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Herbivores do not excrete as much urea as carnivores because carnivores eat more protein, and therefor excrete more nitrogen.

Question: Why do herbivores excrete less urea compared to carnivores? (A) Because herbivores eat more protein (B) Because herbivores consume less nitrogen (C) Because carnivores have a slower metabolism (D) Because carnivores excrete less water Answer: (B) Because herbivores consume less nitrogen

• Sexual reproduction by conjugation (a bacteria was passed from one to another) new genetic combo

Question: What process results in the formation of new genetic combinations in bacteria? (A) Transduction (B) Transformation (C) Conjugation (D) Binary fission Answer: (C) Conjugation

Sexual love is another topic illuminated by Darwin s idea of evolution.

Question: Sexual love is another topic illuminated by Darwin's idea of evolution. True or False? (A) True (B) False (C) Not mentioned (D) Not applicable Answer: (C) Not mentioned

Some squids have tails.

Question: What is a distinguishing feature of some squids? (A) Eight arms (B) Three hearts (C) Transparent bodies (D) Tails Answer: (D) Tails

_Individuals in a population are not correlated with each other.

Question: Individuals in a population are not correlated with each other. True or False? (A) True (B) False (C) Cannot say (D) Not mentioned Answer: (A) True

Electric fish are generally nocturnal because it allows them to put their electrical navigation system to greater use.

Question: Why are electric fish generally nocturnal? (A) To conserve energy (B) To avoid predators (C) To use their electrical navigation system effectively (D) To find food easily Answer: (C) To use their electrical navigation system effectively

Water in the lower vessel is converting into steam.

Question: What is water in the lower vessel converting into? (A) ice (B) gas (C) liquid (D) solid Answer: (B) gas

Thus, animals provided with natural defences are not immune from attack.

Question: What are animals provided with that do not make them immune from attack? (A) claws (B) fur (C) natural defenses (D) camouflage Answer: (C) natural defenses

Within their total fiber content, bananas also contain pectins.

Question: What do bananas contain within their total fiber content? (A) Vitamins (B) Proteins (C) Pectins (D) Fats Answer: (C) Pectins

Our analysis included both male and female specimens since prior studies on wild and captive Alligator mississippiensis bite forces revealed statistically indistinguishable performance in same-sized individuals (i.e. body mass, SVL, TL) [14] , [15] .

Question: In studies on bite forces of Alligator mississippiensis, what was the conclusion about the performance of male and female specimens? (A) males had significantly higher performance (B) females had significantly higher performance (C) performance was statistically indistinguishable between males and females (D) performance varied based on body size Answer: (C) performance was statistically indistinguishable between males and females

Dolphins have a fusiform body, adapted for fast swimming.

Question: What type of body shape do dolphins have, which is adapted for fast swimming? (A) triangular (B) rectangular (C) hexagonal (D) fusiform Answer: (D) fusiform

About 1 per cent of the blood vol- ume is lost to the capsular filtrate as it passes through tlie kidney.

Question: What percentage of the blood volume is lost to the capsular filtrate as it passes through the kidney? (A) 5% (B) 10% (C) 1% (D) 20% Answer: (C) 1%

Gambusia or Mosquitofish: restricted noxious fish

Question: Gambusia, also known as Mosquitofish, are considered to be what type of fish? (A) Endangered (B) Noxious (C) Invasive (D) Extinct Answer: (C) Invasive

However, homeobox genes, which are responsible for the development of an organism’s basic body plan, show only slight differences between Latimeria, ray-finned fish and tetrapods; it would seem that the protein-coding portion of this gene family, along with several others ( Supplementary Note 9 , Supplementary Tables 12–16 and Supplementary Fig. 10 ), have remained largely conserved during the vertebrate land transition ( Supplementary Fig. 11 ).

Question: Homeobox genes are responsible for the development of an organism's: (A) Nervous system (B) Basic body plan (C) Digestive system (D) Circulatory system Answer: (B) Basic body plan

In traditional systems, fire is the commonest agent for clearing or controlling trees and shrubs.

