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[ { "content": "True about the statement is: When null hypothesis is rejected when it is true? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Type I alpha error, B. Type II beta error, C. Gamma error, D. All of the above", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Thin filament consists of all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Actin, B. Troponin, C. Myosin, D. Tropomyosin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Myosin is thick filament. All others  in the options are thin filaments.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A 1-year-old boy presents with a delay in motor development. Progressive muscle weakness and blindness ensue, and the patient dies within a year. The brain at autopsy shows swollen neurons that contain numerous lysosomes filled with lipid. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. AL amyloidosis, B. Hurler syndrome, C. Phenylketonuria, D. Tay-Sachs disease", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Tay-Sachs disease is a lethal, autosomal recessive disorder caused by an inborn deficiency of hexosaminidase A, which permits the accumulation of ganglioside GM1 in CNS neurons. The disease is fatal in infancy and early childhood. Retinal involvement increases macular transparency and is responsible for a cherry-red spot in the macula. On histologic examination, lipid droplets are seen in the cytoplasm of distended nerve cells of the CNS and peripheral nervous system. Electron microscopy reveals the lipid within lysosomes in the form of whorled \"myelin figures.\" Swollen neurons that exhibit marked vacuolization of the perikaryon and contain lysosomes filled with lipid can also occur in other lipid-storage diseases (e.g., Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease). The other diseases do not produce such neuronal changes.Diagnosis: Tay-Sachs disease", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Most common cause of neonatal meningitis- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Staphylococcus, B. E. coli, C. H. influenze, D. Pneumococcus", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., E. coli o E. coli & streptococcus agalactie (group B streptococci) are the two most common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Primary complex in which of the following sites suggest congenital tuberculosis - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lungs, B. Liver, C. Lymph nodes, D. Skin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "R-factor in bacteria is transferred by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Transduction, B. Transformation, C. Conjugation, D. Vertical transmission", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Conjugation\n\nBacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell to cell contact or through a bridge- like the connection between two cells.\nConjugation is a process whereby a donor (male) bacterium makes physical contact with a recipient (female) bacterium.\nDonor status is determined by the presence of plasmid.\nThis plasmid codes for specialized fimbria (sex pilus) and for self-transfer.\nSex pilus (conjugation tube) helps in transfer of genetic material from male bacterium to female bacterium.\nThe plasmid is known as transfer factor (sex factor or fertility factor).\nThe plasmid may be R factory which codes for transferrable multiple drug resistance.\nThe DNA of the plasmid replicates during transfer so that each bacterium receives a copy → Recipient becomes a donor and the donor retains its donor status.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "CO2 is primarily transpoed in the aerial blood as \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dissolved CO2., B. Carbonic Acid., C. Carbamino-hemoglobin., D. Bicarbonate", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: D i.e. Bicarbonate Transpo of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate ions accounts for approximately 70% of transpoed carbon dioxide from the tissues to lungs Q. So CO2 is transpoed as plasma HCO3 - > RBC > HCO3- > Carbamino compound > dissolved CO2 Q &Transpo of Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is transpoed in the blood as: HCO3- (70%) > carbamino compounds (23%) > dissolved CO2 (7%) Chloride Shift/ Hamburger Phenomenon When the negatively charged (HCO3-) bicarbonate ions move out of red blood cell into the plasma, to maintain the electrolytic equilibrium the negatively charged chloride ions move into the Red blood Cells from plasma (In plasma plenty of sodium chloride is present). This process is mediated by band 3 membrane protein Chloride shift occurs in: 1 secondQ Hematocrit of venous blood is: greater (by 3%)than that of aerial bloodQ PH of venous blood (7.36) is lower than that of aerial blood (7.40)Q * For each CO2 molecule added to RBC there is increase in one osmotically active paicle in cell either HCO3- or CI-. So RBC take up water & swell. For this reason plus a fact that some aerial fluid returns lymphatics rather than the veins, the hematocrit of venous blood is 3% greater than aerial bloodQ. Amount of 02 enters the body/min = 250 inVininQ Amount of CO2 excreted by lung/ min = 200 inVininQ (288 L/day)Q * CO2 is 20 times more soluble than 02", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is the sequence of development of pubey in girls ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thelarche, Pubarche, linear growth spu, Menarche,, B. Pubarche, Thelarche, Menarche, linear growth spu, C. Pubarche, Menarche, Thelarche, linear growth spu, D. Menarche, Thelarche, Pubarche, linear growth spu", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: The sequence of SPECIFIC events of Pubeal events in girls is thelarche, pubarche, linear growth spu, menarche. Please note: This is not to confuse with accelarated general physical growth which is the first event in pubey Pubey Specific events in girls Events in boys 1st Thelarche Testicular enlargement 2nd Pubarche Penile enlargement & pubic hairs 3rd Linear Growth,Height, spu Linear Growth spu 4th Menarche Axillary hair and facial hairs In girls, pubeal development typically takes place over 4.5 years. The first sign of pubey is accelerated growth, and breast budding is usually the first recognized pubeal change, followed by the appearance of pubic hair, peakgrowth velocity, and menarche.... Novaks Gyne", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A 70 - year- old man was administered penicilline intravenously. Within 5 minutes, he developed genralised urticaria, swelling of lips, hypotension and bronchospasm. The first choice of treatment is to administer: \nSelect and explain. \nA. chlorphenitramine inj., B. Epinephrine inj., C. High dose hydrocortisone tablet, D. nebulised salbutamol", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e. epinephrine injection Urticaria, swelling of lips, hypotension and bronchospasm within 5 minutes of i.v penicillin suggests anaphylactic reaction. It's a major problem with the use of penicillin.The t/t of choice for anaphylaxis is i.v epinephrine.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Daily water requirement in child weighing 30 kgs, height 123 m and BSA of 1 m2 is- \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1300 m1, B. 1700 ml, C. 2000 ml, D. 2500 ml", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., 1700 ml Fluid requirment in a child o It depends on the weight of a child :- Weight Water requirments < 10 kg o 100 ml/kg/day 10-20 kg o 100 ml / kg / day for first 10 kg (i.e. 1000 ml) + 50 ml / kg / d for every kg above 10 kg. >20 kg o 100 ml/kg/day for first 10 kg (i.e. 1000 ml) + 50 ml / kg / d for next 10 kg (i.e. 500 ml) + 20 ml / kg / d for every kg above 20 kg. o The child in question has weight of 30 kg. o So, fluid requirment will be :- i) 1000 ml for first 10 kg Plus ii) 500 ml for 10-20 kg Plus iii) 200 ml (20 x 10) for 20-30 kg o Total requirment will be 1700 ml.