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[ "Thepla Thepla () is a soft Indian flatbread typical of Gujarati cuisine and especially popular among Jains. It is typically enjoyed as a breakfast, as a side dish with a meal, or as a snack in the late afternoon. Thepla can be made with wheat flour, besan (gram flour), methi (fenugreek leaves) and other spices. Thepla can be enjoyed together with dahi (a curd Yogurt), red garlic chutney and chhundo (sweet mango pickle). Ready-to-eat theplas are available in grocery stores and restaurants. Thepla can be found in any city in Western India. Major cities in Northern India including Mumbai, Delhi and others accepted thepla as a snack. The various types of theplas are created by varying the ingredients. Common variants include methi, mooli and dudhi. Theplas can be made with potato, mixed vegetables, or garlic. The most popular version of this traditional dish is methi thepla. Chapati dough is made with whole white flour (finer), oil/ghee seasoned with salt by binding flour mostly with water. Chapatis are an everyday food, cooked on a griddle usually without an oil or ghee and often puffed up by cooking on open flame after taking it off the flame, some ghee is spread on the top. Thepla is often multigrain, usually made with whole wheat flour with the addition of chickpea and millet flour. When made for travel, the flour for theplas is bound into a stiff dough using milk instead of water, and with extra ghee/oil. This is done in order to increase their shelf life." ]

[ "NRK Klassisk NRK Klassisk is a digital radio channel operated by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) which broadcasts classical music 24 hours a day. NRK Klassisk was launched in Oslo on 1 June 1995 as the world’s first all-digital radio station (DAB), broadcasting 24 hours a day. The BBC and Swedish Radio, which launched their first digital radio stations in September 1995, caused NRK to bring forward its plans, so as to be the first in the world to use the DAB radio standard (Eureka 147). Right from the start, the channel was in operation 24 hours a day with a staff of six, in a totally digital programme chain from production via DAB transmitter to receiver. For broadcasting, the channel used the software BMS (Broadcast Media Server) from the Swedish company BCC. BMS made it possible to prerecord announcements through a digital mixer, together with jingles and background atmosphere, on the computer hard disk and to manage playback together with music recordings from CD and digital audio tape (DAT). The CDs were stored in juke boxes that held 360 each. Each juke box had two players, and when fully developed, NRK Klassisk had ten such juke boxes. NRK Klassisk staff broadcast morning programmes live. For the rest of the day and night, the system is programmed in shifts, so that the playlists are broadcast automatically. During holidays like Christmas and Easter, the broadcast of automatic playlists can go on for several days. The sound is kept uncompressed right up until the final coding to MPEG-1 layer 2 for transmission by DAB." ]

[ "Charlie Woods Charles Morgan Parkinson Woods (born 18 March 1941) is an English former professional footballer who played as a Forward. Born in Whitehaven, Woods played in the Football League for Newcastle United, Bournemouth, Crystal Palace, Ipswich Town, Watford and Colchester United. Woods made his professional debut for Newcastle United on 31 August 1960, after his move from amateur club Cleator Moor Celtic in May 1959. This was a League Division One match held at Craven Cottage; home of Fulham F.C. (Fulham v Newcastle United, score 4-3 to Fulham, Attendance 21,361). Woods scored for Newcastle in this his debut game as did Ivor Allchurch and Gordon Hughes. Woods went on to make 26 appearances for Newcastle scoring seven times before moving to Bournemouth in 1962, for whom he made 70 appearances (26 goals) over the next two seasons. On 26 November 1964, Woods signed for Crystal Palace making 49 appearances (five goals) before moving on to Ipswich Town in July 1966. Woods played 82 times for Ipswich over the next four years (five goals), moving to Watford in 1970 (42 appearances, three goals), where, after a brief loan spell at Colchester United, he retired from playing in 1972. When Sir Bobby Robson became Ipswich Town Manager (1969–82) Woods, having retired as a player, became youth team coach and went on to coach players such as Alan Brazil, Paul Mariner, Clive Woods, George Burley, Paul Cooper, Kevin Beattie and Brian Talbot, who became the core of the Ipswich Town EUFA Cup Winning Team, in 1981-82 and twice runners up in the English 1st Division 1980/81 and 1981/82. He later became assistant manager to Bobby Ferguson at Ipswich. He was dismissed from the club along with Ferguson in 1987, after they failed to earn promotion from the Second Division. Woods also served Ipswich as a Coach under Manager George Burley. Woods joined Sir Bobby Robson as a scout during his years as England Manager (1982-1990) and when Robson joined Newcastle United in 1999 he immediately appointed Charlie Woods as Chief Scout. In this role at Newcastle, Woods was involved in bringing players such as Laurent Robert and Charles N'Zogbia to the club. Woods left Newcastle United when Sir Bobby Robson's management and coaching team were sacked by then Newcastle United Chairman Freddie Shepherd in 2004." ]

[ "Pirmasens Hauptbahnhof Pirmasens Hauptbahnhof is a terminal station in the town of Pirmasens, in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, about one kilometre from the city centre. It was opened on 25 November 1875 and is the terminus of the Biebermühl Railway (\"Biebermühlbahn\"), which was also opened in 1875 as a branch line from the Southern Palatinate Railway (\"Südpfalzbahn\"). The Pirmasens Nord station lies on the edge of Thaleischweiler-Fröschen, so Pirmasens Hauptbahnhof is actually the only station in the city of Pirmasens. Due to the unfavourable geography of Pirmasens, the station is now only connected by a single track and non-electrified branch line. This route, called the Biebermühl Railway, runs almost seven kilometres north to Pirmasens Nord station. From Pirmasens Hbf Regionalbahn trains run to Kaiserslautern Hauptbahnhof over the Biebermühl Railway, to Saarbrücken Hauptbahnhof via Zweibrücken Hauptbahnhof and Rohrbach over the Schwarzbach Valley Railway and to Landau (Pfalz) Hauptbahnhof over the Queich Valley Railway, requiring a reversal in Pirmasens Nord. Pirmasens station was built in 1875 with the construction of the branch line from Biebermühl station (now Pirmasens Nord station) to Pirmasens. It was built by the Palatinate Railway (\"Pfalzbahn\"), which was taken over in 1909 by the Royal Bavarian State Railways (\"Königliche Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen\"). At the turn of the century, the small station was enlarged because it had become too small for its traffic. In 1907, the stations name was changed to \"Pirmasens Hauptbahnhof\", although there was no other station in Pirmasens. Reflecting its importance for the city of Pirmasens, Biebermühl station was renamed \"Pirmasens Nord\" station in 1936, even though it still is not in the city of Pirmasens. After a period when the station was controlled by France as a result of the First World War, the station was taken over in 1922 by Deutsche Reichsbahn. It belonged at first to the railway division at Ludwigshafen and from 1935 to the railway division at Saarbrücken. During the Second World War, the station was severely damaged by bombing in 1941 and had to be rebuilt between 1952 and 1962. It now had five platform tracks instead of three. It was also connected to a new postal station on the south side of the station. On 1 April 1947, Pirmasens station was transferred to the control of the railway division at Mainz, as the Saarland had been separated from Germany. From 1 May 1972, until the founding of Deutsche Bahn AG in 1994, the station was under the control of the railway division in Saarbrücken. In 1999, the line north from the passenger station to Pirmasens freight yard was permanently closed so that modernisation of the station could begin in 2001. This involved returning the station from five platform tracks to three tracks. Shunting is no longer possible. Operations to Pirmasens station was limited in the past mainly to local trains between Pirmasens Hbf and Pirmasens Nord, where there were connections to the long-distance and local passenger trains running on the Queich Valley Railway to Saarbrücken or Landau and Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof. Only a few trains from Pirmanses continued to Kaiserslautern. Otherwise, passengers had to change trains at Pirmasens Nord. When control of regional railway passenger transport in Germany was devolved to the regions in 1994, several services were established to and from Pirmasens Hauptbahnhof. These are called Regionalbahn services in the railway timetable. In the 1930s trains to the station were usually hauled only by steam locomotives of class 86, which replaced mostly Bavarian and Palatine locomotives. In the 1960s these were replaced for passenger operations by railbuses of classes VT 95 and VT 98. In late 1987, these were replaced by class 628.2 diesel multiple units. These were in turn replaced by class 643 (Bombardier Talent) or 642 (Siemens Desiro) diesel multiple units. From 1994 to 2002, there was also a Regional-Express service (RE 4) via Kaiserslautern to Bingen Hauptbahnhof, running via the Alsenz Valley Railway (\"Alsenztalbahn\"). Since then, passengers have had to change trains in Kaiserslautern to go to Bingen. Since 2006, Regionalbahn services have been restored in the evenings, weekends and on holidays between Pirmasens and Karlsruhe. Pirmasens Hbf was first connected to central Pirmasens in 1905 by the Pirmasens Tramway (\"Straßenbahn Pirmasens\"), which was replaced in 1943 by Pirmasens Trolleybuses (\"Oberleitungsbus Pirmasens\"). Since 1967, the station has been served by the buses of Pirmasens Municipal Transport (\"Stadtwerke Pirmasens Verkehr\"). Pirmasens Hbf is currently served by the following Regionalbahn services:" ]

[ "Harvest Moon: Animal Parade \"Harvest Moon: Animal Parade\" is also the last entry in the series to be produced by longtime series creator, Yasuhiro Wada. The player begins on the island of Castanet and discovers that a divine tree which once stood in the middle of the Harvest Goddess' pond has begun to weaken, the creatures are beginning to leave the island, and the five bells have lost their power. Only the strength of the Harvest King can revive the earth and bring the tree back to life, but he is nowhere to be found. The player must ring the five bells, bring the Harvest King back to the island, and help revive the Goddess' Tree, while at the same time running a large farm plantation. The player must grow and sell their crops to make money to buy things and furnish their ranch house. There are lots of crops to grow, including beans, tomatoes, potatoes, and many more. Some time after the player is married, the wife will have a child. She gives birth in the town clinic, while the husband stays in the waiting room. Afterwards, the nurse will present them with their new son or daughter. The player will be able to play with their child while he or she is a toddler. There are special events in the child's life such as \"Crawling\", \"Walking\", \"Talking\", and \"Growing Up.\" One of the benefits of marriage is that the player can ask their spouse and children to handle some of the farm responsibilities. Another benefit of marriage is that they can take their spouse and children to festivals by taking them on walks. Unlike \"Tree of Tranquility\" and other \"Harvest Moon\" titles, apart from \"Harvest Moon SNES\", the player is allowed two children to their family instead of the previous only child option. Depending on the person the player marries, their child can have different attributes and types of personalities. They can have the same hair and eye color as the player's spouse, and possess some of these traits based on their spouse's own personality: Quiet, Scholarly, Fiery, and Romantic. Although some animals from \"Harvest Moon: Tree of Tranquility\" return, the official website describes the game as feeling like a circus. The animals are divided into four categories: circus, livestock, poultry, and pets. Circus animals can't be kept as pets, however. Once again, Horses are not the only ride-able animal. If the player has 5 hearts or more with any farm animal (excluding chickens, ducks and silkworms), they can ride them around. All the ride-able animals have different walking/running speed. Horses and ostriches are the fastest, followed by the sheep and goat, and then the cow. The higher their heart level, the faster they go. The livestock (excluding ostriches, ducks, chickens and silkworms) can be different colors. Cows can be brown, black or white and black, horses can be white, brown, grey or black. Sheep can be either white or black, goats can also be white or black. As with previous games, cows and goats produce milk, cheese and butter, while chickens, ostriches and ducks produce eggs and mayonnaise. In addition, sheep, who used to produce wool exclusively, can produce milk, cheese and butter as well. Silkworms, which were introduced in \"Tree of Tranquility\", produce silk cocoons, that can be shipped as is, or turned into silk yarn. In addition to being able to buy young animals from Hanna, such as foals and calves, the player can also buy the adult forms of these animals, but at more of a cost." ]

[ "EKOenergy EKOenergy is an ecolabel for electricity. It is a not-for-profit initiative of the EKOenergy Network, a group of more than 40 environmental organizations from 30 countries. EKOenergy started in 2013 in Europe. Its secretariat is based in Helsinki. Nowadays, EKOenergy is the only international ecolabel for renewable electricity. It is available all over Europe and its material is available in more than 30 languages. Every member organization (all not-for-profit organisations) appoints one person to the EKOenergy Board, the Network’s highest governing authority. The Board takes decisions in consultation with the Advisory Group, which consist of experts from different stakeholder groups, including electricity industry, consumers and environmentalists, among others. Other language version of the label can be found in various countries. E.g. EKOénergie in France, EKOenergie in Germany or EKOenergia in Finland. Only electricity from renewable sources can be sold as EKOenergy. But EKOenergy is more than just green electricity. EKOenergy also sets criteria for the following aspects: Well known sellers of EKOenergy certified electricity include Fortum, Vattenfall, Ekosähkö and Gesternova. Also sellers of electricity tracking certificates can help consumers to get EKOenergy: E.g. ECOHZ and South Pole Group. A full list of licensed sellers can be found on EKOenergy’s website: http://www.ekoenergy.org/buying-ekoenergy/licensees/. An increasing number of EKOenergy consumers uses the label in its own communication: e.g. Otava Printing and Saimaan juomatehdas. For each MWh of EKOenergy sold, the seller pays a minimum of €0.10 to EKOenergy's Climate Fund. This money is used to finance climate projects that would not have happened without the contributions. These projects are managed by experienced organisations. All projects are selected in an open process, with sellers, buyers and independent experts actively involved. Examples of funded projects: Whenever hydropower is sold with the EKOenergy label, €0.10/ MWh go to the Environmental Fund, to finance river restoration projects. Examples of earlier funded projects: The European versions of the LEED Standard explicitly recommend the use of EKOenergy labelled electricity. Buildings aiming at LEED certification can get extra points if the electricity used in that building is EKOenergy certified. The text “LEED 2009 BD+C Supplemental Reference Guide with Alternative Compliance Paths for Europe” gives EKOenergy the same status as Green-e certified RECs in the US. They write: \"The EKOenergy electricity certification scheme represents the best available pan-European option for the sustainable and additional consumption of renewable electricity within Europe. EKOenergy certifies renewable electricity that goes beyond the regulations of European directives and national governments of Europe.\" The Greenhouse Gas Protocol is a worldwide standard for carbon accounting. It is a joint product of the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. In January 2015, the Secretariat of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol published the Scope 2 Guidance, which gave advice about carbon accounting. The Guidance refers to EKOenergy several times. Chapter 11, which encourages companies to go one step further, refers to EKOenergy’s Climate Fund. CDP works with 5000 of the largest corporations in the world to help them calculate their carbon emissions and to help them develop effective carbon emission reduction strategies. On page 15 and 16 of its technical notes for accounting of scope 2 emissions (i.e. emissions related to the production of purchased electricity), CDP explains how companies can do more. “Ecolabels are a way for companies to do more with their purchases. EKOenergy, mentioned by the GHG protocol Scope 2 guidance, is such an option: it is a mark of quality which comes on top of tracking certificates. Electricity sold with the EKOenergy label fulfills strict environmental criteria and raises funds for new renewable energy projects. Involvement, transparency and ‘deeds not words’ are important principles of EKOenergy’s work.”" ]

[ "Birger Sjöberg Birger Sjöberg (1885–1929) was a Swedish poet, novelist and songwriter, whose best-known works include the faux-naïf song collection \"Fridas Bok\" (Frida's Book) and the novel \"Kvartetten Som Sprängdes\" (The Quartet That Split Up), a somewhat Dickensian relation about stock-exchange gambling in the twenties, and the frantic efforts to recover. Originally a journalist, Sjöberg wrote songs in his spare time. His debuted as a serious writer with the 1922 publication of \"Fridas Bok\" (Frida's Book), which was both a critical and popular success. Following a series of concert tours, he withdrew from public life and focused on his writing. After his death in 1929, a new series of songs and a selection of poems were published. Prose and poetry by Birger Sjöberg: Swedish English Translations" ]

[ "Leona Vidal Roberts Leona Lucila Vidal Roberts (born 1972) is a Falkland Islands curator, radio broadcaster and politician who has served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Stanley constituency since the 2017 general election. She previously served as Director and Manager of the Falkland Islands Museum and National Trust. Roberts was born in Punta Arenas, Chile to Nelson Vidal and Eileen Biggs (a fifth generation Falkland Islander). The family moved to the Falklands when she was three. After attending Stanley Senior School, Roberts went to the United Kingdom to study Journalistic Law at Stradbroke College in Sheffield, where she met her husband. In 1989 Roberts became an Assistant Editor at Penguin News in Stanley and then in 1994 she moved to the Government Printing Office. Roberts was appointed Director and Manager of the Falkland Islands Museum and National Trust in 2002 Roberts has also been the host of \"Children’s Corner\" on the Falkland Islands Radio Service." ]

[ "Ferrous metallurgy Ferrous metallurgy is the metallurgy of iron and its alloys. It began far back in prehistory. The earliest surviving iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt, were made from meteoritic iron-nickel. It is not known when or where the smelting of iron from ores began, but by the end of the 2nd millennium BC iron was being produced from iron ores from Sub-Saharan Africa to China. The use of wrought iron (worked iron) was known by the 1st millennium BC, and its spread marked the Iron Age. During the medieval period, means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron (in this context known as pig iron) using finery forges. For all these processes, charcoal was required as fuel. Steel (with a carbon content between pig iron and wrought iron) was first produced in antiquity as an alloy. Its process of production, Wootz steel, was exported before the 4th century BC from India to ancient China, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Archaeological evidence of cast iron appears in 5th-century BC China. New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century. During the Industrial Revolution, new methods of producing bar iron by substituting coke for charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel, creating a new era of greatly increased use of iron and steel that some contemporaries described as a new Iron Age. In the late 1850s, Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process, that involved blowing air through molten pig iron to burn off carbon, and so to produce mild steel. This and other 19th-century and later steel making processes have displaced wrought iron. Today, wrought iron is no longer produced on a commercial scale, having been displaced by the functionally equivalent mild or low carbon steel. The largest and most modern underground iron ore mine in the world is located in Kiruna, Norrbotten County, Lapland. The mine which is owned by Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB, a large Swedish mining company, has an annual production capacity of over 26 million tonnes of iron ore. Iron was extracted from iron–nickel alloys, which comprise about 6% of all meteorites that fall on the Earth. That source can often be identified with certainty because of the unique crystalline features (Widmanstätten patterns) of that material, which are preserved when the metal is worked cold or at low temperature. Those artifacts include, for example, a bead from the 5th millennium BC found in Iran and spear tips and ornaments from Ancient Egypt and Sumer around 4000 BC. These early uses appear to have been largely ceremonial or ornamental. Meteoritic iron is very rare, and the metal was probably very expensive, perhaps more expensive than gold. The early Hittites are known to have bartered iron (meteoritic or smelted) for silver, at a rate of 40 times the iron's weight, with the Old Assyrian Empire in the first centuries of the second millennium BC. Meteoric iron was also fashioned into tools in the Arctic, about the year 1000, when the Thule people of Greenland began making harpoons, knives, ulus and other edged tools from pieces of the Cape York meteorite. Typically pea-size bits of metal were cold-hammered into disks and fitted to a bone handle. These artifacts were also used as trade goods with other Arctic peoples: tools made from the Cape York meteorite have been found in archaeological sites more than distant. When the American polar explorer Robert Peary shipped the largest piece of the meteorite to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City in 1897, it still weighed over 33 tons. Another example of a late use of meteoritic iron is an adze from around 1000 AD found in Sweden. Native iron in the metallic state occurs rarely as small inclusions in certain basalt rocks. Besides meteoritic iron, Thule people of Greenland have used native iron from the Disko region. Iron smelting—the extraction of usable metal from oxidized iron ores—is more difficult than tin and copper smelting. While these metals and their alloys can be cold-worked or melted in relatively simple furnaces (such as the kilns used for pottery) and cast into molds, smelted iron requires hot-working and can be melted only in specially designed furnaces. Iron is a common impurity in copper ores and iron ore was sometimes used as a flux, thus it is not surprising that humans mastered the technology of smelted iron only after several millennia of bronze metallurgy. The place and time for the discovery of iron smelting is not known, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing metal extracted from nickel-containing ores from hot-worked meteoritic iron. The archaeological evidence seems to point to the Middle East area, during the Bronze Age in the 3rd millennium BC. However, wrought iron artifacts remained a rarity until the 12th century BC. The Iron Age is conventionally defined by the widespread replacement of bronze weapons and tools with those of iron and steel. That transition happened at different times in different places, as the technology spread. Mesopotamia was fully into the Iron Age by 900 BC. Although Egypt produced iron artifacts, bronze remained dominant until its conquest by Assyria in 663 BC. The Iron Age began in India about 1200 BC, in Central Europe about 600 BC, and in China about 300 BC. Around 500 BC, the Nubians who had learned from the Assyrians the use of iron and were expelled from Egypt, became major manufacturers and exporters of iron.", "Around 500 BC, the Nubians who had learned from the Assyrians the use of iron and were expelled from Egypt, became major manufacturers and exporters of iron. One of the earliest smelted iron artifacts, a dagger with an iron blade found in a Hattic tomb in Anatolia, dated from 2500 BC. About 1500 BC, increasing numbers of non-meteoritic, smelted iron objects appeared in Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Egypt. Nineteen meteoric iron objects were found in the tomb of Egyptian ruler Tutankhamun, who died in 1323 BC, including an iron dagger with a golden hilt, an Eye of Horus, the mummy's head-stand and sixteen models of an artisan's tools. An Ancient Egyptian sword bearing the name of pharaoh Merneptah as well as a battle axe with an iron blade and gold-decorated bronze shaft were both found in the excavation of Ugarit. Although iron objects dating from the Bronze Age have been found across the Eastern Mediterranean, bronzework appears to have greatly predominated during this period. By the 12th century BC, iron smelting and forging, of weapons and tools, was common from Sub-Saharan Africa through India. As the technology spread, iron came to replace bronze as the dominant metal used for tools and weapons across the Eastern Mediterranean (the Levant, Cyprus, Greece, Crete, Anatolia and Egypt). Iron was originally smelted in bloomeries, furnaces where bellows were used to force air through a pile of iron ore and burning charcoal. The carbon monoxide produced by the charcoal reduced the iron oxide from the ore to metallic iron. The bloomery, however, was not hot enough to melt the iron, so the metal collected in the bottom of the furnace as a spongy mass, or \"bloom\". Workers then repeatedly beat and folded it to force out the molten slag. This laborious, time-consuming process produced wrought iron, a malleable but fairly soft alloy. Concurrent with the transition from bronze to iron was the discovery of carburization, the process of adding carbon to wrought iron. While the iron bloom contained some carbon, the subsequent hot-working oxidized most of it. Smiths in the Middle East discovered that wrought iron could be turned into a much harder product by heating the finished piece in a bed of charcoal, and then quenching it in water or oil. This procedure turned the outer layers of the piece into steel, an alloy of iron and iron carbides, with an inner core of less brittle iron. The development of iron smelting was traditionally attributed to the Hittites of Anatolia of the Late Bronze Age. It was believed that they maintained a monopoly on iron working, and that their empire had been based on that advantage. According to that theory, the ancient Sea Peoples, who invaded the Eastern Mediterranean and destroyed the Hittite empire at the end of the Late Bronze Age, were responsible for spreading the knowledge through that region. This theory is no longer held in the mainstream of scholarship, since there is no archaeological evidence of the alleged Hittite monopoly. While there are some iron objects from Bronze Age Anatolia, the number is comparable to iron objects found in Egypt and other places of the same time period, and only a small number of those objects were weapons. A more recent theory claims that the development of iron technology was driven by the disruption of the copper and tin trade routes, due to the collapse of the empires at the end of the Late Bronze Age. These metals, especially tin, were not widely available and metal workers had to transport them over long distances, whereas iron ores were widely available. However, no known archaeological evidence suggests a shortage of bronze or tin in the Early Iron Age. Bronze objects remained abundant, and these objects have the same percentage of tin as those from the Late Bronze Age. The history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began in the 2nd millennium BC. Archaeological sites in Gangetic plains have yielded iron implements dated between 1800–1200 BC. By the early 13th century BC, iron smelting was practiced on a large scale in India. In Southern India (present day Mysore) iron was in use 12th to 11th centuries BC. The technology of iron metallurgy advanced in the politically stable Maurya period and during a period of peaceful settlements in the 1st millennium BC. Iron artifacts such as spikes, knives, daggers, arrow-heads, bowls, spoons, saucepans, axes, chisels, tongs, door fittings, etc., dated from 600 to 200 BC, have been discovered at several archaeological sites of India. The Greek historian Herodotus wrote the first western account of the use of iron in India. The Indian mythological texts, the Upanishads, have mentions of weaving, pottery and metallurgy, as well. The Romans had high regard for the excellence of steel from India in the time of the Gupta Empire. Perhaps as early as 500 BC, although certainly by 200 AD, high-quality steel was produced in southern India by the crucible technique. In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon. Iron chain was used in Indian suspension bridges as early as the 4th century. Wootz steel was produced in India and Sri Lanka from around 300 BC. Wootz steel is famous from Classical Antiquity for its durability and ability to hold an edge.", "Wootz steel is famous from Classical Antiquity for its durability and ability to hold an edge. When asked by King Porus to select a gift, Alexander is said to have chosen, over gold or silver, thirty pounds of steel. Wootz steel was originally a complex alloy with iron as its main component together with various trace elements. Recent studies have suggested that its qualities may have been due to the formation of carbon nanotubes in the metal. According to Will Durant, the technology passed to the Persians and from them to Arabs who spread it through the Middle East. In the 16th century, the Dutch carried the technology from South India to Europe, where it was mass-produced. Steel was produced in Sri Lanka from 300 BC by furnaces blown by the monsoon winds. The furnaces were dug into the crests of hills, and the wind was diverted into the air vents by long trenches. This arrangement created a zone of high pressure at the entrance, and a zone of low pressure at the top of the furnace. The flow is believed to have allowed higher temperatures than bellows-driven furnaces could produce, resulting in better-quality iron. Steel made in Sri Lanka was traded extensively within the region and in the Islamic world. One of the world's foremost metallurgical curiosities is an iron pillar located in the Qutb complex in Delhi. The pillar is made of wrought iron (98% Fe), is almost seven meters high and weighs more than six tonnes. The pillar was erected by Chandragupta II Vikramaditya and has withstood 1,600 years of exposure to heavy rains with relatively little corrosion. Historians debate whether bloomery-based ironworking ever spread to China from the Middle East. One theory suggests that metallurgy was introduced through Central Asia. In 2008, two iron fragments were excavated at the Mogou site, in Gansu. They have been dated to the 14th century BC, belonging to the period of Siwa culture. One of the fragments was made of bloomery iron rather than meteoritic iron. The earliest cast iron artifacts, dating to 5th century BC, were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern Luhe County, Jiangsu in China. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture and architecture. Around 500 BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu achieved a temperature of 1130 °C. At this temperature, iron combines with 4.3% carbon and melts. The liquid iron can be cast into molds, a method far less laborious than individually forging each piece of iron from a bloom. Cast iron is rather brittle and unsuitable for striking implements. It can, however, be \"decarburized\" to steel or wrought iron by heating it in air for several days. In China, these iron working methods spread northward, and by 300 BC, iron was the material of choice throughout China for most tools and weapons. A mass grave in Hebei province, dated to the early 3rd century BC, contains several soldiers buried with their weapons and other equipment. The artifacts recovered from this grave are variously made of wrought iron, cast iron, malleabilized cast iron, and quench-hardened steel, with only a few, probably ornamental, bronze weapons. During the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD), the government established ironworking as a state monopoly (repealed during the latter half of the dynasty and returned to private entrepreneurship) and built a series of large blast furnaces in Henan province, each capable of producing several tons of iron per day. By this time, Chinese metallurgists had discovered how to fine molten pig iron, stirring it in the open air until it lost its carbon and could be hammered (wrought). (In modern Mandarin-Chinese, this process is now called \"chao\", literally, stir frying.) By the 1st century BC, Chinese metallurgists had found that wrought iron and cast iron could be melted together to yield an alloy of intermediate carbon content, that is, steel. According to legend, the sword of Liu Bang, the first Han emperor, was made in this fashion. Some texts of the era mention \"harmonizing the hard and the soft\" in the context of ironworking; the phrase may refer to this process. The ancient city of Wan (Nanyang) from the Han period forward was a major center of the iron and steel industry. Along with their original methods of forging steel, the Chinese had also adopted the production methods of creating Wootz steel, an idea imported from India to China by the 5th century AD. During the Han Dynasty, the Chinese were also the first to apply hydraulic power (i.e. a waterwheel) in working the bellows of the blast furnace. This was recorded in the year 31 AD, as an innovation by the Chinese mechanical engineer and politician Du Shi, Prefect of Nanyang. Although Du Shi was the first to apply water power to bellows in metallurgy, the first drawn and printed illustration of its operation with water power appeared in 1313 AD, in the Yuan Dynasty era text called the \"Nong Shu\". In the 11th century, there is evidence of the production of steel in Song China using two techniques: a \"berganesque\" method that produced inferior, heterogeneous steel and a precursor to the modern Bessemer process that utilized partial decarbonization via repeated forging under a cold blast. By the 11th century, there was a large amount of deforestation in China due to the iron industry's demands for charcoal.", "By the 11th century, there was a large amount of deforestation in China due to the iron industry's demands for charcoal. By this time however, the Chinese had learned to use bituminous coke to replace charcoal, and with this switch in resources many acres of prime timberland in China were spared. Iron working was introduced to Greece in the late 10th century BC. The earliest marks of Iron Age in Central Europe are artifacts from the Hallstatt C culture (8th century BC). Throughout the 7th to 6th centuries BC, iron artifacts remained luxury items reserved for an elite. This changed dramatically shortly after 500 BC with the rise of the La Tène culture, from which time iron metallurgy also became common in Northern Europe and Britain. The spread of ironworking in Central and Western Europe is associated with Celtic expansion. By the 1st century BC, Noric steel was famous for its quality and sought-after by the Roman military. The annual iron output of the Roman Empire is estimated at 84,750 t, while the similarly populous Han China produced around 5,000 t. Inhabitants at Termit, in eastern Niger became the first iron smelting people in West Africa around 1500 BC. Iron and copper working spread southward through the continent, reaching the Cape around AD 200. The widespread use of iron revolutionized the Bantu-speaking farming communities who adopted it, driving out and absorbing the rock tool using hunter-gatherer societies they encountered as they expanded to farm wider areas of savanna. The technologically superior Bantu-speakers spread across southern Africa and became wealthy and powerful, producing iron for tools and weapons in large, industrial quantities. In the region of the Aïr Mountains in Niger there are signs of independent copper smelting between 2500–1500 BC. The process was not in a developed state, indicating smelting was not foreign. It became mature about 1500 BC. Similarly, smelting in bloomery-type furnaces in West Africa and forging for tools appear in the Nok culture in Africa by 500 BC. The earliest records of bloomery-type furnaces in East Africa are discoveries of smelted iron and carbon in Nubia and Axum that date back between 1000–500 BC. Particularly in Meroe, there are known to have been ancient bloomeries that produced metal tools for the Nubians and Kushites and produced surplus for their economy. Iron technology was further advanced by several inventions in medieval Islam, during the Islamic Golden Age. These included a variety of water-powered and wind-powered industrial mills for metal production, including geared gristmills and forges. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Muslim world had these industrial mills in operation, from Islamic Spain and North Africa in the west to the Middle East and Central Asia in the east. There are also 10th-century references to cast iron, as well as archeological evidence of blast furnaces being used in the Ayyubid and Mamluk empires from the 11th century, thus suggesting a diffusion of Chinese metal technology to the Islamic world. Geared gristmills were invented by Muslim engineers, and were used for crushing metallic ores before extraction. Gristmills in the Islamic world were often made from both watermills and windmills. In order to adapt water wheels for gristmilling purposes, cams were used for raising and releasing trip hammers. The first forge driven by a hydropowered water mill rather than manual labour was invented in the 12th century Islamic Spain. One of the most famous steels produced in the medieval Near East was Damascus steel used for swordmaking, and mostly produced in Damascus, Syria, in the period from 900 to 1750. This was produced using the crucible steel method, based on the earlier Indian wootz steel. This process was adopted in the Middle East using locally produced steels. The exact process remains unknown, but it allowed carbides to precipitate out as micro particles arranged in sheets or bands within the body of a blade. Carbides are far harder than the surrounding low carbon steel, so swordsmiths could produce an edge that cut hard materials with the precipitated carbides, while the bands of softer steel let the sword as a whole remain tough and flexible. A team of researchers based at the Technical University of Dresden that uses X-rays and electron microscopy to examine Damascus steel discovered the presence of cementite nanowires and carbon nanotubes. Peter Paufler, a member of the Dresden team, says that these nanostructures give Damascus steel its distinctive properties and are a result of the forging process. There was no fundamental change in the technology of iron production in Europe for many centuries. European metal workers continued to produce iron in bloomeries. However, the Medieval period brought two developments—the use of water power in the bloomery process in various places (outlined above), and the first European production in cast iron. Sometime in the medieval period, water power was applied to the bloomery process. It is possible that this was at the Cistercian Abbey of Clairvaux as early as 1135, but it was certainly in use in early 13th century France and Sweden. In England, the first clear documentary evidence for this is the accounts of a forge of the Bishop of Durham, near Bedburn in 1408, but that was certainly not the first such ironworks. In the Furness district of England, powered bloomeries were in use into the beginning of the 18th century, and near Garstang until about 1770. The Catalan Forge was a variety of powered bloomery. Bloomeries with hot blast were used in upstate New York in the mid-19th century. The preferred method of iron production in Europe until the development of the puddling process in 1783-84.", "The preferred method of iron production in Europe until the development of the puddling process in 1783-84. Cast iron development lagged in Europe because wrought iron was the desired product and the intermediate step of producing cast iron involved an expensive blast furnace and further refining of pig iron to cast iron, which then required a labor and capital intensive conversion to wrought iron. Through a good portion of the Middle Ages, in Western Europe, iron was still being made by the working of iron blooms into wrought iron. Some of the earliest casting of iron in Europe occurred in Sweden, in two sites, Lapphyttan and Vinarhyttan, between 1150 and 1350. Some scholars have speculated the practice followed the Mongols across Russia to these sites, but there is no clear proof of this hypothesis, and it would certainly not explain the pre-Mongol datings of many of these iron-production centres. In any event, by the late 14th century, a market for cast iron goods began to form, as a demand developed for cast iron cannonballs. An alternative method of decarburising pig iron was the finery forge, which seems to have been devised in the region around Namur in the 15th century. By the end of that century, this Walloon process spread to the \"Pay de Bray\" on the eastern boundary of Normandy, and then to England, where it became the main method of making wrought iron by 1600. It was introduced to Sweden by Louis de Geer in the early 17th century and was used to make the oregrounds iron favoured by English steelmakers. A variation on this was the German forge. This became the main method of producing bar iron in Sweden. In the early 17th century, ironworkers in Western Europe had developed the cementation process for carburizing wrought iron. Wrought iron bars and charcoal were packed into stone boxes, then sealed with clay to be held at a red heat continually tended in an oxygen-free state immersed in nearly pure carbon (charcoal) for up to a week. During this time, carbon diffused into the surface layers of the iron, producing \"cement steel\" or \"blister steel\"—also known as case hardened, where the portions wrapped in iron (the pick or axe blade) became harder, than say an axe hammer-head or shaft socket which might be insulated by clay to keep them from the carbon source. The earliest place where this process was used in England was at Coalbrookdale from 1619, where Sir Basil Brooke had two cementation furnaces (recently excavatedin 2001–2005). For a time in the 1610s, he owned a patent on the process, but had to surrender this in 1619. He probably used Forest of Dean iron as his raw material, but it was soon found that oregrounds iron was more suitable. The quality of the steel could be improved by faggoting, producing the so-called shear steel. In the 1740s, Benjamin Huntsman found a means of melting blister steel, made by the cementation process, in crucibles. The resulting crucible steel, usually cast in ingots, was more homogeneous than blister steel. Early iron smelting used charcoal as both the heat source and the reducing agent. By the 18th century, the availability of wood for making charcoal was limiting the expansion of iron production, so that England became increasingly dependent for a considerable part of the iron required by its industry, on Sweden (from the mid-17th century) and then from about 1725 also on Russia. Smelting with coal (or its derivative coke) was a long sought objective. The production of pig iron with coke was probably achieved by Dud Dudley in the 1620s, and with a mixed fuel made from coal and wood again in the 1670s. However this was probably only a technological rather than a commercial success. Shadrach Fox may have smelted iron with coke at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire in the 1690s, but only to make cannonballs and other cast iron products such as shells. However, in the peace after the Nine Years War, there was no demand for these. In 1707, Abraham Darby I patented a method of making cast iron pots. His pots were thinner and hence cheaper than those of his rivals. Needing a larger supply of pig iron he leased the blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709. There, he made iron using coke, thus establishing the first successful business in Europe to do so. His products were all of cast iron, though his immediate successors attempted (with little commercial success) to fine this to bar iron. Bar iron thus continued normally to be made with charcoal pig iron until the mid-1750s. In 1755 Abraham Darby II (with partners) opened a new coke-using furnace at Horsehay in Shropshire, and this was followed by others. These supplied coke pig iron to finery forges of the traditional kind for the production of bar iron. The reason for the delay remains controversial. It was only after this that economically viable means of converting pig iron to bar iron began to be devised. A process known as potting and stamping was devised in the 1760s and improved in the 1770s, and seems to have been widely adopted in the West Midlands from about 1785. However, this was largely replaced by Henry Cort's puddling process, patented in 1784, but probably only made to work with grey pig iron in about 1790. These processes permitted the great expansion in the production of iron that constitutes the Industrial Revolution for the iron industry.", "These processes permitted the great expansion in the production of iron that constitutes the Industrial Revolution for the iron industry. In the early 19th century, Hall discovered that the addition of iron oxide to the charge of the puddling furnace caused a violent reaction, in which the pig iron was decarburised, this became known as 'wet puddling'. It was also found possible to produce steel by stopping the puddling process before decarburisation was complete. The efficiency of the blast furnace was improved by the change to hot blast, patented by James Beaumont Neilson in Scotland in 1828. This further reduced production costs. Within a few decades, the practice was to have a 'stove' as large as the furnace next to it into which the waste gas (containing CO) from the furnace was directed and burnt. The resultant heat was used to preheat the air blown into the furnace. Apart from some production of puddled steel, English steel continued to be made by the cementation process, sometimes followed by remelting to produce crucible steel. These were batch-based processes whose raw material was bar iron, particularly Swedish oregrounds iron. The problem of mass-producing cheap steel was solved in 1855 by Henry Bessemer, with the introduction of the Bessemer converter at his steelworks in Sheffield, England. (An early converter can still be seen at the city's Kelham Island Museum). In the Bessemer process, molten pig iron from the blast furnace was charged into a large crucible, and then air was blown through the molten iron from below, igniting the dissolved carbon from the coke. As the carbon burned off, the melting point of the mixture increased, but the heat from the burning carbon provided the extra energy needed to keep the mixture molten. After the carbon content in the melt had dropped to the desired level, the air draft was cut off: a typical Bessemer converter could convert a 25-ton batch of pig iron to steel in half an hour. Finally, the basic oxygen process was introduced at the Voest-Alpine works in 1952; a modification of the basic Bessemer process, it lances oxygen from above the steel (instead of bubbling air from below), reducing the amount of nitrogen uptake into the steel. The basic oxygen process is used in all modern steelworks; the last Bessemer converter in the U.S. was retired in 1968. Furthermore, the last three decades have seen a massive increase in the mini-mill business, where scrap steel only is melted with an electric arc furnace. These mills only produced bar products at first, but have since expanded into flat and heavy products, once the exclusive domain of the integrated steelworks. Until these 19th-century developments, steel was an expensive commodity and only used for a limited number of purposes where a particularly hard or flexible metal was needed, as in the cutting edges of tools and springs. The widespread availability of inexpensive steel powered the Second Industrial Revolution and modern society as we know it. Mild steel ultimately replaced wrought iron for almost all purposes, and wrought iron is no longer commercially produced. With minor exceptions, alloy steels only began to be made in the late 19th century. Stainless steel was developed on the eve of World War I and was not widely used until the 1920s." ]

