This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: Esophageal Motility Disorders, Subject name: Surgery
Dysphagia mainly for liquids is seen with 
Select and explain. 
A. Achalasia cardia, B. Zenker diverticulum, C. Barret esophagus, D. Diffuse esophageal spasm
A: Achalasia cardia
Answer: A: Achalasia cardia 
Explanation: Ans. (a) Achalasia Cardia* Achalasia is a rare disease caused by loss of inhibitory ganglion cells within the esophageal myenteric plexus* It leads to a hypertensive lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) which fails to relax on swallowing, and by aperistalsis of the body of the oesophagus.* Long-standing achalasia is characterized by progressive dilatation and sigmoid deformity of the esophagus with hypertrophy of the LES.Clinical Presentation* Progressive dysphagia is the most common presenting symptom. It generally concerns initially liquids and later both liquids and solids from the outset.# Dysphagia: Liquids > Solid* The second most common symptom is the regurgitation of undigested food during or shortly after a meal.Investigation* Screening: Barium study- Bird beak appearance* IOC: ManometryTreatment* Medical management:# Calcium channel blockers# Nitrates# Botulinum toxin (injected into the LES under endoscopic guidance)* Surgical management:# Harrison states: "The only durable therapies for achalasia are pneumatic dilatation and Heller myotomy"# Surgery of choice: Heller's myotomy