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[ { "content": "Retinoblastoma best evaluated by - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ultrasonography, B. CT SCAN, C. CT SCAN + MRI, D. MRI", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. is 'c' i.e., CT SCAN + MRI Imaging in Retinoblastomao MRI - best for challenging retinoblastoma patient evaluation; also used to rule out optic nerve and intracranial invovlemento CT SCAN - detects calcification, can also be used for initial evaluation.o MRI + CT SCAN - best for trilateral, tetralateral, recurrent retinoblastoma, metastases from retinoblastoma", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Loss of an anatomical structure or a physiological function is called: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Disability, B. Impairment, C. Handicap, D. Paralysis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: b (Impairment) Ref: Park, 19th ed, p. 39,40Impairment- is defined as any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.e.g., loss of foot, defective vision, or mental retardation.Disability- is defined as any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.Handicap- is defined as a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, which limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role, that is normal (depending on the age, sex, and social and cultural factors) for that individual.Taking accidents as an example the above terms can be explained as:AccidentDisease (disorder)Loss of footImpairment (extrinsic or intrinsic)Cannot walkDisability (objectified)unemployedHandicap (socialized)Disease --- impairment --- disability --- handicap", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Transcription is inhibited by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Actinomycin D, B. Amanitin, C. Chloramphenicol, D. Streptomycin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Clindamycin -D antibiotics from StreptomycesMode of action is by inseion of phenoxa-zone ring between two G-C bp of DNA USed as anti-cancer drugRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 593 table 45.2", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A wave in ERG is due to activity of- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pigmented epithelium, B. Rods and cones, C. Ganglion cell, D. Bipolar cell", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e.. Rods and cones Electroretinogramo The changes induced by the stimulation of light in the resting potential of the eye are measured by electroretinography. It is extinguished or absent in complete failure of function of rods and cones, e.g. pigmentary retinal dystrophy, complete occlution of retinal artery, complete retinal detachment, advanced siderosis etc.Negative 'a1 wave represent the activity in rods and cones.Positive 'b' wave arises in inner retinal layers.Positive 'c' wave is associated with the pigmentary epithelium.Uses1) Diagnosis and prognosis of retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinal ischaemia and other chorioretinal degenerations.2) To assess retinal function when fundus examination is not possible, e.g. in the presence of dense cataract and corneal opacity.3) To assess the retinal function of the babies where possibilities of impaired vision is considered.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following mechanisms is not responsible for complications in DM \nSelect and explain. \nA. Non enzymatic glycosylation, B. Protein Kinase C activation, C. Disturbance in polyol pathway, D. Chronic inflammation", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: The things responsible for chronic complications of DM are 1)Formation of Advanced glucation end products 2) Activation of Protein Kinase C 3)Oxidative stress and disturbance in Polyol pathways . Possible complications include: Cardiovascular disease. ... Nerve damage (neuropathy). ... Kidney damage (nephropathy). ... Eye damage (retinopathy). ... Foot damage. ... Skin conditions. ... Hearing impairment. ... Alzheimer's disease Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1116", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Hemolysis is seen in all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Haemophilia., B. Thalassemia., C. Sickle cell anemia., D. Methotrexate therapy.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Other than these, hemolysis is also seen in hemolytic jaundice.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A full course of immunization against, Tetanus with 3 doses of Tetanus toxoid, confers immunity for how many years - \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5, B. 10, C. 15, D. 20", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: <p> 5 years TT given as a primary course of immunisation of two doses at interval of 1-2 month.then a booster after 1 year. The opinion was expressed that no more than one additional. Booster dose given 5 year after the third dose is required in adult in developing countries. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:312. <\\p>", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Overgrowth of the bile duct in a localized region is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hamaoma, B. Choristoma, C. Polyp, D. Malignant tumor", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: The term hamaoma refers to an excessive, focal overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ in which it occurs. Although the cellular elements are mature and identical to those found in the remainder of the organ, they do not reproduce the normal architecture of the surrounding tissue. Von Meyenburg complexes are small bile duct hamaomas. Occasional von Meyenburg complexes are common in otherwise normal individuals. When they are diffuse they signal the underlying, more clinically impoant fibropolycystic disease. Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 18; Liver and Gallbladder", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which is the most common complication in Monoamniotic twins? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Discordance, B. Cord entanglement, C. Conjoined twins, D. Intertwining", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D. Intertwining. (Ref. Williams Obstetrics 22nd ed. ch. 39. Multifetal Gestation; Fig. 39-16).TypeUNIQUE COMPLICATIONSMONOAMNIONIC TWINSApproximately 1 percent of monozygotic twins are monoamnionic.A high fetal death rate is associated with this rare variety of monozygotic twinning.Intertwining of their umbilical cords, a common cause of death, is estimated to complicate at least half of cases.DISCORDANT TWINSThe cause of birthweight inequality in twin fetuses is often unclear, but evidence indicates that etiology in monochorionic twins differs from that in dichorionic twins.ACARDIAC TWINTwin reversed-arterial-perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare (1 in 35,000 births) but serious complication of monochorionic, monozygotic multiple gestation.CONJOINED TWINSThe majority are of the thoracopagus.Twin-to-Twin Transfusion SyndromeIn this syndrome, blood is transfused from a donor twin to its recipient sibling such that the donor becomes anemic and its growth may be restricted, whereas the recipient becomes polycythemic and may develop circulatory overload manifest as hydrops. The donor twin is pale, and its recipient sibling is plethoric. Seen in Monochorionic twin. Overview of the incidence of twin pregnancy Zygosity & corresponding twin-specific complicationsTwin-Specific Complication (percent)Type of TwinningTwinsFetal Growth RestrictionPreterm DeliveryPlacental Vascular AnastomosisPerinatal MortalityDizygotic802540010-12Monozygotic204050 15-18Diamnionic/dichorionic6-73040018-20Diamnionic/monochorionic13-14506010030-40Monoamnionic/monochorionic< 14060-7080-9058-60Conjoined0.002- 0.008--70-8010070-90Extra Educational points:In women with a uterus that appears large for gestational age, the following possibilities are considered:# Multiple fetuses# Elevation of the uterus by a distended bladder# Inaccurate menstrual history# Hydramnios# Hydatidiform mole# Uterine myomas# A closely attached adnexal mass# Fetal macrosomia (late in pregnancy)", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All have chances of DVT except - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hip fracture & resting, B. Young < 25yrs age, C. Decreased protein C & S, D. Factor V defect", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Young <25 yrs. Risk factors for DVT -o Advanced Age# Major abdominal.''orthopedic surgery/major trauma# Prolonged immobilisation (>3 days)# HRT and OCP use# Pregnancy and puerperium# Malignancy# Obesity/Diabetes/CHF/Shock# Nephrotic syndrome# Varicose veins# Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome# Myeloproliferative disease# Tobacco Smoking", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A 5-year-old boy is brought in by his mother because of petechial bleeding and bruises on his torso and limbs. The child doesn't have any other signs or symptoms and doesn't appear to be ill. Mother reports gastrointestinal infection several weeks prior to petechiae and bruising. CBC shows thrombocytopenia (<20xl09/L). Other parameters of CBC are within expected range for age. Also, PT, PTT and metabolic panels are all within referent range. What is the expected outcome of this blood disorder? