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[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The adsorption kinetics study was performed by monitoring the film's absorption at 464 nm in each step of the deposition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The adsorption kinetics study was performed by monitoring the film's absorption at 464 nm in each step of the deposition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The amount of adsorbed material on the glass substrate was estimated by using Beer's law.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The amount of adsorbed material on the glass substrate was estimated by using Beer's law.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mechanism of adsorption for the PAni chains at lower pHs (under pH 4, doped PAni) is usually driven by electrostatic interactions, because the polymeric chains acquire positively charged sites; consequently, the polymeric chains exhibit a more elongated conformation due to the electrostatic repulsion between the charged sites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanism of adsorption for the PAni chains at lower pHs (under pH 4, doped PAni) is usually driven by electrostatic interactions, because the polymeric chains acquire positively charged sites; consequently, the polymeric chains exhibit a more elongated conformation due to the electrostatic repulsion between the charged sites [18, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 25]" ] }, { "text": "However, above pH 4, the undoped PAni does not exhibit charged sites; consequently, the polymeric chains are in a more compact conformation, and the adsorption mechanism can be driven by secondary interactions or even adsorbed as a neutral material.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, above pH 4, the undoped PAni does not exhibit charged sites; consequently, the polymeric chains are in a more compact conformation, and the adsorption mechanism can be driven by secondary interactions or even adsorbed as a neutral material [26] [27] [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26] [27] [28]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the PAni pH solution is a decisive parameter that provides a charged or uncharged polymeric chain and modifies the mechanism parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the PAni pH solution is a decisive parameter that provides a charged or uncharged polymeric chain and modifies the mechanism parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, the pH of the NR solution is directly related to the proteic membrane's stability, which is responsible for the spherical form of the NR particles and its negative charge characteristic, and at a lower pH can disrupt the proteic membrane, causing coagulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the pH of the NR solution is directly related to the proteic membrane's stability, which is responsible for the spherical form of the NR particles and its negative charge characteristic, and at a lower pH can disrupt the proteic membrane, causing coagulation [16, 29, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 29, 30]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, evaluating the LbL film fabrications as functions of the pH solutions is an important step for producing films with better quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, evaluating the LbL film fabrications as functions of the pH solutions is an important step for producing films with better quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 2 shows the results obtained for the adsorption kinetics of PAni's first layer, with the PAni concentration of 0.8 g/L and pHs of 2.5 and 5.0.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 2 shows the results obtained for the adsorption kinetics of PAni's first layer, with the PAni concentration of 0.8 g/L and pHs of 2.5 and 5.0.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proper choice of these pHs is correlated to different mechanisms of adsorption; that could be related to charged and uncharged PAni chains, usually, electrostatic interaction (doped PAni -pH 2.5) and secondary interactions (undoped PAni -pH 5.0), respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The proper choice of these pHs is correlated to different mechanisms of adsorption; that could be related to charged and uncharged PAni chains, usually, electrostatic interaction (doped PAni -pH 2.5) and secondary interactions (undoped PAni -pH 5.0), respectively [18, 23, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 23, 26]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The spectra of PAni in the DMAc/H 2 O (1:5) solution at different states of oxidation (or pHs) are shown in Fig. 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The spectra of PAni in the DMAc/H 2 O (1:5) solution at different states of oxidation (or pHs) are shown in Fig. 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two absorption bands can be observed for pH 5.0 (320 and 600 nm), which are characteristic of PAni emeraldine base form.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Two absorption bands can be observed for pH 5.0 (320 and 600 nm), which are characteristic of PAni emeraldine base form [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "For pH 2.5, the shoulder at 400 nm and the free carrier tail above 600 nm, related to the doping process, are assigned as polaron bands.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For pH 2.5, the shoulder at 400 nm and the free carrier tail above 600 nm, related to the doping process, are assigned as polaron bands [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "The free carrier tail is indicative of secondary doping effects, which result in a more extended chain conformation, allowing a more delocalized polaronic band.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The free carrier tail is indicative of secondary doping effects, which result in a more extended chain conformation, allowing a more delocalized polaronic band [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "The points that intersect the spectra are known as isosbestic points; in this case, there are 3 isosbestic points at 365, 464, and 673 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The points that intersect the spectra are known as isosbestic points; in this case, there are 3 isosbestic points at 365, 464, and 673 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The isosbestic point at 464 nm was used to evaluate the amount of deposited material in the PAni/NR film in each self-assembled step.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The isosbestic point at 464 nm was used to evaluate the amount of deposited material in the PAni/NR film in each self-assembled step.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The morphology of the natural rubber was investigated by using FEG-SEM microscopy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The morphology of the natural rubber was investigated by using FEG-SEM microscopy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For that, highly diluted NR latex at pH 7.0 was cast on a silicon substrate, dried at room temperature and coated with a thin layer of gold.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For that, highly diluted NR latex at pH 7.0 was cast on a silicon substrate, dried at room temperature and coated with a thin layer of gold.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As shown in Fig. 4(a) , we clearly see a spherical shape of NR with various diameter sizes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As shown in Fig. 4(a) , we clearly see a spherical shape of NR with various diameter sizes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result is in accordance with those found in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This result is in accordance with those found in the literature [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "The monolayers of PAni self-assembled films were also investigated with undoped PAni, Fig. 4(b) , and doped PAni, Fig. 4(c) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The monolayers of PAni self-assembled films were also investigated with undoped PAni, Fig. 4(b) , and doped PAni, Fig. 4(c) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The undoped PAni films were adsorbed in a compact conformation, with a huge porous and holes formed across the surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The undoped PAni films were adsorbed in a compact conformation, with a huge porous and holes formed across the surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The doped PAni showed (Fig. 4(d) ) and pH 2.5 ( Fig. 4(e) ), were characterized by AFM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The doped PAni showed (Fig. 4(d) ) and pH 2.5 ( Fig. 4(e) ), were characterized by AFM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A quite irregular surface with evidence of globular particles, probably due to NR particles, were observed in the films.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A quite irregular surface with evidence of globular particles, probably due to NR particles, were observed in the films.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The RMS roughness value was calculated in a single area of 100.0 μm 2 by Gwyddion software analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The RMS roughness value was calculated in a single area of 100.0 μm 2 by Gwyddion software analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results for the PAni/NR LbL films deposited at pH 5.0 and pH 2.5 showed RMS roughness around 87.7 nm and 107 nm, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results for the PAni/NR LbL films deposited at pH 5.0 and pH 2.5 showed RMS roughness around 87.7 nm and 107 nm, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "On the one hand, IHFs, i.e., McDonald's and Burger King, appeared to be highly focused on customer service (in terms of order, efficiency, and speed), human resources management (considered essential for attaining the envisaged customer service standards), and processing management (food preparation) as per Ford-Taylor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the one hand, IHFs, i.e., McDonald's and Burger King, appeared to be highly focused on customer service (in terms of order, efficiency, and speed), human resources management (considered essential for attaining the envisaged customer service standards), and processing management (food preparation) as per Ford-Taylor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Burger King presents a menu that is definitely more simple and standard than McDonald's: proposing products with similar ingredients means less waste of raw materials and at the same time lower sales prices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Burger King presents a menu that is definitely more simple and standard than McDonald's: proposing products with similar ingredients means less waste of raw materials and at the same time lower sales prices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The far more numerous variants of McDonald's, e.g., in the list of ingredients, as well as in the various seasonal experiments, maybe including local raw materials and ingredients, and the innovation technology, represent the answer of the company to the new trend of the hamburger gourmet to continue to pamper their customers and try to remain an efficient machine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The far more numerous variants of McDonald's, e.g., in the list of ingredients, as well as in the various seasonal experiments, maybe including local raw materials and ingredients, and the innovation technology, represent the answer of the company to the new trend of the hamburger gourmet to continue to pamper their customers and try to remain an efficient machine [19] [20] [21] 23, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19] [20] [21] 23, 25]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, the gastronomic offer of McDonald's stimulates the perception of \"regionality\" in the consumer both through the use of European certifications, e.g., PDO, both more recently through the use of testimonials that guarantee the authenticity of the ingredients and the goodness of the recipes, highlighting the importance of marketing for final commercial success.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the gastronomic offer of McDonald's stimulates the perception of \"regionality\" in the consumer both through the use of European certifications, e.g., PDO, both more recently through the use of testimonials that guarantee the authenticity of the ingredients and the goodness of the recipes, highlighting the importance of marketing for final commercial success [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "SMEs play an important role in most countries' economies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SMEs play an important role in most countries' economies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, when compared to large enterprises, SMEs have a more simple structure, fewer specialized tasks, and fewer resources than those of human, financial and material.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, when compared to large enterprises, SMEs have a more simple structure, fewer specialized tasks, and fewer resources than those of human, financial and material (Feller et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Feller et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Regarding IT, they do not normally have an IT department; they lack project leaders; and formal IT staff training programs do not exist.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding IT, they do not normally have an IT department; they lack project leaders; and formal IT staff training programs do not exist.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, they have scarce resources, and according to the resources and capabilities theory, they need different competencies to be able to face the challenges that the scarcity of resources represents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, they have scarce resources, and according to the resources and capabilities theory, they need different competencies to be able to face the challenges that the scarcity of resources represents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Scholars have been trying to explain the strategic value of IT capabilities for a long time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Scholars have been trying to explain the strategic value of IT capabilities for a long time (Fink, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fink, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "There is ample evidence of the ways in which IT has been applied in the achievement of enterprises' productivity and in helping them become more competitive globally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is ample evidence of the ways in which IT has been applied in the achievement of enterprises' productivity and in helping them become more competitive globally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This enables them to put their human and economic efforts into the development of new products.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This enables them to put their human and economic efforts into the development of new products.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We now proceed to validate the DW emission from dark TCSs in microresonators by using the second method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We now proceed to validate the DW emission from dark TCSs in microresonators by using the second method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dissipation parameter is F 2 = 6.5, and the dispersion values are β 2 = 0.0125, β 3 = 0.06β 2 to further boost the DW emission efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dissipation parameter is F 2 = 6.5, and the dispersion values are β 2 = 0.0125, β 3 = 0.06β 2 to further boost the DW emission efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ZDP is z = −16.67.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ZDP is z = −16.67.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Considering the strong mode interaction when there is no dip-like perturbation of the background, the initial phase detuning = 4.03 and the additional phase shift per roundtrip of modes 0 and 1 are −1.5 rad and 0.8 rad.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the strong mode interaction when there is no dip-like perturbation of the background, the initial phase detuning = 4.03 and the additional phase shift per roundtrip of modes 0 and 1 are −1.5 rad and 0.8 rad.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The phase detuning is increased to 5 and the resonance shifts of modes 0 and 1 are changed to 0 and 0 at t = 281.37.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The phase detuning is increased to 5 and the resonance shifts of modes 0 and 1 are changed to 0 and 0 at t = 281.37.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a comparison, we set = 5.0, a = 2.0, b = 1.5, and c = 0.1 for (7) when we assume a suitable dip-like perturbation of the background.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a comparison, we set = 5.0, a = 2.0, b = 1.5, and c = 0.1 for (7) when we assume a suitable dip-like perturbation of the background.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Simulation results are given in Fig. 2, clearly showing a pair of DWs locate at = ±61, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Simulation results are given in Fig. 2, clearly showing a pair of DWs locate at = ±61, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The generated DWs are accurately predicted by (6) for both branches.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The generated DWs are accurately predicted by (6) for both branches.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The left-hand DW is, however, more efficient than the other, which accounts for the single DW emission in Fig. 1 and one earlier experiment of bright TCSs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The left-hand DW is, however, more efficient than the other, which accounts for the single DW emission in Fig. 1 and one earlier experiment of bright TCSs [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, we find that the final TCS is accompanied with a smaller temporal drift (V = 0.0031) compared with Figs. 1(a) (i.e., offset from τ = 0) but a strong oscillate tail (i.e., a strongly stretched but localized branch near the main dark TCSs), suggesting that powerful DW emissions are achievable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, we find that the final TCS is accompanied with a smaller temporal drift (V = 0.0031) compared with Figs. 1(a) (i.e., offset from τ = 0) but a strong oscillate tail (i.e., a strongly stretched but localized branch near the main dark TCSs), suggesting that powerful DW emissions are achievable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The detailed evolution dynamics along successive roundtrips of the TCS are shown in Fig. 2(a)-(d) , in which a pair of DWs are emitted around t = 2 in Fig. 2(b) and t = 285 in Fig. 2(d) , while the TCS is formed from t = 5 in Fig. 2(a) and t = 290 in Fig. 2(c) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The detailed evolution dynamics along successive roundtrips of the TCS are shown in Fig. 2(a)-(d) , in which a pair of DWs are emitted around t = 2 in Fig. 2(b) and t = 285 in Fig. 2(d) , while the TCS is formed from t = 5 in Fig. 2(a) and t = 290 in Fig. 2(c) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the double DWs are symmetrically located in either side of = 0, they share the identical side in temporal domain, as can be identified from Fig. 2(e) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the double DWs are symmetrically located in either side of = 0, they share the identical side in temporal domain, as can be identified from Fig. 2(e) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We attribute this feature by the periodic boundary conditions imposed by the resonator nature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We attribute this feature by the periodic boundary conditions imposed by the resonator nature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Crystalline systems can be characterized by their melting points (T m ), but amorphous materials do not possess this characteristic temperature parameter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Crystalline systems can be characterized by their melting points (T m ), but amorphous materials do not possess this characteristic temperature parameter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They can rather be defined by the glass-transition temperature (T g ), below which amorphous materials are brittle and above which they are in a liquid or rubbery state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They can rather be defined by the glass-transition temperature (T g ), below which amorphous materials are brittle and above which they are in a liquid or rubbery state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The T g lies in the interval from approximately 2/3 to 4/5 of the T m (in Kelvin).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The T g lies in the interval from approximately 2/3 to 4/5 of the T m (in Kelvin) [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "For investigations of the amorphous form and T g , the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a suitable experimental method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For investigations of the amorphous form and T g , the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a suitable experimental method [17, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 18]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Distance protection relays have been widely applied as the primary protection in high voltage transmission lines due to their simple operating principle and capability to work independently under most circumstances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Distance protection relays have been widely applied as the primary protection in high voltage transmission lines due to their simple operating principle and capability to work independently under most circumstances [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The basic operation principle of distance relay is based on the fact that the line impedance is fairly constant with respect to the line length.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic operation principle of distance relay is based on the fact that the line impedance is fairly constant with respect to the line length.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the implementation of FACTS controllers in power system transmission for enhancing the power system controllability and stability have introduced new power system issues in the field of power system protection that must be considered and analyzed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the implementation of FACTS controllers in power system transmission for enhancing the power system controllability and stability have introduced new power system issues in the field of power system protection that must be considered and analyzed [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "There are two generations for realization of power electronics based FACTS controllers: the first generation employs conventional thyristors switched capacitors and reactors, and quadrature tap-changing transformers while the second generation employs gate turnoff (GTO) thyristors switched converters as a voltage source converters (VSCs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are two generations for realization of power electronics based FACTS controllers: the first generation employs conventional thyristors switched capacitors and reactors, and quadrature tap-changing transformers while the second generation employs gate turnoff (GTO) thyristors switched converters as a voltage source converters (VSCs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first generation has resulted in the Static Var Compensator (SVC), the Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), the Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS), and the Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The first generation has resulted in the Static Var Compensator (SVC), the Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), the Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS), and the Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR) [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The second generation has produced the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), the Static Syn-chronous Series Compensator (SSSC), the GTO Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC), the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), and the Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The second generation has produced the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), the Static Syn-chronous Series Compensator (SSSC), the GTO Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC), the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), and the Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "The two groups of FACTS controllers have distinctly different operating and performance characteristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The two groups of FACTS controllers have distinctly different operating and performance characteristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the presence of series FACTS devices, the conventional distance relay characteristics such as MHO and quadrilateral are greatly subjected to mal-operation in the form of overreaching or underreaching the fault point.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the presence of series FACTS devices, the conventional distance relay characteristics such as MHO and quadrilateral are greatly subjected to mal-operation in the form of overreaching or underreaching the fault point [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, the conventional relay characteristics may not work properly in the presence of FACTS device.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the conventional relay characteristics may not work properly in the presence of FACTS device.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The data were screened for the assumption of normality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data were screened for the assumption of normality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While violation of normality was seen for self-efficacy, healthcare professionals, and chance subscales, as sample sizes were robust (>30) and participants were randomly allocated to equal number of groups, departure from normality was tolerated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While violation of normality was seen for self-efficacy, healthcare professionals, and chance subscales, as sample sizes were robust (>30) and participants were randomly allocated to equal number of groups, departure from normality was tolerated (Hills, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hills, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Screening of the data did not reveal any univariate or multivariate outliers (all z < 3.29).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Screening of the data did not reveal any univariate or multivariate outliers (all z < 3.29).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A power analysis using the G*Power software indicated that a large effect size (d > .50) would require at least an n of approximately 34 participants to obtain statistical power at the recommended .80 level for multivariate analysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A power analysis using the G*Power software indicated that a large effect size (d > .50) would require at least an n of approximately 34 participants to obtain statistical power at the recommended .80 level for multivariate analysis (Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Post hoc analysis revealed the statistical power to detect the large effect (d = .43) of the website on self-efficacy, and the three subscales of the locus of control scale was greater than .99.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Post hoc analysis revealed the statistical power to detect the large effect (d = .43) of the website on self-efficacy, and the three subscales of the locus of control scale was greater than .99.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In reviewing the univariate effects, the statistical power for the dependent variables self-efficacy and chance exceeded .99 and .97, respectively, for detecting large effect sizes (d = .63, d = .51).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In reviewing the univariate effects, the statistical power for the dependent variables self-efficacy and chance exceeded .99 and .97, respectively, for detecting large effect sizes (d = .63, d = .51).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the effect sizes were moderate for healthcare professionals and internal locus of control subscales (d < .24), with lower statistical power (1−β < .46).