Question: What is the most common agent used in traditional systems for clearing or controlling trees and shrubs? (A) water (B) wind (C) fire (D) sunlight Answer: (C) fire

Without an even distrubtion of mass surrounding the individual, a nonzero net force would be present pointing in the direction of the greatest distribution of mass.

Question: Without an even distribution of mass surrounding the individual, a nonzero net force would be present pointing in the direction of the greatest distribution of mass. (A) True (B) False (C) Maybe (D) Unknown Answer: (A) True

Most perennial plants produce underground rhizomes.

Question: What do most perennial plants produce underground? (A) leaves (B) flowers (C) stems (D) rhizomes Answer: (D) rhizomes

Some mammals, especially herbivorous of cold regions, have summer and winter ranges, such as caribou.

Question: Some mammals, especially herbivores of cold regions, have summer and winter ranges, such as caribou. These ranges refer to the areas where the mammals: (A) Hibernate (B) Feed on insects (C) Migrate seasonally (D) Build nests Answer: (C) Migrate seasonally

Light is made of discrete packets of energy called photons.

Question: What are discrete packets of energy in light called? (A) electrons (B) protons (C) neutrons (D) photons Answer: (D) photons

Some procedures involve animals.

Question: What is often involved in procedures that require testing or experimentation? (A) plants (B) minerals (C) animals (D) fungi Answer: (C) animals

Researchers have observed monogamy, promiscuity, sex between species, sexual arousal from objects or places, sex apparently via duress or coercion, copulation with dead animals, homosexual, heterosexual and bisexual sexual behaviour, and situational sexual behaviour and a range of other practices among animals other than humans.

Question: What are some observed sexual behaviors among animals other than humans? (A) Monogamy, promiscuity (B) Human-like behavior only (C) Asexuality (D) Religious practices Answer: (A) Monogamy, promiscuity

The greater importance of deciduous trees in supplying young leaves versus mature leaves to the red colobus diet is seen as a log- ical consequence of their deciduous nature in pro- ducing more young leaves more often than evergreen species.

Question: Why do deciduous trees play a greater role in supplying young leaves to the red colobus diet compared to mature leaves? (A) They produce young leaves more frequently than evergreen species (B) They produce a higher quantity of mature leaves compared to evergreen species (C) They have more branches for the red colobus to feed on (D) They have a higher sugar content in their leaves for the red colobus to consume Answer: (A) They produce young leaves more frequently than evergreen species

The mycelium is a mesh of filaments that branch out in any direction living over or within the organic matter.

Question: What is a mycelium? (A) a type of tree (B) a mesh of filaments (C) a plant root (D) a type of fruit Answer: (B) a mesh of filaments

Serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D were variable (group means, 59-247 pg·ml−1) but were also considered high, and the authors suggested that, if the higher concentrations of this metabolite were sustained in individual monkeys, subtle changes in calcium and phosphorus metabolism might partially explain the calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition arthropathy that was a problem in the colony.

Question: What substance's serum concentrations were variable and considered high in the study mentioned in the context? (A) 1,25(OH)D (B) Vitamin C (C) Iron (D) Calcium Answer: (A) 1,25(OH)D

Considering that humans live in a society and are generally educated and trained to contribute certain skills to it, having good relationships with those around you helps you in life.

Question: Having good relationships with those around you helps you in life because it can lead to: (A) increased stress levels (B) more opportunities for collaboration and support (C) decreased communication skills (D) lower productivity Answer: (B) more opportunities for collaboration and support

Nymphs of Extatosoma tiaratum resemble ants in both appearance and frenetic behaviour.

Question: What do nymphs of Extatosoma tiaratum resemble in both appearance and behavior? (A) bees (B) butterflies (C) ants (D) spiders Answer: (C) ants

[6] The otter had a lifespan of up to 25 years.

Question: What was the lifespan of the otter? (A) 10 years (B) 25 years (C) 50 years (D) 75 years Answer: (B) 25 years

[4] [17] Earwigs , house centipedes , and spiders are known to be predators of silverfish.

