opportunity here to grow and excel” i. actively encourage employees to grow by giving them challenging work and more responsibility ii. act as mentors \n 4. provide intellectual stimulation – “let me describe the great challenges we can conquer together” i. clearly communicate the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats ii. encourages employees to view problems as personal challenges and develop a sense of purpose positive outcomes of transformational leadership 1. greater organizational effectiveness 2. greater leadership effectiveness and employee job satisfaction 3. more employee identification with their leaders and with their immediate work group 4. greater commitment to organizational change 5. higher levels of intrinsic motivation, group cohesion, work engagement, setting of goals consistent with those of the leader, and proactive behavior key considerations it can improve results for both individuals and groups it can be used to train employees any level it requires ethical leaders things managers should do to be effective transformational leaders employ a code of ethics – the company should create and enforce a clearly stated code and ethics choose the right people – recruit, select, and promote people who display ethical behavior make performance expectations reflect employees treatment – develop performance expectations around the treatment of employees these expectations can be assessed in the performanceappraisal process reward high moral conduct identify, reward, and publicly praise employees, exemplify high moral conduct. 4 additional perspectives 1. leadermember exchange (lmx) – emphasizes that leaders have different sorts of relationships with different subordinates a. ingroup exchange (trust, respect, liking, sense of common fate) i. partnership relationships \n b. outgroup exchange (no trust and no respect) i. overseen relationships 2. servant leaders a. focus on providing increased service to others – meeting the goals of both followers and the organization – rather than to one’s self b. require a longterm transformational approach to life and work 3. leadership a. can involve onetoone, onetomany, withingroup, betweengroup, and collective interactions via information technology i. ebusiness – interaction within and between organizations ii. ecommerce – interaction with customers and suppliers 4. shared leadership a. leaders and followers need each other, and the quality of the relationship determines how they behave b. research show that followers seek and admire leaders who create feelings of significance, community, and excitement c. followers vary in compliance from helpers (most compliant) to independents (least compliant) characteristics of servant leaders focus on listening ability to empathize with other’s feelings focus on healing suffering selfawareness of strengths and weaknesses use of persuasion rather than positional authority to influence others broadbased conceptual thinking ability to foresee future outcomes belief they are stewards of their employees and resources commitment to the growth of people drive to build community within and outside the organization",
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a21d72e2e302e30b2371999e36725fd3 | biol 3306 biol 3306 uh biol 3306 | biol 3306 | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "chapter 1: an introduction to evolutionary biology what is evolution? any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations. evolution does not happen within a single generation. development is not evolution. it is the process of descent with modification that is responsible for the origin, maintenance, and diversity of life. why is evolution important? it provides an explanation for the diversity of life on the planet. a way to explain the similarities and differences among all organisms, living and dead. with evolution as its theoretical and conceptual foundation, the biological sciences share a common framework that allows us to understand both the commonalities and differences among living forms; it allows u",
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28bb6f46617cb222b6488f2ee441db95 | calculate the distance between the given points, and nd the midpoint of the segment joining them. | calculate the distance between the given points, and nd the | ch 2 - 24 | | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " palmer, spring, 2016 psychology 2602 exam #1 review sheet are you aware of how development is defined? ● development is defined as the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the lifespan do you understand how development can be denoted, in addition to chronological age? ● chronological age : years, tells legal adult status ● biological age: functioning ability of organs; can be affected by sickness, smoking, etc ● social age: roles in society that you must fulfill; for example, single 18y/o father has different roles that a 18y/o male without children. this changes their development. how familiar are you with the current developmental issue of continuity vs. discontinuity? ● continuity: development involves gradual, cumulative change ● discontinuity: distinct stages in development are you able to recognize the characteristics of experimental vs. nonexperimental research designs? ● experimental: attempts to determine causeeffect relationships between variables or events ● nonexperimental : examines associations between two or more event or variables; it may be able to make predictions or correlation uot causation are you able to differentiate independent and dependent variables, and can you recognize/identify them? ● independent variable: variable that is manipulated ● dependent variable: variable that is the behavioral reaction that is believed to be influenced ● example: time spent studying(iv) affects how well you do on the exam(dv) can you understand crosssectional vs. longitudinal vs. sequential developmental research designs? ● crosssectional: different age groups are comparedmost often only once ● longitudinal: individuals(usually the same age) are followed and studied repeatedly over a period of time \n ● sequential: combines crosssectional and longitudinal design; individuals of different age groups are followed and studied repeatedly over a period of time how familiar are you with the characteristics of the lifespan perspective? ● multidimensional(multilayered): development in many levels(emotional, biological, cognitive) ● multidirectional: some things get easier as you age but some things get more difficult ○ example: children can learn languages faster than an adult can ● contextual: limited resources or abundance can affect development ○ example: limited food can stunt physical growth do you know when development occurs, according to the lifespan perspective? ● according to the lifespan perspective development occurs all throughout life do you understand the main components of the ethological and behavioral and ecological developmental theories? ● behavioral: focus on the observable behavior and the environment ○ classical conditioning ○ operant conditioning ○ social cognitive theory ● ethological: focus on the biology, particularly evolution ○ this approach has also proposed critical period or sensitive periods for development ○ imprinting process and attachment theory ● ecological: primary focus is on the social environment ○ immediate context: family, siblings, peers ○ more distant contexts: mass media, family friends, culture ○ also how individuals innate characteristics interact with environment can you demonstrate understanding of reaction range, canalization? ● reaction range: genetics give a certain range of possible outcomes but your environment determines the outcome ○ example: genetically you may be have the genetic range to be 5’6” to 6’2” in height but because environmentally you weren’t given enough nutrition you are only 5’8”. ● canalization: we are on a certain path of development and it take a very hard hit from the environment to knock a person off the path of nature are you aware of the considerations that must be weighed when thinking about the potential influences of teratogens on prenatal development? ● teratogens: an agent that can cause birth defects in an embryo. severity of potential damage affected by dose, genetic susceptibility, time of exposure \n ● prenatal development is most sensitive to teratogens during the embryonic period(organogenesis) do you understand the various heredityenvironment correlations that have been proposed? ● passive genotypeenvironment: parents provide/guide child’s interest ● evocative genotypeenvironment: some traits elicit more adult responses ● active(nichepicking) genotypeenvironment: child selects favorable environments can you recognize the major events that occur in prenatal development during the embryonic and fetal periods? ● embryonic period: cell differentiation ○ endodermdigestive/respiratory systems ○ ectodermnervous system, sensory receptors ○ mesodermcirculatory, bones, muscles, excretory and reproductive systems ○ organogenesis: organ formation ● fetal period: lasts for 7 months, 3 trimesters ○ brain: ■ 100 billion neurons ■ neural tube formed from ectoderm ■ neurogenesis: new cells formed ■ neuronal migrationcell specialization are you knowledgeable about which prenatal period is the longest lasting for humans? ● fetal period: lasts for 7 months divided into 3 trimesters how familiar are you with the various stages of labor/birth? ● labor occurs in three stages ○ uterine contractions ○ baby’s head enters birth canal ○ afterbirth (shortest stage) do you understand the importance of when lifespan developmental research is conducted, as illustrated by hasher et al. (2001), discussed by santrock in your textbook? ● will answer later, still working on this question. are you aware of how basic recessive and dominant genetic principles work? ● dominant genes will over power recessive genes. ● there are homozygous(same) and heterozygous(different) gene pairs ● pair can be denoted by capital and lowercase letters. ○ bb(homozygous dominant) bb(heterozygous) bb(homozygous recessive) \n ○ example: both parents have a heterozygous gene pairing for brown eyes. (bb) dominant gene is for brown eyes and recessive is for blue eyes. the gene possibilities for their children are below. blue eyes will only be present if a homozygous recessive (bb) pair is made. can you differentiate amongst the various prenatal diagnostic tests that exist? ● ultrasound sonography: uses probe to generate sound waves to produce pictures of internal structures in this case of the fetus ● fetal mri: better than ultrasound in some cases. high resolution pictures to better view anatomic structure of the fetus. (helps further diagnosis of defects) ● chorionic villus sampling: samples placenta ● amniocentesis: samples amniotic fluid ● maternal blood screening: triple screen test ● noninvasive prenatal diagnosis(nipd): tests fetal cells (dna) in mother’s blood how familiar are you with the processes of mitosis and meiosis and what the end products of these are? ● mitosis: cell nucleus duplicates and creates body cells ● meiosis: cell division forms gametes (sperm and eggs) are you aware of baltes’ view on when natural selection benefits are most relevant in the human lifespan? ● benefits decrease with age(so most important when younger) ● failures are a result of harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics ● as adults weaken biologically, culture based needs increase can you demonstrate knowledge about what genetic imprinting is? ● imprinted gene dominates(father’s genes generally more dominant) \n do you know what the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormality that causes down syndrome is? ● trisomy 21/nondisjunction is 95% of cases. caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. how familiar are you with how the different types of twins are created? what characteristics are linked to the incidences of fraternal twins? ● identical twins: one egg and one sperm. the fertilized egg splits to create two organisms. ● fraternal twins: two eggs and two sperm to create two genetically unique children are you aware of when the terms small for date or small for gestational age babies are applied? ● small for date or small for gestational age is applied when birth weight is below normal when length of time in uterus is considered. (they have to weigh less than 90% of babies at the same gestational age) ● can be applied to either preterm and full term do you understand how the french philosopher rousseau viewed human development? ● rousseau thinks children are born inherently good but are corrupted by their environment and society. ● child is a noble savage. rousseau believed children should be allowed to make their own choices without punishment until the age of 12. can you differentiate between reinforcement and punishment and show knowledge of the various types of each? ● reinforcement ○ positive: giving candy or attention ○ negative: beeping in car stops when you buckle up ● punishment ○ postive: yelling ○ negative: removing door or attention ● remember, positive and negative mean either applying something or removing something. positive because you apply candy or apply yelling. negative because you remove beeping or remove attention. ",
