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Herbivores do not excrete as much urea as carnivores because carnivores eat more protein, and therefor excrete more nitrogen.

Question: Why do herbivores excrete less urea compared to carnivores? (A) Because herbivores eat more protein (B) Because herbivores consume less nitrogen (C) Because carnivores have a slower metabolism (D) Because carnivores excrete less water Answer: (B) Because herbivores consume less nitrogen

• Sexual reproduction by conjugation (a bacteria was passed from one to another) new genetic combo

Question: What process results in the formation of new genetic combinations in bacteria? (A) Transduction (B) Transformation (C) Conjugation (D) Binary fission Answer: (C) Conjugation

Sexual love is another topic illuminated by Darwin s idea of evolution.

Question: Sexual love is another topic illuminated by Darwin's idea of evolution. True or False? (A) True (B) False (C) Not mentioned (D) Not applicable Answer: (C) Not mentioned

Some squids have tails.

Question: What is a distinguishing feature of some squids? (A) Eight arms (B) Three hearts (C) Transparent bodies (D) Tails Answer: (D) Tails

_Individuals in a population are not correlated with each other.

Question: Individuals in a population are not correlated with each other. True or False? (A) True (B) False (C) Cannot say (D) Not mentioned Answer: (A) True

_Individuals in a population are not correlated with each other.

Question: Individuals in a population are not correlated with each other. True or False? (A) True (B) False (C) Cannot say (D) Not mentioned Answer: (A) True

Electric fish are generally nocturnal because it allows them to put their electrical navigation system to greater use.

Question: Why are electric fish generally nocturnal? (A) To conserve energy (B) To avoid predators (C) To use their electrical navigation system effectively (D) To find food easily Answer: (C) To use their electrical navigation system effectively

Water in the lower vessel is converting into steam.

Question: What is water in the lower vessel converting into? (A) ice (B) gas (C) liquid (D) solid Answer: (B) gas

Thus, animals provided with natural defences are not immune from attack.

Question: What are animals provided with that do not make them immune from attack? (A) claws (B) fur (C) natural defenses (D) camouflage Answer: (C) natural defenses

Within their total fiber content, bananas also contain pectins.

Question: What do bananas contain within their total fiber content? (A) Vitamins (B) Proteins (C) Pectins (D) Fats Answer: (C) Pectins

About 1 per cent of the blood vol- ume is lost to the capsular filtrate as it passes through tlie kidney.

Question: What percentage of the blood volume is lost to the capsular filtrate as it passes through the kidney? (A) 5% (B) 10% (C) 1% (D) 20% Answer: (C) 1%

Gambusia or Mosquitofish: restricted noxious fish

Question: Gambusia, also known as Mosquitofish, are considered to be what type of fish? (A) Endangered (B) Noxious (C) Invasive (D) Extinct Answer: (C) Invasive

In traditional systems, fire is the commonest agent for clearing or controlling trees and shrubs.

Question: What is the most common agent used in traditional systems for clearing or controlling trees and shrubs? (A) water (B) wind (C) fire (D) sunlight Answer: (C) fire

Without an even distrubtion of mass surrounding the individual, a nonzero net force would be present pointing in the direction of the greatest distribution of mass.

Question: Without an even distribution of mass surrounding the individual, a nonzero net force would be present pointing in the direction of the greatest distribution of mass. (A) True (B) False (C) Maybe (D) Unknown Answer: (A) True

Most perennial plants produce underground rhizomes.

Question: What do most perennial plants produce underground? (A) leaves (B) flowers (C) stems (D) rhizomes Answer: (D) rhizomes

Some mammals, especially herbivorous of cold regions, have summer and winter ranges, such as caribou.

Question: Some mammals, especially herbivores of cold regions, have summer and winter ranges, such as caribou. These ranges refer to the areas where the mammals: (A) Hibernate (B) Feed on insects (C) Migrate seasonally (D) Build nests Answer: (C) Migrate seasonally

Some mammals, especially herbivorous of cold regions, have summer and winter ranges, such as caribou.

Question: Some mammals, especially herbivores of cold regions, have summer and winter ranges, such as caribou. These ranges refer to the areas where the mammals: (A) Hibernate (B) Feed on insects (C) Migrate seasonally (D) Build nests Answer: (C) Migrate seasonally

The greater importance of deciduous trees in supplying young leaves versus mature leaves to the red colobus diet is seen as a log- ical consequence of their deciduous nature in pro- ducing more young leaves more often than evergreen species.