Question: Which of the following insects are predators of silverfish? (A) ladybugs (B) houseflies (C) butterflies (D) earwigs Answer: (D) earwigs

The free swimming cephalopods, such as squid and octopus live in deeper areas of the ocean.

Question: Where do free-swimming cephalopods like squid and octopus live? (A) In shallow ponds (B) In rivers (C) In deeper areas of the ocean (D) In Arctic regions Answer: (C) In deeper areas of the ocean

Butterflies usually fly by day and moths by night.

Question: When do moths usually fly? (A) day (B) night (C) dawn (D) dusk Answer: (B) night

Butterflies usually fly by day and moths by night.

Question: When do moths usually fly? (A) day (B) night (C) dawn (D) dusk Answer: (B) night

As far back as 1988 Taussig and other recognised the significance of bromelain, found in pineapples, as anti-coagulant and anti-metastatic compound {{23 Taussig,Steven J. 1988}}.

Question: What compound found in pineapples was recognized as an anti-coagulant and anti-metastatic compound? (A) Pectin (B) Bromelain (C) Lycopene (D) Curcumin Answer: (B) Bromelain

Most insects need nutrients.

Question: What do most insects need? (A) water (B) sunlight (C) oxygen (D) nutrients Answer: (D) nutrients

When the moon is near the horizon it can look unnaturally large when viewed through trees, buildings, or other foreground objects.

Question: What optical illusion can occur when the moon is near the horizon and viewed through trees, buildings, or other foreground objects? (A) Lunar eclipse (B) Moon illusion (C) Solar eclipse (D) Moon phase Answer: (B) Moon illusion

Water currents therefore act as a pollen vector in a similar way to wind currents.

Question: What serves as a pollen vector in a way similar to wind currents? (A) ocean currents (B) underground currents (C) air currents (D) magma currents Answer: (A) ocean currents

They had located great trees that once grew there, the age of the trees going back before 1800.

Question: What is the approximate age of the trees found in the location? (A) after 1900 (B) before 1700 (C) around 1800 (D) after 2000 Answer: (C) around 1800

For sexual reproduction two cells join by their tapering ends.

Question: In sexual reproduction, two cells join by their tapering ends to facilitate the exchange of genetic material through the process of: (A) diffusion (B) mitosis (C) fertilization (D) osmosis Answer: (C) fertilization

As the plant transports nutrients past the rhizosphere and into the plant, the nutrient concentration decreases in the rhizosphere solution.

Question: What happens to the nutrient concentration in the rhizosphere solution as nutrients are transported into the plant? (A) increases (B) remains the same (C) decreases (D) fluctuates Answer: (C) decreases

However, the appearance and rise of certain kinds of animals may have triggered this evolutionary change.

Question: The appearance and rise of certain kinds of animals may have triggered what evolutionary change? (A) reversal (B) adaptation (C) migration (D) extinction Answer: (B) adaptation

2nd requires 12-15 proteins and ATP to cross outer membrane.

Question: In the context of biological processes, what is required for the 2nd stage to cross the outer membrane? (A) Glucose and lipids (B) Carbohydrates and nucleotides (C) Proteins and ATP (D) Water and minerals Answer: (C) Proteins and ATP

Solvent is a substance that dissolves the solute.

Question: What is a solvent? (A) substance that dissolves the solute (B) substance that is dissolved in a solution (C) substance that reacts with the solute (D) substance that separates from the solution Answer: (A) substance that dissolves the solute

See for example: Physiology is rocking the foundations of evolutionary biology.

Question: What field is challenging the foundations of evolutionary biology? (A) Physiology (B) Astronomy (C) Geology (D) Mathematics Answer: (A) Physiology

Endocrine glands secrete directly into the tissue fluid that surrounds them.

Question: Where do endocrine glands secrete their hormones? (A) into the bloodstream (B) into the digestive system (C) into the lymphatic system (D) into the surrounding tissue fluid Answer: (D) into the surrounding tissue fluid

Pests, on the other hand, have little tolerance for any.