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Drug of choice for ADHD is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Methylphenidate, B. Modafinil, C. Amitriptyline, D. Adrenaline", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: .", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Double bubble sign is seen in - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ladd's band, B. Annular pancreas, C. Duodenal atresia, D. All of the above", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above o Double bubble sign is seen in duodenal atresia, duodenal web, deudenal stenosis, Ladd's band, Annular pancreas, Malrotation of gut, preduodenal vein.Single Bubble signCongenita] hypertrophic pyloric stenosisDouble Bubble signDuodenal atresiaDuodenal webDuodena] stenosisLadd's bandAnnular pancreasMalrotation of gutPreduodenal veinTriple Bubble signJejunal or proximal ileum atresiaMultiple Bubble signIleal atresia", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A 16 year old boy does not attend school because of the fear of being harmed by school mates. He thinks that his classmates laugh at him and talk about him. He is even scared of going out of the market. He is most likely suffering from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anxiety disorder, B. Manic depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder), C. Adjustment reaction, D. Schizophrenia", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: The history is suggestive of delusion of persecution (fear that schoolmates may \"harm\" him) and delusion of reference (belief that classmates laugh at him and talk about him). Had they not used the term \"harm\" and \"scared\" a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder could have been enteained.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Bad trip is seen with which of the following drugs? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cannabis, B. LSD, C. None, D. Both", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: LSD is a type of hallicinogen LSD means lysergic acid diethylamide LSD was introduced and first used by ALBE HOFFMANNBad trip is seen with LSD and cannabis but common with LSD Ref: Essentials of postgraduate psychiatry By JN Vyas 1st ed Pg 330-336", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Chromosome involved in Wilm's tumor is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 11, B. 13, C. 18, D. 22", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: WTl is the best characterized Wilms tumor gene. It is located at chromosome llp13 and encodes for a transcription factor that is critical for normal development of kidneys and gonads. WT2 is localized to a cluster of genes at llpl5. Reference: Essential paediatrics; O.P.Ghai; Childhood Malignancies; Page no: 617", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Groove sign is seen in- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Syphilis, B. Dermatomyositis, C. LGV, D. SLE", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. is 'c' i.e., LGV * 'Groove sign of Greenblatt' is pathognomonic of LGV (secondary stage) - when inguinal lymph nodes are enlarged, they are separated by Poupart's ligment, producing a groove.Lymphogranuloma venerum (lymphogranuloma inguinale)* LGV is caused by chlamydia trachomatis, serotypes LI, L2, L3. Serotype L2 is the most common cause. The clinical course of LGV consist of following three stages : -i) First stage (Primary LGV): - Self limited, Single, asymptomatic, painless, non bleeding genital ulcer.ii) Secondary stage: - Painful inguinal lymphadenopathy (Remember - Ulcer is painless but lymphadenopathy is tender & painful). Swollen lymph nodes coalesce to form bubos, i.e., matted lymph nodes. Buboes may rupture to form discharging sinus.# Groove's sign - Enlarge lymph nodes both above and below inguinal ligament.iii) Tertiary LGV (genitorectal syndrome): - Characterized by proctocolitis.Complications of LGV* Esthiomene - Enlargement, thickening and fibrosis of labia.* Elephantiasis of the genitals* Rectal stricture* Systemic - Arthritis, pneumonitis, Perihepatitis", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Hyperchloremic acidosis is seen in- \nSelect and explain. \nA. A, B. Diarrhoea, C. DKA, D. Dehydration", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: The combination of hyperkalemia and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is often present, even at earlier stages of CKD (stages 1-3).In patients with diabetic nephropathy or in those with predominant tubulointerstitial disease or obstructive uropathy; this is a non-anion-gap metabolic acidosis.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A patient with cervix cancer is missed by a screening test and later diagnosed with advanced disease. This time interval is called ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lead time, B. Screening time, C. Serial interval, D. Generation time", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e. Lead time", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The internal pudendal aery arises from which of the following aeries? \nSelect and explain. \nA. External iliac aery, B. Inferior vesical aery, C. Internal iliac aery, D. Inferior epigastric aery", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: The internal iliac aery divides into an anterior and a posterior trunk near the greater sciatic foramen.Branches of ANTERIOR TRUNKUmbilical aeryObturator aeryUterine aeryInferior vesical and vaginal aery (females)Middle rectal aeryInternal pudendal aeryInferior gluteal aeryBranches of POSTERIOR TRUNKIliolumbar aeryLateral sacral aerySuperior gluteal aery", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Increased Ig A levels are seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Alcoholic hepatitis, B. Alcoholic cirrhosis, C. Microvescicular fatty change, D. Macrovesicular fatty change", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Serum IgA increased in - Alcoholic cirrhosis Serum IgM increased in -Primary biliary cirrhosis (Ref: Clin Exp Immunol.2009 Oct; 158(1): 115-124, Liver.1984 Jun;4(3): 214-8)", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody used for treatment of:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, B. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors, C. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, D. Acute Myeloid Leukemia", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody against CD20. It is used for treatment of: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Chronic lymphoid leukemia Rheumatoid ahritis SLE Auto-immune hemolytic anemia Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The least common type of intussusceptions is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Multiple, B. Colocolic, C. Ileoileal, D. Ileoileocolic", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Types of Intussusceptions (in decreasing order) Ileocolic (77%) Ileo-ileo-colic (12%) Ilioileal (5%) Colocolic (2%): MC in adults Multiple (1%) Retrograde (0.2%)", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Most definitive diagnosis of sinusitis is by \nSelect and explain. \nA. X- ray PNS, B. Proof puncture, C. Sinuscopy, D. Transillumination test", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Sinuscopy is a method of Endoscopic sinus observation or surgery using Nose telescope. It involves the evaluation of nasal and sinus passages using the endoscope called Sinuscope. The Sinuscope has a narrow tube with a built-in camera so that the physician can see the internal details of the sinuses. By observing the sinus, it is possible to diagnose the problems and treat properly.