This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology
The incidence of chronic carrier state in liver disease is due to infection with the following: 
Select and explain. 
A. HBV, B. HAV, C. HEV, D. HCV
A: HBV
Answer: A: HBV 
Explanation: Chronic carrier states are seen with hepatitis B infection. Chronic carriers of HBsAg may or may not have demonstrable evidence of liver disease. By definition, HBV chronic carriers are those in whom HBsAg persists for more than 6 months in the presence of HBeAg or anti-HBe. HBsAg may persist for years after loss of HBeAg. In contrast to the high titers of IgM-specific anti-HBc observed in acute disease, low titers of IgM anti-HBc are found in the sera of most chronic HBsAg carriers. Ref: (2013). Chapter 35. Hepatitis Viruses. In Brooks G.F., Carroll K.C., Butel J.S., Morse S.A., Mietzner T.A. (Eds), Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, 26e.