[ "Marine Mammal Stranding Center The Marine Mammal Stranding Center (established in 1978) is a private non-profit organization located in Brigantine, New Jersey. The Stranding Center's main goal is to rescue, rehabilitate, and release stranded marine mammals and sea turtles. They are the only marine stranding center in New Jersey. Since 1978, the Marine Mammal Stranding Center has rescued more than 3,500 whales, dolphins, seals, and sea turtles. Although rehabilitation is costly, over 90% of the animals rehabilitated at the Marine Mammal Stranding Center make a full recovery and are returned to the wild. As well as dealing with marine animal issues, the Marine Mammal Stranding Center operates a Sea Life Museum, houses an educational facility which includes hands-on exhibits, and offers marine ecology-based educational programs. The Stranding Center also offers internship programs." ]

[ "2000 African Cup Winners' Cup Final The 2000 CAF African Cup Winners' Cup Final was contested in two-legged home-and-away format between Zamalek and Canon Yaoundé, The first leg was hosted by Zamalek at Cairo Stadium in Cairo on 26 November 2000, while the second leg was hosted by Canon Yaoundé at Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo in Yaoundé on 10 December 2000. Zamalek won 4–3 on aggregate, earned the right to represent the CAF at the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship, as well as participate in the 2001 CAF Super Cup against Hearts of Oak; the winner of the 2000 CAF Champions League." ]

[ "Manuel J. Fernandez Manuel John \"Pete\" Fernandez, Jr. (19 April 1925 – 18 October 1980) was the third-leading American and United States Air Force ace in the Korean War. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in Korea on March 21, 1953. Pete Fernandez was born in Key West, Florida on 19 April 1925. His grandparents emigrated from Spain and spent some years on the island of Cuba before finally arriving in the United States. Fernandez was raised in a working-class environment in Miami. His father, an early amateur radio enthusiast, became chief radio operator for Pan American World Airways. Pete grew up immersed in aviation and learned to fly before he could drive, earning his private pilot's license at age fifteen. He graduated from Andrew Jackson High School in Miami, Florida in 1943. Fernandez enlisted in the Army Air Corps on February 23, 1943. On November 5, though small in stature and just a high school graduate, he entered the Aviation Cadet Program. On November 20, 1944, he was commissioned a second lieutenant and received his pilot wings through talent, determination and the enormous manpower needs of total war. In the first of many aerial teaching jobs, Fernandez served as a pilot instructor in Midland, Texas, then in San José, Guatemala and Panama, seeing no combat action during the war. He re-enlisted in the U.S. Air Force and served during the Berlin Airlift in 1948–1949. A member of the 23rd Fighter Squadron, 36th Fighter Group since November 1946, his squadron stationed at Howard Field in Panama was sent to Fürstenfeldbruck AB (air base), Germany to provide fighter cover for the slow transport aircraft that were the aerial supply operation's backbone. The 36th Fighter Group was conveyed to Europe by the carrier USS Sicily to the port of Glasgow, Scotland. The USAF Lockheed F-80 jets the group flew were assembled at Renfrew Airport and then flown to Europe. He served afterwards as a pilot instructor at Nellis AFB in Nevada and Randolph AFB in Texas. It was only after nearly a decade in uniform that Captain Fernandez finally experienced battle. His turn came in the Korean War, where he served 124 missions with the 334th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 4th Fighter-Interceptor Group, from September 1952 to May 1953. He proved to be one of the best combat aviators of his generation. Prior to Capt Fernandez' going to the Korean War, he was an advanced instructor at Nellis Air Force Base Gunnery School in Las Vegas, NV. Fernandez wanted to be part of the action in Korea and several times requested a transfer to the war. At the time the Air Force was reluctant to send its best instructors, preferring they lead the severe training regimen ongoing at Nellis. His requests were denied. Finally in frustration, Fernandez decided to begin a disobedience program. He began showing up at 5:00 AM – late, drunk, or sometimes AWOL. Ultimately the Air Force was forced into a choice, either court martial him, or send him to Korea. They sent him to Korea where he could use his extreme talents as a fighter pilot. Fernandez was a crack marksman, one of the best in the Air Force at that time in the art of deflection shooting. Fernandez used stealth and cunning to stalk MiGs rather than attacking impetuously. His modus operandi in combat was to maneuver skillfully and trigger his guns only when he had attained an optimum firing position. Like all top aces in Korea, Fernandez routinely violated Chinese air space by crossing the Yalu River into northeast China to hunt his elusive MiG quarry. He had a reputation for taking care of his comrades and not being reckless with his wingman's safety in pursuit of air victories. In Korea, he became the third highest ranking American ace with 14.5 kills. What is particularly interesting about this record is that he achieved it in a very short period of time, approximately nine months. On 13 May 1953, Fernandez was ordered out of Korea. The Air Force was in the habit of sending its aces home early to protect them, and Fernandez was then its #1 ace. Fighter piloting in war frequently carries with it a sense of great competition among the best pilots. By 18 May, Fernandez with 14.5 kills, was ahead of both Air Force Major James Jabara with 14 kills, and Air Force Capt. Joseph McConnell (one of Fernadez's past trainees) with 13 kills. Fernandez had only been in Korea 9 months, while Jabara saw 28 months and McConnell 11 months of combat. On 18 May 1953, Capt. McConnell (DSC) led a two jet mission in North Korea encountering 28 MiG-15s. It was during this last day of McConnell's tour in Korea that he destroyed three MiG's which moved him (16 air victories) ahead of both Fernandez and Jabara. On 15 July 1953, Jabara earned his last kill bringing his total to 15, and slightly ahead of Fernandez. When Fernandez returned to Nellis, he lamented that had the Air Force permitted him the two additional months, he would have maintained his #1 spot. Such was the state of their competition. Fernandez returned home at the same time as his friend Joe McConnell, the \"ace of aces\" who had finished the war with sixteen kills.", "Fernandez returned home at the same time as his friend Joe McConnell, the \"ace of aces\" who had finished the war with sixteen kills. The two fighter pilots enjoyed a hero's welcome, and were feted in city after city with parades and ceremonial keys. The newly elected president, Dwight Eisenhower, wanted to bask in their reflected glory and invited them for a private \"debriefing\" in the White House. The fighter pilots' next duty station was California. McConnell got into flight testing, a coveted billet for its excitement and career-enhancing potential, and was sent to newly christened Edwards AFB. A major Hollywood production was in the works about Captain McConnell called \"Tiger In The Sky.\" Fernandez, stationed near Los Angeles at the time, was an obvious choice to be the film's technical advisor. This billet included flying many stunts. Movie production was gearing up for shooting when suddenly, the top air ace was killed in a test accident in the Mojave Desert on August 25, 1954. The film project was retitled The McConnell Story with the tragic ending added and released in 1955. It starred actor Alan Ladd and actress June Allyson as Joe and \"Butch\" McConnell, with a cinematic result more love story than war saga. The film's tale is made more poignant knowing the movie stars fell into their own star-crossed romance—both were married to other people—even as they portrayed forlorn lovers. Allyson diligently chronicled the whole story in her 1982 autobiography. Fernandez befriended Allyson on the set and after production ended, she and her husband, actor/director Dick Powell invited the ace and his family to their California ranch. There, Pete shared his battle experiences with filmmaker Powell, whose next project was a Korean War air combat picture titled \"The Hunters\", starring legendary actor Robert Mitchum and Robert Wagner. Powell's final film was released to good reviews in 1958, and it contains much more realistic combat sequences than \"The McConnell Story.\" Fernandez and two other top Korea aces, James Jabara and Royal N. Baker, attended the movie premiere. In 1956, Fernandez had won aviation's prestigious Bendix Trophy Race by maximizing his speed and fuel consumption with old tricks learned while at war over Korea and China. There was a level playing field in the 1956 Bendix run, as all six aviators in the competition were experienced Air Force fighter pilots riding the same mount, the USAF's newest fighter, the F-100 Super Sabre. The chosen route was Los Angeles to Oklahoma City, 1,118 miles from start to finish. Though aerial refueling was approved for the first time in race history, no USAF tanker planes were available, so the competing aviators did without. This situation made their pre-race calculations all the more critical, as there would be little margin for error. Pete stayed up late the evening before the event, meticulously plotting his flight profile to wring everything he could manage from each ounce of fuel. On 31 August the six aircraft lifted off from Victorville, California at dawn, one after another, with Fernandez leading the way. When Pete's F-100 rolled past the finish line in Oklahoma City less than two hours later, there was just twenty gallons of fuel remaining in its tanks, enough to stay airborne about a minute. As in Korea, careful planning was critical to Fernandez's Bendix triumph. Fernandez next sought assignment to flight testing in an effort to make rank. As a reserve officer, Fernandez would be forced to leave the service after twenty years unless he was tracked for higher command and given a regular commission. Hence, there was significant career pressure to get promoted. Pete was chosen in 1957, to try out for Test Pilot School at Nellis Air Force Base, though with just a high school degree, he was underqualified and clearly getting a break due to his war record. Further complicating matters, Fernandez was hindered by a USAF campaign then underway to \"professionalize\" the Air Force by weeding out officers who had no higher education. (Pete's advancement from Miami teenager to military aviator had only been possible due to the Air Corps' unique and massive 1942–1947 expansion from an auxiliary Army branch into a modern air service.) At Test Pilot School, the Floridian had arrived at a critical juncture that would change the rest of his life. Finding himself scholastically unprepared for the academic challenge (the TPS curriculum had just begun to emphasize aerospace engineering), Fernandez decided to cheat on one of the entrance requirements, a calculus research project, and got caught. This act sank his future with the Air Force permanently. Pete was subsequently posted as a recruiting officer in Miami, then sent in August 1960 to Buenos Aires, Argentina as an advisor to the Argentine Air Force. He retired with the rank of major upon reaching twenty years' service in July 1, 1963. Fernandez died in a plane crash on October 18, 1980. He received obituaries in the Miami Herald and the New York Times, both of which mentioned widespread rumors that held, he had been working for the US Government after his retirement from the U.S. Air Force. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. His decorations include:   Command pilot   Armed Forces Reserve Medal   Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation   United Nations Korea Medal   Korean War Service Medal \"Citation:\"" ]

[ "Westphalia, Missouri Westphalia is a city in Osage County, Missouri, United States. The population was 389 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. Westphalia is heavily influenced by the German heritage of the majority of its inhabitants. Many of the early settlers of the area came from the Westphalia region of Germany, hence the name. Many buildings are influenced by nineteenth-century German architecture, and streets are labeled in both English and German. The center of population of Missouri is located in Westphalia. Westphalia was platted in 1835, and named after Westphalia, in Germany, the native home of a large share of the first settlers. A post office called Westphalia has been in operation since 1848. St. Joseph Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Westphalia is located at (38.440207, -91.997887). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 389 people, 166 households, and 80 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 184 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.7% White, 0.5% Asian, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population. There were 166 households of which 19.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.8% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 0.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.8% were non-families. 47.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.97 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age in the city was 51.3 years. 16.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.4% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 37.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44.5% male and 55.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 320 people, 137 households, and 84 families residing in the city. The population density was 631.9 people per square mile (242.3/km²). There were 152 housing units at an average density of 300.1 per square mile (115.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.81% White, 0.31% African American, and 1.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62% of the population. There were 137 households out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.0% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 3.02. In the city, the population was spread out with 25.9% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,833, and the median income for a family was $47,500. Males had a median income of $35,568 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,496. About 1.3% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 27.1% of those age 65 or over." ]

[ "Programme identification Programme Identification (PI) is a service provided by radio stations transmitting Radio Data System (RDS) data as part of the FM radio broadcast. The PI code allows the radio to display the name of the radio station - for example BBC Radio 1. RDS receivers decode the extra data contained within the FM radio signal to display extra information on compatible radio receivers. This information could include the name of the station, information about the programme's output - e.g. song titles, contact details (e.g. telephone numbers) or the current time. In addition to this information which the listener can see, RDS also allows listeners to stay tuned to a network whilst travelling across the service area of multiple transmitters. It also allows listeners to a particular network to benefit from cross-network travel news services, traffic flashes and for the flagging of travel-related programming. The PI Code is also used by the RadioDNS standard." ]

[ "Chile–New Zealand relations Chile–New Zealand relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Chile and New Zealand. Both nations are mutual members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Cairns Group, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations. Chile and New Zealand are two Pacific rim nations separated by over 9,100 km (5,600 miles) of distance. Both nations established diplomatic relations in 1948 and embassies were opened in each countries capitals in 1972, respectively. In 1973, Chilean General Augusto Pinochet took power in Chile after a coup d'état against the government of former Chilean President Salvador Allende. During the Chilean military dictatorship, New Zealand did not break diplomatic relations with Chile. As a result, several protests took place in the 1970s and 1980s in New Zealand against the New Zealand government maintaining diplomatic and trade relations with the military regime of Chile. Throughout the 1970s, several thousand Chilean refugees fled their country, mostly to other Latin-American countries and to Europe. During that time period, over 200 Chileans sought asylum in New Zealand. Since the end of the military dictatorship in Chile, relations between the two countries have greatly improved. Both nations have working holiday visas and have seen several official visits made by Presidents/Prime Ministers and government officials. In 1993, Chilean President Patricio Aylwin paid an official visit to New Zealand, becoming the first Latin-American head of state to visit the country. Both nations work together to combat climate change and improve global agriculture and lobby the international community to help preserve Antarctica. Chile's largest airline, LATAM Chile, operates flights between Santiago and Auckland. In 2012, New Zealand was granted Observer status for the Pacific Alliance, a regional group that includes Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Presidential visits from Chile to New Zealand Prime Ministerial visits from New Zealand to Chile In 2004, Chile and New Zealand signed a free trade agreement (along with Brunei and Singapore) known as the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4). In 2014, total trade between Chile and New Zealand amounted to $255 million USD. Chilean exports to New Zealand include: plywood, copper wire, non-dissolving chemical wood pulp, soda and sulphate. New Zealand exports to Chile include: cheese, butter and dairy spreads, seeds, fruit, and spores for sowing. New Zealand's largest company, Fonterra, owns a 99% share in Chile's largest dairy company, Soprole." ]

[ "Charles Matton Charles Matton, also known as Gabriel Pasqualini, (13 September 1931 – 19 November 2008) was a multitalented French artist: painter, sculptor, illustrator, writer, photographer, screenwriter and a movie director. In the 1970s, Matton worked with Jean-Paul Goude at \"Esquire\", working as an illustrator and a photographer. In 1983, Matton was able to show his art in Paris, and in 1987, he exhibited at the Palais de Tokyo. There, he showed what would become his famous \"Boxes\". Then, in 1989, he exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art of Paris, the Centre Georges Pompidou. During the last decade of his life, Matton showed his work all around the world, especially in New York and Los Angeles, through the Forum Gallery. After his death, his wife, Sylvie Matton, kept promoting his work and exhibitions took place in Germany and England." ]

[ "Herbert Ward (footballer) Herbert Foster Ward (24 March 1873 – 6 June 1897) was an English footballer, who played as a forward for two seasons with Southampton, and a cricketer who played as a right-handed batsman for Hampshire. Born in Hammersmith, he attended Bruce Castle School in Tottenham, before training as a schoolteacher. His teaching career took him to Handel College in Southampton. He joined Southampton St. Mary's initially as a left-Winger and played in the Saints' two FA Cup qualifying matches in November as well as friendlies and local cup matches. In 1894 Southampton were founder members of the Southern League. In the inaugural season Ward was asked to take over the role of centre forward. According to Holley & Chalk's \"Alphabet of the Saints\" he was \"\"a tireless worker at all times\"\"; he was joint top-scorer (with Charles Baker and Jack Angus) for the team for the 1894–95 season with six league goals from only nine appearances, and his goalscoring abilities earned him five Hampshire County caps, two as captain. He also made six FA Cup appearances, scoring six goals, including three in a 14–0 defeat of Newbury at the Antelope Ground on 13 October 1894; this is still Southampton's biggest victory in a competitive match. Saints reached the First Round proper for the first time, going out 1–4 to Football League First Division opponents Nottingham Forest, with Ward scoring Saints' consolation goal. In 1895 he quit football to concentrate on his cricket career. Ward made his County Championship debut for Hampshire in the first match the team played in the competition during 1895. The team acquitted themselves well, finishing in tenth place, with six wins under their belt, and Ward with three half-centuries, his first coming in the first match of the season, against Somerset. This score of 71 was the highest score of his season, not bettered until he scored his first of two career centuries, against Derbyshire in May 1896. Ward was a frequent participant in the 1896 County Championship season, leading the Hampshire attack, along with former Middlesex player, and future Hampshire captain, Charles Robson, who was also the secretary/manager of Southampton Football Club. Ward bowled frequently for Hampshire in his later seasons, picking up nineteen wickets for the team, including a best bowling analysis of 4–17 against Sussex in July 1896. Hampshire finished ninth in the 1897 County Championship table, with a negative finishing percentage. Ward died just seventeen days after his final County Cricket match, still in full flow of the 1897 cricket season, at the age of 24, possibly a club record for the shortest amount of time between an individual's final first-class fixture and their death. At first the cause of death was presumed to be sunstroke but it was subsequently diagnosed as typhoid fever. Herbert's brother, Charles Ward, cousin Leonard Ward and uncle Charles Ward were all first-class cricketers." ]

[ "Dwight Freeney Dwight Jason Freeney (born February 19, 1980) is a former American football defensive end who played 16 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Syracuse, where he earned unanimous All-American honors, and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the first round of the 2002 NFL Draft. With the Colts, Freeney won Super Bowl XLI over the Chicago Bears, and made seven Pro Bowls. He also played for the San Diego Chargers, Arizona Cardinals, Atlanta Falcons, Seattle Seahawks and Detroit Lions. Freeney was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He attended Bloomfield High School in Bloomfield, Connecticut. Freeney was a four-sport letterman, earning four letters in baseball in which he was coached by Alphonso Ford; four in basketball; three in football, in which he played both ways; and one in soccer, in which he played goalie in his freshman year before switching over to football. Freeney holds the record for sacks at his high school and used to hold the record for most sacks in a high school career in the Connecticut record book. (Record now held by Mark Evanchick of Darien HS) Bloomfield High retired his No. 44 football jersey. During his youth, Freeney idolized New York Giants linebacker Lawrence Taylor. Freeney received an athletic scholarship to attend Syracuse University, where he played for the Syracuse Orange football team from 1998 to 2001. A two-year starter for the Orangemen, he set a school record with 17.5 sacks in his senior season and his 34 career sacks rank second in school history to Tim Green (45.5). Freeney was the school's premier pass rusher, and once had a string of 17 consecutive games with at least one sack. Against Virginia Tech, Freeney sacked elusive Hokies quarterback Michael Vick 4.5 times in one game. Freeney finished his college career with 104 tackles (68 unassisted), 34 quarterback sacks, 51 tackles for a loss, and 43 quarterback pressures. He was a first-team All-Big East Conference selection in 2000 and 2001, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American following his senior season in 2001. While attending Syracuse at a then 255-pounds, Freeney was clocked at 4.40 second 40-yard dash and recorded 40-inch vertical jump. His 40-yard time remains among the fastest ever recorded for a defensive lineman. Freeney still returns to Syracuse for his summer workouts, and serves as mentor to Syracuse players, including former walk-on Josh Arrington from the 2006–2008 season. Freeney was selected by the Indianapolis Colts with the 11th selection in the 2002 NFL Draft. He set an NFL rookie record in 2002 with 9 forced fumbles, three of which occurred in a single game against former Syracuse football player, Donovan McNabb. Freeney was the runner up for the NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year award. When drafted by Indianapolis at 270 lbs, Freeney was clocked at 4.48 seconds in the 40-yard dash and the same 40 inch vertical jump. In 2004, Freeney's third season, he led the NFL with 16 sacks. At the end of his third season, Freeney's season marked him as the 3rd fastest player to achieve 40 sacks. He developed a spin move which became his trademark pass rush move. In 2006, Freeney helped the Colts defeat the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI to become NFL Champions. On February 19, 2007, the Colts placed the franchise tag on Freeney following the expiration of his rookie contract. This move allowed Bill Polian and the Colts front office time to work on a long term contract. On July 13, 2007 Freeney signed a six-year, $72 million contract with $30 million in guarantees making Freeney one of the highest paid defensive players in the NFL. Freeney was fined $20,000 by the NFL for his expletive-laced interview following the end of the Colts 2008–09 playoff campaign which ended with a 23-17 overtime playoff loss to the San Diego Chargers. The NFL cited Freeney for making \"inappropriate comments on officiating,\" according to the Indianapolis Star. Freeney, frustrated by the three defensive penalties incurred as the Chargers made their game-winning drive, told Yahoo! Sports after the game: \"Those were the worst [expletive] calls I've seen in a long time ... To have a game of that magnitude taken out of your hands, it's just disgusting. It's not like they made one [expletive] bad call -- it's three calls, in overtime ... They need to start investigating some other [expletive].\" In 2012, Freeney converted from defensive end to outside linebacker under new head coach Chuck Pagano. Due to injury and not adjusting to his position-change well, Freeney struggled and finished the season with only five sacks and 12 tackles. On February 15, 2013, Freeney was told he would not be re-signed by the Colts. Freeney left as the all-time franchise leader in sacks with 107.5, eventually being surpassed by former teammate Robert Mathis the next season. Mathis would also break Freeney's franchise record of 16 sacks in a season the following season, too, when he tallied 19.5. On May 18, 2013, Freeney signed a two-year deal with the San Diego Chargers. During the 2013 season, Freeney suffered a season-ending injury and recorded a career low with 0.5 sacks. In 2014, Freeney looked to bounce back from the previous year and did. Throughout the season, Freeney was only used as a pass rush specialist coming out only on passing downs.", "Throughout the season, Freeney was only used as a pass rush specialist coming out only on passing downs. Against the Seattle Seahawks Freeney sacked Russell Wilson, which contributed to a Chargers victory. The next week, Freeney got a sack against the Buffalo Bills. Against the 49ers, Dwight Freeney and Ricardo Mathews sacked and forced a Colin Kaepernick fumble leading to a Chargers touchdown. The next week recorded one sack against Chase Daniel and the Chiefs. Freeney finished the season with 10 tackles, 3.5 sacks, and a pass deflect. On October 12, 2015, Freeney signed a one-year, $870,000 deal with the Arizona Cardinals, with the incentive to receive a $200,000 bonus with four sacks and then would receive $100,000 for each sack thereafter, with a maximum of 12. Freeney was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week for Week 16, in which he had three sacks and a forced fumble, the first time he had three sacks in a game since 2006. Coincidentally, former Colts teammate Robert Mathis won AFC Defensive Player of the Week for the same week. Freeney appeared in nine games during the 2015 season, totaling 8.0 sacks (leading the team) and three forced fumbles. On August 2, 2016, Freeney signed a one-year deal with the Atlanta Falcons. He played in 15 games, totaling three sacks. The Falcons won the NFC Championship to advance to Super Bowl LI, bringing Freeney to his third career Super Bowl. Freeney had one sack in the big game, although the Falcons lost to the Patriots by a score of 34–28. On October 24, 2017, Freeney signed a one-year deal with the Seattle Seahawks. After playing in four games recording three sacks, Freeney was released by the Seahawks on November 21, 2017. On November 22, 2017, Freeney was claimed off waivers by the Detroit Lions. Freeney announced his retirement on April 19, 2018, after signing a ceremonial one day contract with the Colts to retire as a member of the team he spent the majority of his career with. On March 28, 2012, his financial advisor was arrested and charged with embezzling $2.2 million from Freeney. In 2015, Freeney sued Bank of America for $20 million claiming he trusted the bank's wealth management division with the assets." ]

[ "Austro-Hungarian General Staff The Imperial and Royal General Staff () of Austria-Hungary was part of the Ministry of War. It was headed by the Chief of the General Staff for the Whole Armed Forces (\"Chef des Generalstabes für die gesamte bewaffnete Macht\"), who had direct access to the Emperor. The general staff was responsible for planning and preparations, while the \"Armeeoberkommando\" (AOK) was the operational high command. In fact, since the AOK was under the direct command of the Emperor and the Chief of the General Staff was his chief adviser, in practice the AOK was under the control of the Chief of the General Staff. † denotes people who died in office." ]