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2d6cf5145bd7e5ccf2634beb45cbd9f7 | in exercises 92 to 95, use the graph of f shown below to sketch a graph of g | solution: in exercises 92 to 95, use the graph of f shown | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "geo 101 – the dynamic earth exam 4 study guide this is not all inclusive – especially if you don’t fill it out fully. what are the types of fossilization that we covered and how do they work? o frozen or dried o amber or tar sticky sap on a tree, tar is when oil has seeped to the surface looking like a drinking hole o preserved or replaced o permineralization o carbonization o molds and casts (replica or original) o trace fossils o extraordinary fossils (dna) what are evolution and natural selection? o evolution both fact and theory change in a population over a succession of generations, due to the transfer of inheritable characteristics o natural selection is theory that explains fact organisms are different same differences are advantages more advantages = more offspring population of organisms are always changing to adapt to their environment what are some the many pieces of evidence that help us understand how organisms evolve? o anatomy skeletons, teeth, anything left behind fossils modern o vestigial organ organ that no longer functions in the same way that it did o embryology way bone develops o genetics pnas phylogenic relationships among the major cetartiodactly subgroups o biogeography o homology the sameness how anatomy looks the same in different creatures what causes extinction? o climate change o tectonic activity causes sea level to rise \n habitat changes o asteroid or comet impact o new predators you must know the definitions of the relative dating techniques we covered in class and be able to use them like we did during the class activity. o original horizontality how sediment is deposited fairly horizontal o superposition applies to sedimentary only undeformed older on bottom can get tricky o lateral continuity sediments are deposited in continuous layers can be distributed later o cross cutting relationships formations in relation to each other baked contact inclusions what do unconformities tell us? o abrupt transitions in a stratigraphic column missing time non deposition erosion how do geologists use fossils for dating? o principle of fossil succession fossils are found in limited strata found in a definable order (amphibians, mammals, etc.) don’t reappear o how we use fossil index fossils trilobites well dated widespread short lived how was the geologic column created? o represents entire earths history o graphic representation of the layers of rock that make up the earths crust o divided into segments each of which represents a specific time interval how does a radioactive isotope give us a numerical age? o decay and half life \n unstable atoms eject particles predictably become more stable atom (14c – 14 n) parent isotope daughter isotope o half life time it takes for half of the population to decay cannot predict when single atom will decay what characteristics does an object need in order to be dated with radioisotopes? o carbon dating what can be dated with radioactive methods? what other methods can you use to determine a numerical age? o igeneous rocks o metamorphic sometimes, depends on temperature and mineral type what did we date to determine the age of the earth? o 4.5 billion years old know the major events in each eon or era that we covered in class: names of supercontinents, big geological events, types of life that first appeared. (use the handouts – they will make studying so much easier!!) hadean eon 4.55 ga formation of earth 4.5 ga differentiation o dense materials sink 4.5 ga formation of moon before 4.4 ga o molten tock surface o non oxygen atmosphere o no water after 4.4 ga (australian zircon) o maybe solid rock o non oxygen atmosphere o some water 4 ga meteor o destroyed existing surface o surface reformed small volcanic islands end of hadean eon o no life o very little land \n o acidic ocean not made out of water archean paleogeography o 80% of continental area seas and atmosphere o liquid water to create seas o not much oxygen in atmosphere first life o earliest fossil 3.5 ga single cell carbon isotopes stromatolites algae mats photosynthesis (creates oxygen) 2.95 ga helped increase oxygen proterozoic eon start paleography 90% of continental crust that we have today this is growing throughout the entire eon supercontinents large land masses nearly all continents constant splitting and reassembling profound affect on climate rodinia – first supercontinent pannotia reverse of rodinia atmosphere amount of oxygen increases so much algae is causing the leap of oxygen how do we know this o bif bandit iron formation cannot form unless a certain amount of oxygen is in the air o this changes chemistry of ocean \n life eukaryotic evidence = 2.7 ga first fossils from 2.1 ga symbiotic relationship life plants ocean – algae land algae o fungi fossil 650 to 544 ma o molecular clock= 1.3 ga ediacaran fauna – soft bodied – very unlikely we have the fossils for them 565 ma (million years) worms, jellyfish no shells underwater soft bodied fossils snowball earth – glaciers everywhere glaciers on land possible frozen ocean mass extinction ends eon end of the proterozoic o paleozoic era early o break up of pannotia o epic continental seas o taconic orogeny o new england o ends in glaciation life o cambrian explosion massive diversification of life plants o ocean algae seaweed o land simple fungi algae \n liverwort animal o diverse shelled animals o triobites o sponges o corals o echinoderms o first vertebrate jawless fish middle paleogeography o climate warmed and sea level rose reefs o progenies plants o vascular plants woody tissue, seeds, veins could grow larger o large swampy forests (mosses and ferns) animals o diverse shelled animals o fish: jawed, lobe fin, ray fin o spiders and insects o 1 amphibians tiktaalik o cross between fish and tetrapod o fish fins scales gills o tetrapod anything that has these four appendages flat head ribs neck fins support weight late paleogeography o global cooling sea level drop o pangaea forms o alleghanian orogeny appalachians ancestral rockies plants o gymnosperms conifer cycads (palm like) ginkgo \n animals o amphibians diversify st o 1 reptiles eggs with shells end giant extinction event at 248 million o 96% of marine species o 70% of terrestrial species o largest in history mesozoic early paleography break up of pangaea north atlantic ocean inland seas plants gymnosperms diversify animals 1 swimming and flying reptiles 1 turtles coral dinosaurs! warmblooded huge sauropods feathered birds last dinosaurs mammals very small not like modern late \n paleography pangaea broken o india warming and sea level rise o inland seas laramide orogeny plants 1 flowering plants flowering plants and hardwoods take over animals modern fish dinosaurs diversify mammals diversify end of mesozoic kt boundary extinction event o meteor o dinosaurs (except birds) o 75% plant life cenozoic paleogeography himalaya formation atlantic and pacific separated climate cooler climate o grasslands ice age: o creates land bridge plants flowering plants and gymnosperms diversify st 1 grasses \n animals mammals diversify and flourished o giant mammals at first what is the extremely general history of human evolution? (what did the graph on the slide look like?) how do the various fossil fuels form? o sun solar energy plant matter fossil fuel wind o gravity tides falling water o chemical reactions o nuclear fission o geothermal – happens in the center of the earth o oil and natural gas hydrocarbon compounds remains of marine algae and plankton in what geological formations do different fossil fuels get trapped? o anticline o fault o salt dome o stratigraphic what methods do we use to extract fossil fuels? o tar sands viscious oil in sand cannot pump mined then heated heated then pumped very expensive o oil shale has not reached oil window mined then heated very expensive \n o fracking hydraulic fracturing extracting natural gas increases well production drawbacks groundwater contamination land use issues o extracting oil and natural gas drilling puncture the seal rock pumping brings oil to the surface o refining oil crude oil is distilled process depends on grade sulfur content specific gravity are we running out of oil? what are the various answers to this question? o other sources exist liquidfied coal oil shade tar sands methane hydrate o not economically viable at current prices and technology o will we run out geologists soon economists will stop using it first what are the drawbacks of fossil fuel use? o air pollutions particles and gases acid rain o carbon dioxide greenhouse gas o byproducts mine runoff o spills groundwater ocean o fatalities in mines a lot \n what are the types of alternative energy we covered? what are their advantages and drawbacks? o nuclear power energy release when nucleus is split (fission) drawback controlling nuclear reactions o lot of work and planning o potential meltdown nuclear waste damaging to living organisms long time decay (decades centuries) o wind must have steady breeze clean drawback noisy ugly hazard to wildlife o solar sunlight converted to electricity clean drawbacks not efficient not cost effective o hydroelectric two kinds river o no pollutants o drawbacks damns tidal o no pollutants o drawbacks construction o geothermal use the earths eternal heat where it come near the surface used in two ways water steam to turn turbines drawbacks conditions limited extra office hours for exam prep: monday, april 11 from 12:002:00pm (if these don’t work, email for an appointment)",
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475a3ddc8ef6a4c9a372844f4eba1039 | methanol (ch3oh) burns with air. the product gas is analyzed and the laboratory report gives only the following percentages on a dry molar basis: 7.1% co2, 2.4% co, 0.84% ch3oh. assuming the remaining components consist of o2 and n2, determine (a) the percentages of o2 and n2 in the dry molar analysis. (b) the percent excess air. | methanol (ch3oh) burns with air. the product gas is | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " week 7 22216 how does one progress? what is the democracy that is being encouraged for those countries abroad? philippines were fighting for independent, and america helped, but america looked to its own agenda to “progress” the philippines. whose lives did the us play in? woodrow wilson democrat took office in 1913, william jennings bryan was an antiimperialist, which was the way at the time. he believed that the us should expand. “repudiated” the dollar diplomacy, which meant that he didn’t want to try and fix ties with latin america or cuba because he felt that they were inferior. interventionist policies haiti: 1915 established a protectorate, established a new haitian president, improved the education, but the work was forced labor. there were some 3,000 deaths during this time. in central europe, germany allied itself with the austrianhungarian empire. archduke franzferdinand was assassinated. austria declares war on serbia, july 28, 1914. wilson sought neutrality. this was difficult since germanamericans sided with austria and the irishamericans believed that a british defeat would free ireland. eventually, wilson knew that war would still happen. mexico trade and submarine warfare declaration of london, 1909 submarine warfare, 1915 \n lusitania, may 1915 sussex, 1916 these were some things that led to the war 1916 democrat wilson said that neutrality would not be possible. zimmerman telegraph created an angry bond for germany. april 6, 1917 was when it officially went to war. supporting the war effort economic reorganization war industries o wib: war industries board o food administration: herbert hoover controlled the distribution of food for the states and allies. there were meatless days to feed all of the consumers. farmers also benefited since hoover raised the prices and provided sufficient labor despite the o national war labor board: labor relations were created. participation increased, higher wages and fair hours and conditions for working were becoming better. 8 hour work days, and soon the 48hour work week. the war opened up opportunities for women to work. o they created munitions. o 40,000 women worked in the steel industry. o there were africanamerican women working as well. o the south was harder to work in, but the north was a bit more welcoming although discrimination was still hard. to fund this, o taxes were raised. o war bonds helped. o ultimately, they had to borrow money from other places. supporting the war o selective service act o cpi flooded the country with things that publicized events such as this. it hired artists, professors, and poets all to create things to promote the war effort. o espionage act, 1917. o sedition act, 1918. o thomas quigley hired private vigilantes to create turmoil and harass those who they felt, weren’t really helping with the war effort. casualties of the war efforts alice paul was a major fighter for women’s rights. she would go on hunger strikes and was even sent to a psychiatric hospital. her suffrage was ultimately successful. \n 1917, a russian delegate came and she told him not to agree to wilsons’ conditions until he agreed to hers. another casualty eugene v. debs elected to indiana legislature, 1916 ohio speech, 1918 charged under the espionage act sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1919 th he was nominated for the socialists party for a 5 time as a candidate while he was in jail. presidential nominee, 1920 he was set free on christmas day in 1921. wilson’s 14 points plan november 1918 5 points were for those who were in the german empires were for better treatment for those 1918 was when the treaty of versailles 1919 germany took responsibility for starting the war, pay huge reparations for the allies, destroy military bases, and not purchase military armaments. americans lost 115,000 soldiers, but others lost 8 million soldiers and 7 million civilians that were lost. 22416 progressivism, veterans, humanitarianism war is not the only thing to focus on. in 1918, the flu pandemic killed 700,000. that’s more than those who died in war. net farm income declined by 65% from 19191921. the farmers took out loans to continue it, but as soon as the war ended, they had to fulfill the lands and other tools they borrowed. disabled veterans created a situation during the progressive era. the army discharged 600,000 soldiers who were in training camps who hadn’t gone. they had to be reintegrated and sent to civilian life, and competing for scarce jobs. unemployment mounted as well as inflation occurring. there were race riots. 