Question: Why do deciduous trees play a greater role in supplying young leaves to the red colobus diet compared to mature leaves? (A) They produce young leaves more frequently than evergreen species (B) They produce a higher quantity of mature leaves compared to evergreen species (C) They have more branches for the red colobus to feed on (D) They have a higher sugar content in their leaves for the red colobus to consume Answer: (A) They produce young leaves more frequently than evergreen species

Serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D were variable (group means, 59-247 pg·ml−1) but were also considered high, and the authors suggested that, if the higher concentrations of this metabolite were sustained in individual monkeys, subtle changes in calcium and phosphorus metabolism might partially explain the calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition arthropathy that was a problem in the colony.

Question: What substance's serum concentrations were variable and considered high in the study mentioned in the context? (A) 1,25(OH)D (B) Vitamin C (C) Iron (D) Calcium Answer: (A) 1,25(OH)D

Considering that humans live in a society and are generally educated and trained to contribute certain skills to it, having good relationships with those around you helps you in life.

Question: Having good relationships with those around you helps you in life because it can lead to: (A) increased stress levels (B) more opportunities for collaboration and support (C) decreased communication skills (D) lower productivity Answer: (B) more opportunities for collaboration and support

Nymphs of Extatosoma tiaratum resemble ants in both appearance and frenetic behaviour.

Question: What do nymphs of Extatosoma tiaratum resemble in both appearance and behavior? (A) bees (B) butterflies (C) ants (D) spiders Answer: (C) ants

[4] [17] Earwigs , house centipedes , and spiders are known to be predators of silverfish.

Question: Which of the following insects are predators of silverfish? (A) ladybugs (B) houseflies (C) butterflies (D) earwigs Answer: (D) earwigs

The free swimming cephalopods, such as squid and octopus live in deeper areas of the ocean.

Question: Where do free-swimming cephalopods like squid and octopus live? (A) In shallow ponds (B) In rivers (C) In deeper areas of the ocean (D) In Arctic regions Answer: (C) In deeper areas of the ocean

As far back as 1988 Taussig and other recognised the significance of bromelain, found in pineapples, as anti-coagulant and anti-metastatic compound {{23 Taussig,Steven J. 1988}}.

Question: What compound found in pineapples was recognized as an anti-coagulant and anti-metastatic compound? (A) Pectin (B) Bromelain (C) Lycopene (D) Curcumin Answer: (B) Bromelain

When the moon is near the horizon it can look unnaturally large when viewed through trees, buildings, or other foreground objects.

Question: What optical illusion can occur when the moon is near the horizon and viewed through trees, buildings, or other foreground objects? (A) Lunar eclipse (B) Moon illusion (C) Solar eclipse (D) Moon phase Answer: (B) Moon illusion

They had located great trees that once grew there, the age of the trees going back before 1800.

Question: What is the approximate age of the trees found in the location? (A) after 1900 (B) before 1700 (C) around 1800 (D) after 2000 Answer: (C) around 1800

For sexual reproduction two cells join by their tapering ends.

Question: In sexual reproduction, two cells join by their tapering ends to facilitate the exchange of genetic material through the process of: (A) diffusion (B) mitosis (C) fertilization (D) osmosis Answer: (C) fertilization

As the plant transports nutrients past the rhizosphere and into the plant, the nutrient concentration decreases in the rhizosphere solution.

Question: What happens to the nutrient concentration in the rhizosphere solution as nutrients are transported into the plant? (A) increases (B) remains the same (C) decreases (D) fluctuates Answer: (C) decreases

However, the appearance and rise of certain kinds of animals may have triggered this evolutionary change.

Question: The appearance and rise of certain kinds of animals may have triggered what evolutionary change? (A) reversal (B) adaptation (C) migration (D) extinction Answer: (B) adaptation

Solvent is a substance that dissolves the solute.

Question: What is a solvent? (A) substance that dissolves the solute (B) substance that is dissolved in a solution (C) substance that reacts with the solute (D) substance that separates from the solution Answer: (A) substance that dissolves the solute

See for example: Physiology is rocking the foundations of evolutionary biology.