[ "Antonio Ibáñez Freire Antonio Ibáñez Freire (25 September 1913 – 9 May 2003) was a Spanish politician and military commander. He was minister of the interior of Spain from April 1979 to May 1980. He was born in Vitoria. After passing the Military Academy of Zaragoza, he was appointed lieutenant of infantry and participated in the Spanish Civil War revolting against the Second Spanish Republic. Later, he enlisted as a volunteer in the Blue Division taking part in the Second World War, in which he was awarded the Iron Cross by Nazi Germany. He was civil governor of the province of Santander in 1960 and occupied the same position in Vizcaya (1961) and Barcelona (1963). In 1978, he was appointed Captain General of the Fourth Military Region. In April 1979, he was appointed minister of interior to the cabinet led by prime minister Adolfo Suárez. Freire replaced Rodolfo Martín as interior minister. Freire was in office until May 1980 and Juan José Rosón replaced him in the post." ]

[ "Beaverdell Beaverdell is an unincorporated settlement in the Monashee Country of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada, which lies to the east of the Okanagan Valley and north of the Boundary Country region. It is located midway along the West Kettle River between Kelowna and Rock Creek along British Columbia Highway 33. Beaverdell was originally named Beaverton, but when its post office was amalgamated with that of nearby Rendell, the names of the two locations were combined into Beaverdell. It is the namesake of the Beaverdell Range, which is on the settlement's east side and is the mountain spine lying between the West Kettle River and the Kettle River. K-3 schooling in the community is provided by Beaverdell Elementary School. Rock Creek Elementary school serves the community to grade 7, and Midway Secondary School provides grades 8–12. These small communities go to school from Monday to Thursday each week. Beaverdell has one of the highest diurnal temperature variations in Canada. In addition, this community has the highest diurnal temperature variation in Canada from June through September by means of the dry and sunny climate, valley bottom location, relatively high elevation, and the surrounding geography. Frost can occur even in the middle of Summer. The daily temperature swings during the winter are less varied thanks to the presence of valley cloud. Despite its proximity to Kelowna, Beaverdell receives about 25% more rain, due to orographic precipitation induced by its higher elevation within the Okanagan Highland. However, it receives less precipitation than Grand Forks, which is lower and has more desert like vegetation" ]

[ "Prasterone sulfate Prasterone sulfate (brand names Astenile, Levospa, Mylis, Teloin), also known as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), is a naturally occurring androstane steroid which is marketed and used in Japan as a labor inducer in the treatment of insufficient cervical ripening and dilation during childbirth. It is the C3β sulfate ester of prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA), and is known to act as a prohormone of DHEA and by extension of androgens and estrogens, although it also has its own activity as a neurosteroid. Prasterone sulfate is used medically as the sodium salt via injection and is referred to by the name sodium prasterone sulfate ()." ]

[ "J. R. Worsley J. R. Worsley (14 September 1923 – 2 June 2003) was a British acupuncturist who is credited with bringing five element acupuncture, also known as 'classical acupuncture' or 'traditional acupuncture' (to distinguish it from the more widely known traditional Chinese medicine style), to the West. For many years he resided in the UK, where he opened the College of Traditional Chinese Acupuncture, which trained many of the leading five element practitioners practising today, including Dianne Connelly and Bob Duggan, who founded the Tai Sophia Institute (formerly the Traditional Acupuncture Institute) in Laurel, Maryland, United States. Tai Sophia has gained university status and is now named the Maryland University of Integrative Health. Worsley was also responsible for starting the Academy for Five Element Acupuncture (AFEA), currently in Gainesville, Florida. This college was founded as the Worsley Institute and was located in Miami Lakes, Florida for many years, where Worsley and his wife lived. This college was non-profit and was led by Dorit Reznik for several years. In later years, the professor had ties to the acupuncture training school in Boulder, Colorado. Today, his wife, Judy Becker Worsley, carries on the five element acupuncture tradition, training and certifying practitioners in schools she endorses. J. R. Worsley's influence was widely cited by others within the five element tradition, including Peter Eckman, author of \"In the Footsteps of the Yellow Emperor.\"" ]

[ "Alesa Dolino Alesa Dolino (born 26 October 1992) is a Filipino women's international footballer who plays as a defender. She is a member of the Philippines women's national football team. She was part of the team at the 2015 AFF Women's Championship and 2016 AFF Women's Championship. She played for the collegiate team of the Far Eastern University (FEU) in Philippines. With FEU she won the 2015 PFF Women's Cup and scored two goals including one at the final and became the best player overall and Best Defender/MVP of the championships. After graduating from FEU in 2016, Dolino joined OutKast F.C. which participated in the inaugural season of the PFF Women's League. Dolino is also part of the Philippines' 2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup squad." ]

[ "Chalk Farm Road Chalk Farm Road is a street in the Camden Town area of London. There is a widespread misapprehension that the road that runs through Camden Market is part of Camden High Street, but it is actually Chalk Farm Road. Camden Market is a major centre for the retailing of street fashions and other goods targeted at teenagers and young adults, and Chalk Farm Road has an alternative culture atmosphere. The street is part of the route from central London to Hampstead. It is a continuation of Camden High Street, and begins at the Bridge over Regent's Canal. Chalk Farm underground station is at the northern end which is on the Northern line. Entertainment venues in Chalk Farm Road include The Roundhouse, which occupies a former railway shed. Pink Floyd played the first ever show there in 1966 and it was the venue for the only UK gig by The Doors." ]

[ "Xenophilia Xenophily or xenophilia means an affection for unknown/foreign objects or people. It is the opposite of xenophobia or xenophoby. The word is a modern coinage from the Greek \"xenos\" () (stranger, unknown, foreign) and \"philia\" () (love, attraction), though the word itself is not found in classical Greek. In biology xenophily includes, for example, the acceptance by an insect of an introduced foreign plant closely related to the normal host. Xenophily is distinguished from xenophagy (or allotrophy), and is less common than xenophoby. Early 20th century entomologists incorrectly concluded that the evolution of the glandular terminal disk was a function of xenophily, following its discovery in myrmecophilous larvae. Cultural xenophilia according to some sources can be connected with cultural cringe, or the feeling that one's own culture is inferior. It may also be area-specific, such as led the Romans to believe that Greeks were better than Romans at music, art and philosophy, but evidently not better at military matters. George Washington, in his 1796 Farewell Address, described the influence of attachment of one nation for another, which he saw as negative: So likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions; by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld. And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite nation), facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding, with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions, to practice the arts of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils. Such an attachment of a small or weak towards a great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. Xenophilia is a theme found in science fiction, primarily the space opera subgenre, in which one explores the consequences of love and sexual intercourse between humans and extraterrestrials, particularly humanoid ones. A satirical example is \"XXXenophile,\" an X-rated comic book written by Phil Foglio. A more somber example is the relationship of Sarek and Amanda Grayson (Spock's parents) in \"Star Trek\". In the Mass Effect (series) of video games, there are also multiple examples of xenophilia between the main character Commander Shepard and his or her alien shipmates. In the book \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\", a character named Xenophilius Lovegood (the father of one of Harry Potter's more eccentric friends, Luna Lovegood) is characterized by his interest in unusual or unknown objects, animals, and concepts – as his name unmistakably implies. The film \"Watermelon Man\" centers in part on a white man trying to have sex with a white woman he works with. His efforts fail until he is magically turned into an African American, at which point she is more than willing to sleep with him. It is only the following day that the protagonist realizes, to his horror, that the woman is a xenophile and only had sex with him because of his race; she had no interest in him as a person." ]

[ "Dutch Schirick Harry Ernest \"Dutch\" Schirick (June 15, 1890 – November 12, 1968) was a pinch hitter in Major League Baseball. He had one plate appearance for the St. Louis Browns on September 17, 1914, as a pinch hitter. With the hometown Browns down 12-2 in the bottom of the ninth to the Washington Senators, Schirick walked for pitcher Allan Sothoron, who coincidentally was also making his major league debut in the game. Schirick was born June 15, 1890 in Ruby, New York. He studied law at Cornell University, where he was a member of the \"Quill and Dagger Society\". He played the position of catcher and was captain of the baseball team. Hughie Jennings managed the Cornell baseball team and recommended Schirick to Branch Rickey, who signed him for the St. Louis Browns. Schirick (whose records do not show him playing for any other pro team, even in the minors) is one of only five MLB players with one distinction: he drew a walk in his only plate appearance and did not play in the field. (The most famous of these five: Eddie Gaedel.) Schirick is also credited with stealing two bases, presumably second and third, since he is not credited with scoring a run. However, with the Senators up by 10 runs in the ninth, under modern scoring practices Schirick would have been credited with advancing to these bases via defensive indifference. After one season, and one time at bat, Schirick declined an offer to go the minors, and decided to pursue a career in law. In 1921 he organized a semi-professional team, the Colonels, in Kingston, New York. Major league teams would, on occasion, play exhibition games against the Kingston Colonels, and would sometimes recruit local talent. Bud Culloton became a pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was also involved in local politics and was Chairman of the Ulster County Democratic Party in 1927. In 1932 he was a New York delegate to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Schirick served as a New York Supreme Court judge for the Third District from 1935 to 1961. Judge Harry Schirick died in Kingston, November 12, 1968 and is buried in Mount Marion Cemetery, Mount Marion, New York." ]

[ "Maryland state budget Maryland has an annual budget of 43.6 $ billion, it is administered to manage government operations and for county operations The income for Maryland budget is received form Corporate tax, Sales taxes, residents income taxes and resident property tax in the United States and tariffs. Marylands budget is invested in the following departments: The portion Maryland's budget invested in University System of Maryland is $5.48 billion. USM is a public corporation and charter school system comprising 12 Maryland institutions of higher education, this budget is distributed among its universities: Another portion of the budget is invested in its 23 counties: Montgomery County has a budget of $2.3 billion, of it, $1.48 billions are invested in Montgomery County Public Schools and $128 million are invested in Montgomery College, while US$40,658,903[ are invested in Montgomery County Public Libraries. Other departaments where the budget is used are Montgomery County Police Department, Montgomery County Fire and Rescue Service, Department of Recreation, Government budget balance in 2018 present a gap between budget proposed and Maryland income of $250 million. In 2018 there is no surplus in Maryland finances." ]

[ "EHA101 EHA101 was one of the first and most widely used \"Agrobacterium\" helper plasmid for plant gene transfer. Created in 1985 in the laboratory of Mary-Dell Chilton at Washington University in St. Louis, it was named after the graduate student who constructed it. The EH stands for \"Elizabeth Hood\" and A for \"\"Agrobacterium\"\". The EHA101 helper strain is a derivative of A281, the hypervirulent \"A. tumefaciens\" strain that causes large, fast-growing tumors on solanaceous plants. This strain is used for moving genes of interest into many hundreds of species of plants all over the world. For recalcitrant crops such as maize, wheat, and rice, the EHA helper strains are often employed for gene transfer. These strains are efficient at promoting T-DNA transfer because of the hypervirulence of the vir genes suggesting that a higher success rate can be achieved on these \"hard to transform\" crops or cultivars. The chromosomal background of EHA101 is C58C1, a cured nopaline strain. The helper strains were derived from A281, which is A136(pTiBo542). A281 was genetically engineered through a double crossover, site-directed deletion to yield EHA101, a T-DNA deleted strain useful for target gene transfer into plants. EHA101 is resistant to kanamycin by way of an npt I gene in place of T-DNA. The parent strain, A281, does not show antibiotic resistances at higher levels than normal \"A. tumefaciens\" strains. Moreover, other transconjugant strains in the C58C1 background, do not show these increased resistances to antibiotics. Therefore, these characteristics are not simply a manifestation of the chromosomal background, but most likely an interaction of this Ti plasmid and the C58 chromosomal background. The npt I gene in place of the T-DNA in EHA101 requires that binary plasmids that are put into the strain encode a drug resistance other than kanamycin. Strains EHA105 was generated from EHA101 through site-directed deletion of the kanamycin resistance gene from the Ti plasmid, otherwise the strains are identical. This latter strain has been useful to plant biotechnologists who use kanamycin as a selectable marker on their binary plasmids." ]

[ "Eugénie Djendi Eugénie Malika Djendi (1918 – 18 January 1945) was a French heroine of World War II who served in the Special Operations Executive and was executed by the Nazi government. Djendi was born in 1918 and she lived with her parents in Bône, a former French département in Algeria, where in 1942 she joined the \"Corps Féminin des Transmissions\" (Women's Signal Corps) set up by General Lucien Merlin, and known as \"Merlinettes\" after their creator. Other recruits were Marie-Louise Cloarec, Pierrette Louin and Suzanne Mertzizen. All four were sent for training at Staouéli, near Algiers. When a call went out for radio specialists all four women volunteered and were sent to London for further training as radio operatives. The course, at St Albans and Manchester, covered such things as parachuting, management of explosives and unarmed combat as well as basic radio transmission. She was given false papers in the name of Jacqueline Dubreuil and prepared to be sent back to France as part of Mission Berlin. She flew from Tempsford airfield in a Halifax on 7 April 1944 and parachuted with two male colleagues into the area of Sully-sur-Loire, where she established radio contact with London and Algeria. They were arrested by the police the following day in possession of their radio equipment and she was later sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where she made contact with fellow operatives Marie-Louise Cloarec Pierrette Louin and Suzanne Mertzizen who arrived 8 August 1944. After their demands to be transferred to a Prisoner of War camp were denied, the four women were executed by firing squad on 18 January 1945 and their bodies burnt and buried in the nearby forest. Djendi was declared \"morte pour la France\" and posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre avec Palme and the Medal of the Resistance. She is commemorated by a garden in Paris (Le jardin Eugénie-Djendi) and her name is inscribed with those of her colleagues on the Tempsford Memorial in Bedfordshire." ]

[ "Troy, North Carolina Troy is a town in Montgomery County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,189 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Montgomery County. The short story by Charles W. Chesnutt, called \"The Sheriff's Children,\" is set in Troy. The Hotel Troy, Montgomery County Courthouse, and Troy Residential Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On November 06, 2018, Sherri Harris Allgood was elected as mayor of Troy, NC. Allgood became the first female elected for the position as well as the first African American. Her win was historic as she unseated the previous mayor who held the position for 19 consecutive terms, amounting to a 38-year tenure. Mayor Sherri Harris Allgood was sworn in on December 03, 2018 at the Troy Town Hall. Sherri Harris Allgood is the twelfth mayor of Troy, NC. On November 6th, 2018, long-time mayor of Troy, North Carolina, Roy J. Maness suffered a catastrophic loss. Maness was the eleventh mayor of Troy and held the position for nineteen consecutive terms, a tenure of nearly four decades. Maness was sworn in during December 1979 and left office in December 2018. Maness is currently the oldest living and one of the longest serving mayors of Troy. He is known for his nickname “Recount Roy.” Troy is located at (35.360420, -79.896412). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and 0.34% is water. Troy, along with most of Montgomery County, lies within the Uwharrie National Forest. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,189 people, 1,115 households, and 704 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,156.8 people per square mile (445.9/km²). There were 1,209 housing units at an average density of 407.7 per square mile (157.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 58.9% White, 31.8% African American, 0.73% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 3.32% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.3% of the population. There were 1,108 households out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% were married couples living together, 20.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.04. In the town, the population was spread out with 21.6% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 35.0% from 25 to 44, 16.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.7 years. Male population makes up 37% with a median age of 34.1 years. The female population makes up 63% with a median age of 37.7 years. The median income for a household in the town was $22,933, and the median income for a family was $33,984. Males had a median income of $29,500 versus $19,861 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,420. About 20.9% of families and 24.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.8% of those under age 18 and 26.1% of those age 65 or over. Of the 1,115 occupied housing units, 46.7% are owner-occupied housing units while 53.3% are renter-occupied housing units. Montgomery Community College Montgomery County Central High School (planned completion 2019) Montgomery Learning Academy Page Street Elementary" ]

[ "Lin Ben Yuan Family The Lin Ben Yuan Family (; rōmaji: \"Rin Hon Gen\"), also known as the Banqiao Lin Family (), are a Taiwanese family of businesspeople, politicians, and scholars. They rose from Banqiao, Taipei during the era of the Qing dynasty and are still active in present Taiwan. In June 2008, \"Forbes\" ranked Lin Ming-cheng as the 20th-richest person in Taiwan. He is a member of the seventh generation of the family and the chairman of Hua Nan Financial Holdings. The family was descended from Lin Ying-yin (林應寅) who moved from Longxi (龍溪), Zhangzhou, Fujian province, mainland China to Xinzhuang of Qing-era Taiwan in 1784. His second son, , accompanied him in search of opportunities in the new frontier. Lin Ying-yin became a teacher while Lin Ping-Hou managed to work for a rice merchant. Recognizing his diligence and penchant for business, he was given the opportunity to start his own rice trading firm which sparked the beginning of his wealth and fortune. With the wealth created from the rice business, he expanded into other commodity trades and invested in real estate. In later years, Lin Ping-hou divided his portfolio of businesses into five separately owned and managed entities for his five sons. The entities were named \"Yin\" (飲), \"Shui\" (水), \"Ben\" (本), \"Si\" (思) and \"Yuan\" (源), which is a meaningful proverb and a strong family value. It literally means to always remember the source of the water which we are drinking; a constant reminder to be grateful and respectful of the origins, ancestry or reasons for the favourable or better current conditions. From the eldest to the youngest, the sons were Lin Guodong (林國棟), Lin Guoren (林國仁), Lin Guohua (林國華), Lin Guoying (林國英), and Lin Guofang (林國芳). Two of the brothers, Lin Guohua and Lin Guofang, who were, respectively, the third and fifth children, united their business entities they had received, Ben and Yuan, and so the family name became \"Lin Ben Yuan\". In 1819, Lin Ping-hou built \"Lin Shi Yi Zhuang\" (), a charitable home and organization for the less fortunate people back in his home town in China. This home has been restored and has become a historical landmark. The Lin Family Mansion and Garden, the house of the family in Taiwan, is a typical Chinese garden which was appointed as a national monument. The Lin Family Mansion in Gulangyu Island, Xiamen, China was built in 1895 by Lim Nee Kar (林爾嘉; \"Lin Erjia\"), second son of Lin Wei Yuan. The mansion became a boutique hotel in 2010. The buildings are under conservation by government's mandate and have preserved much of its architecture and magnificence. Accompanying the mansion is Shuzhuang Garden (菽莊花園) which is at the southern tip of Gulangyu Island. It was also created by Lim Nee Kar in 1913 as he had wanted to recreate the family's garden in Taiwan which he dearly missed. In 1955, this garden was donated to the Chinese government and opened to public." ]

[ "Gunki monogatari , or \"war tales,\" is a category of Japanese literature written primarily in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods that focus on wars and conflicts, especially the civil wars that took place between 1156 and 1568. Examples of this genre include the \"Hōgen Monogatari\" and the \"Heiji Monogatari.\" The most well known \"gunki monogatari\" is \"Heike Monogatari\". Unlike their Heian counterparts such as \"Genji Monogatari\", many of the medieval warrior tales have no identifiable authors and are generally composed by multiple people. The authors did not write the stories entirely from start to end but instead edited and re-wrote them multiple times. There were two forms in which \"gunki monogatari\" were transmitted: through \"yomimono\" (written texts) and through recitation by blind priests known as biwa hōshi. The oral practices had a ritual component, as they were thought to restore order to society and pacify the angry souls of warriors killed in battle, but they also functioned as wayside entertainment. Historically, warrior tales have achieved much acclaim through their recitations accompanied by the lute, hence leading to the widespread misconception that gunki monogataris were originally written for the exclusive purpose of memorization and recitation. However, comparisons of carefully preserved original manuscripts reveal that the \"Heike monogatari\", the most famous war tale, was originally written pseudo-historically to chronicle the battle between the Minamoto and Taira families. In formulating this tale, the author borrowed heavily from existing oral narratives as well as diaries and other historical records. Since the original record was written to be read, not recited, it had to be revised for recitation. The current authoritative copy of the Heike is a result of transcriptions of these oral recitations. The medieval war tales are written in a mix of Japanese and Chinese; the prose was Japanese but included numerous Chinese phrases, as opposed to mid-Heian warrior tales, which were composed in kanbun (Chinese prose). Although the texts are primarily written in prose, they also include occasional poems, usually waka. Another key difference between medieval war tales and their predecessors is that Heian literature takes the form of historical records while medieval tales truly fall under the category of monogatari. While both often focus around a sole warrior who caused a major societal disturbance, the medieval war tales have a unique focus on the personal thoughts and experiences of individual warriors. Heian literature focuses on the capital's view of provincial disturbances, but medieval war tales shift their perspective to focus on those actually involved with the war, often sympathizing with the defeated warriors. The authors of gunki monogatari do not hesitate to sympathize with the warriors or moralize about their actions. The general form of the warrior narrative usually consists of three parts, describing respectively the causes of the war, the battles themselves, and the war's aftermath. The texts are generally episodic, broken up into numerous small tales often focusing on select incidents or warriors. This is a result of the text's oral transmission. The battle scenes themselves also reflect a connection with oral practices. For example, if we examine different versions of the \"Heike monogatari\", we can see that earlier versions, such as the \"Shibu kassenjō\", included only a general description of the battle itself, while later versions include individual warrior's actions. Furthermore, the later tales transform the warriors from human figures into idealized heroes who embody the warrior ethic. These later accounts are probably fictional, a result of the tendency of oral tales to use real people and events and integrate them with prescribed themes to create effective performances. Thus the warrior tales are a mixture of historical fact and dramatic fiction. We can also draw links between the oral traditions and the manner in which these battle scenes are conducted. Battle scenes commonly include descriptions of the warrior's clothing and armor, which is used both as a means of identifying the warrior and as a means of describing the warrior's personality. These descriptions were formulaic, but still effectively described the individual warrior's attributes. Another part of the warrior scenes was the hero announcing his name, a speech which included not merely his personal name and title, but also his familial connections and accomplishments. The \"gunki monogatari\" puts a great deal of emphasis on the warrior ethic. This moral system includes, first of all, loyalty to one's lord and being valiant in the face of certain death. This is manifest in the self-sacrificial spirit of Heike Monogatari's Sanemori, who despite his age, repeatedly turns back to engage the enemy so as to protect the retreating Heike forces. This loyalty is firmly tied to the concept of personal honor; warriors would rather die and be praised posthumously than live on with a tainted name. The code of honor also rejects compassion when it conflicts with duty. This is illustrated in \"Heike monogatari\" when a young Genji warrior Yukishige turns on Takahashi and kills him despite the fact that the latter had just spared his life on account of Yushikige's youthful resemblance to his own son. While pity for a youthful enemy on account of fatherly affection is a common refrain in the plot of gunki monogatari, Yushikige's single-minded loyalty to his camp at the expense of compassion is arguably closer to the rigid concept of honor espoused by the warrior class.", "While pity for a youthful enemy on account of fatherly affection is a common refrain in the plot of gunki monogatari, Yushikige's single-minded loyalty to his camp at the expense of compassion is arguably closer to the rigid concept of honor espoused by the warrior class. This rigid adherence to the code of loyalty is echoed in the famous Atsumori-Naozane episode, where the exhortations of the warrior ethic outweigh Naozane's regret and forces his hand to kill. Besides prescribing the \"right\" moral code to pursue, warrior ethics also restrict and dictate warriors' actions on more superficial levels. For example, cutting off the heads of enemies as war trophies was considered the norm in the battlefield but condemned as unchivalrous if the enemy had already surrendered. The warrior ethic dictates a set course of action that warriors ought to pursue regardless of their personal sentiments or inclinations. An example of this is the classic battle between 'duty' and 'desire' which plays out in Atsumori's story in Heike Monogatari. Nevertheless, the aberrations between the actions of different characters in various versions of the war tales betray differences in the way various editors and authors perceived the ideal warrior ethic; hence we must refrain from drawing definite conclusions about the fixed nature of the warrior ethic. The other chief value system that governs the ethic of \"gunki monogatari\" is Buddhism. First of all, it is important to note that Buddhism and the warrior ethic are not seen as necessarily opposed to each other. Despite their inherent differences, the \"gunki monogatari\" ethic represents a sort of combination of the two. This is possible primarily because the form of Buddhism espoused by \"gunki monogatari\" is Amida Buddhism, which teaches that anyone who repents for their sins and calls on Amida Buddha can be reborn in his Western Paradise and achieve enlightenment from there. This belief allows warriors, even as they commit acts of violence, to call on Amida's name. Furthermore, pursuing enlightenment in this life, according to Amida Buddhism, is impossible because of the deterioration of Buddhist law on earth (mappō). Key Buddhist ideas in the \"gunki monogatari\" include karma, the idea that current circumstances are punishments or rewards for past actions, and impermanence, the idea that all things on this earth cannot last long. These themes appear overtly in short sermon-like interjections in the text. \"Heike monogatari\", in particular, can be conceived of as one long sermon on Buddhism." ]

[ "Stefan Doernberg Stefan Doernberg (21 June 1924 – 3 May 2010) was a writer, secondary school teacher and Researcher of Contemporary History as well as the final director of International Relations Institute for the Academy of the State and Jurisprudence (ASR in German) for the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). He was the East German ambassador to Finland from 1981 to 1987. Doernberg was born the son of an official of the KPD. In 1935, he and his parents emigrated to the Soviet Union where he attended the Karl Liebknecht School. In 1939, he joined the KJVD and received his \"Abitur\" in Moscow. On the day of Operation Barbarossa, he joined the Red Army. He was temporarily interned in a work camp in the Urals because of his German origins but he returned from his stay there to the front after schooling in the Comintern. As a Lieutenant in the 8th Guards Army he participated in the battles in the Ukraine, Poland, and Berlin." ]