26 towns and cities resulted in 120 deaths in chicago 38 were killed, and 500 injured in a 5 day riot. racial conflict was part of this. to employers were trying to reassert their own authority. they had to raise prices and change the wages so that they would gain more profit and would keep the wages fixed. changes were happening at the work place. wages increased and work hours decreased. these came to an end during the war. more than 4 mill workers launched 3600 strikes in 1919. \n to employers were trying to reassert their own authority. they had to raise prices and change the wages so that they would gain more profit and would keep the wages fixed. red scare j. edgar hoover headed a system to suppress radicals and enforce conformity. radicalism became the chief focus. wilson and palmer were a part of this definition: fear of an american communist party. which was formed during this time. the government still enforced heavy laws. hoover gathered intel on radical leaders for labor unions. jane addams and senator robert la follette. issued false reports and the government was very close to the media. people were arrested for affiliations, country of origins or languages. deportation and roundups were used as scare tactics. the red scare started to wane. louis post helped stop further deportation by showing that those were done so for affiliations that were fairly loose such as country of origins or language. election of 1920 warren harding 16million votes james cox (d) 9million votes eugene debs had a million votes while he was in prison. fordism henry ford led the technological innovation after creating the production line for the model t ford. the labor is repetitive, dissatisfying and workers become apathetic. ford: “it was so monotonous, it seemed scarcely possible that any man would care to continue long at the same job.” the assembly line became boring. the automobile transformed american society. the number of automobile manufacturers dropped from 108 to 44. general motors, chrysler and ford produced 83% of the nations cars. 1929 200 largest corporations controlled almost half of nonbanking corporate wealth. they controlled half of all of nonbanking corporate wealth. antiunionism was happening. companies were offering benefits to decrease descent. 1921 national association of manufacturers organized open shop campaigns to break union shop contracts. all employees had to be union members. collective \n bargaining was considered unamerican, and union membership was not required and even prohibited. phone companies abdicated welfare capitalism was an alternative steel companies and other corporations had home financing plans were there. borrowing was happening quite a lot. this is what led to the great depression. if people can’t meet their needs, they won’t really be able to work. credit occupied 10% of the larger economy. veterans veterans have rhetorical, moral and symbolic power that can reflect negatively or positively on society. veterans are feared. they were more knowledgeable about things of the united states. they are workers. they are still performing a job. most jobs don’t require you to kill someone someday. 1919present, the veterans stood against many of congress’s policies. the creed of the disabled soldier was to be someone who didn’t need favors. they have made decisions about selfhood and citizenship. 80,000 suffered physical wounds. some of the injuries were made worse by the 1919 flu pandemic.",
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41d9309f97a38214bb5a10dc1cdaccfd | 4.0 mol of monatomic gas a interacts with 3.0 mol of monatomic gas b. gas a initially has 9000 j of thermal energy, but in the process of coming to thermal equilibrium it transfers 1000 j of heat energy to gas b. how much thermal energy did gas b have initially? | 4.0 mol of monatomic gas a interacts with 3.0 mol of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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180af94f865be2b3740288229c951a60 | mc 3010 mc3010 mc 3010 | mc 3010 | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " mc 3010 test 1 review sheet 1 i. chapter 1 a. understand and be able to explain 1. definition presented in class and 6 key words presented in text a. definition: a management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the publics on whom its success or failure depends b. deliberate—public relations activity is deliberate/intentional. it is designed to influence, gain understanding, provide information and obtain feedback (the reaction from those affecte",
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a8d8482ea6a6c4736a2e0e3678bb6d27 | in exercises 6774, find (a) (b) (c) and (d) ab, b, a,
ab a
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3a | in exercises 6774, find (a) (b) (c) and (d) ab, b, a, ab a 110201110 b 100020003a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " chapter 4 birth and the newborn infant 1. preparing for child birth a. birth plans i. expectations you have about the birth 1. medication? under what circumstances? 2. who is allowed in the birthing room? 3. music? clothes? ii. not a list of orders! iii. include contingencies 2. options for birth a. lamaze i. breath and visualization ii. different things to focus on rather than the pain iii. highly used in the 80s iv. anyone can coach them b. bradley method i. “husbandcoached” ii. very similar to lamaze c. hyponobirth i. relatively new ii. hypnotizing yourself d. water birth i. meant to ease pressure on the mother and contractions ii. makes birth more natural for the infant (liquid environment to a liquid environment) iii. incredibly important to have a sterile environment e. obstetrician i. medial specialist in birth ii. graduated from an accredited university f. midwife i. trained childbirth attendant ii. far more common outside the us g. doula i. provides support for mothers – “extra set of hands” ii. not medically trained in birth iii. historically often filled by mothers or sisters iv. associated with more positive births v. traditionally stick around postbirth 3. labor and birth a. corticotropinreleasing hormone i. triggers release of oxytocin b. 3 stages of labor i. stage 1 \n 1. contraction start 810 minutes apart, last ~30 seconds 2. increase to 2 minutes apart, last 2 minutes 3. actual muscles squeezing baby toward vaginal canal 4. dilation and effacement of the cervix 5. head first, face down ii. transition – contractions are at the greatest intensity 1. typically the most painful 2. cervix reaches peak opening iii. stage 2 – actual birth; length varies wildly 1. pushing occurs with each contraction 2. stage ends when baby is completely out of the womb iv. stage 3 1. shortest stage – few minutes 2. expelling of placenta and umbilical cord 4. cesarean delivery a. csections i. countrywide, no association between rate of csections and rate of successful births ii. linked to use of fetal monitors 1. sensors on the mother’s stomach for baby’s heart rate iii. more common in multiple births and breech births 5. neonates a. apgar scoring system i. activity (muscle tone), pulse, grimace (reflex irritability), appearance (skin color), respiration b. 10 point scale i. 03 severely depressed ii. 46 moderately depressed iii. 710 excellent conditions 6. birth complications a. preterm infants i. < 38 weeks ii. low birth weight 1. < 2,500 grams/5.5 pounds iii. verylowbirthweight 1. < 1,250 grams/2.5 pounds iv. underdeveloped organs, risk of impaired cognitive ability 7. risks for preterm delivery a. mother’s age b. father’s age c. multiples d. close pregnancies 8. postbirth a. screening \n i. american college of medical genetics recommends 29 different types of screening 1. hearing ability, genetic disorders, etc. ii. actual laws range from 3 to over 30 iii. early intervention can help with genetic disorders/health problems b. bonding i. no critical period for motherchild bonding 1. medical intervention is more important ii. human touch is key for infant development 1. skin to skin contact releases hormones c. stillbirth/infant mortality i. stillbirth – baby is never alive outside of the womb ii. infant mortality – death within a year of birth d. postpartum depression i. speculation is that it is caused by fluctuation in hormones ii. symptoms range from sadness to psychosis iii. mothers not feelings “motherly” to children e. hospital stays i. varies culturally, by insurance f. family leave i. issue in the us because we don’t have it ii. only nationwide law is one day 1. employer is not obliged to pay you after that one day 9. newborn development a. physical i. newborns have a variety of reflexes ii. rooting iii. sucking iv. swallowing/gag reflex v. grasping vi. moro – dropping, fling their arms outward vii. stepping viii. swimming – start to paddle when put in water ix. babinski – stroke their feet, toes curl b. cognitive i. habituation – newborns get used to things c. social i. imitation: mirror neurons 1. neurons in the brain light up as if actually performing a task, when in fact only observing the task 2. can lead to actual imitation 10. states of arousal a. see graph in powerpoint b. sleep 1618 hours a day typically \n 11. infant states a. active sleep (50%) b. quiet sleep (30%) c. drowsiness (7%) d. nonalert awake (3%) e. alert awake (7%) f. crying (3%) 12. fact of the day: giant pandas have the largest mothertooffspring ratio of any mammal, ranging from about 700:1 to 1500:1 \n language development 1. language – the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication a. phonology – basic sounds of language i. english has 40 phonemes (sounds) b. morphemes – smallest language unit that has meaning i. could be a word or a sound that you add to a word ii. example: adding an –s c. semantics – rules that determine the meaning of words i. how their phrased, positive or negative, where they go in the sentence 2. wernicke’s area and broca’s area of the brain, responsible for language a. comprehension (wernicke) b. production of language (broca) 3. comprehension (receptive language) precedes production (spoken/written language) a. comprehension i. understanding language and giving the desired response b. production i. adding vocal speech 4. apraxia – can’t produce language the same as everyone else 5. prelinguistic communication a. babbling starts with simple, modulated vowel sounds, then adds consonants later b. by 6 months, babbling reflects the language of origin c. can be needdriven or social in nature i. grunt, reach for something 6. first words a. first recognizable sound or first sound repeatedly applied to the same object? b. roughly between 16 and 24 months, language expands 8fold, leading to a vocabulary of around 400 words 7. holophrases a. single words that express entire sentences or thoughts, based on the situation 8. first sentences: ~18 months a. telegraphic speech i. summarized language ii. don’t include articles, conjunctions, etc. b. under/overextensions i. under: aren’t quite as common ii. over: word applies to more than it actually does c. different styles of language i. referential vs. expressive 1. referential: labeling 2. expressive: more social in nature than just informative 9. fast mapping a. learning a new word very quickly after being exposed to it once or only a handful of times \n 10. strategies for word learning a. principle of mutual exclusivity: what words refer to what objects; infants assume words can’t apply to overlapping categories b. syntactic bootstrapping: deduce word meanings and differentiate between word function based on how it is used 11. grammatical development a. overregulation: if they know adding –s makes it plural, they add –s to everything (“feets”) b. semantic bootstrapping: notice which words appear in the same position in sentences, use that to figure out how they combine with other words 12. theories of language development a. learning theory approach i. language follows basic reinforcement and conditioning ii. doesn’t explain untaught extensions in language b. nativist approach i. noam chomsky: genetic mechanism that drives the development of language; don’t have to taught or receive social feedback; born with innate language capabilities ii. all human languages share universal grammar iii. humans are born with a languageacquisition device (lad) 13. infantdirected speech a. originally called motherese i. shorter sentences ii. higher pitch iii. grammatically incorrect word usage iv. repetition v. evidenced in all cultures b. feedback: respond as if we know what they’re saying 14. fact of the day: in 1759, arthur guinness signed a 9,000year lease for land and water rights for his brewery in dublin, for a rate of 45 pounds a year. the original lease can be seen on the tour at st. james’ gate. \n chapter 1: introduction to child development 1) areas of development a) physical i) how the body develops and influences behavior ii) physical skills and abilities iii) how detriments in physical development affect behavior b) cognitive i) growth and change in intellectual capabilities ii) development of the brain iii) learning, memory, problem solving, intelligence c) social/personality (including emotion) i) social: how individuals interact with one another ii) personality: more stable, enduring aspects of behavior iii) emotional: partway between cognitive and personality 2) age ranges a) infancy and toddlerhood (birth3) b) preschool/early childhood (36) c) middle childhood (kindergartenmiddle school / 612) d) adolescence (1220) 3) individual differences a) skews generally reliable predictions 4) developmental cohorts a) generations i) baby boomers (19461960) ii) gen x (19601980) iii) millennials (19802000) b) environment impacts development as social culture influences thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors i) examples (1) civil rights / racism (2) great depression (3) internet 5) historical perspectives a) john locke (16321704) i) children as “tabula rasa,” meaning a blank slates – can be made into whatever, shaped by outside factors ii) no such thing as innate characteristics/traits b) jeanjacques rousseau (17121778) i) children as “noble savages” – born with an appropriate sense of right and wrong c) baby biographies (late 1700s) i) first systematic observations of identifiable