Question: What do pests have little tolerance for? (A) sunlight (B) water (C) pesticides (D) wind Answer: (C) pesticides

As mentioned, some bacteria form biofilms and cyanobacteria can form colonies with several different cell types.

Question: What can cyanobacteria form with several different cell types? (A) biofilms (B) colonies (C) fungi (D) spores Answer: (B) colonies

As mentioned, some bacteria form biofilms and cyanobacteria can form colonies with several different cell types.

Question: What can cyanobacteria form with several different cell types? (A) biofilms (B) colonies (C) fungi (D) spores Answer: (B) colonies

This mold indicates the presence of certain carbohydrates in the compost at spawning time.

Question: What does the presence of mold indicate in the compost at spawning time? (A) presence of proteins (B) presence of fats (C) presence of carbohydrates (D) presence of vitamins Answer: (C) presence of carbohydrates

The first berkelium metal sample weighing 1.7 micrograms was prepared in 1971 by the reduction of berkelium(III) fluoride with lithium vapor at 1000 °C; the fluoride was suspended on a tungsten wire above a tantalum crucible containing molten lithium.

Question: In what year was the first berkelium metal sample prepared? (A) 1950 (B) 1963 (C) 1971 (D) 1985 Answer: (C) 1971

[5] In Europe and the United States the disease affects about two people per 100,000 per year.

Question: In Europe and the United States, how many people are affected by the disease per year out of 100,000? (A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 2 Answer: (D) 2

From a human perspective, the most unusual aspect of all fungi is that they have more than one reproductive option.

Question: What is the most unusual aspect of all fungi from a human perspective? (A) Multiple colors (B) More than one reproductive option (C) Bioluminescence (D) Ability to photosynthesize Answer: (B) More than one reproductive option

Plant life forms, or growth forms, can tell you a lot about the forces shaping an ecological community.

Question: What can plant life forms, or growth forms, tell you about? (A) weather patterns (B) geological formations (C) ecological community forces (D) animal behavior Answer: (C) ecological community forces

It isn’t damaged in any way by heat BUT it is how the other components of the diet are altered that changes the way it can be utilized.

Question: Which component of the diet isn't damaged by heat? (A) fiber (B) protein (C) carbohydrates (D) vitamins Answer: (A) fiber

Most likely, decomposers not only affect ecosystem functions via their action in the decomposition process but also by directly interacting with plant roots (Scheu 2003 ; Endlweber 2007 ), and by changing the structure and functioning of the soil microbial community (Scheu 2003 ; Partsch et al. 2006 ) and other soil animals (Brown 1995 ; Eisenhauer 2010 ).

Question: How do decomposers affect ecosystem functions in addition to their action in the decomposition process? (A) by photosynthesis (B) by directly interacting with plant roots (C) by generating heat (D) by pollination Answer: (B) by directly interacting with plant roots

Some parents care for pups.

Question: What do some parents care for? (A) kittens (B) pups (C) chicks (D) tadpoles Answer: (B) pups

Energy exists all around us and there are a number of different types of energy that you will learn about in the Energy Facts section.

Question: Energy exists all around us and there are a number of different types of energy that you will learn about in the Energy Facts section. Which of the following is a primary source of energy for most living organisms? (A) Solar energy (B) Wind energy (C) Geothermal energy (D) Nuclear energy Answer: (A) Solar energy

Since the charge shifting is performed at frequencies well above the seeing frequencies and both polarization states are measured with the same pixel, highly sensitive and accurate polarimetry is achieved.

Question: What is achieved by performing charge shifting at frequencies well above the seeing frequencies? (A) high resolution images (B) color accuracy (C) polarimetry (D) image distortion Answer: (C) polarimetry

Now if we imagine the first cell to be an exceedingly small one and the next a little larger, and so on as the gradual additions are formed, until the most recentlj' added cell is the largest, we shall have an idea of a structure that re- sembles a pyramid with its graduated divisions.