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "An 18 year old male patient presented to the clinic with pain and swelling in the lower jaw. Intraoral examination\nrevealed localized gingival bleeding in the right posterior region. On palpation, pulsations can be appreciated. Lesions are also appreciated on the frontal bone on a radiograph. Which condition is present in this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vascular malformation, B. Cherubism, C. Eosinophilic granuloma, D. Brown tumor", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Vascular malformation (VM) in bone occurs more frequently than the central hemangioma (CH) of bone. Some 35% of VMs occur in bone, whereas CHs of bone are rare. The CH of bone is a benign tumor that rarely occurs in the jaws; it occurs more frequently in the skull and vertebrae. It may be congenital or traumatic in origin and may be difficult to differentiate from VM. The usual complaint of a patient with a VM or CH is of a slow-growing asymmetry of the jaw or localized gingival bleeding. Numbness and tenderness or pain may also be described. This solitary tumor is found approximately twice as often in female patients, and about 65% occur in the mandible. Some tumors demonstrate pulsation and bruits. Paresthesia is occasionally a feature.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Most common anterior mediastinal tumor? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thymoma, B. Neurofibroma, C. Pericardial cyst, D. Bronchogenic cyst", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ref: Bailey and Love, 26th edition, P 868Most common anterior mediastinum tumor is thymoma. Choice B is seen in posterior mediastinum. Choice C and D are found in middle mediastinum.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Functional unit of Liver is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hepatocytes, B. Poal Tracts, C. Liver Acinus, D. Hepatic Lobule", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Anatomical unit of liver - Hepatic Lobule Functional unit of liver- Liver Acinus", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Grievous hurt is defined under: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 320IPC, B. 318 IPC, C. 321 IPC, D. 375 IPC", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: a (320 IPC) Ref: Reddy, 21st ed, p. 244Grievous hurt is defined under IPC 320Some important IPC'sIPC 375 - definition of rapeIPC 376 - punishment of rapeIPC 320 - definition of grievous heartIPC 84 - deals with the criminal responsibility of insaneIPC304A - deals with criminal negligenceIPC 304B - dowry deathIPC 300 - defines murderIPC 299 - defines culpable homicideIPC 302 - punishment of murderIPC 304 - punishment of culpable homicide", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Glaucoma is caused by - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Raised intraocular pressure, B. Raised intracranial Pressure, C. Intraocular infection, D. Orbital mass", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Raised intraocular pressure The most common risk factor known is increased intraocular pressure (lOP)o Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases causing optic nerve damage i.e., glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy caused by a group of ocular conditions which lead to damage of optic nerveo Optic neuropathy in glaucoma results in a characteristic appearance of optic disc and a specific pattern of irreversible visual field defects, called glaucomatous changes. It is worth noting that raised IOP without optic neuropathy is not referred to as glaucoma, it is simply called ocular hypertension.So, glaucoma is a type of optic neuropathy, which is usually caused by increased IOP.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Best indicator for nutritional status for a child is - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mid arm circumference, B. Head circumference, C. Rate of increase of height and weight, D. Chest circumference", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Rate of increase of height and weight is the best measure for nutritional status of a child. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. 500,501", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Aerosolized ribavirin is used in the treatment of bronchiolitis with – \nSelect and explain. \nA. RSV, B. H.influenza, C. Pneumococcus, D. Streptococcus", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Amplification of DNA uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Cation used in PCR is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Calcium, B. Lithium, C. Magnesium, D. Sodium", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: PCR is an in vitro method for the polymerase-directed amplification of specific DNA sequences using two oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to opposite strands and flank the region of interest in the target DNA. The specificity and yield in amplifying a paicular DNA fragment by PCR reaction is affected by the proper setting of the reaction parameters (e.g., enzyme, primer, and Mg2+ concentration, as well as the temperature cycling profile). Ref: Feng X., Lin X., Brunicardi F.C. (2010). Chapter 15. Molecular and Genomic Surgery. In F.C. Brunicardi, D.K. Andersen, T.R. Billiar, D.L. Dunn, J.G. Hunter, J.B. Matthews, R.E. Pollock (Eds), Schwaz's Principles of Surgery, 9e.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following statements about mycosis fungoides is not true? \nSelect and explain. \nA. It is the most common skin lymphoma, B. Pautriers micro abscesses are common, C. It has a indolent course and good prognosis, D. It presents with diffuse erythroderma.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: C i.e. It has indolent course and good prognosis", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Babesiosis is transmitted by - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tick, B. Mites, C. Flea, D. Mosquito", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Tick Babesiao Babesiosis is a protozoan disease caused by two species of Babesia : Babesia microti and Babesia divergens.o It is transmitted by loxdid tick.o Babesia infects the RBCs and resides inside the RBCs ( intraerythrocytic). Intraery throcytic infection of Babesiosis is characterised by maltese cross. Maltese cross is a characteristic arrangement of parasites within the erythrocytes - Parasites within erythrocytes are arranged such that pointed ends of four parasites come in contact thereby giving a tetrad configuration resembling a maltese cross. Tetrad forms or 'Maltese cross' appearance is considered pathognomic of Babesiosis.o Clinically Babesiosis presents with chills, fever, mild hepatosplenomegaly, and mild hemolytic anemia,o Treatment includes Atovaquone plus azithromycin or quinine plus clindamycin.o Babesiosis can easily be confused with P. falciparum malaria.Following two features distinguish Babesiosis from malariaPresence of maltese cross in Babesiosis (absent in malaria)Absence of pigment Hemozoin in Babesiosis (present in malaria)Note - Maltese cross is also seen in cryptococcus and aspergillus.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Manifestation of Acute Dissection include all of the following, Except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pericardial effusion, B. AR, C. MR, D. AMI", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer is C (MR) Mitral Regurgitation is not a feature of Aoic dissection Aoic Regurgitation and Pericardial Tamponade may be seen in proximal dissection Hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade may complicate a dissection involving the ascending aoa (type A lesion with retrograde dissection): Acute Aoic Regurgitation (AR) is an impoant and common complication of proximal dissection - Acute Myocardial Ischemia may be associated with Aoic dissection 'Bowel Ischemia, hematuria and myocardial Ischemia have all benn observed with Aoic dissection'", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Pancytopenia is most common after: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hepatitis, B. Infective carditis, C. Pyelonephritis, D. Meningitis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Hepatitis is the most common preceding infection, and post hepatitis marrow failure accounts for about 5% of etiologies in most series. Patients are usually young men who have recovered from a bout of liver inflammation 1 to 2 months earlier; the subsequent pancytopenia is very severe. The hepatitis is seronegative (non-A, non-B, non-C, non-G) and possibly due to a novel, as yet undiscovered, virus. Ref: Harrison's principle of internal medicine 17th edition, chapter 102.