developmental milestones d) eventually, universal education practices and public disapproval of child labor in western society contributed to recognition of childhood as a developmental state of its own \n 6) child development in the 20 century a) critical issues i) continuous vs. discontinuous change (1) continuous: constant; always growth present (2) discontinuous: collected/instantaneous; staged packages ii) critical vs. sensitive periods (1) critical periods: a time in development during which a given event/stimuli has greatest consequence; originally thought to be immutable (2) sensitive periods: a time in development during which individuals are most receptive to environmental stimuli; learning can occur across lifespan (a) example – learning a new language is easier at a young age because tons of development is occurring iii) lifespan vs. stage focus (not much of a debate anymore) iv) nature vs. nurture (1) nature=genetics, nurture=environment (2) twin studies have long been used to determine “how much” nature vs. nurture affects development (3) nature can be overcome and nurture can create outcomes just as deep and long lasting as genetics 7) other terminology a) plasticity: the brain’s ability to change neural pathways b) object permanence: if they don’t see something, it does not exist anymore 8) fact of the day a) mammals that lay eggs are called monotremes (platypus and echidna) \n chapter 5: infant physical development 1. patterns of growth a. cephalocaudal principle i. growth starts in the head ii. head is disproportionally large compared to the rest of the body iii. head takes up ¼ in fetal stage b. proximodistal principle i. growth starts in the center of the body ii. in terms of control and nervous development, you gain control over the center of the body before extremities c. principle of hierarchical integration i. complex skills are made up of simple skills d. principle of systems independence i. body systems develop at different rates ii. don’t reach maturity at the same time 2. nervous system a. electrical impulses travel through neurons and across synapses b. myelin: fatty substance that surrounds axons c. pruning: the death and removal of unused neurons/connections 3. brain a. occipital (vision), parietal (body sensations), frontal (voluntary movement and thinking), temporal (hearing) i. frontal is the largest, most complex, last to develop 1. doesn’t finish growing until mid20s 4. shaken baby syndrome a. aka abusive head trauma i. brain swelling ii. bleeding on the surface of the brain iii. bleeding behind the eyes b. diagnosis no longer considered limiting i. infection, stroke, or previous accidents can cause symptoms ii. washington post: shaken science 5. motor development a. gross motor development (coordinating entire body) i. sitting alone: ~56 months ii. crawling: ~810 months iii. walking: ~12 months b. fine motor development i. wholehand grasping: ~34 months 1. open hand closed fist ii. pincer grasping: ~8 months 1. one or two fingers c. all averages – 50% of babies will not follow these statistics 6. sensory development \n a. visual perception i. visual acuity develops rapidly, reaching 20/20 by around 6 months 1. depth perception, etc. ii. visual cliff experiment 1. one of the earliest experiments done on babies 2. strong plexiglas… babies won’t attempt to cross to mother 3. used to determine depth perception/how they process that information iii. looking time paradigms? iv. innate predispositions 1. curved lines 2. 3d figures 3. human faces b. auditory perception i. 1 month olds can distinguish between different phonetic sounds ii. 4.5 month olds can distinguish their own name iii. 5 month olds can distinguish languages iv. infants show preference for familiar melodies v. tested using sucking paradigms c. smell/taste i. infants born with highly sensitive smell and taste ii. show preference for sweet tastes d. touch i. one of the most developed senses at birth ii. babies are born with the capacity to feel pain and react to human touch iii. babies exposed to a high amount of pain in infancy develop a higher pain tolerance later in life iv. highly reactive to human touch – need to feel human touch for development, soothed by human touch 7. nutrition a. breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding i. breast milk is more nutritious and easier to digest 1. requires more frequent feeding because easier to digest ii. breast milk increases immune system and immune response iii. not all babies take to breastfeeding iv. bottle feeding can provide adequate nutrition b. weaning i. recommended no earlier than 12 months, but varies by culture and personal preference ii. solid foods can start to be introduced ~ 6 months 1. as babies grow, breast milk no longer provides enough c. malnutrition – not getting enough calories and nutrients to promote development; exists in about 1 in 5 children in the us; can effect cognitive and physical development \n d. obesity e. see cdc national statistics for breastfeeding in powerpoint 8. developmental norms a. don’t rely exclusively on them, only averages b. not true for 100% of people 9. fact of the day: on august 11, 2015, all 15 home teams in major league baseball won their games for the first time in history \n chapter 3 the start of life: genetics and prenatal development 1) conception a) gamete (23 chromosomes) + gamete (23 chromosomes) = zygote (46 chromosomes) b) multiple births i) monozygotic – one zygote splits into two (genetic identicals) (1) environmental impact: temperature/atmospheric changes, for example ii) dizygotic – two zygotes are created from two separate ova (eggs) (1) fraternal twins (2) more common – one in every sixty births (a) why? (i) better health care, increased obstetric knowledge iii) 1 in every 330 births 2) genetics a) dna genes chromosomes b) chromosomes are organized in 23 pairs, with one of each pair coming from the mother and father c) biological sex i) the 23 pair of chromosomes generally determines the sex of the baby ii) if the male gamete has a y chromosomes, the child will be male; x = female d) dominant vs. recessive traits i) dominant traits come from the genes that will express whenever present ii) recessive traits express when no dominant genes are present e) homozygous vs. heterozygous i) homozygous – same gene ii) heterozygous – different genes f) xlinked traits/genes i) genes only present on the x chromosome ii) more common in males g) polygenic inheritance i) the majority of our physical traits are polygenic: eye color, hair color, many diseases h) behavioral genetics i) the genetic study of diseases and disorders that are mainly emotional/behavioral in nature 3) genetic disorders a) down syndrome i) trisomy 21 (1) “genetic” disorder is a misnomer – technically a chromosomal disorder b) williams syndrome i) microdeletion on chromosome 7 (1) approximately 30 genes are “deleted” ii) ears stick out, appear to have thin skin, seem to age more quickly (not enough elastin in skin) iii) “antiautism” – no social barriers \n c) praderwilli syndrome i) deletion/duplication in the q region of the paternal copy of chromosome 15 (1) 2 copies from your mother ii) intellectual disability; failure to thrive at birth; low muscle tone; overeating (hyperfasia?); tend to be very short; highly underdeveloped metabolism; tend to be very anxious – require a schedule d) angelman syndrome i) deletion/duplication in the q region of the maternal copy of chromosome 15 ii) nonverbal; tend to be incredibly cheerful all the time; lots of shrieking; shorter lifespan than previously mentioned disorders (lifespan about 30 years) 4) genetics a) gene expression i) phenylketonuria (pku) – can have genotype with no phenotypic symptoms (1) can be very dangerous; blood test as soon as baby is born ii) phenotype – the outward expression of traits or genetics iii) genotype – what genes you have iv) by eliminating foods with phenylalanine, individuals can avoid any cognitive or physical symptoms, resulting in typical phenotype 5) genes and environment a) personality b) psychopathology i) diathesisstress model – genetics can predispose an individual to greater risk for developing a disorder, but it takes a stressor, or environmental factor, to “turn on” the symptoms (1) having the gene does not necessarily mean you will express it (a) example: alcoholism c) bidirectional effects i) genes environment genetic expression 6) prenatal development a) at about 8 weeks, the zygote becomes known as an embryo b) germinal stage – fertilization to 2 weeks i) zygote begins to divide (blastocyst) ii) implants into the uterine wall iii) cells begin to differentiate (1) some cells from the blastocyst form the placenta c) embryonic stage – 28 weeks i) three layers: ectoderm (skin & peripheral nervous system), mesoderm (muscles, bones, & circulatory system), and endoderm (digestive system) d) fetal stage – 8 weeks to birth i) high rate of growth (20x) ii) importance of environment (1) hormonerelated sex differentiation (2) behavioral stage (a) babies can hear \n (b) mother under a lot of stress can greatly impact how baby grows e) threats to healthy prenatal development i) maternal age (by age 35, body’s screening system begins to shut down) ii) maternal physical health (1) diet (2) smoking (3) drinking iii) maternal mental health iv) paternal behaviors 7) teratogens a) environmental agent b) sensitive period c) vary with the age of fetus at exposure d) examples i) fetal alcohol syndrome (1) most common result: underdeveloped frontal cortex (brain injury, responsible for decision making, much more likely to be exceptional impulsive, drastic social consequences) e) alcohol f) illegal drugs i) heroin: baby addicted at birth g) prescription drugs i) acutane h) tobacco i) smaller babies, smaller head circumference i) incompatible blood types j) environmental hazards i) infectious diseases; hiv/aids k) other maternal factors i) age, stress, etc. ii) study: 4 years is ideal time between children 8) fact of the day: “big ben” is the name of the great bell inside of the clock tower, not the tower itself \n chapter 2: theoretical perspectives and research 1. psychodynamic perspective a. behavior is motivated by sub or unconscious thoughts and memories or “inner force” b. sigmund freud i. pioneer of essentially all of psychology ii. psychoanalytic theory 1. personality driven by three unconscious forces: a. id i. innate (present at birth) ii. driven entirely by pleasure principle iii. entirely selfish b. ego i. acts as a buffer between the id and society ii. driven by the reality principle c. superego i. last to develop ii. forms as a result of environmental and social expectations (e.g. interaction with authority figures) iii. superego would look different in different cultures/ places iv. wants to please everyone; selfless iii. psychosexual development 1. stage age a. oral birth to 1218 months b. anal 1218 months to 3 years c. phallic 3 to 56 years d. latency 56 years to adolescence e. genital adolescence to adulthood 2. oral – fixation with putting things in their mouth; ability to use their mouth easier than hands 3. anal – wanting control over bodily functions 4. phallic oedipus complex 5. latency – didn’t think much happened during this time period c. erik erikson i. psychosocial theory 1. infancy: trust vs. mistrust a. reliance on parents for everything; needs must be met by them b. good – feelings of trust and safety in your environment and with other people c. bad – anxiety, fear, and concern \n 2. toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame/doubt a. good – feeling confident in your own abilities b. bad – selfdoubt, lack of independence 3. early childhood: initiative vs. guilt a. explore new things b. good – comfort with initiating interactions with your environment c. bad – guilt over the [potential] results of your choices 4. middle childhood: industry vs. inferiority a. how you see yourself in comparison to your peers b. good – sense of competence c. bad – low selfesteem, no sense of mastery 5. adolescence: identity vs. role diffusion a. good – a strong sense of self and where you fit in b. bad – inability to identify and behave in appropriate roles in life; no selfawareness 6. early adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation a. good – development of loving, close relationships b. bad – forever alone 7. middle adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation a. now that you’ve successfully gotten through these stages, can you continue to grow? b. good – feelings of meaning and contribution to the world c. bad – sense of triviality 8. late adulthood: egointegrity vs. despair a. looking back on life; what is going to happen after i die? b. good – “i’ve done well” c. bad – regret 2. critiques of psychodynamic theories a. difficult to observe/measure b. more focused on males (from freud’s perspective) c. fairly apocalyptic: if one thing went wrong, you’re screwed for the rest of your life 3. behavioral theories a. development can be understood as a collection of observable, interacting environmental stimuli and the resulting behavior b. development doesn’t occur in stages – rather, it depends entirely on individual experience i. what you’re shown, what your parents teach you, etc. c. human representations of pavlov’s classical conditioning i. ringing of a bell paired with food to make dogs salivate before they see food d. john watson \n i. “give me a dozen healthy infants…and i’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist i might select.” ii. little albert experiment 1. paired stimulus effect – watson made loud noises every time albert was presented with a white mouse 2. despite no initial fear, albert began to scream and cry at the sight of the mouse. this behavior generalized to all white, fuzzy things e. b.f. skinner i. operant conditioning 1. voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened depending on the stimuli they’re paired with 2. 