Question: What field is challenging the foundations of evolutionary biology? (A) Physiology (B) Astronomy (C) Geology (D) Mathematics Answer: (A) Physiology

Endocrine glands secrete directly into the tissue fluid that surrounds them.

Question: Where do endocrine glands secrete their hormones? (A) into the bloodstream (B) into the digestive system (C) into the lymphatic system (D) into the surrounding tissue fluid Answer: (D) into the surrounding tissue fluid

Pests, on the other hand, have little tolerance for any.

Question: What do pests have little tolerance for? (A) sunlight (B) water (C) pesticides (D) wind Answer: (C) pesticides

As mentioned, some bacteria form biofilms and cyanobacteria can form colonies with several different cell types.

Question: What can cyanobacteria form with several different cell types? (A) biofilms (B) colonies (C) fungi (D) spores Answer: (B) colonies

As mentioned, some bacteria form biofilms and cyanobacteria can form colonies with several different cell types.

Question: What can cyanobacteria form with several different cell types? (A) biofilms (B) colonies (C) fungi (D) spores Answer: (B) colonies

This mold indicates the presence of certain carbohydrates in the compost at spawning time.

Question: What does the presence of mold indicate in the compost at spawning time? (A) presence of proteins (B) presence of fats (C) presence of carbohydrates (D) presence of vitamins Answer: (C) presence of carbohydrates

[5] In Europe and the United States the disease affects about two people per 100,000 per year.

Question: In Europe and the United States, how many people are affected by the disease per year out of 100,000? (A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 2 Answer: (D) 2

From a human perspective, the most unusual aspect of all fungi is that they have more than one reproductive option.

Question: What is the most unusual aspect of all fungi from a human perspective? (A) Multiple colors (B) More than one reproductive option (C) Bioluminescence (D) Ability to photosynthesize Answer: (B) More than one reproductive option

It isn’t damaged in any way by heat BUT it is how the other components of the diet are altered that changes the way it can be utilized.

Question: Which component of the diet isn't damaged by heat? (A) fiber (B) protein (C) carbohydrates (D) vitamins Answer: (A) fiber

Most likely, decomposers not only affect ecosystem functions via their action in the decomposition process but also by directly interacting with plant roots (Scheu 2003 ; Endlweber 2007 ), and by changing the structure and functioning of the soil microbial community (Scheu 2003 ; Partsch et al. 2006 ) and other soil animals (Brown 1995 ; Eisenhauer 2010 ).

Question: How do decomposers affect ecosystem functions in addition to their action in the decomposition process? (A) by photosynthesis (B) by directly interacting with plant roots (C) by generating heat (D) by pollination Answer: (B) by directly interacting with plant roots

Energy exists all around us and there are a number of different types of energy that you will learn about in the Energy Facts section.

Question: Energy exists all around us and there are a number of different types of energy that you will learn about in the Energy Facts section. Which of the following is a primary source of energy for most living organisms? (A) Solar energy (B) Wind energy (C) Geothermal energy (D) Nuclear energy Answer: (A) Solar energy

Now if we imagine the first cell to be an exceedingly small one and the next a little larger, and so on as the gradual additions are formed, until the most recentlj' added cell is the largest, we shall have an idea of a structure that re- sembles a pyramid with its graduated divisions.

Question: What structure is being compared to a pyramid with graduated divisions in the given context? (A) A building (B) A cell (C) A mountain (D) A river Answer: (B) A cell

cleavage is radial, the smaller cells of the animal pole are aligned with the cels of the vegetal pole, these cells are in determinant, each cell can still develop into an embryo

Question: In radial cleavage, the smaller cells of the animal pole are aligned with the cells of the vegetal pole. Are these cells in determinant or determinant? (A) Determinant (B) Indeterminant (C) Undetermined (D) Precise Answer: (B) Indeterminant

This type of action causes mesopredators, such as coyotes, to increase and puts abnormal pressure on smaller species, such as game birds, which decline and can become extinct.

Question: What type of action causes mesopredators, such as coyotes, to increase and puts abnormal pressure on smaller species, such as game birds? (A) Conservation (B) Overfishing (C) Deforestation (D) Predator control Answer: (D) Predator control

Potato is cultivated for its edible tubers.