Question: What structure is being compared to a pyramid with graduated divisions in the given context? (A) A building (B) A cell (C) A mountain (D) A river Answer: (B) A cell

cleavage is radial, the smaller cells of the animal pole are aligned with the cels of the vegetal pole, these cells are in determinant, each cell can still develop into an embryo

Question: In radial cleavage, the smaller cells of the animal pole are aligned with the cells of the vegetal pole. Are these cells in determinant or determinant? (A) Determinant (B) Indeterminant (C) Undetermined (D) Precise Answer: (B) Indeterminant

Cholesteatoma can lead to more serious problems including chronic ear infections, permanent hearing loss and dizziness.

Question: What are some potential serious problems that can arise from cholesteatoma? (A) skin rash (B) stomach ache (C) hair loss (D) chronic ear infections, permanent hearing loss, and dizziness Answer: (D) chronic ear infections, permanent hearing loss, and dizziness

This type of action causes mesopredators, such as coyotes, to increase and puts abnormal pressure on smaller species, such as game birds, which decline and can become extinct.

Question: What type of action causes mesopredators, such as coyotes, to increase and puts abnormal pressure on smaller species, such as game birds? (A) Conservation (B) Overfishing (C) Deforestation (D) Predator control Answer: (D) Predator control

Potato is cultivated for its edible tubers.

Question: What part of the potato plant is cultivated for consumption? (A) leaves (B) fruits (C) stems (D) tubers Answer: (D) tubers

Older plants are sensitive to any changes and have to be adjusted slowly to its new conditions by increasing salinity slowly, this adjustment should not be shorter than 3 weeks.

Question: What is the recommended duration for adjusting older plants to increased salinity? (A) 1 week (B) 2 weeks (C) 3 weeks (D) 4 weeks Answer: (C) 3 weeks

Bellerophon extinct genus of gastropods (snails) found as fossils in rocks from the Ordovician Period (488 million to 444 million years ago) to the Triassic Period (251 million to 200 million years ago).

Question: During which geological periods were fossils of the genus Bellerophon found? (A) Jurassic Period to Cretaceous Period (B) Ordovician Period to Triassic Period (C) Paleogene Period to Neogene Period (D) Permian Period to Devonian Period Answer: (B) Ordovician Period to Triassic Period

For example, eastern and western meadowlarks are similar birds whose habitats overlap.

Question: Eastern and western meadowlarks are birds that have overlapping habitats. What is a distinguishing feature between these two birds? (A) Color of feathers (B) Size of beak (C) Song pattern (D) Wingspan Answer: (C) Song pattern

pollen lands on carpel, tube grows from pollen down through the carpel, 2 sperm go down tube to egg for double fertilization.

Question: How many sperm cells go down the tube for fertilization? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 Answer: (B) 2

pollen lands on carpel, tube grows from pollen down through the carpel, 2 sperm go down tube to egg for double fertilization.

Question: How many sperm cells go down the tube for fertilization? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 Answer: (B) 2

This range extends from the southern portions of the Himalayas to mainland southeast Asia, through parts of China, and all the way to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra.

Question: The range extends from the southern portions of the Himalayas to mainland southeast Asia, through parts of China, and all the way to which islands? (A) Borneo and Sumatra (B) Madagascar and Fiji (C) Hawaii and New Zealand (D) Japan and Philippines Answer: (A) Borneo and Sumatra

Label structures and processes (using white labels), indicate whether different structures are haploid or diploid (using pink labels), and indicate the types of cell division that occur at different points in the life cycle (using blue labels).

Question: Which type of labels are used to label structures and processes in cells? (A) Pink labels (B) Yellow labels (C) Blue labels (D) White labels Answer: (D) White labels

Label structures and processes (using white labels), indicate whether different structures are haploid or diploid (using pink labels), and indicate the types of cell division that occur at different points in the life cycle (using blue labels).

Question: Which type of labels are used to label structures and processes in cells? (A) Pink labels (B) Yellow labels (C) Blue labels (D) White labels Answer: (D) White labels

Label structures and processes (using white labels), indicate whether different structures are haploid or diploid (using pink labels), and indicate the types of cell division that occur at different points in the life cycle (using blue labels).