3. for young children, consistency is important; young children need to know what to expect 4. let the punishment fit the crime f. albert bandura i. socialcognitive learning theory 1. learning through imitation 2. children don’t necessarily need to experience the rewards/ punishments themselves; if they see positive reinforcement for a behavior in others, they’re likely to imitate it 4. critiques of behavioral theories a. morally dubious experiments b. too much reliance on animal models i. discounts metacognition and conscience 5. cognitive theories a. jean piaget’s stages of cognitive development i. sensorimotor ii. preoperational iii. concreate operational iv. formal operational b. assimilation – taking something new and fitting it in to what you know \n c. accommodation – changing your existing mental mass d. informationprocessing i. neopiagetian ii. cognition is made up of different skills that take different time to develop e. cognitive neuroscience i. focuses on the neurological activity behind cognition 6. contextual theories a. considers development within the environment b. sociocultural approach i. lev vygotsky ii. development is a reciprocal interaction between the child and his/her environment c. bioecological approach i. zpd (zone of proximal development) and scaffolding 1. you have a level of competence and a level of challenge 2. if you push them too hard, the child won’t want to continue learning ii. microsystem – who the child interacts with an a near daily basis (immediate family, neighborhood play area, child care center) iii. mesosystem iv. exosystem v. macrosystem 7. dynamic systems theory a. integrated systems b. complex from basic, simple conditions c. similar to individual differences theory 8. main theories a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. contextual e. evolutionary* 9. fact of the day: if you start with one cent and double your money every day, it would only take 27 days for you to become a millionaire 10. science and research in child development a. the scientific method – definitions i. theory 1. “broad explanations and predictions about phenomena of interest” 2. “a coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct” ii. hypothesis 1. “a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested” iii. operationalization \n 1. “the process of translating a hypothesis into specific testable procedures” iv. scientific method 1. formulate a research question 2. develop a hypothesis 3. test the hypothesis 4. draw conclusions based on the results of your test 5. make the findings available b. research studies i. descriptive 1. what does a certain phenomenon look like? a. how many? how much? b. no comparison group, no relationship between variables c. research methods i. systematic observation 1. naturalistic observation – not getting involved, just watching; meant to reflect participants’ everyday lives; can’t control conditions; observees don’t know that you’re there 2. structured observation – researchers set up a situation; manipulation; conditions are the same for all participants 3. limitations a. observer influence b. observer bias (more likely to see what you’re looking for) ii. selfreport – person telling you what they feel/how they act 1. clinical interviews – open conversation; they tell you whatever they want to 2. structured interviews – open ended questions, but same questions for each participants 3. surveys – responses in the exact same way; same questions; easier to quantify and compare 4. limitations a. selfawareness iii. psychophysiological methods – biofeedback 1. used in order to generalize findings iv. case study 1. what does something look like in one person? 2. wolf boy of avignon? 3. generalizability is limited v. ethnography 1. observation of a culture or social group 2. not very common d. research studies i. correlational 1. relationship between two or more variables \n 2. quantitative mathematical data 3. correlation does not imply causation e. true experiments i. determine the casual effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable ii. require random assignment to control or experimental group 1. what determines a control group? a. placebo effect – when people are given a pill, even if it’s a sugar pill, they will psychologically think that they are getting better i. no one should know who has what, even the doctors, in order to avoid bias f. challenges in human research i. theoretical vs. applied 1. theoretical research seeks to explain processes, while applied research seeks to identify how we can change and improve development a. stockholm syndrome – becoming attached to your abuser b. applied example: medications ii. longitudinal vs. crosssectional 1. development is, by nature, longitudinal 2. crosssectional: how they are at a specific time a. allows direct comparison 3. longitudinal: measuring the same people over and over again 4. cohortsequential iii. functional challenges 1. generalizability – include additional factors to approve it iv. ethical considerations 1. working with children – assent/parental consent required, restrictions on what you can make them do 2. deception – must deceive people if studying them without their knowledge to avoid bias 3. manipulation 4. internal review boards (irbs) g. research concerns i. reliability 1. will observation be consistent? ii. validity 1. are you measuring what you think you’re measuring? 2. face validity 3. divergent validity \n 4. convergent validity iii. increase validity 1. sample size – larger, representing multiple geographic regions 2. representative sample – must reflect the people you are trying to prove research for 3. blind experimenters a. double blind study – don’t know which is which b. don’t want them to know what exactly they’re looking for 4. operational definitions – must be very explicit 5. experimental and control groups iv. ethics and research 1. freedom from harm 2. informed consent 3. use of deception – must debrief them afterwards 4. maintenance of privacy – complete deidentification h. research findings i. empirical articles include 1. abstract 2. introduction or literature review 3. method 4. results 5. 6. 7. ii. be cautious iii. don’t assume, over generalize, accept a single study, or accept casual conclusions from correlational studies iv. consider the source 11. fact of the day: both pope john paul ii and pope francis were designated as honorary harlem globetrotters \n chapter 6 cognitive development in infancy 1. piagetian theory a. four stages of development i. sensorimotor 1. development of object permanence and motor skills; little to not capacity for symbolic thought; if it wasn’t right in front of them, they had no concept of it 2. six substages a. simple reflexes: birth to 1 month b. first habits and primary circular reactions: 14 months i. coordination of simple actions into more complex processes ii. infants begin to repeat activities they find enjoyable iii. primary – actions involving the infants own body c. secondary circular reactions: 48 months i. same repetitive activities, but now involve interacting with the outside world d. coordination of secondary circular reactions: 812 months i. advent of goaldirected behavior and object permanence e. tertiary circular reactions: 1218 months i. infants start to modify their repetitive behavior to observe the consequences f. beginnings of thought: 1824 months i. advent of mental representation and deferred imitation ii. preoperational iii. concrete operational iv. formal operational b. children learn through assimilation and accommodation c. support i. importance of infants interacting with their environment ii. sequence of development d. critique i. development isn’t stagefocused ii. lack of acknowledgement of sensory development iii. cultural differences e. early motor development may disguise advances in cognitive development f. renee baillargeon’s lookingtime studies show that infants seem to understand object permanence and other physical properties of objects 2. information processing a. memory processes \n i. encoding ii. storage iii. retrieval 3. long term memory a. memory capacity increases as infants age i. infants remember how to activate a mobile by kicking b. infantile amnesia i. implicit vs. explicit memory ii. relation of memory to language 4. infant intelligence a. developmental quotient i. motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, personalsocial behavior b. bayley scales of infant development i. mental and motor abilities ii. visualspatial, nonverbal iii. see chart in powerpoint c. visualrecognition memory measurement d. information processing approach i. processing efficiency 1. how quickly infants can encode and retrieve information ii. crossmodal transference 1. how easily infants can transfer knowledge from one sense to another 5. fact of the day: the logo for the new zealand air force includes the silhouette of a kiwi bird. kiwi birds can’t fly \n chapter 7: social, emotional, and personality development in infancy 1. infant emotions a. infants are born with the capacity to express certain emotions b. social smiling/happiness doesn’t appear until at least 1 month i. rudimentary; in reaction to other people; social c. degree of emotional expression differs by culture d. determined by a study using facial coding system of babies; mapping average adult expressions onto babies; can’t tell exactly what they’re thinking; support: facial expressions tend to be the same across different cultures and in blind people; facial expressions are innate/not learned emotional expression age interest, distress, disgust present at birth social smile 12 months anger, surprise, sadness 24 months fear 56 months shame, shyness 6 months contempt, guilt 24 months e. expression i. social smiles – infants’ smiling reactions to other humans ii. social reciprocity – if they smile and an adult doesn’t smile back, they’ll stop smiling f. decoding i. understanding of verbal and tonal indicators of emotion in others ii. what is the other person actually feeling? iii. infants become skilled at picking up on happiness/joy in others iv. can pick up on tension and anger; being in an unstable environment g. social referencing i. 89 months ii. infants use the emotions of other adults to determine how to act in a situation iii. helps infants adapt to new environments and develop social skills iv. important to be consistent; learn what situations to fear/are bad 1. if they’re in an emotionally unstable environment, children will be incredibly confused when different adults react differently 2. development of self a. self awareness – the recognition of oneself as separate from others i. develops around 18 months ii. “rouge test” 1. infants are placed in front of a mirror with a spot on their face 2. also tested on chimpanzees iii. awareness of self expands to awareness of capabilities \n 1. once you recognize yourself, you can begin to tell what you can do 2. flip side: aware that you’re unique theory of mind 3. social development a. theory of mind i. understanding of thought processes and how they translate to behaviors ii. differentiating people from inanimate objects iii. development of empathy 1. an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of others iv. big step for infants: learn that people have emotions different from your own b. attachment i. the bond that forms between a child and a particular individual ii. book defines it as positive, but not always a positive 1. unhealthy attachment in adults (examples): stockholm’s syndrome, abusive relationships c. studies show preference for comfort over nourishment i. experiment with monkeys – wire “mother” vs. cloth “mother” ii. preference to cuddle with cloth over getting milk from wire d. john bowlby: attachment as a “secure base” i. person that they can always go back to; emotional and mental e. mary ainsworth’s strange situation experiment i. mom lets baby explore the room ii. stranger enters and talks to mom iii. mom leaves the room iv. mom returns and stranger leaves v. mom leaves baby alone entirely vi. stranger enters vii. mom returns and stranger leaves f. attachment styles i. secure – 60% of infants ii. avoidant iii. insecureambivalent iv. disorganized g. linked to emotional adjustment and behavior throughout life h. reactive attachment disorder i. extreme pathological form in insecure attachment ii. children who were never given the chance for secure attachment iii. latch on to any adult that they are put with without introduction; pour emotion into them iv. can become violent \n i. secure attachment ambivalent avoidant attachment attachment separation anxiety distressed when infant shows signs of infant shows no sign mother leaves intense distress when of distress when mother leaves mother leaves stranger anxiety avoidant of stranger infant avoids the infant is okay with when alone but stranger – shows fear the stranger and friendly when mother of stranger plays normally when present stranger is present reunion behavior positive and happy child approaches infant shows little when mother returns mother but resists interest when mother contact, may even returns push her away other will use the mother as infant cries more and mother and stranger a safe base to explore explores less than the are able to comfort their environment other 2 types infant equally well j. attachment and parenting i. securelyattached infants have caregivers who are more responsive and consistent 1. secure attachment built on trust ii. initially thought to apply only to mothers iii. ~1/3 of infants develop early attachments to more than one person iv. bidirectional effects k. social anxiety (78 months) i. stranger anxiety 1. as infants’ memory capacity expands, they become more wary of “new” people 2. capacity to recognize familiar faces ii. separation anxiety (appears around the same time) 1. prior to the development of object permanence, infants become anxious when their caregivers leave 2. observed across cultures 3. infants with different attachment styles will see this throughout their life l. infantinfant interactions i. babies prefer peers to inanimate objects ii. 912 monthold infants will engage in social games iii. older infants begin to imitate each other iv. older siblings serve as social models 4. personality development \n a. personality: the collection of enduring