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CopeNLU 20

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Despite its' critical role, supervision and in particular supportive supervision is not well understood in the context of healthcare.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite its' critical role, supervision and in particular supportive supervision is not well understood in the context of healthcare [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "In many resource-constrained countries, the traditional visiting inspector model of supervision is common, yet there is broad consensus that this is not effective.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In many resource-constrained countries, the traditional visiting inspector model of supervision is common, yet there is broad consensus that this is not effective [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "District Health Management Teams (DHMT) schedule regular visits to each facility, but the evidence shows that these frequently do not happen as planned.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "District Health Management Teams (DHMT) schedule regular visits to each facility, but the evidence shows that these frequently do not happen as planned.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Challenges to effective supervision include conflicting responsibilities and demands on supervisors' time, inadequate finances and transport and accessibility problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Challenges to effective supervision include conflicting responsibilities and demands on supervisors' time, inadequate finances and transport and accessibility problems [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "This can result in remote facilities receiving only one visit a year.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can result in remote facilities receiving only one visit a year.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given that external supervisory visits are sometimes their only link to more experienced health professionals, this can leave staff in rural facilities feeling abandoned and isolated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given that external supervisory visits are sometimes their only link to more experienced health professionals, this can leave staff in rural facilities feeling abandoned and isolated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "From the time-ordered product in eq. (2.1) and Wick's theorem, one naturally obtains normal-ordered condensates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From the time-ordered product in eq. (2.1) and Wick's theorem, one naturally obtains normal-ordered condensates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in the calculation of Ψ(0) also quartic mass corrections as well as higher dimensional operator corrections arise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in the calculation of Ψ(0) also quartic mass corrections as well as higher dimensional operator corrections arise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On dimensional grounds, the operator corrections with dimension greater than four are accompanied by inverse powers of the quark masses thus being singular in the chiral limit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On dimensional grounds, the operator corrections with dimension greater than four are accompanied by inverse powers of the quark masses thus being singular in the chiral limit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the normal-ordered quark condensates are rewritten in terms of the non-normal-ordered minimally-subtracted condensates, the quartic mass as well as higher-dimensional operator corrections are cancelled, such as to yield the simple functional form of eq. (2.4).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If the normal-ordered quark condensates are rewritten in terms of the non-normal-ordered minimally-subtracted condensates, the quartic mass as well as higher-dimensional operator corrections are cancelled, such as to yield the simple functional form of eq. (2.4) [8] [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Since the low-energy constants of χPT contain the physics of energies higher than the pseudoscalar meson masses, it is possible to derive effective Lagrangians including higher resonance fields, which then yield contributions to the chiral constants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the low-energy constants of χPT contain the physics of energies higher than the pseudoscalar meson masses, it is possible to derive effective Lagrangians including higher resonance fields, which then yield contributions to the chiral constants [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] }, { "text": "For the physical constants L r i , very reasonable estimates were obtained in this manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the physical constants L r i , very reasonable estimates were obtained in this manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the unphysical constant H r 2 , however, it was shown above that the result H r 2 = 2L r 8 from the resonance Lagrangian is not satisfied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the unphysical constant H r 2 , however, it was shown above that the result H r 2 = 2L r 8 from the resonance Lagrangian is not satisfied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It should already be clear that this relation has to receive additional contributions, since H r 2 depends on the short-distance renormalisation, whereas this is not the case for L r 8 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should already be clear that this relation has to receive additional contributions, since H r 2 depends on the short-distance renormalisation, whereas this is not the case for L r 8 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the uncertainties in the ratio ss / qq are still sizeable, so that no definite conclusions can be reached at this stage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the uncertainties in the ratio ss / qq are still sizeable, so that no definite conclusions can be reached at this stage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further work should be devoted to the extraction of ss / qq from QCD sum rules, particularly paying attention to the proper definition of the quark condensate as well as to the corresponding higher-order strange-mass corrections.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further work should be devoted to the extraction of ss / qq from QCD sum rules, particularly paying attention to the proper definition of the quark condensate as well as to the corresponding higher-order strange-mass corrections.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, an analysis analogous to the one presented here at the next-next-to-leading O(p 6 ) in χPT could provide further useful information on the questions raised above, since 7 also the uncertainty resulting from these higher orders plays an important role.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, an analysis analogous to the one presented here at the next-next-to-leading O(p 6 ) in χPT could provide further useful information on the questions raised above, since 7 also the uncertainty resulting from these higher orders plays an important role.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Besides the flavour-symmetry breaking of the quark condensate, H r 2 also governs the next-to-leading chiral correction to the well known Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner (GMOR) relation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides the flavour-symmetry breaking of the quark condensate, H r 2 also governs the next-to-leading chiral correction to the well known Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner (GMOR) relation [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "The GMOR relation constitutes the main source for numerical values of the quark condensate, assuming the light quark masses to be known.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The GMOR relation constitutes the main source for numerical values of the quark condensate, assuming the light quark masses to be known.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Making use of the es-timate of H r 2 , in section four, also estimates for these chiral corrections and the quark condensate will be presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Making use of the es-timate of H r 2 , in section four, also estimates for these chiral corrections and the quark condensate will be presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, in section five, conclusions, further remarks, and an outlook to future work will be given.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, in section five, conclusions, further remarks, and an outlook to future work will be given.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Emerging biological science suggests that life on Earth as a whole is maintained in a collective ecological homeostasis to which all organisms and environments contribute, and no organism can self-perpetuate and survive as a closed system, depending on nothing but its own genome.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Emerging biological science suggests that life on Earth as a whole is maintained in a collective ecological homeostasis to which all organisms and environments contribute, and no organism can self-perpetuate and survive as a closed system, depending on nothing but its own genome [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In this symbiotic view of life, every organism is ever-changing and always dependant on other organisms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this symbiotic view of life, every organism is ever-changing and always dependant on other organisms [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Unless these conditions change in an evolving history of our cosmos, perhaps the most fundamental fallacy a human organism can make is identity-grasping, believing that there is a single independent identity, referred to as one's self, which is not changing and not dependent on anything else.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unless these conditions change in an evolving history of our cosmos, perhaps the most fundamental fallacy a human organism can make is identity-grasping, believing that there is a single independent identity, referred to as one's self, which is not changing and not dependent on anything else.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a broad class of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) that were widely used as insecticides in the past.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a broad class of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) that were widely used as insecticides in the past.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The atmosphere is a major pathway for the transport, deposition, degradation, and cycling of past and present SOCs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The atmosphere is a major pathway for the transport, deposition, degradation, and cycling of past and present SOCs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Past SOCs are defined as those that have been banned/restricted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Past SOCs are defined as those that have been banned/restricted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They do not have any point sources around a sampling site.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They do not have any point sources around a sampling site.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, present SOCs have ongoing uses and point/diffuse sources around a sampling site.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, present SOCs have ongoing uses and point/diffuse sources around a sampling site (Lee et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lee et al., 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "At low frequencies, the difference between the two solutions for the potential is very small.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At low frequencies, the difference between the two solutions for the potential is very small.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is not unexpected as the conductivity of the suspending media is of the order of 10 À4 S m À1 to 1 S m À1 and the conductivity of the glass is less than 10 À8 S m À1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is not unexpected as the conductivity of the suspending media is of the order of 10 À4 S m À1 to 1 S m À1 and the conductivity of the glass is less than 10 À8 S m À1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, the validity of the Neumann boundary condition can be seen by inserting the values for conductivity and frequency into Eq..", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, the validity of the Neumann boundary condition can be seen by inserting the values for conductivity and frequency into Eq. (14) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(14)" ] }, { "text": "In the high frequency limit, the ratio between the permittivity of water ($80) and glass ($2.56) is much less than the ratio for the conductivities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the high frequency limit, the ratio between the permittivity of water ($80) and glass ($2.56) is much less than the ratio for the conductivities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difference between the potential calculated with Neumann boundary conditions and that calculated with a glass boundary (with water as the electrolyte) is shown in Fig. A.1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference between the potential calculated with Neumann boundary conditions and that calculated with a glass boundary (with water as the electrolyte) is shown in Fig. A.1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The maximum difference can be seen to be $1% of the applied voltage, which occurs at the top of the cell (furthest away from the electrodes) falling to zero at the bottom surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The maximum difference can be seen to be $1% of the applied voltage, which occurs at the top of the cell (furthest away from the electrodes) falling to zero at the bottom surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difference is negligible where the electric field is highest at the electrode edge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference is negligible where the electric field is highest at the electrode edge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most popular and extensively consumed vegetable crops worldwide and a component of Mediterranean diet.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most popular and extensively consumed vegetable crops worldwide and a component of Mediterranean diet [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "This fruit has been associated with the reduced risk of chronic degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer, especially prostate cancer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This fruit has been associated with the reduced risk of chronic degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer, especially prostate cancer [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, consumption of tomato leads to decreased serum lipid levels and low-density lipoprotein oxidation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, consumption of tomato leads to decreased serum lipid levels and low-density lipoprotein oxidation [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "In a study that examined the relationship between the consumption of tomatoes and morbidity and mortality among 28,753 children aged 6-60 months, it was found that an intake of tomatoes for 2-3 days (compared with 0 days) was associated with a significant reduction in mortality (48%) and with a reduced risk of death associated with diarrhea.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a study that examined the relationship between the consumption of tomatoes and morbidity and mortality among 28,753 children aged 6-60 months, it was found that an intake of tomatoes for 2-3 days (compared with 0 days) was associated with a significant reduction in mortality (48%) and with a reduced risk of death associated with diarrhea [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Intake of tomatoes was also inversely associated with respiratory infections.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Intake of tomatoes was also inversely associated with respiratory infections [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Based on the LR test result, this study only focuses on the results of efficiency estimators in the translog function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the LR test result, this study only focuses on the results of efficiency estimators in the translog function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The estimated value of 3.65 (λ = σ u /σ v ) represents the relative ratio between the truncated standard errors in the inefficiency function and the standard errors in the random errors of the stochastic frontier function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The estimated value of 3.65 (λ = σ u /σ v ) represents the relative ratio between the truncated standard errors in the inefficiency function and the standard errors in the random errors of the stochastic frontier function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result indicates that any variation in technical inefficiency is a significant component of the total variation of output.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This result indicates that any variation in technical inefficiency is a significant component of the total variation of output [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "The technical inefficiency term, −U it , represents a loss in farm productivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The technical inefficiency term, −U it , represents a loss in farm productivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our empirical results reveal that age, education, gender, the debt ratio, and the share of decoupled income support are negatively associated with efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our empirical results reveal that age, education, gender, the debt ratio, and the share of decoupled income support are negatively associated with efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, family size appears to have a positive effect on efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, family size appears to have a positive effect on efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Many studies have investigated the effect of aging on productivity for many industries, and find different results depending on industrial characteristics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many studies have investigated the effect of aging on productivity for many industries, and find different results depending on industrial characteristics [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Even though aging is severe in the agricultural sector of many countries, due to rural-urban migration from industrialization and assuming a non-monotonic property of the effect, as suggested by Wang.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though aging is severe in the agricultural sector of many countries, due to rural-urban migration from industrialization and assuming a non-monotonic property of the effect, as suggested by Wang [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, this paper tests the impact of the current income subsidy on farm efficiency in Korea, and examines what factors are important to improve farm efficiency by exploring farm and farmer characteristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, this paper tests the impact of the current income subsidy on farm efficiency in Korea, and examines what factors are important to improve farm efficiency by exploring farm and farmer characteristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From the results, we also try to infer the role of aging on agricultural sustainable development in Korea, as well as the role of income subsidy or other key factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From the results, we also try to infer the role of aging on agricultural sustainable development in Korea, as well as the role of income subsidy or other key factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The progress in integrated circuits in past years shows that resonant cavity enhanced photodetectors are promising devices for optical interconnects, optical sensing applica− tions, and could be used as receivers in ultrashort optical connections.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The progress in integrated circuits in past years shows that resonant cavity enhanced photodetectors are promising devices for optical interconnects, optical sensing applica− tions, and could be used as receivers in ultrashort optical connections [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Inserting a photosensitive active medium into Fabry−Perrot resonator results in enhanced quantum efficiency due to multiple reflections between mirrors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Inserting a photosensitive active medium into Fabry−Perrot resonator results in enhanced quantum efficiency due to multiple reflections between mirrors [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "As mirrors the distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) are usu− ally used due to their high reflectivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As mirrors the distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) are usu− ally used due to their high reflectivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Resonant−cavity enhanced photodetector (RCE PD) possesses high speed operation and wavelength selectivity and it is proper device for data transfer systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Resonant−cavity enhanced photodetector (RCE PD) possesses high speed operation and wavelength selectivity and it is proper device for data transfer systems [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The presence of the cavity leads to a narrow bandwidth (BW) determined first of all by cavity length and reflectance of mirrors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of the cavity leads to a narrow bandwidth (BW) determined first of all by cavity length and reflectance of mirrors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, for the certain applications (e.g. high−speed telecommunications, optical interconnects and free−space communications) we require the receivers with the broad−band flat−topped spec− tral response.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, for the certain applications (e.g. high−speed telecommunications, optical interconnects and free−space communications) we require the receivers with the broad−band flat−topped spec− tral response.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, for application of the photodetector in bi−directional optical interconnects, the successful deci− sion of the cavity−mode misalignment problem is important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, for application of the photodetector in bi−directional optical interconnects, the successful deci− sion of the cavity−mode misalignment problem is important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even a slight mismatch of the cavity−mode wavelengths of paired VCSELs and RCE−PDs may considerably degrade the receiver sensitivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even a slight mismatch of the cavity−mode wavelengths of paired VCSELs and RCE−PDs may considerably degrade the receiver sensitivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cavity−mode tuning method offered earlier complicates fabrication of PDs, which can raise the production cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cavity−mode tuning method offered earlier complicates fabrication of PDs, which can raise the production cost [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, creation of the flat−topped quantum efficiency spectrum with as much as possible broad BW is an important task.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, creation of the flat−topped quantum efficiency spectrum with as much as possible broad BW is an important task [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Many researchers believe that the potential of the breadfruit seed has not been fully harnessed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many researchers believe that the potential of the breadfruit seed has not been fully harnessed [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "This is mainly due to the traditional manual means of processing the seed which produces a low yield and increases the cost of processed seeds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is mainly due to the traditional manual means of processing the seed which produces a low yield and increases the cost of processed seeds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The market price of the processed breadfruit can be lowered for local consumption as a staple food and enough quantity can be processed for raw material or industrial feedstock if the manual dehulling approach is replaced with mechanized dehulling and a storage process is adopted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The market price of the processed breadfruit can be lowered for local consumption as a staple food and enough quantity can be processed for raw material or industrial feedstock if the manual dehulling approach is replaced with mechanized dehulling and a storage process is adopted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "African breadfruit is characterized by a spherical shape, and a hard and spongy texture filled with seeds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "African breadfruit is characterized by a spherical shape, and a hard and spongy texture filled with seeds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The seeds are made up of the hull and inner edible endosperm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The seeds are made up of the hull and inner edible endosperm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are three main varieties of breadfruit: VarAfricana, Var Molis and Var Inverse.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are three main varieties of breadfruit: VarAfricana, Var Molis and Var Inverse [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "There are abundant breadfruit trees both in the savanna region and the eastern part of the country.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are abundant breadfruit trees both in the savanna region and the eastern part of the country.