Question: Which type of labels are used to label structures and processes in cells? (A) Pink labels (B) Yellow labels (C) Blue labels (D) White labels Answer: (D) White labels

Label structures and processes (using white labels), indicate whether different structures are haploid or diploid (using pink labels), and indicate the types of cell division that occur at different points in the life cycle (using blue labels).

Question: Which type of labels are used to label structures and processes in cells? (A) Pink labels (B) Yellow labels (C) Blue labels (D) White labels Answer: (D) White labels

Those that are in breeding programs seemed destined for a life in captivity, for they are accustomed to an artificial environment where d, shelter, and protection from predators are provided for them.

Question: Those animals in breeding programs are accustomed to an artificial environment where food, shelter, and protection from predators are provided. What is another term for this type of environment? (A) natural (B) domestic (C) wild (D) zoo-like Answer: (B) domestic

merozoites divide in red blood cells, some form gametocytes

Question: What form do some merozoites take when they divide in red blood cells? (A) sporozoites (B) schizonts (C) gametocytes (D) trophozoites Answer: (C) gametocytes

Comparative studies of populations can also identify those that, as a result of local adaptation, genetic drift, or gene-environment interaction, exhibit traits that are unique within a species.

Question: What can comparative studies of populations identify? (A) Common traits (B) Unique traits (C) Average traits (D) Global traits Answer: (B) Unique traits

Most dental problems associate with conditions.

Question: What do most dental problems associate with? (A) medications (B) allergies (C) conditions (D) injuries Answer: (C) conditions

It also may be possible, much as the salt marsh example, that some environmental factor (e.g., salinity) may be interacting with grazing to cause die off.

Question: What may be interacting with grazing to cause die off? (A) humidity (B) temperature (C) salinity (D) precipitation Answer: (C) salinity

Much of the early electrophysiological understanding of chemical synapses was gained from study of the neuromuscular junction.

Question: Much of the early electrophysiological understanding of chemical synapses was gained from the study of which junction? (A) neural junction (B) muscle junction (C) neuromuscular junction (D) synaptic junction Answer: (C) neuromuscular junction

- osteoblasts have cytoplasmic processes that extend to adjacent osteoblasts & into bone substance by way of canaliculi to join

Question: How do osteoblasts communicate with adjacent osteoblasts and into bone substance? (A) Through blood vessels (B) Through lymphatic vessels (C) By direct cell-to-cell contact (D) Through the nervous system Answer: (C) By direct cell-to-cell contact

Infrared radiation comes from the dust disk.

Question: Where does the infrared radiation come from? (A) dust disk (B) gas disk (C) water disk (D) rock disk Answer: (A) dust disk

interaction in which indivuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another

Question: What is the term for the interaction in which individuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another? (A) symbiosis (B) photosynthesis (C) erosion (D) mutation Answer: (A) symbiosis

Remind students that they discovered that heating water increases the rate of evaporation.

Question: What increases the rate of evaporation of water? (A) Cooling (B) Heating (C) Freezing (D) Boiling Answer: (B) Heating

Repeated sampling of noxious foods can (i) desensitize the peripheral or central gustatory mechanisms that mediate the aversive response ( Simmonds and Blaney, 1983 ; Glendinning et al., 1999a ; Glendinning et al., 2001 ), (ii) activate post-ingestive adaptation mechanisms that reduce an insect’s toxic sensitivity to the noxious compound (e.g. induction of P450 detoxification enzymes in the midgut) ( Snyder and Glendinning, 1996 ) or (iii) engage both gustatory and post-ingestive adaptation mechanisms ( Szentesi and Bernays, 1984 ).

Question: What can repeated sampling of noxious foods potentially do to an insect's toxic sensitivity according to the context provided? (A) Increase it (B) Decrease it (C) Have no effect (D) Render the insect immune to toxins Answer: (B) Decrease it

e.g. Earthworms also possess both male and female reproductive organs, but do not self-fertilise.

Question: Earthworms possess both male and female reproductive organs, but do not _____. (A) reproduce (B) self-fertilize (C) regenerate (D) hibernate Answer: (B) self-fertilize

The species occurs in southern Bhutan (though potentially central and western areas only) and Nepal, where it is confined to elevations below approximately 2,000 m asl (Baral and Shah 2008, Mitchell 1975, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012).