characteristics that differ among individuals b. erikson’s stages in infacy i. trust vs. mistrust ii. autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. temperament – consistent, enduring patterns of arousal and emotionality i. how children behave, not why ii. infants seem to have innate temperamental characteristics, but parenting can significantly alter these patterns over time d. activity level active time : inactive time approach/withdrawal response to new stimuli adaptability how easily a child adapts to a new situation quality of mood pleasant vs. unpleasant behavior attention span how long a child will engage in activity distractibility how stimuli alter behavior rhythmicity regularity of basic functions intensity of reaction energy level of responses intensity of stimuli needed to elicit a threshold of responsiveness response e. general temperament categories i. easy – 40% of babies 1. generally happy, adaptable, followed a schedule ii. difficult – 10% of babies 1. withdrawn iii. slowtowarm – 15% 1. typically unresponsive f. goodnessoffit i. how well a baby’s temperament matches his/her environment ii. example: household they grow up in, how many siblings they have iii. slowtowarm babies are less likely to reach out g. gender differences i. adults ascribe different characteristics to infants based on the presented gender 1. children raised through society’s lens of gender differences ii. parents often treat children different by gender 1. boys: physical play 2. girls: singing, music, etc. iii. biology can play a role in physical, cognitive, and emotional difference by gender 1. exposure to different hormones in the womb 5. day care a. patterns of day care use \n i. about 60% of mothers in the us work outside the home ii. more and half of all mothers with infants under age 1 work iii. most infants are cared for by relatives iv. mothers who work fulltime are more likely to use day care centers or nonrelatives 1. day care centers require strict schedule v. ethnic differences 1. african american children are more likely to be cared for in centerbased programs 2. latino children are more likely to be cared for by family members 3. caucasian children are more likely to be cared for by nannies vi. these differences reflect income, access to child care arrangements and cultural values vii. most child care facilities are privately owned and operated viii. requirements for standards of care are minimal ix. improvement in day care quality is needed b. effects of day care i. there are contradictory conclusions 1. day care may benefit low and middleclass children 2. high quality day care may have positive effects on intellectual and verbal development 3. day care may increase aggression and decrease compliance 4. poor quality day care may affect attachment adversely c. guidelines for quality day care i. safety ii. adult/child ratios and group size 1. ratio grows as children get older, but typically 1:2 for infants 2. preference to small group size iii. staff training and program 1. degree in childhood early education? cpr/crisis management? iv. curriculum 1. appropriate day care has a structured curriculum along with free play d. culture i. child care is influenced by the broader cultural, social, political, economic and physical environments ii. there are wide variations in the form day care takes e. types of child care i. commercial child care centers ii. nonprofit child care centers (funded by government or charities; can’t compete with better/newer equipment or teachers; little to no cost) iii. private homes 1. professional home care 2. other parents earning extra money (casual arrangement) \n 3. extended family members a. less likely to have a curriculum or follow state guidelines f. patterns of use of child care i. high reliance and early entry 1. by 4 months, nearly ¾ of infants had some nonmaternal child care ii. socioeconomic factors affect number of hours and type of care 1. income level, education 2. dependence on mother’s income 3. believe maternal employment positive g. high quality child care i. medical and administrative expertise ii. small class sizes iii. low childteacher ratios iv. teachers trained in developmentally appropriate practices v. safe environment vi. stimulating toys h. outcomes of child care i. highquality care and fewer hours in care lead to positive outcomes 1. improved cognitive skills 2. improved language skills 3. good relations with parents 4. positive, skilled peer interaction 5. fewer behavior problems 6. studies show children in child care have better immune systems since they are exposed to more 6. romanian orphans a. nicholas ceausescu – leader of romania 19651989 i. outlawed contraception ii. between 1966 and 1967, birth rates increase from 1.9 to 3.7 per woman 1. could not afford children, state could not provide enough b. orphanage understaffed, malnutrition, severely deprived of attention, no behavioral regulation, not taught what parents would normally teach them (speak, stand up, sit up, etc.) 7. fact of the day a. andrew wakefield, the author of the 1998 study that claimed a link between vaccines and autism, was found to have falsified data for all 12 participants and was subsequently stripped of his medical license. additionally, he had failed to disclose that he was being funded by a law firm that planned to sue vaccine companies b. starbucks is named after a character in moby dick: starbuck, captain ahab’s first mate \n 1 hod ",
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59c688d3d13c74d903362b6973efa1a5 | ?problem 62e
properties of metals and nonmetals (section)
some metal oxides, such as sc2o3, do not react with pure water, but they do react when the solution becomes either acidic or basic. do you expect sc2o3 to react when the solution becomes acidic or when it becomes basic? write a balanced chemical equation to support your answer. | properties of metals and nonmetals (section)some metal | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
{
"text": "business and government relations study guide ii: chapters 1013 & questions chapter 10: regulation: law, economics, and politics introduction ● regulation takes place through a public process that is relatively open and allows participation by interested parties ● regulatory decisions and rulemaking proceedings are extremely important to many firms, industries, and interest groups set of interventions ● controlling prices ● setting floor prices ● ensuring equal opportunity ● regularizing employment practices ● specifying qualifications ● providing for solvency ● controlling the number of market participants ● limiting ownership ● requiring premarketing approval ● ensuring product safety ● mandating product characteristics and technology ● establishing service territories ● establishing performance standards ● controlling toxic emissions and other pollutants ● specifying industry boundaries ● allocating public resources ● establishing technical standards ● controlling unfair international trade practices ● providing information ● rationing common pool resources ● protecting consumers ● controlling risks periods of regulatory reform ● four major periods of regulatory change ○ populist era (late 1800s) ○ progressive era and the new deal ○ social regulation (began in the 1960s) ○ economic deregulation (began in the 1970s) the constitutional basis for regulation ● the u.s. constitution not only provides the authority for regulation \n ○ it also limits its application ● many legal principles of regulation in the united states have come from court decisions that draw on the common law ● the fifth and fourteenth amendments place limits on regulation principal federal regulatory agencies and commissions delegation, rulemaking, due process, and discretion ● article i, section 1 of the constitution grants congress the sole power to enact laws ● congress enacted the administrative procedure act (apa) of 1946 to: ○ provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action ■ agencies adopt their own rulemaking procedures in a manner consistent with the apa ● the apa grants parties right to sue for judicial review of an agency action ○ a basis for that review is failure to follow the procedures required for an action ■ under the framework of procedural due process ● the apa requires: ○ agency actions not be “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” ● the courts review regulatory actions for whether they are arbitrary or capricious \n influences on regulatory agencies \n market imperfections •natural monopoly •externalities •public goods •asymmetric information government imperfections ● market imperfections warrant government regulation ○ only a necessary condition for regulation to improve economic efficiency capture theory ● predicts that regulation initially will be found where there are market imperfections and over time will evolve to serve the interests of the regulated industry rentseeking theory ● regulation not established to address market imperfections ○ instead, it is established to benefit politically effective interests fairness ● regulation used to accomplish fairness goals ● can involve policies such as: ○ lifeline rates for telephone service for lowincome people ○ the provision of aid such as food stamps costofservice theory ● regulation in a number of industries has centered on costofservice pricing ● this costofservice regulatory system has been blamed for inducing high costs and slowing the introduction of new technology. chapter 11: financial markets and their regulation introduction \n ● the capital markets are an essential component of a capitalist economic system that allow individuals to ○ save their money in a broad array of financial instruments ○ transform those savings into funding for businesses, homebuying, and retirement the formal and informal banking systems ● depository institutions such as banks accept deposits and make loans ○ these institutions are required to maintain a fractional reserve requirement ■ allows the formal banking system to lend a multiple of the deposits held repurchase agreement “shadow banking” system ● operates outside the purview of regulators ○ provides much of the financing for banks, securities traders, and mortgage lenders ● securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations ○ a component of the shadow banking system \n collateralized debt obligations credit default swap \n the federal reserve system ● established in 1913 ● serves as the central bank of the united states ● has broad responsibilities for managing the money supply ● has regulatory authority over national banks and state banks that participate in the federal reserve system securities regulation ● the first new deal legislation enacted was the securities act of 1933 ○ regulated the issuance of new securities ● in 1934, congress enacted the securities exchange act to: ○ extend regulation to stock exchanges and the trading of alreadyissued securities ● glasssteagall act of 1933 ○ forced banks to separate their commercial banking and investment banking businesses ○ later repealed by the grammleachbliley act of 1999 credit card regulation ● credit card (card accountability responsibility and disclosure) act of 2009 ○ increases the regulation of credit card issuers \n ● regulations intended to eliminate abuses can have effects on markets mortgage lending and subprime mortgages ● mortgage lending had been dominated by banks and savings and loans associations ● lenders held some of the mortgages they originated and sold the rest to: ○ governmentsponsored enterprises ○ federal national mortgage association (fannie mae) ○ federal home loan mortgage corporation (freddie mac) ● the federal housing administration (fha) provided financing for qualified borrowers ○ government policy supported expanding home ownership through government support of fannie mae, freddie mac, and the fha financial crisis inquiry commission ● principal conclusions of the majority: ○ it was avoidable ○ widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision ○ dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions ○ excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency ○ inconsistent response of an ill prepared government ○ collapsing mortgagelending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline ○ overthecounter derivatives contributed significantly ○ failures of the credit rating agencies were essential cogs in the wheel of financial destruction ● 10 essential causes identified by the dissenters: ○ credit bubble ○ housing bubble ○ nontraditional mortgages ○ credit ratings and securitization ○ financial institutions concentrated correlated risks ○ leverage and liquidity risk ○ risk of contagion ○ common shock (the fall in housing prices) ○ financial shock and panic ○ financial crisis causes economic crisis \n tarp, bailouts, and the stimulus ● the bush administration and congress created the troubled asset relief program (tarp) ○ administered by the department of the treasury ○ authorized with funding up to $700 billion to be used to shore up banks and stimulate the provision of credit to borrowers the doddfrank wall street reform and consumer protection act ● doddfrank act ○ provided for new regulations ○ strengthened enforcement ○ required new rule making by regulators ○ created a new regulatory agency the consumer financial protection bureau ○ restricted the pricing of credit card borrowings ○ increased the exposure of credit rating agencies to lawsuits ○ restricted securities trading by banks ○ required derivatives trades to go through clearinghouses ○ imposed new capital requirements on banks ○ did not address the roles of fannie mae and freddie mac financial stability oversight council ● established by the doddfrank act ● composed of the heads of 10 regulatory agencies with responsibility for: ○ monitoring the economy ○ responding to emergencies that threaten the stability of the financial system too big to fail ● the act: ○ authorized the government to seize and break up a firm whose collapse could result in substantial harm to the economy ○ required financial companies to develop “living wills” for closing