Question: What part of the potato plant is cultivated for consumption? (A) leaves (B) fruits (C) stems (D) tubers Answer: (D) tubers

Older plants are sensitive to any changes and have to be adjusted slowly to its new conditions by increasing salinity slowly, this adjustment should not be shorter than 3 weeks.

Question: What is the recommended duration for adjusting older plants to increased salinity? (A) 1 week (B) 2 weeks (C) 3 weeks (D) 4 weeks Answer: (C) 3 weeks

Bellerophon extinct genus of gastropods (snails) found as fossils in rocks from the Ordovician Period (488 million to 444 million years ago) to the Triassic Period (251 million to 200 million years ago).

Question: During which geological periods were fossils of the genus Bellerophon found? (A) Jurassic Period to Cretaceous Period (B) Ordovician Period to Triassic Period (C) Paleogene Period to Neogene Period (D) Permian Period to Devonian Period Answer: (B) Ordovician Period to Triassic Period

For example, eastern and western meadowlarks are similar birds whose habitats overlap.

Question: Eastern and western meadowlarks are birds that have overlapping habitats. What is a distinguishing feature between these two birds? (A) Color of feathers (B) Size of beak (C) Song pattern (D) Wingspan Answer: (C) Song pattern

For example, eastern and western meadowlarks are similar birds whose habitats overlap.

Question: Eastern and western meadowlarks are birds that have overlapping habitats. What is a distinguishing feature between these two birds? (A) Color of feathers (B) Size of beak (C) Song pattern (D) Wingspan Answer: (C) Song pattern

pollen lands on carpel, tube grows from pollen down through the carpel, 2 sperm go down tube to egg for double fertilization.

Question: How many sperm cells go down the tube for fertilization? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 Answer: (B) 2

pollen lands on carpel, tube grows from pollen down through the carpel, 2 sperm go down tube to egg for double fertilization.

Question: How many sperm cells go down the tube for fertilization? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 Answer: (B) 2

This range extends from the southern portions of the Himalayas to mainland southeast Asia, through parts of China, and all the way to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra.

Question: The range extends from the southern portions of the Himalayas to mainland southeast Asia, through parts of China, and all the way to which islands? (A) Borneo and Sumatra (B) Madagascar and Fiji (C) Hawaii and New Zealand (D) Japan and Philippines Answer: (A) Borneo and Sumatra

Label structures and processes (using white labels), indicate whether different structures are haploid or diploid (using pink labels), and indicate the types of cell division that occur at different points in the life cycle (using blue labels).

Question: Which type of labels are used to label structures and processes in cells? (A) Pink labels (B) Yellow labels (C) Blue labels (D) White labels Answer: (D) White labels

Label structures and processes (using white labels), indicate whether different structures are haploid or diploid (using pink labels), and indicate the types of cell division that occur at different points in the life cycle (using blue labels).

Question: Which type of labels are used to label structures and processes in cells? (A) Pink labels (B) Yellow labels (C) Blue labels (D) White labels Answer: (D) White labels

Label structures and processes (using white labels), indicate whether different structures are haploid or diploid (using pink labels), and indicate the types of cell division that occur at different points in the life cycle (using blue labels).

Question: Which type of labels are used to label structures and processes in cells? (A) Pink labels (B) Yellow labels (C) Blue labels (D) White labels Answer: (D) White labels

Label structures and processes (using white labels), indicate whether different structures are haploid or diploid (using pink labels), and indicate the types of cell division that occur at different points in the life cycle (using blue labels).

Question: Which type of labels are used to label structures and processes in cells? (A) Pink labels (B) Yellow labels (C) Blue labels (D) White labels Answer: (D) White labels

Those that are in breeding programs seemed destined for a life in captivity, for they are accustomed to an artificial environment where d, shelter, and protection from predators are provided for them.

Question: Those animals in breeding programs are accustomed to an artificial environment where food, shelter, and protection from predators are provided. What is another term for this type of environment? (A) natural (B) domestic (C) wild (D) zoo-like Answer: (B) domestic

merozoites divide in red blood cells, some form gametocytes

Question: What form do some merozoites take when they divide in red blood cells? (A) sporozoites (B) schizonts (C) gametocytes (D) trophozoites Answer: (C) gametocytes

Comparative studies of populations can also identify those that, as a result of local adaptation, genetic drift, or gene-environment interaction, exhibit traits that are unique within a species.