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the price of the processed breadfruit seeds is still relatively high compared to other seeds in the local market and there is often not enough quantity to satisfy local market demand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the price of the processed breadfruit seeds is still relatively high compared to other seeds in the local market and there is often not enough quantity to satisfy local market demand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "African breadfruit which belongs to the botanical family Maraceae is a source of highly rated and delicious traditional food in Africa including the eastern and southern regions of Nigeria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "African breadfruit which belongs to the botanical family Maraceae is a source of highly rated and delicious traditional food in Africa including the eastern and southern regions of Nigeria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has high nutritional value, containing about 40% carbohydrate and 17% protein with several minerals and vitamins, and is a rich source of vegetable oil.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has high nutritional value, containing about 40% carbohydrate and 17% protein with several minerals and vitamins, and is a rich source of vegetable oil [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Potential commercial and industrial benefits of breadfruit include raw materials for breakfast cereals and beverages, the production of soap, pharmaceuticals, flour for making biscuits, and paints.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Potential commercial and industrial benefits of breadfruit include raw materials for breakfast cereals and beverages, the production of soap, pharmaceuticals, flour for making biscuits, and paints [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Another highlighted potential of breadfruit is the shell which is rich in potash and may be used as filler, bedding, feed cakes and meals for livestock and the polishing of abrasives.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another highlighted potential of breadfruit is the shell which is rich in potash and may be used as filler, bedding, feed cakes and meals for livestock and the polishing of abrasives [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Sugars also limit the spread of the pathogen by isolating the infected cells, and protect the tissues against water loss.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sugars also limit the spread of the pathogen by isolating the infected cells, and protect the tissues against water loss (Herbers et al. 1996; Streuter et al. 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Herbers et al. 1996; Streuter et al. 1989)" ] }, { "text": "Soluble sugars directly and indirectly play a significant role in resistance processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soluble sugars directly and indirectly play a significant role in resistance processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A high concentration of soluble sugars may directly limit the pathogen colonization of the cells as a result of increased osmotic potential.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A high concentration of soluble sugars may directly limit the pathogen colonization of the cells as a result of increased osmotic potential (Farrar 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Farrar 1989)" ] }, { "text": "Fungal pathogens of plants have a definite range of tolerance of water potential necessary for optimal growth and development, and accumulation of sugars and other osmotically active substances decreases water potential in the host cells and may limit the pathogen development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fungal pathogens of plants have a definite range of tolerance of water potential necessary for optimal growth and development, and accumulation of sugars and other osmotically active substances decreases water potential in the host cells and may limit the pathogen development (Cook and Papendick 1978) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cook and Papendick 1978)" ] }, { "text": "This is how the resistance of grasses to a complex of pathogens causing pink snow mold was explained; additionally, the cultivars resistant to that complex of pathogens were characterized by low water content.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is how the resistance of grasses to a complex of pathogens causing pink snow mold was explained; additionally, the cultivars resistant to that complex of pathogens were characterized by low water content (Tronsmo 1986; Yoshida et al. 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47", "BIBREF51" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tronsmo 1986; Yoshida et al. 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Indirectly, sugars may affect plant disease resistance genes; hexoses induce the expression of many genes by hexokinase signal transduction, e.g. by activating the genes responsible for the production of peroxidase and pathogenesis-related proteins.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indirectly, sugars may affect plant disease resistance genes; hexoses induce the expression of many genes by hexokinase signal transduction, e.g. by activating the genes responsible for the production of peroxidase and pathogenesis-related proteins.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hexoses can also be a source of defensive compound precursors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hexoses can also be a source of defensive compound precursors (Herbers et al. 1996; Streuter et al. 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Herbers et al. 1996; Streuter et al. 1989)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Accurate computation of radiative transfer through clouds is important to understanding and predicting the earth's climate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accurate computation of radiative transfer through clouds is important to understanding and predicting the earth's climate (Houghton et al. 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Houghton et al. 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Historically, clouds have been modeled as homogeneous slabs with planar boundaries parallel to the earth's surface, but this approximation is known to have limited application.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Historically, clouds have been modeled as homogeneous slabs with planar boundaries parallel to the earth's surface, but this approximation is known to have limited application (Harshvardhan and Thomas 1984; Welch and Wielicki 1984) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Harshvardhan and Thomas 1984; Welch and Wielicki 1984)" ] }, { "text": "Ignoring the structure and variability of cloud fields can lead to biases in radiative transfer calculations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ignoring the structure and variability of cloud fields can lead to biases in radiative transfer calculations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is especially likely for cumulus or other broken cloud systems, which most clearly deviate from the plane-parallel assumptions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is especially likely for cumulus or other broken cloud systems, which most clearly deviate from the plane-parallel assumptions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Artificial intelligence (AI) is a timely and germane topic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Artificial intelligence (AI) is a timely and germane topic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "No longer the esoteric domain of academics and researchers alone, the public is well aware of the extensive progress in the field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No longer the esoteric domain of academics and researchers alone, the public is well aware of the extensive progress in the field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mainstream media has brought practical applications such as autonomous vehicles (e.g. Tesla) and leisure game victories (e.g., Waston, AlphaGo) to the forefront of daily life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mainstream media has brought practical applications such as autonomous vehicles (e.g. Tesla) and leisure game victories (e.g., Waston, AlphaGo) to the forefront of daily life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thinking machines are a realization of science fiction, writ large.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thinking machines are a realization of science fiction, writ large.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Certainly, the positive aspects of continuing to develop and deploy such systems are disruptive.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Certainly, the positive aspects of continuing to develop and deploy such systems are disruptive (Sotala & Yampolskiy, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sotala & Yampolskiy, 2016)" ] }, { "text": "However, such narrow AI operates in limited operational scope and presents little direct risk to human life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, such narrow AI operates in limited operational scope and presents little direct risk to human life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, a synthetic intelligence with the ability to dynamically operate in general scopes may indeed present direct and sustained danger.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, a synthetic intelligence with the ability to dynamically operate in general scopes may indeed present direct and sustained danger.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Both the signal s[n] and its spectrum S [k] are N -periodic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the signal s[n] and its spectrum S [k] are N -periodic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Equation (4) correspond to counterclockwise and clockwise movements on the unit circle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Equation (4) correspond to counterclockwise and clockwise movements on the unit circle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lowest frequency harmonic H 0 is a constant related to the mean point of the sampled boundary, while the highest frequency harmonic H N/2 oscillates at the Nyquist frequency, one-half the sampling rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lowest frequency harmonic H 0 is a constant related to the mean point of the sampled boundary, while the highest frequency harmonic H N/2 oscillates at the Nyquist frequency, one-half the sampling rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This frequency-based structure explains the good information-packing capability of the DFT when applied to many natural signals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This frequency-based structure explains the good information-packing capability of the DFT when applied to many natural signals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inputs from middle-and high-frequency harmonics may be ignored because they convey minor details and noise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inputs from middle-and high-frequency harmonics may be ignored because they convey minor details and noise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By reducing their amplitudes to zero, the signal is low-pass filtered, so the inverse DFT reconstructs a smoothed boundary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By reducing their amplitudes to zero, the signal is low-pass filtered, so the inverse DFT reconstructs a smoothed boundary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The accuracy of this approximation can be measured both in the spatial domain and in the frequency domain by measuring the meansquare error (MSE), or by calculating the percentage of remaining signal energy (the sum-square of the amplitudes).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The accuracy of this approximation can be measured both in the spatial domain and in the frequency domain by measuring the meansquare error (MSE), or by calculating the percentage of remaining signal energy (the sum-square of the amplitudes).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Statistically, the optimal linear transform for packing a set of normally distributed signals is not the DFT, but the KLT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Statistically, the optimal linear transform for packing a set of normally distributed signals is not the DFT, but the KLT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both the KLT and the normalized version of the DFT rotate the coordinate system in the vector space C N .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the KLT and the normalized version of the DFT rotate the coordinate system in the vector space C N .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because rotations and translations preserve angles and lengths, either transform can be used for linear ordering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because rotations and translations preserve angles and lengths, either transform can be used for linear ordering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The KLT basis functions, which are the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix between the signals, are obviously data dependent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The KLT basis functions, which are the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix between the signals, are obviously data dependent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, the KLT is rarely used for data compression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, the KLT is rarely used for data compression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is a computationally expensive transform.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a computationally expensive transform (Rao and Yip 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rao and Yip 1990)" ] }, { "text": "Conversely the DFT basis functions are data independent since the harmonic frequencies are analytically predetermined by the choice of N .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conversely the DFT basis functions are data independent since the harmonic frequencies are analytically predetermined by the choice of N .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, although suboptimal, the DFT is nevertheless particularly effective at compressing most naturally-occurring closed shapes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, although suboptimal, the DFT is nevertheless particularly effective at compressing most naturally-occurring closed shapes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A wide range of morphometric methods is available for analyzing and quantifying two-dimensional curves representing cross-sections or projections of natural objects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A wide range of morphometric methods is available for analyzing and quantifying two-dimensional curves representing cross-sections or projections of natural objects (Verrecchia 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Verrecchia 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Most of the corresponding mathematical approaches handle closed and open curves alike, but unfortunately the spectral Fourier methods usually employed often prove most effective with closed outlines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the corresponding mathematical approaches handle closed and open curves alike, but unfortunately the spectral Fourier methods usually employed often prove most effective with closed outlines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All these approaches can be classified according to the type of morphological information targeted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All these approaches can be classified according to the type of morphological information targeted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The discrete cosine transform is a DFT-related transform that is widely used in image, video, and audio signal compression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The discrete cosine transform is a DFT-related transform that is widely used in image, video, and audio signal compression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many international standards such as JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), MPEG-2 (Motion Pictures Experts Group), and MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3) are based on variants of the DCT.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many international standards such as JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), MPEG-2 (Motion Pictures Experts Group), and MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3) are based on variants of the DCT (Rao and Yip 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rao and Yip 1990)" ] }, { "text": "Reasons for this choice are: (1) it is closely related to the DFT and benefits from the same algorithmic optimization, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT); (2) it has better frequency resolution than the DFT; (3) it has very useful information-packing properties; (4) it can be applied to aperiodic signals; and (5) it transforms real-valued signals into real-valued spectra.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reasons for this choice are: (1) it is closely related to the DFT and benefits from the same algorithmic optimization, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT); (2) it has better frequency resolution than the DFT; (3) it has very useful information-packing properties; (4) it can be applied to aperiodic signals; and (5) it transforms real-valued signals into real-valued spectra.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, we propose the DPSIP model framework to address the process, complexity and the relationship between environmental impacts and developmental effectiveness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we propose the DPSIP model framework to address the process, complexity and the relationship between environmental impacts and developmental effectiveness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This model can help researchers overcome the limitations associated with the traditional DPSIR, with which assessing two or more impacts at a time is difficult; DPSIR is also difficult to apply to existing or future policies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This model can help researchers overcome the limitations associated with the traditional DPSIR, with which assessing two or more impacts at a time is difficult; DPSIR is also difficult to apply to existing or future policies [29] [30] [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29] [30] [31]" ] }, { "text": "For cities with rapid urbanization, which is similar to what is occurring in Tainan City, DPSIP could generate significant benefits for the entire urban development management system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For cities with rapid urbanization, which is similar to what is occurring in Tainan City, DPSIP could generate significant benefits for the entire urban development management system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The urban planners, urban managers, and policymakers could obtain useful information from relevant evaluation results and create policies to improve the efficiency of urban development and could mitigate the global environmental impact caused by urban land use changes according to the factors affecting environmental change efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The urban planners, urban managers, and policymakers could obtain useful information from relevant evaluation results and create policies to improve the efficiency of urban development and could mitigate the global environmental impact caused by urban land use changes according to the factors affecting environmental change efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "For many cities, changes in land use are required to meet the daily needs of residents and the demands of economic development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For many cities, changes in land use are required to meet the daily needs of residents and the demands of economic development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The natural environment may suffer the most direct and serious consequences of urbanization due to various interacting factors, such as the economy, society, and culture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The natural environment may suffer the most direct and serious consequences of urbanization due to various interacting factors, such as the economy, society, and culture [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "Although changes in land use will affect the environment, they will also provide income, employment, and other economic benefits to cities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although changes in land use will affect the environment, they will also provide income, employment, and other economic benefits to cities [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Generally, conventional equations are used for stress calculations in interference-fit designs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, conventional equations are used for stress calculations in interference-fit designs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, if the component shows elastic-plastic behavior the process becomes more complex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, if the component shows elastic-plastic behavior the process becomes more complex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the centrifugal compressor starts then the impeller gains higher temperature swiftly and shaft remains in the vicinity of ambient temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the centrifugal compressor starts then the impeller gains higher temperature swiftly and shaft remains in the vicinity of ambient temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This leads to transient state of operation, wherein the boundary conditions of the system are changed continuously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This leads to transient state of operation, wherein the boundary conditions of the system are changed continuously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such interference fitted connections the occurrence of plastic deformation zone and its distribution study becomes dominant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In such interference fitted connections the occurrence of plastic deformation zone and its distribution study becomes dominant [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Taper fit plays an important role to serve the purpose especially in transient condition to take care for higher stresses developed in conventional shrink fitted impellers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Taper fit plays an important role to serve the purpose especially in transient condition to take care for higher stresses developed in conventional shrink fitted impellers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Tapered interference fits can avoid the influence of keyways on the parts strength and transfer high torques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tapered interference fits can avoid the influence of keyways on the parts strength and transfer high torques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study done on the influence of taper on the interference fit between a propeller hub and a shaft reveals improved stress distribution of the propeller hub and an effective approach to increase the connection strength.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The study done on the influence of taper on the interference fit between a propeller hub and a shaft reveals improved stress distribution of the propeller hub and an effective approach to increase the connection strength [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "For evaluating the quality of interference fits an improved design method utilizes safety factor for assuring component strength and factor of safety for transmitting desired power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For evaluating the quality of interference fits an improved design method utilizes safety factor for assuring component strength and factor of safety for transmitting desired power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Employing maximum and minimum interference limit provides a quantitative guideline for interference fit design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Employing maximum and minimum interference limit provides a quantitative guideline for interference fit design [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Also, the pressure generated at the contact surfaces of two axisymmetrical components assembled together with an interference fit, can be evaluated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, the pressure generated at the contact surfaces of two axisymmetrical components assembled together with an interference fit, can be evaluated [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Tapered joint can be considered as a power transmission component which transfers rotational power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tapered joint can be considered as a power transmission component which transfers rotational power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tapered joint hardly induces any stress concentration because of no use of key or cotter to prevent rotational slip in addition to advantage of ease in assembly or disassembly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tapered joint hardly induces any stress concentration because of no use of key or cotter to prevent rotational slip in addition to advantage of ease in assembly or disassembly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a centrifugal compressor if the stresses are reduced then the load carrying capacity can be increased.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a centrifugal compressor if the stresses are reduced then the load carrying capacity can be increased.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The compressor would be able to run at higher speed to meet the pressure requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The compressor would be able to run at higher speed to meet the pressure requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A higher interference fit may induce defects in the form of fatigue cracks occurring in load-carrying section and affects the ability of a structural component to transfer the required loads, which may result in structural component damage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A higher interference fit may induce defects in the form of fatigue cracks occurring in load-carrying section and affects the ability of a structural component to transfer the required loads, which may result in structural component damage [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Competition is another important factor in the sporting success of sportswomen.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Competition is another important factor in the sporting success of sportswomen.