[ "1999 Ryder Cup The 33rd Ryder Cup Matches, also known as the \"Battle of Brookline\", were held September 24–26, 1999, in the United States at The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts, a suburb southwest of Boston. The American team won the competition by a margin of 14½ to 13½, The Europeans, leading 10–6 heading into the final round, needed only 4 points on the final day to retain the cup. The Americans rallied on the Sunday, winning the first 6 matches of the day to surge into the lead. Further wins by Steve Pate and Jim Furyk took them into a 14–12 lead. The Americans recaptured the Ryder Cup when Justin Leonard halved his match with José María Olazábal. With the match all-square Leonard holed a 45-foot birdie putt on the 17th hole. Olazabal then missed his 22-foot birdie putt to leave Leonard one up with just one hole to play, assuring him of a half point and guaranteeing an American victory. The behavior of both U.S. spectators and the U.S. team was criticized by both American and European media. U.S. spectators raucously heckled and abused European players. Allegations were also made regarding cheating on the part of course marshals. Notoriously, the U.S. team raucously invaded the 17th green after Leonard had holed his long putt but before Olazábal had attempted his shorter putt. The incident was viewed by many as appalling sportsmanship, and an unpleasant ending to a Ryder Cup many in both the USA and Europe felt was not played in the spirit that Samuel Ryder had intended. Veteran broadcaster Alistair Cooke described the last day of the tournament as \"a date that will live in infamy\" in a \"Letter from America\" entitled \"The arrival of the golf hooligan\". The American win was the largest final day come-from-behind victory in Ryder Cup history, although Europe achieved the same feat in 2012. It is widely regarded as one of the most impressive come-from-behind victories in recent sports history. This was one of the last public appearances of Payne Stewart, who died in a plane crash less than a month later. Members of the U.S. team spoke out in press conferences in what appeared to be a blatant attempt to bait certain members of the European team into a confrontational response. Jeff Maggert being one of the worst offenders when (at the time ranked 18 in the world) lavishly and outspokenly said \"lets face it, we've got the worlds' 12 best players\". Colin Montgomerie was one of the first to respond detailing \"You want someone to bite?, well I'm not going to!\" Payne Stewart also claimed by the strength of the European team, they should be caddying for the U.S. team not playing against them. The bad atmosphere continued into the week with the American fans heckling and abusing the European players. Colin Montgomerie's father left the course due to the amount of abuse that his son was receiving, and a fan spat at Mark James's wife. Montgomerie in particular came in for abuse: throughout his Sunday singles game with Payne Stewart when fans heckled him, Stewart would get marshals to eject them. Stewart eventually picked his ball up on the 18th fairway and conceded the match out of courtesy to Montgomerie. Allegations of cheating were also levelled at a course marshall, who allegedly concealed Andrew Coltart's lost ball until five minutes had elapsed, and he had been given a one stroke penalty. Analysis of the event in its aftermath concluded that the U.S. team and their fans' behavior throughout the matches had been unacceptable which led to apologies from many of the American players. Many American journalists conceded that the matches had become so intense to the point that they were no longer being played in the spirit that Samuel Ryder had intended. The American press were unusually critical of their side: The Washington Post stated that \"It seems an American team can't get through an international competition without acting like jackasses at some point\" and The Los Angeles Times described the American team as having \"violated every principle of proper golf decorum and decent manners.\" In the Sunday singles, Justin Leonard playing José María Olazábal in the ninth match of the order arrived at the green all square with at that point the U.S. team having 14 points and only requiring Leonard's point or half a point to make the remarkable comeback complete. Putting first from over 40 feet from the hole, he sank the putt meaning if Jose didn't hole his putt of roughly 25 feet then USA would be guaranteed victory as Leonard would be 1up with one hole to play thus gaining at least half a point. When Leonard's putt went in, almost the entire U.S. team and some fans ran onto the green to congratulate him being completely oblivious to the fact should Olazábal hole his putt then the match would technically still not be over. Many of the players and camera crew who ran onto the green to film the incident allegedly walked over the putting line of Olazábal which goes against the etiquette of golf, however no video evidence exists to prove either way. This incident was met with extreme criticism from the worlds' watching media accusing the Americans of bad sportsmanship. Many of the European players were extremely critical of their actions including Sam Torrance, one of the vice captains, calling the American's behavior \"disgusting\".", "Many of the European players were extremely critical of their actions including Sam Torrance, one of the vice captains, calling the American's behavior \"disgusting\". Tom Lehman, who was singled out as one of the worst offenders, admitted the U.S. team had been more than over-exuberant on the final day of the competition and apologized on the team's behalf. The Country Club, located in Brookline, Massachusetts, is one of the oldest country clubs in the United States. It was one of the five charter clubs which founded the United States Golf Association, and has hosted numerous USGA tournaments including the U.S. Open in 1913, won by then-unknown Francis Ouimet. The club is one of the largest of its kind in the northeastern U.S., with about 1300 members. The 33rd Ryder Cup Matches were covered live in the United States for all five sessions. USA Network covered the Friday action, with Bill Macatee and Peter Kostis in the 18th tower. The weekend was covered live by NBC Sports, with Dick Enberg and Johnny Miller in the 18th tower, Dan Hicks calling holes, and on-course reporters Gary Koch, Mark Rolfing, Roger Maltbie, and John Schroeder. Jim Gray conducted interviews, and on the final day was also used as a fifth on-course reporter. On the weekend, former European Ryder Cup captain Bernard Gallacher was brought in as a guest analyst to provide a European perspective. In the UK, BBC and Sky Sports both had a presence, with Peter Alliss and Ewen Murray being the lead broadcaster for each. The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format used from 1991 to 2002 was as follows: With a total of 28 points, 14½ points were required to win the Cup, and 14 points were required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes. The 1999 European Team Points Table began in September 1998, and concluded on August 22, 1999, after the BMW International Open. The top 10 players in the Points Table qualified automatically for the team. Captain Mark James then left out the number 11 player Robert Karlsson and the experienced (but out-of-form) Bernhard Langer by instead selecting Andrew Coltart and Jesper Parnevik as the two 'wild card' players to round out the team. Captains picks are shown in yellow; the world rankings and records are at the start of the 1999 Ryder Cup. The 1999 U.S. Ryder Cup Team was chosen on the basis of points compiled by the PGA of America, early 1998, through the 81st PGA Championship, August 12–15, 1999. Points were awarded for top-10 finishes at PGA Tour co-sponsored or sanctioned events, with added emphasis on major championships and events played during the Ryder Cup year. The top 10 finishers on the points list automatically qualified for the 12-member team, and U.S. Captain Ben Crenshaw selected the final two players—Steve Pate and Tom Lehman. Captains picks are shown in yellow; the world rankings and records are at the start of the 1999 Ryder Cup. Paul Lawrie hit the opening tee shot to begin the 33rd Ryder Cup Matches. The Americans got off to a good start when Tom Lehman chipped in at the first hole, but the matches quickly swung toward Europe's favor. With the Americans' top two pairings losing, the Europeans gained confidence, finding a dynamic duo in Jesper Parnevik and Sergio García. Lee Westwood and Darren Clarke defeated Tiger Woods and David Duval, the top two players in the world rankings. Woods missed a short eagle putt at the 14th that would have squared the match, while Westwood hit a fantastic chip shot at the final hole to secure victory. Both Duval and Woods were shut out on day one. The day's best match, and arguably the best team match of the week, pitted Parnevik and García against Phil Mickelson and Jim Furyk. Parnevik holed out for eagle at the par-4 eighth, putting him and García a combined 6-under-par for the match, but just 1 up. At the 13th, Furyk chipped in from near a pond to square the match, giving the American fans a chance to go into a frenzy. At the next hole, Garcia pitched in for an eagle from just the right of the green at the par 5, putting Europe back in front. At the 16th hole, with the Americans 1 down, Mickelson hit his tee shot inside of four feet from the hole. He was left with the short putt to square the match, but missed it, and the Americans continued to trail. At the final hole, Mickelson again put the ball within five feet of the hole, but again missed the putt, leaving the Americans with an agonizing 1 down loss, and keeping Parnevik and García unbeaten. Tiger Woods won his first match of the week, teaming with new partner Steve Pate. Woods eagled 14 while Pate hit a shot from the rough at the 18th to within 15 feet to secure the win over Pádraig Harrington and Miguel Ángel Jiménez. Jesper Parnevik and Sergio García won their third straight match, dominating the back nine to handily beat Justin Leonard and Payne Stewart. The final match on the course pitted Jeff Maggert and Hal Sutton against Colin Montgomerie and Paul Lawrie.", "The final match on the course pitted Jeff Maggert and Hal Sutton against Colin Montgomerie and Paul Lawrie. Maggert took the match into his hands in the final holes, making a long birdie putt at 17 to put the Americans in front, then sealing the win by hitting his approach within 5 feet at the final hole. With the Americans desperate to climb back into the contest, Captain Ben Crenshaw changed up some pairings in hope of making up at least two points. After playing with Maggert during the first three sessions, Sutton teamed with Leonard, but could only produce a half against the Spanish duo of Miguel Angel Jiménez and José María Olazábal. Woods and Pate played together again, facing Montgomerie and Lawrie. Pate chipped in for birdie at the first hole, just as Lehman had done the day before, also while playing with Woods. However, the world #1 missed key putts on the back nine and lost for the third time in four matches. Phil Mickelson finally found his game, nearing holing out for eagle at the 10th, as he and Tom Lehman defeated Lee Westwood and Darren Clarke. The most dramatic finish of the session came in the match pitting Davis Love III and David Duval against García and Parnevik. Love had hit a heroic approach at the 9th from a large rock formation to secure an eagle, followed by a Duval birdie at 10 to go 1 up. Parnevik then responded by pitching in for a par at the 12th to halve the hole, causing García to engage in a large display of emotion, running onto the green pumping his fists, then doing a victory lap. However, the Americans were on the verge of handing the European duo their first loss of the week, with Love and Duval still 1 up on the final hole. Both Love and García had birdie opportunities. Love's putt was to win the match, but he missed. García then holed his birdie to salvage a half point, keeping he and Parnevik undefeated for the week, and causing another wild European celebration. No team had previously come back from more than two points down on the final day to win the Ryder Cup. Team Europe captain Mark James put most of the team's strength at the back of the lineup. Meanwhile, Ben Crenshaw arranged the American lineup to put most of the strength at the beginning, knowing that a fast start was needed if the Americans were going to recover from the four point deficit. This led to several early mismatches. James had not played three of his rookies during team play: Jarmo Sandelin, Jean van de Velde, and Andrew Coltart. Due to the opposite strategies, this resulted in the three rookies playing their first Ryder Cup matches against the three top American players at that time, Phil Mickelson, Davis Love III, and Tiger Woods. Tom Lehman and Lee Westwood, playing in the lead match, halved the first three holes. However, the Europeans seemed to pick up where they had left off when Darren Clarke chipped in at the opening hole, though Hal Sutton squared the match at the next hole and did not trail again. The matches were close in the early stages, but then Love chipped in at the 5th for a birdie, which seemed to inspire his teammates. Woods, looking much more comfortable in individual play, followed with a chip-in of his own a few minutes later at the 8th, which caused an enormous roar from the crowd that could be heard through the course. The Americans now had the lead in the first six matches. Love secured the first point of the day, winning 6 & 5 over Van de Velde, followed quickly by Lehman and Sutton. Mickelson and Sandelin previously had a history with each other, stemming from the 1996 Alfred Dunhill Cup. Sandelin drew the ire of the American fans, who were well aware of the incident, which led to a strange exchange at the second hole. Sandelin missed a short putt for birdie, for which the crowd cheered, prompting Sandelin to raise his hands in mock acknowledgement of the cheering. He never looked comfortable and lose to Mickelson 4 & 3. Jesper Parnevik, separated from García, looked out of sorts, losing six of the first eight holes against David Duval, and lost by a five-hole margin. Woods then closed out Coltart to give the U.S. a 12–10 lead, their first lead of the week. The Americans had won the first six matches of the day. Pádraig Harrington got the Europeans their first point of the day when his opponent Mark O'Meara could not escape a bunker at the final hole. Steve Pate answered by defeating Miguel Ángel Jiménez. The biggest European win came from the anchor match, with Paul Lawrie winning three of the first eight holes against Jeff Maggert, and going on to win 4 & 3. However, Sergio García lost by the same margin to Jim Furyk, his first loss of the week. Both Parnevik and García lost by large margins in singles after going undefeated in team play. The Americans now led 14–12, with two matches on the course. The U.S. now needed just half a point to win, while Europe needed two points to retain the cup in a tie situation. The remaining matches pitted Colin Montgomerie against Payne Stewart, and José María Olazábal against Justin Leonard.", "The remaining matches pitted Colin Montgomerie against Payne Stewart, and José María Olazábal against Justin Leonard. Montgomerie and Stewart had gone back and forth for much of the front nine, with both players making several long putts. Montgomerie then won the 12th to move 2 up. Stewart won the 14th, while both players found trouble at 15, and both faced lengthy par putts. Montgomerie missed from 15 feet, while Stewart holed from 35 feet to square the match with three holes to play. Stewart's excited fist pump has been used on many Ryder Cup promotional materials, including NBC's telecast opens, since the American's death a month later. Meanwhile, the other match appeared to be a blowout with Olazábal leading Leonard 4 up with just seven holes to play. However, the Spaniard played the next three holes in 5-6-5, losing all three, to drop his lead to one hole. Leonard then sunk a 40-foot putt at the 15th to square the match, a scene very similar to Stewart's putt at the same green. At the 17th, Leonard had another 40 footer for birdie, with Olazábal about 15 feet closer. Leonard holed the unlikely birdie, sending the American team into a frenzy. The team, their wives and NBC cameramen all ran onto the green to hug Leonard, with the cameramen allegedly stepping in Olazábal's line. Eventually order was restored, and Olazábal had a 25-foot putt to keep Europe's hope alive. He missed, and the American comeback was complete, with Leonard dormie, guaranteeing the half point needed by the U.S. With the crowd in a frenzy and the matches already decided, Stewart picked up the ball of Montgomerie and conceded the final match to the Europeans in a gesture of sportsmanship. This made the final score 14½–13½ officially. Each entry refers to the Win–Loss–Half record of the player. Source:" ]

[ "Morgans Hotel Morgans Hotel is a boutique hotel located on Madison Avenue, New York City, USA. Owned by Morgans Hotel Group, this was the first property in the group and opened in 1984. Andrée Putman served as interior designer for the 1984 renovation of this 1927 structure. New design features are evident throughout Morgans' public spaces. A sampling of these features includes: A \"Living-Room\" Lobby, with textured taupe-colored glass walls with overlaid bronze mullions, featuring a custom Putman-designed wool rug of black, rich camel and taupe in a bold three-dimensional cubist pattern; floors in three varied shades of imported Italian granite in different finishes; groupings of antique French leather club chairs, including a teak and caned plantation chair from the '40s, all culled from Paris' top flea markets; Putman-designed dark wood end tables. Spherical-shaped desk lamps in nickel-plated brass are created by Félix Aublet in 1925. Candles in the evening coupled with black-and-white checkerboard patterned wool throws loosely draped over the French club chairs further accentuate the \"lived-in\" feel. Morgans is currently undergoing renovations of its bar and restaurant. The new concepts should be introduced Fall, 2012. Like everything else in Morgans, the 114 guest rooms steered away from formulaic institutional design. To update guest lodgings, Ms. Putman began in the hotel corridors, which are covered in wool carpet in rich taupe with a black-and-white checkerboard patterned border. Guest room doors are of French custom-birdseye maple. With only four to eight rooms per floor, each hallway contributes to the hotel's residential feel. Inside the room, the walls are painted with a mixture of four muted tones, producing an effect like that of an \"Impressionist wall painting\" — an unusual backdrop for the specially commissioned black and white photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe. In addition to a regular closet, each room features a four-drawer dresser cabinet with full-length lighted wardrobe mirror. Inside the bathroom, unconventional features include customized stainless steel airplane-like sinks and hospital fixtures, floor-to-ceiling shower doors and partitions in 3/4\" glass and poured -in-lace granite floors. Morgans' duplex penthouse suite is a 19th-floor suite that comes complete with its own greenhouse, kitchen, multimedia room with 60\" Sony color television, curved staircase and two terraces with city views. Decorated in the same spirit as all Morgans' guest rooms, the suite offers a classic black wood bench by Bertola; and Ecart steel tube and opaline glass coffee tables. Morgans Hotel began as the \"Hotel Duane\", a 1927 structure intended for long-term residents, designed by architect Andrew J. Thomas. According to an article of the era, \"In design the exterior of the building indicates a free interpretation of the Italian Romanesque style harmonizing very well with the Fraternity Clubs building at the north, designed in a similar style.\" When initially opened, the lobby and guest rooms showed \"a rather free interpretation of Spanish Renaissance decoration.\" Prior to its 1984 renovation, the hotel had operated under the name, \"Executive Hotel\". The building was purchased in July 2017 by Shel Capital and Kash Group. As of 2018, the hotel is closed." ]

[ "Godfrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine Godfrey II (965–1023), called the Childless, son of Godfrey I, Count of Verdun, was the count of Verdun from his father's death in 1002 and duke of Lower Lorraine after the death in 1012 of the Carolingian Otto, who left no sons. He was appointed duke by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, on the advice of Gerard of Florennes, bishop of Cambrai. His selection was based on the need for a strong military hand to pacify the duchy and stabilise the French border. It also benefitted that Godfrey was from Upper Lorraine and thus had no stake in the feudal strife of the baronage, he was loyal to the Ottonians. He also had the support of his brothers: Gothelo, margrave of Antwerp, and Herman, margrave of Ename (Brabant). In 1012, he gave Verdun to his brother Frederick. He had to combat several opponents to his ducal claim, however: Lambert I, Count of Leuven, brother-in-law of Otto, and Reginar IV, count of Mons. At Florennes, on 12 September 1015, Godfrey defeated both of them, killing Lambert and forcing Reginar to make peace. Reginar later married Godfrey's niece Matilda (daughter of Herman of Ename, count in the shire of Brabant) and succeeded his father-in-law in the southern part of the shire Brabant (later on part of county of Hainault). Later, Godfrey fell into combat with Gerard, count of Metz. On 27 August 1017, he defeated him despite numerical inferiority. He was the leader of the imperial army which was defeated at Vlaardingen by Dirk III of Holland in 1018. He was succeeded by his younger brother Gothelo." ]

[ "Gwenethe Walshe Gwenethe Walshe (5 February 1908 – 22 January 2006) was a leading British Latin and ballroom dancer. Born in Wanganui, New Zealand, she lived most of her life in England and moved to Australia after her retirement. She arrived in England in 1936, and by 1938 she had founded a dance school bearing her name in London's West End, which (as of 2006) is still operating as the Central London Dance. During World War II she worked by day as a WVS nurse and by night continued to run classes, even during air raids. Gwenethe simply turned up the music and the dancing continued! Taught latin dance by the leading experts of the day, Monsieur Pierre (Pierre Zurcher-Margolle) and Doris Lavelle, Gwenethe and her partner Dimitri Petrides won the first Latin dance competitions. Gwenethe went on to become a key member of the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. In particular, she helped to develop the technique of latin dancing and the framework for its teaching and competition assessment." ]

[ "Acanthophis Acanthophis is a genus of elapid snakes. Commonly called \"death adders\", they are native to Australia, New Guinea and nearby islands, and are among the most venomous snakes in the world. The name of the genus derives from the Ancient Greek \"acanthos\"/ἄκανθος ('spine') and \"ophis\"/ὄφις ('snake'), referring to the spine on the death adder's tail. Seven species are listed by ITIS, though it remains unclear how many species this genus includes, with figures ranging from 4 to 15 species being quoted. Although the death adders resemble vipers of the family Viperidae, they are actually members of the family Elapidae, being more closely related to cobras, mambas, and coral snakes. It remains unclear how many species this genus includes. Traditionally, only \"A. antarcticus\", \"A. praelongus\" and \"A. pyrrhus\" have been recognized. In 1998 five new species were described (\"A. barnetti\", \"A. crotalusei\", \"A. cummingi\", \"A. wellsi\" and \"A. woolfi\") and in 2002 an additional three were described (\"A. groenveldi\", \"A. macgregori\" and \"A. yuwoni\"). These were received with scepticism, and only \"A. wellsi\", where an extended description has been published, has been widely recognized. Further confusion exists over the death adders from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. They have variously been placed in \"A. antarcticus\" or \"A. praelongus\". In 2005 it was shown that neither is appropriate, and the New Guinea death adders fall into two main clades: The rather smooth-scaled \"A. laevis\" complex (including death adders from Seram), and the rough-scaled \"A. rugosus\" complex. The latter can be divided into two sub-clades; one, \"A. rugosus sensu stricto\", from southern New Guinea, and a second, \"A. hawkei\", from northern Queensland and the Northern Territory in Australia. It is likely some of these include more than one species, as populations included in e.g. \"A. laevis\" show extensive variation in both pattern and scalation. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Not including the nominate subspecies.<br> Type species. Death adders are very viper-like in appearance, having a short, robust body, triangular shaped heads and small subocular scales. They also have vertical pupils and many small scales on the top of the head. Their fangs are also longer and more mobile than for most other elapids, although still far from the size seen in some of the true vipers. Despite their name, they are not related to adders, which are members of the family Viperidae, and their similar appearance is due to convergent evolution. They normally take 2–3 years to reach adult size. Females are generally slightly larger than the males. They can also be easily distinguished from other Australian snakes because of a small, worm like lure on the end of their tail, which is used to attract prey. Most have large bands around their bodies, though the color itself is variable, depending on their locality. Colours are usually black, grey or red and yellow, but also include brown and greenish-grey. Death adders were originally called 'deaf adders' by early settlers of Australia. Unlike other snakes that tend to run away from human disturbance, the death adder is inclined to hold its ground, leading to the notion that the death adder cannot hear. However, death adders, like other snakes, perceive ground vibrations. Unlike most snakes, death adders do not actively hunt, but rather lie in ambush and draw their prey to them. When hungry, death adders bury themselves among the substrate. This may be leaf litter, soil or sand, depending on their environment. The only part of themselves they expose are their head and their tail, both generally very well camouflaged. The end of the tail is used for caudal luring and when wiggled, it is easily mistaken for a grub or worm. An unsuspecting bird or mammal will eventually notice the 'easy lunch' and attempt to seize it. Only then will the death adder move, lashing out with the quickest strike of any snake in the world. A death adder can go from a strike position, to strike and envenoming their prey, and back to strike position again, in less than 0.15 seconds. Death adders can inject on average 40–100 mg of highly toxic venom with a bite. The of the venom was reported as 0.4–0.5 mg/kg subcutaneous and it is completely neurotoxic, containing neither haemotoxins nor myotoxins, unlike most venomous snakes. A bite from a death adder can cause paralysis which seems minor at first but can cause death from a complete respiratory shutdown in six hours. Symptoms of envenomation can be reversed through the use of death adder antivenom, or using anticholinesterases, which break the synaptic blockade by making acetylcholine more available to the parasympathetic nervous system, thus mitigating the effects of the venom. Before antivenom was introduced, it is reported that about 50% of death adder bites were fatal. Deaths are much rarer nowadays as the anti-venom is widely available and the progression of envenomation symptoms is slow. Wells, R.W. (2002) Taxonomy of the Genus Acanthophis (Reptilia: Elapidae) in Australia.", "(2002) Taxonomy of the Genus Acanthophis (Reptilia: Elapidae) in Australia. Australian Biodiversity Record 2002(No 5) ISSN 1325-2992, March, 2002 Hoser, R.T. (2014) Tidying up Death Adder taxonomy (Serpentes: Elapidae: Acanthophis): including descriptions of new subspecies and the first ever key to identify all recognized species and subspecies within the genus. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 23, 22-34. 30 August 2014 Wellington, R. (2016) Acanthophis cryptamydros Maddock, Ellis, Doughty, Smith & Wüster, 2015 is an invalid junior synonym of Acanthophis lancasteri Wells & Wellington, 1985 (Squamata, Elapidae) Bionomina 10(1): 74-75 http://www.mapress.com/j/bn/article/view/bionomina.10.1.5" ]

[ "Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (MSTUCA) is a leading institution of higher education in Russia which trains Civil Aviation specialists, a center of science and culture where training of specialists and fundamental scientific research in the field of science, technology, humanities and economics are considered. Located in Moscow, founded in 1971. To create opportunities for implementation of citizens right to education. The University sees its mission in preserving the achievements of the engineering thought of the humanity, the receipt and dissemination of advanced knowledge and information, anticipatory preparation of the intellectual elite of the society on the basis of integration of the educational process, fundamental scientific research and innovation. The MSTUCA graduates get job not only in Civil Aviation and transport field but also in other industries. The University has links with many foreign educational institutions and trains foreign students from over 30 countries. The University departments are headed by experienced scientists-academicians. There are professors, academicians of different public and scientific Academies in Russia and abroad, renowned figures of science and technology among them. The training and research laboratories are equipped with modern computers, instruments and devices, stands, simulators, working models of aviation equipment, technical training and knowledge test aids. This makes it possible to conduct classes and carry out scientific work at a modern level of science and technology. The University library contains text-books on specialties of all the departments; there are publications on crucial problems of science, technology and social sciences. It is one of the best aviation-oriented libraries in Russia. The MSTUCA has a dormitory located in a park, not far from the University and the underground station. The students live in rooms for 2 or 3 persons. There are good conditions for studies in the dormitory. The University’s facilities provide good conditions for amateur activities, student’s festivals, concerts of masters of art and popular musical groups. The University has a sports complex and many athletes clubs. Foreign students are trained together with Russian students. Training is conducted in Russian language." ]

[ "Raymond Pennock, Baron Pennock Raymond William Pennock, Baron Pennock (16 June 1920 – 23 February 1993) was a British industrialist who served as the President of the Confederation of British Industry between 1980 and 1982. Pennock was educated at Coatham School and Merton College, Oxford, of which he became an honorary Fellow in 1979. He served in the Royal Artillery between 1941 and 1946, reaching the rank of Captain, and was mentioned in despatches. Pennock was made a knight bachelor in 1978, and was created a life peer, as Baron Pennock, of Norton in the County of Cleveland on 16 July 1982." ]

[ "University Square (Tampa) University Square is a neighborhood within the city limits of Tampa, Florida. As of the 2000 census the neighborhood had a population of 7,456. The ZIP Code serving the neighborhood is 33612. The neighborhood is close to many attractions and the University of South Florida. University Square boundaries are the unincorporated community of University to the north, 30th Street to the east, Linebaugh Avenue to the south, and 15th Street to the west. \"Source: Hillsborough County Atlas\" As of the census of 2000, there were 7,456 people and 2,802 households residing in the neighborhood. The population density was 7,285/mi². The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 51.0% White, 34.0% African American, 0.0% Native American, 2.0% Asian, less than 6.0% from other races, and 6.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.0% of the population. There were 2,802 households out of which 36% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35% were married couples living together, 22% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8% were non-families. 28% of all households were made up of individuals. In the neighborhood the population was spread out with 29% under the age of 18, 30% from 18 to 34, 21% from 35 to 49, 11% from 50 to 64, and 9% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. The per capita income for the neighborhood was $13,986. About 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.0% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over." ]

[ "Stereoelectronic effect In chemistry, primarily organic and computational chemistry, a stereoelectronic effect is an effect on molecular geometry, reactivity, or physical properties due to spatial relationships in the molecules' electronic structure, in particular the interaction between atomic and/or molecular orbitals. Phrased differently, stereoelectronic effects can also be defined as the geometric constraints placed on the ground and/or transition states of molecules that arise from considerations of orbital overlap. Thus, a stereoelectronic effect explains a particular molecular property or reactivity by invoking stabilizing or destabilizing interactions that depend on the relative orientations of electrons (bonding or non-bonding) in space. Founded on a few general principles that govern how orbitals interact, the stereoelectronic effect, along with the steric effect, inductive effect, mesomeric effect, and aromaticity, constitutes an important class of rationalizations for observed patterns of selectivity, reactivity and stability in organic chemistry. In spite of the relatively straightforward premises, stereoelectronic effects often provide explanations for counterintuitive or surprising observations. As a result, stereoelectronic factors are now commonly considered and exploited in the development of new organic methodology and in the synthesis of complex targets. The scrutiny of stereoelectronic effects has also entered the realms of biochemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry in recent years. A stereoelectronic effect generally includes a stabilizing donor–acceptor (i.e., filled-empty, 2-electron 2-orbital) interaction. The donor is usually a higher bonding or nonbonding orbital and the acceptor is often a low-lying antibonding orbital as shown in the scheme below. Whenever possible, if this stereoelectronic effect is to be favored, the donor–acceptor orbitals should have (1) a small energy gap and (2) be geometrically well disposed for interaction. In particular, this means that the shapes of the donor and acceptor orbitals (including π or σ symmetry and size of the interacting lobes) must be well-matched for interaction; an antiperiplanar orientation is especially favorable. Occasionally, destabilizing donor-donor (i.e., filled-filled, 4-electron 2-orbital) interactions are also relevant factors. Important phenomena in which stereoelectronic effects may play an important role (or may even be dominant) include the anomeric effect and hyperconjugation. Take the simplest CHX–CH system as an example; the donor orbital is σ(C–H) orbital and the acceptor is σ*(C–X). When moving from fluorine to chlorine, then to bromine, the electronegativity of the halogen and the energy level of the σ*(C–X) orbitals decreases. Consequently, the general trend of acceptors can be summarized as: π*(C=O)>σ*(C–Hal)>σ*(C–O)>σ*(C–N)>σ*(C–C), σ*(C–H). For donating orbitals, the nonbonding orbitals, or the lone pairs, are generally more effective than bonding orbitals due to the high energy levels. Also, different from acceptors, donor orbitals require less polarized bonds. Thus, the general trends for donor orbitals would be: n(N)>n(O)>σ(C–C), σ(C–H)>σ(C–N)>σ(C–O)>σ(C–S)>σ(C–Hal). Stereoelectronic effect can be directional in specific cases. The radius of sulfur is much larger than the radius of carbon and oxygen. Thus the differences in C–S bond distances generate a much amplified difference in the two stereoelectronic effects in 1,3-dithiane (σ(C–H) → σ*(C–S)) than in 1,3-dioxane(σ(C–H) → σ*(C–O)). The differences between C–C and C–S bonds shown below causes a significant difference in the distances between C–S and two C–H bonds. The shorter the difference is, the better the interaction and the stronger the stereoelectronic effect. If there is an electropositive substituent (e.g. –SiR, –SnR, –HgR, etc.) at the β-position of carbocation, the positive charge could be stabilized which is also due largely to the stereoelectronic effect (illustrated below using –SiR3 as an example). The orientation of the two interacting orbitals can have a significant effect on the stabilization effect (σ(C–Si) → empty p orbital), where antiperiplanar (180°) > perpendicular (90°) > syn (0°). One structural consequence of acyclic systems due to the stereoelectronic effect is the gauche effect. In 1,2-difluoroethane, despite the steric clash, the preferred conformation is the gauche one because σ(C–H) is a good donor and σ*(C–F) is a good acceptor and the stereoelectronic effect (σ(C–H) → σ*(C–F)) requires the energy minimum to be gauche instead of anti. This gauche effect has a profound effect in bio-chemical research. In (\"2S,4R\")-4-hydroxyproline fragment, the gauche interaction favors one the conformer that can bind selectively to the active site of pVHL, a domain in collagen, one of the most abundant animal protein structures and can lead to proteasomal degradation of HIF-α subunit. The stereoelectronic effect can have a significant influence in pharmaceutical research. Generally, the substitution of hydrogen by fluorine could be regarded as a way to tune both the hydrophobicity and the metabolism rate. It has a profound influence on conformations. In anisole, the methyl group prefers the coplanar geometry with the phenyl group by about 3.0 kcal/mol, while the trifluoromethoxybenzene favors the O–CF bond to be perpendicular to the phenyl group.", "In anisole, the methyl group prefers the coplanar geometry with the phenyl group by about 3.0 kcal/mol, while the trifluoromethoxybenzene favors the O–CF bond to be perpendicular to the phenyl group. One explanation is the enhanced steric size of trifluoromethyl group compared to methyl group; yet, more importantly, once the trifluomethyl group rotates outside the phenyl plane, which orienting the C–F bond antiperiplanar (with the [C(aryl)–C(aryl)–O–C(F)] dihedral angle in the energy minimized structure being around 90°) to the nonbonding orbital (the lone pair) on the oxygen atom which can benefit more of the stereoelectronic effect (n(O) → σ*(C–F)). Further studies illustrate that even for only one or two hydrogen atoms in a methyl group being replaced by a fluorine atom, the distortion in the structure can also be significant, with the [C(aryl)–C(aryl)–O–C(HF)] dihedral angle in the energy minimized structure being around 24° and the [C(aryl)–C(aryl)–O–C(HF)] dihedral angle 33°. Although the energy difference between coplanar anisole and its isomer is quite large, the rotation between the O–CH bond becomes favorable when the electronic properties of methoxy group on aromatic rings need to be altered to stabilize an unusual intermediate or a transition state. In the following reaction, the regioselectivity could be rationalized as the out-of-plane rotation of the O–C bond which changes the methoxy group from an in-plane donor group to an out-of-plane acceptor group. The intermediate of the above reaction is the di-anion and the stereoelectronic effect that stabilizes this intermediate over the other one is the fact that the anionic charge at the para position could delocalize to the oxygen atom via orbital interaction: π(benzene) → σ*(O–CH). Even remote substituents on the benzene ring can affect the electron density on the aromatic ring and in turn influence the selectivity. In the hydrogenation of ketones using CBS catalysts, the ketone coordinates to the boron atom with the lone pair on the oxygen atom. In the following example, the inductive influence of the substituents can lead to differentiation of the two sp lone pairs on the oxygen atom. The relevant stereoelectronic interaction in the starting material is the n → σ*(C–C) interaction. The electron-withdrawing substituent on the benzene ring depletes the electron density on the aromatic ring and thus makes the σ*(C–C) orbital a better acceptor than σ*(C–C). These two stereoelectronic interactions use different lone pairs on the oxygen atom (the one antiperiplanar to the σ* in question for each), leading to lone pairs with different electron densities. In particular, the enhanced depletion of electron density from the lone pair antiperiplanar to the 4-nitrophenyl group leads to weakened ability for that lone pair to coordinate to boron. This in turn results in the lone pair antiperiplanar to the 4-methoxyphenyl binding preferentially to the catalyst, leading to well-defined facial selectivity. Under optimized conditions, the product is formed with excellent levels of enantioselectivity (95% ee). The stereoelectronic effect influences the thermodynamics of equilibrium and even between different resonance structures. For example, the following equilibrium could be achieved via a cascade of pericyclic reactions. Though nearly every step is reversible, one of the two structures is strongly favored. With an oxygen atom in the ring, the double bonds cannot resonate with each other and are localized. As the σ*(C(sp)–C(sp)) orbital is a better acceptor than σ*(C(sp)–C(sp)), the stereoelectronic interaction of n(O) → σ*(C(sp)–C(sp)) has a much stronger stabilizing effect than n(O) → σ*(C(sp)–C(sp)); and thus the structure with better stereoelectronic interaction is favored thermodynamically in equilibrium. Another example of the preference in the equilibrium within the area of pericyclic reaction is shown below. The stereoelectronic effects that affect the quilibrium is the interaction between the delocalized “banana bonds” and the empty p orbital on the boron atom. In another case, the stereoelectronic effect can result in a preference for one resonance structure over the other which leads to further consequences in reactivity. For 1,4-benzoquinone monoxime, significant differences separate the physical properties and reactivities between C2-C3 double bond and C5-C6 double bond with the \"J\" higher than \"J\" The C2-C3 double bond is more isolated and tends not to undergo Diels–Alder reaction with ethylene. This illustrates a preference of resonance structure B against structure A. The reason for the preference in 1,4-benzoquinone monoxime is the fact that the σ*(C(sp)–C(sp)) orbital is a better acceptor in single bonds than in double bonds. The stereoelectronic interaction of n(N) → σ*(C(sp)–C(sp)-single bond) is more favorable than n(N) → σ*(C(sp)–C(sp)-double bond). In the asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions, instead of using chiral ligands or chiral auxiliaries to differentiate the side selectivity of the dienolphiles, the differentiation of face selectivity of the dienes (especially for cyclopentadiene derivatives) using stereoelectronic effects have been reported by Woodward since 1955.", "In the asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions, instead of using chiral ligands or chiral auxiliaries to differentiate the side selectivity of the dienolphiles, the differentiation of face selectivity of the dienes (especially for cyclopentadiene derivatives) using stereoelectronic effects have been reported by Woodward since 1955. A systematic research of facial selectivity using substituted cyclopentadiene or permethylcyclopentadiene derivatives have been conducted and the results can be listed as below. The stereoelectronic effect affecting the outcome of the facial selectivity of the diene in Diels–Alder reaction is the interaction between the σ(C(sp)–CH) (when σ(C(sp)–X) is a better acceptor than a donor) or σ(C(sp)–X) (when σ(C(sp)–X) is a better donor than an acceptor) and the σ* orbital of the forming bond between the diene and the dienophile. If the two geminal substituents are both aromatic rings with different substituents tuning the electron density, the differentiation of the facial selectivity is also facile where the dienophile approaches to the diene anti to the more electron-rich C–C bond where the stereoelectronic effect in this case is similar to the previous one. The ring opening of cyclobutene under heating conditions can have two products: inward and outward rotation. The inward rotation transition state of the second shown below is relatively favored for acceptor R substituents (e.g. NO) but is especially disfavored by donor R substituents (e.g. NMe). Sometimes, stereoelectronic effects can win over extreme steric clash. In a similar cyclobutene ring-opening reaction, the trimethylsilyl group, which is very bulky, still favors the inward rotation. The stereoelectronic effect, which is the interaction shown above when the acceptor orbital is the σ*(Si–CH), appears to be a more predominant factor in determining the reaction selectivity against the steric hindrance and even wins over the penalty of the disrupted conjugation system of the product due to steric clash. Furthermore, the acceptor orbitals are not limited to the antibonding orbitals of carbon-heteroatom bonds or the empty orbitals; in the following case, the acceptor orbital is the σ*(B–O) orbital. In the six-membered ring transition state, the stereoelectronic interaction is σ(C–X) → σ*(B–O)." ]