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which is NOT a third generation Cephalosporin \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ceftriaxone, B. Cefotaxime, C. Ceftizoxime, D. Cefuroxime", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Cefuroxime Third generation cephalosporins include Parenteral OralCefotaxime - CefiximeCeftizoxime - Cefpodoxime proxetilCeftriaxone - CefdinirCeftazidime - Ceftibuten Cefoperazone Also knowFourth generation cephalosporinsCefepimeCefaparole", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Rigor moritis devolops ..... after death : \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1/2-1 hrs, B. 1-2 hrs, C. 3-6 hrs, D. 12 hrs", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: B i.e. 1 - 2 hours", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All of the following murmurs may be heard in patients with aoic regurgitation except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. High-pitched decrescendo diastolic murmur., B. Soft, low pitched mid distolic rumbling murmur., C. Mid-systolic ejection flow murmur, D. Pansystolic murmur", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer is D (Pansystolic murmur)", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Best investigation to see calcification is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. CT, B. MRI, C. X-ray, D. USG", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A (CT ?) Ref: Harrison !v Principles of internal medicine.18th edition.Explanation:CT is the best technique to detect pericardial calcification; however, overpenetrated films, conventional tomography, fluoroscopy, and MRI may be helpful.Plain radiographs have poor sensitivity for detection of coronary calcification and have a reported accuracy as low as 42%High-quality mammography is the best diagnostic tool for the identification of breast calcifications.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Maximum FiO2 which can be given through a nasal oxygen catheter:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1, B. 0.6, C. 0.2, D. 0.44", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: A nasal cannula is generally used wherever small amounts of supplemental oxygen are required, without rigid control of respiration, such as in oxygen therapy. Most cannulae can only provide oxygen at low flow rates--up to 5 litres per minute (L/min)--delivering an oxygen concentration of 28-44%. Rates above 5 L/min can result in discomfo to the patient, drying of the nasal passages, and possibly nose bleeds (epistaxis). Also with flow rates above 6 L/min, the laminar flow becomes turbulent and the oxygen therapy being delivered is only as effective as delivering 5-6 L/min. The nasal cannula is often used in elderly patients or patients who can benefit from oxygen therapy but do not require it to self respirate. These patients do not need oxygen to the degree of wearing a non-rebreather mask. It is especially useful in those patients where vasoconstriction could negatively impact their condition, such as those suffering from strokes.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Osteogenesis imperfecta \nSelect and explain. \nA. Is a sex-linked disorder of bones that develop in cartilage, B. manifests with blue sclera which are pathognomonic of this disease, C. May be associated with deafness, D. Has associations with amelogenesis imperfecta", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "True about neuropraxia \nSelect and explain. \nA. Prolongatinon of conduction velocity, B. Good prognosis, C. Both, D. None", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Neuropraxia is due to compression of the nerve,the nerve conduction velocity is increased. It has good prognosis Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:74,75,76", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Agonistic action at which of the following adrenergic receptor result in the reduction of excess secretion \nSelect and explain. \nA. Beta 1 receptor, B. Beta 2 receptor, C. M2 receptor, D. Alpha 2 receptor", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ref-KDT 6/e p146 Stimulation of Alpha 2 receptors located on ciliary epithelium reduces secretion of aqueous humor.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All of the following features are seen in the viral pneumonia except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Presence of interstitial inflammation, B. Predominance of alveolar exudate, C. Bronchiolitis, D. Multinucleate giant cells in the bronchiolar wall", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Typical Pneumonia Atypical pneumonia -Bacterial etiology -Alveolar exudate + neutrophilic infilitration -C/F - High grade fever productive Cough Pleuritis Signs of consolidation -Non - bacterial etiology (e.g. Virus) -Interstitial tissue inflammation -C/F- Low grade fever Dry cough Malaise no signs of consolidation", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following causes BOTH superior and inferior rib-notching in a chest radiograph? \nSelect and explain. \nA. NF-1, B. Blalock Taussig shunt, C. SVC occlusion, D. Coarctation of aoa", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Superior rib notching -Polio -Restrictive lung disease -Neurofibromatosis -Connective tissue disease -Osteogenesis imperfecta Inferior rib notching -Thrombosis of aoa -Coarctation of aoa -Blalock Taussig shunt -Occlusion of subclan aery -Pulmonary AV malformation Both Superior and inferior rib notching -NF-1 -Hyperparathyroidism", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The most accurate diagnostic test for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fasting serum gastrin, B. Computed tomography (CT) scan, C. Endoscopy, D. Secretin stimulation test", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: -All patients with gastrinoma have an elevated gastrin level, and hypergastrinemia in the presence of elevated basal acid output (BAO) strongly suggests gastrinoma. -Patients with gastrinoma usually have a BAO >15 mEq/h or >5 mEq/h if they have had a previous procedure for peptic ulcer. -Acid secretory medications should be held for several days before gastrin measurement, because acid suppression may falsely elevate gastrin levels. 1). The diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is confirmed by the secretin stimulation test. An intravenous (IV) bolus of secretin (2 U/kg) is given and gastrin levels are checked before and after injection. - An increase in serum gastrin of 200 pg/mL or greater suggests the presence of gastrinoma. Patients with gastrinoma should have serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels determined to rule out multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and, if present, parathyroidectomy should be considered before resection of gastrinoma.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is the average number of fleas of each species per rodent called - \nSelect and explain. \nA. General Flea index, B. Specific Flea index, C. Incidence of Fle species, D. Flea infestation Rate", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: <p> It is the average number of each species per rat/rodent. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:294. <\\p>", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Periosteal reaction in a case of acute osteomyelitis can be seen earliest at: March 2012 \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5 days, B. 10 days, C. 15 days, D. 20 days", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B i.e. 10 days The earliest sign to appear on the X-ray is a periosteal new bone deposition (periosteal reaction) at the metaphysis. It takes about 7-10 days to appear Osteomyelitis Earliest site of involvement: Metaphysis Diagnosis of acute OM: Blood culture (positive in 65% cases) Periosteal reaction seen in acute OM appears after: 10 days MC organism in acute OM: Staph. aureus Brodies abscess: - Equilibrium between host & organism; - Abscess cavity remains without fuher enlargement", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following is not associated with zinc deficiency: March 2005 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Delayed wound healing, B. Loss of libido, C. Pigmentation, D. Sexual infantilism", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C: Pigmentation Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare inherited form of zinc deficiency, characterized by periorificial and acral dermatitis, alopecia, and diarrhea. Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency Poor Immune system Weight loss Intercurrent infections Hypogonadism in males Lack of sexual development in females Growth retardation Dwarfism Delayed pubey in adolescents Rough skin Poor appetite Mental lethargy Delayed wound healing Sho stature Diarrhea One easily recognized sign which may be caused by zinc deficiency is white spots, bands, or lines on fingernails (leukonychia). Some women may have multiple parallel white bands or lines on the fingernails marking menstrual cycles when marginal zinc deficiency was present.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Preimplantataion genetic diagnosis is used for \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fetal gender determination, B. Single gene mutation analysis, C. HLA typing, D. Karyotyping", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Pre implantation genetic diagnosis is used for daignosis of single gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis, β - thalassemia and hemophilia.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following about phenytoin is true ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. It follows zero order kinetics, B. Not an hepatic enzyme inducer, C. It is excreted unchanged in urine, D. It is not teratogenic", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., It follows zero order kinetics Phenytoin is metabolized in liver by hydroxylation and glucuranide conjugation (option 'c' is incorrect) o This drug follows saturation kinetics (kinetics changes from first order to zero order within therapeutic concentrations) Phenytoin is an enzyme inducer and induces the metabolism of many drugs. Phenytoin is a known teratogenic and produces fetal hydantoin syndrome.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "False about stagardt's disease \nSelect and explain. \nA. Autosomal dominant, B. No family history, C. Beaten bronze appearance fundus, D. ERG and EOG both are normal", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Stagardt's disease is autosomal recessive.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All of the following are killed vaccines, EXCEPT: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Salk, B. Hepatitis B vaccine, C. 17-D Vaccine, D. HDCV", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: 17-D vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine used to control yellow fever. Killed vaccines are used to control typhoid, cholera, peusis, plague, rabies, salk (polio), influenza, hepatitis A, B, japanese encephaltis and KFD. Ref: Park's Textbook Of Preventive and Social Medicine 20th edition page 98.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Kerley B line are seen at \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apex, B. Cardiophrenic angle, C. Lung fissure, D. Pleural surface", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Pleural surface Kerley's line Kerley's line is a linear opacity which, depending on its locaton, extent and orientation, may be be fuher classified as :? Kerley's A lines o These are thin, non-branching lines radiating from hilum. These lines are 2-6 cm in length. These lines are found in the mid and upper zones of the lung fields pleural. These lines are due to the thick interlobar septa. Kerley's B lines (septal lines) These are transverse (Horizontal) lines at the lung base pleural. These are 1-2 cm in length and are perpendicular to pleura. Kerley's B line is due to the thickening of interlobar septa due to edema caused by pulmonary venous hypeension (congestion), as occurs in left ventricular failure or mitral stenosis", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All of the following are true about BCG vaccine except. \nSelect and explain. \nA. WHO recommends Danish 1331 strain of M.bovis, B. Given intradermally, C. Normal saline is a diluent, D. Site of injection should be cleaned with spirit", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Site of injection should be cleaned with soap but not with disinfectant or spirit.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Commonest etiology of erythema multiforme is - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Viral, B. Bacterial, C. Food, D. Drugs", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: A. i.e. Viral", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Apex national institute of ophthalmology is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Advance eye care PGI Chandigarh, B. RIO, C. Dr. R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences , Delhi, D. Shankara Netralaya , Chennai", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi has been designated as the apex national institute of ophthalmology.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which laser is used in the management of after cataracts: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Argon, B. Krypton, C. Nd-YAG, D. Excimer", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. Nd-YAG", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following statements about Kaposi sarcoma is not true? \nSelect and explain. \nA. The most common site is scalp, B. Lesions are dark blue or purple mostly, C. They are usually multifocal, D. Lymph nodes may be involved", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. The most common site is scalpKaposi sarcoma is mostly seen in extremities: most commonly on feet and occasionally on hands, ears, and nose.* Lesions are usually dark blue or purple and they may blanchewhen tumid (swollen).* Locally aggressive lesions can ulcerate, fungate or leave pigmented scars.* Lesions are usually multifocal which eventually fuse to form plaques and tumors of several centimeters in size.* Lymph nodes, mucosae and viscera may be involved as the disease progresses, although this can occur without skin involvement.Characteristic purple-colored plaques on the alar and tip of the nose in an HIV-positive female patient.