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It certainly is an essential factor which helps the athletes keep their expertise and shape intact, and make more progress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It certainly is an essential factor which helps the athletes keep their expertise and shape intact, and make more progress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High-level contests improve the general standards in internationally expert athletes, and add to their experiences both in games and in going to international fields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High-level contests improve the general standards in internationally expert athletes, and add to their experiences both in games and in going to international fields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Not only do the participation of internationally experienced athletes in the national competitions, it also highlights the promising athletes to be chosen for future events and championships.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Not only do the participation of internationally experienced athletes in the national competitions, it also highlights the promising athletes to be chosen for future events and championships.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, many sports organizations consider the national competitions as a building block of success in international sport fields.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, many sports organizations consider the national competitions as a building block of success in international sport fields (Baker & Logan, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Baker & Logan, 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The facts of ever increasing energy consumption, diminishing reservoirs of fossil fuels and threatening environmental problems awaked the scientists to find acceptable fuel alternatives both from the ecological and energetic points of views.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The facts of ever increasing energy consumption, diminishing reservoirs of fossil fuels and threatening environmental problems awaked the scientists to find acceptable fuel alternatives both from the ecological and energetic points of views.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, various green energy carriers have been proposed, among which hydrogen is a promising candidate due to its unique characteristics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, various green energy carriers have been proposed, among which hydrogen is a promising candidate due to its unique characteristics (Akil and Jayanthi, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Akil and Jayanthi, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "However, the majority of hydrogen is currently derived from non-renewable sources such as methane conversion and oil/naphtha.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the majority of hydrogen is currently derived from non-renewable sources such as methane conversion and oil/naphtha (Ewan and Allen, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ewan and Allen, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, clean technologies should be developed to make hydrogen a more attractive energy carrier.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, clean technologies should be developed to make hydrogen a more attractive energy carrier.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this purpose, biological approaches are among the emerging opportunities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For this purpose, biological approaches are among the emerging opportunities (Hallenbeck, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hallenbeck, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "In fact, the dark fermentative way to produce hydrogen is one of the most extensively studied fields and is currently the most promising one when practicality is considered.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, the dark fermentative way to produce hydrogen is one of the most extensively studied fields and is currently the most promising one when practicality is considered (Han et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012; Diamantis et al., 2013; Sarma et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF33", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Han et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012; Diamantis et al., 2013; Sarma et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "However, utilization of abundant and inexpensive lignocellulosic wastes, such as de-oiled Jatropha waste (DJW) needs adequate microbial consortia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, utilization of abundant and inexpensive lignocellulosic wastes, such as de-oiled Jatropha waste (DJW) needs adequate microbial consortia (Fan et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fan et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "To obtain such bacterial populations, the seed pretreatment is often a key step.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To obtain such bacterial populations, the seed pretreatment is often a key step.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the most appropriate technique to enrich the hydrogen-producing strains has to be found specifically for each case due to the diversities in the microbial population structure of seed sources of different origins.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the most appropriate technique to enrich the hydrogen-producing strains has to be found specifically for each case due to the diversities in the microbial population structure of seed sources of different origins (Mohammadi et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mohammadi et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "In addition to the importance of seed pretreatment, it is also known that biotechnological hydrogen formation is influenced by the environmental conditions applied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the importance of seed pretreatment, it is also known that biotechnological hydrogen formation is influenced by the environmental conditions applied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among them, temperature, pH and substrate concentration are most crucial.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among them, temperature, pH and substrate concentration are most crucial (Hawkes et al., 2007; Wang and Wan, 2009a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hawkes et al., 2007; Wang and Wan, 2009a)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, these factors must carefully be optimized to improve hydrogen generation e.g. by the experimental design approach.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, these factors must carefully be optimized to improve hydrogen generation e.g. by the experimental design approach (Wang and Wan, 2009b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wang and Wan, 2009b)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In our previous study, it was shown that the DJW could be successfully converted into hydrogen and methane by untreated, mixed microbial flora.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In our previous study, it was shown that the DJW could be successfully converted into hydrogen and methane by untreated, mixed microbial flora (Kumar and Lin, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kumar and Lin, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "In this work, firstly, the selection of feasible seed pretreatment was attempted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work, firstly, the selection of feasible seed pretreatment was attempted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Subsequently, the enhancement of hydrogen production was aimed by optimizing the substrate (i.e. DJW) concentration, pH and temperature using the experimental design approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently, the enhancement of hydrogen production was aimed by optimizing the substrate (i.e. DJW) concentration, pH and temperature using the experimental design approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, a new pavement method (UHPC overlay) is proposed, aiming to reduce the stress range in the orthotropic steel deck.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, a new pavement method (UHPC overlay) is proposed, aiming to reduce the stress range in the orthotropic steel deck.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The stress distribution in the orthotropic steel deck with the new pavement and the conventional asphalt concrete pavement is studied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The stress distribution in the orthotropic steel deck with the new pavement and the conventional asphalt concrete pavement is studied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The asphalt concrete exhibits a viscoelastic material behaviour, and its elastic modulus is sensitive to temperature variation, which shows an exponential function relationship by tests in laboratory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The asphalt concrete exhibits a viscoelastic material behaviour, and its elastic modulus is sensitive to temperature variation, which shows an exponential function relationship by tests in laboratory [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The cement-based material is a better option compared with the conventional pavement, because its elastic modulus keeps steady when temperature changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cement-based material is a better option compared with the conventional pavement, because its elastic modulus keeps steady when temperature changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the disadvantages of the cement-based material are obvious.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the disadvantages of the cement-based material are obvious.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It increases the dead load and is prone to develop cracks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It increases the dead load and is prone to develop cracks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Orthotropic steel decks are widely used in large-span steel bridges for many advantages: comparatively lightweight, thin structural depth, and high load capacity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Orthotropic steel decks are widely used in large-span steel bridges for many advantages: comparatively lightweight, thin structural depth, and high load capacity [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, cracks can gradually be developed in the steel deck leading to a deteriorated state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, cracks can gradually be developed in the steel deck leading to a deteriorated state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, regular inspections performed since 2003 in the HuMen Bridge in China (Figures 1 and 2 ) have identified many cracks in the orthotropic steel deck.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, regular inspections performed since 2003 in the HuMen Bridge in China (Figures 1 and 2 ) have identified many cracks in the orthotropic steel deck [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "And the pavement deterioration is as serious as the fatigue problems of the orthotropic steel deck.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And the pavement deterioration is as serious as the fatigue problems of the orthotropic steel deck.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pavement in some bridges cannot satisfy the serviceability, and in this situation, it has to be replaced with a new pavement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pavement in some bridges cannot satisfy the serviceability, and in this situation, it has to be replaced with a new pavement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Of course, this flow is still diffeomorphism-invariant and thus is not parabolic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of course, this flow is still diffeomorphism-invariant and thus is not parabolic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As in Deturck For wisely chosen V , this new flow is elliptic in the direction of closed forms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As in Deturck For wisely chosen V , this new flow is elliptic in the direction of closed forms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We hope to show that the new flow has short time existence and then, by applying suitable time-dependent diffeomorphisms to get a solution of the flow.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We hope to show that the new flow has short time existence and then, by applying suitable time-dependent diffeomorphisms to get a solution of the flow (5) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(5)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Due to technological advancements during the last years, sensor systems became smaller and smaller.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to technological advancements during the last years, sensor systems became smaller and smaller.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They can be used to measure a vast heterogeneity of environmental data and are already integrated in different kinds of electronic appliances and gadgets like Apple's popular iPhone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They can be used to measure a vast heterogeneity of environmental data and are already integrated in different kinds of electronic appliances and gadgets like Apple's popular iPhone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These devices can be utilized as multi sensor platforms to recognize activity and context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These devices can be utilized as multi sensor platforms to recognize activity and context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the future we will see an ever larger availability of already deployed sensors, for example in smart phones, smart watches, cars or smart homes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the future we will see an ever larger availability of already deployed sensors, for example in smart phones, smart watches, cars or smart homes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We want to use this already deployed sensor infrastructure to recognize people's activities and the context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We want to use this already deployed sensor infrastructure to recognize people's activities and the context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The challenge altered from installing more and more application specific sensors (that have to be maintained, consume power and may jam each other) towards utilizing the already deployed sensing infrastructure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The challenge altered from installing more and more application specific sensors (that have to be maintained, consume power and may jam each other) towards utilizing the already deployed sensing infrastructure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We refer to this approach as opportunistic activity and context recognition.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We refer to this approach as opportunistic activity and context recognition [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It overcomes the limitations that application specific sensor deployment is not desirable for a widespread use of activity-and context-aware systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It overcomes the limitations that application specific sensor deployment is not desirable for a widespread use of activity-and context-aware systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Epilepsy is a major neurological disorder and up to 5% of the world population develops epilepsy in their Lifetime.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Epilepsy is a major neurological disorder and up to 5% of the world population develops epilepsy in their Lifetime (Binder, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Binder, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Epileptogenesisis associated with the loss of a subset of GABAergic neurons as well as altered expression of GABA receptor subunits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Epileptogenesisis associated with the loss of a subset of GABAergic neurons as well as altered expression of GABA receptor subunits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Altered physiology and pharmacology of both GABAA and GABAB receptors may contribute to hyper excitability in hippocampal and cortical networks, and specific knowledge of receptor subtype pharmacology may suggest novel therapeutic targets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Altered physiology and pharmacology of both GABAA and GABAB receptors may contribute to hyper excitability in hippocampal and cortical networks, and specific knowledge of receptor subtype pharmacology may suggest novel therapeutic targets (Porwal and Sharma, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Porwal and Sharma, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Herbal medicine has long been used to treat neural symptoms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Herbal medicine has long been used to treat neural symptoms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the precise mechanisms of action of herbal drugs have yet to be determined, some of them have been shown to exert antiinflammatory and/or antioxidant effects in a variety of peripheral systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the precise mechanisms of action of herbal drugs have yet to be determined, some of them have been shown to exert antiinflammatory and/or antioxidant effects in a variety of peripheral systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Now, as increasing evidence indicates that neurogliaderived chronic inflammatory responses play a pathological role in the central nervous system, anti-inflammatory herbal medicine and its constituents are being proved to be a potent neuroprotector against various brain pathologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Now, as increasing evidence indicates that neurogliaderived chronic inflammatory responses play a pathological role in the central nervous system, anti-inflammatory herbal medicine and its constituents are being proved to be a potent neuroprotector against various brain pathologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Structural diversity of medicinal herbs makes them a valuable source of novel lead compounds against therapeutic targets that are newly discovered by genomics, proteomics, and high-throughput screening.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Structural diversity of medicinal herbs makes them a valuable source of novel lead compounds against therapeutic targets that are newly discovered by genomics, proteomics, and high-throughput screening (Raza et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Raza et al., 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Several plants of the families Euphorbiaceae, Leguminaceae, Labiatae, Liliaceae, Gentianaceae, Solanaceae, and Umbelliferae are used for the treatment of epilepsy in the Indian traditional medicinal System.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several plants of the families Euphorbiaceae, Leguminaceae, Labiatae, Liliaceae, Gentianaceae, Solanaceae, and Umbelliferae are used for the treatment of epilepsy in the Indian traditional medicinal System (Saluja and Santani, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Saluja and Santani, 1994)" ] }, { "text": "Annona squamosa Linn., Annonaceae, commonly known as sitaphal and custard-apple or sugar-apple, is a native of West Indies and is now cultivated throughout India, mainly for its edible fruit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Annona squamosa Linn., Annonaceae, commonly known as sitaphal and custard-apple or sugar-apple, is a native of West Indies and is now cultivated throughout India, mainly for its edible fruit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The alcoholic extract of defatted seeds of Annona squamosa has been reported to possess anticonvulsant activities in rats leaf extract of this plant has been used as antidiabetics, hypolipidemic, anticancer, expectorant and insecticidal agents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The alcoholic extract of defatted seeds of Annona squamosa has been reported to possess anticonvulsant activities in rats leaf extract of this plant has been used as antidiabetics, hypolipidemic, anticancer, expectorant and insecticidal agents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The leaves contain several alkaloids (annonaine), flavanoids and acetogenins.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The leaves contain several alkaloids (annonaine), flavanoids and acetogenins (Wu et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wu et al., 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Many students today use online interactions for social purposes, but in higher education students also need to develop academic reading and writing, inquiry and problem solving to improve their learning outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many students today use online interactions for social purposes, but in higher education students also need to develop academic reading and writing, inquiry and problem solving to improve their learning outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Academic assignments such as reports, articles and project presentations are complex types of work; accordingly, there is a need for more differentiated collaborative assessment processes, especially in distance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Academic assignments such as reports, articles and project presentations are complex types of work; accordingly, there is a need for more differentiated collaborative assessment processes, especially in distance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this context peer assessment processes may develop students' creative-and critical-abilities, and support meta-cognitive learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this context peer assessment processes may develop students' creative-and critical-abilities, and support meta-cognitive learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, one aim of this study is to investigate in what ways the combination of collaborative peer-and selfassessment in higher distance education can be a tool for learning in a formative or creative way.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, one aim of this study is to investigate in what ways the combination of collaborative peer-and selfassessment in higher distance education can be a tool for learning in a formative or creative way (Wiliam, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wiliam, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Another aim is to determine to which extent students aware of the cognitive aspects of their learning in their self-assessments?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another aim is to determine to which extent students aware of the cognitive aspects of their learning in their self-assessments?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Can collaborative peer assessment processes be one way for students to identify strengths and weaknesses in their own and others' work?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Can collaborative peer assessment processes be one way for students to identify strengths and weaknesses in their own and others' work?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Can such processes support their creative and critical ability to reflect and assess in a appropriate ways?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Can such processes support their creative and critical ability to reflect and assess in a appropriate ways?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Typologies characterized by unhealthy behavior patterns appeared to be consistently comprised of predominantly older adolescents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Typologies characterized by unhealthy behavior patterns appeared to be consistently comprised of predominantly older adolescents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is unknown, however, whether younger adolescents who engage in high levels of physical activity and low sedentary behavior continue this health promoting combination as they age.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is unknown, however, whether younger adolescents who engage in high levels of physical activity and low sedentary behavior continue this health promoting combination as they age.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To date, only one activity-related typology study employed a longitudinal design assessing long term physical activity and sedentary behavior engagement dependent on baseline typologies, however, that study examined independent changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior into young adulthood.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To date, only one activity-related typology study employed a longitudinal design assessing long term physical activity and sedentary behavior engagement dependent on baseline typologies, however, that study examined independent changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior into young adulthood [54] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[54]" ] }, { "text": "Recently, researchers have begun utilizing growth trajectory modelling to assess developmental trajectories of health behaviors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, researchers have begun utilizing growth trajectory modelling to assess developmental trajectories of health behaviors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, no studies have explored the trajectories of physical activity and sedentary behavior typologies during childhood or adolescence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, no studies have explored the trajectories of physical activity and sedentary behavior typologies during childhood or adolescence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Future studies should assess long term maintenance, or trajectories, of physical activity and sedentary behavior based on typology membership.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future studies should assess long term maintenance, or trajectories, of physical activity and sedentary behavior based on typology membership.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, there were no consistent differences in typology membership for boys and girls regardless of the typology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, there were no consistent differences in typology membership for boys and girls regardless of the typology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In submerged arc welding (SAW) process, the weld pool and the region around it are covered by a blanket of granular flux.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In submerged arc welding (SAW) process, the weld pool and the region around it are covered by a blanket of granular flux.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This makes it infeasible to observe the temperature profile directly using either infrared thermometer or camera.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This makes it infeasible to observe the temperature profile directly using either infrared thermometer or camera.