Question: What can comparative studies of populations identify? (A) Common traits (B) Unique traits (C) Average traits (D) Global traits Answer: (B) Unique traits

Most dental problems associate with conditions.

Question: What do most dental problems associate with? (A) medications (B) allergies (C) conditions (D) injuries Answer: (C) conditions

Much of the early electrophysiological understanding of chemical synapses was gained from study of the neuromuscular junction.

Question: Much of the early electrophysiological understanding of chemical synapses was gained from the study of which junction? (A) neural junction (B) muscle junction (C) neuromuscular junction (D) synaptic junction Answer: (C) neuromuscular junction

- osteoblasts have cytoplasmic processes that extend to adjacent osteoblasts & into bone substance by way of canaliculi to join

Question: How do osteoblasts communicate with adjacent osteoblasts and into bone substance? (A) Through blood vessels (B) Through lymphatic vessels (C) By direct cell-to-cell contact (D) Through the nervous system Answer: (C) By direct cell-to-cell contact

Infrared radiation comes from the dust disk.

Question: Where does the infrared radiation come from? (A) dust disk (B) gas disk (C) water disk (D) rock disk Answer: (A) dust disk

interaction in which indivuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another

Question: What is the term for the interaction in which individuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another? (A) symbiosis (B) photosynthesis (C) erosion (D) mutation Answer: (A) symbiosis

Repeated sampling of noxious foods can (i) desensitize the peripheral or central gustatory mechanisms that mediate the aversive response ( Simmonds and Blaney, 1983 ; Glendinning et al., 1999a ; Glendinning et al., 2001 ), (ii) activate post-ingestive adaptation mechanisms that reduce an insect’s toxic sensitivity to the noxious compound (e.g. induction of P450 detoxification enzymes in the midgut) ( Snyder and Glendinning, 1996 ) or (iii) engage both gustatory and post-ingestive adaptation mechanisms ( Szentesi and Bernays, 1984 ).

Question: What can repeated sampling of noxious foods potentially do to an insect's toxic sensitivity according to the context provided? (A) Increase it (B) Decrease it (C) Have no effect (D) Render the insect immune to toxins Answer: (B) Decrease it

Repeated sampling of noxious foods can (i) desensitize the peripheral or central gustatory mechanisms that mediate the aversive response ( Simmonds and Blaney, 1983 ; Glendinning et al., 1999a ; Glendinning et al., 2001 ), (ii) activate post-ingestive adaptation mechanisms that reduce an insect’s toxic sensitivity to the noxious compound (e.g. induction of P450 detoxification enzymes in the midgut) ( Snyder and Glendinning, 1996 ) or (iii) engage both gustatory and post-ingestive adaptation mechanisms ( Szentesi and Bernays, 1984 ).

Question: What can repeated sampling of noxious foods potentially do to an insect's toxic sensitivity according to the context provided? (A) Increase it (B) Decrease it (C) Have no effect (D) Render the insect immune to toxins Answer: (B) Decrease it

e.g. Earthworms also possess both male and female reproductive organs, but do not self-fertilise.

Question: Earthworms possess both male and female reproductive organs, but do not _____. (A) reproduce (B) self-fertilize (C) regenerate (D) hibernate Answer: (B) self-fertilize

e.g. Earthworms also possess both male and female reproductive organs, but do not self-fertilise.

Question: Earthworms possess both male and female reproductive organs, but do not _____. (A) reproduce (B) self-fertilize (C) regenerate (D) hibernate Answer: (B) self-fertilize

In some cases, propagules are also produced.

Question: In some cases, propagules are also produced from what specialized structures? (A) leaves (B) roots (C) buds (D) flowers Answer: (C) buds

Hummingbirds will use their bills and claws as weapons.

Question: What do hummingbirds use as weapons? (A) wings (B) feet (C) beaks (D) tails Answer: (C) beaks

Both species primarily eat small mammals -- including squirrels, rabbits, mice and voles -- along with birds, insects and carrion and, in urban areas, both will take human food.

Question: What do both species primarily eat? (A) fish (B) fruits (C) small mammals (D) vegetables Answer: (C) small mammals

Hydrophyte leaf needs to be able to float so that it can trap as much light energy from the sun as possible.