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the effect sizes were moderate for healthcare professionals and internal locus of control subscales (d < .24), with lower statistical power (1−β < .46).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, there was more than adequate power at large effect size level, but less than adequate statistical power at the moderate to small effect size level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, there was more than adequate power at large effect size level, but less than adequate statistical power at the moderate to small effect size level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With respect to the first hypothesis, the test of between-subjects effects revealed that self-efficacy was significantly associated with the type of website viewed, [F(1, 60 Table 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With respect to the first hypothesis, the test of between-subjects effects revealed that self-efficacy was significantly associated with the type of website viewed, [F(1, 60 Table 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In summary of these results, viewing the EASE website was associated with significantly higher self-efficacy and lower chance locus of control, relative to viewing the WebMD website.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In summary of these results, viewing the EASE website was associated with significantly higher self-efficacy and lower chance locus of control, relative to viewing the WebMD website.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results on the other two locus of control subscales favoured the EASE website but did not reach the required extreme α level of .001.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results on the other two locus of control subscales favoured the EASE website but did not reach the required extreme α level of .001.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Differences on internal locus of control were significant at .04.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Differences on internal locus of control were significant at .04.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "CaOx stones are found in two different varieties, CaOx monohydrate (COM) or Whewellite, and COD or weddellite.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CaOx stones are found in two different varieties, CaOx monohydrate (COM) or Whewellite, and COD or weddellite.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "COM, the thermodynamically most stable form, is observed more frequently in clinical stones than COD, and it has a greater affinity for renal tubular cells, thus responsible for the formation of stones in the kidney.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "COM, the thermodynamically most stable form, is observed more frequently in clinical stones than COD, and it has a greater affinity for renal tubular cells, thus responsible for the formation of stones in the kidney (Jyothilakshmi et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jyothilakshmi et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Hence, the formation of COD crystals forms a favorable environment of harmless excretion of CaOx.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the formation of COD crystals forms a favorable environment of harmless excretion of CaOx.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this regard, B. vulgaris tends to form COD crystals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this regard, B. vulgaris tends to form COD crystals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The fringe patterns are nothing but the record of the phase difference between light travelling in two different optical paths as intensity variations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fringe patterns are nothing but the record of the phase difference between light travelling in two different optical paths as intensity variations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By varying the phase difference between the beams involved, in known steps, it is possible to generate a sufficient number of equations to solve the parameters involved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By varying the phase difference between the beams involved, in known steps, it is possible to generate a sufficient number of equations to solve the parameters involved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, phase differences can be added by altering the optical path length of any one of the light beams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, phase differences can be added by altering the optical path length of any one of the light beams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Usually, the phase of the reference light beam is altered in known steps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Usually, the phase of the reference light beam is altered in known steps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Photoelasticity falls into a special category, in that the two light beams cannot be treated separately, but rather always go together.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Photoelasticity falls into a special category, in that the two light beams cannot be treated separately, but rather always go together [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "This means a phase shift introduced in one light beam will also introduce a corresponding phase shift in the other beam.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means a phase shift introduced in one light beam will also introduce a corresponding phase shift in the other beam.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This change in phase, in practice, is achieved by appropriately rotating the optical elements of the polariscope.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This change in phase, in practice, is achieved by appropriately rotating the optical elements of the polariscope.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A detailed study of the intensity of the light transmitted can help in relating the rotation of the optical elements to the change in phase introduced.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A detailed study of the intensity of the light transmitted can help in relating the rotation of the optical elements to the change in phase introduced [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "All formulations showed a negative zeta potential value and no significant statistical differences were observed among formulations (Table I) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All formulations showed a negative zeta potential value and no significant statistical differences were observed among formulations (Table I) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Negative zeta potential values are due to free carboxyl end groups of PLGA exposed on NP surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Negative zeta potential values are due to free carboxyl end groups of PLGA exposed on NP surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to blank NPs, the presence of LTZ into NPs did not influence the zeta potential in a significant way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to blank NPs, the presence of LTZ into NPs did not influence the zeta potential in a significant way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Zeta potential value is directly proportional to electrophoretic mobility (ratio of velocity of migration over potential gradient), as described by Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Zeta potential value is directly proportional to electrophoretic mobility (ratio of velocity of migration over potential gradient), as described by Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation (Egorova et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Egorova et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, higher the average NP size, slower the velocity of migration of charged particles in a known applied electric potential and thus resulted in decreased zeta potential value compared to smaller mean size NPs, which has higher velocity of migration and higher zeta potential value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, higher the average NP size, slower the velocity of migration of charged particles in a known applied electric potential and thus resulted in decreased zeta potential value compared to smaller mean size NPs, which has higher velocity of migration and higher zeta potential value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "NPs formation by emulsion-solvent evaporation is due to the partitioning of the organic solvent from the emulsion droplet into the continuous phase, followed by the evaporation of the organic solvent and simultaneous inward diffusion of the solvent into the droplet.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "NPs formation by emulsion-solvent evaporation is due to the partitioning of the organic solvent from the emulsion droplet into the continuous phase, followed by the evaporation of the organic solvent and simultaneous inward diffusion of the solvent into the droplet (Birnbaum et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Birnbaum et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The polymer concentration and organic solvent selection are critical.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The polymer concentration and organic solvent selection are critical.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High concentration of polymer in organic phase results in producing larger size microparticles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High concentration of polymer in organic phase results in producing larger size microparticles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since nanoparticles are formed from the emulsion droplets after organic solvent diffusion, their size is dependent on the stability of the emulsion droplets which is affected by miscibility of organic phase with water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since nanoparticles are formed from the emulsion droplets after organic solvent diffusion, their size is dependent on the stability of the emulsion droplets which is affected by miscibility of organic phase with water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dichloromethane, a water immiscible solvent, forms NPs by a true emulsification mechanism in which the larger emulsion droplets are broken into smaller droplets by the application of external energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dichloromethane, a water immiscible solvent, forms NPs by a true emulsification mechanism in which the larger emulsion droplets are broken into smaller droplets by the application of external energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mean diameter of LTZ-PLGA-NPs varied from 64 nm to 255 nm, when the theoretical amount of LTZ was increased from 10-40% in relation to polymer mass (Table I) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mean diameter of LTZ-PLGA-NPs varied from 64 nm to 255 nm, when the theoretical amount of LTZ was increased from 10-40% in relation to polymer mass (Table I) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can also be observed that the particle size distribution became progressively wider with the increase in LTZ amount as shown by polydispersity index in Table I .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can also be observed that the particle size distribution became progressively wider with the increase in LTZ amount as shown by polydispersity index in Table I .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At higher solid (PLGA+LTZ) concentrations, the energy applied through ultrasonication is insufficient to overcome the resistive viscous forces provided by the dissolved solid in the organic phase and the dissolved colloid stabilizer (PVA) in the aqueous phase, leading to heterogeneous droplets and a wider size distribution (Polydispersity index 0.27 to 0.66).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At higher solid (PLGA+LTZ) concentrations, the energy applied through ultrasonication is insufficient to overcome the resistive viscous forces provided by the dissolved solid in the organic phase and the dissolved colloid stabilizer (PVA) in the aqueous phase, leading to heterogeneous droplets and a wider size distribution (Polydispersity index 0.27 to 0.66).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During emulsification process, the lower the viscosity of the dispersed phase, the smaller the mean diameter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During emulsification process, the lower the viscosity of the dispersed phase, the smaller the mean diameter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "We give some examples of regular b-functions for A-hypergeometric systems of Gelfand-Kapranov-Zelevinsky.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We give some examples of regular b-functions for A-hypergeometric systems of Gelfand-Kapranov-Zelevinsky [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "We prove that A-hypergeometric systems are regular specializable along the origin without assuming the homogeneity (Theorem 1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We prove that A-hypergeometric systems are regular specializable along the origin without assuming the homogeneity (Theorem 1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, this implies (2) with D/I being the Ahypergeometric system and Y = {0}.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, this implies (2) with D/I being the Ahypergeometric system and Y = {0}.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Even though they display interesting mechanical properties, thermosetting polymer matrices also present undeniable drawbacks: low-temperature storage, very long curing process, and hand-made draping, which cause most of the irreversible defects during the manufacturing process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though they display interesting mechanical properties, thermosetting polymer matrices also present undeniable drawbacks: low-temperature storage, very long curing process, and hand-made draping, which cause most of the irreversible defects during the manufacturing process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thereby, high performance thermoplastic resins offer a promising alternative to thermosetting resins.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thereby, high performance thermoplastic resins offer a promising alternative to thermosetting resins.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, semi-crystalline thermoplastic resins offer a number of advantages over conventional thermosetting resins (such as epoxies): a high degree of chemical resistance, excellent damage and impact resistances, and they may be used over a wide range of temperatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, semi-crystalline thermoplastic resins offer a number of advantages over conventional thermosetting resins (such as epoxies): a high degree of chemical resistance, excellent damage and impact resistances, and they may be used over a wide range of temperatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Following an impact, polymer matrix composite laminates may undergo delamination, resulting in low damage tolerance, which is of great concern for aircraft applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Following an impact, polymer matrix composite laminates may undergo delamination, resulting in low damage tolerance, which is of great concern for aircraft applications [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A considerable amount of interest has been given on optimizing the Yagi-Uda antenna since it was introduced in 1920s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A considerable amount of interest has been given on optimizing the Yagi-Uda antenna since it was introduced in 1920s [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Because of the parasitic elements of this antenna, accurate modeling using closed form expressions is difficult.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of the parasitic elements of this antenna, accurate modeling using closed form expressions is difficult.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the advent of computers, numerical methods are being used for the solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the advent of computers, numerical methods are being used for the solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the design and synthesis of antennas, the goal is to find a radiating structure that meets a number of specified performance criteria, namely; gain, directivity, beamwidth, input impedance, physical size, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the design and synthesis of antennas, the goal is to find a radiating structure that meets a number of specified performance criteria, namely; gain, directivity, beamwidth, input impedance, physical size, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For all but the simplest antenna structures, there are a large number of design variables that affect its performance, some of them drastically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For all but the simplest antenna structures, there are a large number of design variables that affect its performance, some of them drastically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because of the coupling effect between various structures in an antenna, it is often difficult to provide a good initial guess for the design of the antenna parameters that provide expected performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of the coupling effect between various structures in an antenna, it is often difficult to provide a good initial guess for the design of the antenna parameters that provide expected performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For such problems, the GA approach becomes attractive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For such problems, the GA approach becomes attractive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Again when the antenna is optimized both for gain and impedance, the problem becomes harder than it is optimized for gain only.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Again when the antenna is optimized both for gain and impedance, the problem becomes harder than it is optimized for gain only.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That is why GA is applied to optimize the V antenna and its array.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is why GA is applied to optimize the V antenna and its array.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "With this paper, we aim to close this gap of understanding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With this paper, we aim to close this gap of understanding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Contrary to approximation theoretical results, we focus not on the expressive capacity of the class of neural networks but on its structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Contrary to approximation theoretical results, we focus not on the expressive capacity of the class of neural networks but on its structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The precise mathematical results will be explained in the next subsections.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The precise mathematical results will be explained in the next subsections.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On a conceptual level, our results have two implications: First, the derived topological properties pinpoint the reason for several issues that are observed when optimizing neural networks, namely: no guaranteed convergence, very slow convergence, or diverging network weights.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On a conceptual level, our results have two implications: First, the derived topological properties pinpoint the reason for several issues that are observed when optimizing neural networks, namely: no guaranteed convergence, very slow convergence, or diverging network weights.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These issues are highly undesirable in practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These issues are highly undesirable in practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We hope that any knowledge of a potential cause of these problems can be helpful for a practitioner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We hope that any knowledge of a potential cause of these problems can be helpful for a practitioner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, our results show that the structure of the set of functions implemented by neural networks differs considerably from that of classical spaces used for function approximation, such as spaces of polynomials, splines, or wavelets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, our results show that the structure of the set of functions implemented by neural networks differs considerably from that of classical spaces used for function approximation, such as spaces of polynomials, splines, or wavelets [33, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33, 14]" ] }, { "text": "These structural differences suggest that to explain the efficiency of neural networks more accurately, a different paradigm than the usual reduction to classical approximation problems will be necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These structural differences suggest that to explain the efficiency of neural networks more accurately, a different paradigm than the usual reduction to classical approximation problems will be necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Having assessed the intrinsic work function of monolayer VSe 2 film, we further investigated the LWF at the edge of the VSe 2 sheet by using the STM-based local probe technique.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Having assessed the intrinsic work function of monolayer VSe 2 film, we further investigated the LWF at the edge of the VSe 2 sheet by using the STM-based local probe technique.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A linear mapping of LWF close to the edge of the VSe 2 sheet was measured along the black arrow as shown in Fig. 4c .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A linear mapping of LWF close to the edge of the VSe 2 sheet was measured along the black arrow as shown in Fig. 4c .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sixty-four points were measured in the mapping, as shown in Fig. 4d .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sixty-four points were measured in the mapping, as shown in Fig. 4d .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We can see that LWF drops sharply at the edge, dramatically decreasing to 2.60 eV, almost half of the measured value in the rest of the film.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We can see that LWF drops sharply at the edge, dramatically decreasing to 2.60 eV, almost half of the measured value in the rest of the film.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, a lower work function benefits electrocatalysis, since it reduces the energetic barrier for electrons to transfer from the electrocatalyst.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, a lower work function benefits electrocatalysis, since it reduces the energetic barrier for electrons to transfer from the electrocatalyst [41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[41]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, our spatially resolved measurements reveal a lower LWF value of monolayer and a plummet at the edge, which could explain the excellent electrocatalytic performance of the VSe 2 nanosheets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, our spatially resolved measurements reveal a lower LWF value of monolayer and a plummet at the edge, which could explain the excellent electrocatalytic performance of the VSe 2 nanosheets [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Combined STS measurements and theoretical calculations are often used to investigate the magnetism of 2D materials in past years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Combined STS measurements and theoretical calculations are often used to investigate the magnetism of 2D materials in past years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, it is found practicable to detect the magnetism in hydrogen-adsorbed graphene and graphene nanoribbons.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, it is found practicable to detect the magnetism in hydrogen-adsorbed graphene and graphene nanoribbons [38, 39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38, 39]" ] }, { "text": "Specifically, combined with ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) and cryogenic conditions, STS can accomplish in-situ measurement of the as-grown sample in the same UHV system without sample transfer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, combined with ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) and cryogenic conditions, STS can accomplish in-situ measurement of the as-grown sample in the same UHV system without sample transfer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This sample-transfer-free method holds advantage for preservation of the sample quality by avoiding possible contamination or adsorbates, very useful for the detection of the intrinsic properties like the relatively weak magnetism signal in 2D materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This sample-transfer-free method holds advantage for preservation of the sample quality by avoiding possible contamination or adsorbates, very useful for the detection of the intrinsic properties like the relatively weak magnetism signal in 2D materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our current work, we also use in-situ STS technique to detect the possible magnetism signal of the as-grown VSe 2 sample.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our current work, we also use in-situ STS technique to detect the possible magnetism signal of the as-grown VSe 2 sample.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The STS curves show two characteristic peaks, an indication of magnetism, predicted in theoretical calculations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The STS curves show two characteristic peaks, an indication of magnetism, predicted in theoretical calculations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So we think that the STS measurements verify the theoretical calculations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So we think that the STS measurements verify the theoretical calculations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our STS measurements can be regarded as experimental evidence of the magnetism of monolayer VSe 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our STS measurements can be regarded as experimental evidence of the magnetism of monolayer VSe 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The photoreduction of nanocomposite film was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy (Fig. 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The photoreduction of nanocomposite film was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy (Fig. 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The formation of reduced Wells-Dawson in the composite film was confirmed by observation of deep blue color (Fig. 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The formation of reduced Wells-Dawson in the composite film was confirmed by observation of deep blue color (Fig. 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In UV-visible spectra (Fig. 1) , the reduced Wells-Dawson acid showed absorption peaks at about 300 and 690 nm, which the observed peak in 690 nm is related to the formation of single electron-reduced Wells-Dawson ion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In UV-visible spectra (Fig. 1) , the reduced Wells-Dawson acid showed absorption peaks at about 300 and 690 nm, which the observed peak in 690 nm is related to the formation of single electron-reduced Wells-Dawson ion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This figure also shows that there is an increase in the intensity up to 60 min, but after that, there is no change.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This figure also shows that there is an increase in the intensity up to 60 min, but after that, there is no change.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a proof that all the Wells-Dawson ions in the composite have been reduced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a proof that all the Wells-Dawson ions in the composite have been reduced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reduced film was used as reducing medium and host for the formation of Au nanoparticles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reduced film was used as reducing medium and host for the formation of Au nanoparticles [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In 2008, an estimated 482, 000 cases of esophageal carcinoma (EC) were diagnosed in the world and approximately 407, 000 people died of the disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2008, an estimated 482, 000 cases of esophageal carcinoma (EC) were diagnosed in the world and approximately 407, 000 people died of the disease (Jemal et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jemal et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "EC retains its status of top 4th leading cause of cancer deaths and the fifth most common diagnosed cancer in China in 2009.