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Complete resolution is expected, B. Survival rate is up to 70% depending on risk stratification, C. Lifelong disease dependent on factor VIII substitution, D. Lifelong disease dependent on factor IX substitution", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer: a) Complete resolution is expectedDiagnosis appears to be UP. It usually follows viral infections in children aged 2 to 5 years and is of autoimmune origin. It is self-limiting in most cases and resolves completely in 6 weeks to 6 months in 80% of children.IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP)CHRONIC ITP* More common form* Most common in adult women < 40 yrs (female-to-male ratio -3:1)* Can be associated with connective tissue diseases, lymphoproliferative disease, medications and infections (hepatitis C virus and HIV)* Auto-antibodies (mostly IgG) against platelet membrane glycoproteins (llb-llla or Ib-IX)* Spleen is the major site of destruction of platelets* Petechiae, ecchymosis, easy bruising, bleeding from nose and gums, menorrhagia* Splenomegaly & lymphadenopathy - rare* Subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage are rare but fatal complications* Wet purpura (blood blisters in the mouth)* Peripheral smear shows abnormally large platelets (megathrombocytes) & low platelet count* Bone marrow - hypercellular & increased megakaryocytes* Bleeding time prolonged* PT and PTT are normalTreatment* Initial treatment for patients without significant bleeding: Glucocorticoids (Prednisone or Dexa) +- IV immunoglobulin or anti-D or anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab)* Two-thirds of patients respond to initial treatment, but most people relapse following reduction of the corticosteroid dose* Patients with severe ITP and/or symptoms of bleeding: hospital admission and combined therapy (high-dose glucocorticoids + IVIgG or anti-RhO (D) therapy)* Relapse: Splenectomy* Refractory cases: Thrombopoietin receptor agonists (Romiplostim and eltrombopag) or splenectomyACUTE ITP* Disease of childhood* Affects both sexes equally* Onset is abrupt* Many cases are preceded by viral illness* The usual interval between the infection and onset of purpura is 2 weeks* Self-limited, spontaneous resolution in 6 months* 20% children (those without viral prodrome) have persistent low platelet counts after 6 months", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Non competitive inhibition is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Reversible, B. Irreversible, C. Any of the above, D. None of the above", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Features of noncompetitive inhibition\n\nInhibitor have no structural resemblance to substrate.\nMostly Irreversible (Except a few reversible non-competitive inhibition).\nExcess substrate do not abolish the inhibition.\nKm remains the same.\nVmax remains the same.\n\nFeatures of competitive inhibition\n\nInhibitor will be structural analogue of substrate.\nReversible.\nExcess substrate abolishes inhibition.\nVmax remains the same.\nKm increases.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The earliest manifestations of Chronic lead poisoning include: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Colic and Constipation, B. Encephalopathy, C. Punctate basophilia, D. Lower limb paralysis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: C i.e. Punctate basophilia", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Percentage of sucrose solution used for newborn analgesia is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5%, B. 10%, C. 24%, D. 50%", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Analgesia in newborn\nA. Analgesia for minimally-invasive\n\nSucrose analgesia is drug of choice", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following drugs are useful for long term treatment of congestive hea failure \nSelect and explain. \nA. Digoxin, B. Ramipril, C. Dobutamine, D. Spironolactone", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Dobutamine (Ref: KDT 6/e p507) Dobutamine is indicated only for the acute treatment of decompensated CHF. Cardiac glycosides (digoxin) can be used for acute treatment as well as maintenance therapy of CHF. ACE inhibitors and spironolactone are indicated only for chronic CHF.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following drug possess similar cycloplegic action and is more potent mydriatic than atropine is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hyoscine., B. Tropicamide., C. Homatropine., D. All of the above.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: It's  duration of action is also long but less than the atropine.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following vitamin deficiency is found in patients with gastric cancer ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vitamin C, B. Vitamin B 12, C. Vitamin A, D. Vitamin D", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Gastric cancers can grow to an extent to cause damage to cells producing intrinsic factors and hence vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency may also occur in post gastrectomy patients of gastric carcinoma, autoimmune pernicious anemia predisposing to gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A 25-year-old woman complains of persistent bleeding for 5 days after a dental extraction. She has noticed easy bruisability since childhood and was given a blood transfusion at age 17 because of prolonged bleeding after an apparently minor cut. She denies ecchymoses or bleeding into joints. Her father has noticed similar symptoms but has not sought medical care. Physical examination is normal except for mild oozing from the dental site. She does not have splenomegaly or enlarged lymph nodes. Her CBC is normal, with a platelet count of 230,000. Her prothrombin time is normal, but the partial thromboplastin time is mildly prolonged. The bleeding time is 12 minutes (normal 3-9 minutes). What is most appropriate way to control her bleeding? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Factor VIII concentrate, B. Fresh frozen plasma, C. Desmopressin (DDAVP), D. Whole blood transfusion", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: This woman's lifelong history of excessive bleeding suggests an inherited bleeding problem, as does the positive family history. The prolonged PTT indicates a deficiency of factors VIII, IX, XI, or XII, but the commonest of these deficiencies (classic hemophilia A and Christmas disease, or hemophilia B) are vanishingly rare in women. Furthermore, the continued oozing from dental sites and the absence of ecchymoses or hemarthroses suggest a platelet function disorder, as does the prolonged bleeding time. Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant condition that leads to both platelet and factor VIII dysfunction and is the likeliest diagnosis in this patient. Although factor VIII concentrates can be used for life-threatening bleeding, most will respond to desmopressin, which raises the von Willebrand factor level in the most common form (the so- called type 1 form) of this disease. Mild von Willebrand disease is fairly common (1 in 250 individuals). Fresh frozen plasma and whole blood are much less effective ways to deliver factor YIII. Platelet transfusion would not be as effective as correction of the von Willebrand factor level.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "In Niacin deficiency, all of the following are seen except - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Deafness, B. Diarrhea, C. Dementia, D. Dermatitis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: - niacin is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. It is also essential for the normal functioning of skin , intestinal and nervous system. - niacin deficiency results in pellagra. The disease is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis and dementia. Reference: Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:619 <\\p>", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Duration of adolescent stage in boys is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3 years, B. 3-5 years, C. 4 years, D. 5 years", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "In acute inflammation, contraction of endothelial cells results in the following: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Delayed transient increase in permeability, B. Early transient increase in permeability, C. Delayed permanent increase in permeability, D. Early permanent increase in permeability", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Endothelial cell contraction leading to intercellular gaps in postcapillary venules is the most common cause of increased vascular permeability. Endothelial cell contraction occurs rapidly after binding of histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, and many other mediators to specific receptors, and is usually sho lived (15-30 min). Ref: Robbins Basic Pathology edited by Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster, 2012, Page 34.