down and provided for the orderly liquidation of failed companies \n the volcker rule ● included in the doddfrank act after heated debate ○ subsequently subject to extensive rulemaking activity to refine the restrictions ● allowed banks to trade on behalf of clients and to hedge their own risks derivatives and swaps ● to reduce risks and increase regulatory scrutiny: ○ the act gave the commodities and futures trading commission (cftc) regulatory authority over swaps and major swap market participants such as marketmakers securitization and excessive risks ● issuers of assetbacked securities were required to retain: ○ at least 5 percent of the risk unless the assets meet certain loan standards consumer protection ● complaints from consumers and consumer advocacy groups about financial products centered on: ○ abusive mortgages ○ high interest rates charged by payday lenders ○ financing practices of automobile dealers and student loan companies ● the doddfrank act created a consumer financial protection bureau (cfpb) ○ has authority over: ■ banks with assets over $10 billion ■ mortgage lenders ■ student loan companies ■ payday lenders compensation ● the doddfrank act directed the sec to address the compensation issue ● the sec: ○ promulgated “say on pay” rules requiring a nonbinding shareholder vote on executive compensation at least every 3 years ○ proposed rules requiring banks and financial services firms to: ■ report bonuses paid to individual employees ■ block bonuses that posed the risk of “material financial loss” for the firm \n credit ranging agencies ● provide information to investors about risks associated with securities ● government regulators have delegated to designated nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (nrsro) the assessment of risks associated with securities. global capital requirements regulation basel iii ● basel committee on banking supervision an organization of 27 nations that sets capital requirements for banks ○ requirements must be approved by the g20 nations ■ enacted into law by each nation chapter 12: environmental management and sustainability introduction ● public, government, and businesses recognize the importance of environmental protection and sustainability ● benefits include: ○ improved human health ○ a more vibrant natural environment ○ the preservation of ecosystems ○ a more sustainable relationship with the natural environment the environment and sustainability ● goals and action ● global climate change ● policy ● tradeoffs socially efficient control of externalities ● the control of externalities has taken the form of commandandcontrol regulation ● incentive approaches take into account the benefits and costs of attaining environmental objectives ○ achieves those objectives by aligning the social and private costs of pollution and its abatement \n the coase theorum ● pertains to market imperfections, including externalities and public goods ● focuses on the standard of social efficiency ● provide s a conceptual foundation for both regulation and the liability system \n transaction costs and the limits of the coase theorem ● the coase theorem implies that: ○ when bargaining between the parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved capandtrade systems ● caps the total allowed emissions of a particular pollutant, issues permits (entitlements) for that amount, and allows the permits to be traded ○ also called tradable permits systems global climate change and emissions trading systems ● kyoto protocol ● emissions trading in the european union ● the regional greenhouse gas initiative (rggi) ● emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) kyoto protocol ● accomplishments under the kyoto protocol a subject of disagreement ○ developed countries have reduced their domestic emissions ■ research shows that this is due to increased imports displacing local production emissions trading in the european union ● the european union took the lead on multination emission ○ traded with the european trading system (ets) commencing in 2005 ● ets is a capandtrade system that covers 12,000 facilities in 15 eu member states ○ the eu goal was an 8 percent reduction by 2012 from a 1990 base emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) ● to address the global climate change issue: ○ in 1998 bp plc committed by 2010 to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (ghgs) by 10 percent from 1990 levels ● to achieve its goal, bp worked with environmental defense to develop an internal ghgs trading system for the company the regional greenhouse gas initiative ● formed in 2005 by 10 northeastern u.s. states \n ○ to operate a capandtrade system for reducing greenhouse gases emissions ○ auctioned 86 percent of the allowances generating $790 million through 2010 ● supported by companies that benefited from the funds generated by the auctions ○ other companies argued that it drove up costs and drove jobs away the environmental protection agency (epa) ● an independent agency located in the executive branch ● headed by an administrator appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate ● responsible for administering the major environmental acts enforcement ● the epa enforcement process requires: ○ filing of a notice of a complaint and a hearing before an administrative law judge standards setting and engineering control ● epa regulation has largely been command and control ○ uniform rules or standards are ordered and then enforced ● the epa sets emissions standards and air quality standards ● epa has increasingly used incentive approaches: ○ credits and offsets superfund ● administered by the epa ○ for the cleanup of existing toxic waste disposal sites ● epa attempts to identify the source of the dumping and force it to clean the site the nature of environmental politics ● environmental issues are complex because of: ○ scientific uncertainty about the consequences of pollution ○ incomplete information about the costs and benefits of environmental protection ○ disagreements about alternative approaches, such as liability versus regulation, to protection ○ differing perspectives about the protection of entitlements judicial politics ● politics of environmental protection often moves into judicial arenas ● environmental groups have succeeded in inserting citizen provisions in environmental statutes \n advocacy science ● much remains unknown about environmental hazards and their control ○ this scientific uncertainty is a source of contention in environmental politics ○ it provides an opportunity to use advocacy science as a component of a private politics strategy distributive politics ● environmental politics is motivated by: ○ distributive consequences of environmental policy ○ costs of environmental protection ○ benefits from the reduction in pollution and hazards private and public politics ● many environmental ngos active in public politics at the federal, state, and local levels ● environmental groups testify regularly in legislative and regulatory hearings ○ some demonstrate to attract media coverage to their side of the issue nimby and private politics ● nimby “not in mybackyard” ○ focuses on local environmental concerns, particularly as they involve possible risks to persons or property ○ directed toward: refuse disposal & toxic waste sites, chemical & oil plants, other facilities that may emit toxins ● energized by information provided by the federal government’s toxics release inventory (tri) ● the tri is a result of the “righttoknow” amendment to a 1985 superfund reauthorization bill voluntary collective environmental programs ● iso 14001 ● responsible care program ● criticisms of voluntary programs ○ called “greenwash” by environmental groups ○ allege that these programs sound good to the public ○ fail to live up to their promises chapter 13: the investor’s perspective: renewable energy introduction \n ● managing effectively in the nonmarket environment is essential for firms when: ○ a company is at a major strategic crossroad ○ there are market or nonmarket challenges ● strategy implementation is essential on an ongoing basis at an operational level to: ○ achieve performance goals ○ address challenges ○ seize opportunities investment decisions ● in making their decisions, investors assess: ○ opportunities and risks associated with firms ○ quality of their management ● the assessment of managerial quality depends on: ○ a firm’s leadership and market strategy ○ a firm's nonmarket strategy ○ the ability of management to anticipate and deal effectively with the emergence and development of nonmarket issues the environment of wind and solar power ● longterm opportunities for wind and solar power were enormous ○ supply costs were falling ○ demand for renewable power was expected to continue to grow ○ demand growth had been led by europe as a result of generous subsidies ■ as the subsidies were reduced, growth slowed ○ at the same time demand grew in china and the united states ■ more countries began to support wind and solar power ○ demand was expected to grow substantially in china and developing nations ● growth hinged on government support and the cost of other energy sources markets and government involvement ● retail electricity prices varied greatly across the states ○ both solar and wind power were quite variable ■ solar power output depended on the weather ■ wind power was most attractive in locations where the wind blows hard and steadily ○ solar/wind power faced nonmarket opposition because of: ■ the cost of subsidization ■ environmental nimby market signal ● market for solar panels in europe and the united states slowed to a crawl in 2010 \n ○ market in china grew at a rapid pace economic rationale for subsidization ● economic rationales for the subsidization of renewable power: ○ based on positive externalities ■ subsidization provides environmental improvements by displacing carbonbased power generated from coal or natural gas ■ subsidization provides security benefits to the extent that it reduced the dependence on imported fuels ○ intended to achieve cost efficiencies and increased output ■ subsidies could enable producers to realize economies of scale that would reduce costs and allow output to expand political rationale for subsidization ● positive externalities for the environment and security benefitted constituents ● subsidization generated pork: ○ recipients of the subsidies and their suppliers earned rents from the economic activity stimulated by the subsidization the costs of subsidization ● direct costs of subsidies are the corresponding government budget expenditures and liabilities ○ examples grants and loan guaranties solyndra inc ● in 2008 solyndra and solar power, inc., a leading installer of solar panels, agreed to a supply arrangement for $325 million of solar panels over the 2008–2012 period ● market risks: prices and costs ● non market risks *solar power opportunities and risks—market and nonmarket factors \n practice questions ch. 1013 true/false 1. when there are market imperfections, government intervention can improve its efficiency. true/ false 2. congress mandates that regulatory agencies provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action. true/ false 3. interested parties such as firms are prohibited from participating in formal and informal rule making proceedings. true/ false 4. regulation in the us takes place through a private process that is closed and lowprofile. true/ false 5. with the disintegration of the mortgage market, lenders do not bear the risk of failure of borrowers to repay loans. true/false 6. securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations. true/false 7. securitization can reduce idiosyncratic risks but cannot reduce systematic risks. true/false 8. commandandcontrol regulation imposes uniform controls and standards on dissimilar sources of pollution. true/false 9. the coase theorem implies that a negative externality can be resolved when property rights are assigned to the pollutees, not the polluters. true/false 10. the coase theorem implies that when bargaining between two parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved. true/false 11. voluntary environmental information disclosure by firms provides an accurate representation of their environmental performance. true/false 12. renewable energy (non hydroelectric) production has been dependent on subsidies because it is not cost competitive. true/false \n 13. the u.s. government provided subsidization on both the demand and supply sides of the market for renewable power. true/false 14. the nimby movement can hamper the development of renewable energy. true/false multiple choice 1. globedot is a leading manufacturer of information display systems based in california. it seeks uniform federal regulation to impose a carbon emission tax on all manufacturing firms. this is an example of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. natural monopoly b. rentseeking theory c. adverse selection d. moral hazard 2. which of the following regulatory approach has been blamed for inducing inefficiency across companies? a. deregulation b. costofservice regulation c. information disclosure requirement d. monopoly restrictions 3. in constructing cdos, the mortgage loans are sliced into tranches with the cash flowing first to the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. \n a. most safe tranche (lowest interest rate) b. most risky tranche (highest interest rate) c. noninvestment grade tranche 4. which of the following did not contribute to the financial crisis of 20072008? a. subprime lending b. high leverage ratio for banks c. credit default swaps d. regulation of derivatives 5. the regulatory responses to the financial crisis include all of the following except a. penalizing customers who defaulted on interest payments b. increasing the regulation of credit card issuers c. .reducing speculative investments by banks d. .regulating credit rating agencies 6. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ have become an effective means of achieving environmental goals at the least cost to society. a. commandandcontrol regulations b. incentivebased regulations c. costofservice regulations d. voluntary approaches 7. why were the loan guarantee and cash option awarded to renewable power producers jeopardized? a. .state public utility regulatory agencies were barred by law from determining renewable energy prices. b. the huge federal budget deficit required measures to reduce expenditure. c. state public utility regulatory agencies gave a negligible premium for renewable power. d. the price of natural gas rose considerably. short answers •what are alternative theories to explain where regulation is or is not imposed? \n •under what circumstances does the market fail to function properly and government intervention is justified? •explain commandandcontrol vs. incentivebased approach to environmental regulation. •explain the basics of emissions trading scheme. •explain two nonmarket factors that encourage investment in renewable energy. •explain two nonmarket factors that discourage investment in renewable energy. answer key true/false 1. t 2. t \n 3. f 4. f 5. t 6. t 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. t 11. f 12. t 13. t 14. t multiple choice 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b",