Question: Why does a hydrophyte leaf need to be able to float? (A) To prevent dehydration (B) To absorb more nutrients (C) To trap light energy (D) To avoid predators Answer: (C) To trap light energy

The diploid cell, resulting from the union of two gametes, is called a zygote, and this term is often extended 1 From the Greek word, TAjuoj (gamos), meaning marriage.

Question: What is the diploid cell resulting from the union of two gametes called? (A) allele (B) chromosome (C) zygote (D) haploid Answer: (C) zygote

Depending on the species, the dormant stage may be the egg, larva, pupa, or adult.

Question: What stage may serve as the dormant stage for some species? (A) seed (B) pupa (C) fruit (D) flower Answer: (B) pupa

Platy limestone lenses contain a diverse fossil assemblage representing paleocommunities in a shallow marine basin.

Question: What type of fossil assemblage can be found in platy limestone lenses? (A) terrestrial (B) freshwater (C) marine (D) volcanic Answer: (C) marine

Most products are produced by breakdowns.

Question: Most products are produced by breakdowns of what? (A) raw materials (B) energy (C) waste (D) machinery Answer: (A) raw materials

The pollen travels down the pollen tube and finally reaches the embryo.

Question: What is the name of the structure through which pollen travels to reach the embryo? (A) stigma (B) style (C) ovule (D) pollen tube Answer: (D) pollen tube

Hens would rather nest in fields that were not cut or grazed the previous year.

Question: Where do hens prefer to nest? (A) In freshly cut fields (B) In fields that were cut or grazed the previous year (C) In fields with tall grass (D) In urban areas Answer: (B) In fields that were cut or grazed the previous year

Early tetrapods were, like early land plants, tied to the water by their reproductive mechanisms.

Question: Early tetrapods were tied to the water by their reproductive mechanisms similar to what early organisms? (A) insects (B) fish (C) birds (D) reptiles Answer: (B) fish

Convergent evolution is a topic touched by many different fields of biology , many of which use slightly different nomenclature.

Question: What is convergent evolution? (A) Evolution resulting in different species acquiring similar traits due to similar environmental pressures (B) Evolution resulting in species becoming more diverse over time (C) Evolution resulting in species becoming less adapted to their environment (D) Evolution resulting in species becoming extinct Answer: (A) Evolution resulting in different species acquiring similar traits due to similar environmental pressures

Most species are known to cover great distances.

Question: What is the term used to describe the movement of animals over great distances? (A) migration (B) hibernation (C) reproduction (D) communication Answer: (A) migration

This peculiarity is closely connected with the fact that collenchyma serves as the mechanical tissue of growing organs.

Question: What does collenchyma serve as in growing organs? (A) Nutrient transporter (B) Energy producer (C) Mechanical tissue (D) Waste eliminator Answer: (C) Mechanical tissue

A fruit is a ripened ovary with seeds (apple, melon, cocklebur...)

Question: What is a fruit? (A) a vegetable (B) a ripened ovary with seeds (C) a type of meat (D) a mineral Answer: (B) a ripened ovary with seeds

females all select the same sort of male, which then decreases genetic diversity (which is bad)

Question: What is the potential negative outcome when females all select the same sort of male? (A) increased genetic diversity (B) decreased genetic diversity (C) higher mutation rate (D) improved survival rate Answer: (B) decreased genetic diversity

The annular pad is usually well formed, sometimes enor- mous in diurnal predators with a high degree of accommodation, as in the hawk, wherein it occupies half the area of a cross-section of the lens (Fig. 504), smaller in nocturnal species (Fig. 505), still smaller in aquatic forms wherein the sphincter of the iris rather than the ciliary muscle is especially active in accommodation (as in the Anseriformes such as ducks, geese, swans, etc. ; the Ciconiiformes, such as herons, storks, spoonbills; and the cormorant), and very small indeed or even vestigial in running birds (Palaeognathae, particularly the kiwi, Ajyteryx)

Question: What is the annular pad in birds especially active in? (A) Swimming (B) Flying (C) Hunting (D) Accommodation Answer: (D) Accommodation

We might, e. g., question whether the differ- ent kinds of crystals of oxyhemoglobin found occasionally in the same blood might not be the result of certain secondary chemical changes in the hemoglobin molecule.