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thermocouple could provide information regarding temperature at a point, but due to practical difficulties, like their interaction with the measurement, they cannot be used in sufficiently large numbers to provide spatial resolution necessary to capture temperature pattern reliably and accurately.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thermocouple could provide information regarding temperature at a point, but due to practical difficulties, like their interaction with the measurement, they cannot be used in sufficiently large numbers to provide spatial resolution necessary to capture temperature pattern reliably and accurately [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Though the experimental methodology followed in this paper allows measurement of temperature close to weld line, it still does not completely solve the problem of direct observation of the weld pool, thereby failing to analyze the performance of the FEA model closer to the weld pool.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though the experimental methodology followed in this paper allows measurement of temperature close to weld line, it still does not completely solve the problem of direct observation of the weld pool, thereby failing to analyze the performance of the FEA model closer to the weld pool.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the present work has validated the accuracy of FEA modeling in prediction of temperature profile sufficiently close to the weld region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the present work has validated the accuracy of FEA modeling in prediction of temperature profile sufficiently close to the weld region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Once the credibility of FEA has been established, it opens the door to modeling and understanding a number of other properties associated with welding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once the credibility of FEA has been established, it opens the door to modeling and understanding a number of other properties associated with welding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The heat affected zone (HAZ) can be predicted by plotting all the points whose maximum temperature reaches more than recrystallization temperature 973 K but less than melting point temperature (1683 K).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The heat affected zone (HAZ) can be predicted by plotting all the points whose maximum temperature reaches more than recrystallization temperature 973 K but less than melting point temperature (1683 K) [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The temperature profile obtained from the transient thermal FE analysis can be used as an input loading condition for uncoupled structural analysis, which assumes that structural loads act independently of thermal loads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The temperature profile obtained from the transient thermal FE analysis can be used as an input loading condition for uncoupled structural analysis, which assumes that structural loads act independently of thermal loads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly, the knowledge of temperature history of the plate can shed a significant insight on the microstructure of the weld region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, the knowledge of temperature history of the plate can shed a significant insight on the microstructure of the weld region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the context of LBSs and mobile users, location kanonymity refers to k-anonymous usage of location information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the context of LBSs and mobile users, location kanonymity refers to k-anonymous usage of location information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A subject is considered k-anonymous with respect to location information if and only if the location information sent from a mobile user to a LBS is indistinguishable from the location information of at least k − 1 other subjects (e.g. different mobile nodes).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A subject is considered k-anonymous with respect to location information if and only if the location information sent from a mobile user to a LBS is indistinguishable from the location information of at least k − 1 other subjects (e.g. different mobile nodes) [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Location perturbation is an effective technique in dealing with location privacy breaches exemplified by the above cases and is effective for supporting location k-anonymity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Location perturbation is an effective technique in dealing with location privacy breaches exemplified by the above cases and is effective for supporting location k-anonymity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the location information sent by each mobile node is perturbed by replacing the position of the mobile node with a coarser grained spatial range, such that there are several other mobile nodes within that range, say k of them, then the adversary will have uncertainty in matching the mobile node to a location-identity association she has obtained through external observation or knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the location information sent by each mobile node is perturbed by replacing the position of the mobile node with a coarser grained spatial range, such that there are several other mobile nodes within that range, say k of them, then the adversary will have uncertainty in matching the mobile node to a location-identity association she has obtained through external observation or knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This uncertainty will increase with the increasing value of k, providing better privacy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This uncertainty will increase with the increasing value of k, providing better privacy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Results for this group also showed a negative association between friend support and quality of alternatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Results for this group also showed a negative association between friend support and quality of alternatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If early emerging adulthood is a phase for interpersonal exploration (e.g., new friendships), individuals may need to acquire, share, and validate social norms from friends regarding the social acceptance of interest in alternative partners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If early emerging adulthood is a phase for interpersonal exploration (e.g., new friendships), individuals may need to acquire, share, and validate social norms from friends regarding the social acceptance of interest in alternative partners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These shared social norms possibly convey romantic monogamy, exclusivity, and commitment, and become highly salient issues among these individuals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These shared social norms possibly convey romantic monogamy, exclusivity, and commitment, and become highly salient issues among these individuals (Giordano, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Giordano, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "First, results showed the expected pattern of correlations between perceived social support and relationship quality in both age groups.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "First, results showed the expected pattern of correlations between perceived social support and relationship quality in both age groups (Felmlee, 2001; Sprecher & Felmlee, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF58" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Felmlee, 2001; Sprecher & Felmlee, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, results of the multigroup structural equation modeling also validated the IM assumptions in both age groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, results of the multigroup structural equation modeling also validated the IM assumptions in both age groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For EEA and MEA, commitment was positively associated with satisfaction and investments and negatively correlated with quality of alternatives.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For EEA and MEA, commitment was positively associated with satisfaction and investments and negatively correlated with quality of alternatives (Le & Agnew, 2003; Rusbult et al., 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37", "BIBREF51" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Le & Agnew, 2003; Rusbult et al., 1998)" ] }, { "text": "These results further validate the basic tenets of the IM and show its robustness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results further validate the basic tenets of the IM and show its robustness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, and most importantly, we extended the IM and showed that perceived social support has an important and distinctive role for both EEA and MEA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, and most importantly, we extended the IM and showed that perceived social support has an important and distinctive role for both EEA and MEA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, our results showed an improvement in model fit when adding these measures to the original model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, our results showed an improvement in model fit when adding these measures to the original model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "One of the biggest limitations of our study is that it was retrospective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the biggest limitations of our study is that it was retrospective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As an example, assessment of the severity of the pain was based on the attending phycisian's interpretation of the patient's pain and no strict criteria such as self-evaluation by a visual analog scale was used.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As an example, assessment of the severity of the pain was based on the attending phycisian's interpretation of the patient's pain and no strict criteria such as self-evaluation by a visual analog scale was used [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "This may lead to a substantial interobserver difference in graded pain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may lead to a substantial interobserver difference in graded pain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is nonetheless a fair agreement between physicians and patients' estimates of pain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is nonetheless a fair agreement between physicians and patients' estimates of pain [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "The quality of US data used in this study relies in the fact the fact that the information was not gathered from a written report in the patient's notes, but that they were obtained by re-interpreting standardised sonograms blind to surgical findings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The quality of US data used in this study relies in the fact the fact that the information was not gathered from a written report in the patient's notes, but that they were obtained by re-interpreting standardised sonograms blind to surgical findings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Patients for whom we did not retrieve standardised transvaginal sonograms were excluded from the study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Patients for whom we did not retrieve standardised transvaginal sonograms were excluded from the study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, prospective validation studies of samples from different centres are important to evaluate the actual predictive ability of a diagnostic model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, prospective validation studies of samples from different centres are important to evaluate the actual predictive ability of a diagnostic model [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The strongest program effects were in the areas of safety, parenting practices, the home environment, and mobilization of resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strongest program effects were in the areas of safety, parenting practices, the home environment, and mobilization of resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The safety practices are an important outcome indicator, because unintentional injuries are a leading cause of child death.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The safety practices are an important outcome indicator, because unintentional injuries are a leading cause of child death (Deal, Gomby, Zippiroli, & Behrman, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Deal, Gomby, Zippiroli, & Behrman, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The safety scale had low reliability but when we examined individual items we also found significant differences between the Healthy Families and control group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The safety scale had low reliability but when we examined individual items we also found significant differences between the Healthy Families and control group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Virtually every aspect of our everyday routine actions is embedded in a sequential context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Virtually every aspect of our everyday routine actions is embedded in a sequential context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We see this in tasks like getting dressed, playing games, setting the dinner table or cooking a meal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We see this in tasks like getting dressed, playing games, setting the dinner table or cooking a meal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The capacity to hold the temporal order of a short sequence of events in memory is of primary importance to our ability for efficient high-level planning when precise order of what has just happened and what is about to happen is of the essence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The capacity to hold the temporal order of a short sequence of events in memory is of primary importance to our ability for efficient high-level planning when precise order of what has just happened and what is about to happen is of the essence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Very often a fluent and successful task execution requires not only a judgment about the ordinal sequence structure but also a metrical judgment that involves the analysis of elapsed time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Very often a fluent and successful task execution requires not only a judgment about the ordinal sequence structure but also a metrical judgment that involves the analysis of elapsed time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our ability to adjust behavior to temporal regularities in the environment in the range of seconds or minutes is called interval timing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our ability to adjust behavior to temporal regularities in the environment in the range of seconds or minutes is called interval timing [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It manifests for instance when we start preparing an action in anticipation of a salient perpetual event that will happen in the nearer future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It manifests for instance when we start preparing an action in anticipation of a salient perpetual event that will happen in the nearer future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We checked other performance metrics, which we discussed in Section 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We checked other performance metrics, which we discussed in Section 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 5 displays the performance of seven machine learning algorithms regarding precision, recall, F-measure, sensitivity, and specificity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 5 displays the performance of seven machine learning algorithms regarding precision, recall, F-measure, sensitivity, and specificity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 6 displays the lift charts of high accuracy achieving machine learning models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 6 displays the lift charts of high accuracy achieving machine learning models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A lift chart is a graphical illustration of the enhancement that a model delivers when related against a random guess.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A lift chart is a graphical illustration of the enhancement that a model delivers when related against a random guess [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49]" ] }, { "text": "It shows the efficiency of the model by measuring the ratio between the outcome obtained \"with and without a model\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It shows the efficiency of the model by measuring the ratio between the outcome obtained \"with and without a model\" [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "At present, ASSISTments is being used by massive numbers of students at middle and high school for their evening homework.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At present, ASSISTments is being used by massive numbers of students at middle and high school for their evening homework.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The instant advice regarding homework, allows students to feel comfortable, and enables tutors to monitor the reports specifying students achievements.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The instant advice regarding homework, allows students to feel comfortable, and enables tutors to monitor the reports specifying students achievements [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "So far, for the evening homework, multilayered tutoring systems are not suitable as on the other hand, technology-supported instructions which disseminate the same questions with a fast response about the problem are more appropriate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "So far, for the evening homework, multilayered tutoring systems are not suitable as on the other hand, technology-supported instructions which disseminate the same questions with a fast response about the problem are more appropriate [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Material regarding the mathematics course in ASSISTments comprises of difficulties with solutions, and in-time suggestions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Material regarding the mathematics course in ASSISTments comprises of difficulties with solutions, and in-time suggestions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, substantial assistance readily available over the Internet to resolve the issue that students solve online.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, substantial assistance readily available over the Internet to resolve the issue that students solve online.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another type of material is precisely designed for mastery-focused skills training named \"Skill-builders\" as discussed above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another type of material is precisely designed for mastery-focused skills training named \"Skill-builders\" as discussed above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the moment, ASSISTments covers more than 300 matters related to mathematics for middle school, and the capability is given to teachers to allocate skill-builders to pupils, allowing them to rehearse those problems while emphasizing the desired skill(s) until they receive the pre-defined standards for accuracy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the moment, ASSISTments covers more than 300 matters related to mathematics for middle school, and the capability is given to teachers to allocate skill-builders to pupils, allowing them to rehearse those problems while emphasizing the desired skill(s) until they receive the pre-defined standards for accuracy [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "ITSs are computer technology-based programs that have been developed for different subject areas (e.g., algebra, physics, science, medicine, statistics, etc.) to assist students and learners obtain domain-specific intellectual knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ITSs are computer technology-based programs that have been developed for different subject areas (e.g., algebra, physics, science, medicine, statistics, etc.) to assist students and learners obtain domain-specific intellectual knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It also models the mental, cognitive states of students and learners to provide modified instructions through instant and prompt feedback.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It also models the mental, cognitive states of students and learners to provide modified instructions through instant and prompt feedback.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This system provides an interface that presents and receives information to communicate with learners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This system provides an interface that presents and receives information to communicate with learners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, by learning the concept of the subject domain (e.g., algebra), the learner can interact through interfaces to solve problems while looking for a hints or answering the questions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, by learning the concept of the subject domain (e.g., algebra), the learner can interact through interfaces to solve problems while looking for a hints or answering the questions [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "As discussed in Section 3; Methods, ROC is Receiver Operating Characteristic and also recognized as ROC AUC or just simply ROC curve.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As discussed in Section 3; Methods, ROC is Receiver Operating Characteristic and also recognized as ROC AUC or just simply ROC curve.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It demonstrates the relationship between the true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It demonstrates the relationship between the true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It also determines the cooperation between sensitivity and specificity as both are contradictory, i.e., when the sensitivity rises, specificity declines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It also determines the cooperation between sensitivity and specificity as both are contradictory, i.e., when the sensitivity rises, specificity declines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The accuracy can be monitored if the curve is closer to the top left corner and could be considered the finest results, but if curve comes closer to the diagonal angle (45 • ), the results would not be accurate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The accuracy can be monitored if the curve is closer to the top left corner and could be considered the finest results, but if curve comes closer to the diagonal angle (45 • ), the results would not be accurate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, ROC AUC value >0.9 portrays excellent results; values between 0.8-0.9 are considered good, those between 0.7-0.8 reflects fair, and <0.6 illustrates poor.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, ROC AUC value >0.9 portrays excellent results; values between 0.8-0.9 are considered good, those between 0.7-0.8 reflects fair, and <0.6 illustrates poor [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Material regarding the mathematics course in ASSISTments comprises of difficulties with solutions, and in-time suggestions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Material regarding the mathematics course in ASSISTments comprises of difficulties with solutions, and in-time suggestions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, substantial assistance readily available over the Internet to resolve the issue that students solve online.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, substantial assistance readily available over the Internet to resolve the issue that students solve online.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another type of material is precisely designed for mastery-focused skills training named \"Skill-builders\" as discussed above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another type of material is precisely designed for mastery-focused skills training named \"Skill-builders\" as discussed above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the moment, ASSISTments covers more than 300 matters related to mathematics for middle school, and the capability is given to teachers to allocate skill-builders to pupils, allowing them to rehearse those problems while emphasizing the desired skill(s) until they receive the pre-defined standards for accuracy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the moment, ASSISTments covers more than 300 matters related to mathematics for middle school, and the capability is given to teachers to allocate skill-builders to pupils, allowing them to rehearse those problems while emphasizing the desired skill(s) until they receive the pre-defined standards for accuracy [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) both have similar educational approaches.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) both have similar educational approaches.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, they differ in many aspects, for instance; ITS facilitates instant feedback and scaffolding practice in solving pedagogical problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, they differ in many aspects, for instance; ITS facilitates instant feedback and scaffolding practice in solving pedagogical problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While learning through web-based interfaces, students have the opportunity to take hints and watch related topic videos.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While learning through web-based interfaces, students have the opportunity to take hints and watch related topic videos.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They also receive guidance on how to practice concepts and attempt the right answer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They also receive guidance on how to practice concepts and attempt the right answer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "MOOC, on the other hand, provides much more interactive learning through the learning management system (LMS), in which various forms of instructive video lectures, moderated discussion boards (MDBs), and forums are available for learning with peer feedback.