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Type I muscle fibers rich in myosin heavy chain are \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fast contracting, susceptible to fatigue, B. Slow contracting, susceptible to fatigue, C. Fast contracting, resistant to fatigue, D. Slow contracting, resistant to fatigue", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d (Slow contracting, resistant to fatigue)Two Major Fiber Types: type I and type II fibers Type IType II Slow TwitchFast TwitchMyosin ATPaseLowHighEnergy utilizationLowHighMitochondriaManyFewColorRedWhiteMyoglobinYesNoContraction rateSlowFastDurationProlongedShortResistance to fatigueincreased /morelessEducational points:ProteinLocationComment orjunctionTitinReaches from the Z line to the M lineLargest protein in body. Role in relaxation of muscle.NebulinFrom Z line along length of actin filamentsMay regulate assembly and length of actin filaments.ctr Act in inAnchors actin to Z linesStabilizes actin filaments.DesminLies alongside actin filamentsAttaches to plasma membrane (plasmalemma).DystrophinAttached to plasmalemmaDeficient in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.Mutations of its gene can also cause dilated cardiomyopathy.CalcineurinCytosolA calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase.May play important roles in cardiac hypertrophy and in regulating amounts of slow and fast twitch muscles.Myosin-binding protein CArranged transversely in sarcomere A-bandsBinds myosin and titin. Plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the sarcomere.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is the function of DNA ligase? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Unwinding (denaturation) of dsDNA to provide as ssDNA template, B. Seals the single strand nick between the nascent chain and Okazaki fragments on lagging strand, C. Initiation of DNA synthesis and elongation, D. Initiates synthesis of RNA primers", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: DNA ligase Seals the single strand nick between the nascent chain and Okazaki fragments on lagging strandRef: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 382", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following anti-Parkinson drugs has the potential to cause retroperitoneal fibrosis ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pramipexole, B. Entacapone, C. Bromocriptine, D. Ropinirole", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bromocriptine Retroperitoneal fibrosis can be caused by ergot antiparkinsonism drugs (bromocriptine and pergolide).", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which receptors are present in liver for uptake of LDL: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apo E, B. Apo A and Apo E, C. Apo E and Apo B100, D. Apo B100", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Apo E and Apo B100 \"Apolipoproteins carry out several roles: (1) they can form pa of the structure of the lipoprotein, eg, apo B; (2) they are enzyme cofactors, eg, C-II for lipoprotein lipase, A-I for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, or enzyme inhibitors, eg, apo A-II and apo C-III for lipoprotein lipase, apo C-I for cholesteryl ester transfer protein; and (3) they act as ligands for interaction with lipoprotein receptors in tissues, eg, apo B-100 and apo E for the LDL receptor, apo E for the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP), which has been identified as the remnant receptor, and apo A-I for the HDL receptor. The functions of apo A-IV and apo D, however, are not yet clearly defined.\"-Harper 26/ p206 \"The liver and many extrahepatic tissues express the LDL (B-100, E) receptor. It is so designated because it is specific for apo B-I00 but not B-48...\" - Harper 26/e p209", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Pseudo gestational sac is seen in the USG of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Missed aboion, B. Ectopic gestation, C. Complete aboion, D. Hematometra", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Pseudo gestational sac : Irregular in outline Usually, uterus is centrally located No double decidual sign Sac remains empty Seen in ectopic pregnancy Ref: Dutta Obs 9e pg 601.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "True about the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) \nSelect and explain. \nA. FEVI <30 of predicted value, B. FEV1/FVC<0.7, C. total lung capacity increased, D. All", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: In COPD, airflow obstruction is demonstrated by spirometry in which the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC is less than 70%. \nThe severity of COPD may be defined in relation to the post-bronchodilator FEV1 which is <30% predicted in very severe type. \nMeasurement of lung volumes provides an assessment of hyperinflation.COPD is characterised by an increase in residual volume, residual volume/total lung capacity ratio, and progressive hyperinflation(increased total lung capacity) late in the disease.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Ectopia lentis in a child is seen in which of the following disease? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sarcoidosis, B. Homocystinuria, C. Alkaptonuria, D. Wilson disease", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Alcoholic presents with psychosis and memory loss. Probable diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Wernicke's encephalopathy, B. Wernicke's Korsakoff psychosis, C. Acute psychosis, D. None of the above", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Alcoholic patients with chronic thiamine deficiency may also have central nervous system (CNS) manifestations known as Wernicke's encephalopathy, consisting of horizontal nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia (due to weakness of one or more extraocular muscles), cerebellar ataxia, and mental impairment. When there is an additional loss of memory and a confabulatory psychosis, the syndrome is known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Ref: Harrison's principle of internal medicine 17th edition, chapter 71.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The glycolytic enzyme Enolase is inhibited by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Iodoacetate, B. Fluoride, C. Arsenate, D. Arsenic", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All of the followings are signs of reversible cell injury; except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Loss of microvilli, B. Cell Swelling, C. Bleb formation, D. Dense Mitochondrial deposit", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. (d) Dense Mitochondrial depositRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basic Disease 9th Ed; Page No-40Cell injuryReversible cell injuryIrreversible cell injury* Cellular swelling* Loss of microvilli* Formation of cytoplasmic blebs* ER swelling* Ribosomal detachment* Myelin figures* Clumping of nuclear chromatin* Flocculent, amorphous mitochondrial densities* Swelling & disruption of lysosomes* Plasma membrane damage* Pyknosis* Karyolysis* Karyorrhexis", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Power of reduced eye is ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 55 D, B. 60 D, C. 65 D, D. 70 D", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. is b' i.e., 60 D Reduced eve (Reduced schematic eye) In schematic model, the optical system of eye behaves like a combination of lenses. The reduced schematic eye treats the eye as if it were a single refracting element consisting of an ideal spherical surface separating two media of refractive indices of 1.00 (air in external environment) and 1.33 (eye as a whole). So, in reduced eye, the entire system (of eye) can be regarded as one lens with one optical centre which lies in the posterior pa of crystalline lens. The diopteric power of reduced eye is + 60D, of which + 44D is contributed by cornea and + 16D by the crystalline lens. Reduced eye concept was introduced by Listing, therefore, it is also referred to as Listing's reduced eye.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The length of the eye ball is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 12 mm, B. 16 mm, C. 20 mm, D. 24 mm", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: D. i.e. 24 mm Antero posterior diameter of eye is 17.5 mm at bih and reaches 24 mm in adultQ Eye Diameter Power Pressure Refractory index Veical 23 mm Lens +16DQ Goldmann 10.4 - 20. Air 1 Horizontal 23.5 Cornea +44 DQ applantation 4 mmHg Aqueous 1.336 mm Total +60 DQ Schiotz 10.5- 21.7 Humor Anteroposte- 24 New born eye +2.5 Indentation mmHg Vitrous 1.336 nor (adult) mmQ is DQ Humor A-P (bih) 17.5 hypermetropic Cornea 1.376 mm Crystaline 1.386? Circumference 75mm Lens 1.406Q Volume 6.5 ml (coex? core nucleus) Weight 7 gm", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Wilm' s tumor associated with A/E \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hemihypertrophy, B. Aniridia, C. Hypertension, D. Bilateral polycystic kidney disease", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: The genitourinary anomalies most commonly associated with Wilms tumor are\n\nhypoplasia,\nfusion and ectopia of the kidney,\nduplications of the collecting systems,\nhypospadias, and\ncryptorchidism\n(Bilateral polycystic kidney disease is not associated with the Wilm's tumor)\n\nSyndromes Associated with Wilms Tumor\n\nSeveral syndromes and congenital abnormalities commonly are reported in patients with Wilms tumor.