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "EC retains its status of top 4th leading cause of cancer deaths and the fifth most common diagnosed cancer in China in 2009 (Chen et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chen et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "The crude incidence rate for EC was 22.1/100, 000 in 2009, accounting for 7.7% of overall new cancer cases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The crude incidence rate for EC was 22.1/100, 000 in 2009, accounting for 7.7% of overall new cancer cases (Chen et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chen et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Surgical treatment played a central role to cure early stage and locally advanced cancer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surgical treatment played a central role to cure early stage and locally advanced cancer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, EC was often diagnosed at an advanced stage, and curative surgery could only be considered in 30% to 40% of patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, EC was often diagnosed at an advanced stage, and curative surgery could only be considered in 30% to 40% of patients (Schneider and Urba, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schneider and Urba, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "The 5-year survival rate was only 35-45% for all patients with EC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The 5-year survival rate was only 35-45% for all patients with EC (Thompson et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thompson et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Radiotherapy (RT) is a valuable curative treatment for non-operable patients or with a non-resectable tumor.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Radiotherapy (RT) is a valuable curative treatment for non-operable patients or with a non-resectable tumor (Bedenne et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bedenne et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "According to the survey, about 71.4% of EC patients were treated by RT in China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the survey, about 71.4% of EC patients were treated by RT in China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, RT could induce side effects like dysphagia, esophagitis, diminished appetite, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, malabsorption and depression which could be in relation with weight loss.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, RT could induce side effects like dysphagia, esophagitis, diminished appetite, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, malabsorption and depression which could be in relation with weight loss (Hill et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hill et al., 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Through the use of direct digital manufacturing (DDM), more commonly known as additive manufacturing (AM), various thermoplastics can be used as the basis for creating models and to be printed for a vast amount of applications that could potentially be beneficial with respect to the design and manufacturing of mechanical and structural components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through the use of direct digital manufacturing (DDM), more commonly known as additive manufacturing (AM), various thermoplastics can be used as the basis for creating models and to be printed for a vast amount of applications that could potentially be beneficial with respect to the design and manufacturing of mechanical and structural components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using this approach, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) can be printed at various orientations, and the understanding of the effect that this process has on their behavior under service loads could lead to potential benefits that were previously unexplored.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using this approach, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) can be printed at various orientations, and the understanding of the effect that this process has on their behavior under service loads could lead to potential benefits that were previously unexplored.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "DDM uses a combination of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) as well as computer codes designed to interface with advanced 3-D additive manufacturing prototyping machines to produce a desired component.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "DDM uses a combination of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) as well as computer codes designed to interface with advanced 3-D additive manufacturing prototyping machines to produce a desired component (Yan and Gu 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yan and Gu 1996)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "On the other hand, the shift to continuous-cover silviculture favored beech to a great extent, and put the admixed species at a disadvantage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the shift to continuous-cover silviculture favored beech to a great extent, and put the admixed species at a disadvantage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To solve this problem, an appropriate control of the canopy density of the shelterwood is needed, in order to provide enough light for the more light demanding species in mixture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To solve this problem, an appropriate control of the canopy density of the shelterwood is needed, in order to provide enough light for the more light demanding species in mixture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is common silvicultural knowledge that such appropriate canopy treatment consists of an irregular shelterwood creating heterogeneous light conditions in space and time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is common silvicultural knowledge that such appropriate canopy treatment consists of an irregular shelterwood creating heterogeneous light conditions in space and time (Röhrig et al. 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Röhrig et al. 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Because thermal infrared (IR) radiation from the natural environment is not CP, there are applications where it is desirable to produce broadband CP radiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because thermal infrared (IR) radiation from the natural environment is not CP, there are applications where it is desirable to produce broadband CP radiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This could find utility in imaging polarimetry, allowing for selection of objects based upon their emitted state of polarization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This could find utility in imaging polarimetry, allowing for selection of objects based upon their emitted state of polarization [22] [23] [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22] [23] [24]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, a low-profile conformal structure is desired that has a distinct CP broadband thermal emission characteristic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, a low-profile conformal structure is desired that has a distinct CP broadband thermal emission characteristic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has already been demonstrated that a planar frequency-selective surface (FSS) comprised of lossy dipole elements produces a linearly polarized (LP) field when thermally excited.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has already been demonstrated that a planar frequency-selective surface (FSS) comprised of lossy dipole elements produces a linearly polarized (LP) field when thermally excited [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper, we investigate ways to produce an analogous IR FSS structure for broadband CP radiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we investigate ways to produce an analogous IR FSS structure for broadband CP radiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, the macrobending loss properties of SMF28 (bend radius ranges from 8.5 to 12 mm) were investigated theoretically and experimentally and optimized as an edge filter for wavelength measurements.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, the macrobending loss properties of SMF28 (bend radius ranges from 8.5 to 12 mm) were investigated theoretically and experimentally and optimized as an edge filter for wavelength measurements [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "However, a bending fiber with a smaller bend radius, e.g., substantially less than 10 mm, is useful for sensing applications, particularly when the fiber bend is optimized as a small optical probe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a bending fiber with a smaller bend radius, e.g., substantially less than 10 mm, is useful for sensing applications, particularly when the fiber bend is optimized as a small optical probe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of macrobending loss with smaller bend radii.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of macrobending loss with smaller bend radii.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In practice, after stripping the polymer coating layers, the bare fiber is easily broken without any protection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In practice, after stripping the polymer coating layers, the bare fiber is easily broken without any protection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To reduce the bending induced internal stress and allow for smaller bending fiber structures, the fiber cladding is etched partially by using HF acid, which will be presented in Section 4.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To reduce the bending induced internal stress and allow for smaller bending fiber structures, the fiber cladding is etched partially by using HF acid, which will be presented in Section 4.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Global environmental change is creating wide-ranging impacts on biodiversity and people.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Global environmental change is creating wide-ranging impacts on biodiversity and people.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While the details are highly uncertainty, transformational change seems increasingly likely.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While the details are highly uncertainty, transformational change seems increasingly likely.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yet much conservation practice remains static, seeking to maintain ecosystems and species in a pre-disturbance condition by focusing on containing immediate threats like poaching and habitat conversion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet much conservation practice remains static, seeking to maintain ecosystems and species in a pre-disturbance condition by focusing on containing immediate threats like poaching and habitat conversion (Leverington et al. 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Leverington et al. 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Adaptive management and adaptive governance have been proposed as learning-based approaches that will enable conservation to address uncertainty and complexity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Adaptive management and adaptive governance have been proposed as learning-based approaches that will enable conservation to address uncertainty and complexity (Folke et al. 2005; Armitage et al. 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Folke et al. 2005; Armitage et al. 2011)" ] }, { "text": "While these approaches can inform climate adaptation, implementation presents an ongoing challenge.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While these approaches can inform climate adaptation, implementation presents an ongoing challenge (Holley et al. 2012; Schultz et al. 2015; Wyborn and Dovers 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Holley et al. 2012; Schultz et al. 2015; Wyborn and Dovers 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Early works on integration were carried out in the context of database design, and focused on the so-called schema integration problem, i.e. designing a global, unified schema for a database application starting from several sub schemata, each one produced independently from the others.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Early works on integration were carried out in the context of database design, and focused on the so-called schema integration problem, i.e. designing a global, unified schema for a database application starting from several sub schemata, each one produced independently from the others [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "More recent efforts have been devoted to data integration, which generalizes schema integration by taking into account actual data in the integration process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More recent efforts have been devoted to data integration, which generalizes schema integration by taking into account actual data in the integration process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here the input is a collection of source data sets (each one constituted by a schema and actual data), and the goal is to provide an integrated and reconciled view of the data residing at the sources, without interfering with their autonomy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Here the input is a collection of source data sets (each one constituted by a schema and actual data), and the goal is to provide an integrated and reconciled view of the data residing at the sources, without interfering with their autonomy [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "We only deal with the so-called read-only integration, which means that such a reconciled view is used for answering queries, and not for updating information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We only deal with the so-called read-only integration, which means that such a reconciled view is used for answering queries, and not for updating information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Rigidity of higher rank groups and their actions is typically connected with an analysis of the action of a maximal abelian subgroup A of the original group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rigidity of higher rank groups and their actions is typically connected with an analysis of the action of a maximal abelian subgroup A of the original group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a first step in the proof we show that there always exists a Hölder Riemannian metric on the manifold with respect to which A has uniform expansion and contraction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a first step in the proof we show that there always exists a Hölder Riemannian metric on the manifold with respect to which A has uniform expansion and contraction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For G actions, we proved this in an earlier paper.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For G actions, we proved this in an earlier paper [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "For lattices, this follows from a result of N. Qian on the existence of a continuous framing which transforms under G according to some finite dimensional representation of G.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For lattices, this follows from a result of N. Qian on the existence of a continuous framing which transforms under G according to some finite dimensional representation of G [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In the medical fi eld, the usefulness of coordination training has been reported in several studies in two limited areas: the prevention of falls and rehabilitation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the medical fi eld, the usefulness of coordination training has been reported in several studies in two limited areas: the prevention of falls and rehabilitation (Oster, et al.,1997; Franssen, et al., 1999; Rebel, 2000; Yokohata, 2002; Cauraugh, 2004; Kakebeeke, Roy & Largo, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Oster, et al.,1997; Franssen, et al., 1999; Rebel, 2000; Yokohata, 2002; Cauraugh, 2004; Kakebeeke, Roy & Largo, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Most of these medical-related studies have been limited to the application of coordination training to rehabilitation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of these medical-related studies have been limited to the application of coordination training to rehabilitation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been reported that early diagnosis and treatment of conditions that can jeopardize limb coordination, as well as coordination training, might help cognitively impaired older people to maintain optimal function.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been reported that early diagnosis and treatment of conditions that can jeopardize limb coordination, as well as coordination training, might help cognitively impaired older people to maintain optimal function (Franssen, et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Franssen, et al., 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Sports therapy or dance therapy that includes elements of coordination training has been clinically useful in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sports therapy or dance therapy that includes elements of coordination training has been clinically useful in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the effect of coordination abilities on mental conditions has not been systematically studied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the effect of coordination abilities on mental conditions has not been systematically studied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Our analyses confirm that a reputational mechanism based on generosity is unlikely to lead to cooperation in larger groups because such mechanisms are sensitive to memory constrains, to errors in reputation assessment, and even to low frequencies of defection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our analyses confirm that a reputational mechanism based on generosity is unlikely to lead to cooperation in larger groups because such mechanisms are sensitive to memory constrains, to errors in reputation assessment, and even to low frequencies of defection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Adding reward to cooperators allowed for the emergence of cooperation but turned out to be unstable since a population of rewarders can be quickly invaded by non-rewarders, as predicted from previous analyses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Adding reward to cooperators allowed for the emergence of cooperation but turned out to be unstable since a population of rewarders can be quickly invaded by non-rewarders, as predicted from previous analyses (Hauert, 2010; Sigmund et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hauert, 2010; Sigmund et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "We find that a reputational mechanism based on punitive actions largely solves these problems, i.e. it resists higher error rates in reputation assessment and frequently allows for the evolution of stable cooperation within larger groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We find that a reputational mechanism based on punitive actions largely solves these problems, i.e. it resists higher error rates in reputation assessment and frequently allows for the evolution of stable cooperation within larger groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A further conservative assumption of our model (with respect to the emergence of cooperation) is that punishment could not be conditional to the number of punishers in the group.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A further conservative assumption of our model (with respect to the emergence of cooperation) is that punishment could not be conditional to the number of punishers in the group (Boyd, Gintis, & Bowles, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boyd, Gintis, & Bowles, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "However, because only one or a few individuals need to punish defectors in order to maintain high levels of cooperation within a group, punishment in n-player public goods games can also be studied as a volunteer's dilemma.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, because only one or a few individuals need to punish defectors in order to maintain high levels of cooperation within a group, punishment in n-player public goods games can also be studied as a volunteer's dilemma (Przepiorka & Diekmann, 2013; Raihani & Bshary, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Przepiorka & Diekmann, 2013; Raihani & Bshary, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "The benefit of punishment is a non-linear function of the number of punishers, i.e. punishment could become more effective if used conditionally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The benefit of punishment is a non-linear function of the number of punishers, i.e. punishment could become more effective if used conditionally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, such conditional strategies lead to new dilemmas, and there is a need to explore the effects of punishment and punishment reputation implemented as a volunteer's dilemma in n-players games.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, such conditional strategies lead to new dilemmas, and there is a need to explore the effects of punishment and punishment reputation implemented as a volunteer's dilemma in n-players games.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Letting Γ := {u ∈ C 1 (Ω) : u = φ on ∂Ω} and Γ 0 := {h ∈ C 1 (Ω) : h = 0 on ∂Ω} , it is easy to show that the functional S is strictly convex on Γ; thus seeking the unique minimizer of S on Γ is equivalent to solving the variational equality δS(u; h) = 0 for all h ∈ Γ 0 , where δS(u; h) is the Gateaux variation of S at u in the direction h.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Letting Γ := {u ∈ C 1 (Ω) : u = φ on ∂Ω} and Γ 0 := {h ∈ C 1 (Ω) : h = 0 on ∂Ω} , it is easy to show that the functional S is strictly convex on Γ; thus seeking the unique minimizer of S on Γ is equivalent to solving the variational equality δS(u; h) = 0 for all h ∈ Γ 0 , where δS(u; h) is the Gateaux variation of S at u in the direction h.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the set of admissible minimizers is taken to be Γ ∩ C 2 (Ω), then a standard argument using Green's theorem shows that the minimizer of (1) satisfies the minimal surface equation Let W be a subset of a vector space V .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the set of admissible minimizers is taken to be Γ ∩ C 2 (Ω), then a standard argument using Green's theorem shows that the minimizer of (1) satisfies the minimal surface equation Let W be a subset of a vector space V .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recall that a functional S on W has a one-sided Gateaux variation at u 0 ∈ W if for each h ∈ V for which u 0 + th ∈ W for sufficiently small positive t δ + S(u 0 ; h) = lim t→0 + S(u 0 + th) − S(u 0 ) t exists in the extended real numbers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recall that a functional S on W has a one-sided Gateaux variation at u 0 ∈ W if for each h ∈ V for which u 0 + th ∈ W for sufficiently small positive t δ + S(u 0 ; h) = lim t→0 + S(u 0 + th) − S(u 0 ) t exists in the extended real numbers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Suppose the functional S has a onesided Gateaux variation at a point u 0 ∈ W .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Suppose the functional S has a onesided Gateaux variation at a point u 0 ∈ W .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then a necessary condition for S to have a minimum at u 0 is that (2) δ + S(u 0 ; u − u 0 ) ≥ 0 for all u ∈ V for which δ + S(u 0 ; u − u 0 ) exists.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then a necessary condition for S to have a minimum at u 0 is that (2) δ + S(u 0 ; u − u 0 ) ≥ 0 for all u ∈ V for which δ + S(u 0 ; u − u 0 ) exists.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For convex functionals, condition (2) is also sufficient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For convex functionals, condition (2) is also sufficient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus a necessary and sufficient condition for u 0 to minimize a convex functional S is that u 0 satisfies the variational inequality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus a necessary and sufficient condition for u 0 to minimize a convex functional S is that u 0 satisfies the variational inequality (2) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(2)" ] }, { "text": "Without additional \"regularity\" assumptions on the domain W and the functional S, it is not possible to derive an equation or even a variational equality that a minimizer satisfies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Without additional \"regularity\" assumptions on the domain W and the functional S, it is not possible to derive an equation or even a variational equality that a minimizer satisfies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If W is a subspace (a kind of regularity on the domain), then clearly the variational inequality (2) becomes a variational equality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If W is a subspace (a kind of regularity on the domain), then clearly the variational inequality (2) becomes a variational equality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, under some smoothness assumptions (regularity) on the functional S it is usually possible to show that the variational equality is equivalent to an equation involving u 0 only.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, under some smoothness assumptions (regularity) on the functional S it is usually possible to show that the variational equality is equivalent to an equation involving u 0 only.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All this is clearly illustrated by the above discussion of the classical minimal surface problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All this is clearly illustrated by the above discussion of the classical minimal surface problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Existence and uniqueness of solutions of various classes of optimization problems in nonreflexive Banach spaces have been studied in the literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Existence and uniqueness of solutions of various classes of optimization problems in nonreflexive Banach spaces have been studied in the literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, questions of stability with respect to the input data have not been satisfactorily addressed, partly due to the difficulty in the situation described above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, questions of stability with respect to the input data have not been satisfactorily addressed, partly due to the difficulty in the situation described above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To overcome this difficulty, stability questions can be considered in \"weaker\" norms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To overcome this difficulty, stability questions can be considered in \"weaker\" norms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This approach is often unsatisfactory when the solution to be approximated is smooth, as it is the case in the minimal surface problem (see Proposition 3.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This approach is often unsatisfactory when the solution to be approximated is smooth, as it is the case in the minimal surface problem (see Proposition 3.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A more satisfactory approach from the point of stable approximations is to consider a family of modified functionals on Hilbert spaces (which are appropriately embedded in the nonreflexive Banach space) and to consider the minimizers of the modified functionals as approximate solutions of the original problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A more satisfactory approach from the point of stable approximations is to consider a family of modified functionals on Hilbert spaces (which are appropriately embedded in the nonreflexive Banach space) and to consider the minimizers of the modified functionals as approximate solutions of the original problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This idea was recently used by the authors to study optimization methods in nonreflexive Banach spaces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This idea was recently used by the authors to study optimization methods in nonreflexive Banach spaces [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "There is a growing body of evidence regarding the favorable effects of investing early in the lives of disadvantaged children through such programs as home visiting and early childhood education.