Question: What might be the result of certain secondary chemical changes in the hemoglobin molecule? (A) different kinds of crystals (B) increased blood flow (C) higher oxygen levels (D) enhanced blood clotting Answer: (A) different kinds of crystals

Plenty of composted manure is also a beneficial component in the soil that provides nutrients for the growing plant.

Question: What is a beneficial component in the soil that provides nutrients for the growing plant? (A) water (B) sunlight (C) composted manure (D) rocks Answer: (C) composted manure

But the researchers suspect that those fish often have lower reproductive success, because when they're snared they lose babies.

Question: What is the reason for lower reproductive success in the fish mentioned in the context? (A) Predation (B) Pollution (C) Fishing activity (D) Climate change Answer: (C) Fishing activity

Farmers and suburban landowners are often affected by the changes moles and other burrowing animals have on lawns and pastures.

Question: Farmers and suburban landowners are often affected by the changes moles and other burrowing animals have on which areas? (A) trees (B) rivers (C) lawns and pastures (D) rooftops Answer: (C) lawns and pastures

Reciprocative relationships between macrocosmic selective causality and microcosmic adaptive causality lead one to consider the ubiquity of the self-perpetuating processes of evolution as purposeful (teleonomic) even though factors of randomness are involved.

Question: What term describes the self-perpetuating processes of evolution as purposeful despite the presence of randomness? (A) teleonomic adaptation (B) retroactive causality (C) interventionist causality (D) non-teleological evolution Answer: (A) teleonomic adaptation

Fish abound, with the Pacific coast being a favored region for sport fishing.

Question: Where is the Pacific coast a favored region for sport fishing? (A) East coast (B) Gulf coast (C) Arctic coast (D) Atlantic coast Answer: (A) East coast

The proximal tubule leads from the Bowmans

Question: Where does the proximal tubule lead from? (A) glomerulus (B) collecting duct (C) renal pelvis (D) ureter Answer: (A) glomerulus

Typical metals form salts with nonmetals, basic oxides with oxygen, and alloys with one another.

Question: What do typical metals form with nonmetals? (A) salts (B) acids (C) bases (D) gases Answer: (A) salts

People high on extraversion and active experimentation tend to be doers, while those high on introversion and reflective observation tend to be watchers.

Question: What do people high on extraversion and active experimentation tend to be? (A) doers (B) thinkers (C) feelers (D) watchers Answer: (A) doers

The scientific community has attempted to fight the pathogen, without success.

Question: What has the scientific community attempted to fight without success? (A) drought (B) insect infestation (C) pathogen (D) pollution Answer: (C) pathogen

In humans, selenium is a trace element nutrient that functions as cofactor for reduction of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidases [69] and certain forms of thioredoxin reductase found in animals and some plants (this enzyme occurs in all living organisms, but not all forms of it in plants require selenium).

Question: Selenium functions as a cofactor for the reduction of which antioxidant enzymes in humans? (A) catalase (B) superoxide dismutase (C) glutathione peroxidases (D) peroxidase Answer: (C) glutathione peroxidases

The fish is relatively easy to look after because of their hardy nature, which can tolerate wide range of water parameters.

Question: What characteristic of fish allows them to tolerate a wide range of water parameters? (A) fragility (B) sensitivity (C) hardy nature (D) adaptability Answer: (C) hardy nature

Many forms and subspecies of M. a. athalia have been described, but are best regarded as "ecological variants" and intermediates in clinal variation.

Question: What term is used to describe the different forms and subspecies of M. a. athalia that are best regarded as "ecological variants" and intermediates in clinal variation? (A) Ecotones (B) Ecotypes (C) Ecological niches (D) Ecological succession Answer: (B) Ecotypes

On reaching sexual maturity, males may become more aggressive and begin exploring away from the natal group.

Question: What may males do upon reaching sexual maturity? (A) become more passive (B) begin migrating (C) start hibernating (D) become more aggressive Answer: (D) become more aggressive

first major transformation for hominins (large brain came slowly later), habitual bipeds (humans, birds, kangaroos, and dinosaurs)

Question: The first major transformation for hominins was becoming habitual bipeds. What other species exhibit habitual bipedalism? (A) Chimpanzees (B) Gorillas (C) Orangutans (D) Kangaroos Answer: (D) Kangaroos