\nWAGR syndrome (contiguous gene deletion of WT1 & PAX6 on 11P13)\nIt consists of\nWilms tumor,\nAniridia,\nGenitourinary abnormalities (cryptorchidism, streak ovaries, bicornuate uterus, ambiguous genitalia), and\nMental retardation.\nPatients with this syndrome have a constitutional deletion of chromosome 11p13 where the Wilms tumor gene,\nWT1, and the aniridia gene, PAX6, are located.\nDenys- Drash syndrome(missense mutation in WT1 gene) \nIt is characterized by\nMale pseudohermaphrodism,\nEarly-onset renal failure characterized by mesangial sclerosis and\nIncreased risk of Wilms tumor.\nPatients with this syndrome typically carry a missense mutation in the WT1 gene.\nBeckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (WT2 gene abnormality on chromosome 11P15.5)\nIt is characterized by\nHemihypertrophy,\nMacroglossia,\nVisceromegaly,\nOmphalocele\nRisk of developing Wilms tumor (3-5%)\nA variety of 11p15.5 abnormalities have been reported in patients with this syndrome, and it is postulated that a second Wilms tumor gene, WT2, is located in this region. Loss of imprinting of the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene, an epigenetic process, also is associated with Wilms tumor.\n\n\nOther syndromes or conditions with an increased risk of Wilms tumor include:\n\nHemihypertrophy,\nSporadic aniridia,\nGenitourinary anomalies,\nPearlman syndrome,\nSotos syndrome,\nNeurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease), and Von Willebrand disease.\n\nAbout option 'c' Hypertension.\n\"Hypertension also has been described and probably is due to renal ischemia.\"- Nelson\nMore about Wilm's tumor (also k/a nephroblastoma):\n\nWilm's tumor is the most common renal neoplasm & 2nd most common malignant abdominal tumor, in children (Most common abdominal malignant tumor is neuroblastoma)\nPeak incidence is between 2 and 5 yrs of age.\n5-10% are bilateral; either both kidneys are involved simultaneously (synchronous) or one after the other (metachronous)\n\nClinical features of W.T.\n\nAbdominal lump (most common presenting feature)\nAbdominal pain\nVomiting\nHematuria\nHypertension\n\nTreatment:\n\nHigh cure rates of 80-90% can be achieved with multimodality treatment using surgery, chemotherapy & radiotherapy\nSurgical resection is done in all stages followed by chemotherapy (stage I&II) or chemotherapy + radiotherapy (stage III, IV, V)\nPre op chemotherapy is given in inoperable & bilateral cases\n\nChemotherapeutic agents used are Vincristine, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin & Cyclophosphamide.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All are caused by Herpes simplex virus except \nSelect and explain. \nA. CA cervix, B. Gingivostomatitis, C. Mollaret meningitis, D. Herpes labialis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: CA cervix is caused by human papilloma virus.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Great auricular nerve originates from? \nSelect and explain. \nA. C2,C3, B. C3,C4, C. C4,C5, D. C5,C6", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: The great auricular nerve is a superficial branch of the cervical plexus composed of branches of spinal C2 and C3. It provides sensory innervation to the skin overlying the parotid gland, angle of mandible, external ear and posterior auricular region. The skin of the face is supplied by three divisions of the trigeminal nerve except for the small area over the angle of mandible and parotid gland which is supplied by greater auricular nerve(C2,C3).", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Function of CAMP \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ion exchange, B. Activation of protein kinase, C. Activation of Ryanodine receptors, D. Release of acetylcholine", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: CAMP is a secondary messager, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effect of hormones like glucagon etc.it is involved in activation of protein kinase Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number 540 ,541,542", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Birth trauma is a risk factor for: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Prolapse uterus, B. Endometriosis, C. PID, D. Abortions", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Birth trauma is an important aetiological factor for prolapse.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "During an operation if a pair of scissors is left in abdomen it is known as:(2004) \nSelect and explain. \nA. Petty's method, B. Res ipsa forcepalis, C. Res ipsa loquitor, D. Pharaoh's serpents", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: cRef: Parikh, 6th ed, p. 1.43", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Paranasal sinuses presents at bih are \nSelect and explain. \nA. Frontal and maxillary, B. Ethmoid and maxillary, C. Frontal and ethmoid, D. Sphenoid and ethmoid", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Paranasal sinuses develop as outpouchings from the mucous membrane of a lateral wall of the nose. The growth of sinuses continues during childhood and into early adult life. Radiologically maxillary sinuses can be identified at 4-5 months, ethmoids at 1 year, sphenoid at 4 years and frontals at 6 years. Reference: Diseases of ear, nose and throat; PL Dhingra; 6th edition; Pg no.189", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The incidence of carcinoma cervix in women with multiple sexual paners is 5 times the incidence seen in those with a single paner. Based on this, what is the attributable risk? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 20%, B. 40%, C. 50%, D. 80%", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: - If the incidence of carcinoma cervix in those with single paner is 'I' , then the incidence in those with multiple sexual paners will be 5 'I'. - Now attributable risk = (Incidence in exposed-Incidence in non-exposed/Incidence in exposed ) X 100 = (5I-I / 5I) X 100 = (4/5) X 100 = 80%.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Secondary amyloidosis complicates which of the following: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pneumonia, B. Chronic glomerulonephritis, C. Irritable bowel syndrome, D. Chronic osteomyelitis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Chronic osteomyelitis", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Thiopentone is used for induction anaesthesia, because it is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Smooth induction, B. Rapidly redistributed, C. Rapid redistribution, D. easy to monitor", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: All inducing agents have smooth and fast induction. Therefore they are used as inducing agents.\nRapid redistribution is responsible for very short duration of action (rapid recovery), not for induction.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "If TFR in a population is 4, then GRR would be (approx.) \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2, B. 4, C. 8, D. 16", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: - GRR or NRR= 1/2 TFR (approx.) - In given question, TFR is 4; hence GRR is half of 4 = 2", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Pericardial space is present between ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Endocardium and pericardium, B. Epicardium and pericardium, C. Endocardium and epicardium, D. Parietal and visceral pericardium", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Pericardial space (pericardial cavity) lies between parietal serous pericardium and visceral serous pericardium.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following is primary prevention- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Screening test, B. Early diagnosis, C. Use of mosquito net, D. Restoration of lost function", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Chacroid is caused by? \nSelect and explain. \nA. N. Gonnorrea, B. H. Ducrei, C. T. Pallidum, D. H. Influenza", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: See APPENDIX-47 for list of “STDs” CHANCROID (SOFT SORE) This venereal infection is caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Haemophilus ducreyi.\nOne to 5 days postinfection, a soft sloughy ulcer appears on the penis or vulva.\nThe treatment of choice is erythromycin (500 mg 6-hourly for 14 days).", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Metrifonate is effective against: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Amoebiasis, B. Leishmaniosis, C. Schistosomiasis, D. Giardiasis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Schistosomiasis", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "For which malignancy, intensity Modulated Radiotherapy is the most suitable \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lung, B. Prostate, C. Leukemias, D. Stomach", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis. The prostate is just in front of the rectum.\nThe urethra runs through the center of the prostate, from the bladder to the penis, letting urine flow out of the body.\nThe prostate secretes a fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.\nDuring ejaculation, the prostate squeezes this fluid into the urethra, and it’s expelled with sperm as semen.