[ "Northern pygmy owl The northern pygmy owl (\"Glaucidium californicum\") is a small owl native to western North America. Some taxonomic authorities, including the International Ornithologists' Union separates this species from the mountain pygmy owl, the Baja pygmy owl, and the Guatemalan pygmy owl, while others, such as the American Ornithological Society, does not recognize the split and considers this bird conspecific with the group, with the northern pygmy owl taking the English name for them all. Furthermore, if the group is considered conspecific, \"G. gnoma\" becomes the scientific name because it is older. Clear differences in the territorial calls by males are the basis for the proposed split, with birds in the high elevations of Arizona and Mexico giving a two-note call while their more northerly congeners give a repeated single-note call. Results from DNA sequence comparisons of cytochrome-b have been weak and inconclusive despite being referenced repeatedly as a justification for taxonomic splitting. There are four recognized subspecies: Adults are 15–17 cm in overall length (nearly 6 inches) and are gray, brownish-gray or rufous in colour. This owl has a round white spotted head, weakly defined facial disc, and dark upper breast, wings and tail, the latter quite long compared to other owls. The eyes are yellow and the bill is yellowish-green. The bird has two black nape spots outlined in white on the back of its head, which look like eyes. The mid to lower breast is white with darker vertical streaking. Legs are feathered down to the four well-armed toes on each foot. The northern pygmy owl is native to Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Their habitat includes temperate, subtropical and tropical moist forest, savanna, and wetlands. In Oregon and Washington they are known to nest and forage in the center of dense, continuous forests, near streams. An example of their habitat is Forest Park in Portland, Oregon, USA. Their breeding habitat includes open to semi-open woodlands of foothills and mountains in western North America. Males will regularly perch at the top of the tallest available conifer trees to issue their territorial call, making them somewhat ventriloquistic in sloped landscapes, and causing distress and confusion among observers on the ground hoping to get a glimpse. They are incredibly hard to spot because of their size and color. They usually nest in a tree cavity and will often use old woodpecker holes. The female lays 2–7 eggs, typically 4–6. Nest tree species may include Douglas fir, western redcedar, western hemlock and red alder. Early in the breeding cycle males establish and defend a territory of perhaps 250 hectares (about 1 sq. mi.). During the breeding cycle the female incubates the eggs, broods the young and guards the nest. The male hunts, making food deliveries approximately every 2 hours. The male must feed his mate, the young (typically 5) and himself. The male hunts from dawn to dusk as the young near fledging, and during the first weeks after they leave the nest. The young leave the nest (fledge) by making an initial flight that may be a short hop to a nearby branch, or an explosive burst into an adjacent tree where they land by grasping whatever branch is first contacted, sometimes clinging upside-down. Owls at this stage are sometimes called \"branchers\" for their clinging, dangling and climbing behaviors. The second day after fledging, the young gradually climb and fly upward into the forest canopy, where they spend their first few weeks, at times perched \"shoulder-to-shoulder\" with their siblings, begging for food. Despite many statements in popular literature, no reliable information exists on the seasonal movements of this species. It is not known whether these pygmy-owls maintain the same territory or same mate year to year, though these questions are being investigated. Dispersal of young and influences on their mortality are also poorly known, though barred owls and spotted owls are known to prey on pygmy owls. Pygmy owls are purportedly \"sit-and-wait\" predators, though they in fact hunt somewhat actively, moving from perch to perch with short flights, and pursuing prey at all levels of forest structure. They swoop down on prey; they may also catch insects in flight. They eat small mammals, birds and large insects, and may take a variety of other vertebrates and invertebrates. Mountain pygmy owls occasionally take prey species the same size or larger than themselves (e.g. California quail); however, small to medium-sized birds and small mammals are the norm. They've been observed eating Wilson's warblers. These owls are diurnal, and also active at dawn and dusk." ]

[ "AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird The AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird or Nano Air Vehicle (NAV) is a tiny, remote controlled aircraft built to resemble and fly like a hummingbird, developed in the United States by AeroVironment, Inc. to specifications provided by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The Hummingbird is equipped with a small video camera for surveillance and reconnaissance purposes and, for now, operates in the air for up to 11 minutes. It can fly outdoors, or enter a doorway to investigate indoor environments. It was announced to the public on 17 February 2011. DARPA contributed $4 million to AeroVironment since 2006 to create a prototype \"hummingbird-like\" aircraft for the Nano Air Vehicle (NAV) program. The result was called the \"Nano Hummingbird\" which can fly at and move in three axes of motion. The aircraft can climb and descend vertically; fly sideways left and right; forward and backward; rotate clockwise and counter-clockwise; and hover in mid-air. The artificial hummingbird maneuver using its flapping wings for propulsion and attitude control. It has a body shaped like a real hummingbird, a wingspan of , and a total flying weight of —less than an AA battery. This includes the systems required for flight: batteries, motors, and communications systems; as well as the video camera payload. DARPA established flight test milestones for the Hummingbird to achieve and the finished prototype met all of them, and even exceeded some of these objectives: The device is bigger and heavier than a typical real hummingbird, but is smaller and lighter than the largest hummingbird varieties. It could be deployed to perform reconnaissance and surveillance in urban environments or on battlefields, and might perch on windowsills or power lines, or enter buildings to observe its surroundings, relaying camera views back to its operator. According to DARPA, the Nano Air Vehicle's configuration will \"provide the warfighter with unprecedented capability for urban mission operations.\"" ]

[ "Palkulangara Devi Temple Palkulangara Devi Temple (Malayalam: പാല്‍കുളങ്ങര ദേവി ക്ഷേത്രം) is a Hindu temple in Palkulangara, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. This place is around 1 km from Pettah Junction, 700 m from West Fort Junction and 1.5 km from Chakka bypass Junction. It is about 1.5 kilometres to the west of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram city. Now the temple is under the control of Sree Palkulangara Devi Temple Trust. The temple is an excellent example of Kerala Vasthu Vidya. The abode of Sree Palkulangara Devi is one of the most ancient temples in Kerala, which preserves the beauty and atmosphere gifted by nature. A kavu is also there in the temple. Coordinates - 8°29'15\"N 76°56'1\"E Legend has it that the main deity was installed by Arjuna. After installing the deity, Arjuna sent an arrow to the ground and it made way to a pond of milk, and the milk from the pond was used for Abhisheka. Palkulangara means the banks of the pond of milk(Pal - Milk, Kulam - Pond, Kara - Banks). The pond in the back of the temple. This temple is also recorded in the stories of Nala and Damayanti. There is a section in which Nala asks his messenger swan to visit Palkulangara Devi and take the blessings of the Goddess en route to delivering the messages to his lady love Damayanti. The existence of this temple is recorded in many ancient scriptures. The Goddess Durga is the main deity in this temple. One important aspect of the temple is that the deity appears as Durgabhagavathi, an avatar of AdiParasakthi. Karthika is considered as the star of the deity. There are many upadevathas (sub-deities) adjacent to the temple, and it has been remade, according to the Deva Prashnam by expert astrologers recently. The main upadevathas on the premises are 7 Lord Shiva The festivals in this temple are:" ]

[ "South Liberties GAA South Liberties (Irish: \"Saor Theas\") is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in County Limerick, Ireland. The club is based in the parish of Donoughmore-Knockea-Roxboro, on the southern outskirts of Limerick City and is affiliated to the East Board of Limerick GAA. It is one of the oldest clubs in the country, founded in 1884, the same year as the GAA. South Liberties' home ground in Ballysheedy is called Dooley Park, in memory of one of the club's greatest players. The club has won many county titles during its history, most notably seven Limerick Senior Hurling Championships; in 1888, 1889, 1890, 1972, 1976, 1978 and 1981. The club currently fields teams in the Senior Hurling and Junior Gaelic football Championships in Limerick. The club was founded in May 1884 when a group of people in the Ballysheedy area of County Limerick got together to play hurling. The club name reflects its location in the former \"south liberties of Limerick\"; this was the portion of the county of the city of Limerick outside the municipal boundary and south of the River Shannon, which was transferred to County Limerick in 1842. The boundaries of the liberties were marked with 'Liberty Stones' and the club has incorporated an image of the sole surviving stone into its crest. South Liberties' home ground in Ballysheedy is called Dooley Park, in memory of one of the club's greatest players. Johnny Dooley played for Liberties from the mid-1940s to 1970, when he died suddenly after playing in a county championship match. He was on the Limerick teams that won the All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championships of 1948, 1954 and 1957. In the early days of the GAA, South Liberties were one of Limerick's greatest teams and contested the first five county finals, winning three of them in successive years, 1888–1890. A remarkable feature about these wins was that two of them were secured by the only score of an hour's hurling – one point in each case; made more remarkable by the fact that these games were played in the days when each side had 21 players and there were point posts at both sides of the goal, covering almost half of the end-line. On both occasions the point was scored by the same player, Con Sheehan, with Liberties defeating Murroe at Croom on 15 May 1888 and Kilfinane at Ráth Luirc on 13 July 1890. He also scored in the 1889 final when Liberties beat Caherline 1–2 to 0–3 at Croom on 13 July. John (Jack) Malone captained the Liberties' teams in all five finals. Many of the players that featured on those teams were forced to emigrate in the early 1890s and this coupled with the devastating effect that the Parnell Split had on GAA clubs meant that South Liberties ceased to be a force in Limerick hurling for another 75 years. The club had very mixed fortunes during that time, with periods of inactivity during which the club barely survived, interspersed with some notable victories such as the 1911 County Intermediate Hurling Championship and the 1946 County Junior Hurling Championship. It was not until 1967 that South Liberties returned to prominence in Limerick senior hurling. The club elected to compete in the county senior hurling championship of that year – something that was permitted at that time. Against the odds, Liberties were beaten in the reply of the county final by Kilmallock after a much disputed draw in which Kilmallock scored a goal from a 21-yard free with the last puck of the game. Despite not winning the title that year, the progress justified the club's decision to compete at senior level and they remained at that grade. The county championship was divided into four regional divisions in 1971 (City, East, West and South) and this suited South Liberties as they captured the East Limerick Senior Hurling Championship in 10 of the following 11 years. After losing the 1971 county final to Claughan, the club captured the county championships in 1972, 1976, 1978 and 1981, beating Patrickswell, Kileedy, Bruree and Kilmallock respectively. They also lost the 1980 and 1985 county finals to Kileedy and Kilmallock. South Liberties were one of the dominant forces in Limerick hurling over this 20-year period and provided a number of players to the Limerick teams that were competitive in the All-Ireland championships of 1973, 1974, 1980 and 1981. Although the club endured a mediocre spell following the 1985 county final, they managed to retain senior status before being relegated to the intermediate grade following the 1996 season. They contested seven county finals at the intermediate grade before regaining senior status by beating Ballybrown in the 2009 Limerick Intermediate Hurling Championship final. The club also added the 2009 Munster Intermediate Club Hurling Championship to its honours list, beating Douglas from Cork in the final. South Liberties won the County Junior A Football Championship in 2001 and competed at the Intermediate grade until 2008. The club has produced many Limerick county players over the years and had 3 members on the Limerick side that last won an All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship in 1973. That Limerick team was captained by South Liberties' Eamonn Grimes with Pat Hartigan and Joe McKenna also playing. In 1975 these players also shared the rare distinction of three players from the same club being selected on an Allstar Hurling Team.", "In 1975 these players also shared the rare distinction of three players from the same club being selected on an Allstar Hurling Team. These three players amassed a total of 13 Allstar awards between them with Joe McKenna being honoured six times between 1974 and 1981, Pat Hartigan collecting five in a row from 1971 and Eamon Grimes picking up awards in 1973 and 1975. Eamon Grimes and his brother Michael featured on the Limerick teams that won Munster titles in 1980 and 1981 and were beaten All-Ireland finalists in 1980. Brothers Declan and Micháel Nash were on the Limerick teams beaten in the 1994 and 1996 All-Ireland finals and won National Hurling League medals in 1992 and 1997. The following South Liberties' players represented Limerick in the Munster and All-Ireland Senior Hurling championships." ]

[ "Andrew Jackson Smith (Medal of Honor) Andrew Jackson Smith (September 3, 1843 – March 4, 1932) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War and a recipient of America's highest military decoration the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Honey Hill. According to family history, Smith was born into slavery, the son of Susan, a slave, and Elijah Smith, a slave owner. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, Elijah Smith joined the Confederate military, with the intention of taking 19-year-old Andrew along with him. When Andrew Smith learned of this, he and another slave ran away, walking through the rain before presenting themselves to a Union Army regiment, the 41st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, in Smithland, Kentucky. Smith was taken in by the 41st Illinois and became a servant to Major John Warner at the regiment's post in nearby Paducah, Kentucky. Among Smith's duties were, in the event of Warner's death, to return his belongings to his home in Clinton, Illinois. On March 10, 1862, the regiment moved out to Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, where it took part in the Battle of Shiloh a month later. During the fighting, Smith supplied Major Warner with fresh horses after the officer had two mounts shot out from under him. Smith was then struck by a \"spent minie ball that entered his left temple, rolled just under the skin, and stopped in the middle of his forehead.\" The bullet was removed by the regimental surgeon, leaving Smith with only a scar. By November 30, 1864, Smith was serving as a corporal in the 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. On that day, both the 55th and its sister regiment, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, participated in the Battle of Honey Hill in South Carolina. The two units came under heavy fire while crossing a swamp in front of an elevated Confederate position. When the 55th's color bearer was killed, Smith took up the battle flags and carried them through the remainder of the fight. It was for this action that Smith was later awarded the Medal of Honor. Smith was promoted to color sergeant before leaving the Army. After the war, he lived in Kentucky, where he bought and sold land. He died at age 88 and was buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Grand Rivers, Kentucky. Smith was nominated for the Medal of Honor in 1916, but the Army denied the nomination, citing a lack of official records documenting his case. Smith's commander at Honey Hill had not included an account of Smith's actions in the official battle report. It was not until January 16, 2001, 137 years after the Battle of Honey Hill, that Smith was recognized; President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to several of Smith's descendants during a ceremony at the White House on that day. Former President Theodore Roosevelt was also posthumously awarded the medal at the same ceremony, for his actions during the Spanish–American War. Smith's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Corporal Andrew Jackson Smith, of Clinton, Illinois, a member of the 55th Massachusetts Voluntary Infantry, distinguished himself on 30 November 1864 by saving his regimental colors, after the color bearer was killed during a bloody charge called the Battle of Honey Hill, South Carolina. In the late afternoon, as the 55th Regiment pursued enemy skirmishers and conducted a running fight, they ran into a swampy area backed by a rise where the Confederate Army awaited. The surrounding woods and thick underbrush impeded infantry movement and artillery support. The 55th and 54th regiments formed columns to advance on the enemy position in a flanking movement. As the Confederates repelled other units, the 55th and 54th regiments continued to move into flanking positions. Forced into a narrow gorge crossing a swamp in the face of the enemy position, the 55th's Color-Sergeant was killed by an exploding shell, and Corporal Smith took the Regimental Colors from his hand and carried them through heavy grape and canister fire. Although half of the officers and a third of the enlisted men engaged in the fight were killed or wounded, Corporal Smith continued to expose himself to enemy fire by carrying the colors throughout the battle. Through his actions, the Regimental Colors of the 55th Infantry Regiment were not lost to the enemy. Corporal Andrew Jackson Smith's extraordinary valor in the face of deadly enemy fire is in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon him, the 55th Regiment, and the United States Army." ]

[ "Wanderer W24 The Wanderer W24 is a middle market car introduced by Auto Union under the Wanderer brand in 1937. The car was powered by a four-cylinder four-stroke engine of 1767 cc driving the rear wheels via a four-speed gear box. Claimed maximum power output of four cylinder Flathead enginewas achieved at 3,400 rpm. The W24’s structural basis was a box frame chassis. At the back it employed a swing axle arrangement copied from the popular small cars produced by sister brand DKW of Auto Union. At a time when some of the manufacturer’s larger models featured a twelve-volt electrical system, the W24 still made do with a six-volt arrangement. The car was offered as a four-seater saloon with two or four doors. In addition, approximately 300 cabriolet versions were produced. Seventy years later few of these cabriolet version survive: those that do are much prized by collectors. By 1940 when the increasing intensity of the war enforced an end to passenger car production, approximately 23,000 Wanderer W24s had been produced." ]

[ "Hawker P.1081 The Hawker P.1081, also known as the \"Australian Fighter\" was a British jet aircraft from the mid-twentieth century. In 1949, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) began assessing replacements for two fighters built in Australia: the Mustangs built by Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) and Vampires of De Havilland Australia (DHA). A series of designs were considered, including the Grumman F9F Panther and the CAC CA-23 – an unconventional, twin-jet all-weather design by CAC. Hawker Aircraft also submitted a proposal, for a swept-wing, swept-tail fighter based on the Hawker P.1052, but using a Rolls-Royce Tay engine. Work began to modify the second prototype of the P.1052 (\"VX279\") along these lines, although the Rolls-Royce Nene engine already fitted was initially retained. To allow an afterburner, the bifurcated tail-pipes of the P.1052 was replaced by a single tail-exit pipe. \"VX279\", which was now the prototype P.1081, took to the air on 19 June 1950. CAC, evidently planning to build any design accepted by the Australian government, assigned the serial number CA-24 to the P.1081. By mid-1950, however, the RAAF urgently required a replacement for its Mustangs, some of which were in action in Korea and faced the possibility of clashes with MiG 15s. The P.1081 could not realistically become operational within the time frame required; in November 1950, Hawker decided to cease development. Likewise, the US-built North American F-86 Sabre could not be delivered to the RAAF for at least a few years. As a stop-gap, the RAAF ordered the ready-made Gloster Meteor F.8. CAC instead built a more powerful, Rolls-Royce Avon-engined variant of the F-86 a project which resulted in the CAC Sabre. The P.1081 prototype, which had remained in the UK, was handed over by Hawker to the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE). Its swept tail increased the Mach number above that of the P.1052 into the Mach 0.9-0.95 region, providing valuable data that contributed to the design of the axially-powered Hawker Hunter. On 3 April 1951, the P.1081 prototype was lost with its pilot, Squadron Leader T.S. \"Wimpy\" Wade. \"Data from Mason:\"" ]

[ "Eureka (word) Eureka () is an interjection used to celebrate a discovery or invention. It is a transliteration of an exclamation attributed to Ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes. \"Eureka\" comes from the Ancient Greek word \"heúrēka\", meaning \"I found (it)\", which is the first person singular perfect indicative active of the verb \"heuriskō\" \"I find\". It is closely related to heuristic, which refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery. The accent of the English word is on the second syllable, following Latin rules of accent, which require that a penult (next-to-last syllable) must be accented if it contains a long vowel. In the Greek pronunciation, the first syllable has a high pitch accent, because the Ancient Greek rules of accent do not force accent to the penult unless the ultima (last syllable) has a long vowel. The long vowels in the first two syllables would sound like a double stress to English ears (as in the phrase \"Maltese cat\"). The initial is dropped in some European languages, including Spanish, Dutch, and English, but preserved in others, such as Finnish, Danish, and German. The exclamation 'Eureka!' is attributed to the ancient Greek scholar Archimedes. He reportedly proclaimed \"Eureka! Eureka!\" after he had stepped into a bath and noticed that the water level rose, whereupon he suddenly understood that the volume of water displaced must be equal to the volume of the part of his body he had submerged. (This relation is \"not\" what is known as Archimedes' principle—that deals with the \"upthrust\" experienced by a body immersed in a fluid.) He then realized that the volume of irregular objects could be measured with precision, a previously intractable problem. He is said to have been so eager to share his discovery that he leapt out of his bathtub and ran naked through the streets of Syracuse. Archimedes' insight led to the solution of a problem posed by Hiero of Syracuse, on how to assess the purity of an irregular golden votive crown; he had given his goldsmith the pure gold to be used, and correctly suspected he had been cheated by the goldsmith removing gold and adding the same weight of silver. Equipment for weighing objects with a fair amount of precision already existed, and now that Archimedes could also measure volume, their ratio would give the object's density, an important indicator of purity (as gold is nearly \"twice\" as dense as silver and has significantly greater weight for the same volume of matter at standard temperatures and pressure). This story first appeared in written form in Vitruvius's books of architecture, two centuries after it supposedly took place. Some scholars have doubted the accuracy of this tale, on the grounds that the votive crown was a fine item, thus an impure crown would displace water only minutely, compared to a pure one. Precise means needed to measure this minute difference was not available at the time. For the problem posed to Archimedes, though, there is a simple method which requires no precision equipment: balance the crown against pure gold on a scale in the air, and then submerge both the crown and the gold in water simultaneously. If the volumes are the same, the scale remains in balance, meaning that their densities are the same and therefore the crown must be pure gold. But if the volume of the crown is greater, increased buoyancy results in imbalance. Greater volume of the crown means its density is less than that of the gold, and therefore the crown could not be pure gold. Galileo Galilei himself weighed in on the controversy, suggesting a design for a hydrostatic balance that could be used to compare the dry weight of an object with the weight of the same object submerged in water. The expression is also the state motto of California, referring to the momentous discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill in 1848. The California State Seal has included the word \"eureka\" since its original design by Robert S. Garnett in 1850; the official text from that time describing the seal states that this word's meaning applies \"either to the principle involved in the admission of the State or the success of the miner at work\". In 1957 the state legislature attempted to make \"In God We Trust\" the state motto as part of the same post WWII anti-Communist movement that successfully added the term \"under God\" to the American Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, but this attempt did not succeed and \"Eureka\" was made the official motto in 1963. The city of Eureka, California, founded in 1850, uses the California State Seal as its official seal. Eureka is a considerable distance from Sutter's Mill, but was the jumping off point of a smaller gold rush in nearby Trinity County, California in 1850. It is the largest of at least eleven remaining US cities and towns named for the exclamation, \"eureka!\". As a result of the extensive use of the exclamation dating from 1849, there were nearly 40 locales so named by the 1880s in a nation that had none in the 1840s. Many places, works of culture, and other objects have since been named \"Eureka\"; see Eureka (disambiguation) for a list.", "Many places, works of culture, and other objects have since been named \"Eureka\"; see Eureka (disambiguation) for a list. \"Eureka\" was also associated with a gold rush in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The Eureka Stockade was a revolt in 1854 by gold miners against unjust mining license fees and a brutal administration supervising the miners. The rebellion demonstrated the refusal of the workers to be dominated by unfair government and laws. The Eureka Stockade has often been referred to as the \"birth of democracy\" in Australia. Another mathematician, Carl Friedrich Gauss, echoed Archimedes when in 1796 he wrote in his diary, \"ΕΥΡΗΚΑ! num = Δ + Δ + Δ\", referring to his discovery that any positive integer could be expressed as the sum of at most three triangular numbers. This result is now known as Gauss' Eureka theorem and is a special case of what later became known as the Fermat polygonal number theorem." ]

[ "Spoon discography The discography of American rock band Spoon consists of nine studio albums, four extended plays (EPs), and 26 singles. Formed in 1993 in Austin, Texas by Britt Daniel (vocals, guitar) and Jim Eno (drums), Spoon released their debut studio album, \"Telephono\", in 1996 on Matador Records. Their follow-up full-length, \"A Series of Sneaks\", was released in 1998 on Elektra, who subsequently dropped the band. Spoon went on to sign with Merge Records, where Spoon gained greater commercial success and critical acclaim with the albums \"Girls Can Tell\" (2001), \"Kill the Moonlight\" (2002), and particularly \"Gimme Fiction\" (2005), which debuted at number 44 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and sold over 300,000 copies in the US. The group's next three albums - \"Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga\" (2007), \"Transference\" (2010), and \"They Want My Soul\" (2014) - reached the top 10 of the US charts, while the latter two peaked in the top 20 in Canada and the top 50 in Australia. The band's ninth album, \"Hot Thoughts\", was released on March 17, 2017." ]

[ "Lectionary 240 Lectionary 240, designated by siglum ℓ \"240\" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. Scrivener labelled it by 231. The manuscript has complex contents. The codex contains 237 daily lessons for reading from Easter to Pentecost from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary (\"Evangelistarium\"). The manuscript is well preserved. The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, on 251 parchment leaves (), in two columns per page, 22-25 lines per page. The headpieces are decorated with gold; the punctuation and accents added later in red. It uses breathings and accents, punctuation, interrogative sign (in red); ιt contains some notes made by several later hands. The word before the bracket is the reading of the UBS edition, the word after the bracket is the reading of the manuscript. The reading of Textus Receptus in bold. The manuscript was dated by Scrivener and Gregory to the 12th or 13th century. It is presently assigned by the INTF to the 12th century. According to the inscriptions the manuscript once belonged to the Church of the Saint George, presented by one Nicetas, and afterwards it belonged to the Monastery of Prodromus. The manuscript once belonged to Caesar de Missy, chaplain to George III, in 1747 (along with the codices 560, 561, ℓ \"162\", ℓ \"239\", ℓ \"241\"). Then it belonged to William Hunter. The Hunter's collection remained in London for several years after his death – for the use of his nephew, Matthew Baillie (1761-1823) – and finally came to the Glasgow University in 1807. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scrivener (number 231) and Gregory (number 240). Gregory saw it in 1883. The manuscript has been exhibited on the following occasion: \"Treasures of Scottish Libraries\", in National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1961. The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3). Currently the codex is housed at the Glasgow University Library, as a part of the Hunterian Collection (Ms. Hunter 405) in Glasgow." ]

[ "Solution Unsatisfactory \"Solution Unsatisfactory\" is a 1941 science fiction short story by Robert A. Heinlein. It describes the US effort to build a nuclear weapon in order to end the ongoing World War II, and its dystopian consequences to the nation and the world. The story was first published in \"Astounding Science Fiction\" magazine, with illustrations by Frank Kramer. In November 1940, \"Astounding\" editor John W. Campbell had suggested that Heinlein write a story about the use of radioactive dust as a weapon, proposing a detailed scenario. Heinlein discarded Campbell's scenario, and wrote a story he called \"Foreign Policy\", submitting it to Campbell in December 1940 with the comment \"I turned the original idea upside down, inside out, shook it, and have turned out an entirely different story\". Campbell quickly accepted the piece, changing the title to \"Solution Unsatisfactory\"; it appeared in the May 1941 issue, under Heinlein's \"Anson MacDonald\" pseudonym. \"Universe\" appeared in the same issue under Heinlein's name. The story is collected in \"The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein\" in 1966, \"Expanded Universe\" in 1980, and the Science Fiction Book Club omnibus \"\" in 2005. An Italian translation appeared in 1967 and a German translation in 1972. John DeFries, the narrator, is the campaign manager of Clyde C. Manning, a freshman congressman and military veteran who received a medical discharge for a heart condition. DeFries chose the congressman because \"he was liberal [but] was tough-minded\" enough to attract conservative support. In 1941 Manning is recalled to active duty with the rank of Colonel, and takes deFries as his adjutant. He is appointed to head a secret, top-priority project with unlimited funding, with the aim of developing a nuclear weapon before the Nazis do so. The project makes little progress into 1944. World War II is a stalemate; the British and Germans continue to bomb each other's cities, while the United States, Soviet Union (renamed \"The Eurasian Union\"), and Japan stay out. Manning hears of fish dying in Chesapeake Bay where the by-products of Dr. Estelle Karst's research into artificial radioactive materials are being dumped. She was a laboratory assistant of Otto Hahn, the first man to characterize induced fission in uranium, and fled Germany \"to escape a pogrom\". Karst is working on radioactive materials for medical uses, but Manning sees its potential as a radiological weapon. Over Karst's objections, by Christmas 1944 the United States is in possession of nearly 10,000 \"units\" of radioactive dust, a \"unit\" being defined as the quantity which \"would take care of a thousand men, at normal dispersion\"; enough to kill the entire population of a large city such as Berlin. Manning seriously considers ordering that all people aware of the secret, including himself, be put to death and all records destroyed. He rejects that course because someone else, perhaps German or Russian, is certain to rediscover it. Instead, Manning in 1945 convinces the President to use the dust against Germany. Since America is officially not in the war, the Americans give the dust to Britain but at the price of the British accepting a complete US ascendancy in the postwar world. The Americans warn the Germans by demonstrating what the dust does to cattle, dropping leaflets over Germany, and having the President speak to the Führer, but the Germans refuse to surrender. RAF bombers scatter the dust over Berlin and leave no survivors. The Nazi regime collapses and the new government surrenders. Karst commits suicide by exposing herself to the dust. Manning warns the Cabinet of the great dangers of the new situation, introducing the concepts of the nuclear arms race, mutual assured destruction, and second strike capability. He convinces the President and Cabinet that the only solution is to use the American nuclear monopoly while it still exists. Any other world power, such as the Eurasian Union, might create such dust and bomb the United States within weeks. Still a congressman, Manning convinces the President that there is no time to get Congressional approval and that the Constitution must be bypassed. The United States issues a \"Peace Proclamation\" which essentially demands the immediate and unconditional surrender of the rest of the world. All other states are required to disarm and to hand over all long-range civilian and military aircraft, since any airplane can spread the dust. The prohibition on commercial airlines applies to America also; the Army will manage any required civilian air travel. Most of the world complies. The Eurasians did invent the dust for themselves as Manning had warned, and launch a surprise attack. The American victory in the \"Four-Day War\" owes much to Manning, who had arranged for Congress and President to be outside Washington ahead of the attack, and false rumors of plague to empty New York; nonetheless, 800,000 are killed in Manhattan alone. Eurasian documents completely vindicate Manning's unconstitutional policies; had the President waited for congressional approval, America would have lost the war. Manning becomes lifetime head of the new Peace Patrol, with a worldwide monopoly over the radioactive dust and the aircraft which can deliver it. He opens schools for the indoctrination of cadet patrolmen from any race, color, or nationality.", "He opens schools for the indoctrination of cadet patrolmen from any race, color, or nationality. They will patrol the sky and \"guard the peace\" of any country but their own, and would be forbidden to return to their original country for the entire duration of their service; \"a deliberately expatriated band of Janizaries, with an obligation only to the Commission and the race, and welded together with a carefully nurtured \"esprit de corps\".\" Manning does not have time to complete his original plans for the Patrol. In 1951, the President dies in a plane crash; his isolationist successor demands Manning's resignation and intends to dismantle the Patrol. As Manning argues with the President, planes loaded with radioactive dust and piloted by non-Americans appear overhead. Manning is willing to kill himself and treat the capital of the United States as he would treat any other place which he perceives a \"threat to world peace\". He wins the standoff and becomes the undisputed military dictator of the world. DeFries (himself dying from radiation poisoning) doubts that Manning, now the most-hated man on Earth, can succeed in making the Patrol self-perpetuating and trustworthy. There is no way of knowing how long Manning will live, given his weak heart. The narrator concludes: Though it deals not with fission bombs, but rather with a radioisotope dust weapon, \"Solution Unsatisfactory\" accurately predicted many aspects of the development of nuclear arms and the dilemmas they pose, a year before President Roosevelt authorized the Manhattan Project led by General Leslie Groves. Scientific advisors wrote a 1943 memo to Groves entitled \"Use of Radioactive Materials as a Military Weapon\": While not part of Heinlein's \"Future History\", the story also marks the first appearance of a \"Patrol\" in Heinlein's works. The concept of a distinct order of pilots totally dedicated to preserving the peace reappears in Heinlein's later works, including the short story \"The Long Watch\". The juvenile \"Space Cadet\" describes the training and indoctrination of Patrol cadets. Cadets are taught not to ask about another's country or planet of origin, and to admire and seek to emulate Rivera, a legendary Patrolman who ordered the nuclear bombing of his own hometown and died himself in the blast. \"Solution Unsatisfactory\" marked the beginning of Heinlein's concern with nuclear weapons. After World War II, Heinlein believed that a nuclear arms race was an urgent problem. He wrote several works on nuclear warfare in the mid-1940s, such as \"The Last Days of the United States\", \"How to be a Survivor\", and \"Pie from the Sky\" but, except for \"Back of the Moon,\" they were rejected by publishers. Heinlein wrote: In 1980, he published them in \"Expanded Universe\" along with \"Solution Unsatisfactory\". The 1984 novel \"The Peace War\" by Vernor Vinge features a \"Peace Authority\" created when military research scientists develop a device called a \"bobbler\" and use it to take over the world and enforce world peace in a very similar fashion." ]

[ "Exploratory (museum) The Exploratory was a science museum in Bristol. Established in 1987 by Richard Gregory, professor of neuropsychology at Bristol University, it was the first regional hands-on science museum in the United Kingdom. From 1987 to 1989 it was housed in the city's Victoria Rooms. In 1989 it moved to Bristol Temple Meads railway station, where it occupied the original terminal shed, which had been designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The Exploratory closed in 1999. Its successor was At-Bristol, now We The Curious, a larger science centre which opened in 2000 at a new site as part of the regeneration of the historical Floating Harbour." ]