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "MOOC, on the other hand, provides much more interactive learning through the learning management system (LMS), in which various forms of instructive video lectures, moderated discussion boards (MDBs), and forums are available for learning with peer feedback [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Sustainable development in education is an interdisciplinary learning approach that covers the combined environmental, social, and economic aspects of the formal and informal curriculum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sustainable development in education is an interdisciplinary learning approach that covers the combined environmental, social, and economic aspects of the formal and informal curriculum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This educational approach can assist students develop their aptitudes, knowledge, and experience to show a significant role in ecological development, and become liable members of society.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This educational approach can assist students develop their aptitudes, knowledge, and experience to show a significant role in ecological development, and become liable members of society.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Participation and sharing teaching and learning techniques and methods are also required to encourage and empower learners to change and alter their performances and take corrective actions for sustainable development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participation and sharing teaching and learning techniques and methods are also required to encourage and empower learners to change and alter their performances and take corrective actions for sustainable development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Critical thinking, visualizing the future, and decisions making are the skills and abilities that Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) promotes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Critical thinking, visualizing the future, and decisions making are the skills and abilities that Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) promotes [51] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF53" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[51]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "ITSs are computer technology-based programs that have been developed for different subject areas (e.g., algebra, physics, science, medicine, statistics, etc.) to assist students and learners obtain domain-specific intellectual knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ITSs are computer technology-based programs that have been developed for different subject areas (e.g., algebra, physics, science, medicine, statistics, etc.) to assist students and learners obtain domain-specific intellectual knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It also models the mental, cognitive states of students and learners to provide modified instructions through instant and prompt feedback.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It also models the mental, cognitive states of students and learners to provide modified instructions through instant and prompt feedback.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This system provides an interface that presents and receives information to communicate with learners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This system provides an interface that presents and receives information to communicate with learners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, by learning the concept of the subject domain (e.g., algebra), the learner can interact through interfaces to solve problems while looking for a hints or answering the questions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, by learning the concept of the subject domain (e.g., algebra), the learner can interact through interfaces to solve problems while looking for a hints or answering the questions [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "ITSs distinguish learning for students from various abilities, understandings, and performances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ITSs distinguish learning for students from various abilities, understandings, and performances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Variations in learning style are taken into account to distinguish learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Variations in learning style are taken into account to distinguish learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Learning style can be predicted by taking independent behavior variables during tutoring discussions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Learning style can be predicted by taking independent behavior variables during tutoring discussions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fuzzy trees have been induced to predict the learning style of individuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fuzzy trees have been induced to predict the learning style of individuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Outcome classification has been observed due to the automatic behavior of learning from a collection of data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Outcome classification has been observed due to the automatic behavior of learning from a collection of data [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "ITSs distinguish learning for students from various abilities, understandings, and performances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ITSs distinguish learning for students from various abilities, understandings, and performances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Variations in learning style are taken into account to distinguish learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Variations in learning style are taken into account to distinguish learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Learning style can be predicted by taking independent behavior variables during tutoring discussions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Learning style can be predicted by taking independent behavior variables during tutoring discussions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fuzzy trees have been induced to predict the learning style of individuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fuzzy trees have been induced to predict the learning style of individuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Outcome classification has been observed due to the automatic behavior of learning from a collection of data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Outcome classification has been observed due to the automatic behavior of learning from a collection of data [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Our study has many decent inferences both educationally and practically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study has many decent inferences both educationally and practically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Firstly, to the best of our information and facts, our research, amongst the previous studies for predicting confusion by using machine learning methods for sustainable educational development, is one of the rare studies that have focused on these specific aspects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, to the best of our information and facts, our research, amongst the previous studies for predicting confusion by using machine learning methods for sustainable educational development, is one of the rare studies that have focused on these specific aspects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "ITS contributes to sustainable development in education, as the development focuses on the necessities of the present-day without compromising the future needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ITS contributes to sustainable development in education, as the development focuses on the necessities of the present-day without compromising the future needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The objective of sustainable development is to stabilize our environmental, economic, and social needs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The objective of sustainable development is to stabilize our environmental, economic, and social needs [50] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "For highly porous media subjected to high temperature and high temperature gradients, radiative energy transport within the material is dominant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For highly porous media subjected to high temperature and high temperature gradients, radiative energy transport within the material is dominant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This radiative heat transfer can be expressed in the form of a radiative conductivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This radiative heat transfer can be expressed in the form of a radiative conductivity [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In such a model, the thermal conductivity is highly dependent on the temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such a model, the thermal conductivity is highly dependent on the temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An example of an application where this type of heat transfer is important is in evaluating the design of Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) for planetary probes and space vehicles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An example of an application where this type of heat transfer is important is in evaluating the design of Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) for planetary probes and space vehicles [2, 3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3, 4]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Propolis is a complex, adhesive product made by bees from various plant seeds, leaves or stems and plant secretions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Propolis is a complex, adhesive product made by bees from various plant seeds, leaves or stems and plant secretions [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The main compounds it contains are flavonoids, which have antioxidant characteristics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main compounds it contains are flavonoids, which have antioxidant characteristics [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Propolis has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to its pharmacological and biological effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Propolis has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to its pharmacological and biological effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Studies have shown that it possesses anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies have shown that it possesses anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Object Relational Databases (ORDB) have recently evolved for two reasons: the first is the limitation of the traditional relational databases against the increasing demands of the huge applications for storage and fast retrieval of data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Object Relational Databases (ORDB) have recently evolved for two reasons: the first is the limitation of the traditional relational databases against the increasing demands of the huge applications for storage and fast retrieval of data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second is the great complexity of the pure OODB.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The second is the great complexity of the pure OODB [5] [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [2]" ] }, { "text": "The integration between the relational and the object oriented methodologies could overcome some of the drawbacks that are known in the relational databases, as well as, enable developers to utilize the powerful features of the relational and object oriented databases such as simplicity and usability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The integration between the relational and the object oriented methodologies could overcome some of the drawbacks that are known in the relational databases, as well as, enable developers to utilize the powerful features of the relational and object oriented databases such as simplicity and usability [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The instanton solutions possess interesting physical properties induced by their complicated geometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The instanton solutions possess interesting physical properties induced by their complicated geometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a recent work we discussed the thermodynamics of vacuum and electrostatic black holes on asymptotically locally flat gravitational instantons.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a recent work we discussed the thermodynamics of vacuum and electrostatic black holes on asymptotically locally flat gravitational instantons [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The goal of the current paper is to achieve some progress in the investigation of their behavior in magnetic fields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The goal of the current paper is to achieve some progress in the investigation of their behavior in magnetic fields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "As suggested from studies that have sampled litters, the low frequency of observed polygyny and multiple paternity in this study could simply be attributed to the low number of offspring analyzed here, leading to the identification of a few large full sib groups (Table 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As suggested from studies that have sampled litters, the low frequency of observed polygyny and multiple paternity in this study could simply be attributed to the low number of offspring analyzed here, leading to the identification of a few large full sib groups (Table 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, in studies using litters, some authors suggested that the litter's size, depending on the sampling effort, influences the level of reported multiple paternity results.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, in studies using litters, some authors suggested that the litter's size, depending on the sampling effort, influences the level of reported multiple paternity results (Rossouw et al., 2016; Green et al., 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rossouw et al., 2016; Green et al., 2017)" ] }, { "text": "Most of these cases were based on a single offspring attributed to an additional partner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of these cases were based on a single offspring attributed to an additional partner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The blast fungus M. oryzae (Syn.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The blast fungus M. oryzae (Syn.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pyricularia oryzae) causes blast disease, one of the most devastating crop diseases worldwide resulting in yield losses in rice and wheat that make it a threat to global food security.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pyricularia oryzae) causes blast disease, one of the most devastating crop diseases worldwide resulting in yield losses in rice and wheat that make it a threat to global food security [28, 29, 38, 39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28, 29, 38, 39]" ] }, { "text": "Despite its Linnaean binomial name, M. oryzae is a multihost pathogen that can infect more than 50 cultivated and wild grass species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite its Linnaean binomial name, M. oryzae is a multihost pathogen that can infect more than 50 cultivated and wild grass species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Population genomics of M. oryzae revealed that the species is formed by an assemblage of differentiated lineages that are associated with particular host taxa, such as important cereals like rice (Oryza sativa), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica), as well as weeds such as Indian goosegrass (Eleusine indica).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Population genomics of M. oryzae revealed that the species is formed by an assemblage of differentiated lineages that are associated with particular host taxa, such as important cereals like rice (Oryza sativa), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica), as well as weeds such as Indian goosegrass (Eleusine indica) [40, 41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40, 41]" ] }, { "text": "Records of rice blast disease in China date back to the early 17 th century and until today it is recognized as one of the most threatening and widely distributed rice diseases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Records of rice blast disease in China date back to the early 17 th century and until today it is recognized as one of the most threatening and widely distributed rice diseases [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "Recent population genetics studies revealed that the rice-infecting lineage of M. oryzae consists of both a recombining population and multiple, clonally expanded lineages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent population genetics studies revealed that the rice-infecting lineage of M. oryzae consists of both a recombining population and multiple, clonally expanded lineages [42] [43] [44] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42", "BIBREF43", "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42] [43] [44]" ] }, { "text": "In Europe, the rice blast fungus population consists of only one of three major clonal lineages and it is possible that mating type isolation led to local asexual expansions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Europe, the rice blast fungus population consists of only one of three major clonal lineages and it is possible that mating type isolation led to local asexual expansions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another impactful blast disease is wheat blast.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another impactful blast disease is wheat blast.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the mid 1980s the disease emerged on wheat plants in Brazil and has since spread across large regions of South America and, more recently, South Asia, demonstrating the ability of M. oryzae to rapidly undergo host-range expansions and global pandemics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the mid 1980s the disease emerged on wheat plants in Brazil and has since spread across large regions of South America and, more recently, South Asia, demonstrating the ability of M. oryzae to rapidly undergo host-range expansions and global pandemics [45] [46] [47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45", "BIBREF46", "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[45] [46] [47]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Prior distribution is an important part of Bayesian statistical model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Prior distribution is an important part of Bayesian statistical model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Properly determining the prior distribution according to historical information is a key point for evaluating measurement uncertainty with Bayesian methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Properly determining the prior distribution according to historical information is a key point for evaluating measurement uncertainty with Bayesian methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most researches on Bayesian prior distribution merely give a brief introduction to some prior distribution methods but fail to propose in-depth analysis of the advantages, limitations, and application scope of the methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most researches on Bayesian prior distribution merely give a brief introduction to some prior distribution methods but fail to propose in-depth analysis of the advantages, limitations, and application scope of the methods [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, few studies have applied the Bayesian principle and its prior distribution to the evaluation and updating of measurement uncertainty.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, few studies have applied the Bayesian principle and its prior distribution to the evaluation and updating of measurement uncertainty.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, this paper makes a comparative analysis of Bayesian evaluation methods based on the noninformative prior, conjugate priors, and maximum entropy prior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, this paper makes a comparative analysis of Bayesian evaluation methods based on the noninformative prior, conjugate priors, and maximum entropy prior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, it is significant for the scientific and proper evaluation of measurement uncertainty.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, it is significant for the scientific and proper evaluation of measurement uncertainty.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "With the advances in computer technology, new uncertainty evaluation methods have been developed and applied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the advances in computer technology, new uncertainty evaluation methods have been developed and applied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using Bayesian method to evaluate measurement uncertainty is an important direction for modern uncertainty evaluation methods to progress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using Bayesian method to evaluate measurement uncertainty is an important direction for modern uncertainty evaluation methods to progress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on Bayesian information fusion, the uncertainty evaluation method can fully integrate the prior and the current sample information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on Bayesian information fusion, the uncertainty evaluation method can fully integrate the prior and the current sample information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The prior distribution is determined by the historical information, and the posterior distribution is deduced by integrating prior distribution and the current sample data with the Bayesian model, so as to achieve both the evaluation and updating of uncertainty.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The prior distribution is determined by the historical information, and the posterior distribution is deduced by integrating prior distribution and the current sample data with the Bayesian model, so as to achieve both the evaluation and updating of uncertainty [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Some of the existing studies on measurement uncertainty evaluation are based on historical experience, experts' opinion, and prior data and fail to take the real time measurement data into account.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of the existing studies on measurement uncertainty evaluation are based on historical experience, experts' opinion, and prior data and fail to take the real time measurement data into account [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "Some of the studies are based on the information of measured samples and fail to take the historical information of the measurement system into account.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of the studies are based on the information of measured samples and fail to take the historical information of the measurement system into account [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "These methods can not reflect the most up-to-date status of the measurement system and thus have negative impact on the reliability and soundness of uncertainty evaluation results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These methods can not reflect the most up-to-date status of the measurement system and thus have negative impact on the reliability and soundness of uncertainty evaluation results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Measurement uncertainty is an important parameter in measurement results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Measurement uncertainty is an important parameter in measurement results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To give scientific and proper evaluation of measurement uncertainty is an important factor to guarantee the development of modern measuring science.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To give scientific and proper evaluation of measurement uncertainty is an important factor to guarantee the development of modern measuring science.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is over two decades since \"Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)\" was first released in 1993.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is over two decades since \"Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)\" was first released in 1993.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Initially, it mainly served in the field of physical science.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Initially, it mainly served in the field of physical science.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Now, it is widely used in chemistry, biology, medicine, forensic medicine, astronomy, and other fields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Now, it is widely used in chemistry, biology, medicine, forensic medicine, astronomy, and other fields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Measurement uncertainty plays an increasingly prominent role in modern science.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Measurement uncertainty plays an increasingly prominent role in modern science [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based visible light communication (VLC) has become a promising technology due to its advantages, such as high data rate, no harm to health, license-free spectrum, and no electromagnetic interference.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based visible light communication (VLC) has become a promising technology due to its advantages, such as high data rate, no harm to health, license-free spectrum, and no electromagnetic interference [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "To obtain a high bandwidth efficiency and low complexity in implementation, direct current (DC)-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) has been widely used in VLC systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To obtain a high bandwidth efficiency and low complexity in implementation, direct current (DC)-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) has been widely used in VLC systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, a high peakto-average power ratio (PAPR), which leads to severe light-emitting diode (LED) nonlinear clipping distortion, has been a major problem for DCO-OFDM VLC systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a high peakto-average power ratio (PAPR), which leads to severe light-emitting diode (LED) nonlinear clipping distortion, has been a major problem for DCO-OFDM VLC systems [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we present an algorithm that matches wordimages by recovering correspondences between image corners, which have been identi£ed by the Harris detector.