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a growing body of evidence regarding the favorable effects of investing early in the lives of disadvantaged children through such programs as home visiting and early childhood education.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such programs have demonstrated shortand longer-term benefits for both participating children and their families through rigorous experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such programs have demonstrated shortand longer-term benefits for both participating children and their families through rigorous experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations (Karoly, Kilburn, and Cannon, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Karoly, Kilburn, and Cannon, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Advocates who call for devoting more resources to such programs have drawn attention to the associated benefit-cost analyses (BCAs) which also show positive economic returns, whether to the participating families and children or to society more generally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Advocates who call for devoting more resources to such programs have drawn attention to the associated benefit-cost analyses (BCAs) which also show positive economic returns, whether to the participating families and children or to society more generally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As funders in the public and private sectors consider such investments, the evidence of favorable benefit-cost ratios, net benefits, or internal rates of return have further boosted enthusiasm for directing more resources to early childhood programs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As funders in the public and private sectors consider such investments, the evidence of favorable benefit-cost ratios, net benefits, or internal rates of return have further boosted enthusiasm for directing more resources to early childhood programs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ultimately, the BCAs of early childhood programs fulfill the increased demand for results-based accountability when allocating public and private sector resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ultimately, the BCAs of early childhood programs fulfill the increased demand for results-based accountability when allocating public and private sector resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "There are environments to manage morphosyntactics only, for instance XTAG develops fairly good English grammar.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are environments to manage morphosyntactics only, for instance XTAG develops fairly good English grammar [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "It is based on a lexicalization model named Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) that generates a grammatical tree to solve the syntax processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is based on a lexicalization model named Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) that generates a grammatical tree to solve the syntax processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It includes a parser, an X-windows interface and a morphology analyzer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It includes a parser, an X-windows interface and a morphology analyzer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Interaction terms enabled us to assess whether the impact of the Making Choices program differed by gender, minority status, or level of performance on the pretest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interaction terms enabled us to assess whether the impact of the Making Choices program differed by gender, minority status, or level of performance on the pretest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pretest-by-intervention interaction term is especially important because it helps to determine whether higher risk children (i.e., those rated as having more problems on pretests) differentially benefit from program participation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pretest-by-intervention interaction term is especially important because it helps to determine whether higher risk children (i.e., those rated as having more problems on pretests) differentially benefit from program participation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moderation effects are as common as significant main effects in prevention trials, and including pretest-by-intervention group interaction terms accounts for some of the classroom level variance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moderation effects are as common as significant main effects in prevention trials, and including pretest-by-intervention group interaction terms accounts for some of the classroom level variance (Brown & Liao, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brown & Liao, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Accounting for some of the classroom level variance in this way was necessary because the study's clustering in one school and four classrooms provided no statistical power to conduct more sophisticated multi-level modeling analyses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accounting for some of the classroom level variance in this way was necessary because the study's clustering in one school and four classrooms provided no statistical power to conduct more sophisticated multi-level modeling analyses (Brown & Liao, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brown & Liao, 1999)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "After significant covariates and interaction effects were examined in the stepwise regression models, estimated marginal means, adjusted for the effects of significant covariates, were generated by the General Linear Modeling procedure in SPSS version 11.0.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After significant covariates and interaction effects were examined in the stepwise regression models, estimated marginal means, adjusted for the effects of significant covariates, were generated by the General Linear Modeling procedure in SPSS version 11.0.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Adjusted means were used to calculate program effects sizes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adjusted means were used to calculate program effects sizes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Significant moderation effects called for special subgroup analyses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Significant moderation effects called for special subgroup analyses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When significant pretest-by-intervention group interactions surfaced, high-risk children were identified by selecting children who scored below the standardized mean (0) on pretest measures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When significant pretest-by-intervention group interactions surfaced, high-risk children were identified by selecting children who scored below the standardized mean (0) on pretest measures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was above the mean for overt aggression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was above the mean for overt aggression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Adjusted means and estimated program effect sizes were then calculated for these high-risk children.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adjusted means and estimated program effect sizes were then calculated for these high-risk children.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Effect sizes were calculated in the conventional manner by taking the difference between the adjusted mean scores for intervention and control groups and dividing this by the average of the two groups' standard deviations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Effect sizes were calculated in the conventional manner by taking the difference between the adjusted mean scores for intervention and control groups and dividing this by the average of the two groups' standard deviations (Pedhazur & Pedhazur Schmelkin, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF53" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pedhazur & Pedhazur Schmelkin, 1991)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Analyses indicated that the Making Choices program was effective in enhancing social contact, cognitive concentration, and peer acceptance, and in decreasing overt aggression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analyses indicated that the Making Choices program was effective in enhancing social contact, cognitive concentration, and peer acceptance, and in decreasing overt aggression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Important moderation effects surfaced, indicating that the program was particularly effective for high risk children.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Important moderation effects surfaced, indicating that the program was particularly effective for high risk children.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Studies suggest that the intervention targets that the Making Choices program influenced are related both to future school performance and conduct.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies suggest that the intervention targets that the Making Choices program influenced are related both to future school performance and conduct (Ialongo et al., 2001; Loeber, Farrington, Stouthamer-Loeber, & Van Kammen, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34", "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ialongo et al., 2001; Loeber, Farrington, Stouthamer-Loeber, & Van Kammen, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Although these initial results are encouraging, further replications with larger, racially diverse samples and measures from multiple sources are warranted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although these initial results are encouraging, further replications with larger, racially diverse samples and measures from multiple sources are warranted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "These findings are consistent with previous work by the authors and by others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings are consistent with previous work by the authors and by others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our previous study with high risk youth (N = 103) and the intervention package consisting of Making Choices and Strong Families, the combined programs demonstrated significant effects on social contact, social competence, and cognitive concentration-just as Making Choices alone did in the current study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In our previous study with high risk youth (N = 103) and the intervention package consisting of Making Choices and Strong Families, the combined programs demonstrated significant effects on social contact, social competence, and cognitive concentration-just as Making Choices alone did in the current study (Fraser et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fraser et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "While this pattern of results needs to be further confirmed, finding approximately the same pattern of significant outcomes across studies is encouraging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While this pattern of results needs to be further confirmed, finding approximately the same pattern of significant outcomes across studies is encouraging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The combinatorics involved in plethysm is rather intricate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The combinatorics involved in plethysm is rather intricate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, a combinatorial construction of plethystic substitution was not given until Nava and Rota in 1985.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, a combinatorial construction of plethystic substitution was not given until Nava and Rota in 1985 [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "They developed the notion of partitional, a functor from the groupoid of partitions to the category of finite sets, in analogy with Joyal's notion of species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They developed the notion of partitional, a functor from the groupoid of partitions to the category of finite sets, in analogy with Joyal's notion of species [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "In the same way composition of species yields composition of one-variable power series by taking generating functions, they showed that a suitable notion of composition of partitionals yields plethystic substitution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the same way composition of species yields composition of one-variable power series by taking generating functions, they showed that a suitable notion of composition of partitionals yields plethystic substitution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this notion of composition of partitionals is quite involved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this notion of composition of partitionals is quite involved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The above contributions significantly refine and extend those of a previous survey of predictive process monitoring methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The above contributions significantly refine and extend those of a previous survey of predictive process monitoring methods [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "This latter survey provides a broad taxonomy of predictive monitoring methods in terms of the target of the prediction (e.g., compliance violation, next event, remaining cycle time), the methods employed (generative models versus regression or classification models), and the datasets and evaluation measures employed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This latter survey provides a broad taxonomy of predictive monitoring methods in terms of the target of the prediction (e.g., compliance violation, next event, remaining cycle time), the methods employed (generative models versus regression or classification models), and the datasets and evaluation measures employed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present survey focuses on methods for predicting time-related properties (in particular, cycle time) but goes deeper in the taxonomy by considering differences in pre-processing and feature encoding approaches, and by providing an empirical comparison of the relative performance of existing methods in this field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present survey focuses on methods for predicting time-related properties (in particular, cycle time) but goes deeper in the taxonomy by considering differences in pre-processing and feature encoding approaches, and by providing an empirical comparison of the relative performance of existing methods in this field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Many literatures have pointed out that fiscal decentralization maybe dangerous in developing and transitional countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many literatures have pointed out that fiscal decentralization maybe dangerous in developing and transitional countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In line with increasing better public services, the cost of service delivery also will increase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In line with increasing better public services, the cost of service delivery also will increase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It causes regional governments expanded their expenditures while externalizing cost to others.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It causes regional governments expanded their expenditures while externalizing cost to others (Rodden, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF67" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rodden, 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In this analysis, patients receiving IFN β-1a 44 μg SC tiw were more likely to achieve NEDA-T2 and CAF status at Weeks 48 and 72 than those treated with IFN β-1a 30 μg IM qw, regardless of whether they had Gd + lesions at baseline.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this analysis, patients receiving IFN β-1a 44 μg SC tiw were more likely to achieve NEDA-T2 and CAF status at Weeks 48 and 72 than those treated with IFN β-1a 30 μg IM qw, regardless of whether they had Gd + lesions at baseline.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A lower proportion of patients with baseline Gd + lesions achieved CAF status at Weeks 48 and 72; this effect was statistically significant only in the IFN β-1a 44 μg SC tiw group at 48 weeks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A lower proportion of patients with baseline Gd + lesions achieved CAF status at Weeks 48 and 72; this effect was statistically significant only in the IFN β-1a 44 μg SC tiw group at 48 weeks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Baseline Gd + lesions predicted a significantly reduced likelihood of achieving NEDA-T2 status through 72 weeks in the IFN β-1a 30 μg IM qw group and a numerical reduction in the IFN β-1a 44 μg SC tiw group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Baseline Gd + lesions predicted a significantly reduced likelihood of achieving NEDA-T2 status through 72 weeks in the IFN β-1a 30 μg IM qw group and a numerical reduction in the IFN β-1a 44 μg SC tiw group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results are broadly consistent with results of analyses comparing IFN β-1a 30 μg IM qw versus placebo, in which baseline Gd + lesions were associated with inflammatory activity over 2 years of treatment, regardless of treatment arm (although these analyses did not employ composite measures such as NEDA).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results are broadly consistent with results of analyses comparing IFN β-1a 30 μg IM qw versus placebo, in which baseline Gd + lesions were associated with inflammatory activity over 2 years of treatment, regardless of treatment arm (although these analyses did not employ composite measures such as NEDA) [16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In recent years there has been a renewed interest in using ocean renewable energy and, in particular, wave energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years there has been a renewed interest in using ocean renewable energy and, in particular, wave energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To do so, many types of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) have been proposed, and some were constructed and tested.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To do so, many types of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) have been proposed, and some were constructed and tested.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The so-called point-absorbers are a class of WECs that harvest the wave-induced motion of oscillating submerged bodies (see, e.g., the CETO system).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The so-called point-absorbers are a class of WECs that harvest the wave-induced motion of oscillating submerged bodies (see, e.g., the CETO system [1] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Such bodies can be located quite close to the free surface and hence may undergo large amplitude motion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such bodies can be located quite close to the free surface and hence may undergo large amplitude motion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In these situations numerical models based on assuming small amplitude motions, either of the free surface elevation, the body dynamics, or both, may not properly represent the dynamics of the coupled system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In these situations numerical models based on assuming small amplitude motions, either of the free surface elevation, the body dynamics, or both, may not properly represent the dynamics of the coupled system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the present study we develop and implement a numerical model, solving two-way nonlinear wave-body interactions, which could then be applied to simulating WEC behavior in real (irregular) sea-states.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study we develop and implement a numerical model, solving two-way nonlinear wave-body interactions, which could then be applied to simulating WEC behavior in real (irregular) sea-states.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a first step in this project, we implement and validate a two-dimensional (2D) model for a horizontal submerged cylinder of arbitrary cross-section.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a first step in this project, we implement and validate a two-dimensional (2D) model for a horizontal submerged cylinder of arbitrary cross-section.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Future work will report on the three-dimensional implementation of this model and its application to more realistic submerged bodies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future work will report on the three-dimensional implementation of this model and its application to more realistic submerged bodies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The second interesting feature is the way a combination of securities markets and insurance markets can be used to simplify the institutional structure needed for dealing with unknown individual risks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second interesting feature is the way a combination of securities markets and insurance markets can be used to simplify the institutional structure needed for dealing with unknown individual risks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The point here is that unknown individual risks can be resolved into a collective and an individual component.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The point here is that unknown individual risks can be resolved into a collective and an individual component.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The collective component refers to the distribution of certain conditions in the population as a whole, and the individual component, to the probability of a particular person being affected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The collective component refers to the distribution of certain conditions in the population as a whole, and the individual component, to the probability of a particular person being affected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Securities markets are used to insure against the collective component, and insurance contracts are used for the individual components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Securities markets are used to insure against the collective component, and insurance contracts are used for the individual components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is illustrated in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is illustrated in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Typically securities markets have not been seen as appropriate for handling individual risks, and indeed the use of securities markets and insurance markets together has not previously been studied (except for Cass, Chichilnisky and Wu).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Typically securities markets have not been seen as appropriate for handling individual risks, and indeed the use of securities markets and insurance markets together has not previously been studied (except for Cass, Chichilnisky and Wu [3] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Given the current interest in the insurance industry about its relationship with the securities industry, a model of value-added interaction between the two is very timely.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the current interest in the insurance industry about its relationship with the securities industry, a model of value-added interaction between the two is very timely.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "A consensus on a standardized protocol for the dynamic MR imaging examination and interpretation is lacking, and there is no evidence on how to overcome this problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A consensus on a standardized protocol for the dynamic MR imaging examination and interpretation is lacking, and there is no evidence on how to overcome this problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In some studies the bladder, vagina, and rectum have not been opacified, or the bladder was even emptied prior to examination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some studies the bladder, vagina, and rectum have not been opacified, or the bladder was even emptied prior to examination [24, [26] [27] [28] [30] [31] [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, [26] [27] [28] [30] [31] [32]" ] }, { "text": "Whereas in the other studies, at least one of the mentioned structures was opacified with sonographic gel or a mixture with gadolinium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Whereas in the other studies, at least one of the mentioned structures was opacified with sonographic gel or a mixture with gadolinium [25, 29, 33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25, 29, 33]" ] }, { "text": "The dynamic MR imaging consists of a cine loop of images of relaxation and maximal straining of the pelvic floor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dynamic MR imaging consists of a cine loop of images of relaxation and maximal straining of the pelvic floor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In some studies, patients were also asked to contract their pelvic floor muscles and/or were instructed to actually defecate during imaging.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some studies, patients were also asked to contract their pelvic floor muscles and/or were instructed to actually defecate during imaging [24, 29, 31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 29, 31]" ] }, { "text": "A shared problem was the lack of a method to objectively assess the effort of strain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A shared problem was the lack of a method to objectively assess the effort of strain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For future research on the validation of dynamic MR imaging in women with pelvic organ prolapse, it seems of utmost importance that radiologists and gynecologist cooperate in studies on the standardized assessment of the various signs and symptoms of prolapse.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For future research on the validation of dynamic MR imaging in women with pelvic organ prolapse, it seems of utmost importance that radiologists and gynecologist cooperate in studies on the standardized assessment of the various signs and symptoms of prolapse.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More evidence, from wellconducted clinical studies, is needed to enable the future definition of guidelines for dynamic MR imaging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More evidence, from wellconducted clinical studies, is needed to enable the future definition of guidelines for dynamic MR imaging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the standardized assessment of the patients' symptoms, i.e., with the use of validated questionnaires, has only been performed in one study included in this review.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the standardized assessment of the patients' symptoms, i.e., with the use of validated questionnaires, has only been performed in one study included in this review [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Ratio analysis is a commonly used analytical tool for measuring the relative performance of a Decision Making Units (DMUs) by focusing on one input/output at a time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ratio analysis is a commonly used analytical tool for measuring the relative performance of a Decision Making Units (DMUs) by focusing on one input/output at a time [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In practical applications, the weighted average of a set of individual ratios is applied in order to produce a single measure of performance from various ratios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In practical applications, the weighted average of a set of individual ratios is applied in order to produce a single measure of performance from various ratios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the appropriate assignment of weights in this approach has been an issue of controversy for researchers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the appropriate assignment of weights in this approach has been an issue of controversy for researchers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fortunately, the development of modern Operations Research/Management Science (OR/MS) has provided us with two powerful methods called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which can be used to derive ratio weights.