[ "Operations order An Operations Order, often abbreviated to OPORD, is a plan format meant to assist subordinate units with the conduct of military operations. An OPORD describes the situation the unit faces, the mission of the unit, and what supporting activities the unit will conduct in order to achieve their commander's desired end state. Normally an OPORD is generated at the battalion, regimental, brigade, divisional, or corps headquarters and disseminated to its assigned or attached elements. The issuance of an OPORD triggers subordinate unit leadership to develop orders specific to the role or roles that the unit will assume within the operation. This more narrowly focused order borrows information from the original, or base, order (for example; weather, phase lines, radio frequencies, etc.) and adds additional details that pertain more to the minutiae of the actions a unit is tasked to conduct in support of the overarching operation. Frederick Edwin Garman was the original developer and inventor of the format called \"Operations Order\". He developed this as a standard format for himself and his subordinates while assigned to Fort Benning’s Infantry School, Ranger & Tactics Department in 1957 to 1958. The Army quickly adapted it for standardized practice and required its use during the Vietnam War. Now his version of OPORD is used by all military forces within the Department of Defense. A standardized five paragraph order format is used by the United States Department of Defense and most other military forces. An OPORD is formatted to organize an operation into five easily understood paragraphs: Situation, Mission, Execution, Sustainment (formerly Service and Support, currently referred to as Admin & Logistics by the US Marine Corps), and Command and Control. Higher echelon's OPORDs often contain extensive details. The author of the order will often move the majority of this material to an annex or appendix. These are then issued alongside the base order. The annexes and appendices allow the OPORD to be more easily read and understood by encouraging the inclusion or removal of material after its relevancy to the order's end user is determined. The OPORD is the primary means by which a unit commander and his or her staff deliver instructions and information to subordinate units regarding the missions they are tasked to undertake or support. But it is not the only type of order that may be issued for a mission: OPORD [sequential order number and fiscal year] [code name] - [issuing headquarters] (place the overall security classification and an abbreviated title at the top of the second and any following pages.) 1. SITUATION. 2. MISSION. A concise statement that includes the Who, What, Where, When, and Why of the operation to be conducted. 3. EXECUTION. 4. SUSTAINMENT. 5. COMMAND AND CONTROL." ]

[ "John Lafferty John Lafferty or Laverty (1842 – November 13, 1903) was a sailor in the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War and is one of only 19 people in history to receive the Medal of Honor twice. According to his first Medal of Honor citation John Lafferty was born in June 1842 in New York City. According to the second, John Laverty was born in 1845 in County Tyrone, Ireland. He is also recorded as having been born in Dublin, Ireland in 1849. His first award was due to his service aboard the . He participated in a plan to destroy the rebel ram in the Roanoke River, May 25, 1864. He was one of five \"Wyalusing\" crew members to be awarded the Medal of Honor for bravery during the Civil War (the others being Coal Heaver Charles Baldwin, Fireman Alexander Crawford, Coal Heaver Benjamin Lloyd, and Coxswain John W. Lloyd). He earned his second award while serving on board the , a wooden hulled sloop built in 1868, at Callao Bay, Peru, September 14, 1881. During his Civil War service he enlisted as John Lafferty, and his first Medal is recorded under this name. However, when he re-enlisted in the Navy, he used John Laverty, which appears to be his real name and is used on his government-issue headstone. Laverty died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 13, 1903 and buried in Mount Moriah Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where his grave can be found in the Naval Asylum Plot. Rank and organization: Fireman, U.S. Navy. Born: 1842, New York, N.Y. Accredited to: Pennsylvania. G.O. No. : 45, December 31, 1864. Citation: Served on board the U.S.S. \"Wyalusing\" and participated in a plan to destroy the rebel ram \"Albemarle\" in Roanoke River, 25 May 1864. Volunteering for the hazardous mission, Lafferty participated in the transfer of two torpedoes across an island swamp and then served as sentry to keep guard of clothes and arms left by other members of the party. After being rejoined by others of the party who had been discovered before the plan could be completed, Lafferty succeeded in returning to the mother ship after spending 24 hours of discomfort in the rain and swamp. Rank and organization: First Class Fireman, U.S. Navy. Born: 1849, Ireland. Accredited to: California. G.O. No. : 326, October 18, 1884. Citation: Serving on board the U.S.S. \"Alaska\" at Callao Bay, Peru, September 14, 1881. Following the rupture of the stop-valve chamber on that vessel, Laverty hauled the fires from under the boiler." ]

[ "Sunset Tower The Sunset Tower Hotel, previously known as The St. James's Club, and The Argyle, is a historic building and hotel located on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California. Designed in 1929 by architect Leland A. Bryant, opened in 1931, it is considered one of the finest examples of Art Deco architecture in the Los Angeles area. In its early years, it was the residence of many Hollywood celebrities, including John Wayne and Howard Hughes. After a period of decline in the early 1980s, the building was renovated and has been operated as a luxury hotel under the names The St. James's Club, The Argyle, and most recently the Sunset Tower Hotel. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The art deco Sunset Tower is considered one of the finest examples of the Streamline Moderne form of Art Deco architecture in Southern California. In their guide to Los Angeles architecture, David Gebhard and Robert Winter wrote that \"this tower is a first class monument of the Zig Zag Moderne and as much an emblem of Hollywood as the Hollywood sign.\" It is situated in a commanding location on the Sunset Strip with views of the city and is decorated with plaster friezes of plants, animals, zeppelins, mythological creatures and Adam and Eve. Originally operated as a luxury apartment hotel, it was one of the first high-rise reinforced concrete buildings in California. When it was completed in August 1931 at a cost of $750,000, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported: \"What is described to be the tallest apartment-house in Los Angeles County, rising 15 stories or 195 feet, was completed last week at Kings Road and Sunset Boulevard by W.I. Moffett, general contractor, for E.M. Fleming, owner.\" Marketing the building to Hollywood celebrities, an advertisement in the February 1938 issue of the Screen Actors Guild magazine read: \"Faultless in Appointment-The Ultimate in Privacy . . . Hollywood's Most Distinguished Address.\" In 1933, the \"Los Angeles Times\" ran an article about the trend toward luxurious penthouse apartments in the city and noted that Sunset Tower boasted the city's highest penthouse: \"It is the highest in the city and due to the location of the fifteen-story structure that supports it, its tenants live on a level with the tower of the Los Angeles City Hall. Imagine the view!\" John Wayne, Howard Hughes, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Buss and novelist James Wohl lived in the penthouse at different times, and Hughes reportedly also rented some of the lower apartments for his girlfriends or mistresses. John Wayne reportedly once brought a cow up to his penthouse apartment at 3 a.m. telling his party guests who were gathering for coffee that they would have to go directly to the source if they wanted cream. Other former residents include Clark Gable, Errol Flynn, Marilyn Monroe, Michael Caine, Quincy Jones, Roger Moore, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Billie Burke, Joseph Schenck, Paulette Goddard, Zasu Pitts, George Stevens, Preston Sturges, and Carol Kane. In 1944, Bugsy Siegel, described by the \"Los Angeles Times\" as a \"Hollywood sportsman,\" was charged with placing bets via long distance in the Sunset Tower apartment of his associate, Allen Smiley. Also at Smiley's apartment that day were A-list actor George Raft and Siegel's sister's husband, Sol Solloway. Neither Raft nor Solloway was arrested. Siegel called it \"a bum rap,\" and witnesses testified that Siegel and his friends were only playing \"a friendly game of gin rummy.\" Siegel and Smiley later pleaded guilty, paid $250 fines. The building is often incorrectly cited as the venue for the \"Battle of the Balcony,\" in August 1944, in which bandleader Tommy Dorsey, Dorsey's wife Patricia Dane and Siegel associate Allen Smiley fought actor Jon Hall on the balcony of Dorsey's apartment. The fight actually took place down the street at the Sunset Plaza Apartments, where Smiley had moved after his bookmaking arrest at the Sunset Tower in May. Dorsey, Dane and Smiley were later charged with felonious assault. After a trial, complete with a media circus, charges were dropped on Dec. 7, 1944. In 1947, Truman Capote wrote in a letter: \" I am living in a very posh establishment, the Sunset Tower, which, or so the local gentry tell me, is where every scandal that ever happened happened.\" Others report that the Sunset Tower was \"notorious for having the best-kept call girls in Hollywood.\" The hotel has also appeared in several feature films, including the 2003 remake of \"Freaky Friday\", \"The Italian Job\", \"Get Shorty\", \"The Player\" and \"Strange Days\". By 1982, a plan to convert the building to condominiums failed, and construction was halted abruptly with residents still living there. The building had deteriorated and was described as \"like something from a war-ravaged land.\" At the time, resident Werner Klemperer (Col. Klink from \"Hogan's Heroes\") said of the building: \"Welcome to Beirut West.\"", "At the time, resident Werner Klemperer (Col. Klink from \"Hogan's Heroes\") said of the building: \"Welcome to Beirut West.\" The building was saved from deterioration and possible demolition when it was purchased in 1985 from architect David Lawrence Gray, FAIA by Peter de Savary who promised to \"lovingly restore\" the building to its former glory by spending $25 million to convert the building into the first American branch of his luxury hotel chain, the St. James's Club. David Gray's firm handled the historic restoration of this treasure and in 1988, the Los Angeles Conservancy gave the owners an award for their work in preserving the Sunset Tower. The exterior and interior Lighting Design (excluding fixtures) was completed by ex-Disney designers Shawn Barrett, Gary Bell and William Sly. The St. James's Club operated an upscale hotel for several years, popular with celebrities, including David Bowie. The Lancaster Group purchased the hotel from de Savary in 1992, renaming it the Argyle. In 2004, Jeff Klein purchased the hotel. Klein hired designer Paul Fortune to renovate the hotel, adding more modern amenities, and restored its original name. In 2006, Toronto's \"The Globe and Mail\" reviewed the renovated Sunset Tower and noted: \"This isn't a place that needs to declare itself 'hip' because its grand history speaks for itself—and has been successfully carried forward to the present.\" London's \"Daily Mail\" noted: \"Bill Murray and Penélope Cruz are often spotted in the restaurant, where, on most nights, you can hear 84-year-old Page Cavanaugh, who played for Sinatra and Doris Day in the 1940s, tinkle the ivories.\" As part of the 2006 restoration, the Tower Bar was reconfigured to have a more turn of the century ambience. After the Tower Bar opened in 2006, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported that it had become one of the trendiest in Los Angeles: \"On a recent night at the intimate Tower Bar, Jennifer Aniston dines 10 feet away from Joaquin Phoenix and white-coated waiters weave between tables like players in a Broadway musical. A $155 bottle of Pinot Noir is uncorked here, chilled oysters delivered there and a bow given every now and then.\" \"The New York Times\" also reported on the transformation of the hotel: \"The striped silk-and-walnut Tower Bar restaurant is already a retro clubhouse for the mature Hollywood set (think Brian Grazer and Barbara Walters), complete with $13 martinis and the octogenarian former Sinatra pianist Page Cavanaugh tickling the ivories. On a Friday night in mid-December, Anjelica Huston and Courtney Love swanned by to dine with a 30-something crowd far more sophisticated than the teenyboppers roaming Sunset Boulevard outside.\" Other celebrities visiting the Tower Bar include Sean Penn, Victoria Beckham, Tom Cruise and Jennifer Lopez. Dmitri Dmitrov, a 60-year-old Macedonian immigrant with Rudolph Valentino hair, is the Tower Bar's maître d’hôtel. Dmitrov is a sphinxlike figure who knows everything and says nothing. In the six years since Klein, following a suggestion from the designer Tom Ford, rescued Dmitrov from a fading career at drearily elegant places like a local Russian restaurant that featured a harpist, ice swans and a caviar menu, he has become a Hollywood institution. In February 2007, the \"New York Post\" reported that the hotel's front desk manager was nearly fired when Lindsay Lohan tried to book three rooms. Owner Jeff Klein was reportedly overheard yelling at the manager, \"If that piece of trailer trash so much as enters my driveway, you are fired. She can't come here with all my chic guests, she'll ruin the place.\" Also in 2007, Sean \"Diddy\" Combs showed up with an entourage to attend a Golden Globes party, and was told his name was not on the list. When Combs was reported to have become \"verbally abusive,\" owner Jeff Klein personally asked Combs to leave. When Klein said he would call the police if Combs did not leave, the \"New York Post\" reported that Combs was heard shouting, \"Just try it - I'll spend the rest of my life hunting you down!\" In February 2009, Vanity Fair hosted its Oscar party at the Sunset Tower. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980." ]

[ "Cy Warman Cy Warman (June 22, 1855 – April 7, 1914) was an American journalist and author known during his life by the appellation \"The Poet of the Rockies\". Cy (Cyrus) Warman was born on a homestead to John and Nancy Askew Warman of Greenup, Illinois. He was educated at the common schools there and later became a farmer. Warman married Ida Blanch Hays of St. Jacob, Illinois in 1879. In 1880, after failing as a wheat broker in Pocahontas, Illinois, Mr. Warman migrated to Denver, Colorado where the Colorado Silver Mining Boom was in progress. There, Warman worked for the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad progressing from a \"wiper\" (charged with keeping the engine area clean) to locomotive fireman and later to railroad engineer. These experiences became the basis for many of his early writings. In 1888, Mr. Warman became editor of the publication \"Western Railway\". He sold his interest in \"Western Railway\" in March 1892 and relocated to Creede, Colorado at the height of the Creede mining boom. There, he founded the \"Creede Daily Chronicle\". Warman achieved national recognition in 1892 when, after riding from New York City to Chicago in the cab of the locomotive \"The Exposition Flyer\", he wrote his first railroad story, \"A Thousand Miles in a Night\" for McClure's Magazine. This was the first of a series of widely popular \"True Tales of the Railroad\" articles written for McClure's. Warman's first wife, Ida, died in 1887. Warman remarried in 1892 to Miss Marie Myrtle Jones. Miss Jones inspired the lines for \"Sweet Marie\", a song which became a popular success in 1893 and was later featured in the 1947 film \"Life With Father\" starring Irene Dunne and William Powell. Warman's writing also attracted the attention of the editors of the New York Sun. \"The Sun\" sponsored him in a journey of over 500 miles on horseback throughout the San Juan mining district of Colorado. The writings inspired by this journey were then published as regular and occasional pieces by \"The Sun\". For two years after his early successes, Warman traveled in Europe and the Far East as well as Alaska. Upon his return, he lived in Washington for several years and finally built a home in London, Ontario where he lived until his death in 1914. In the winter of 1913-1914, Warman was stricken with paralysis while in a hotel in Chicago. He died several months later at the St. Luke's Hospital in Chicago after having been acutely ill for several weeks." ]

[ "Cornelio Saavedra Province Cornelio Saavedra is a province in the north-eastern parts of the Bolivian Potosí Department. The capital of the province is Betanzos with 4,168 inhabitants in the year 2001. The province is named after the president of the Argentine First Junta, Cornelio Saavedra, who was born in Otuyo, Betanzos Municipality. Cornelio Saavedra province is one of sixteen provinces in the Potosí Department. It is located between 18° 57' and 19° 44' South and between 64° 48' and 65° 39' West. It borders Chuquisaca Department in the northeast, Chayanta Province in the north, Tomás Frías Province in the west, and José María Linares Province in the south and southeast. The province extends over 95 km from east to west and 105 km from north to south. The province comprises three separate municipalities which are further subdivided into cantons. The main language of the province is Quechua, spoken by 78%, while 47% of the population speaks Spanish. The population increased from 52,659 inhabitants (1992 census) to 58,706 (2001 census), an increase of 11.5%. 80% of the population have no access to electricity, 94% have no sanitary facilities. 69% of the population are employed in agriculture, 1% in mining, 10% in industry, 20% in general services. 89% of the population are Catholics, 8% Protestants. The people are predominantly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. The river Pillku Mayu flows along the northern border of the province." ]

[ "Austria's Next Topmodel Austria's Next Topmodel is an Austrian reality television series based on Tyra Banks' \"America's Next Top Model\", which sees a number of aspiring models compete against each other in a variety of competitions to determine who will win the title of \"Austria's Next Topmodel,\" among other prizes in hopes of a successful career in the modelling industry. The eighth season will begin airing on the second week of November 2017. For the first four cycles, the show was hosted by Lena Gercke, the winner of the first cycle of \"Germany's Next Topmodel\". Gercke is the first \"Top Model\" winner to become the host of a \"Top Model\" series. The judging panel for the show's first cycle consisted of the head of Vienna-based modelling agency Wiener Models, Andrea Weidler, and runway coach Alamande Belfor. It aired from January to February 2009 and was won by Larissa Marolt. As part of her prize package for winning the contest, Marolt won a place on the fourth cycle of \"Germany's Next Topmodel\", where she placed eighth. In mid-2009, Puls4 aired a spin-off of the show, \"Die Model WG\", which featured six of cycle one's contestants. The show was won by Kordula Stöckl. The second cycle aired from November 2009 to February 2010. Its catchphrase was \"More girls, more jet set, more glamour\". Former model and photographer Andreas Ortner joined the judging panel, replacing Alamande Belfor. Beauty expert Sabine Landl, who was the models' stylist in cycle 1, also joined the panel. The winner of the cycle was Aylin Kösetürk. The third cycle premiered in January 2011 and introduced new judges; designer Atil Kutoglu and runway coach Elvyra Geyer with Gercke remaining as the host. The cycle featured a significant change in the cast, and that one girl per federal state plus five wildcards made the cut. Additionally, there was an international destination in every episode, however only the contestants who won the casting were allowed to travel to that destination. Gercke did not return to host the fifth cycle in order to concentrate on her own modelling career. Austrian model Melanie Scheriau is currently hosting the new cycle that began to air in January 2013. The sixth cycle featured male contestants for the first time and aured in late 2014. Cycle 7 aired from late 2015 to spring 2016. Cycle 8 will begin airing on 11/2/2017 Males were introduced to the competition in the sixth cycle of the show. In addition to that, the social media scoring system used in the American version of the show was also implemented. In contrast to the American adaptation, each voter is required to cast their votes via Facebook. Furthermore, there is no grading scale. Each Facebook account is allotted three votes, which can be spent on any combination of contestants. The contestant with the highest number of votes each round is granted immunity, while the contestant with the lowest amount is automatically nominated for elimination along with three other contestants chosen by the judges. The ProSiebenSat.1 Mediagroup announced that the upcoming season would air on ATV Austria thus moving from Puls 4. Before the show began, it caused controversy because of another modeling contest named \"\" (German for \"Austria's\") \"Next Topmodel,\" which was established in 2007. Dominik Wachta, founder of what can be described as a mix between a model casting and a beauty pageant, accused the TV channel Puls 4 for stealing his idea. Further steps to change the name of the show have been unsuccessful as it was already licensed by CBS as the role-model version created by Tyra Banks. In the third cycle, contestant Magalie Berghahn was eliminated from the show due to the racist comments she made during a phone conversation with her boyfriend. She referred to fellow competitor Lydia Nnenna Obute as \"neger oide\" (negative afflicted Austrian slang for \"black woman\") and to Vanessa Lotz as \"Deitsche\" (slang for \"German woman\"). Both Obute and Lotz won a go-see that episode. The conversation was fully taped and aired during the show. She was confronted by host Lena Gercke with the video material in front of the other two girls. Gercke then told her that she was expelled from the show because the competition had no room for racist ideas and thoughts. Puls 4 was later accused of using the controversy for promotional purposes as Berghahns comments had already shown in the preview for the episode and had not censored when the episode aired. Berghahn was not invited to the final runway show during the cycles finale. She later stated that the scandal had ruined her life. In January 2012, 21-year-old Sabrina Angelika Rauch (a cycle 4 contestant) died in a car crash after spinning out of control on her way home from a party. Her vehicle collided with a concrete mast with Rauch being killed at the scene of the accident instantly. Her co-driver, a 26-year-old male friend, survived the accident. Only three days before the episode featuring Rauch's elimination was aired, a nude photo shoot she did prior to her participation on the show was exposed. She was confronted by the judges for having taken the photos, and they stated that it was 'too low for a top model' while the other contestants witnessed the scene. A friend of Rauch criticized the program for the editing of that certain scene.", "A friend of Rauch criticized the program for the editing of that certain scene. At the beginning of the next episode of the show, the broadcast station expressed their condolences to Rauch's relatives and friends on a silent screen." ]

[ "Naoroji Furdunji Naoroji Furdunji (1817–1885) was a Parsi reformer from Bombay. He was born at Bharuch and educated at Bombay, becoming A teacher. During the 1840s, he defended the Zoroastrianism of the Parsis, at that time under pressure from Christian missionary activity, in \"Fam-i-Farshid\" which he edited. He was a founder of the Student's Literary and Scientific Society in 1848, with Dadabhai Naoroji, Bhau Daji, and Sorabji Shapurji Bengali. In 1851, with backing from K. N. Kama and in company with other like-minded Parsis, he founded the Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha, becoming its president for the rest of his life. As secretary of the Parsi Law Association from 1855 to 1864 he worked for legal codification. When the Bombay Association was set up in 1852, Naoroji Furdunji took the major part in drafting its petition, made in 1853, to the British Parliament. He was one of the Association's secretaries, with Bhau Daji, whose investigative activities directed at British governance caused alarm, and a withdrawal of support by the Association's leadership at the time of the petition. Naoroji Furdunji visited Europe three times, being sent in 1873 by the Sabha and the Bombay Association to London, to give evidence to a parliamentary committee on Indian finance. He worked with the British authorities as an interpreter, for a period from 1836 with Alexander Burnes, and for the Bombay court from 1845 to 1864." ]

[ "Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air pistol The Women's 10 metre air pistol event at the 2016 Olympic Games took place on 7 August 2016 at the National Shooting Center. The event consisted of two rounds: a qualifier and a final. In the qualifier, each shooter fired 40 shots with an air pistol at 10 metres distance. Scores for each shot were in increments of 1, with a maximum score of 10. The top 8 shooters in the qualifying round moved on to the final round. There, they fired an additional 20 shots. These shots scored in increments of .1, with a maximum score of 10.9. The medals were presented by Barbara Kendall, IOC member, New Zealand and Gary Anderson, Vice President of the International Shooting Sport Federation. Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows." ]

[ "Voltage ladder A voltage ladder is a simple electronic circuit consisting of several resistors connected in series with a voltage placed across the entire resistor network. Voltage ladders are useful for providing a set of successive voltage references, for instance for a flash analog-to-digital converter. A voltage drop occurs across each resistor in the network causing each successive \"rung\" of the ladder (each node of the circuit) to have a higher voltage than the one before it. Ohm's law can be used to easily calculate the voltage at each node. Since the ladder is a series circuit, the current is the same throughout, and is given by the total voltage divided by the total resistance (V/R), which is just the sum of each series resistor in the ladder. The voltage drop across any one resistor is now given simply by I*R, where I is the current calculated above, and R is the resistance of the resistor in question. The voltage referenced to ground at any node is simply the sum of the voltages dropped by each resistor between that node and ground. Alternatively, you can use voltage division to determine node voltages without having to calculate the current directly. By this method, the voltage drop across any resistor is V*R/R where V is the total voltage, R is the total (equivalent) resistance, and R is the resistance of the resistor in question. The voltage of a node referenced to ground is still the sum of the drops across all the resistors, but it's now easier to consider all these resistors as a single equivalent resistance R, which is simply the sum of all the resistances between the node and ground, so the node voltage is given by V*R/R." ]

[ "Laura, Ohio Laura is a village in Miami County, Ohio, United States. The population was 474 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area. Laura was laid out around 1840. A post office called Laura has been in operation since 1850. The village was named after Laura, the first postmaster's daughter. Laura was incorporated as a village in 1892. Laura is located at (39.994064, -84.407894). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 474 people, 174 households, and 120 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 185 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.6% White, 1.7% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population. There were 174 households of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.0% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.19. The median age in the village was 38 years. 23.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 28.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.8% male and 50.2% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 487 people, 175 households, and 131 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,714.6 people per square mile (671.5/km²). There were 182 housing units at an average density of 640.8 per square mile (251.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 97.54% White, 0.21% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.26% of the population. There were 175 households out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 17.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.18. In the village, the population was spread out with 29.2% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 110.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.8 males. The median income for a household in the village was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $33,542 versus $23,906 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,912. About 2.7% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over." ]

[ "Fortunately, Unfortunately Fortunately, Unfortunately is a word game first played at conventions of the National Puzzlers' League in the late 1980s. It was invented and introduced by one-time NPL president David Scott Marley. A version of the game, called \"Good News, Bad News\" was popularized by the BBC radio show I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue. The game is best played in groups with an odd number of people. It is often played on Internet forums. The game does not have any specified ending point. There is a children's book named \"Fortunately\" by Remy Charlip that follows this same pattern, first published in 1964. Rather than making a single \"Fortunately...\" (or \"Unfortunately...\") statement, each person in the group can provide a long alternating list of sentences/statements. The psychological and comic effect of this form of the game is somewhat different because the same person is forced to flip rapidly between a positive and negative outlook. Players take turns in an intuitive way, like performers handing the \"solo\" off to another member of the group. Because of the more continuous thread of consciousness underlying the series of \"Fortunately/Unfortunately\" statements, this variation can also be used as a form of meditation or humor-assisted therapy. Performers at the Studio for Interrelated Media (SIM) experimented with this game in the early 1990s. Now it is commonly played within MENSA groups and with members of MENSA." ]

[ "San Giacomo Filippo San Giacomo Filippo (Alpine Lombard: \"San Giacum\") is a \"comune\" (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the Italian region Lombardy, located about north of Milan and about northwest of Sondrio, on the border with Switzerland. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 453 and an area of . The municipality of San Giacomo Filippo contains the \"frazioni\" (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) San Bernardo ai Monti, Olmo, Sommarovina, Sant'Antonio di Albareda, Dalò, Uggia, Gallivaggio, Lirone, Cimaganda, Vho. San Giacomo Filippo borders the following municipalities: Campodolcino, Chiavenna, Menarola, Mese, Mesocco (Switzerland), Piuro, Soazza (Switzerland)." ]

[ "Chloe Moss Chloë Moss (born 1976 in Liverpool) is an English playwright. Moss grew up in Liverpool and attended Manchester Metropolitan University, where she studied film. She joined the Royal Court's Young Writers programme and wrote her first professional play, \"A Day In Dull Armour\". She soon became a writer-in-residence at the Bush and is under commission to the Manchester Royal Exchange, the Royal Court, Paines Plough, Liverpool Everyman and Clean Break (theatre company). Other work includes \"How Love is Spelt\", which opened at the Bush Theatre London in November 2004 and Off-Broadway in August 2005; \"Christmas Is Miles Away\" (Royal Exchange Theatre Manchester, November 2005, transferring to the Bush in February 2006); and \"The Way Home\" (Liverpool Everyman, November 2006). \"Catch\"—a collaborative piece written with four other playwrights (April De Angelis, Laura Wade, Stella Feehily, and Tanika Gupta)—premièred at The Royal Court in December 2006. \"This Wide Night\" played at the Soho theatre in 2008. A commission from Clean Break (directed by Lucy Morrison), the play went on to a subsequent tour of women's prisons around the UK. \"The Gatekeeper\" premiered at the Royal Exchange, Manchester in February 2012. Moss won the Susan Smith Blackburn Playwriting Prize in 2009 for her play \"This Wide Night\"." ]

[ "Øyslebø Øyslebø is a village in Marnardal municipality in Vest-Agder county, Norway. The village is located in the Mandalen valley along the Mandalselva river, about north of the town of Mandal. The Sørlandet Line passes the village to the north, stopping at the Marnardal Station, about north of Øyslebø on the north side of the village of Heddeland. Øyslebø was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Øyslebø which existed from 1899 until 1964. The village has a population (2015) of 376, giving the village a population density of . The village of Øyslebø (Old Norse: \"Øyðslubœr\") is named after the old \"Øyslebø\" farm, where Øyslebø Church is located. The name is derived from the old river name, \"Øyðsla\". The name was previously spelled \"Øslebø\" or \"Øislebø\"." ]

[ "Albert Conway Albert Conway (April 3, 1889 in Brooklyn, Kings County, New York – May 18, 1969 in Brooklyn, New York City) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1955 to 1959. He was the son of Joseph P. Conway and Jane Lucille (Flanagan) Conway. He graduated from Fordham University Law School in 1911. In 1917, he married Irene Hewitt (d. 1929). Afterwards he married Alice O'Neil (d. 1978). He was an alternate delegate to the 1928 Democratic National Convention. In 1928, he ran for New York State Attorney General but was defeated by Republican Hamilton Ward, Jr. Early in 1929, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Conway as New York State Superintendent of Insurance. In June 1930, he was appointed County Judge of Kings County to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of W. Bernard Vause. He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1931 to 1939, on the Appellate Division from 1937 on. In 1939, he conducted an extraordinary term of the Supreme Court at Buffalo, New York, presiding over a special grand jury investigation of Buffalo city affairs. In December 1939, he was appointed a judge of the New York Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John F. O'Brien. In November 1940, he was elected on the Democratic and American Labor tickets to a full 14-year term. He was elected on the Democratic, Republican and Liberal tickets Chief Judge in 1954, and retired from the bench at the end of 1959 when he reached the constitutional age limit of 70 years. He died at the Methodist Hospital in Brooklyn." ]

[ "Tunisia national basketball team The Tunisian national basketball team (), nicknamed \"Les Aigles de Carthage (The Eagles of Carthage or The Carthage Eagles)\", is the national basketball team of Tunisia. The team is governed by the Tunisia Basketball Federation (FTBB). () When Tunisia became the 2011 African Basketball Champion, it was the first North African country to do so in almost 30 years. To date, they have 19 appearances at the FIBA Africa Championship, ranking them behind only traditional African powers Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, and Egypt, in total appearances. In 2011, they won their first ever FIBA Africa Championship, after beating Angola in the final. Their previous best finish was at the FIBA Africa Championship 1965, when they won the silver medal as the host country. They also won a bronze medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 1970 and FIBA Africa Championship 1974. Although the Tunisians never finished worse than eighth in any of their succeeding appearances, they were not able to break onto the podium again until a surprise bronze medal run at the FIBA Africa Championship 2009. Led by All-Tournament First Team forward Amine Rzig, the Tunisians went 4–2 in the preliminary rounds, winning three games by two points or less. They reached the semifinals for only the second time since 1974, by another slim margin – this time a one-point victory over Mali. Although they were defeated by Angola in the semifinals, the Tunisians topped Cameroon in the bronze medal game, to claim Africa's third and final automatic berth in the 2010 FIBA World Championship – its first ever FIBA World Cup berth. The Tunisians struggled to compete in the World Championship, losing all five of their games, and finishing last in Group B, and 24th overall. Yet, after almost forty years of mediocrity in Africa, Tunisia has become one of the continent's prime competitors again. Its appearances at the global stage have become a new milestone in the team's history. Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place This is the 2018-2019 roster. 2015: Nike 2015: Ooredoo, SEAT" ]

[ "La Hora Chanante La Hora Chanante (\"The Whamming Hour\" or \"The Amazing Hour\") is a Spanish comedy television show aired through the cable/satellite local version of the Paramount Comedy channel. Each episode is a half hour long and consists of a series of unrelated sketches (both acted out and animated) and a story featuring some celebrity which helps keep continuity throughout the program. Episodes used to be released on a monthly basis until 2006, when the show was discontinued. However, reruns are aired frequently through Paramount Comedy as well as Localia, and in December 2007, Paramount Comedy Spain and Universal Pictures launched a pack of two DVDs with the best moments of \"La Hora Chanante\" and some extras, an unreleased (episode 51), deleted scenes, stickers and a comic drawn by Joaquín Reyes. It was created and directed by comedian from Albacete Joaquín Reyes, who also played the celebrities portrayed in each episode, thus serving as a show host. Many of the show's cutscenes were drawn by Lalo Kubala and Carlos Areces, both known for their work in the Spanish satire magazine El Jueves. The staff responsible for La Hora Chanante started in September 2007 a new show with a similar format in the public channel La 2, called Muchachada Nui. Each one of the programs consists of more or less stable sections (since only the really stable ones are Testimonios, Retrospecter and Hever vs. Clever), plus some varied sketches. The main ones would be (some with the original name in Spanish and the translation next to it):" ]