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we present an algorithm that matches wordimages by recovering correspondences between image corners, which have been identi£ed by the Harris detector [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The similarity between two images is measured by the accumulated displacement of corresponding image locations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The similarity between two images is measured by the accumulated displacement of corresponding image locations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Section 1.1 discusses past experiments done on wordmatching with the George Washington data set.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Section 1.1 discusses past experiments done on wordmatching with the George Washington data set.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Section 2 explains the matching algorithm used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Section 2 explains the matching algorithm used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In section 3 we present experimental results that show the performance of the proposed algorithm in a retrieval task on the George Washington data set.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 3 we present experimental results that show the performance of the proposed algorithm in a retrieval task on the George Washington data set.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Buildings account for a considerable proportion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Buildings account for a considerable proportion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, improving energy efficiency in this sector is gaining increased focus from research and industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, improving energy efficiency in this sector is gaining increased focus from research and industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The recent growth in popularity of the Internet of Things, IoT, means that future buildings will be equipped with a wealth of potential sensing devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The recent growth in popularity of the Internet of Things, IoT, means that future buildings will be equipped with a wealth of potential sensing devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This additional information provides an exciting opportunity to reduce building energy consumption as it could be leveraged by a new generation of smart building controllers to manage building energy consumption in a more efficient way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This additional information provides an exciting opportunity to reduce building energy consumption as it could be leveraged by a new generation of smart building controllers to manage building energy consumption in a more efficient way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is estimated that buildings have the potential to reduce their energy consumption by 20e30% whilst using existing building components.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is estimated that buildings have the potential to reduce their energy consumption by 20e30% whilst using existing building components [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Dynamic information such as occupancy and outdoor weather conditions are not currently considered in the internal logic of traditional building management systems, BMS, which largely employ a reactive, rule based approach.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Dynamic information such as occupancy and outdoor weather conditions are not currently considered in the internal logic of traditional building management systems, BMS, which largely employ a reactive, rule based approach [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, many older, smaller buildings have one central thermostat that controls the temperature set point throughout the entire building.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, many older, smaller buildings have one central thermostat that controls the temperature set point throughout the entire building.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This leads to large energy wastage as unoccupied zones are heated when they are not required to be.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This leads to large energy wastage as unoccupied zones are heated when they are not required to be.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The most significant challenge in the application of this control strategy is the development of the surrogate models for the prediction of energy consumption and indoor temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most significant challenge in the application of this control strategy is the development of the surrogate models for the prediction of energy consumption and indoor temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The approach used in this study was to train an ANN based on large amounts of simulated data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The approach used in this study was to train an ANN based on large amounts of simulated data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, accurate simulation models are not widely available for most buildings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, accurate simulation models are not widely available for most buildings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is theorised that building simulation models are likely to become more available in the future, driven by government legislation aiming at reducing energy consumption from buildings and improving retrofitting procedures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is theorised that building simulation models are likely to become more available in the future, driven by government legislation aiming at reducing energy consumption from buildings and improving retrofitting procedures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is leading to increased prevalence of Building Information Modelling, BIM, which are increasingly including energy analysis modules.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is leading to increased prevalence of Building Information Modelling, BIM, which are increasingly including energy analysis modules.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Researchers are working on methods to capture existing building information, convert to a digital representation, from which generate a building energy simulation model and calibrate the model based on existing historical data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Researchers are working on methods to capture existing building information, convert to a digital representation, from which generate a building energy simulation model and calibrate the model based on existing historical data [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "Alternatively, if the case study in question has developed a significant log of historical energy consumption and temperature data, machine learning models could be directly generated from this.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, if the case study in question has developed a significant log of historical energy consumption and temperature data, machine learning models could be directly generated from this.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To model at an hourly or sub hourly temporal scale the authors' believe that specific ANN would be required for each building as generic ANN based on broader building categories would not be able to capture the intricacies if an individual building.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To model at an hourly or sub hourly temporal scale the authors' believe that specific ANN would be required for each building as generic ANN based on broader building categories would not be able to capture the intricacies if an individual building.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The authors also argue that any such building energy optimisation strategies should be performed within a semantically enriched environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The authors also argue that any such building energy optimisation strategies should be performed within a semantically enriched environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A semantic model should encompass aspects relating to energy consumption and management both within the building and beyond to wider local energy networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A semantic model should encompass aspects relating to energy consumption and management both within the building and beyond to wider local energy networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This method of linking data combined with the increased sensing capability that could be provided by the IoT could provide the basis for improved knowledge mining and feature extraction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This method of linking data combined with the increased sensing capability that could be provided by the IoT could provide the basis for improved knowledge mining and feature extraction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the system could assess wider environmental variables to investigate correlation between these and energy saving actions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the system could assess wider environmental variables to investigate correlation between these and energy saving actions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It could also lead to more advanced reasoning to allow better prediction or measurement of building occupancy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It could also lead to more advanced reasoning to allow better prediction or measurement of building occupancy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Although this paper presents a model of groundwater use, our findings apply to other common property resources (such as fish, wildlife, or oil) where spatially distributed users are uncertain about the degree to which the resource is non-exclusive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although this paper presents a model of groundwater use, our findings apply to other common property resources (such as fish, wildlife, or oil) where spatially distributed users are uncertain about the degree to which the resource is non-exclusive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of groundwater, exclusivity depends on aquifer transmissivity, while for fisheries it is determined by the rates of 6 biomass dispersal across space.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of groundwater, exclusivity depends on aquifer transmissivity, while for fisheries it is determined by the rates of 6 biomass dispersal across space [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "In general, better public information amplifies (or lessens) the tragedy of the commons and decreases (increases) social welfare when, upon observing the signal, the agents revise upward (downward) the extent to which the resource is non-exclusive and is shared among them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, better public information amplifies (or lessens) the tragedy of the commons and decreases (increases) social welfare when, upon observing the signal, the agents revise upward (downward) the extent to which the resource is non-exclusive and is shared among them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The goal of this paper is to formalize this trade-off and establish conditions under which the effect of better public information about the resource extraction and social welfare is unambiguous.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The goal of this paper is to formalize this trade-off and establish conditions under which the effect of better public information about the resource extraction and social welfare is unambiguous.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "With the advent of sustainability concepts in manufacturing, the major way to sustainability is not only by utilizing the minimum quantity of cutting fluids but also by optimizing the amount of cutting fluids, together with a proper selection of cutting fluid, that results in a reduction in cost and adds to the sustainability of the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the advent of sustainability concepts in manufacturing, the major way to sustainability is not only by utilizing the minimum quantity of cutting fluids but also by optimizing the amount of cutting fluids, together with a proper selection of cutting fluid, that results in a reduction in cost and adds to the sustainability of the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Practical manufacturing problems are often characterized by many non-compliant and often conflicting measures of performance, or objectives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Practical manufacturing problems are often characterized by many non-compliant and often conflicting measures of performance, or objectives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Multi-objective optimization is different from single objective optimization in that single objective optimization is used to find the best design point or decision from among many, and usually this best design point is the global maximum or global minimization, depending on the type of optimization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Multi-objective optimization is different from single objective optimization in that single objective optimization is used to find the best design point or decision from among many, and usually this best design point is the global maximum or global minimization, depending on the type of optimization [59] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF60" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[59]" ] }, { "text": "In the case of multiple objectives, however, it is not necessarily the case that a single solution is the best design with respect to all the objectives, due to incommensurability and conflict among objectives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of multiple objectives, however, it is not necessarily the case that a single solution is the best design with respect to all the objectives, due to incommensurability and conflict among objectives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For such problems where multiple objectives cannot be simply compared with each other, multi-objective optimization usually attempts to give a set of solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For such problems where multiple objectives cannot be simply compared with each other, multi-objective optimization usually attempts to give a set of solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The problem usually has no exclusive, perfect (or single utopian) solution, but a set of nondominated, alternative solutions, known as the Pareto-optimal solutions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The problem usually has no exclusive, perfect (or single utopian) solution, but a set of nondominated, alternative solutions, known as the Pareto-optimal solutions [60] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF61" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[60]" ] }, { "text": "The aim of this research is to optimize the process of end milling of aluminium alloy 6061 T6 with minimum quantity lubrication using water-based TiO2 nanofluid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of this research is to optimize the process of end milling of aluminium alloy 6061 T6 with minimum quantity lubrication using water-based TiO2 nanofluid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The process goals are to obtain better surface quality as well as higher productivity in terms of a higher material removal rate with the least damage or wear to the cutting tool.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The process goals are to obtain better surface quality as well as higher productivity in terms of a higher material removal rate with the least damage or wear to the cutting tool.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a problem of conflicting objectives and thus calls for the application of multi-objective optimization for the simultaneous achievement of all the process goals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a problem of conflicting objectives and thus calls for the application of multi-objective optimization for the simultaneous achievement of all the process goals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Obesity, the worldwide increasing problem, associates with several metabolic abnormalities and increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain forms of cancer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Obesity, the worldwide increasing problem, associates with several metabolic abnormalities and increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain forms of cancer [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Obesity is also the major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease spectrum that includes hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Obesity is also the major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease spectrum that includes hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "The fatty liver has been shown to be insulin resistant and to overproduce glucose, VLDL, CRP, and coagulation factors leading to hyperglycemia and lipid disorders.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fatty liver has been shown to be insulin resistant and to overproduce glucose, VLDL, CRP, and coagulation factors leading to hyperglycemia and lipid disorders [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "It is well known that mitigating outdoor air pollution remains a major challenge in most developing countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well known that mitigating outdoor air pollution remains a major challenge in most developing countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Annually, outdoor air pollution contributed to 3.2 million deaths and 76 million life years lost worldwide in 2010, two-thirds of which occurred in Asian countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Annually, outdoor air pollution contributed to 3.2 million deaths and 76 million life years lost worldwide in 2010, two-thirds of which occurred in Asian countries (Lim et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lim et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Most Indian cities face an acute problem of outdoor air pollution, with concentration levels often exceeding the recommended guidelines set in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most Indian cities face an acute problem of outdoor air pollution, with concentration levels often exceeding the recommended guidelines set in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (CPCB, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(CPCB, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Rapid urbanization, boom in construction activity, increase in number of vehicles, traffic congestion, population growth leave millions of people in urban areas vulnerable to adverse effects of air pollution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rapid urbanization, boom in construction activity, increase in number of vehicles, traffic congestion, population growth leave millions of people in urban areas vulnerable to adverse effects of air pollution (Patankar and Trivedi, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Patankar and Trivedi, 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The building and extension of the metro rail in Delhi may lead to modal shifts between public and private transportation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The building and extension of the metro rail in Delhi may lead to modal shifts between public and private transportation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is difficult to predict shifts in human behavior on an a priori basis given the positive elasticity of demand between income and private road transportation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is difficult to predict shifts in human behavior on an a priori basis given the positive elasticity of demand between income and private road transportation (Graham and Glaister, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Graham and Glaister, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "The way GAINS is structured does not allow for the explicit capture of land use changes at the city level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The way GAINS is structured does not allow for the explicit capture of land use changes at the city level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore this remains a limitation of our study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore this remains a limitation of our study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Needless to say, a detailed city level model that can capture such changes is required for further research to obtain more nuanced policy insights.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Needless to say, a detailed city level model that can capture such changes is required for further research to obtain more nuanced policy insights.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We are addressing this limitation by commissioning a regional organization with scenarios experience to identify and bring on board these 'missing actors'.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We are addressing this limitation by commissioning a regional organization with scenarios experience to identify and bring on board these 'missing actors'.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means mapping key actors across sectors and disciplines in order to clearly identify all the organizational boundaries that need to be spanned.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This means mapping key actors across sectors and disciplines in order to clearly identify all the organizational boundaries that need to be spanned (Clark et al. 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Clark et al. 2010)" ] }, { "text": "We are also jointly planning a number of strategic visioning workshops with different key user groups such as the East African Community, and a new CCAFS Regional Learning Platform made up of a network of regional partners across sectors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We are also jointly planning a number of strategic visioning workshops with different key user groups such as the East African Community, and a new CCAFS Regional Learning Platform made up of a network of regional partners across sectors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These workshops will focus on creating a shared vision between workshop participants, aligning separate goals to a common desired future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These workshops will focus on creating a shared vision between workshop participants, aligning separate goals to a common desired future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, the different policy options, strategies and technologies to move toward this desired future will be tested under the radically different socioeconomic and policy conditions represented within each scenario.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, the different policy options, strategies and technologies to move toward this desired future will be tested under the radically different socioeconomic and policy conditions represented within each scenario.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each of these workshops should find different benefits and flaws in the scenarios while using them, and part of the results of this next round of 'visioning' workshops will be an iterative improvement of the scenarios through sharing of user experiences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each of these workshops should find different benefits and flaws in the scenarios while using them, and part of the results of this next round of 'visioning' workshops will be an iterative improvement of the scenarios through sharing of user experiences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The explosion of data gathering over the last few decades has been, and will continue to be, phenomenal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The explosion of data gathering over the last few decades has been, and will continue to be, phenomenal [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "There has also been a massive change in the scale of computational power which is now routinely available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There has also been a massive change in the scale of computational power which is now routinely available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These technology-driven changes are leading to both the need for inference on massive and highly heterogeneous data sets, and for the possibility of modelling ever more complex structures and systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These technology-driven changes are leading to both the need for inference on massive and highly heterogeneous data sets, and for the possibility of modelling ever more complex structures and systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Making sense of data, in the context of the modelling of complex systems, is a very challenging task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Making sense of data, in the context of the modelling of complex systems, is a very challenging task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The field of statistics provides a rational basis for the analysis of data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The field of statistics provides a rational basis for the analysis of data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, in many application areas, there is an enormous amount of information in the form of sophisticated mathematical models, often developed over decades or centuries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, in many application areas, there is an enormous amount of information in the form of sophisticated mathematical models, often developed over decades or centuries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a consequence of these advances in technology, applied mathematics and statistics are required to work in concert in order to significantly progress understanding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a consequence of these advances in technology, applied mathematics and statistics are required to work in concert in order to significantly progress understanding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Blending these two view points-statistics, which is data driven, and mathematical modelling which provides systematic predictive tools, often in the form of partial differential equations-leads to challenging problems related to the precise specification of a mathematical problem, its analysis and the development of computational tools for its study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Blending these two view points-statistics, which is data driven, and mathematical modelling which provides systematic predictive tools, often in the form of partial differential equations-leads to challenging problems related to the precise specification of a mathematical problem, its analysis and the development of computational tools for its study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Given the association between the SCA11-associated truncations to TTBK2 and ciliary dysfunction, we have set out to test whether loss of TTBK2 function within the adult brain is associated with degeneration of cerebellar neurons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the association between the SCA11-associated truncations to TTBK2 and ciliary dysfunction, we have set out to test whether loss of TTBK2 function within the adult brain is associated with degeneration of cerebellar neurons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cerebellum is the region of the brain responsible for controlling motor coordination, learning, and other cognitive functions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The cerebellum is the region of the brain responsible for controlling motor coordination, learning, and other cognitive functions (Purves et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Purves et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "The development and morphogenesis of the cerebellum depends on primary cilia, which are critical for the expansion of granule neuron progenitors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The development and morphogenesis of the cerebellum depends on primary cilia, which are critical for the expansion of granule neuron progenitors (Chizhikov et al., 2007; Spassky et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF57" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chizhikov et al., 2007; Spassky et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "PCs, granule neurons and interneurons as well as Bergmann glia (BG) are ciliated in the adult cerebellum as well as during development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PCs, granule neurons and interneurons as well as Bergmann glia (BG) are ciliated in the adult cerebellum as well as during development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the roles of cilia and ciliary signaling in the adult cerebellum are unknown.