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All of the following veins lack valves except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Femoral vein, B. Poal vein, C. IVC, D. Dural venous sinuses", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Veins which do not have valves are:IVCSVCHepatic, ovarian, uterine, renal, emissary, cerebral, pulmonary, and umbilical veinsPoal venous system is a valveless system", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The best laboratory test to use in the diagnosis of Lupus vulgaris in the oral cavity is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bacterial smear, B. Blood studies, C. Biopsy, D. Blood chemistry", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Risk factor for melanoma are all of the following EXCEPT: March 2013 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Exposure to UV radiation, B. Black people, C. First degree relative with melanoma, D. Multiple or dysplastic naevi", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B i.e. Black people Melanoma is commoner in fair complexion Malignant melanoma/ MM Mode of spread of MM: Lymphatic channels or hematogenous Cutaneous melanoma arises from: Epidermal melanocytes MC site involved in lentigo maligna (least common): Face MC type of MM: Superficial spreading Most malignant type of MM: Noduar melanoma", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Preferred fluoroquinolone against m. leprae is - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ofloxacin, B. Pefloxacin, C. Ciprofloxacin, D. Moxifloxacin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ofloxacin Drugs acting on M. leprae* Established agents used to treat leprosy include dapsone (50-100 mg/d), clofazimine (50-100 mg/d, 100 mg three times weekly, or 300 mg monthly), and rifampin (600 mg daily or monthly. Of these drugs, only rifampin is bactericidal.* The sulfones (folate antagonists), the foremost of which is dapsone, were the first antimicrobial agents found to be effective for the treatment of leprosy and are still the mainstay of therapy.* Other antimicrobial agents active against M. leprae in animal models and at the usual daily doses used in clinical trials include ethionamide/prothionamide; the aminoglycosides streptomycin, kanamycin, and amikacin (but not gentamicin or tobramycin); minocycline; clarithromycin; and several fluoroquinolones, particularly preferred is ofloxacin.* Next to rifampin, minocycline, clarithromycin, and ofloxacin appear to be most bactericidal for M. leprae, but these drugs have not been used extensively in leprosy control programs. Most recently, rifapentine and moxifloxacin have been found to be especially potent against M. leprae in mice. In a clinical trial in lepromatous leprosy, moxifloxacin was profoundly bactericidal, matched in potency only by rifampin.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "When the patient fails to understand normal speech but can understand shouted or amplified speech the hearing loss is termed as \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mild hearing loss, B. Moderate hearing loss, C. Severe hearing loss, D. Profound hearing loss", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: DEGREES OF HEARING LOSS 0-25dB-Not significant impairment- no significant difficulty with faint speech 26-40dB-Mild impairment-Difficult with faint speech 41-55dB-Moderate impairment -Frequently difficult with normal speech 56-70dB-Moderately severe impairment-Frequently difficult with loud sound 71-91dB-Severe impairment-Can understand only shouted or amplified sound Above 91-Profound impairment-Usually cannot understand even amplified sound Ref: Diseases of EAR, NOSE AND THROAT by PL DHINGRA - 6th Edition. Page no. 39", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Local anaesthetics : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Block the release of neurotransmitters, B. Block the influx of sodium into the cell, C. Increase the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, D. Inhibit the efflux of sodium from neurons", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Gingival sulcus is V shaped and it barely permits the entrance of a \nSelect and explain. \nA. Periodontal hoe, B. Periodontal curette, C. Periodontal probe, D. Periodontal sickle", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A child with three days history of upper respiratory tract infection presents with stridor, which decreases on lying down postion. What is the most probable diagnosis - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acute Epiglottitis, B. Laryngotracheobronchitis, C. Foreign body aspiration, D. Retropharyngeal abscess", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Laryngotracheobronchitis This child has : - i) 3 days history of upper respiratory tract infection. ii) Followed by stridor These features suggest the diagnosis of croup. Clinical manifestations of Croup Most patients have an upper respiratory tract infection with some combination of - Rhinorrhea Pharyngitis Mild cough Low grade fever o After 1-3 days signs and symptoms of upper respiratory tract obstruction become apparent - Barking cough Hoarseness Inspiratory stridor", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Predominant bacteria found in two days old plaque \nSelect and explain. \nA. Streptococci, B. Bacteroides, C. Spirocheates, D. Actinomyces", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Most common movemnet force involved in fractures of the spine is which of the following? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Flexion, B. Extension, C. C Rotation, D. Compression", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Flexion injury is the commonest spinal injury. Ref: Essential ohopedics by Maheshwari 3rd Edition, Page 144,259,260.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which arm of tRNA binds it to vibosomal surface \nSelect and explain. \nA. DHU arm, B. Pseudouridine arm, C. Acceptor arm, D. Anticodon arm", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Pseudoridine arm of tRNA is involved in binding of aminoacyl tRNA to ribosomal surface.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Benefits of LNG lUCD are all except : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Management of menorrhagia, B. Contraceptive effect, C. Hormone replacement therapy after menopause, D. stage 2 endometrial cancer", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Mirena now used as first line of treatment of menorrhagia, in addition to the contraceptive effect. Another use is in providing progestogens component of hormone replacement therapy after menopause. THE TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLOGY SHEILA BALAKRISHNAN SECOND EDITION PAGE NO 379", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Most common drug induced Extra Pyramidal Syndrome includes \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dystonia, B. Chorea, C. Tardive dyskinesia, D. Hemiballismus", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: (A) Dystonia # Drug Induced & Tardive Movement Disorders> Movement disorders secondary to pharmacological agents represent a large number of extrapyramidal disorders seen by neurologists and psychiatrists in the outpatient setting.> Involuntary movements, including tremor, chorea, athetosis, dyskinesias, dystonia, myoclonus, tics, ballismus and akathisia, may be symptoms of primary neurologic disease or occur secondary to pharmacotherapy CHARACTERISTICS* TremorRhythmic. Oscillatory movement categorized according to its relationship to activity or posture* ChoreaIrregular, unpredictable brief jerky movements* AthetosisSlow, writhing movements of distal parts of limbs* DyskinesiasRecessive abnormal involuntary movements* DystoniaSlow sustained, posturing or contractions of a muscle or group of muscles* MyoclonusRapid, brief shock like muscle jerks* TicRepetitive, irregular stereotype movements or vocalizations* BallismusWild flinging or throwing movements* AkathisiaSubjective sensation of restlessness often associated with inability to keep still. Easily confused with psychiatric symptoms such as agitation, hyperactivity and anxiety> Central stimulants that act as indirect dopamine agonists such as amphetamine> Levodopa, a precursor of dopamine> Direct dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine> Presynaptic dopamine antagonists (dopamine depleting agents) such as reserpine> Neuroleptics such as haloperidol (Haldol) or chlorpromazine (Thorazine), and other medications such as metoclopramide (Reglan) which antagonize or block central dopamine receptors> By far, the most common cause of drug-induced and tardive syndromes are those that block or antagonize dopamine receptors, usually the neuroleptics.