[ "Chandra–Toueg consensus algorithm The Chandra–Toueg consensus algorithm, published by Tushar Deepak Chandra and Sam Toueg in 1996, is an algorithm for solving consensus in a network of unreliable processes equipped with an \"eventually strong\" failure detector. The failure detector is an abstract version of timeouts; it signals to each process when other processes may have crashed. An eventually strong failure detector is one that never identifies \"some\" specific non-faulty process as having failed after some initial period of confusion, and, at the same time, eventually identifies \"all\" faulty processes as failed (where a faulty process is a process which eventually fails or crashes and a non-faulty process never fails). The algorithm itself is similar to the Paxos algorithm, which also relies on failure detectors. Both algorithms assume the number of faulty processes, f, is less than n/2 (i.e. the minority), i.e. they assume f < n/2, where n is the total number of processes. The algorithm proceeds in rounds and uses a rotating coordinator: in each round r, the process whose identity is given by r mod n is chosen as the coordinator. Each process keeps track of its current preferred decision value (initially equal to the input of the process) and the last round where it changed its decision value (the value's timestamp). The actions carried out in each round are: The consensus problem requires: Before arguing that the algorithm above satisfies the 3 properties above, we recall the definition of an \"eventually strong failure detector\". An eventually strong failure detector is one that \"never\" identifies \"some\" specific non-faulty (or correct) process as having failed, after some initial period of confusion, and, at the same time, eventually identifies \"all\" faulty processes as failed. \"Termination\" holds because eventually the failure detector stops suspecting \"some\" non-faulty process p and eventually p becomes the coordinator. If the algorithm has not terminated before this occurs in some round r, then every non-faulty process in round r waits to receive p's preference and responds with ack(r). This allows p to collect enough acknowledgments to send decide(preference), causing every process to terminate. Alternatively, it may be that some faulty coordinator sends decide only to a few processes; but if any of these processes are non-faulty, they broadcast the decision to all the remaining processes, causing them to decide and terminate. \"Validity\" follows from the fact that every preference starts out as some process's input; there is nothing in the protocol that generates new preferences. \"Agreement\" is potentially the most difficult to achieve. It could be possible that a coordinator, in one round r, might send a decide message from some value v that propagates only to a few processes before some other coordinator, in a later round r', sends a decide message for some other value v'. To show that this does not occur, observe that before the first coordinator can send decide(v), it must have received ack(r) from a majority of processes; but, then, when any later coordinator polls a majority of processes, the later majority will overlap the earlier one and v will be the most recent value. So, any two coordinators that send out decide message send out the same value." ]

[ "Elvira Wood (fencer) Elvira Wood (born 21 September 1973 in Pongola, KwaZulu-Natal) is a South African sabre fencer. At age thirty-four, Wood made her official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed in two sabre events. She is also the wife of Mike Wood, who qualified for the men's épée at these Olympic games. For her first event, the women's individual sabre, Wood lost the first preliminary match to Canada's Sandra Sassine, with a score of 2–15. Few days later, she joined with her fellow fencers and teammates Shelley Gosher, Jyoti Chetty and Adele du Plooy, for the women's team sabre. Wood and her team, however, lost the seventh place match to the Canadian team (led by Sassine), with a total score of 16 touches." ]

[ "Russian Gyroplanes Gyros-2 Smartflier The Russian Gyroplanes Gyros-2 Smartflier is a Russian autogyro designed and produced by Russian Gyroplanes of Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready-to-fly. The Gyros-2 was designed for a variety of roles, including aerial application, courier, forestry patrol, search and rescue, geological survey, air taxi and flight training. It features a single main rotor, a two seats in side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit accessed by doors, tricycle landing gear, plus a tailwheel and a Mistral 200 engine in tractor configuration. The aircraft also fits an optional Racket 120 single-cylinder, two-stroke auxiliary engine for running the agricultural equipment, when it is installed. The aircraft has a two-bladed rotor and a three or six-bladed tractor propeller. The aircraft has a typical empty weight of and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of the payload for the pilot and payload is ." ]

[ "South Patten River The South Patten River is a tributary of the Patten River, flowing in Cochrane District, in Northeastern Ontario, in Canada. The “South Patten River” flows in townships of Hepburn and Adair. The neighboring hydrographic slopes of the “South Patten River” are: The main source of the “South Patten River” is a creek (elevation: ). This source is located at: From it source, the “South Patten River” flows on , on these segments: The mouth of the Patten River empties on the West shore of Patten River. This mouth of the river is located in forest area at: The term \"Patten\" refers to a family name of English origin." ]

[ "Seamus Blake Seamus Blake (born December 8, 1970) is a Canadian tenor saxophonist and composer currently residing in New York City. Blake was born in London, England and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. His mother introduced him to jazz when he was a child and he later attended Berklee School of Music in Boston. Upon graduation, he moved to New York City. In February 2002, he won the Thelonious Monk International Saxophone Competition. He currently plays with his own quintet (featuring David Kikoski, Lage Lund, Bill Stewart, and Matt Clohesy) and has been a regular with the Mingus Big Band as well as many other New York musicians. With Franco Ambrosetti With Dave Douglas With Wycliffe Gordon With Opus 5 With Antonio Sanchez With Bill Stewart" ]

[ "Stelle, Illinois Stelle is an unincorporated community located in Rogers Township in northern Ford County, Illinois, United States. Its estimated population as of 2013 is 100. Although Stelle started as an intentional community in the early 1970s, it became a simple homeowner's association in 1982 when the community opened up and continues on to this day. What is unique about Stelle is that many residents are interested in community living, sustainability, gardening, solar energy, wind power, permaculture and right livelihood. The Stelle Community Association is a living example of how residents can directly affect the management of their community. Many volunteers along with a few part-time paid staff give of their time and skill to deliver community services and create community events open to everyone. Stelle residents manage their own telephone mutual and internet service (mostly from PV solar), fresh water treatment, waste water treatment, community center, and other common services. The local non-profit, Center for Sustainable Community (CSC), hosts a handful of cooperatives for interested residents including a tool co-op, garden co-op and chicken co-op. In 2012 they launched an inspiring permaculture design for their 8.7 acres of land situated immediately next to the community. CSC continues to offer occasional open houses and educational events about sustainable living often in conjunction with Midwest Permaculture. Midwest Permaculture, an educational business offering permaculture training in Stelle and around the U.S., was started and developed by two Stelle residents and contributes to the national conversation about why and how the human family should learn to live in harmony with each other and the natural world. Midwest Permaculture's training sessions have been strongly influenced by the founders' three decades of living in Stelle; participants learn the skills necessary to create long-term, productive, and healthy landscapes/dwellings as well as skills important for building authentic community. Stelle is a small village in N.E. Illinois that began as an intentional community during the early 1970s. The founding residents belonged to a recently formed group from Chicago, whose vision was to create a more sustainable and compassionate way of living. The group purchased a farm in the northern tip of Ford County and built a traditional-looking suburban community. Stelle maintained itself as a private community for about ten years, at which point a majority of the residents decided to govern themselves through a conventional homeowner's association and become an open village with no formal residency requirements. During those first ten years, Stelle residents discovered that it is easier to agree on a positive vision for the future than to agree on the steps necessary to manifest that future. Stelle was one of thousands of intentional communities that sprang up during the 1960s and 1970s whose highly idealistic visions for the future have not yet been achieved. However, building these communities did provide valuable learning experiences for many. After Stelle transitioned to a \"normal\" village in 1982, it became notable for its suburban design, the solar panels on many homes, and the residents' enthusiasm for lifelong education and co-operative enterprises. The village has its own telephone company, which provides telephone, television, and internet access. Stelle also boasts a community garden co-op, a tool co-op, a Monday night dinner co-op, and hosts a variety of educational events that are open to the public. Although the early history of Stelle (1970–1982) is mostly irrelevant to what is happening in the community today, those who study intentional community, or who wish to participate in community living, often find Stelle's early history of interest. Stelle was founded in 1973 by the \"Stelle Group,\" a Chicago organization created by Richard Kieninger, a writer and teacher who was also instrumental in founding Adelphi, Texas. During the 1950s, Kieninger had been a student of the Lemurian Fellowship in Ramona, California, where he was instructed in a set of beliefs called “Lemurian Philosophy.” In his book \"The Ultimate Frontier\" (written in 1963 under the pen name “Eklal Kueshana”), Kieninger outlined the tenets of Lemurian philosophy, as well as further teachings he claimed were given to him by ancient, secretive organizations called the “Brotherhoods.” \"The Ultimate Frontier\" sold over a quarter of a million copies and attracted worldwide interest in the new community. The teachings Kieninger attributed to the Brotherhoods included a prediction that cataclysmic earth changes were to occur circa the year 2000, as well as recommendations for individual advancement through education, practice of Twelve Great Virtues and an emphasis on right action to improve one’s karma. In order to provide a physical setting where individuals could more easily practice the Brotherhoods’ teachings, the Stelle Group bought land in northern Ford County, Illinois, where members built a sewage treatment plant, a water treatment plant, roads, streets, underground utilities, a factory, a school and the first twenty-five homes. Mr. Kieninger predicted that this new town would grow to a population of 250,000 people by the year 2000. However, Stelle’s distance from major job markets, stringent membership requirements, and lack of funding prevented the community from growing beyond its peak population of 200. Mismanagement also took a toll; initially in 1975, then again during the mid-1980s, Kieninger became unwelcome in Stelle because of, among other things, his tendency to abuse his position and engage in multiple affairs with young Stelle women. After leaving Stelle, Kieninger founded another community, Adelphi, Texas, which is located approximately east of Dallas.", "After leaving Stelle, Kieninger founded another community, Adelphi, Texas, which is located approximately east of Dallas. Many of Stelle’s residents followed him there, and Adelphi grew to a peak population of 30 before declining to its present size of 16. Residence in Adelphi is open only to members of the Adelphi Organization, which continues to teach the tenets of Lemurian philosophy and make available Kieninger’s writings. All date-specific predictions have been removed from the current edition of \"The Ultimate Frontier\", though references remain as to the eventual occurrence of cataclysmic earth changes. During the fifty years since publication of \"The Ultimate Frontier\", several thousand people from all parts of the globe have participated in funding and building the two communities. These participants form an informal network of Stelle/Adelphi “graduates” who occasionally return to Stelle for the annual Fourth of July celebration, or who attend reunions in other locales to reminisce and discuss philosophical issues and current events. At Stelle's inception, the private homes and Stelle’s one factory were owned by Stelle Industries Inc., whose four divisions (Stelle Woodworking, Stelle Construction, Stelle Plastics, and the Stelle Piano Shop) employed many Stelle residents. Most of the homes were transferred to a form of co-operative ownership after 1976. By the mid-1980s, Stelle Industries, Inc. had discontinued its operations, and the factory was eventually purchased by a longtime Stelle resident. The school, the community center, the water treatment plant, and the sewage treatment plant were originally owned and operated by the Stelle Group. Many early residents were employed in support positions to handle correspondence, design and operate the public utilities and manage the affairs of the rapidly growing community. Following a 1982 referendum, membership in the Stelle Group was dropped as a prerequisite for residence in the Stelle community. The population stabilized, and a newly formed, conventional homeowner's association, the Stelle Community Association, took over operation of the sewer and water services and administration of democratic decision-making. The Stelle Group continued its operations with reduced membership and staff, and its philosophical perspective changed over time. In early 2005, the few remaining Stelle Group members decided to disband and liquidate the organization’s assets— the school, the community center, an orchard, a community garden, a pond, a greenhouse, a storage building, and about 170 acres (700,000 m²) of farmland adjoining the village. In late 2005, the Center for Sustainable Community (CSC), an educational organization that maintains its headquarters in Stelle, purchased the orchard, the community garden, the pond, the greenhouse, and the storage building. The remaining farmland was purchased by a local organic farmer. Stelle is located at 40°57′00″N 88°09′13″W (40.9500329, -88.1533814). [1] The legal description of Stelle’s geography is: The 2nd Resubdivision of Stelle Subdivision No. 1, located in the NE quarter of Section 35, T29N, R9E of the 3rd PM, Rogers Township, Ford County, Illinois. The Stelle Subdivision—AKA Stelle, IL—covers about 40 acres (160,000 m2)." ]

[ "Jean Hindmarsh Jean Hindmarsh (born 1932) is a retired English singer and actress. She is best known as a principal soprano with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in the 1950s and 1960s. Hindmarsh was born in Leeds and educated at Lawnswood High School. There, she was prominent in the school's musical and theatrical productions, including \"Merrie England\" in 1950, in which she played Sir Walter Raleigh. Hindmarsh gained her teaching diploma (ARMCM) from the Royal College of Music in Manchester and then continued to study opera for an additional 18 months. She played the lead in two college productions and sang in concerts and oratorios. Hindmarsh was the runner-up in the first Kathleen Ferrier Competition in 1955 and won the Blackpool heat against 97 competitors. A representative from the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company heard her performance and invited her to audition. Hindmarsh was engaged by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in March 1956 as principal soprano. Over the next four years, she played the title role in \"Princess Ida\", Mabel in \"The Pirates of Penzance\", Elsie Maynard in \"The Yeomen of the Guard\", Gianetta in \"The Gondoliers\" and Josephine in \"HMS Pinafore\", soon adding the small role of Lady Ella in \"Patience\". In 1959, she began instead to play the title role in \"Patience\". Hindmarsh married in 1960 and left the D'Oyly Carte organisation when she was expecting her first child. She rejoined the Company as a guest artist in her old roles for seasons in 1961–62, 1962–63, in the spring of 1963, 1963–64, and in the spring of 1969. These included two London seasons, one provincial tour and one American tour. In reviewing \"Princess Ida\" in 1961, \"The Times\" wrote that, in the title role, \"Hindmarsh charms, amuses and... moves the audience\". That paper commented on a 1962 performance of \"The Gondoliers\": \"Outstanding among last night's cast was Miss Jean Hindmarsh, a winning Giannetta both in appearance and voice.\" Hindmarsh sings the lead soprano roles on four D'Oyly Carte recordings: Yum-Yum in \"The Mikado\" (1957), Mabel in \"Pirates\" (1957), Josephine in \"Pinafore\" (1960), and Rose Maybud in \"Ruddigore\" (1962), even though she never played Yum-Yum or Rose with the company. Of the 1957 \"Pirates\", reviewer Mel Moratti wrote, \"The highlights must be the pairing of Thomas Round and Jean Hindmarsh as Frederic and Mabel. Their solos and duets are most delightful\". \"The Rough Guide to Opera\" comments that she \"is a uniquely charming Josephine\" in \"Pinafore\". In recent years, Hindmarsh has performed and given talks at the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival. At the Festival, in 1999, Hindmarsh and baritone Michael Rayner gave the world premiere performance of \"Reflect, my child\", a song cut from \"H.M.S. Pinafore\" before the opera opened in 1878 and reconstructed in 1998." ]

[ "Robert S. Maloney Robert Sarsfield Maloney (February 3, 1881 – November 8, 1934) was a United States Representative from Massachusetts. Maloney was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He attended public schools and learned the printer’s trade. Maloney was a fraternal delegate of the American Federation of Labor to the 1907 Canadian Trades and Labor Congress in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was New England organizer for the International Typographical Union 1908–1912. He was elected a member of the Lawrence, Massachusetts Board of Aldermen in 1909 and he served as the Board's president. In the November 7, 1911 city election the voters enacted a new city charter that enacted a City Commission form of government in Lawrence. The new charter took effect on January 1, 1912. Maloney was member of the city commission in 1912, and from 1916–1920 and served as president. Maloney was elected to the city commission to serve as the director of the Department of Public Health and Charities, Maoney served in this capacity in 1912 and 1915–1920. Maloney was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-seventh Congress from (March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1923), but was not a candidate for renomination. He again served as director of the Department of Public Health and Charities, from 1924 until 1928, published a weekly newspaper and, later, engaged in the restaurant business until his death. Maloney died in Lawrence on November 8, 1934. His interment was in Immaculate Conception Cemetery." ]

[ "The Martini Henry Rifles The Martini Henry Rifles were a British noise-punk band based on Cardiff, Wales. Most of their quoted influences are noise and punk (most noticeable Brainiac, whose influence is clear in the \"Martinis\"' work), hence the most common \"noise-punk\" genre classification. The band themselves never quite put any kind of convenient genre label on their work, while on the other hand some people just choose to describe their sound as \"chaotic\", mostly derived from their very energetic live performances. Their story dates back to late 2000. Cez Mathias and Jason Lorch put up an advert to find musicians on a record shop. Chris Warlow responds and some months later Fudge Wilson joins to complete the line-up. They start by using the name \"Luxinterior\" until April 2001, when \"The Martini Henry Rifles\" was finally chosen as a permanent name. In November 2001 they released the limited edition of the single \"Kill/Summer/Shit\". It attracted the attention of Sean McClusky, who released the \"Martinis\" subsequent \"Luger 6000\" single and became their manager. The band featured on McClusky's Sonic Mook Experiment compilation \"Future Rock & Roll\". In 2003, they signed for indie label \"FF Vinyl\". Reportedly the band refused to sign the contract unless it was to be done in a strip club or some place of the sort. The place chosen was a lapdancing club called \"Fantasy Lounge\". In December 2003 they released the single \"And Then We Hit A Truck\", just before going on a break to record their debut-album. In November 2004, after almost a year of recording and remixing, their debut album \"Superbastard\" is finally released. After finishing the album drummer and founder member Jason Lorch decides to leave the band (to emigrate to Australia and pursue other interests),and they started using a drum machine as a replacement for him. During most of 2005 they toured the UK and Europe, and in the first few months of 2006 recorded and preparing the release of their 2nd full-length album. Their final EP \"Infomercial\" was released on FF Vinyl Records at the start of 2006. In late April 2006 the members informed fans on their MySpace website that they have decided to put an end to the band. No particular reasons have been given. Fudge Wilson now plays bass in Exit_International who have toured the UK extensively as well as touring in Europe and Japan. Fudge is the owner of sound space studiossound space studios in Cardiff and Works as a Sound engineer and Producer. Chris Warlow is a Member of The Milk Race and regularly plays all over the UK. Fudge Wilson often appears with the Milk Race to play additional guitar for their live shows. Band members as of 2004 - 2006 were: Band members as of 2000 - 2004 were:" ]

[ "Movistar Team (women's team) Movistar Team is a professional road bicycle racing women's team which participates in elite women's races. The title sponsor is the Spanish mobile telephone company Telefónica, with the team riding under the name of the company's brand \"Movistar\". In September 2017, announced it would join the likes of , , and in the creation of a predominantly Spanish women's team aimed at developing women's cycling within Spain. In early October 2017, the inaugural roster was announced: Mavi García, Spanish national time trial champion - Lourdes Oyarbide and Lorena Llamas joining from . Alicia González Blanco, Eider Merino Cortazar and Alba Teruel Ribes joining from and with two international athletes also joining - Aude Biannic from and Małgorzata Jasińska joining the team from US-based squad, . In the same week Rachel Neylan () was added to the line-up. In November Movistar announced their final tenth rider addition to the 2018 roster, from Lointek, Gloria Rodríguez." ]

[ "Chen Jiunn-ming Chen Jiunn-ming (, born June 30, 1970 in Changhua) is a Taiwanese football player and manager. As a player, he plays for Taiwan Power Company F.C. and Chinese Taipei national football team as an attacking midfielder. As a manager, he coaches National Pei Men Senior High School football team and is an assistant coach of Chinese Taipei national football team. Chen started to play football at the age of 10. He joined the school football team when he studied in Guan Yu Elementary School (管嶼國小) in his hometown Changhua. He later attended Fusing Junior High School (福興國中) in 1982 and National Pei Men Senior High School, the then high school football power in southern Taiwan, in 1985. During his three years in Pei Men, the team won 4 champions and 1 runner-up in major domestic competitions. In 1986, Chen played for the junior Chinese Taipei national team in the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship qualification of OFC, to which Republic of China (Taiwan) belonged then, in New Zealand. Three years later, again in New Zealand, he made his senior team debut in the 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification. He gradually became an essential member of the national team during the 1990s. After finishing serving the military service in Lukuang football team, Chen joined the Taiwan Power Company F.C. in 1993. He witnessed and participated in the brilliant years of 10 consecutive first-division champion titles of Taipower during 1994 to 2004. In 2001, Pei Men Senior High School, his alma mater, started afresh to enroll football-specialized students and invited Chen to join the coaching staff. Under the guidance of Chen and other Pei Men coaches, the team took the league title in the Highschool Football League 2006 season, and he himself received the Best Coach award as well. Besides coaching in Pei Men, Chen did not end his playing career in Taipower and even won the Golden Shoe award in the 2002 season of Chinese Taipei National Football League. He has expressed, \"My form improved as I trained myself as my players.\" In 2005, Chen was appointed assistant to Toshiaki Imai, then manager of Chinese Taipei national team." ]

[ "Camp Hill, Queensland Camp Hill is a suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Camp Hill is south-east of the CBD. It is a mostly residential suburb. Camp Hill is thought to have been named by teamsters who camped at a waterhole near Whites Hill in the suburb's south, while travelling between Brisbane and Cleveland. The original early settlers in the area were farmers, with a strong German influence in the community in the early period. In the 1860s, McCann's Greenbank Dairy was in operation, and Peter Faust was also farming in that era. In 1873, the White family purchased on high land that became known as White's Hill, which is still the name of a locality within the suburb of Camp Hill. Robert White, who was a joiner, originally built a slab hut on the northern centre of the hill and was farming (dairy cows, pigs). By the 1920s, he'd built a road to the summit of the hill and built a large home on the summit. A two-storey tower at the northern end was included and was used as an observatory. This is now a public reserve. It was in the 1880s that a real land and housing boom began, however. In 1882, Isaac Bennett established a rose farm on the corner of Bennett's and Old Cleveland Roads (this land was eventually subdivided). In 1886, John and Thirza Zahel acquired land between Dorothy Lane and Pampling Street and established a vineyard and orchard, and in 1890, the Fiveash family established a dairy as well as a fruit and vegetable farm on land at the corner of Clara St and Stanley Rd. The US Army had a significant impact on the area during the Second World War. A large US hospital was built on land to the rear of the Camp Hill Hotel. It accommodated up to 3,000 patients and staff. Now Arrol, Errey, Ascham, Morven, Aubrey and Arrowsmith Streets take up the site. These street follow the same pattern as the US constructed hospital roads. Other local street names include Hobart, Sydney and Melbourne Avenue, which are the names of World War I ships as well as Australian capital cities. Lossock Avenue and Tranters Avenue share an interesting history: William Lossock, owner and proprietor of Tranters Hotel in London, met the Brisbane architect who was subdividing land in the Camp Hill area when he visited London in the early 1920s. They became friends and the architect promised to name a street in the new estate after him, as well as one after the name of the Hotel. Other significant dates: Between 1912 and 1926 the suburb was serviced by the Belmont Tramway, which was a steam tram service that connected with the Queensland Government Railway owned and operated Cleveland railway line at Norman Park. Initially the service was operated by the Belmont Shire Council. The service was suspended in 1924. The service was reinstated by the Brisbane City Council in 1925, but was again suspended in 1926. The line branched from the Cleveland line where Acfold Street (in Norman Park) now ends. It then crossed Bennetts Road (Belmont Junction station) and followed a corridor that now contains Bennett's Bushland Park, D'arcy Road, Oateson Skyline Drive (in Seven Hills, including Seven Hills station), Camp Hill Bowls Club (Mt Bruce Station), residences between Perth Street and Stephen Street, the Camp Hill State Infants and Primary School large oval, residences alongside Little Ferguson Road (City View Station) then between Margaret Street and Arrol Street, where it joined Old Cleveland Road. The Belmont Tramway line remained in place until 1934, by which time the Brisbane City Council had extended its electric tramway from Coorparoo further along Old Cleveland Road, eventually becoming Route 06 between Fortitude Valley and Belmont (now Carina). Route 06 was replaced by a bus service when electric trams ceased operations in April 1969. As at 2016 Brisbane City Council's Route 204 still largely follows the former BCC Tram Route 06 along Old Cleveland Road, while Route 212 largely follows the former Belmont Tramway, although it travels to Carindale via Stanley Road rather than Old Cleveland Road. The tram tracks remain in Old Cleveland Road, Carina. Should the Eastern Busway be extended to Carindale, it is possible that these tracks may be removed, although they are heritage listed. During the 1960s Brisbane City Council also operated an electric trolleybus line along the Macrossan Avenue-Stanley Road corridor with a branch line along Oateson Skyline Drive. Trolleybuses were replaced by conventional diesel buses coinciding with the closure of the city's electric tram system in 1969. There has been no railway station in Camp Hill since the Belmont Tramway closed in 1926, however Coorparoo and Norman Park stations are located in neighbouring suburbs. Despite this, Camp Hill is well served by radial bus routes along the Old Cleveland Road, Stanley Road, and Chatsworth Rd corridors. Buses operate frequently and with a long span of service along Old Cleveland Road, between the Brisbane central business district and Carindale Shopping Centre bus station. The most significant stop is Camp Hill Stop 30 on Old Cleveland Road at Bruce Street, which is serviced by express, peak limited stops, and all-stops bus routes. Stop 30 is the site of the proposed Camp Hill busway station as part of the Eastern Busway planning.", "Stop 30 is the site of the proposed Camp Hill busway station as part of the Eastern Busway planning. The suburb is situated within TransLink Zone 2, which makes it attractive to city commuters with respect to relatively cost effective transit travel. With hilly terrain and busy traffic conditions in Camp Hill, local recreational cycling opportunities are limited, aside from paved circuits on Lavarack Park and Perth Street Park. However, as at February 2016 several citywide cycle routes pass through Camp Hill. Old Cleveland Road is a radial route that includes formal bicycle lanes in neighbouring suburbs of Carina and Coorparoo, although not through Camp Hill. Stanley Road is a radial route that is line-marked as a Bicycle Awareness Zone (yellow stencil stylized bicycle marked on edge of vehicle travel lane). Oateson Skyline Drive - Wiles St is a circumferential route that includes formal bicycle lanes. The inner eastern suburbs bicycle route, also circumferential, includes bicycle lanes on Bennetts Road and then passes through back streets marked as Bicycle Awareness Zones between Old Cleveland Road at Ashton Street, and Chatsworth Road at Greens Road. Packs of cyclists are commonplace along Old Cleveland Road early on weekend mornings. The hilly terrain and busy traffic conditions also impose some impediment to local walking opportunities. However, the grid structure of the road and street network and the presence of urban borders (verges) on all roadways promote relatively direct and safe walking conditions. The higher order local streets and the major roads mostly have paved footpaths on one or both sides. Old Cleveland Road has four signalised intersections with pedestrian control, which are all located adjacent to bus stops. Refuge islands support safe crossing of other roads and streets. Aside from local parks, nearby recreational walking attractions include Seven Hills Bushland Reserve to the north of Camp Hill, and Whites Hill Recreational Reserve immediately to the south. The 2011 Census recorded 10,533 residents in Camp Hill, of whom 51% were female and 49% were male. The median age of the population was 35; two years younger than the Australian median. 79.9% of people living in Camp Hill were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%. The other most common countries of birth were New Zealand (3.1%), England (3%), India (1%), Italy (0.7%), and South Africa (0.6%). 88% of people only spoke English at home, while the next most commonly spoken languages were Italian (1.2%), Greek (0.9%), Spanish (0.6%), Punjabi (0.5%), and Vietnamese (0.4%). 51.1% of households in the area consisted of couples with children, and 34.5% were couples without children. Separate houses accounted for nearly 85% of dwellings. Camp Hill has a large shopping centre in the \"Whites Hill\" area of the town (Centro Samuel Village) Which includes Woolworths, a Beer Wine Spirits and a few smaller stores. There are also a few smaller stores along Old Cleveland Road. Camp Hill has a bowls club<a href=\"https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20110812023649/http%3A//www.camphillbowls.net/\"></a> located on Ferguson Road. The Whites Hill Reserve contains touch football and Holland Park Hawks facilities." ]

[ "John T. Connor John Thomas \"Jack\" Connor (November 3, 1914 – October 6, 2000) was an American government official and businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from January 18, 1965 to January 31, 1967. Connor was born in Syracuse, New York, to Michael Joseph and Mary Vivian (née Sullivan) Connor. Connor graduated from Syracuse University and Harvard Law School, where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Connor was a Roman Catholic. He married the former Mary O'Boyle on June 22, 1940; they had two sons and one daughter. He was a lawyer in New York. In 1942, he became a researcher for the Office of Scientific Research and Development, which helped to find cures for many diseases and illnesses. He served in the United States Marine Corps as the assistant to the future Navy secretary James V. Forrestal. He was working on penicillin production and procurement issues. He worked in the pharmaceutical industry after the World War II, entering politics as the co-chairman of the Johnson-Humphrey Campaign in 1964. He was awarded the Commerce Secretaryship in 1965 but wielded less influence within the administration than Secretary of the Treasury Henry H. Fowler and the Economic Advisor Gardner Ackley. He helped to the settle an East Coast dock strike in 1965, as well as a General Electric strike in 1966. Connor resigned on January 31, 1967. In the 1970s, headed the Committee of Business Executives against the Vietnam War, and was to also, the served as the Rockefeller Commission to the investigation of the CIA activities. He died from leukemia at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts on October 6, 2000, at the age of 85. Connor was interred in Mosswood Cemetery in Cotuit, Massachusetts." ]