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Eruption of Maxillary 2nd molar occur at \nSelect and explain. \nA. 8-9 year, B. 10-11 year, C. 19-20 year, D. 12-13 year", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Most common cause of secondary postpaum hemorrhage:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Trauma, B. Atonic uterus, C. Bleeding disorders, D. Retained products of conception", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Most common cause of secondary postpaum hemorrhage is retained tissues Secondary postpaum hemorrhage is bleeding 24 hours to 12 weeks after delivery. Causes of PPH(10 and 20) : Uterine atonicity Injury to any pa of genital tract Coagulopathy (von Willebrand's disease) Retained tissues - MCC of 20PPH", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A 53 year old male presents with an enlarged supraclavicular lymph node, and examination reveals enlargement of the Waldeyer ring of oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue. There is no hepatosplenornegaly. Lymph node biopsy reveals replacements by a monomorphous population of large lymphoid cells with enlarged nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The CBC is normal except for finding of mild anemia. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry of the node reveals that most lymphoid cells are CDl9 CD10=,CD3-, CD15-, and negative (TdT). These findings are most consistent with a diagnosis of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chronic lymphadenitis, B. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, C. Hodgkin disease, D. Lymphoblastic lymphoma", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma occurs in older individuals and frequently presents as localized disease with extranodal involvement, paicularly of the Waldeyer ring. The staining pattern indicates a B-cell proliferation (CD19, CD1O). T-cell (CD3) and monocytic (CD15) markers are absent, TdT can be expressed in B- lineage cells at an earlier stage of maturation. Small lymphocytic lymphoma is also a B-cell neoplasm, but it manifests with widespread lymphadenopathy, liver and spleen enlargement, and lymphocytosis, Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a T-cell neoplasm that occurs typically in the mediastinum of children. Reed-Stem berg cells characterize Hodgkin disease. In chronic lymphaderiitis, the lymph node has many cell types-macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. A monomorphous infiltrate is typical of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Clonorches sinenensis is- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tapeworm, B. Roundworm, C. Threadworm, D. Fluke", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., FlukeTrematodes (fluke)o These are flat, leaf like helminths.o They can be classified depending on their site of localization in human tissues.Blood flukesVesical venous plexus: Schistosoma hematobium.Rectal venous plexus & portal venous system : S mansoni (inferior mesentric vein), S japonicum (superior mesenteric vein).Intestinal flukesSmall intestine : Fasciola buski, Heterophyes heterophes, Metagonimus vokogawi, Watsonius watsoni.Large intestine : Gastrodiscoides hominis.Tissue flukesLiver flukes : Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis felineus, O viverrini.Lung fluke : Paragonimus westermani.o Trematodes are monoecious (hermaphrodite), i.e. sexes are not separate. One exception being Schistosomes, which are diecious with separate sexes.o Trematodes complete their life cycle in three hosts: One definitive (man) and two intermediate hosts (Freshwater snail or mollusc as first intermediate host and fish or crab as second intermediate host),o Trematodes are Oviparous and lay operculated eggs, except for schistosomes which lay non-operculated eggs.Metazoa (Helminths)NemathelminthesPlatyhelminthes ||||Class : Nemafoda(Roundworms)Class : Cestoda(Tapeworms)Class: Trematoda(Flukes)||||||||Intestinal speciesIntestinal-tissue speciesBlood-tissue speciesIntestinal speceisIntestinal-tissue speciesIntestinal speciesBlood speciesTissue species1. Enterobius vermicularisl. Triehinella spiralis1. Wuchereria bancrofti1. Taenia sagnata1. Echinococcus granulosus1. Fasciolo- psis buski1. Schis- tosoma species1. Fasciola hapatic (liver fluke)2. Trichura trichisis2. Dracunculus medinensis2. Brutgia malayi2. Taenia solium 3. Ascaris lumbricoides 3. Loa toa4. Onchocerca3. Hvmenolepsis nana 2. Parago- nimus wester-mni (lung fluke)4. Necator americanus volvulus4. Diphyllobothrium latum 5. Ancylotoma duodenalc 6. Strongyloide stercoraliss", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Use of FAST? \nSelect and explain. \nA. To detect fluid in pericardial and peritoneal sacs, B. Pyoperitoneum, C. Intestinal obstruction, D. Pancreatitis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., To detect fluid in pericardial and peritoneal sacs o FASTFocused Assessment of Sonographic examination of Trauma patient is a rapid diagnostic examination to assess patients with potential thoraco abdominal injuries.It sequentially survavs for pressence of blood in pericardial sac and dependent abdominal regions.It is exquistely sensitive for detecting fluid of > 250 ml. After application of vs transmission gel, a 3.5 MHZ convex transducer is used to assess, in sequence-pericardial area, RUQ, LUQ and Pelvis.It is very accurate in assessing Hypotensive patients with blunt trauma abdomen; if FAST positive, immediate surgery is justified.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The 'Japanese Detergent Suicide Technique' involves mixing of common household chemical to produce: \nSelect and explain. \nA. H2S and other poisonous gases, B. Deadly foam, C. Deadly Acidic Compond, D. Deadly fluid cyanide compound", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: A ie. H2S - Japanese Detergent Suicide technique involves mixing of house hold chemicals like bath sulfur with toilet bowl cleaner to produce a deadly poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas cloudQ. It is used in enclosed spaces like car or closets to achieve near instant death. American version substitutes a common insecticide for bath sulfur as bath sulfur is not available in US.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Substance with same atomic number but different mass number – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Isotope, B. Isobar, C. Atom, D. Mineral", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Isotopes → Atoms of the same elements with same atomic number but different atomic mass (mass number).", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "NSAIDs are used in all except - \nSelect and explain. \nA. As analgesic, B. In peptic ulcer, C. R.A., D. O.A.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Peptic ulcer o Peptic ulcer is a contraindication.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "On USG finding of cystic hygroma in fetus is suggestive of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Down's syndrome, B. Marphan's syndrome, C. Turner's syndrome, D. Klinfelter's syndrome", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: C i.e. Turner's Syndrome", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A 22-year-old man has a sudden loss of vision in the right eye. On physical examination, there is a subluxation of the right crystalline lens. On auscultation of the chest, a midsystolic click is audible. An echocardiogram shows a floppy mitral valve and dilated aortic arch. The patient's brother and his cousin are similarly affected. He is prescribed a beta-blocker. A genetic defect involving which of the following substances is most likely to be present in this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Collagen, B. Dystrophin, C. Fibrillin-1, D. NF1 protein", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition that is most often caused by qualitative defects in fibrillin from missense mutations in the fibrillin (FBN1) gene. An abnormal collagen gene can cause osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Genetic mutations in the dystrophin gene are involved in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. The NF1 protein is abnormal in neurofibromatosis type 1. Disordered spectrin causes hereditary spherocytosis.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Hypokalemia is seen with - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Frusemide, B. Coisol, C. Metabolic acidosis, D. Amiloride", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Furosemide also can lead to gout caused by hyperuricemia. Hyperglycemia is also a common side effect. The tendency, as for all loop diuretics, to cause low serum potassium concentration (hypokalemia) has given rise to combination products, either with potassium or with the potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride (Co-amilofruse). Other electrolyte abnormalities that can result from furosemide use include hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia. In the treatment of hea failure, many studies have shown that the long-term use of furosemide can cause varying degrees of thiamine deficiency, so thiamine supplementation is also suggested. Although disputed, it is considered ototoxic: \"usually with large intravenous doses and rapid administration and in renal impairment\". Other precautions include: nephrotoxicity, sulfonamide (sulfa) allergy, and increases free thyroid hormone effects with large doses Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 365", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "An 19-year-old man is admitted to the emergency room following a motorcycle accident. He is ale and fully oriented, but witnesses to the accident repo an interval of unresponsiveness following the injury. Skull films show a fracture of the left temporal bone. Following x-ray, the patient suddenly loses consciousness and dilation of the left pupil is noted. This patient should be considered to have? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ruptured berry aneurysm, B. Epidural hematoma, C. Acute subdural hematoma, D. Intra Abdominal hemorrhage", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Epidural hematomas are typically caused by a tear of the middle meningeal aery or vein or a dural venous sinus. Ninety percent of epidural hematomas are associated with linear skull fractures, usually in the temporal region. The lesion appears as a hyperdense biconvex mass between the skull and brain on CT scan. The typical history is one of head trauma followed by a momentary alteration in consciousness and then a lucid interval lasting for up to a few hours. This is followed by a loss of consciousness, dilation of the pupil on the side of the epidural hematoma, and then compromise of the brainstem and death.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All these structures are found in the lateral nasal wall except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Superior turbinate, B. Vomer, C. Agger nasi, D. Hasner's valve", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: (b) Vomer(Ref. Cummings, 6th ed., 659)Vomer is an independent separate bone which forms the postero-inferior part of the septum proper, i.e. the medial wall of nose.Rest all are found on the lateral wall", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "If thiopentone is injected accidently into an artery the first symptom is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Analgesia, B. Paralysis, C. Skin ulceration, D. Pain", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: First symptom of inadverent intra-arterial injection is pain and first sign is blanching.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "True about pugilistic attitude? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Indicate only antimoem burn, B. Indicate only postmoem burn, C. Cannot differentiate between antemoem & postmoem burn, D. Indicate defense by victim during antemoem death", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Puglistic attitude : It is due to coagulation of the proteins of the muscles and dehydration which cause contraction. The flexor muscles being bulkier than extensor, contracts more due to which joints of all limbs are flexed. It occurs whether the person was alive or dead at the time of burning. So it is non specific ,hence Cannot differentiate between antemoem & postmoem burn", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following drug when taken in excess can be removed by dialysis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Digoxin, B. Salicylates, C. Benzodiazepines, D. Organophosphates", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Forced alkaline diuresis or hemodialysis is indicated in severe salicylate poisoning to remove unabsorbed drug. Other treatment modalities in salicylate poisoning are external cooling and intravenous fluids with sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and glucose. Gastric lavage is done to remove the unabsorbed drug. Blood transfusion and vitamin K is given if bleeding occurs. Fatal dose in salicylate poisoning is 15-30gm. Serious toxicity occur at serum salicylate levels >50mg/dl. Manifestations include vomiting, dehydration, acidotic breathing, hypoglycemia, delirium, hallucinations, convulsion, coma and death due to respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse. Ref: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 5th Edition, Pages 172-3; Irwin and Rippe's Intensive Care Medicine By Richard S. Irwin, Page 1553; Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence By Derek S. Wheele, Page 1633.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All of the following are true about cluster sampling except- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Samples are similar to those in simple Random sampling, B. Is a Rapid and simple method, C. The sample size may very according to study design, D. It is a type of probability sample", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: .", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Dofetilide is which class of anti arrhythmia drug \nSelect and explain. \nA. Class 1, B. Class 11, C. Class 111, D. Class 1V", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Refer kDT 7/e 529 Dofetilide is a class III antiarrhythmic agent Dofetilide is used for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in individuals prone to the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and flutterarrhythmias, and for chemical cardioversionto sinus rhythm from atrial fibrillation and flutter", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Bone pearl's or wax drippings is pathogonomic of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Burns, B. Scalds, C. Lightening, D. Electrocution", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. (D). Electrocution(Ref: Review of Forensic Medicine & toxicology; Gautum Biswas; 2nd edition; Pg - 275)", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Metal fume fever can be seen in poisoning by all EXCEPT: March 2003 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lead, B. Arsenic, C. Iron, D. Zinc", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B i.e. Arsenic", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Fructose is transpoed by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. GLUT 1, B. GLUT 2, C. GLUT 5, D. GLUT 4", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: GLUT 5is membrane channel for the facilitated diffusion of glucose It is seen in testis,gastrointestinal tract", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A child with alopecia, hyperpigmentation, hypogonadism and rash of genital area and mouth is likely to suffer from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Iron deficiency, B. Zinc deficiency, C. Calcium deficiency, D. Copper deficiency", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. (b) Zinc deficiencyRef. Harrison's 19th ed. / 96e-9* Zinc is an essential trace nutrient required for the proper function of more than 100 enzymes and plays a crucial role in nucleic acid metabolism.* Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive disorder postulated to occur as a result of mutations in the SLC39A4 gene located on band 8q24.3.* This protein is highly expressed in the enterocytes in the duodenum and jejunum. Therefore, affected individuals have a decreased ability to absorb zinc from dietary sources. Absence of a binding ligand needed to transport zinc may further contribute to zinc malabsorption.* Clinical manifestations include diarrhea, alopecia, muscle wasting, depression, irritability, and a rash involving the extremities, face, and perineum. The rash is characterized by vesicular and pustular crusting with scaling and erythema.* Features of acrodermatitis enteropathica start appearing in the first few months of life, if mother discontinues breast milk.Deficiency and toxicity of several metalsPhosphorus ElementDeficiencyToxicityTolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake LevelBoronNo biologic function determinedDevelopmental defects, male sterility, testicular atrophy20mg/d (extrapolated from animal data)CalciumReduced bone mass, osteoporosisRenal insufficiency (milk-alkali syndrome) nephrolithiasis, impaired iron absorption, thiazide diuretics.2500 mg/d (milk alkali)CopperAnemia, growth retardation, defective keratinization and pigmentation of hair, hypothermia, degenerative changes in aortic elastin, osteopenia, mental deterioration.Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatic failure, tremor, mental deterioration, hemolytc anemia, renal dysfunction10 mg/d (liver toxicity)ChromiumImpaired glucose toleranceOccupational',Renal failure, dermatitis, pulmonary cancerNot determinedFluoride|Dental cariesDental and skeletal flurosis, osteosclerosis10 mg/d (Blurosis)IodineThyroid enlargement, |T4 cretinismThyroid dysfunction, acne-like eruptions.1100 mg/d (thyroid dysfunction)IronMuscle abnormalities, koilonychia, pica anemia, |work performance, impaired cognitive development, premature labor, |perinatal maternal deathGastrointestinal effects, (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation), iron overload with organ damage, acute and chronic systemic toxicity, increased susceptibility to malaria, increased risk association with certain chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes)45 mg/d of elemental Iron (gastrointestinal side effects)ManganeseImpaired growth and skeletal development reproduction, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, upper body rashGeneral: Neurotoxicity, Parkinson-like symptoms Occupational: Encephalitis like syndrome, Parkinson like syndrome, psychosis, pneumoconiosis.11 mg/d (neurotoxicity)MolybdenumSevere neurologic abnormalitiesReproductive and fetal abnormalities2mg/d (extrapolated from animal data)SeleniumCardiomyopathy, heart failure, striated muscle degenerationGeneral: Alopecia , nausea, vomiting, abnormal nails, emotional400 pg/d (hair, nail changes)PhosphorusRickets (osteomalacia) proximal muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, paresthesia, ataxia, seizure confusion, heart failure, hemolysis acidosis.Hyperphosphatemia4000 mg/dZincGrowth retardation, |taste and smell alopecia, dermatitis, diarrhea, immune dysfunction, failure to thrive, gonasal atrophy, congenital malfomations.General: Reduced copper, absorption, gastritis, sweating fever,nausea, vomitingOccupational; Respiratory distress, pulmonary fibrosis40 mg/d (impaired copper metabolism)", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "True about carcinoma esophagus is- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Most common site is lower end, B. Both adeno and suqamous cell carcinoma occur, C. Commonest histology is adenocarcinoma, D. More common in females", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Use of tamoxifen in carcinoma of breast patients does not lead to the following side effects : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thromboembolic events, B. Endometrial carcinoma, C. Cataract, D. Cancer in opposite breast", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Sternal edema is seen in - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Measles, B. Mumps, C. Diphtheria, D. Varicella", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following nerve fibers are first to get blocked by local anaesthetic \nSelect and explain. \nA. A alpha, B. A beta, C. A delta, D. A gamma", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Sequence of block is\nBeta > A delta = C > A gamma > A beta >A alpha", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Ketamine belongs to which of the following group of drugs ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Phencyclidine, B. Phenols, C. Barbiturate, D. Benzodiazepine", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ketamine is a phencyclidine derivative presented as a racemic mixture of R-and S-ketamine.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Anti-D Rh is given for: September 2005 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rh positive father,Rh positive mother, B. Rh negative father,Rh positive mother, C. Rh negative father,Rh negative mother, D. Rh positive father,Rh negative mother", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D: Rh positive father,Rh negative mother Rho(D) Immune Globulin is given by intramuscular injection that is used to prevent the immunological condition known as Rhesus disease (or hemolytic disease of newborn) paicularly when father is Rh positive and mother is Rh negative. It is a solution of IgG anti-D (anti-RhD) antibodies that bind to, and lead to the destruction of, fetal Rh D positive red blood cells that have passed from the fetal circulation to the maternal circulation. Therefore, in a Rhesus negative mother it can prevent sensitization of the maternal immune system to Rh D antigens, which can cause rhesus disease in the current or in subsequent pregnancies", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "About Ectopia vesicae, following is true except ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. CA bladder may occur, B. Ventral curvature of penis, C. Incontinence of urine, D. Visible uretero - vesical efflux", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer is 'b' i.e. Ventral curvature of penis Ectopia vesicae is associated with epispadias in which dorsal or upwards curvatuve of penis is noted. Ventral curvature is noted in hypospadias.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "On USG finding of cystic hygroma in fetus is suggestive of : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Down's syndrome, B. Marfan's syndrome, C. Turner's syndrome, D. Klinfelter's syndrome", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Turner's syndrome (XO) may have - Cystic hygroma, Widely spaced nipples, Webbed neck, Infertility, Normal I.Q.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Oesophageal atresia may occur as a pa of VACTERAL group of anomalies. What does `TE' stand for? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tetralogy of Fallot, B. Thoracic empyema, C. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula, D. Talipes equinovarus", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Tracheo-oesophageal fistulaVACTERL association is a disorder that affects many body systems. VACTERL stands for :V:Veebral defectsA:Anal atresiaC:Cardiac defectsTE:Tracheo-Esophageal fistulaR:Renal anomalies,L:Limb abnormalities.People diagnosed withVACTERL association typically have at least three of these characteristic features.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The time between primary and secondary case is called: \nSelect and explain. \nA. A period of communicability, B. Serial interval, C. Incubation period, D. Generation time", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Serial interval - gap in time between onset of the primary case and the secondary case. A period of communicability - time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, from an infected animal to man or from an infected person to an animal including ahropods. Incubation period - time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or symptoms of the disease Generation time - interval of time between reciept of infection by a host and maximal infectivity of the host Ref: Park 21st edition, page 95.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Best treatment of old fracture is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Manipulation and POP cast application., B. Open reduction and internal fixation and bone grafting., C. K Wire fixation, D. External fixation", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Nonunion fracture shaft femur requires open reduction and rigid internal fixation with either intramedullary nail or DC plating and bone grafting.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Duodenal adenocarcinoma -a) Most common small bowel carcinomab) Periampullary carcinomac) Jaundice & anemia - most common symptomd) Local resection - curative \nSelect and explain. \nA. ac, B. bc, C. ad, D. b", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: • Duodenum is MC site of small intestinal adenocarcinoma\n• 15% in the proximal; 40% in the middle and 45% in the distal duodenum (MC)\n• Resectability and prognosis are better than other upper GI cancers.\nClinical Features\n• Most often presents as obstruction, with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain as the most frequent symptoms.\n• Anemia from bleeding and biliary or pancreatic obstructive symptoms can also be seen on initial presentation if the tumor is located within the periampullary region.\nDiagnosis\n• Endoscopy is the diagnostic test of choice for duodenal tumors, which allows for direct visualization and biopsy as needed.\nTreatment\n• For 1st or 2nd portion: Whipple procedure\n• For 3rd or 4th portion: Segmental duodenal resection", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which is a noveneral form of trephonemal infection – a) Yawsb) Pintac) Syphillisd) GV \nSelect and explain. \nA. ab, B. a, C. ad, D. bc", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A 10-year old boy presents to the pediatric emergency unit with seizures. Blood pressure in the upper extremity measured as 200/140 mm Hg. Femoral pulses were not palpable. The most likely diagnosis amongst the following is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Takayasu's aooaeritis, B. Renal parenchymal disease, C. Grand mal seizures, D. Coarctation of aoa", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Isolated upper extremity hypeension (200/140 mm Hg), with absent/diminished femoral pulses, is characteristic of coarctation of the aoaSeizures may be due to severe hypeension or due to intracranial haemorrhage(from berry aneurysms which are more common in patients with coarctation)The classic sign of coarctation of the aoa is a disparity in pulsations and blood pressures in arms and legsThe femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis pulses are weak (or absent in about 40% of patients) in contrast to bounding pulses in the arms and carotid vesselsBP in the legs is lower than in the arms and 90% of patients have hypeension in upper extremity greater than the 95th percentile for ageAge (yrs)95th percentile (mm Hg)>1 110/601-5115/756-10125/8511-18140/90Takayasu aooaeritis may also present with severe hypeension and absent femoral pulses due to acquired mid-aoic coarctation (but this is an uncommon presentation)Most commonly affects subclan aery and more commonly presents with claudicationCoarctation TakayasuMore commonMore common in boysUpper extremity hypeensionBounding pulses in arms and diminished or absent pulses in lower limbsHypeension is frequentLess commonMore common in girls (8:1 = f:m)Absent or decreased upper limb pulses and blood pressure difference between left and right arms are characteristicHypeension is frequentSystemic symptoms are more common(ref: Harrison's 18/e p1925)", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Over closure of jaws is accentuated muscle activity: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Buccinator, B. Lateral pterygoid, C. Temporalis, D. medial pterygoid", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Hyperactive mentalis activity and abnormal buccinator activity is seen in class-II division-1 cases.