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The earliest manifestation of increased intracranial pressure following head injury is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ipsilateral pupillary dilatation, B. Contralateral pupillary dilatation, C. Altered mental status, D. Hemiparesis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Early signs of elevated iCP include drowsiness and a diminished level of consciousness (altered mental status). Coma and unilateral papillary changes are late signs and require immediate intervention. Ref: Harrison's Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, Page 1633; Clinical Hepatology: Principles and Practice of Hepatobiliary Diseases By Henryk Dancygier, Scott L. (FRW) Friedman, H. D. (CON) Allescher, U. (CON) Beuers, Volume 2, 2010, Page 938", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Function of external oblique muscle: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anterior flexion of veebral column, B. Active expiration, C. Closure of inguinal ring, D. All of the above", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: External oblique: Most superficial muscle which originates from the outer pa of the 5th to 12th ribs on each side of the rib cage. This muscle then runs diagonally down each side and connects to the iliac crest, linea alba, and the pubis. Function: External oblique contributes to the maintenance of abdominal tone, increasing intra-abdominal pressure (as in active expiration), and lateral flexion of the trunk against resistance. Bilateral contraction flexes the trunk forward and aid in movement of spine and back. Contraction of external oblique muscle approximates the two crura (medial and lateral) of superficial inguinal ring like a slit valve to maintain the integrity of inguinal canal.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "P wave is absent in- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Atrial fibrillation, B. Atrial asystole, C. Ventricular fibrillation, D. Ventricular tachycardia", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Absence of the P wave with a flat baseline may indicate: Fine atrial fibrillation Sinoatrial arrest (with a secondary escape rhythm ) in ventricular fibrilation ,ventriculat tachycardia and atrial asystole,a waves are present Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 1423", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A Poly A base sequence would be most likely found at the \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5' end of a prokaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA), B. 3' end of a prokaryotic mRNA, C. 5' end of a eukaryotic mRNA, D. 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: The addition of a poly A tail to the 3' end is one of the post-transcriptional modifications that occurs in the processing of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA). A cap consisting of a guanosine derivative is attached to the 5' end. Intervening sequences (introns) are removed by splicing. All of these processing events occur in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic mRNA undergoes none of these modifications.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Type I RPGN is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cryoglobulinemia, B. SLE, C. Goodpasture's syndrome, D. Wegner's granulomatosis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Type I RPGN is anti - GBM mediated and it is seen in Goodpasture's syndrome.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Bradycardia is seen with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Midazolam, B. Epinephrine, C. Succinyl choline, D. Dopamine", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C (Succinyl choline) Ref: Ajay Yadav, Short textbook of Pediatrics, 1st editionExplanation:Cardiac Sideeffects of Anesthetic DrugsDrugsCardiac Side effectsMidazolamMinimal reduction in Heart rate, Blood pressure and cardiac outputEpinephrineProduces tachycardia, hypertension and ventricular arrhythmiasSuccinyiCholineIt produces muscarinic effects, similar to Acetyl cholineIt causes Profound BRADYCARDIA, so atropine should be given prior to use of Succinylcholine Choline, especially in childrenDopamineProduces tachycardia, hypertension and ventricular arrhythmiasThiopentoneit causes Hypotension, which is more because of venodilatation and direct depression of vasomotor centreDirect myocardial depressant", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Infidelity & jealousy involving spouse is the thought content of which disorder - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Capgras syndrome, B. Othello syndrome, C. Hypochondrial paranomia, D. Declerambault's syndrome", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Failure of migration of neural crest cells is seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Albinism, B. Congenital megacolon, C. Odontomes, D. Adrenal tumour", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: b (Congenital megacolon)Ref: Bailey & Love, 24th ed, p.l 153 & 23rd ed, p. 1027", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The signs of malignant transformation in osteochondroma are all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pain, B. Weight loss, C. Increase in size, D. Increase in thickness of cailage cap", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. Weight loss", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The number 12 in a 3 unit formula 12-6-8 indicates the blade is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 12 mm in length, B. 1.2 mm in length, C. 12 mm in width, D. 1.2 mm in width", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Prophylaxis for health personnel working in a plague ward is -a) Vaccineb) Tetracycline throughout the dutyc) A cource of tetracyclined) Vaccine and Erythromycine) Observation \nSelect and explain. \nA. ac, B. a, C. ab, D. bc", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Drugs known to cause Steven Johnson syndrome include the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cephalosporins, B. Ibuprofen, C. Carbamazepine, D. Paracetamol", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Drugs that most commonly cause SJS/TEN Antibiotics Antifungals Antivirals Sulfonamides, e.g., cotrimoxizole; beta-lactams i.e. penicillins, cephalosporins Imidazole antifungals Nevirapine (non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor) Allopurinol Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (oxicam type mainly) Naproxen Ibuprofen Anti-convulsants Carbamazepine Phenytoin Phenobarbital Valproic acid Lamotrigine", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Best prognosis in nerve injury \nSelect and explain. \nA. Neuropraxia, B. Axonotemesis, C. Neurotemesis, D. Complete transaction", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Neurapraxia is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system in which there is a temporary loss of motor and sensory function due to blockage of nerve conduction, usually lasting an average of six to eight weeks before full recovery.