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fortunately, the development of modern Operations Research/Management Science (OR/MS) has provided us with two powerful methods called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which can be used to derive ratio weights.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "DEA is a data-oriented approach for assessing the relative efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "DEA is a data-oriented approach for assessing the relative efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The standard DEA models are formulated using absolute numerical input and output data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The standard DEA models are formulated using absolute numerical input and output data [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In order to use ratio data in the DEA framework, ratio-based DEA models were developed as a combination of DEA methodology and ratio analysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to use ratio data in the DEA framework, ratio-based DEA models were developed as a combination of DEA methodology and ratio analysis [3] - [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ], [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]", "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and it has been proved that an early diagnosis of the disease can help strongly to enhance the expectancy of survival.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and it has been proved that an early diagnosis of the disease can help strongly to enhance the expectancy of survival [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Understanding the nature of data and the information in mammography images is very important for developing a model that helps to diagnosis early the breast cancer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Understanding the nature of data and the information in mammography images is very important for developing a model that helps to diagnosis early the breast cancer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The presence of a breast mass is an alert sign, but it does not always indicate a malignant cancer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of a breast mass is an alert sign, but it does not always indicate a malignant cancer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is an outpatient procedure that involves using a small-gauge needle to extract fluid directly from a breast mass.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is an outpatient procedure that involves using a small-gauge needle to extract fluid directly from a breast mass [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "But FNA of breast masses is a costeffective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But FNA of breast masses is a costeffective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Our work is different from the above research in the following respects: First, this study estimated the GHG emissions (CO 2 equivalent) per unit of AH economic output value in China and its 31 provinces from 1997 to 2016.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our work is different from the above research in the following respects: First, this study estimated the GHG emissions (CO 2 equivalent) per unit of AH economic output value in China and its 31 provinces from 1997 to 2016.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, we established a vertical linkage of change in AHGI between china and its 31 provinces from the perspective of combining emissions reduction with economic development, and separated the factors affecting the change of AHGI into environmental efficiency, productive efficiency and economic share.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, we established a vertical linkage of change in AHGI between china and its 31 provinces from the perspective of combining emissions reduction with economic development, and separated the factors affecting the change of AHGI into environmental efficiency, productive efficiency and economic share.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We used the LMDI decomposition method to support our study, because it was proven to be a feasible tool in achieving complete decomposition without residuals, allowing subgroup estimations to be aggregated in a consistent manner and performing attribution analyses on the impact of subcategory estimates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We used the LMDI decomposition method to support our study, because it was proven to be a feasible tool in achieving complete decomposition without residuals, allowing subgroup estimations to be aggregated in a consistent manner and performing attribution analyses on the impact of subcategory estimates [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49]" ] }, { "text": "Third, we quantified the contributions of each province and its three driving factors to the change of China's AHGI during the period of 1997-2016.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, we quantified the contributions of each province and its three driving factors to the change of China's AHGI during the period of 1997-2016.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study aims to provide a reference for formulating provincial AHGI reduction targets for the Chinese government in a more scientific and reasonable way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study aims to provide a reference for formulating provincial AHGI reduction targets for the Chinese government in a more scientific and reasonable way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Common oak (Quercus robur L.) is one of the main forest-forming species, occurring in almost the entire Europe: from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the foothills of the Ural Mountains in the east, and from the Scandinavian Peninsula in the north to the Balkan Peninsula and the Apennine Peninsula in the south.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Common oak (Quercus robur L.) is one of the main forest-forming species, occurring in almost the entire Europe: from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the foothills of the Ural Mountains in the east, and from the Scandinavian Peninsula in the north to the Balkan Peninsula and the Apennine Peninsula in the south [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Forest nursery staff in both in Poland and in Europe artificially regenerate processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Forest nursery staff in both in Poland and in Europe artificially regenerate processes [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Previous research on common oak seeds showed that only their density, and to a very limited extent, their mass, aerodynamic and mechanical properties, depend on their health.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous research on common oak seeds showed that only their density, and to a very limited extent, their mass, aerodynamic and mechanical properties, depend on their health.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is not possible to separate only healthy seeds in a seed lot; they may only be separated together with slightly unhealthy seeds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is not possible to separate only healthy seeds in a seed lot; they may only be separated together with slightly unhealthy seeds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An acorn's size-which is characterized by linear dimensions or volume-as well as its frictional properties, are not distributive features, as the mummification process affects almost all of the fractions of acorns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An acorn's size-which is characterized by linear dimensions or volume-as well as its frictional properties, are not distributive features, as the mummification process affects almost all of the fractions of acorns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Acorn shape is a similar case: both among healthy acorns as well as unhealthy and slightly unhealthy ones, there are similar numbers of slender seeds (a rotational ellipsoid) and bulky (spherical) ones.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Acorn shape is a similar case: both among healthy acorns as well as unhealthy and slightly unhealthy ones, there are similar numbers of slender seeds (a rotational ellipsoid) and bulky (spherical) ones [13, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 23]" ] }, { "text": "Acorn damage may occur even before harvest, as well as during harvest, and treatment and may be caused by bacteria, fungi, and insects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Acorn damage may occur even before harvest, as well as during harvest, and treatment and may be caused by bacteria, fungi, and insects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In some cases, the level of damage reaches is significant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some cases, the level of damage reaches is significant [24, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 25]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "An analysis based on the assessment of the cross-section of an acorn is a derivative of viability analysis with the standard cutting method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An analysis based on the assessment of the cross-section of an acorn is a derivative of viability analysis with the standard cutting method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analysis takes into account that the latter is a destructive method, and therefore not suitable for the assessment of seeds intended for use in forest management.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis takes into account that the latter is a destructive method, and therefore not suitable for the assessment of seeds intended for use in forest management [45] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[45]" ] }, { "text": "The cutting test is a tentative method of seed assessment that evaluates the viability of the seeds based on the macroscopic examination of: embryonic development, the condition of cotyledon tissue, and root primordia, as well as internal damage caused by fungi and insects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cutting test is a tentative method of seed assessment that evaluates the viability of the seeds based on the macroscopic examination of: embryonic development, the condition of cotyledon tissue, and root primordia, as well as internal damage caused by fungi and insects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The assessment is made only on the basis of the external appearance of the longitudinal section through the tissue; hence, the test is the least unreliable in the case of the freshly harvested as well as properly and briefly stored seeds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The assessment is made only on the basis of the external appearance of the longitudinal section through the tissue; hence, the test is the least unreliable in the case of the freshly harvested as well as properly and briefly stored seeds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The following seeds are distinguished: healthy, slightly unsound, unhealthy, damaged by larvae, and empty (without an embryo).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The following seeds are distinguished: healthy, slightly unsound, unhealthy, damaged by larvae, and empty (without an embryo).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Considering the development of the embryo and the topography of mummification changes, it is possible to assess the expected germination ability of seeds, assuming that for healthy seeds it is 100%, for slightly unsound seeds 50%, and that the remaining ones are considered incapable of germination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the development of the embryo and the topography of mummification changes, it is possible to assess the expected germination ability of seeds, assuming that for healthy seeds it is 100%, for slightly unsound seeds 50%, and that the remaining ones are considered incapable of germination [46] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[46]" ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately, in the case of scarification, seed separation is based on the distribution of necrotic foci on the cross-section of an acorn.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, in the case of scarification, seed separation is based on the distribution of necrotic foci on the cross-section of an acorn.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Irrespective of the severity of scarification, the observer can only see the cotyledon area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Irrespective of the severity of scarification, the observer can only see the cotyledon area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Highly intensive scarification significantly accelerates and equalizes germination, as well as increases the precision of the seed health assessment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Highly intensive scarification significantly accelerates and equalizes germination, as well as increases the precision of the seed health assessment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, leaving more nutrient reserves in a seed ensures improved embryo development, which results in higher resistance to the negative environmental influence, and positively affects the features of seedlings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, leaving more nutrient reserves in a seed ensures improved embryo development, which results in higher resistance to the negative environmental influence, and positively affects the features of seedlings [28, [47] [48] [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27", "BIBREF47", "BIBREF48", "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28, [47] [48] [49]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The low effectiveness of acorn separation when using the classical methods has prompted a search for unconventional solutions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The low effectiveness of acorn separation when using the classical methods has prompted a search for unconventional solutions [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "These include optical properties, in the classical sense, such as color and intensity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These include optical properties, in the classical sense, such as color and intensity [19, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 27]" ] }, { "text": "The pre-sowing preparation of oak seeds includes scarification, i.e., cutting off 20-30% of the distal part of the acorn.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pre-sowing preparation of oak seeds includes scarification, i.e., cutting off 20-30% of the distal part of the acorn.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is followed by a visual assessment of the health of the seed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is followed by a visual assessment of the health of the seed [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "Thanks to this pre-sowing rejection of necrotic seeds, it is possible to increase the field germination ability by approximately 30%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thanks to this pre-sowing rejection of necrotic seeds, it is possible to increase the field germination ability by approximately 30% [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "An analysis of the color and topography of mummification changes visualized in cotyledons, which are uncovered during scarification, could thus be regarded as a distributive feature in both manual and automated scarification procedures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An analysis of the color and topography of mummification changes visualized in cotyledons, which are uncovered during scarification, could thus be regarded as a distributive feature in both manual and automated scarification procedures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The signals are detected and amplified with 122 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), split equally between arrays at the top and bottom of the TPC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The signals are detected and amplified with 122 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), split equally between arrays at the top and bottom of the TPC [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Figure 2 shows an overview of the LUX signal and data flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 2 shows an overview of the LUX signal and data flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The PMT signals are shaped and amplified by Pre-and Post-Amplifiers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The PMT signals are shaped and amplified by Pre-and Post-Amplifiers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The individual PMT channels are summed into 16 groups before reaching the Trigger System.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The individual PMT channels are summed into 16 groups before reaching the Trigger System.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PMTs are set to generate about 3.3 × 10 6 electrons per photoelectron (phe), which at the PMT output corresponds to a pulse with an area of ∼13.3 mVns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PMTs are set to generate about 3.3 × 10 6 electrons per photoelectron (phe), which at the PMT output corresponds to a pulse with an area of ∼13.3 mVns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analog chain amplification and shaping increases single phe pulse area to ∼151 mVns and FWTM of 54 ns at the trigger digitizers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analog chain amplification and shaping increases single phe pulse area to ∼151 mVns and FWTM of 54 ns at the trigger digitizers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Many studies have focused on the various effects of WFB practices on companies and workers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many studies have focused on the various effects of WFB practices on companies and workers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yamamoto and Matsuura conducted a panel regression by using 1990s' panel data on Japanese companies to investigate the effect of WFB practices on productivity and turnover, and the results showed that in the case of large manufacturing companies, WFB practices lowered the turnover rate and thus improved productivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Yamamoto and Matsuura conducted a panel regression by using 1990s' panel data on Japanese companies to investigate the effect of WFB practices on productivity and turnover, and the results showed that in the case of large manufacturing companies, WFB practices lowered the turnover rate and thus improved productivity [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "Ngo and colleagues used a structural equation model to analyze 2006 survey data on 180 multinational corporations in Hong Kong and suggested that the CEO's support is crucial in adopting WFB policies and that the introduction of WFB policies has a positive impact on the organizational climate such as trust among members, morale, rewards equitability, and leader credibility, eventually leading to positive consequences such as high performance in the market and a low turnover rate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ngo and colleagues used a structural equation model to analyze 2006 survey data on 180 multinational corporations in Hong Kong and suggested that the CEO's support is crucial in adopting WFB policies and that the introduction of WFB policies has a positive impact on the organizational climate such as trust among members, morale, rewards equitability, and leader credibility, eventually leading to positive consequences such as high performance in the market and a low turnover rate [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Russell and colleagues analyzed a 2003 survey of 5000 Irish workers and revealed that family-friendly policies such as flexible working hours lower work stress and work-life conflict.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Russell and colleagues analyzed a 2003 survey of 5000 Irish workers and revealed that family-friendly policies such as flexible working hours lower work stress and work-life conflict.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By contrast, it was found that telecommuting increases work stress and work-life conflict, indicating that telecommuters may be burdened by both work stress and housework.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By contrast, it was found that telecommuting increases work stress and work-life conflict, indicating that telecommuters may be burdened by both work stress and housework [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "Greenhaus and Parasuraman suggested that parental leave is an important WFB policy as it helps meet workers' need for childrearing and forms a positive organizational image.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Greenhaus and Parasuraman suggested that parental leave is an important WFB policy as it helps meet workers' need for childrearing and forms a positive organizational image [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Baum and Kabst conducted a choice experiment on 130 German college and graduate students and took into account the following company attributes: work climate, security, flexible working hours availability, working schedule, training, salary, person-organization fit, promotion prospects, task attractiveness, and location.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Baum and Kabst conducted a choice experiment on 130 German college and graduate students and took into account the following company attributes: work climate, security, flexible working hours availability, working schedule, training, salary, person-organization fit, promotion prospects, task attractiveness, and location [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "Tumasjan and colleagues conducted a choice experiment about finding a job in a start-up company on 160 German college students and set the attributes of the start-up business as follows: flexibility of working, hierarchy, team climate, stock option, responsibility, task variety, leadership functions, learning curve, and entrepreneurial knowledge building.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Tumasjan and colleagues conducted a choice experiment about finding a job in a start-up company on 160 German college students and set the attributes of the start-up business as follows: flexibility of working, hierarchy, team climate, stock option, responsibility, task variety, leadership functions, learning curve, and entrepreneurial knowledge building [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "Their findings revealed that such job seekers value a team climate and the early assignment of responsibilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Their findings revealed that such job seekers value a team climate and the early assignment of responsibilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Brosi and Welpe carried out a choice experiment on 285 international postdocs looking for a job.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Brosi and Welpe carried out a choice experiment on 285 international postdocs looking for a job [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "For postdocs, the major attributes that are important at work are relationship quality with mentor, scientific autonomy, research scholarships and funding, general training, and tenure track position availability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For postdocs, the major attributes that are important at work are relationship quality with mentor, scientific autonomy, research scholarships and funding, general training, and tenure track position availability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, postdoctoral scholars identified the relationship quality with a scientific mentor and scientific autonomy as the most important attributes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, postdoctoral scholars identified the relationship quality with a scientific mentor and scientific autonomy as the most important attributes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Flaherty and Pappas analyzed what company attributes salespersons value, using a choice experiment on 96 US salespeople, and included the following company attributes: strategy, compensation, revenue source diversification, firm size, and management consideration of service quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Flaherty and Pappas analyzed what company attributes salespersons value, using a choice experiment on 96 US salespeople, and included the following company attributes: strategy, compensation, revenue source diversification, firm size, and management consideration of service quality [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In the case of South Korea, although these WFB policies are institutionally designed at the level of advanced countries, they are ineffectively implemented in practice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of South Korea, although these WFB policies are institutionally designed at the level of advanced countries, they are ineffectively implemented in practice [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The reason for the low implementation rate is that companies are more concerned with the additional cost (e.g., the cost of hiring replacement workers to cover for workers on parental leave) than the benefit deriving from practicing WFB policies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason for the low implementation rate is that companies are more concerned with the additional cost (e.g., the cost of hiring replacement workers to cover for workers on parental leave) than the benefit deriving from practicing WFB policies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the question of how much benefit in monetary terms WFB practices provide to workers arises.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the question of how much benefit in monetary terms WFB practices provide to workers arises.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If this information is available, companies looking to attract talented workers can actively implement WFB policies that may offer job seekers an additional benefit and incentive along with a wage increase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If this information is available, companies looking to attract talented workers can actively implement WFB policies that may offer job seekers an additional benefit and incentive along with a wage increase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, this information may also help design government support policies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, this information may also help design government support policies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The studies described above mainly analyzed various WFB policies by focusing on whether companies were implementing such policies and their employees' responses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The studies described above mainly analyzed various WFB policies by focusing on whether companies were implementing such policies and their employees' responses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, with this approach, it could be difficult to quantify the value of WFB policies to employees, the purpose of the present study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, with this approach, it could be difficult to quantify the value of WFB policies to employees, the purpose of the present study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There may be some discrepancy between the companies in which job seekers attain employment and the companies they prefer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There may be some discrepancy between the companies in which job seekers attain employment and the companies they prefer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, in a serious unemployment crisis, job seekers are likely to work for a company that has work available rather than a company for which they would want to work.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, in a serious unemployment crisis, job seekers are likely to work for a company that has work available rather than a company for which they would want to work [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, some studies in the field of behavioral economics have reported that irrationality is observed more often in high-stakes decisions such as job selection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, some studies in the field of behavioral economics have reported that irrationality is observed more often in high-stakes decisions such as job selection [26, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26, 27]" ] }, { "text": "There is therefore a limitation in analyzing job seekers' actual preferences by using data on revealed preferences that represent their actual choice of company.