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the roles of cilia and ciliary signaling in the adult cerebellum are unknown.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "As observed in Figure 3 , the presence of SiO 2 produces some differences in the thermal behavior of synthetized Na-0.5Si and Na-0.25Si microparticles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As observed in Figure 3 , the presence of SiO 2 produces some differences in the thermal behavior of synthetized Na-0.5Si and Na-0.25Si microparticles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In both cases, the melting temperature of NaNO 3 has decreased respect to the melting temperature in the raw NaNO 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both cases, the melting temperature of NaNO 3 has decreased respect to the melting temperature in the raw NaNO 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This could be explained because of the smaller particle size of the composites compared to the raw NaNO 3 and the fact that DH m and DH c (J/g) for the composites have been calculated including the SiO 2 weight.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This could be explained because of the smaller particle size of the composites compared to the raw NaNO 3 and the fact that DH m and DH c (J/g) for the composites have been calculated including the SiO 2 weight [26] [27] [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26] [27] [28]" ] }, { "text": "Na-0.5Si microparticles show an endothermic peak at 146.0°C, which may be due to impurities, as this peak does not appear when carrying out thermal cycles to Na-0.5Si microparticles and explained below.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Na-0.5Si microparticles show an endothermic peak at 146.0°C, which may be due to impurities, as this peak does not appear when carrying out thermal cycles to Na-0.5Si microparticles and explained below.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the literature, several techniques are proposed to overcome that limitation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the literature, several techniques are proposed to overcome that limitation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first method is based on a non-orthogonal FDTD mesh formulation, enabling oblique periodic boundary conditions to be imposed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The first method is based on a non-orthogonal FDTD mesh formulation, enabling oblique periodic boundary conditions to be imposed [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] }, { "text": "However, most of the available FDTD solvers do not allow for such unusual mesh generation, mainly due to vague stability criteria for irregular FDTD mesh.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, most of the available FDTD solvers do not allow for such unusual mesh generation, mainly due to vague stability criteria for irregular FDTD mesh [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, the transformation of both Maxwell equations and a coordinate system is required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the transformation of both Maxwell equations and a coordinate system is required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the second approach, an approximate rectangular unit lattice cell is created from the hexagonal one by rearranging the geometry of the lattice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the second approach, an approximate rectangular unit lattice cell is created from the hexagonal one by rearranging the geometry of the lattice [22, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 23]" ] }, { "text": "However, no formal proof of concept is given for that method, so it cannot be applied automatically without special caution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, no formal proof of concept is given for that method, so it cannot be applied automatically without special caution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The third method applies oblique PBCs truncating the unit lattice cell composed of rectangular FDTD cells at oblique edges.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The third method applies oblique PBCs truncating the unit lattice cell composed of rectangular FDTD cells at oblique edges [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "The method is potentially unstable, so the original FDTD algorithm has to be modified to account for that.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The method is potentially unstable, so the original FDTD algorithm has to be modified to account for that.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For several users this is not achievable as they are using commercial FDTD solvers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For several users this is not achievable as they are using commercial FDTD solvers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The electrolytic process has been studied for use in several sectors of remediation to minimize environmental impacts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The electrolytic process has been studied for use in several sectors of remediation to minimize environmental impacts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through electrochemical reactions, the electrolytic treatment process can transform recalcitrant substances that compound pollutants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through electrochemical reactions, the electrolytic treatment process can transform recalcitrant substances that compound pollutants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can also disinfect the effluent through the production of chlorine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It can also disinfect the effluent through the production of chlorine (Gusmão et al. 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gusmão et al. 2010)" ] }, { "text": "In general, the electrolytic process removes organic pollutants from the effluent by direct or indirect oxidative mechanisms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, the electrolytic process removes organic pollutants from the effluent by direct or indirect oxidative mechanisms (Bahadir and Abdurrahman 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bahadir and Abdurrahman 2009)" ] }, { "text": "The direct oxidative anode process adsorbs pollutants in the anode surface and then destroys them by the anodic reaction of electron transfer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The direct oxidative anode process adsorbs pollutants in the anode surface and then destroys them by the anodic reaction of electron transfer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The average number of thoughts in each of the categories offered by respondents is presented in Table 3 , separately for respondents whose answer choices were in the for/against order and for those whose answer choices were in the against/for order.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The average number of thoughts in each of the categories offered by respondents is presented in Table 3 , separately for respondents whose answer choices were in the for/against order and for those whose answer choices were in the against/for order.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The last column of Table 3 displays the differences between these two groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The last column of Table 3 displays the differences between these two groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because the numbers of thoughts described in Table 3 were extremely skewed, rather than being normally distributed, we conducted statistical tests of the differences between the two experimental groups via Poisson regression.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because the numbers of thoughts described in Table 3 were extremely skewed, rather than being normally distributed, we conducted statistical tests of the differences between the two experimental groups via Poisson regression (King, 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(King, 1988)" ] }, { "text": "In these regressions, we controlled for dummy variables representing the four different questions that respondents were asked, as well as respondents' college GPAs, which were measured as in Study 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In these regressions, we controlled for dummy variables representing the four different questions that respondents were asked, as well as respondents' college GPAs, which were measured as in Study 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The frequency of most types of thoughts was unaffected by response choice order.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The frequency of most types of thoughts was unaffected by response choice order.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most importantly, there were no significant differences in the frequency of favorable or unfavorable evaluations of the policy or of thoughts about desirable or undesirable effects of the policy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most importantly, there were no significant differences in the frequency of favorable or unfavorable evaluations of the policy or of thoughts about desirable or undesirable effects of the policy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This challenges the claim that the against/for response choice order inspires more disconfirmatory thinking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This challenges the claim that the against/for response choice order inspires more disconfirmatory thinking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, although not a significant difference, there were more confirmatory thoughts among people presented with the against/for order than among the people presented with the for/against order.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, although not a significant difference, there were more confirmatory thoughts among people presented with the against/for order than among the people presented with the for/against order.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This trend also contradicts the claim that the against/for response choice order enhances disconfirmatory reasoning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This trend also contradicts the claim that the against/for response choice order enhances disconfirmatory reasoning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Conceptually, the amount of weight given to the auxiliary data should be related to the amount of similarity in prevalence trends across regions from which information is shared, and it may be that some (more similar) regions should be given greater weight than other regions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conceptually, the amount of weight given to the auxiliary data should be related to the amount of similarity in prevalence trends across regions from which information is shared, and it may be that some (more similar) regions should be given greater weight than other regions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This could be incorporated into the GLMM estimation process, for example by specifying a conditional autoregressive (CAR) error structure for the area-level effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This could be incorporated into the GLMM estimation process, for example by specifying a conditional autoregressive (CAR) error structure for the area-level effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The approach could also be applicable to incorporating other types of data into dynamic model estimation at lower subnational levels, for example, adult mortality or fertility data into demographic projection models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The approach could also be applicable to incorporating other types of data into dynamic model estimation at lower subnational levels, for example, adult mortality or fertility data into demographic projection models (Wheldon, Raftery, Clark and Gerland 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wheldon, Raftery, Clark and Gerland 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Considering the above tools and strategies in doctoral programmes may be of benefit to students who will be investing a great deal of time learning 'new ways with words' as they enter the discursive practices of their disciplines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the above tools and strategies in doctoral programmes may be of benefit to students who will be investing a great deal of time learning 'new ways with words' as they enter the discursive practices of their disciplines (Kamler and Thomson 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kamler and Thomson 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Academic writing learning is not a compulsory element across doctoral education, which often implicitly assumes that such learning will develop unaided.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Academic writing learning is not a compulsory element across doctoral education, which often implicitly assumes that such learning will develop unaided.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But for research students, particularly those with prior work or knowledge different from their chosen doctorates, there will be the need for subtle leading into the academic expectations of the new discipline by supervisors, who would need to actively foster their supervisees' participation and engagement.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "But for research students, particularly those with prior work or knowledge different from their chosen doctorates, there will be the need for subtle leading into the academic expectations of the new discipline by supervisors, who would need to actively foster their supervisees' participation and engagement (Cotterall 2013a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cotterall 2013a)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Participants were invited following a purposive sampling approach, using word-ofmouth and student, supervisor and alumni networks, to ensure 'maximum variation' across disciplines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants were invited following a purposive sampling approach, using word-ofmouth and student, supervisor and alumni networks, to ensure 'maximum variation' across disciplines (Lincoln and Guba 1985) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lincoln and Guba 1985)" ] }, { "text": "The selection criteria were that participants had to be current research students or recent graduates willing to share their experiences, and their theses had to be in English (all were studying towards or had completed a doctorate within the previous eight years).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The selection criteria were that participants had to be current research students or recent graduates willing to share their experiences, and their theses had to be in English (all were studying towards or had completed a doctorate within the previous eight years).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "No interviewees were invited from creative and performing arts as their doctorates usually combine a creative work with a written component that 'is very different in kind from theses in more established disciplines, which have a written component only' (Ravelli, Paltridge, and Starfield 2014, 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No interviewees were invited from creative and performing arts as their doctorates usually combine a creative work with a written component that 'is very different in kind from theses in more established disciplines, which have a written component only' (Ravelli, Paltridge, and Starfield 2014, 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Given the qualitative approach of this investigation, the results and discussion are presented combined in one section.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the qualitative approach of this investigation, the results and discussion are presented combined in one section.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The experiences reported by interviewees will be contrasted with relevant literature in order to evidence how they stand and contribute to the broader areas of academic literacies and doctoral education.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The experiences reported by interviewees will be contrasted with relevant literature in order to evidence how they stand and contribute to the broader areas of academic literacies and doctoral education.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A generative model of academic writing development emerged from the analysis and is included in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A generative model of academic writing development emerged from the analysis and is included in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The model contains three elements that appear to be indispensable for doctoral students' academic writing development: (a) tailored and supportive supervisors' feedback to scaffold independent thinking development; (b) personal resilience and organisation; and (c) a support network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model contains three elements that appear to be indispensable for doctoral students' academic writing development: (a) tailored and supportive supervisors' feedback to scaffold independent thinking development; (b) personal resilience and organisation; and (c) a support network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This model was contrasted with the literature and further validated with higher education experts at the main conference of our national research association.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This model was contrasted with the literature and further validated with higher education experts at the main conference of our national research association (Odena and Burgess 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Odena and Burgess 2013)" ] }, { "text": "The three elements of the model, which contain ideas from across a number of themes, are broadly defined to enable the model to work across disciplines as well as with ESL and non-ESL students.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The three elements of the model, which contain ideas from across a number of themes, are broadly defined to enable the model to work across disciplines as well as with ESL and non-ESL students.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Three out of the 15 themes are discussed in detail next due to their relevance for this paper's focus on learning: supervisors' feedback, personal organisation and ESL learning strategies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Three out of the 15 themes are discussed in detail next due to their relevance for this paper's focus on learning: supervisors' feedback, personal organisation and ESL learning strategies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We hope that by discussing some quotations contained in these themes, we can illustrate facilitating learning strategies for thesis writing as experienced by the students.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We hope that by discussing some quotations contained in these themes, we can illustrate facilitating learning strategies for thesis writing as experienced by the students.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "There is growing interest in the use of titaniumdiboride and titanium-carbide ceramics because of their high melting points, hardness, compressive strength, excellent wear resistance, and light weight.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is growing interest in the use of titaniumdiboride and titanium-carbide ceramics because of their high melting points, hardness, compressive strength, excellent wear resistance, and light weight.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, they are thermally shock resistant and chemically stable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, they are thermally shock resistant and chemically stable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These properties make TiB 2 and TiC attractive for applications including use in light armour, cutting tools, wear parts, and jet-engine components.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These properties make TiB 2 and TiC attractive for applications including use in light armour, cutting tools, wear parts, and jet-engine components [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "THE renewed interest in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission has led to many manufacturers worldwide investing in polymer insulated dc power cables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "THE renewed interest in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission has led to many manufacturers worldwide investing in polymer insulated dc power cables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is the most common form of polymeric insulation, however the features that make it a good insulator, may paradoxically lead to problems when it is used in dc operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is the most common form of polymeric insulation, however the features that make it a good insulator, may paradoxically lead to problems when it is used in dc operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus its low carrier mobility and high trapping rates may, under certain conditions, give rise to space charge in the body of the insulating material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus its low carrier mobility and high trapping rates may, under certain conditions, give rise to space charge in the body of the insulating material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This will result in localised electric stress enhancement and even premature failure of the cable insulation when the localised fields exceed the design values.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This will result in localised electric stress enhancement and even premature failure of the cable insulation when the localised fields exceed the design values [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "This issue has stimulated the investigation of space charge accumulation and retention, and abundant data has been obtained from film and plaque samples over the past two decades.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This issue has stimulated the investigation of space charge accumulation and retention, and abundant data has been obtained from film and plaque samples over the past two decades [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "However, less attention has been paid to space charge dynamics in full sized cables presumably due to a limited range of experimental systems suitable for examining cables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, less attention has been paid to space charge dynamics in full sized cables presumably due to a limited range of experimental systems suitable for examining cables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such investigations would however be more relevant to practical situations as all the features specific to cable design, such as insulator/semiconducting interfaces, insulating material processing, and divergent electric field would be fully reflected in the space charge behaviour.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such investigations would however be more relevant to practical situations as all the features specific to cable design, such as insulator/semiconducting interfaces, insulating material processing, and divergent electric field would be fully reflected in the space charge behaviour.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They would also make it possible to investigate the effect of a temperature gradient in radial insulation on the space charge accumulation, and hence replicate the conditions experienced when the cable is loaded in service.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They would also make it possible to investigate the effect of a temperature gradient in radial insulation on the space charge accumulation, and hence replicate the conditions experienced when the cable is loaded in service.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "More recently, Keye Martin introduced the idea of a measurement on a domain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More recently, Keye Martin introduced the idea of a measurement on a domain [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "At first glance, measurements are quite different from distance functions because they take only one argument.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At first glance, measurements are quite different from distance functions because they take only one argument.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, they allow for making precise quantitative statements about domains.