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Bedside test for mental status- \nSelect and explain. \nA. MMSE, B. GCS, C. MMPI, D. WAIS", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., MMSE o The most w idely used test for bedside evaluation of the mental status is folstein's mini mental state examination (MMSE).", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A 70-year-old man comes to casualty with urinary retention and back pain. Which investigation should be performed - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Serum acid phosphatase, B. Serum Calcium, C. Serum alkaline phosphatase, D. Serum electrophoresis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: pt. is suspected to have Ca Prostate as Prostatic Ca is the most common malignant tumor in men over 65 yrs. of age. Symptoms of Bladder outlet obstruction and back pains (due to bony metastasis in the pelvis & lumbar veebra) indicate towards prostate Ca. Serum acid phosphates is a tumor marker of prostate Ca. But now serum acid phosphates assay has been superseded by PSA assay (Prostate specific antigen). Prostate-specific antigen It is a glycoprotein produced only in the prostatic cells (both benign & malignant). It facilitates liquefaction of semen. It is neither sensitive nor specific for early prostate carcinoma (it is prostate specific and not prostate cancer specific), neveheless it gives some help in making a diagnosis. Normal serum level - less than 4 mg/ml 4 - 10 mg/ml - this range is common for both BHP and Ca. More than 10 mg/ml - approx 75% will have cancer. Since PSA is not specific for Ca, PSA Velocity & PSA density is used to detect Prostate cancer. PSA velocity is the rate of change in PSA levels over time and is expressed most commonly as the PSA doubling time. For men with a PSA above 4, PSA velocity of more than .75 mg/ml year is suggestive of Ca. While for those with lower PSA levels, rates above 0.5 mg/ml, per year should be used to advise biopsy. PSA density is calculated by dividing the serum PSA by the estimated prostate weight (measured by TRUS). It was developed to correct for the contribution of BPH to the total PSA level. Values < 0.10 are consistent with BPH. > 0.15 suggest cancer Ref : Bailey & Love 25/e p1356", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Contraindications of circlage operation are all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Leaking membranes, B. Features of amnionitis, C. History of vaginal bleeding, D. Pregnancy beyond 14 weeks", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Elaboration of inactivating enzymes are the impoant mechanism of drug resistance among all of these antibiotics except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Quinolone, B. Pencillin, C. Chloramphenicol, D. Aminoglycoside", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: A \nExplanation: Refer KDT 6/e p688 Resistance to fluoroquinolone is mediated by mutation in DNA gyrase", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "A patient presents with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and presence of urobilinogen in urine. Which amongst the following is the least likely diagnosis - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hemolytic jaundice, B. Crigler Najjar syndrome, C. Gilbert's syndrome, D. Dubin Johnson syndrome", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which among the following is TRUE about confounding factor? \nSelect and explain. \nA. It is found equally between study and the control groups, B. It is itself a risk factor for the disease, C. Confounding can be eliminated by selecting a small group, D. It is associated with either the exposure or the disease", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: A confounding factor is defined as one which is associated both with exposure and disease, and is distributed unequally in study and control groups. More specifically a confounding factor is one that, although associated with exposure under investigation, is itself, independently of any such association, a risk factor for the disease. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 19th edition, Page 67.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Investigation of choice for esophageal rupture is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dynamic MRI, B. Rigid esophagoscopy, C. Barium contrast swallow, D. Water soluble low molecular weight contrast swallow", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Gastrografin (water soluble) is preferred to prevent extravasation of barium into the mediastinum or pleura. If no leak is seen, a barium study should follow", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Dobutamine differs from dopamine in that \nSelect and explain. \nA. It has good blood-brain barrier penetrability, B. It causes pronounced tachycardia, C. It does not activate adrenergic b receptors, D. It does not activate peripheral dopaminergic receptors", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Dopamine (DA):- It is a dopaminergic (D1 and D2) as well as adrenergic a and b1 (but not b2) agonist. Dobutamine:- A derivative of DA, but not a D1 or D2 receptor agonist. Though it acts on both a and b adrenergic receptors. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-134", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Garlicky odour in the gastric contents seen in which non metallic poisoning \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sulphur, B. Phosphorus, C. Iodine, D. Chlorine", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Postmoem appearance Esophagus and stomach shows inflammatory changes and luminous material may be seen in the GIT. There may be garlicky odour in the gastric contents. There may be jaundice, and fatty change in the liver. Liver shows centrilobular steatosis and neurosis. If the person survived for one week or so, there may be yellow atrophy of liver and cloudy swellings of kidney. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 432", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Abnormal function of epithelial chloride channel protein is the cause of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ehlers Danlos syndrome, B. Marfan syndrome, C. Cystic fibrosis, D. Diabetes insipidus", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "The capsule of cryptococcus neoformans in a CSF sample is best seen by - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gram stain, B. India ink preparation, C. Giemsa stain, D. Methenamine-silver stain", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Cryptococcus is the capsulated yeast.\nAmong the given staining techniques, India ink preparation is the best staining technique used for demonstration of capsule (negative staining) - sensitivity of the technique: 60–75%.\n\nOther capsular staining techniques are:\n\n10% Nigrosin staining\nModified India ink preparation with 2% chromium mercury\nAlcian blue staining\n\nMethanamine silver and Periodic acid- Schiff – used for tissue sample.\nSensitivity of various diagnostic tests- Harrison 18/e p1652\n\nCryptococcal antigen detection in CSF—90%\nBlood culture: 10—30% in non-HIV patients and 60% in HIV patients\nSputum culture: 10%\nSputum antigen detection: 30%", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "which is not a radiographic finding of CHF \nSelect and explain. \nA. Kerley B lines, B. Kerley A lines, C. Cardiomegaly, D. Oligemia", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: ref : harrisons 21st ed", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Alternating RBBB with Left anterior hemiblock is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1' degree hea block, B. Complete hea block, C. Mobitz type II block, D. Bi-fascicular block", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Bi-fascicular block Bifascicular block - combination of RBBB with either left anterior hemiblock or left posterior hemiblock. Tri fascicular block - RBBB plus either LAHB/LPHB+ first degree AV block. Complete hea block destruction of - AV node leading to AV dissociation", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following is false about cholangiocarcinoma \nSelect and explain. \nA. Investigation of choices MRCP, B. Staging is done by PET CT, C. Diagnosis is done by CECT, D. Choledochal cyst is a risk factor.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: B \nExplanation: Diagnosis is made by MRCP", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "All of the following heart sounds occur shortly after S2 except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Opening snap, B. Pericardial knock, C. Ejection click, D. Tumor plop", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Answer: C \nExplanation: None", "role": "assistant" } ]