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is therefore a limitation in analyzing job seekers' actual preferences by using data on revealed preferences that represent their actual choice of company.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Revealed preference studies only provide precise estimates of the willingness to pay for goods when individuals have full and accurate information about the quality of the goods and when relevant markets are not plagued by market power and transaction costs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Revealed preference studies only provide precise estimates of the willingness to pay for goods when individuals have full and accurate information about the quality of the goods and when relevant markets are not plagued by market power and transaction costs [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "However, in the job market, it is often found that job seekers do not have full information on goods (e.g., job specification) and that market power is on the side of the recruiter than the job seeker (especially when the unemployment rate is high).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in the job market, it is often found that job seekers do not have full information on goods (e.g., job specification) and that market power is on the side of the recruiter than the job seeker (especially when the unemployment rate is high).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, there exist transaction costs that hamper efficient decisions in various forms (e.g., commuting distance and labor market regulations).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, there exist transaction costs that hamper efficient decisions in various forms (e.g., commuting distance and labor market regulations).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Approximately 3 % of the population harbors one or more cerebral aneurysms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Approximately 3 % of the population harbors one or more cerebral aneurysms [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Cerebral aneurysms can lead to rupture that causes a life-threatening subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cerebral aneurysms can lead to rupture that causes a life-threatening subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mortality rate for this pathology is reported to be approximately 50 %, while 46 % of the survivors have long-time impairments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mortality rate for this pathology is reported to be approximately 50 %, while 46 % of the survivors have long-time impairments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rupture of aneurysms has to be prevented with respect to clinical and economical aspects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rupture of aneurysms has to be prevented with respect to clinical and economical aspects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, early finding of cerebral aneurysms is desirable as a prognosis if and when an aneurysm ruptures is currently not possible with sufficient accuracy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, early finding of cerebral aneurysms is desirable as a prognosis if and when an aneurysm ruptures is currently not possible with sufficient accuracy [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Rooting of apple microshoots has been examined intensively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rooting of apple microshoots has been examined intensively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In apple, during rooting three distinct steps may be distinguished on the basis of hormonal requirements: dedifferentiation (0-24 h), induction (24-96 h), and differentiation (from 96 h onwards).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In apple, during rooting three distinct steps may be distinguished on the basis of hormonal requirements: dedifferentiation (0-24 h), induction (24-96 h), and differentiation (from 96 h onwards) (De Klerk et al. 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(De Klerk et al. 1995)" ] }, { "text": "To study the underlying mechanisms operating during adventitious root formation, a system has been developed consisting of 1-mm stem slices cut from microshoots produced in tissue culture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To study the underlying mechanisms operating during adventitious root formation, a system has been developed consisting of 1-mm stem slices cut from microshoots produced in tissue culture (Van Der Krieken et al. 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Van Der Krieken et al. 1993)" ] }, { "text": "A major advantage of slices is that interferences by other parts of the shoot do not occur.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A major advantage of slices is that interferences by other parts of the shoot do not occur.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present paper reports a major promotive effect of phenolic compounds on rooting of 1-mm slices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present paper reports a major promotive effect of phenolic compounds on rooting of 1-mm slices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Multiple-valued reversible circuits are a promising choice for future computing technology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Multiple-valued reversible circuits are a promising choice for future computing technology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Quaternary logic has the advantage that classical binary logic functions can be expressed as quaternary logic functions by grouping 2-bits together into quaternary digits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quaternary logic has the advantage that classical binary logic functions can be expressed as quaternary logic functions by grouping 2-bits together into quaternary digits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Quaternary encoded reversible realization of binary logic function will be half-times compact than the reversible realization of original binary logic function in terms of the number of input/output lines required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quaternary encoded reversible realization of binary logic function will be half-times compact than the reversible realization of original binary logic function in terms of the number of input/output lines required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is only a few works on general synthesis method of quaternary logic functions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is only a few works on general synthesis method of quaternary logic functions [1, 2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 2]" ] }, { "text": "Here, we present hand reversible synthesis of quaternary decoder, multiplexer, and demultiplexer circuits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, we present hand reversible synthesis of quaternary decoder, multiplexer, and demultiplexer circuits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These circuits are practically important medium-scale building blocks for synthesis of large digital systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These circuits are practically important medium-scale building blocks for synthesis of large digital systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These hand synthesis results will also help us to estimate the complexity of general synthesis methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These hand synthesis results will also help us to estimate the complexity of general synthesis methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The phenomenon of immigration has an immense impact on the health care of population in the United States.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The phenomenon of immigration has an immense impact on the health care of population in the United States.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cases of tuberculosis (TB) among foreign-born nationals, currently living in the United States, account for more than half of the total.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cases of tuberculosis (TB) among foreign-born nationals, currently living in the United States, account for more than half of the total.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recognition of this fact helps in early detection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recognition of this fact helps in early detection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Atypical presentation may lead to misdiagnosis or a delay in diagnosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Atypical presentation may lead to misdiagnosis or a delay in diagnosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also the absence of systemic symptoms does not rule out TB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also the absence of systemic symptoms does not rule out TB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Radiological imaging, sputum smear, and PPD only aid in the diagnosis but a high degree of suspicion is required to ascertain an accurate diagnosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Radiological imaging, sputum smear, and PPD only aid in the diagnosis but a high degree of suspicion is required to ascertain an accurate diagnosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Establishing an early diagnosis of TB infection and disease in a pregnant woman is important as it affects the health of both mother and infant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Establishing an early diagnosis of TB infection and disease in a pregnant woman is important as it affects the health of both mother and infant [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The reasons for vibration monitoring on helicopters have changed throughout time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reasons for vibration monitoring on helicopters have changed throughout time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Initially, improving safety was pointed out as the main objective for vibration levels surveillance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Initially, improving safety was pointed out as the main objective for vibration levels surveillance [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Subsequently reducing maintenance costs while maximizing availability pushed for more assertive vibration data treatment than only establishing safe operating levels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently reducing maintenance costs while maximizing availability pushed for more assertive vibration data treatment than only establishing safe operating levels [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Current trends on helicopter management point towards the integration of safety, usage and maintenance requirements, embodied as in Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Current trends on helicopter management point towards the integration of safety, usage and maintenance requirements, embodied as in Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS) [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Japan is also promoting the employment of human resources from other countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Japan is also promoting the employment of human resources from other countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on the EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement), Japan has started to accept Indonesian, Filipino, and Vietnamese practitioners in nursing since 2008.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement), Japan has started to accept Indonesian, Filipino, and Vietnamese practitioners in nursing since 2008 [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "However, there is also the Japanese language barrier, and current policies regulating this emphasis are not progressing well, to the disadvantage of foreign practitioners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is also the Japanese language barrier, and current policies regulating this emphasis are not progressing well, to the disadvantage of foreign practitioners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These problems/issues continue to influence the consideration of whether or not Japanese healthcare systems can continuously be aided with a limited nursing care staff.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These problems/issues continue to influence the consideration of whether or not Japanese healthcare systems can continuously be aided with a limited nursing care staff.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is important to effectively utilize limited human resources wisely, while firmly considering how to secure human health and human resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is important to effectively utilize limited human resources wisely, while firmly considering how to secure human health and human resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Electroless nickel deposition provide a good uniform coatings on any type and shape of substrate due to its redox reaction that does not requires external current density as electrodeposition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electroless nickel deposition provide a good uniform coatings on any type and shape of substrate due to its redox reaction that does not requires external current density as electrodeposition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Usually, a binary nickel alloy is produced by reducing agent that provides secondary element codeposited along with nickel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Usually, a binary nickel alloy is produced by reducing agent that provides secondary element codeposited along with nickel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, a binary nickel alloy such as Ni-P, exhibits superior corrosion resistance, low friction, and higher hardness compare to nickel itself.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, a binary nickel alloy such as Ni-P, exhibits superior corrosion resistance, low friction, and higher hardness compare to nickel itself.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such alloy can be used in various applications such as corrosion resistant material, memory hard disc, circuit board and even in automobile finishes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such alloy can be used in various applications such as corrosion resistant material, memory hard disc, circuit board and even in automobile finishes [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Outline of the construction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Outline of the construction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our starting point is a class of knots supported on surfaces in S 3 in a configuration known as a trellis, as previously studied by Lustig-Moriah.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our starting point is a class of knots supported on surfaces in S 3 in a configuration known as a trellis, as previously studied by Lustig-Moriah [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "The surface Σ on which such a knot K is supported splits S 3 into two handlebodies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The surface Σ on which such a knot K is supported splits S 3 into two handlebodies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For appropriately chosen special cases we find that the complement S 3 K is hyperbolic, and that the representation obtained from one of the handlebodies is primitive stable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For appropriately chosen special cases we find that the complement S 3 K is hyperbolic, and that the representation obtained from one of the handlebodies is primitive stable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most of the work for this is done in Section 5, about which we remark more below.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the work for this is done in Section 5, about which we remark more below.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Let F n denote the free group on n generators, where n ≥ 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Let F n denote the free group on n generators, where n ≥ 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The space Hom(F n , P SL 2 (C)) of representations of F n into P SL(2, C) contains within it presentations of all hyperbolic 3-manifold groups of rank bounded by n, and so is of central interest in three-dimensional geometry and topology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The space Hom(F n , P SL 2 (C)) of representations of F n into P SL(2, C) contains within it presentations of all hyperbolic 3-manifold groups of rank bounded by n, and so is of central interest in three-dimensional geometry and topology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand there is also an interesting dynamical structure on Hom(F n , P SL 2 (C)) coming from the action of Aut(F n ) by precomposition (see Lubotzky).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand there is also an interesting dynamical structure on Hom(F n , P SL 2 (C)) coming from the action of Aut(F n ) by precomposition (see Lubotzky [11] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "The interaction between the geometric and dynamical aspects of this picture is still somewhat mysterious, and forms the motivation for this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interaction between the geometric and dynamical aspects of this picture is still somewhat mysterious, and forms the motivation for this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) examines the relations between socio-cognitive beliefs and their effects on behavior.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) examines the relations between socio-cognitive beliefs and their effects on behavior (Ajzen, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ajzen, 1991)" ] }, { "text": "According to the theory, intention and behavior are influenced by attitudes towards behavior, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the theory, intention and behavior are influenced by attitudes towards behavior, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Attitudes express the persons' positive or negative evaluation for the behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Attitudes express the persons' positive or negative evaluation for the behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Intentions are the motivational factors for the behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Intentions are the motivational factors for the behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stronger intentions influence more the performance of behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stronger intentions influence more the performance of behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Subjective norms are the belief of the significant others for the behavior of interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subjective norms are the belief of the significant others for the behavior of interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Perceived behavioral control is the perception of how easy or difficult is the behavior.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Perceived behavioral control is the perception of how easy or difficult is the behavior (Ajzen, 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ajzen, 1988)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies comparing normal weight and overweight/obese participants exploring the predictability of TPB on both exercise and healthy eating behaviors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies comparing normal weight and overweight/obese participants exploring the predictability of TPB on both exercise and healthy eating behaviors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present paper explores the TPB constructs regarding healthy eating and exercise behavior among normal weight and overweight individuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present paper explores the TPB constructs regarding healthy eating and exercise behavior among normal weight and overweight individuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Information about the stronger TPB determinants for both behaviors separately for normal and overweight individuals can feed the design of future more successful interventions for behavior change, tailored to the needs of the specific group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Information about the stronger TPB determinants for both behaviors separately for normal and overweight individuals can feed the design of future more successful interventions for behavior change, tailored to the needs of the specific group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It should note that present study's' data are part of a data set of a previously published paper which aimed to identify and characterize the patterns of psychological (well-being, body image, self-control) and behavioral characteristics (exercise and eating habits), in relation to body mass index.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It should note that present study's' data are part of a data set of a previously published paper which aimed to identify and characterize the patterns of psychological (well-being, body image, self-control) and behavioral characteristics (exercise and eating habits), in relation to body mass index (Psouni, Hassandra, & Theodorakis, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Psouni, Hassandra, & Theodorakis, 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Results showed that participants with the lower BMI values had a healthier profile regarding exercise and eating behaviors, and more positive scores in psychological variables, whereas, participants with the higher BMI values had a less healthy profile regarding exercise and eating behaviors, and lower scores in psychological variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Results showed that participants with the lower BMI values had a healthier profile regarding exercise and eating behaviors, and more positive scores in psychological variables, whereas, participants with the higher BMI values had a less healthy profile regarding exercise and eating behaviors, and lower scores in psychological variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The objective of self-healing technology is to enable/assist material systems to heal after damage .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The objective of self-healing technology is to enable/assist material systems to heal after damage .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It aims to reduce the level of damage and to extend or to renew the functionality and life-time of the damaged part.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It aims to reduce the level of damage and to extend or to renew the functionality and life-time of the damaged part [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Fisher defines the self-healing and self-repair of a material or system as: \"the ability to substantially return to an initial, proper operating state or condition prior exposure to a dynamic environment by making the necessary adjustments to restore to normality and/or the ability to resist the formation of irregularities and/or defects\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fisher defines the self-healing and self-repair of a material or system as: \"the ability to substantially return to an initial, proper operating state or condition prior exposure to a dynamic environment by making the necessary adjustments to restore to normality and/or the ability to resist the formation of irregularities and/or defects\" [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Food processing operation also uses enormous quantities of water which are consequently discharge as a polluted effluent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Food processing operation also uses enormous quantities of water which are consequently discharge as a polluted effluent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The waste are contain high concentration of biodegradable organic material and suspended solid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The waste are contain high concentration of biodegradable organic material and suspended solid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result it has a high BOD and extremes of pH conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result it has a high BOD and extremes of pH conditions (Kroyer, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kroyer, 1991)" ] }, { "text": "The solid waste from pineapple canning process was estimated about 40 -50 % from fresh fruit as pineapple peals and core.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The solid waste from pineapple canning process was estimated about 40 -50 % from fresh fruit as pineapple peals and core (Buckle, 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Buckle, 1989)" ] }, { "text": "The pineapple canning process and wastes production was shown in figure 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pineapple canning process and wastes production was shown in figure 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "If these wastes discharge to the environment untreated they could cause a serious environment problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If these wastes discharge to the environment untreated they could cause a serious environment problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Beside their pollution and hazard aspects in many cases, food processing waste such as pineapple waste might have a potential for recycling to get raw material or for conversion into useful product of higher value added products, or even as raw material for other industries, or for use as food or feed after biological treatment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Beside their pollution and hazard aspects in many cases, food processing waste such as pineapple waste might have a potential for recycling to get raw material or for conversion into useful product of higher value added products, or even as raw material for other industries, or for use as food or feed after biological treatment (Chandapillai and Selvarajah, 1978) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chandapillai and Selvarajah, 1978)" ] }, { "text": "This waste contains valuable components which are mainly sucrose, glucose, fructose and other nutrients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This waste contains valuable components which are mainly sucrose, glucose, fructose and other nutrients (Sasaki, et al., 1991; Krueger et al., 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sasaki, et al., 1991; Krueger et al., 1992)" ] }, { "text": "The first stage in the optimisation of waste reduction is to identify and characterised the wastes (solid and liquid) produced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first stage in the optimisation of waste reduction is to identify and characterised the wastes (solid and liquid) produced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aim of this investigation was to examine the characteristic of solid and liquid pineapple waste.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of this investigation was to examine the characteristic of solid and liquid pineapple waste.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Commonly, weed controls used are water management, mechanically hand weeding and chemical herbicides weeding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Commonly, weed controls used are water management, mechanically hand weeding and chemical herbicides weeding [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The traditional method of weed control practice in Asia countries is hand manual weeding by hoe and hand pulling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The traditional method of weed control practice in Asia countries is hand manual weeding by hoe and hand pulling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Usually, hand weeding is conducted in two or three time during the planting season.