\nOver closure of jaws is associated with accentuated temporatis muscle activity.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Artifical radioisotopsa) Radiumb) Uraniumc) Plutoniumd) Iridiume) Cobalt \nSelect and explain. \nA. ab, B. bc, C. de, D. bd", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Important artificial radionuclides :- Tritium - 1, Carbon - 14, Cobalt - 60, Strontium 89, Strontium - 90, Iodine 131, Cesium 134, Cesium 137, Plutonium - 239, Iridium, Tc - 99.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "According to Poiseuille's law, reducing the radius of an airway to one-third will increase its resistance how many fold? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3-Jan, B. 3, C. 9, D. 81", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Poiseuille's law states that during laminar flow, airway resistance is inversely propoional to the 4th power of the radius, other things being equal. Therefore, a reduction in the radius by a factor of 3 increases the resistance by 34, that is, 81.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which is used for sterilization of cystoscope \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glutaraldehyde, B. Formaldehyde, C. Isopropyl alcohol, D. Ethylene oxide", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. (a) Glutaraldehyde", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A neonate is said be low birth weight (LBW) if his weight is less than ----- gms: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2000, B. 2200, C. 2500, D. 2800", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. 2500 gramsA neonate weighing < 2500 grams at birth irrespective of gestational age is classified as low birth weight (LBW). A neonate weighing less than 1500 grams is classified as very low birth weight (VLBW). A neonate weighing less than 1000 grams at birth irrespective of the gestational age is classified as extremely low birth weight (ELBW)", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which is most lipogenic carbohydrate: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glucose, B. Galactose, C. Fructose, D. Starch", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: All carbohydrates (if in excess), gets conveed to fat in body (endogenous fat). Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose. So, when sucrose is taken instead of glucose, it increases lipogenesis because: Fructose is most rapidly metabolised sugar It bypasses PFK-1 step (Rate Limiting Enzyme of glycolysis). So fructose forms acetyl CoA and thus fats. So fructose is regarded as most lipogenic sugar. Fructose | Uses the enzymes of Glycolysis | Finally forms Pyruvate | Acetyl CoA | Fats (TG, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol) Fructose is present in fruits, honey, table sugar.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The nucleotide triplet CTC in the sixth position of the l3-chain in DNA forms the complementary nucleotide on (mRNA) that codes for glutamic acid. A point mutation on the l3-chain resulting in the nucleotide triplet CAC forms a com¬plementary nucleotide on mRNA that codes for valine. In sickle cell anemia, you would expect the comple¬mentary nucleotide triplet on mRNA from 5' to 3' to read \nSelect and explain. \nA. GAG, B. CTC, C. GTG, D. GUG", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Note that by changing the CTC triplet to a CAC, the messenger RNA (mRNA) changes from GAG, which normally codes for glutamic acid in the sixth position of the -chain of hemoglobin, to GUG, which now codes for valine. This point mutation of a single base pair is responsible for sickle cell anemia.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following condition masks low serum haptoglobin in hemolysis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bile duct obstruction, B. Liver disease, C. Malnutrition, D. Pregnancy", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Haptoglobin is a glycoprotein synthesized in the liver that binds free hemoglobin. Its scavenging function counteracts the potentially harmful oxidative and nitric oxide-scavenging effects associated with \"free\" hemoglobin. Low haptoglobin is considered an indicator of hemolysis. But it is increased in biliary obstruction, hence it will mask the effect of hemolysis on haptoglobin. Increased in: Acute and chronic infection (acute-phase reactant) Malignancy Biliary obstruction Ulcerative colitis Myocardial infarction Diabetes mellitus Decreased in: Newborns and children Pregnancy Malnutrition Posttransfusion Intravascular hemolysis Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Liver disease Ref: Nicoll D., Lu C.M., Pignone M., McPhee S.J. (2012). Chapter 3. Common Laboratory Tests: Selection and Interpretation. In D. Nicoll, C.M. Lu, M. Pignone, S.J. McPhee (Eds), Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests, 6e.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "EBV causes: March 2013 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Infectious mononucleosis, B. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, C. Glandular fever, D. All of the above", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D i.e. All of the above Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)/ Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4) It is a virus of the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). It is also associated with paicular forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) such as hairy leukoplakia and central nervous system lymphomas. There is evidence that infection with the virus is associated with a higher risk of ceain autoimmune diseases, especially dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid ahritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. Infection with EBV occurs by the oral transfer of saliva and genital secretions.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following snake produces paralysis with convulsions - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vipers, B. Sea Snakes, C. Cobra, D. Krait", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Types of venom -- may be * Neurotoxic -- cobra, krait * Hemotoxic -- vipers * Myotoxic -- sea snake NEUROTOXIC in krait,eventhough it is neurotoxic,there is no swelling or burning pain at the site of bite and convulsions are milder REF;THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE:KS NARAYANA REDDY;28th EDITION", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Dehiscence in the external auditory canal cause infection in the parotid gland via: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fissure of Santorini, B. Notch of Rivinus, C. Petro-tympanic fissure, D. Retro pharyngeal fissure", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: (a) Fissure of Santorini(Ref. Cummings, 6th ed., 1981)The notch of Rivinus is the upper attachment of pars flaccida.Petro-tympanic fissure is present on the anterior wall of middle ear, on which attaches the anterior malleolar ligament.Retropharyngeal fissure does not exist.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Amino acids not coded by triplet codon: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lysine, B. Hydroxyproline, C. Selenocysteine, D. Pyrrolysine", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: B i.e. Hydroxyproline", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which index of obesity does not include height? \nSelect and explain. \nA. BMI, B. Ponderal's index, C. Broca's index, D. Corpulence index", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 418", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Lalita, a female patient presents with pigmentation of the lips and oral mucosa and intestinal polyps. Her sister also gives the same history. Most probable diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Carcinoid tumor, B. Melanoma, C. Villous adenoma, D. Peutz-Jegher's syndrome", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: The polyps of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are generally considered to be hamaomas Hamaomatous polyps (usually <100) throughout the GIT, most common in jejunum Associated with Hypermelanotic macule in the perioral region, buccal mucosa. Mucocutaneous pigmentation usually occurs during infancy and most commonly noted in perioral and buccal region. Pigment spots usually appear in first few years of life, reach a maximum level in early adolescence and can fade in adulthood. However, pigmentation on the buccal mucosa remains throughout the life. The pigmented macules of PJS have no malignant potential. Screening consists of a baseline colonoscopy and upper endoscopy at age 20 years, followed by annual flexible sigmoidoscopy thereafter.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Not true about virulence of endodontic microflora is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Endotoxin, B. Exotoxin, C. Bacterial enzymes, D. Microbial interferences", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]