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, they allow for making precise quantitative statements about domains.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Bayesian methods have gained popularity as well, primarily in applications requiring predictive distributions for the process at locations that have not been observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bayesian methods have gained popularity as well, primarily in applications requiring predictive distributions for the process at locations that have not been observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The predictor of Z(s * ), s * / ∈ S n , equal to the conditional mean E [Z(s * )|Z(s), s ∈ S n ] is called the kriging predictor, after D.G. Krige, who advocated its use in early mining applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The predictor of Z(s * ), s * / ∈ S n , equal to the conditional mean E [Z(s * )|Z(s), s ∈ S n ] is called the kriging predictor, after D.G. Krige, who advocated its use in early mining applications (Krige, 1951) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Krige, 1951)" ] }, { "text": "When the true covariance function is known, the kriging predictor is the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) of Z(s * ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the true covariance function is known, the kriging predictor is the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) of Z(s * ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In practice, however, the true covariance function (or θ in the model above) must be estimated, and it is common to plug an estimate into the kriging equations and proceed as if the true covariance were known.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In practice, however, the true covariance function (or θ in the model above) must be estimated, and it is common to plug an estimate into the kriging equations and proceed as if the true covariance were known.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, inference based on this procedure ignores the uncertainty involved in estimating θ.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, inference based on this procedure ignores the uncertainty involved in estimating θ.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason, many authors have taken a Bayesian approach, deriving a joint posterior distribution for both θ and Z(s * ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, many authors have taken a Bayesian approach, deriving a joint posterior distribution for both θ and Z(s * ) (Kitanidis, 1986; Handcock and Stein, 1993; Handcock and Wallis, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kitanidis, 1986; Handcock and Stein, 1993; Handcock and Wallis, 1994)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Traditional approaches to estimating spatial covariance functions, such as fitting a parametric function to the empirical variogram using weighted least squares, make no explicit distributional assumptions (see Cressie, 1993, chap 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional approaches to estimating spatial covariance functions, such as fitting a parametric function to the empirical variogram using weighted least squares, make no explicit distributional assumptions (see Cressie, 1993, chap 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Likelihood-based methods of estimating the spatial covariance function, such as maximum likelihood, restricted maximum likelihood (REML), and Bayesian estimation, have been posed as alternatives.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Likelihood-based methods of estimating the spatial covariance function, such as maximum likelihood, restricted maximum likelihood (REML), and Bayesian estimation, have been posed as alternatives (Cook and Pocock, 1983; Kitanidis, 1983; Mardia and Marshall, 1984; Kitanidis, 1986; Handcock and Stein, 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF33", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cook and Pocock, 1983; Kitanidis, 1983; Mardia and Marshall, 1984; Kitanidis, 1986; Handcock and Stein, 1993)" ] }, { "text": "In particular, a widely adopted model assumes the existence of an underlying stochastic process Z = {Z(s), s ∈ S ⊂ d }, where Z is stationary and Gaussian, with specified mean function E[Z(s)] = m(s; β) and isotropic covariance function Cov(Z(s), Z(s )) = K(||s − s ||; θ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, a widely adopted model assumes the existence of an underlying stochastic process Z = {Z(s), s ∈ S ⊂ d }, where Z is stationary and Gaussian, with specified mean function E[Z(s)] = m(s; β) and isotropic covariance function Cov(Z(s), Z(s )) = K(||s − s ||; θ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "It is common among applied researchers in psychology to conduct data analyses as two-stage procedures where one or more preliminary tests precede the test of interest.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is common among applied researchers in psychology to conduct data analyses as two-stage procedures where one or more preliminary tests precede the test of interest (Keselman, Othman, & Wilcox, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Keselman, Othman, & Wilcox, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "For example, when a researcher plans to compare two population means with Student's t-test, the underlying normality assumption is often checked with a preliminary goodness-of-fit test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, when a researcher plans to compare two population means with Student's t-test, the underlying normality assumption is often checked with a preliminary goodness-of-fit test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the null hypothesis of normality is rejected, the Mann-Whitney test (or some other non-parametric test) is used to analyze the data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the null hypothesis of normality is rejected, the Mann-Whitney test (or some other non-parametric test) is used to analyze the data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the null hypothesis of normality is not rejected, the underlying homoscedasticity assumption may be checked in a similar manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the null hypothesis of normality is not rejected, the underlying homoscedasticity assumption may be checked in a similar manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity is rejected, Welch's ttest (or some other robust test) is used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity is rejected, Welch's ttest (or some other robust test) is used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If data were neither significantly non-normal nor significantly heteroscedastic, Student's t-test is used to compare the two means.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If data were neither significantly non-normal nor significantly heteroscedastic, Student's t-test is used to compare the two means.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Interpretation of electrograms during electrophysiological mapping of arrhythmias provides critical insight relating to the nature of their underlying substrates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interpretation of electrograms during electrophysiological mapping of arrhythmias provides critical insight relating to the nature of their underlying substrates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Electrogram amplitude recorded utilizing either bipolar or unipolar modalities of mapping traditionally infer information regarding the magnitude of surviving myocardium in proximity to the recording electrodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electrogram amplitude recorded utilizing either bipolar or unipolar modalities of mapping traditionally infer information regarding the magnitude of surviving myocardium in proximity to the recording electrodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Substrate mapping is often performed during pacing from a variety of strategic locations when stable sinus rhythm is not possible.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Substrate mapping is often performed during pacing from a variety of strategic locations when stable sinus rhythm is not possible [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "For clean-contaminated and contaminated operative procedures, antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For clean-contaminated and contaminated operative procedures, antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Colorectal surgery is the most thoroughly studied type of procedure in this category.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Colorectal surgery is the most thoroughly studied type of procedure in this category.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most commonly encountered organism in clean-contaminated and contaminated SSIs is still Staphylococcus aureus, though other aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria are also detected, as such, prophylaxis should be broader than that used for clean cases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The most commonly encountered organism in clean-contaminated and contaminated SSIs is still Staphylococcus aureus, though other aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria are also detected, as such, prophylaxis should be broader than that used for clean cases [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery revealed that the most efficacious regimens include coverage against both aerobic and anaerobic organisms (such as a 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporin, or gentamicin in combination with metronidazole).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery revealed that the most efficacious regimens include coverage against both aerobic and anaerobic organisms (such as a 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporin, or gentamicin in combination with metronidazole) [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Wound infections after cancer surgery may result in severe consequences, significant psychological trauma and delay in receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Wound infections after cancer surgery may result in severe consequences, significant psychological trauma and delay in receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "These consequences make any attempt to reduce infection rate an important goal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These consequences make any attempt to reduce infection rate an important goal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a limited resource country, using a cost effective PA regimen to prevent SSIs could be of economic value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a limited resource country, using a cost effective PA regimen to prevent SSIs could be of economic value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the use of two prophylactic antibiotic regimens in surgery as regards: efficacy, optimal timing, and cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the use of two prophylactic antibiotic regimens in surgery as regards: efficacy, optimal timing, and cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Defining the risk factors affecting the occurrence of wound infections will be also attempted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Defining the risk factors affecting the occurrence of wound infections will be also attempted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "From an academic perspective, several studies have identified various determinants of corporate failure and have developed optimal models for predicting corporate failure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From an academic perspective, several studies have identified various determinants of corporate failure and have developed optimal models for predicting corporate failure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Banks differ from other industries because they receive deposits and provide loans for profit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Banks differ from other industries because they receive deposits and provide loans for profit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the collapse of banks, often caused by mismanagement or the economic environment, negatively affects depositor rights and other industries, can induce international financial distress and destabilize economic development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the collapse of banks, often caused by mismanagement or the economic environment, negatively affects depositor rights and other industries, can induce international financial distress and destabilize economic development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, evaluating bank operations and establishing an early warning system are a top priority for global financial authority.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, evaluating bank operations and establishing an early warning system are a top priority for global financial authority (Huang et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Huang et al., 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In our case, the patient developed biliary infecion, herpes zoster and pulmonary abscess.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our case, the patient developed biliary infecion, herpes zoster and pulmonary abscess.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, infectious complications should be noted during treatment of AIP and PBC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, infectious complications should be noted during treatment of AIP and PBC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was found that benign extrahepatic biliary obstruction could promote bacterial translocation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was found that benign extrahepatic biliary obstruction could promote bacterial translocation [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "Obstruction relief and infection control are the keys to preventing septic complications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Obstruction relief and infection control are the keys to preventing septic complications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Steroid use is also associated with infections.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Steroid use is also associated with infections [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "Herpes zoster and uncommon pulmonary abscess have been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Herpes zoster and uncommon pulmonary abscess have been reported [29] [30] [31] [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29] [30] [31] [32]" ] }, { "text": "Active immunization is recommended before applying steroid in patients without varicella zoster virus vaccination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Active immunization is recommended before applying steroid in patients without varicella zoster virus vaccination [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "Pulmonary abscess is mainly controlled with antibiotics and postural drainage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pulmonary abscess is mainly controlled with antibiotics and postural drainage [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "In our case, the patient was controlled effectively with antiviral drugs and antibiotics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our case, the patient was controlled effectively with antiviral drugs and antibiotics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally thymosin was administered to ramp up the patient's immune function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally thymosin was administered to ramp up the patient's immune function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "M&A integration requires employees to increase their productivity, manage job routines and adopt new practices while transitioning from one organization to another.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "M&A integration requires employees to increase their productivity, manage job routines and adopt new practices while transitioning from one organization to another (Nemanich and Keller 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF77" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nemanich and Keller 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Leaders seek to balance similarity and difference in order to retain talent and 4 prevent the withdrawal of employees.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Leaders seek to balance similarity and difference in order to retain talent and 4 prevent the withdrawal of employees (Langley et al. 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF65" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Langley et al. 2012)" ] }, { "text": "However, during the postacquisition integration process employees often respond negatively with culture clashes being associated with more dysfunctional behaviors amongst employees (Marmenout 2011:793) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, during the postacquisition integration process employees often respond negatively with culture clashes being associated with more dysfunctional behaviors amongst employees (Marmenout 2011:793) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "With noncentral rigid conjugacy classes in A n and more complicated exceptional groups, we will concentrate on the B n , C n , and D n series in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With noncentral rigid conjugacy classes in A n and more complicated exceptional groups, we will concentrate on the B n , C n , and D n series in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The fingerprint invariant is assumed to be equivalent to the symbol invariant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fingerprint invariant is assumed to be equivalent to the symbol invariant [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Hopefully our constructions would be helpful to prove the equivalence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hopefully our constructions would be helpful to prove the equivalence [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Clearly more work is required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clearly more work is required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The fingerprint invariant of partitions is used to describe the Kazhdan-Lusztig map for the classical groups.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fingerprint invariant of partitions is used to describe the Kazhdan-Lusztig map for the classical groups [24] [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24] [25]" ] }, { "text": "The Kazhdan-Lusztig map is a map from the unipotent conjugacy classes to the set of conjugacy classes of the Weyl group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Kazhdan-Lusztig map is a map from the unipotent conjugacy classes to the set of conjugacy classes of the Weyl group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be extended to the case of rigid semisimple conjugacy classes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be extended to the case of rigid semisimple conjugacy classes [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "The rigid semisimple conjugacy classes and the conjugacy classes of the Weyl group are described by pairs of partitions (λ ′ ; λ ′′ ) and pairs of partitions [α; β], respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rigid semisimple conjugacy classes and the conjugacy classes of the Weyl group are described by pairs of partitions (λ ′ ; λ ′′ ) and pairs of partitions [α; β], respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The fingerprint invariant is a map between these two classes of objects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fingerprint invariant is a map between these two classes of objects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Recent progress in MRI superconducting technology has lead to a considerable increase in human exposure to very large static magnetic fields of up to several Tesla.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent progress in MRI superconducting technology has lead to a considerable increase in human exposure to very large static magnetic fields of up to several Tesla.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A typical commercial MRI scanner has a main field strength between 0.5 Tesla and 4 Tesla (in the region of uniformity).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A typical commercial MRI scanner has a main field strength between 0.5 Tesla and 4 Tesla (in the region of uniformity).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, MRI systems above 4 Tesla, such as 7 Tesla and 9.4 Tesla, are currently used for research.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, MRI systems above 4 Tesla, such as 7 Tesla and 9.4 Tesla, are currently used for research [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Motion of patients and occupational workers through these fields can cause the induction of currents in the body.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Motion of patients and occupational workers through these fields can cause the induction of currents in the body [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, new imaging sequences demand larger amplitudes and switching rates in magnetic field gradients, thus increasing the likelihood of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, new imaging sequences demand larger amplitudes and switching rates in magnetic field gradients, thus increasing the likelihood of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "When radiofrequency fields are transmitted to excite a spin ensemble during imaging, electromagnetic energy is coupled to the tissue and deposited within, which can cause regional temperature elevations within the patient, thus leading to possible tissue/cell injury.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When radiofrequency fields are transmitted to excite a spin ensemble during imaging, electromagnetic energy is coupled to the tissue and deposited within, which can cause regional temperature elevations within the patient, thus leading to possible tissue/cell injury [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Apart from interacting with the patient, electromagnetic fields produced by the system also couple to the conducting materials in the MRI system to induce eddy currents that degrade image quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Apart from interacting with the patient, electromagnetic fields produced by the system also couple to the conducting materials in the MRI system to induce eddy currents that degrade image quality [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "In practice, it is difficult to measure the unperturbed fields/currents in the human numerical prediction of the induced fields, can then be very useful for the evaluation/design of electromagnetic devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In practice, it is difficult to measure the unperturbed fields/currents in the human numerical prediction of the induced fields, can then be very useful for the evaluation/design of electromagnetic devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aim of this study is to improve the performance of the conventional (quasistatic) finite-difference method, which has been extensively used to model the induction of electric fields/currents in inhomogeneous voxel phantoms of man and animal when exposed to oscillating or static magnetic field sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of this study is to improve the performance of the conventional (quasistatic) finite-difference method, which has been extensively used to model the induction of electric fields/currents in inhomogeneous voxel phantoms of man and animal when exposed to oscillating or static magnetic field sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The method has the advantages of simplicity and can model any shaped object and various excitation sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The method has the advantages of simplicity and can model any shaped object and various excitation sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Used alone in their traditional capacity, calibrated simulation models are inefficient and can be ineffective for identifying a best set of alternatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Used alone in their traditional capacity, calibrated simulation models are inefficient and can be ineffective for identifying a best set of alternatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In complex water resources management systems, in which there may be a large number of potential management alternatives, determination of an optimal or near-optimal solution requires a more systematic decision-making framework such as the integration of a powerful optimization method with the simulation model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In complex water resources management systems, in which there may be a large number of potential management alternatives, determination of an optimal or near-optimal solution requires a more systematic decision-making framework such as the integration of a powerful optimization method with the simulation model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Traditional optimization methods-such as exhaustive search, iterative search, and gradient based techniques, and nonguided random search methods-are generally unsatisfactory for solving large, nonlinear, and nonconvex realistic problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional optimization methods-such as exhaustive search, iterative search, and gradient based techniques, and nonguided random search methods-are generally unsatisfactory for solving large, nonlinear, and nonconvex realistic problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, evolutionary algorithms (EAs), search mechanisms that apply the principle of natural selection to improve system performance, are believed to work better in the situations where traditional methods have difficulty.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, evolutionary algorithms (EAs), search mechanisms that apply the principle of natural selection to improve system performance, are believed to work better in the situations where traditional methods have difficulty (Schwefel 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schwefel 2000)" ] }, { "text": "For the watershed management problem, for example, it is difficult, if not impossible, to derive a well-behaved (i.e., convex and unimodal) function that explains a required output variable (e.g., sediment yield) as a result of the governing system dynamics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the watershed management problem, for example, it is difficult, if not impossible, to derive a well-behaved (i.e., convex and unimodal) function that explains a required output variable (e.g., sediment yield) as a result of the governing system dynamics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, EAs tend to be an ideal choice for solving the problem presented in this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, EAs tend to be an ideal choice for solving the problem presented in this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]