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2661a79c95a1f8efa1a11e60e9bc4c6b | postage rates assume that postage for sending a first-class letter in the united states is $0.44 for the first ounce (up to and including 1 oz) plus $0.17 for each additional ounce (up to and including each additional ounce). a. graph the function p = f 1w2 that gives the postage p for sending a letter that weighs w ounces, for 0 6 w 5. b. evaluate lim ws3.3 f 1w2. c. interpret the limits lim ws1+ f 1w2 and lim ws1- f 1w2. d. does lim ws4 f 1w2 exist? explain. | postage rates assume that postage for sending a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " art history 4/4/2016 chapter 15 th th chi rho iota page from the book of kells: late 8 or early 9 century pg. 428 (figure 151) painted and drawn on animal skin. this book features the 4 gospels that show the ornamental celebration of christ’s first appearance in the books. swirling patterns and interlaced forms for decoration. the interlacing is normally animals or plants. and this is probably a copy of the small metal work of that day’s art. these were made as a codex not scrolls, they were bifold sheets sewn together and gathered into a book. this was a large undertaking too. there were 4 people writing the languages 3 painters working on them. each page took about a month to 6 weeks. 4050 pages were normally done. 180 calf hides were used. the pigment colors were precious and usually came from other places, and would sometimes take 6 months to trade. the monastery objects were always the most important and precious during this time. europe of the early middle ages pg. 430 (map 151) there were about 9 major different ethnic groups in the area shown in this image. roman colonies were all through the west. christianity was trying to be spread around france, england and ireland. jewelry of queen arnegunde: 580590 pg. 432 (figure 152) from the early community of franks. found in grave sites and excavated at an abbey or monastery complex. of st. denis north of paris, was an area of trade for franks. the pin itself from this image was about 8 inches long. merovech converted to christianity in 596 and he was the first merovingian. the wealthy people who wore jewelry gave them power, status and wealth. also some a sign of beauty earing’s, necklaces, broach/pin to hold up clothing, rings, there were handbags that would be used to hold some jewelry and other items as well. there was a red over garment that was gold embroidered thread during the time by the queen and clasped around the waist and neck by some of these objects. the garments helped fasten the clothing together too. the metals were pounded into shape, chased, and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, then mounted into metal compartments. gummersmark brooch: 6 century pg. 433 (figure 153) scandinavians artists made this. \n silver that was gilded with gold also and it was about 6 inches tall. the top was rectangular and there was a medallion plate below that was the cover for the safety pin catch. around the frame you see the characteristic pattern changes. eye and beaks of a bird is represented around the rectangular top. at the bottom part a man is squeezed between two dragons. there are monster heads and crouching dogs. there was an active area of represented animals. design is symmetrical and represents the order of the world. animals is seen in profile or from the front. hinged clasp, from the sutton hoo burial ship: 7 century pg. 434 (figure 154) found in a buried ship with weapons, armor, and other objects for the wealth. leather body armor over his shoulders. the two sides were connected with the gold pin. gold was fused into the surface of the piece symbol of the evangelistic matthew, gospel book of durrow: second half of the 7 century pg. 435 (figure 155) painted with tempera such as in the late roman empire. the owner of it was converted to christianity. the gospel book of some sort was needed in each village and each monastery where monks lived. this book was commonly placed on church alters and placed in ceremonies. people felt better having a book, they felt protected. the book contains geometric pages, 4 full pages of evangelist symbols, one page containing symbols of all 4 evangelists, 4 text pages to begin each of the 4 gospel books. all the evangelists had their own symbol, matthews was that of an abstract man. it looked very childlike and had no arms. walks in profile. frame of this page shows a copy of metal work decoration. the page looks off white which means it was treated but left in most of the traditional color. page with the beginning of the text of matthew’s gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 436 (figure 156) ethewall bound it who was eadfrith’s successor there were silver or lead pigments that were added into outlines on the pages. these were aided by devices, straight edges, compasses, oval shapes and everything could be drawn precisely. the letters were elaborately framed and there was roman influence which makes it look more naturalistic. matthew writing his gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 437 (figure 157) o agios means saint \n the reader was able to specifically identify with the writer when looking at this book. ezra restoring the sacred scriptures, in the bible known as the codes amiatinus: 700715 pg. 437 (figure 158) 3 copies were made of this writing. behind him is a library of books from this time. this is a better illusion of the ezra than the image of matthew from before. lots of detail like in roman text. south cross, ahenny: 8 century pg. 438 (figure 159) high cross: this one is made out of a local stone from the area. granite, sandstone and limestone were commonly used to make this type of stone cross. this specific one is made of sandstone and is on a monastery ground for a boundary marker. these could also be places where some miraculous event happened or could have been identified for local saints to find. they do not make a special burial place, but mostly special effects and boundaries. metal work influenced the shape of this piece maius woman clothed with the sun, the morgan beatus: 940945 pg. 439 (figure 1510) copies of original manuscript on vellum. represents the triumph of the church over its enemies. there are definitive columns of color here. emeterius and ende, with the scribe senior battle of the bird and the serpent, commentary on the apocalypse by beatus and commentary on daniel by jerome: 975 pg. 440 (figure 1511) tempera on parchment both of the artists took responsibility for the arts and shared the work. this is the representation of a triumph over satan. text states the bird represents christ that covers itself with mud to trick the saint and then the snake decides the bird is harmless and then he conquers over the snake/satan and kills him. 4/6/16 pg. 428 (map 151) gripping beasts, detail of oseberg ship: 815820 pg. 441 (figure 1512) \n made to float into inter coastal waters, steady waters. for kings and queens or leaders. leaders were buried on ships and floated to sea. sometimes set on fire. intricate work was done on this and it looks like a snake curled up at the end. furnishings were on a ship, sled, bed, and other materials were carved and the sides of the sled was carved. their ship and burial was their work of art. the fantasy imagined in these ships were part of their world and their artwork. royal rune stones, righthand stone ordered by king harald bluetooth: 983985 pg. 442 (figure 1513) ordered this stone and it had a quote: made for gorm and thyra his father and mother. he won all demark and norway making the denmark into christians. these were his accomplishments. exterior (a) and cutaway drawing (b) of stave church, borgund, norway: 11251150 pg. 443 (figure 1514a) staves are stakes made of tree trunks and they are rounded on one edge. the frame of this building is made of timber. made with slot construction. the horizontal sections lock into place with the vertical sections. the shingles were square and covered in bark pieces. the roof is set at 45 degree angles. all the angels of the roof were 45 degree angles to keep snow from sitting on top. the work was open inside. you can see the criscross boards and eves. equestrian portrait of charles the bald: 9 century pg. 444 (figure 1515) charlemagne went to rome. living between the eastern or saline franks. charlemagne was crowned as roman emperor. he brought back the title for himself. was crowned by a pope. this is a portrait of himself. head of a frankish king was not the last bullet style. they were trying to recreate the roman empire look, their ancestors of romans had lived in italy. they came from that area to this franks region. interior view (a) and section drawing (b), palace chapel of charlemagne: 792805 pg. 445 (figure 1516a) 8 sided building and on one side there was a tribute. charlemagne was a coequal of the spiritual leader of the empire. his throne was across from the chapel. there was a huge atrium outside of the temple and there was a giant gate entering into it. it was the gate to a giant courtyard. the second floor of the building had a throne and porch. he could have addressed the people either in the atrium or inside the building. the king combined the spiritual and secular. interior view (a) and section drawing (b) palace \n pg. 445 (figure 1516) westwork, abbey church of corvey: 9 century pg. 446 (figure 1517) western entrance of the church. this was a model of a huge entrance at the west. two towers, elevated second section where there is a gallery. this was developed in the carolingian times and carried to the next time period also. this is where one of the bishops came, religious and secular titles were held by them at the same time. there was their own chapel in here for them to go by themselves and stay on trips here. local saints also might have had special chapels. the bishops, kind or emperor could have resided on the west side of these churches. saint gall plan (original and redrawn with captions): 817 pg. 447 (figure 1518a&b) benedict order was established in this time. early people were like monks and deprived themselves and were alone. these people devoted themselves to god and were wealthy the complex was protected like a castle. this was a place of safety, peace and security. some of them were wealthy people. this is a blueprint of a monastery. there is an abbey inside it called st. gall. the claustrum is important, place usually a courtyard and set off from a busy street. a lot of big churches have areas like this where it is a place of contemplation and meditation. right in the center of this blueprint and the dormitory is right outside of that. there was a craft center for clothing and goods and for others goods like leathered materials. this actually became an enterprise. the church is connected into the claustrum. the abbey churches built up the area in front of the alter. there was a wall built to shelter the quire away from the church. there was a naïve they could enter into separately. page with st. matthew the evangelist, coronation gospels: 9 century pg. 448 (figure 1519) page with st. matthew the evangelist, ebbo gospels (fig 1520) this style is different because the figure has no halo and the figure is rendered differently with turbulent. the lines that were drawn are going back and forth franticly. this is an inspired drawing, a lot of agitation in the drawing. the blue colors are spiritual and exciting. a closer look: psalm 23 in the utrecht psalter: 816835 pg. 450 these started to be used in services and read from during service. \n there is a drawing of the psalm and a literal image of it. the 23 psalm shows that the psalmist is in it. all of these images show references into communion and the religion. the imagery was represented in this image. crucifixion with angels and mourning figures, lindau gospels: 870880 pg. 451 (figure 1521) there is concordances in these. ornate pages and then the gospels are covered. there is a jeweled cover with precious stones and gilded. this book is about the crucifixion, evangelism and angles, also figures in morning of the crucifixion. these books house a precious work. gero crucifix: 970 pg. 454 (figure 1524) huge sculpture, over 6 feet tall. not idealized christ like shown in the last image. this is the suffering christ and a physical image of him suffering. in the back the communion was held on this sculpture. plan (a) and interior (b), church of st. cyriakus, gernrode: 961 pg. 453 (figure 1523b) doors of bishop bernward: 1015 pg. 455 (figure 1525) bronze doors. this is the biblical narrative from the very beginning scenes from genesis, exodus. giant bronze knockers. this is a whole casted piece of bronze. the sculptors used the lost wax method. this allowed them to model these figures in 3 dimensions and allowed the background to be characterized. 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