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Usually, hand weeding is conducted in two or three time during the planting season [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Manual weeding, although effective, is becoming difficult due to labor scarcity, cost increase and depend on weather conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Manual weeding, although effective, is becoming difficult due to labor scarcity, cost increase and depend on weather conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, it is incomplete and impractical due to escape or regeneration of perennial weeds having many flushes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, it is incomplete and impractical due to escape or regeneration of perennial weeds having many flushes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Herbicide rotation and mixture herbicide use are two major strategies to prevent development of herbicide resistance in weeds, herbicide with different mode of action when mixed together, bind to different target site in weed and prevent the probability of target site resistance in susceptible species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Herbicide rotation and mixture herbicide use are two major strategies to prevent development of herbicide resistance in weeds, herbicide with different mode of action when mixed together, bind to different target site in weed and prevent the probability of target site resistance in susceptible species [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Technological developments mixing herbicides with different active ingredients aiming to get a broader spectrum control, and is expected to slow the emergence of weeds resistant to herbicides, reduce production costs, and reduce herbicide residues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Technological developments mixing herbicides with different active ingredients aiming to get a broader spectrum control, and is expected to slow the emergence of weeds resistant to herbicides, reduce production costs, and reduce herbicide residues [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Based on above explanation, it is necessary to study the effect of difference weed control methods on lowland yield rice in SOBARI cultivation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on above explanation, it is necessary to study the effect of difference weed control methods on lowland yield rice in SOBARI cultivation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Electric vehicles (EVs) are believed worldwide to be one of the most important development directions in the vehicle industry because of their advantages in low pollution and energy saving.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electric vehicles (EVs) are believed worldwide to be one of the most important development directions in the vehicle industry because of their advantages in low pollution and energy saving.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lithium-ion batteries, by virtue of their high energy and power density, are the fundamental power source of EVs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lithium-ion batteries, by virtue of their high energy and power density, are the fundamental power source of EVs [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, lithium-ion batteries have hidden dangers in safety.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, lithium-ion batteries have hidden dangers in safety.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Once over-charged or over-discharged, the battery capacity will drop, leading to reduced lifetime or damage, or even explosion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once over-charged or over-discharged, the battery capacity will drop, leading to reduced lifetime or damage, or even explosion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the battery characteristics change with different operating conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the battery characteristics change with different operating conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, to ensure the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the battery system, a battery management system (BMS) is developed and utilised.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, to ensure the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the battery system, a battery management system (BMS) is developed and utilised.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The BMS is used to control and monitor the battery operating conditions to guarantee the safe operation and longevity of the battery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The BMS is used to control and monitor the battery operating conditions to guarantee the safe operation and longevity of the battery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "As a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, glutamate is involved in the regulation of a variety of neural functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, glutamate is involved in the regulation of a variety of neural functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through interacting with specific glutamate receptors, glutamate controls normal cellular activity and cellular responses to extracellular stimulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through interacting with specific glutamate receptors, glutamate controls normal cellular activity and cellular responses to extracellular stimulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are two major families of glutamate receptors: ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) and metabotropic (Gprotein coupled) receptors based on their biochemical, pharmacological, and molecular profiles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are two major families of glutamate receptors: ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) and metabotropic (Gprotein coupled) receptors based on their biochemical, pharmacological, and molecular profiles [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Compared to thoroughly investigated roles of the ionotropic receptors, the physiological participation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in overall neural activity is poorly elucidated and remains to be a prime theme in recent glutamate studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to thoroughly investigated roles of the ionotropic receptors, the physiological participation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in overall neural activity is poorly elucidated and remains to be a prime theme in recent glutamate studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At present, eight subtypes of mGluRs (mGluR1-8) have been molecularly characterized from rat brain tissues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At present, eight subtypes of mGluRs (mGluR1-8) have been molecularly characterized from rat brain tissues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Like ionotropic receptors, mGluR subtypes are heterogeneous in their distribution, pharmacology, signaling linkages, and ultimately physiology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Like ionotropic receptors, mGluR subtypes are heterogeneous in their distribution, pharmacology, signaling linkages, and ultimately physiology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on their genomic homology, pharmacology and primarily intracellular responses to activation of the transgenic mGluRs in Xenopus oocyte, the eight subtypes can be classified into three *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, 2411 Holmes Street, Rm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on their genomic homology, pharmacology and primarily intracellular responses to activation of the transgenic mGluRs in Xenopus oocyte, the eight subtypes can be classified into three *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, 2411 Holmes Street, Rm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "M3-225, USA; Tel: 816 235-1786; Fax: 816 235-1776; E-mail: [email protected] functional groups.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "M3-225, USA; Tel: 816 235-1786; Fax: 816 235-1776; E-mail: [email protected] functional groups [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Group I mGluRs consist of mGluR1/5 subtypes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Group I mGluRs consist of mGluR1/5 subtypes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pharmacological activation of this group of mGluRs increases phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, resulting in the subsequent Ca 2+ release from internal stores and protein kinase C (PKC) activation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pharmacological activation of this group of mGluRs increases phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, resulting in the subsequent Ca 2+ release from internal stores and protein kinase C (PKC) activation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main signaling pathway which group II (mGluR2/3) and III (mGluR4/6/7/8) mGluRs are linked to is adenylyl cyclase and cAMP formation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main signaling pathway which group II (mGluR2/3) and III (mGluR4/6/7/8) mGluRs are linked to is adenylyl cyclase and cAMP formation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Activation of those two groups of mGluRs leads to inhibited adenylate cyclase and reduced cAMP levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Activation of those two groups of mGluRs leads to inhibited adenylate cyclase and reduced cAMP levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The linkages to the intracellular effectors listed above and also others allow mGluRs to preferentially involve in the relatively slower effects in intracellular and intranuclear compartments, such as DNA transcription (gene expression), as opposed to rapid signal transmission in synapses primarily mediated by the ionotropic receptors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The linkages to the intracellular effectors listed above and also others allow mGluRs to preferentially involve in the relatively slower effects in intracellular and intranuclear compartments, such as DNA transcription (gene expression), as opposed to rapid signal transmission in synapses primarily mediated by the ionotropic receptors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Excessive water may restrict reactant gases from reaching the catalyst layer; however, an insufficient amount of water may lead to membrane dehydration, excessive heat, and iconic conductivity losses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Excessive water may restrict reactant gases from reaching the catalyst layer; however, an insufficient amount of water may lead to membrane dehydration, excessive heat, and iconic conductivity losses [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Due to the complexity of the GDL three-dimensional (3D) structures and its variable hydrophobicity, water transport phenomena within its fibrous networks are not fully understood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the complexity of the GDL three-dimensional (3D) structures and its variable hydrophobicity, water transport phenomena within its fibrous networks are not fully understood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This has led to a trial-anderror approach to GDL design, selection and preparation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This has led to a trial-anderror approach to GDL design, selection and preparation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Future study will entail investigations of different GDL microstructures (paper and cloth) so that material specific behaviour of liquid water invasion can be analyzed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future study will entail investigations of different GDL microstructures (paper and cloth) so that material specific behaviour of liquid water invasion can be analyzed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of the current ex-situ experimental device can also be extended to investigate the effects of GDL surface treatment (PTFE and MPL) and injection flow rate on the liquid water content.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of the current ex-situ experimental device can also be extended to investigate the effects of GDL surface treatment (PTFE and MPL) and injection flow rate on the liquid water content.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An algorithm for image subtraction, currently being developed, to isolate the three-dimensional water invasion patterns can be used in the future to validate existing pore-network modeling of the various GDL microstructures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An algorithm for image subtraction, currently being developed, to isolate the three-dimensional water invasion patterns can be used in the future to validate existing pore-network modeling of the various GDL microstructures [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The variation of and with photon energy observed for the samples is demonstrated in Figure 7 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The variation of and with photon energy observed for the samples is demonstrated in Figure 7 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The refractive index and extinction coefficient increase with increasing frequency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The refractive index and extinction coefficient increase with increasing frequency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The variation of and values shows that some interactions took place between photons and electrons in the frequency range studied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The variation of and values shows that some interactions took place between photons and electrons in the frequency range studied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is found that the maximum values of and from the graph are at 2.8 and 3.2 × 10 −6 , respectively, which occur at the same photon energy 4.75 eV. The peak values of and observed in the UV region indicate that the material can be considered as a good inorganic UV absorber.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is found that the maximum values of and from the graph are at 2.8 and 3.2 × 10 −6 , respectively, which occur at the same photon energy 4.75 eV. The peak values of and observed in the UV region indicate that the material can be considered as a good inorganic UV absorber.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As BaWO 4 has a high refractive index ( > 1.8), it causes a large proportion of photons to be trapped by total internal reflections which is the reason for its use as scintillators and as detectors in CRESST for dark matter research.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As BaWO 4 has a high refractive index ( > 1.8), it causes a large proportion of photons to be trapped by total internal reflections which is the reason for its use as scintillators and as detectors in CRESST for dark matter research [50] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The dielectric constant and the loss factor tan values of the sintered pellets were studied in the frequency range 100 Hz to 5 MHz at room temperature with silver electrodes on both sides of the circular disc and are given in Figure 12 (a).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dielectric constant and the loss factor tan values of the sintered pellets were studied in the frequency range 100 Hz to 5 MHz at room temperature with silver electrodes on both sides of the circular disc and are given in Figure 12 (a).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be clearly noted that the loss factor decreases as frequency increases, while the dielectric constant remains almost unaltered in high frequency region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be clearly noted that the loss factor decreases as frequency increases, while the dielectric constant remains almost unaltered in high frequency region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dielectric constant and loss factor tan values of the BaWO 4 pellets at 5 MHz in room temperature were ∼9 and 1.56 × 10 −3 , respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dielectric constant and loss factor tan values of the BaWO 4 pellets at 5 MHz in room temperature were ∼9 and 1.56 × 10 −3 , respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The value of dielectric constant is well agreeing with that reported in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The value of dielectric constant is well agreeing with that reported in the literature [23, 54] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF53" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23, 54]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "E. coli is a major pathogen of commercially produced poultry causing colibacillosis all over the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "E. coli is a major pathogen of commercially produced poultry causing colibacillosis all over the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In birds, it causes airsacculitis, pericarditis, septicemia, and death.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In birds, it causes airsacculitis, pericarditis, septicemia, and death (Hofstad et al., 1984) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hofstad et al., 1984)" ] }, { "text": "It is a major cause of respiratory and septicemic diseases in broiler chicken causing mortality less than 5% and morbidity over 50% and also affects layers resulting failure of productivity and fertility of eggs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a major cause of respiratory and septicemic diseases in broiler chicken causing mortality less than 5% and morbidity over 50% and also affects layers resulting failure of productivity and fertility of eggs (Barens and Gross, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barens and Gross, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "It may cause about 28% death in Sonali birds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It may cause about 28% death in Sonali birds (Biswas et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Biswas et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "The prevalence of E. coli infection is higher in diarrhoeic calves about 13.71% compared to non-diarrhoeic calves about 9.1% and the overall prevalence of E. coli incase of colibacillosis affecting calves is 97.38% and 28% of the total death in calves occurred in first month of life and 50% of death during first week due to E. coli infection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The prevalence of E. coli infection is higher in diarrhoeic calves about 13.71% compared to non-diarrhoeic calves about 9.1% and the overall prevalence of E. coli incase of colibacillosis affecting calves is 97.38% and 28% of the total death in calves occurred in first month of life and 50% of death during first week due to E. coli infection (Debnath et al., 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Debnath et al., 1990)" ] }, { "text": "Colisepticemia also occurs in sheep causing mortality ranged from 1% to 5% with an age distribution of 3 to 12 weeks old.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Colisepticemia also occurs in sheep causing mortality ranged from 1% to 5% with an age distribution of 3 to 12 weeks old (Mason and Corbould, 1981) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mason and Corbould, 1981)" ] }, { "text": "E. coli is the most common cause of food and water-borne human diarrhea worldwide in developing countries causing 800000 deaths out of 650 million cases per year primarily in children under the age of five years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "E. coli is the most common cause of food and water-borne human diarrhea worldwide in developing countries causing 800000 deaths out of 650 million cases per year primarily in children under the age of five years (Turner et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Turner et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "It also causes urinary tract infection and other complications in human.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It also causes urinary tract infection and other complications in human.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "E. coli is an important zoonotic pathogen.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "E. coli is an important zoonotic pathogen.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "E. coli O157:H7 is pathogenic for human but non-pathogenic in cattle and present in the feces of healthy cattle.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "E. coli O157:H7 is pathogenic for human but non-pathogenic in cattle and present in the feces of healthy cattle (Elder et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Elder et al., 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "We obtained permission to use the JSS and translate it to Portuguese.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We obtained permission to use the JSS and translate it to Portuguese.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recommended procedures proposed by Beaton, Bombardier, Guillemin and Ferraz were used.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recommended procedures proposed by Beaton, Bombardier, Guillemin and Ferraz were used (Beaton, Bombardier, Guillemin, & Ferraz, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Beaton, Bombardier, Guillemin, & Ferraz, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Following the same guidelines, the pre-final version of the JSS-PT was applied in an interview context, to 30 subjects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Following the same guidelines, the pre-final version of the JSS-PT was applied in an interview context, to 30 subjects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aim was to confirm if each participant understood the question and the chosen response.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim was to confirm if each participant understood the question and the chosen response.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The interviews content was examined and none of the participants had any difficulty understanding any particular item or answer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interviews content was examined and none of the participants had any difficulty understanding any particular item or answer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This procedure ensured that the adapted version retains its equivalence in an applied situation, thus the final version was established (Appendix I).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This procedure ensured that the adapted version retains its equivalence in an applied situation, thus the final version was established (Appendix I).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Sleep problems seem to be a common factor in anxiety and depression.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sleep problems seem to be a common factor in anxiety and depression (Johnson, Roth, & Breslau, 2006; Neckelmann, Mykletun, & Dahl, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Johnson, Roth, & Breslau, 2006; Neckelmann, Mykletun, & Dahl, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Approximately 80% of patients with depression complain of changes in sleep patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Approximately 80% of patients with depression complain of changes in sleep patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When executing a polysomnography, a multi-parametric type of sleep study used as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine, the changes that occur in depression can be divided into three main categories; sleep continuity, slow-wave sleep and REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When executing a polysomnography, a multi-parametric type of sleep study used as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine, the changes that occur in depression can be divided into three main categories; sleep continuity, slow-wave sleep and REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep (Lucchesi, Pradella-Hallinan, Lucchesi, & André, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lucchesi, Pradella-Hallinan, Lucchesi, & André, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Concerning anxiety, patients often complain that they cannot relax or stop worrying about problems while trying to fall asleep.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Concerning anxiety, patients often complain that they cannot relax or stop worrying about problems while trying to fall asleep (Lucchesi et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lucchesi et al., 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Here we aim to summarize available evidence on the study of pain but also of positive emotion and affect in non-communicative patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here we aim to summarize available evidence on the study of pain but also of positive emotion and affect in non-communicative patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We review the assessment tools measuring pain at the bedside and recent functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We review the assessment tools measuring pain at the bedside and recent functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some scholars suggest that when pain perception is suspected in patients with disorders of consciousness, continuation of life-sustaining treatment may be against patients' best interests and harm them by exposing them to unpleasant feelings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some scholars suggest that when pain perception is suspected in patients with disorders of consciousness, continuation of life-sustaining treatment may be against patients' best interests and harm them by exposing them to unpleasant feelings [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Many studies have demonstrated that natural and constructed wetlands are generally effective at removing nitrogen from municipal and agricultural wastewaters.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many studies have demonstrated that natural and constructed wetlands are generally effective at removing nitrogen from municipal and agricultural wastewaters (Brodie, 1989; Phipps and Crumpton, 1994; Kadlec and Knight, 1996; Woltemade, 2000; Jordon et al., 2003; Zedler, 2003; Beutel et al., 2009; Diaz et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF49", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF54", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brodie, 1989; Phipps and Crumpton, 1994; Kadlec and Knight, 1996; Woltemade, 2000; Jordon et al., 2003; Zedler, 2003; Beutel et al., 2009; Diaz et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Removal efficiencies as high as 98% have been reported, though other studies report significantly lower N removal rates typically between 35 and 55%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Removal efficiencies as high as 98% have been reported, though other studies report significantly lower N removal rates typically between 35 and 55% (Watson et al., 1989; Phipps and Crumpton, 1994; Comin et al., 1997; Kovacic et al., 2000; Tanner et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Watson et al., 1989; Phipps and Crumpton, 1994; Comin et al., 1997; Kovacic et al., 2000; Tanner et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "A study of three wetlands used to treat subsurface tile drainage water in the Midwestern, USA demonstrated NO 3 removal rates of 28% .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A study of three wetlands used to treat subsurface tile drainage water in the Midwestern, USA demonstrated NO 3 removal rates of 28% .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly, high but variable NO 3 removal rates (35-100%) have been documented from water seeping through side berms of a constructed wetland in Illinois.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, high but variable NO 3 removal rates (35-100%) have been documented from water seeping through side berms of a constructed wetland in Illinois (Larson et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Larson et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Variation in nitrate removal is a result of many factors such as hydraulic residence time, soil properties, vegetation characteristics, variability in input loads, N loading, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, climate and nitrogen form (nitrate, ammonium or organic) in input waters.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Variation in nitrate removal is a result of many factors such as hydraulic residence time, soil properties, vegetation characteristics, variability in input loads, N loading, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, climate and nitrogen form (nitrate, ammonium or organic) in input waters (Phipps and Crumpton, 1994; Beutel et al., 2009; O'Geen et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Phipps and Crumpton, 1994; Beutel et al., 2009; O'Geen et al., 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Acidified milk drinks are popular dairy products worldwide.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Acidified milk drinks are popular dairy products worldwide.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This beverage can be described as an acidified protein liquid system with stability and viscosity similar to natural milk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This beverage can be described as an acidified protein liquid system with stability and viscosity similar to natural milk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such drinks are usually composed of an acid dairy phase (fermented base) or a neutral base (milk) with an acidic medium (fruit phases such as pulp, fruit concentration, etc.) which can be flavored.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such drinks are usually composed of an acid dairy phase (fermented base) or a neutral base (milk) with an acidic medium (fruit phases such as pulp, fruit concentration, etc.) which can be flavored.