Question: In photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy into chemical energy occurs during which stage? (A) Light reactions (B) Calvin cycle (C) Photorespiration (D) Glycolysis Answer: (A) Light reactions

The one goal in most species’ lives is to reproduce so that some parts of their DNA or genes get handed down.

Question: What is the main goal in most species' lives? (A) growth (B) survival (C) reproduction (D) communication Answer: (C) reproduction

Later we consider a strategy in which ova and pollen are produced in a fixed ratio.

Question: In a reproductive strategy, what are produced in a fixed ratio? (A) seeds and fruit (B) leaves and stems (C) ova and pollen (D) roots and shoots Answer: (C) ova and pollen

In some cases, propagules are also produced.

Question: In some cases, propagules are also produced from what specialized structures? (A) leaves (B) roots (C) buds (D) flowers Answer: (C) buds

Most mountain beavers develop senses.

Question: What do most mountain beavers develop? (A) wings (B) tails (C) senses (D) fins Answer: (C) senses

Hummingbirds will use their bills and claws as weapons.

Question: What do hummingbirds use as weapons? (A) wings (B) feet (C) beaks (D) tails Answer: (C) beaks

Both species primarily eat small mammals -- including squirrels, rabbits, mice and voles -- along with birds, insects and carrion and, in urban areas, both will take human food.

Question: What do both species primarily eat? (A) fish (B) fruits (C) small mammals (D) vegetables Answer: (C) small mammals

Hydrophyte leaf needs to be able to float so that it can trap as much light energy from the sun as possible.

Question: Why does a hydrophyte leaf need to be able to float? (A) To prevent dehydration (B) To absorb more nutrients (C) To trap light energy (D) To avoid predators Answer: (C) To trap light energy

The diploid cell, resulting from the union of two gametes, is called a zygote, and this term is often extended 1 From the Greek word, TAjuoj (gamos), meaning marriage.

Question: What is the diploid cell resulting from the union of two gametes called? (A) allele (B) chromosome (C) zygote (D) haploid Answer: (C) zygote

Depending on the species, the dormant stage may be the egg, larva, pupa, or adult.

Question: What stage may serve as the dormant stage for some species? (A) seed (B) pupa (C) fruit (D) flower Answer: (B) pupa

Sometimes the same spe- cies of coral grows rounded or softly lobed in exposed situations and intricately branching farther back on the reef.

Question: In what types of situations does the same species of coral grow rounded or softly lobed? (A) sheltered (B) exposed (C) underwater (D) deep sea Answer: (B) exposed

Platy limestone lenses contain a diverse fossil assemblage representing paleocommunities in a shallow marine basin.

Question: What type of fossil assemblage can be found in platy limestone lenses? (A) terrestrial (B) freshwater (C) marine (D) volcanic Answer: (C) marine

Most products are produced by breakdowns.

Question: Most products are produced by breakdowns of what? (A) raw materials (B) energy (C) waste (D) machinery Answer: (A) raw materials

Toads reproduce sexually, with the female producing eggs that are fertilized by the male.

Question: How do toads reproduce? (A) asexually (B) viviparously (C) sexually (D) hermaphroditically Answer: (C) sexually

Salamanders are amphibians that look like a cross between a frog and a lizard.

Question: What type of animals are salamanders? (A) Reptiles (B) Mammals (C) Amphibians (D) Birds Answer: (C) Amphibians

Selection pressures induced by man may be, in part, responsible for this increased defensiveness.

Question: What may be, in part, responsible for the increased defensiveness observed? (A) environmental factors (B) genetic mutations (C) natural disasters (D) selection pressures induced by man Answer: (D) selection pressures induced by man

The pollen travels down the pollen tube and finally reaches the embryo.

Question: What is the name of the structure through which pollen travels to reach the embryo? (A) stigma (B) style (C) ovule (D) pollen tube Answer: (D) pollen tube