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Upon lowering the pH of milk, as is done during the preparation of acidified milk drinks, the native stabilization mechanism of casein micelles fails.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Upon lowering the pH of milk, as is done during the preparation of acidified milk drinks, the native stabilization mechanism of casein micelles fails.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This failure is believed to be related to the decrease in steric repulsion after the collapse of the extended conformation of κ-casein which is located on the casein micelle surface.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This failure is believed to be related to the decrease in steric repulsion after the collapse of the extended conformation of κ-casein which is located on the casein micelle surface [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, acidified milk drinks need the addition of a stabilizer to avoid the flocculation of milk proteins and subsequent macroscopic whey separation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, acidified milk drinks need the addition of a stabilizer to avoid the flocculation of milk proteins and subsequent macroscopic whey separation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Anionic polysaccharides, such as high-methoxyl pectin, propyleneglycoalginate (PGA), soybean soluble polysaccharides (SSPS) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) are often used to achieve this.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Anionic polysaccharides, such as high-methoxyl pectin, propyleneglycoalginate (PGA), soybean soluble polysaccharides (SSPS) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) are often used to achieve this [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "The stabilizer can prevent aggregation of casein micelles or be the cause of it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The stabilizer can prevent aggregation of casein micelles or be the cause of it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These phenomena are believed to be related to the interaction between polysaccharides and proteins; the outcome depends on whether the polysaccharides adsorb onto the casein particles or not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These phenomena are believed to be related to the interaction between polysaccharides and proteins; the outcome depends on whether the polysaccharides adsorb onto the casein particles or not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A lot of work has been reported on the interaction between pectin and milk protein.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A lot of work has been reported on the interaction between pectin and milk protein [11, 15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "Pectin has a chain structure of α-(1→4)-linked D-galacturonic acid units interrupted by the insertion of α-(1→2)-linked L-rhamnopyranosyl residues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pectin has a chain structure of α-(1→4)-linked D-galacturonic acid units interrupted by the insertion of α-(1→2)-linked L-rhamnopyranosyl residues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High-methoxyl pectin has been widely used as a stabilizer in acidified milk drinks to prevent flocculation of milk proteins.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High-methoxyl pectin has been widely used as a stabilizer in acidified milk drinks to prevent flocculation of milk proteins.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pectin is a non-adsorbing polymer when it is in solution with casein micelles at pH 6.7.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pectin is a non-adsorbing polymer when it is in solution with casein micelles at pH 6.7.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The adsorption of pectin onto casein micelles is multilayered and takes place at and below pH 5.0.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The adsorption of pectin onto casein micelles is multilayered and takes place at and below pH 5.0 [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "The mechanism of stabilization by pectin was postulated to involve the blockwise distribution of charges along the pectin chain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanism of stabilization by pectin was postulated to involve the blockwise distribution of charges along the pectin chain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Adsorption of the pectin chain onto the micelle surface would take place only at the charged blocks, while the uncharged stretches in between form entropy-rich loops that extend into the solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adsorption of the pectin chain onto the micelle surface would take place only at the charged blocks, while the uncharged stretches in between form entropy-rich loops that extend into the solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The steric repulsion caused by these loops maintains the pectin-coated casein micelles stable at low pH.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The steric repulsion caused by these loops maintains the pectin-coated casein micelles stable at low pH [10, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 23]" ] }, { "text": "However, in a stable system, not all of the pectin addition adsorbs onto the casein micelles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in a stable system, not all of the pectin addition adsorbs onto the casein micelles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A weak gel or network structure composed of non-adsorbed pectin in the serum and pectin-coated casein micelles promotes the acidified milk drinks' long-term stability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A weak gel or network structure composed of non-adsorbed pectin in the serum and pectin-coated casein micelles promotes the acidified milk drinks' long-term stability [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "SSPS, extracted from soybean cotyledons, has recently been used as a stabilizer in acidified milk drinks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "SSPS, extracted from soybean cotyledons, has recently been used as a stabilizer in acidified milk drinks [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "SSPS, like pectin, is composed of D-galactose, L-arabinose, D-galacturonic acid and L-rhamnose.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SSPS, like pectin, is composed of D-galactose, L-arabinose, D-galacturonic acid and L-rhamnose.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the content of neutral monosaccharides in SSPS is much higher than that in pectin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the content of neutral monosaccharides in SSPS is much higher than that in pectin [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "The stabilizing ability and mechanism of SSPS have been investigated in comparison with pectin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The stabilizing ability and mechanism of SSPS have been investigated in comparison with pectin [12, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 14]" ] }, { "text": "SSPS, just like pectin, stabilizes acidified milk drinks by a stericstabilizing effect due to the adsorbed SSPS layer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SSPS, just like pectin, stabilizes acidified milk drinks by a stericstabilizing effect due to the adsorbed SSPS layer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, because of the thick layer of neutral sugar side chains of SSPS on the surface of the protein particles, the stability of acidified milk drinks induced by SSPS is different from that induced by pectin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, because of the thick layer of neutral sugar side chains of SSPS on the surface of the protein particles, the stability of acidified milk drinks induced by SSPS is different from that induced by pectin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Less SSPS is more effective than pectin at stabilizing and dispersing protein particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Less SSPS is more effective than pectin at stabilizing and dispersing protein particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "SSPS could give rise to better stability at pH < 4.2 and the stability was not affected by pH between pH 4.2 and 3.2, while acidified milk drinks homogenized with pectin showed a particle size distribution that depended on pH.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SSPS could give rise to better stability at pH < 4.2 and the stability was not affected by pH between pH 4.2 and 3.2, while acidified milk drinks homogenized with pectin showed a particle size distribution that depended on pH.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "There it was also shown the there are certain pairs (a, L) with possibly negative moments L 0 a(x) sin 2 (nπx/L)dx but still leading to exponential decay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There it was also shown the there are certain pairs (a, L) with possibly negative moments L 0 a(x) sin 2 (nπx/L)dx but still leading to exponential decay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An extension to the type of equation (1.7) was given by Menz.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An extension to the type of equation (1.7) was given by Menz [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Fo the Timoshenko system under consideration, we shall demonstrate that the conditions (1.5)-(1.8) are sufficient to yield exponential stability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fo the Timoshenko system under consideration, we shall demonstrate that the conditions (1.5)-(1.8) are sufficient to yield exponential stability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Satellite remote sensing is an efficient tool for measuring rainfall on a global scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Satellite remote sensing is an efficient tool for measuring rainfall on a global scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Techniques for evaluating precipitation from satellites may be divided into three major categories: those based on visible and/or infrared measurements, those based on passive-microwave measurements, and those based on radar measurements.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Techniques for evaluating precipitation from satellites may be divided into three major categories: those based on visible and/or infrared measurements, those based on passive-microwave measurements, and those based on radar measurements (Kidder and Vonder Haar 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kidder and Vonder Haar 1995)" ] }, { "text": "The visible and/or infrared techniques rely on the assumption that a clear correspondence exists between the observed characteristics at cloud top and rain rates, whereas the microwave techniques directly detect precipitating hydrometeors in addition to the overlying cloud layer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The visible and/or infrared techniques rely on the assumption that a clear correspondence exists between the observed characteristics at cloud top and rain rates, whereas the microwave techniques directly detect precipitating hydrometeors in addition to the overlying cloud layer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "As mentioned in the introduction, it is not only important to extract the dialogue act of the current utterance, but also to predict possible follow up dialogue acts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As mentioned in the introduction, it is not only important to extract the dialogue act of the current utterance, but also to predict possible follow up dialogue acts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Predictions about what comes next are needed internally in the dialogue component and externally by other components in VERB-MOBIL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Predictions about what comes next are needed internally in the dialogue component and externally by other components in VERB-MOBIL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An example of the internal use, namely the treatment of unexpected input by the plan recognizer, is described in section 4.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An example of the internal use, namely the treatment of unexpected input by the plan recognizer, is described in section 4.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Outside the dialogue component dialogue act predictions are used e.g. by the abovementioned semantic evaluation component and the keyword spotter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Outside the dialogue component dialogue act predictions are used e.g. by the abovementioned semantic evaluation component and the keyword spotter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The semantic evaluation component needs predictions when it determines the dialogue act of a new utterance to narrow down the set of possibilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The semantic evaluation component needs predictions when it determines the dialogue act of a new utterance to narrow down the set of possibilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The keyword spotter can only detect a small number of keywords that are selected for each dialogue act from the VERBMOBIL corpus of annotated dialogues using the Keyword Classification Tree algorithm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The keyword spotter can only detect a small number of keywords that are selected for each dialogue act from the VERBMOBIL corpus of annotated dialogues using the Keyword Classification Tree algorithm (Kuhn, 1993; Mast, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kuhn, 1993; Mast, 1995)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Implementing SAN over IP brings economy and convenience whereas it also raises performance issues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Implementing SAN over IP brings economy and convenience whereas it also raises performance issues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, there are basically two existing approaches: one carries out SCSI and IP protocol conversion at a specialized switch and the other encapsulates SCSI protocol in TCP/IP at host bus adapter (HBA) level.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, there are basically two existing approaches: one carries out SCSI and IP protocol conversion at a specialized switch and the other encapsulates SCSI protocol in TCP/IP at host bus adapter (HBA) level [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Both approaches have severe performance limitations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both approaches have severe performance limitations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Converting protocols at a switch places special burden to an already-overloaded switch and creates another specialized networking equipment in a SAN.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Converting protocols at a switch places special burden to an already-overloaded switch and creates another specialized networking equipment in a SAN.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a specialized switch not only is costly as compared to offthe-shelf Ethernet switches but also complicates installation, management, and maintenance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a specialized switch not only is costly as compared to offthe-shelf Ethernet switches but also complicates installation, management, and maintenance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To encapsulate SCSI protocol over IP requires significant amount of overhead traffic for SCSI commands transfers and handshaking over the Internet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To encapsulate SCSI protocol over IP requires significant amount of overhead traffic for SCSI commands transfers and handshaking over the Internet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, packet transfer latency exists over the network, particularly over long distances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, packet transfer latency exists over the network, particularly over long distances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such latency does not reduce linearly with the increase of network bandwidth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such latency does not reduce linearly with the increase of network bandwidth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In some recent papers the notion of ultrafunction has been introduced and studied (,,).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some recent papers the notion of ultrafunction has been introduced and studied ( [1] , [2] , [3] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF1" ], [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[2]", "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Ultrafunctions are a particular class of functions defined on a Non Archimedean field R * ⊃ R. We recall that a Non Archimedean field is an ordered field which contains infinite and infinitesimal numbers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ultrafunctions are a particular class of functions defined on a Non Archimedean field R * ⊃ R. We recall that a Non Archimedean field is an ordered field which contains infinite and infinitesimal numbers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, as we showed in our previous works, when working with ultrafunctions we associate to any continuous function f : R N → R an ultrafunction f : (R * ) N → R * which extends f ; more exactly, to any vector space of functions V (Ω) ⊆ L 2 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω) we associate a space of ultrafunctions V (Ω).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, as we showed in our previous works, when working with ultrafunctions we associate to any continuous function f : R N → R an ultrafunction f : (R * ) N → R * which extends f ; more exactly, to any vector space of functions V (Ω) ⊆ L 2 (Ω) ∩ C(Ω) we associate a space of ultrafunctions V (Ω).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The spaces of ultrafunctions are much larger than the corrispective spaces of functions, and have much more \"compactness\": these two properties ensure that in the spaces of ultrafunctions we can find solutions to functional equations which do not have any solutions among the real functions or the distributions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The spaces of ultrafunctions are much larger than the corrispective spaces of functions, and have much more \"compactness\": these two properties ensure that in the spaces of ultrafunctions we can find solutions to functional equations which do not have any solutions among the real functions or the distributions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "International benefit transfer, when study and policy sites are in different countries, introduces some unique challenges and problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "International benefit transfer, when study and policy sites are in different countries, introduces some unique challenges and problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These include the necessity to correct for differences in income, currency, purchasing power parity, and possibly others.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These include the necessity to correct for differences in income, currency, purchasing power parity, and possibly others (Ready and Navrud 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF56" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ready and Navrud 2006)" ] }, { "text": "For these reasons it is probably safer to conduct benefit transfer within a country, than between countries, trying to control for all the differences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For these reasons it is probably safer to conduct benefit transfer within a country, than between countries, trying to control for all the differences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, international benefit transfer remains desirable for at least two reasons: (1) it usually allows for a wider base of primary studies, and (2) remains especially important for less developed and transitioning countries, where good quality national primary valuation studies might simply not be available.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, international benefit transfer remains desirable for at least two reasons: (1) it usually allows for a wider base of primary studies, and (2) remains especially important for less developed and transitioning countries, where good quality national primary valuation studies might simply not be available (Ready and Navrud 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF56" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ready and Navrud 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A promising approach to desalination is low-temperature membrane distillation (MD) driven by thermal solar energy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A promising approach to desalination is low-temperature membrane distillation (MD) driven by thermal solar energy [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "This approach may be especially well-suited to arid regions, where there is a fresh water shortage, a salt water surplus, and high availability of solar energy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This approach may be especially well-suited to arid regions, where there is a fresh water shortage, a salt water surplus, and high availability of solar energy [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "MD is a temperature-driven membrane separation process that has the potential to become a viable tool for water desalination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "MD is a temperature-driven membrane separation process that has the potential to become a viable tool for water desalination [14] [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14] [15] [16] [17]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The picture is also unclear when tumors rather than ACFs are used as the end point.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The picture is also unclear when tumors rather than ACFs are used as the end point.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In an early study, soybean protein did not differ from beef protein in terms of relative numbers of colon tumors in DMH-treated rats.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In an early study, soybean protein did not differ from beef protein in terms of relative numbers of colon tumors in DMH-treated rats [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Defatted soybean meal was not protective in the same model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Defatted soybean meal was not protective in the same model [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "However, we previously reported the protection afforded by lifetime-feeding of a soy protein isolate, against colon carcinoma in AOM-treated male Sprague Dawley rats.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, we previously reported the protection afforded by lifetime-feeding of a soy protein isolate, against colon carcinoma in AOM-treated male Sprague Dawley rats [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "Dietary genistein, on the other hand, had no effect on colon adenocarcinoma incidence or multiplicity of invasive colon carcinoma, yet actually increased noninvasive and total adenocarcinoma multiplicity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Dietary genistein, on the other hand, had no effect on colon adenocarcinoma incidence or multiplicity of invasive colon carcinoma, yet actually increased noninvasive and total adenocarcinoma multiplicity [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "In contrast, soy protein isolates with two levels of total isoflavones did not elicit differences in colon tumorigenesis in the Min mouse model of intestinal cancer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, soy protein isolates with two levels of total isoflavones did not elicit differences in colon tumorigenesis in the Min mouse model of intestinal cancer [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "However, feeding of a high molecular weight insoluble fraction from proteinase-treated soybean protein isolate suppressed colon tumor numbers in rats.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, feeding of a high molecular weight insoluble fraction from proteinase-treated soybean protein isolate suppressed colon tumor numbers in rats [24, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 25]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Chronic hepatic injury may lead to liver fibrosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Chronic hepatic injury may lead to liver fibrosis [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "After an acute liver injury, parenchymal cells regenerate and replace dead cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After an acute liver injury, parenchymal cells regenerate and replace dead cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This process is associated with an inflammatory response and a limited deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process is associated with an inflammatory response and a limited deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If hepatic injury persists, liver regeneration eventually fails and hepatocytes are substituted with abundant ECMs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If hepatic injury persists, liver regeneration eventually fails and hepatocytes are substituted with abundant ECMs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), portal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, have been identified as major ECMproducing cells in injured livers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), portal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, have been identified as major ECMproducing cells in injured livers [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Activation of liverresident macrophages, the so-called Kupffer cells (KCs), has been indicated as an initial event in the process leading to liver injury and fibrosis caused by different etiologies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Activation of liverresident macrophages, the so-called Kupffer cells (KCs), has been indicated as an initial event in the process leading to liver injury and fibrosis caused by different etiologies [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "It is well established that activated KCs play an important role in perpetuating an inflammatory phase resulting in the massive release of proinflammatory and fibrogenic mediators as well as activation of HSCs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well established that activated KCs play an important role in perpetuating an inflammatory phase resulting in the massive release of proinflammatory and fibrogenic mediators as well as activation of HSCs [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "However, recent studies demonstrate that these actions are only partially conducted by KCs, but they largely depend on recruitment of monocytes into the livers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, recent studies demonstrate that these actions are only partially conducted by KCs, but they largely depend on recruitment of monocytes into the livers [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Studies documenting the frequency and type of aerosols generated during common medical procedures in healthcare settings provide critical information needed to inform infection prevention strategies and guidelines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies documenting the frequency and type of aerosols generated during common medical procedures in healthcare settings provide critical information needed to inform infection prevention strategies and guidelines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Evidence-based guidelines are necessary to help protect HCP from infection, especially in outbreak situations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Evidence-based guidelines are necessary to help protect HCP from infection, especially in outbreak situations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Current guidelines for HCP participating in suspected aerosol-generating procedures have had to rely on minimal or low-quality evidence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Current guidelines for HCP participating in suspected aerosol-generating procedures have had to rely on minimal or low-quality evidence [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "Though additional research is needed, the results of this study suggest that some of the procedures that are widely considered to be high risk for the generation of infectious aerosols may actually pose little infection risk to HCP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though additional research is needed, the results of this study suggest that some of the procedures that are widely considered to be high risk for the generation of infectious aerosols may actually pose little infection risk to HCP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]