[ "Little Yellow Jacket Little Yellow Jacket #P761 (August 20, 1996 – September 19, 2011) was a bucking bull. He was a three-time Professional Bull Riders (PBR) World Champion Bull, winning the title in consecutive years from 2002 to 2004. At the time, his three titles made him unmatched by any bull in the history of the PBR. He was also inducted into the North Dakota Cowboy Hall of Fame for his accomplishments. He was the son of #77 Yellow Jacket and the grandson of #LH600 Wrangler Rivets. Little Yellow Jacket's three-time World Champion Bull record has since been matched by #13/6 Bushwacker, who received his third title in 2014, his year of retirement and Bruiser from 2016 to 2018. When Bruiser won his third title in 2018, he tied Little Yellow Jacket's record of three consecutive titles. Little Yellow Jacket was sometimes referred to as the \"Michael Jordan of professional bull riding\" and had his own line of merchandise. It was said he was the greatest bull in the PBR when he was selected to the receive the inaugural Brand of Honor. In Little Yellow Jacket's day he had the largest following of any PBR bull. Later, the bull Bushwacker was deemed to surpass Little Yellow Jacket as the best PBR bucking bull of all time. Little Yellow Jacket was bred on the Berger family ranch, named Rafter Arrow Ranch, in Mandan, North Dakota, by Joe Berger and his son Nevada. \"'You can't train him to be a bucking bull,' said Berger on LJ's natural talent. 'It's about breeding and blood lines. He got it bred into him. The only thing you can train him is to not buck in the chute.'\" After Tom Teague of Tom Teague Bucking Bulls got involved with the PBR, he became interested in Little Yellow Jacket. In 2002, Teague tried to persuade owner Joe Berger to sell him a half interest in Little Yellow Jacket while in Denver, Colorado, but Berger would not do so until Little Yellow Jacket had won a World Champion Bull title. Later that year the bull won his first title and Teague approached Berger again. Berger named his price and Teague didn't even haggle, just paid it outright. Later, Englishman Bernie Taupin, a songwriter for Elton John, who has been fascinated with Western culture since childhood, managed to purchase an interest in the bull. Little Yellow Jacket made his debut in the PBR in the year 1999 and went to his first PBR World Finals that year. Little Yellow Jacket competed in the major leagues of the PBR - the Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS) (known as the Bud Light Cup Series until 2003) starting in his first year. From the beginning to the end of his career, Little Yellow Jacket was said to either \"help a rider earn a score in the elite 90s or he'd serve up a dirt sandwich\". The bull seemed to know when he won. After he bucked someone off, he would seek his owner Joe Berger out for his approval. He might also show himself off to the crowd. \"They'd put him in the chute and he'd go out, throw the guy off and would prance around, and it was like he was saying, 'I knew I could bust your rear,'\" Tom Teague said. \"But if a rider happened to ride him, he'd better look out, because Little Yellow Jacket just might try to hook him.\" But in the end, Little Yellow Jacket never hurt anyone. He mostly had a reputation for being a gentle bull. As a rule, he \"would not only not try to come after his fallen rider, but would try to avoid and move around the grounded rider\". Early on in his career, Little Yellow Jacket earned respect from Ty Murray, a bull riding champion and a PBR co-founder, who had been described as the \"King of the Cowboys\" and has been referred to as the greatest cowboy of all time. At the PBR World Finals in 1999, Ty scored a 90.5 on Little Yellow Jacket. And it was Little Yellow Jacket's first time in the BFTS. \"He was then was a young bull that I had no idea about,\" Murray said. \"And when I got off of him, I told Cody Lambert, 'Wow! That bull is the real deal!\" To clarify, 90+ point rides are scored only by elite riders on top bulls, so the PBR keeps special statistics for them called the \"90 point club.\" All of Little Yellow Jacket's 14 qualified rides were scored at 90 points or higher except one. Another of Little Yellow Jacket's common meetups was with Michael Gaffney, who described Little Yellow Jacket as \"the total package.\" \"He bucked, kicked, changed directions and had as much intensity as any bull he had seen. Gaffney said all the components made for a 'full load' when you nodded your head. There was nothing easy about his pattern in which Gaffney vividly remembers there being a hop, skip and even a hesitation (when needed) that would rock riders back on their pockets before bringing them down over his front end. And, of course, his power only compounded the difficulty.\"", "And, of course, his power only compounded the difficulty.\" Gaffney is only one of two riders who scored two qualified rides on Little Yellow Jacket. The other is Cory McFadden. He was successfully ridden by only 12 bull riders for 14 rides in 90 recorded tour outs on the BFTS. He has been ridden 15 times in 93 rides at all levels. He went on to become the World Champion bull three times (2002-2004). Cody Lambert, who was himself a bull rider when younger, said of Little Yellow Jacket at the time, \"He's the greatest bull that the PBR has ever seen,\" He became the first bull to win three world titles and also finished runner-up to 2-time World Champion bull #81 Dillinger in 2001. Bruiser has since tied Little Yellow Jacket's record of three consecutive titles when he won his third title in 2018. At the end of his career, Little Yellow Jacket had a buck off rate of 83.53%, with an average buck off time of 2.66 seconds. Before his death, the bull was scheduled to be the inaugural inductee in the PBR's Brand of Honor, and would have been honored in person at a ceremony at the 2011 PBR World Finals. However, Little Yellow Jacket died earlier in that year before the ceremony, which took place without him just prior to the 2011 World Finals opening. Michael Gaffney and Chris Shivers are two of three riders that still holds the record for the highest marked ride in PBR history. In a record that still stands , only three men recorded a score as high as 96.5, doing so on four different bulls between 1999 and 2004: Bubba Dunn rode Promise Land in 1999. Chris Shivers rode Jim Jam in 2000, and Dillinger in 2001. Michael Gaffney rode Little Yellow Jacket at Nampa in 2004. Going to meet him in Nampa, Idaho, both rider and bull had earned fierce reputations and world titles. Michael Gaffney had attempted Little Yellow Jacket twice before and been bucked off each time without a qualified ride. One of those times was just one week prior in Colorado Springs. Gaffney is one of many bull riders who describe Little Yellow Jacket as one of the great bucking bulls in history. \"'He had the heart of a champion', Gaffney said. 'I think, he was born that way. '...He had intensity and power and, according to Gaffney, 'he was a full load.'\" He weighed between 1,700 to 1,800 pounds throughout his career. \"Nothing was in short supply for him,\" said Gaffney, who described Little Yellow Jacket's first move out of the chute as being a \"slump jump\" that included a hop, skip and a hesitation. \"I had been on him several times previous to that final day, in Nampa, where I eventually got him rode,\" Gaffney said. \"I had him the week before in Colorado Springs and he had that, like I said before, that signature move ― that step out, hop and skip and kind of rock you back on your (butt) and then just bring you down over the front end.\" He then explained, \"I really made an effort of over extenuating my posture when I left that day, in Nampa, and that was key because once he did get in the spin he still did wind up, have the kick and the speed and the power ― that old saying is 'you get tapped off' and I was there. I pulled a foot and helped myself out. I was feeling great and gave that aggressiveness that I want to have when I was in the position I was.\" \"He was the ultimate bull,\" Gaffney said. \"He had the attitude and the heart and everything else.\" Gaffney faced Little Yellow Jacket again later that year \"in the final outing of his own career\" in the eighth round of the PBR World Finals and scored 93.75 points. At the World Arena in Colorado Springs in 2003, 2000 PBR World Champion Chris Shivers had a chance to ride him for $1,000,000. \"A police escort accompanied the bull to the Colorado Springs Broadmoor Hotel, where he was penned in the parking lot on a bed of green, symbolizing money, and the lighting fixture above his head was a chandelier.\" Both rider and bull had to attend a weigh-in before the event. Shivers weighed in at 145 pounds, and Little Yellow Jacket weighed 1,600 pounds. Chris was bucked off in less than two seconds, and the bull's owners received $50,000. \"Though Shivers took being dumped hard at the time, the legendary cowboy views the bout as a great promotion for pro bull riding\". \"That's probably one of the biggest moments in PBR history, and I'm just glad that I was involved in it,\" Shivers said. This event at the Colorado Springs Invitational Rodeo was the fifth time that Little Yellow Jacket had bucked Chris Shivers off. \"He's one of the greatest bulls in the world,\" Shivers said after the ride. \"My hat's off to him.\" This event reflected the ability of Little Yellow Jacket, as PBR wrote an article about the high skill level of Chris Shivers in 2013. This article spoke about Chris being the rider who set the 90-point standard.", "This article spoke about Chris being the rider who set the 90-point standard. Chris recorded 94 qualified rides in excess of 90 points or better. And yet he did not score one qualified ride on Little Yellow Jacket. , Chris Shivers still holds the record for most 90+ point rides. Little Yellow Jacket was a dark red Brangus bull. He weighed about and had one horn pointing upward and one downward. Little Yellow Jacket and his foremost ancestors are registered with American Bucking Bull, Inc. (ABBI). His sire was #77 Yellow Jacket and his dam was a Berger cow. His grandsire was #LH600 Wrangler Rivets and his grandam another Berger cow. His mother was killed in a torrid winter storm in 1997. His sire, Yellow Jacket, was the 1999 Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) Bucking Bull of the Year. Yellow Jacket was owned by Big Bend/Flying 5 Rodeo at the time of his death. Both Little Yellow Jacket and his sire are listed in the top fifteen bulls in the Top 500 Bull Historical Ranking. Wrangler Rivets was a champion bucking bull who won 13 competitions as a bucking bull. Wrangler Rivets was also a two-time North American Rodeo Commission (NARC) Bull of the Year. His cousin Moody Blues was 1998 PBR World Champion Bull (the title used to be Bull of the Year). Little Yellow Jacket's owners, a partnership of Joe and Nevada Berger, Bernie Taupin, and Tom Teague, retired him at the end of 2005. Little Yellow Jacket was kept in a pen when the truck/trailer would pull up to take the other bulls away for the bull riding events. He would throw a fit because he wanted to go with them. Other times he spent in the pasture so he had exercise, company, and breeding with the cows. Berger also sold his sperm for artificial insemination at $700 per straw. Little Yellow Jacket would wake up mornings in his pen and command the other bulls to come \"join him for a drink\" of water. He was definitely the dominant bull at the ranch. Occasionally, adult visitors were guided to the ranch to view Little Yellow Jacket. After the Bergers had kept Little Yellow Jacket at their ranch in North Dakota and had bred him for awhile, Tom Teague, who owns Teague Bucking Bulls and who held a half interest, asked to buy the full interest in the bull. The Bergers honored his request, so that Little Yellow Jacket could live at Teague Bucking Bulls in North Carolina instead of North Dakota and enjoy milder winters. Joe Berger's son Chad was managing the bulls by this time. Little Yellow Jacket spent his last five years at Teague's ranch. Teague held great regard for Little Yellow Jacket and took special care of him, providing the bull superb feeds, climate control, companionship, and at the time of his death, there remained several pregnant cows. Little Yellow Jacket died in Graham, North Carolina on September 19, 2011, at the age of 15. \"Little Yellow Jacket was a tremendous athlete, and the mere mention of his name brings great memories to fans of our sport,\" said PBR CEO Jim Haworth. \"He will certainly be remembered as one of the all-time greats.\" The home page of Teague's website is a memorial to the bull. Videos:" ]

[ "1994 Michigan gubernatorial election The 1994 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1994, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of the state of Michigan. Incumbent Governor John Engler, a member of the Republican Party, was re-elected over Democratic Party nominee and Congressman Howard Wolpe. The voter turnout was 45.5%. Engler, who was narrowly elected in 1990, ran unopposed in the GOP Primary and retained Lt. Gov. Connie Binsfeld as his running mate. Wolpe, who had served 7 terms in Congress before retiring in 1993, won a 4-way battle for the Democratic nomination, taking 35 percent of the vote. He bested his closest rival, state Sen. Debbie Stabenow, who had 30 percent. Wolpe eventually chose Stabenow as his running mate." ]

[ "Store manager A retail manager (or store manager) is the person ultimately responsible for the day-to-day operations (or management) of a retail store. All employees working in the store report to the retail/store manager. A store manager reports to a district/area or general manager. Responsibilities of a store manager include: A store manager must meet the monthly, quarterly, or annual sales goals, depending on the company's fiscal cycle. This involves setting individual sales goals (quotas), holding contests for employees, or offering sales promotions. The manager may also find ways to make employees more productive to meet the goals. Thus, the store manager may be forced to reduce payroll expenditures by decreasing employees' hours, or otherwise reducing operating cost. A store manager should motivate his or her team to achieve the target set for the store. A store manager should set an example for his or her subordinates to follow. The Store manager is the store's primary key-holder and may be called to the store before, during, or after business hours in the event of an emergency. They are also responsible for the safety of all customers and employees on store premises. Store managers may be required to hold safety meetings, especially as dictated by union practices in cases where store employees belong to a union. A store manager may have several subordinates who have management-level responsibility. These employees may be called deputy managers, assistant managers, department managers, supervisors, key holders, shift leads, or leads. Sometimes members of the management team may be several grades below the store manager. One example would be store manager - deputy manager - department manager - department leads. A store manager has over-all responsibility for all day-to-day activity of the store. Managing & controlling staff, and planning are essential points of the store manager. The store manager is responsible for hiring, training, and in some cases, development of employees. The manager must ensure staffing levels are adequate to effectively operate the store, and ensure employees receive training necessary for their job responsibilities. Managers may be responsible for developing employees so the company can promote employees from within and develop future leaders, potentially for employment at other locations. Store managers also have the fire powers to any under-performing or misbehaving employees. The role of store managers with regards to the other employees varies from company to company and each respective company's operating methods but in general a store manager will be required to deal with and try to solve any and all problems that may occur at any given time." ]

[ "Xenon trioxide Xenon trioxide is an unstable compound of xenon in its +6 oxidation state. It is a very powerful oxidizing agent, and liberates oxygen from water slowly, accelerated by exposure to sunlight. It is dangerously explosive upon contact with organic materials. When it detonates, it releases xenon and oxygen gas. Xenon trioxide is a strong oxidising agent and can oxidise most substances that are at all oxidisable. However, it is slow-acting and this reduces its usefulness. Above 25 °C, xenon trioxide is very prone to violent explosion: When it dissolves in water, an acidic solution of xenic acid is formed: This solution is stable at room temperature and lacks the explosive properties of xenon trioxide. It oxidises carboxylic acids quantitatively to carbon dioxide and water. Alternatively, it dissolves in alkaline solutions to form \"xenates\". The HXeO anion is the predominant species in xenate solutions. These are not stable and begin to disproportionate into perxenates (+8 oxidation state) and xenon and oxygen gas. Solid perxenates containing have been isolated by reacting with an aqueous solution of hydroxides. Xenon trioxide reacts with inorganic fluorides such as KF, RbF, or CsF to form stable solids of the form . Hydrolysis of xenon hexafluoride or xenon tetrafluoride yields a solution from which colorless XeO crystals can be obtained by evaporation . The crystals are stable for days in dry air, but readily absorb water from humid air to form a concentrated solution. The crystal structure is orthorhombic with \"a\" = 6.163 Å, \"b\" = 8.115 Å, \"c\" = 5.234 Å, and 4 molecules per unit cell. The density is 4.55 g/cm. XeO should be handled with great caution. Samples have detonated when undisturbed at room temperature. Dry crystals react explosively with cellulose." ]

[ "Halo (UK band) Halo are a rock band from Bristol, England, who formed in 1999 and disbanded in 2004. In 2002, they released one album, and had three singles in the UK Singles Chart. They reformed in 2011 and are currently recording their second album. The band’s journey began in 1999 when brothers Graeme and Iain Moncrieff joined forces with Jim Davey and then Stevie Yeomans. They developed a unique sound consisting of raw energy, soaring guitars, an unswerving rhythm section, epic songs and rich three-part vocal harmony. Halo quickly gained a reputation for their electrifying live shows and soon found themselves on the radar of publishing giants Windswept Pacific, who snapped them up immediately after watching the band perform at The Astoria, London. Shortly afterwards Sony’s S2 label became favourites to sign them and the band promptly put pen to paper with Muff Winwood, head of Sony Europe, to sign a six-album deal. Halo’s first release, the ‘Still Here’ EP, was recorded in London and given away free to their rapidly expanding fan base with rave reviews. Kerrang urged readers not to ‘look this gift stallion in the mouth’ and to join Halo’s mailing list pronto. After a string of festivals and a heavy stint on the road touring with Rachel Stamp, The Strokes, Wheatus, The Cooper Temple Clause, Ocean Colour Scene and Pink, Halo teamed up with Stereophonics producer Al Clay at ICP studios in Brussels and recorded their debut album ‘Lunatic Ride’, released in 2002 The album generated three singles. The first ‘Cold Light Of Day’ reached 44 in the UK charts, ‘Never Ending’ went to 56 and ‘Sanctimonious’ which they re-recorded with legendary producer Gil Norton (Pixies, Foofighters) went to number 41. Mark Radcliffe also made it Radio 1’s record of the week on the Mark and Lard show. After a major shake-up of Sony Music, Halo were released from their contract alongside 40% of the labels roster, including chart giants Reef and Toploader, in 2003. Halo, as a band, ceased soon afterwards. In 2011, the band and their manager met up for a few nostalgic drinks and decided to do a one-off show in their hometown of Bristol. After playing a sell-out show, they decided the band was too good to lay dormant any longer and made the decision to reform. After a number of high-profile gigs, the band have been writing new material and have started recording their long-awaited second album at Distiller Studios, with producer Stew Jackson, due for release in 2014. Halo will be touring and playing festivals in 2014 to promote their second album, due for release in the summer." ]

[ "TAT Technologies TAT Technologies is a publicly traded Israeli company, headquartered in Gedera, Israel, that provides environmental control products and services for the commercial and military aviation industries. Its shares are traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market and on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. TAT Technologies is a manufacturer of environmental control systems for the commercial and military aviation industries. The systems it provides include heat exchangers and cooling systems, essential for the operation of aircraft machinery and electronics, as well as air conditioners for use in military installations and in armored vehicles. TAT's clients have included the United States Army, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Cirrus Aircraft, and Embraer. The company's competitors include AMETEK, Honeywell International and Hamilton Sundstrand. TAT Technologies was founded in 1969 by Shlomo Ostersetzer in response to a French arms embargo on combatants in the Six-Day War – an embargo that primarily affected Israel. The company was established with the goal of replacing the French aviation industry, upon which Israel had relied extensively until that time. TAT has been listed on the NASDAQ American stock exchange since 1987 and joined the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange in 2005. In 2007 the ownership of TAT was acquired from Ostersetzer and partner Dov Zeelim by Isal, a subsidiary of KMN Holdings, controlled by Roni Elroy, son-in-law of Yitzhak Tshuva. Shmuel Fledel, a former colonel in the Israeli Air Force, was appointed CEO of TAT in May 2008. Shmuel resigned in the beginning of 2012 and Mr Itzik Maaravi was appointed instead of him. Prior to Fledel's appointment, founder Shlomo Ostersetzer, ETH Zurich alumnus (Mechanical Engineering), and Dov Zeelim served as CEOs of the company. The CFO of the company has been since 2009 Mr Yaron Shalem" ]

[ "Shipmate A shipmate is literally a mate on one's own ship (i.e., a member of the same ship). In English-Speaking navies and the United States Coast Guard, the term 'shipmate' is used among sailors as a generic moniker. It is used in the third person by a member of a ship's crew to describe another member, or in the second person when referring to any other Naval service member. In the United States Navy \"shipmate\" is most accurately a term used by anyone in the Navy to reference anyone else in the Navy. It can be used with a range of connotations- most often as an expression of camaraderie, but also as a respectful way to address other crew members whose rank or naval rating is not obvious. It can even be used in a derogatory manner. It is used both on land and at sea and it is used among Naval service members without regard to whether they are in fact members of the same ship. The term is used so abundantly in the American Navy that the inflection, context, and tone of the speaker can connote more meaning than the term itself. In the United States Navy, recruits are indoctrinated with heavy use of the term immediately upon beginning training at Recruit Training Command (or 'boot camp'). There, they use the term abundantly to refer to their peers in all but the least formal settings. Notably, recruits use the term superfluously and with enthusiasm to sound off to their peers in scenarios when referencing another person by name or title would be otherwise unnecessary. For example, a recruit in the chow line will add \"shipmate\" after identifying each item of food he or she wishes fellow recruits to place on his or her tray (\"potatoes, Shipmate! \", \"green beans, Shipmate! \", \"bread, Shipmate!\" etc.). In turn, the recruits serving his or her food will repeat the expression as the recruit moves down the line \"potatoes, Shipmate! \", \"green beans, Shipmate! \", \"bread, Shipmate!\"... to confirm that they understood the commands. It is used so abundantly during this stage of a sailor's training that it can sound curious to a new recruit or a visitor. The term is almost never used by superiors to refer to inferiors during recruit training except ironically or in a derogatory tone. Sometimes the term is modified to connote the derogation more explicitly, as in \"Shipwreck\" in reference to someone who is messy or fails to maintain a military bearing. As the extreme hierarchical distinctions in recruit training tend to fade once the recruit joins the regular Navy, so do the above distinctions. It is not uncommon to hear an Admiral or Captain refer to his lowest subordinates as \"shipmate\" in order to express camaraderie. Inversely, it is not uncommon for peers to refer to one another as \"shipwreck\" or use a vocal inflection that connotes derogation, usually with an accent on the \"-mate.\" The term is often used in a follow-on training status such as \"A\" School from superiors to their subordinates to point out deficiencies, usually when rank of the subordinate is not easily identified. An example would be \"Hey shipmate! Fix your uniform!\" The use of the term in this context would be similar to a division commander referring to a recruit as \"Recruit\". Although the term is not commonly used outside maritime scenarios, it is often used by Navy veterans toward one another as a means to reminisce or bond about shared experience. Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, a popular maritime novel, is laced with the term, although the narrator Ishmael seldom uses the word: \"This man interested me at once; and since the sea-gods had ordained that he should soon become my \"shipmate\" (though but a sleeping partner one, so far as this narrative is concerned), I will here venture upon a little description of him.\" <a href=\"http%3A//www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/moby10b.txt\"></a> One might refer to a fellow crew member by saying, \"He and I were shipmates before reporting for duty here in Norfolk.\" The word is used in this sense in the old song \"Don't Forget Your Old Shipmates\". When getting the attention of a fellow sailor, one might simply call out \"Shipmate!\" or \"Hey, shipmate!\" When speaking to a group or crowd of sailors, i.e. \"My fellow shipmates...\"" ]

[ "Meeûs d'Argenteuil De Meeûs (also: de Meeûs d'Argenteuil and de Meeûs d'Argenteuil de Trannoy) is a noble family from the region of Brussels, Belgium. In 1836 Ferdinand Meeûs (1798–1861), a scion of a commercial family, was ennobled by the Belgian king Leopold I, with the title of count. Whereas he may have been a family member of Jean-Philippe or Paul Meeûs who were ennobled in 1688, he certainly was not a descendant of one of them. He used the same coat of arms, which was in use within his family, originally prominent members of the corporation of brewers in Brussels. Ferdinand count Meeûs was a lifelong governor of the Société Générale, founded under the Dutch King William I and becoming a major economic player in the industrial development of the new Belgian kingdom. He built a castle in the 1830s at the edge of the Zoniënwoud. Shortly after it was finished it burned down, and in 1858 a new castle was built at the same spot. In later years, his descendants sold a part of the land to an American businessman, William Hallam Tuck, who had married the Belgian heiress Hilda Bunge. The couple built a residence, 'Argenteuil' or 'château Tuck'. This elegant mansion was sold to the Belgian government in 1949 and was used from 1961 on as the residence of former king Leopold III and his wife Princess Lilian. It was named 'Domaine d'Argenteuil' since. Most descendants of Ferdinand Meeûs were allowed to add 'd'Argenteuil' to their name (1937–1938). One branch of the family added 'de Trannoy' in supplement (1953)." ]

[ "E. Remington and Sons E. Remington and Sons (1816–1896) was a manufacturer of firearms and typewriters. Founded in 1816 by Eliphalet Remington in Ilion, New York, on March 1, 1873 it became known for manufacturing the first commercial typewriter. There are two versions of the origin story of the first Remington rifle barrel. One holds that the younger Remington wanted to purchase a rifle and lacked the money to buy one so he made his own. The other states that he forged a barrel from wrought iron to see if he could build a better rifle than he could buy. Both versions have him taking the barrel to a gunsmith to have it rifled. Eliphalet II forged his first rifle barrel as a young blacksmith in 1816 and finished second place in a local shooting match with it. Despite not winning the match, he proceeded to make barrels to meet the growing demand for flintlock rifles in the Mohawk Valley. With the completion of the Erie Canal, connecting Buffalo with Albany, commerce in the Mohawk Valley expanded remarkably as did the demand for rifle barrels. To meet the increased demand for rifle barrels, in 1828 the Remingtons moved their forge and foundry from its rural setting to 100 acres (0.4 km²) of land they had purchased astride the canal and abutting the Mohawk River near a town then called Morgan's Landing (later Ilion), New York. The move coincided with the elder Eliphalet's death, and Eliphalet II assumed control of the business. In 1839 Eliphalet was joined by his oldest son, Philo Remington (to make the business \"E. Remington & Son\"), and in 1845 his second son, Samuel, also joined the company, afterwards called \"E. Remington & Sons\". Remington's third son, Eliphalet III, would later join the company as well. During this period, the Remingtons specialized almost exclusively in the manufacture of rifle barrels. These barrels, marked with the distinctive \"REMINGTON\" stamp near their breeches, were recognized for their quality and reasonable price. Many, if not most, of the independent gunsmiths in the Mohawk Valley purchased completed (but not rifled) barrels from Remington and assembled them into firearms custom ordered by their customers. As demand increased, the Remingtons added other parts to their inventory, first percussion locks made in Birmingham, England but marked with their stamp \"REMINGTON\", and later sets of brass gun furniture, including trigger guards, butt plates, and patch boxes. After 1846, first martial longarm and then revolver production dominated the company's workforce. In 1848, the company purchased gun making machinery from the Ames Manufacturing Company of Chicopee, Massachusetts, and took over a contract for Jenks breechloading percussion carbines for the U.S. Navy. Remington supplied the U.S. Navy with its first breech-loading rifle. Remington supplied the U.S. Army with rifles in the Mexican–American War (1846 to 1848). Shortly after, Remington took over a defaulted contract (by John Griffith of Cincinnati) for 5,000 U.S. Model 1841 Percussion Mississippi rifles. Based on the success of filling these orders, subsequent contracts followed in the 1850s. In 1856 the business was expanded to include the manufacture of agricultural implements. Upon Eliphalet's death in 1861, his son, Philo, took over the firm during the Civil War, and diversified the product line to include sewing machines (manufactured from 1870 to 1894) and typewriters (1873), both of which were exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. On June 23, 1868 a patent was granted to Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and Samuel W. Soule for a \"Type-Writer\" which was eventually developed into the Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first device that allowed an operator to type substantially faster than a person could write by hand. The patent (U.S. 79,265) was sold for $12,000 to Densmore and Yost, who made an agreement with E. Remington and Sons (then famous as a manufacturer of sewing machines), to commercialize what was known as the Sholes and Glidden Type-Writer. Remington started production of their first typewriter on March 1, 1873 in Ilion, New York. The Type-Writer introduced the QWERTY, designed by Sholes, and the success of the follow-up Remington No. 2 of 1878 – the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters via a shift key – led to the popularity of the QWERTY layout. E. Remington & Sons supplied a large proportion of the small arms used by the United States government in the Civil War (1861 to 1865). On March 7, 1888, ownership of E. Remington & Sons left possession of the Remington family and was sold to new owners, Hartley and Graham of New York, New York and the Winchester Repeating Arms Company of New Haven, Connecticut. At which time the name was formally changed to the Remington Arms Company. Remington in addition was one of the most successful gun manufacturers in the world arms trade between 1867 and 1900, specifically through the export of the Remington Rolling Block action rifle. This single-shot, large-caliber black-powder cartridge rifle was exported in the millions all over the world, including shipments to France, Egypt, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Argentina, Mexico and the Papal States.", "This single-shot, large-caliber black-powder cartridge rifle was exported in the millions all over the world, including shipments to France, Egypt, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Argentina, Mexico and the Papal States. It was an important gun supplier of small arms used by the United States government in World War I (U.S. involvement 1917 to 1918) and World War II (U.S. involvement 1941 to 1945) In 1886, E. Remington and Sons sold its typewriter business to the Standard Typewriter Manufacturing Company, Inc. Included were the rights to use the Remington name. The buyers were William O. Wyckoff, Harry H. Benedict and Clarence Seamans, all of whom worked for Remington. Standard Typewriter changed its name in 1902 to Remington Typewriter Company. This company merged in 1927 with Rand Kardex Bureau to form Remington Rand, which continued to manufacture office equipment and later became a major computer company, as well as manufacturing electric razors." ]

[ "League of Romanian Students Abroad The League of Romanian Students Abroad (LSRS; Romanian: Liga Studenţilor Români din Străinătate), is a non-profit, non-governmental, politically neutral organization led by Romanian students and graduates of universities around the world. It is one of the few organizations of its kind, specifically grouping Romanians who want to study, are studying, or have studied abroad. The main goal of LSRS is to develop the community of Romanian students and graduates of universities around the world, facilitating their contribution to Romania's democratic future. LSRS affirms that highly trained, young Romanians represent a strategic resource for the country’s development and should be promoted within society as decisive factors for Romania’s future success. LSRS was founded by two Romanian students, Sebastian Burduja (Harvard University) and Costin Elefteriu (King's College London), in January 2009, who perceived a need to organize the ever-growing community of Romanians studying abroad. Now, this community numbers tens of thousands of people. LSRS is one of the fastest growing Romanian non-profits, gathering over 5,000 members (defined as registered users of their website) in two years of activity. It has signed an official Memorandum with the Romanian Senate, granting it special recognition from Romanian authorities and acknowledging, for the first time, the potential of Romanian students abroad. LSRS is organized into branches on four continents. In 2010, there were 23 active branches, spanning most Western European countries, but also Turkey, China, Chile, Russia and others. Branches are headed by Coordinators, who have nearly complete control over the activities of the branch. The general direction is set by Coordinators together with the Executive Committee and the Director’s Council. The Director’s Council gathers the President, the Secretary General, and five Vice-presidents: Internal Relations, External Relations, Projects, Treasury, and Communications. The League is defined by a strong organizational culture. Members and volunteers commonly refer to it as “the family” or “the home away from home.” LSRS has undertaken a wide variety of projects on a national and international scale. It seeks to promote good relations with other countries, supporting Romania’s image around the world through the activities of its branches. Every year, LSRS branches around the world organize small and medium-sized events to promote the Romanian culture and traditions. The main celebrations take place on December 1 of every year, Romania’s National Day. At the same time, LSRS organizes projects in Romania. The “LSRS Caravan”. takes Romanian students and alumni from abroad on a journey through Romanian high schools and colleges. There they provide advice and counseling for facilitating the admission of new students to top foreign universities. Equally important, the League organizes an annual Gala of Romanian Academic Excellence, offering prizes to the best and the brightest Romanian students abroad. The event routinely gathers around 800-1000 participants and in 2010 was held in the prestigious Palace of the Parliament (Casa Poporului). The League’s policy is to invite civil society activists, journalists, but also politicians as representatives of the State. For instance, Romania's Foreign Minister Teodor Baconschi was present in 2011, along with Mircea Geoana, President of the Romanian Senate, and Crin Antonescu, President of the National Liberal Party. The event has been tremendously successful in 2010-2011. The 2011 winner, Cristina Ghenoiu, is a world-leading specialist in cancer research at the Rockefeller Center. In Europe, Graduate Student of the Year went to a talented researcher called Radu Beleca from Brunel University. Another winner is Cristina Grigore, Romanian Fulbright Alumna at Vanderbilt University. LSRS also organized a Conference on Sustainable Development in the Black Sea Region, together with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), bringing together students, diplomats, and scholars to explore new development solutions. Another activity is the Jobs on the Horizon website, developed jointly with the Dinu Patriciu Foundation. The website provides an online job-search platform for Romanian graduates of foreign universities. In 2010, LSRS spoke out on the controversial subject of Rosia Montana, protesting against the potential mining operations by pointing out the environmental costs involved. The subject is still being debated in Romania as of February 2011. LSRS seeks to defend and promote the legal rights and academic, professional, social, and cultural interests of its members, and smoothens up the path toward a prosperous and democratic Romania. LSRS has been created for Romanian students and graduates abroad, as well as for other Romanians interested in studying outside their home country. LSRS has had appearances in the Romanian media - TV, online, newspapers - among which Mediafax - Celebration of Romania's National Day (in Romanian), Adevarul - Interview with the founders of LSRS (in Romanian), and Diaspora Business Live - LSRS Library, by LSRS Denmark (in Romanian)" ]

[ "Ma'mun al-Hudaybi Ma'mun al-Hudaybi (May 28, 1921 – January 8, 2004) was the sixth General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers. He briefly succeeded Mustafa Mashhur as General Guide in 2002, and headed the Islamist group until his death on January 8, 2004. His successor was Mohammed Mahdi Akef. Ma'mun al-Hudaybi was the son of the second General Guide, Hassan al-Hudaybi. He was born in Sohag, in upper Egypt on May 28, 1921. His family was originally from ‘Arab al-Sawalha in Qaliubya, but moved wherever his father’s work as a judge for the Justice Ministry took them. His father was also the second General Guide for the Muslim Brotherhood from 1951 until his death on November 13, 1973. He received a public education before graduating from the King Fouad University College of Law." ]

[ "Eugen Dücker Eugen Gustav Dücker (also \"Eugène Gustav Dücker\"; Arensburg (now Kuressaare, Estonia) – 6 December 1916 Düsseldorf, Germany) was a romanticist Baltic German painter. He lived and developed almost all his career in Düsseldorf. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. A notable student of his was the Norwegian landscape painter Adelsteen Normann who studied with Dücker from 1869 to 1872. Other pupils included Heinrich Hermanns, Franz Korwan, Georg Macco, Otto Modersohn, Fritz Overbeck, Edgar Meyer, Heinrich Petersen-Angeln, Oskar Hoffmann and Carl Wuttke. Despite his career's roots in Germany, he spent a lot of his time in Estonia, where he painted idyllic landscapes of the sea and the countryside." ]

[ "Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University The Graduate School of Public Health is one of the professional graduate schools of San Diego State University within its College of Health and Human Services. Located in the College Area neighborhood of San Diego, California, it is part of the Association of Schools of Public Health and is fully accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health. San Diego State University is a member of the Western Association of Graduate Schools, the Council of Graduate Schools in the United States, and the Consortium of Universities for Global Health. The GSPH also maintains its own chapter in the Delta Omega Honorary Society in Public Health. The school's mission is \"to improve population health and well-being by building a diverse public health workforce to meet the needs of current and future communities.\" The GSPH began through the efforts of James W. Cobble, Dean of the Graduate Division at SDSU; the late Dr. John J. Hanlon, former Assistant Surgeon General of the U.S. Public Health Service and a father of modern public health; and Thomas B. Day, former President of SDSU. Associated with Dr. Hanlon's early work on the GSPH is the formation of an umbrella organization, the College of Health and Human Services, which would provide collaboration between the GSPH, the Schools of Social Work and Nursing, and the Departments of Health Science and Communicative Disorders. The GSPH offers an undergraduate minor in public health; a Bachelor of Science in Health Sciences; a Master of Public Health; a Preventative Medicine Residency program; and Ph.D.s in Epidemiology, Health Behavior, and Global Health. Ph.D.s awarded by the GSPH are jointly awarded with the University of California, San Diego. The GSPH offers the following dual degrees: MPH/MA in Latin American Studies, MPH/MSW, and MPH/MD. Students pursuing MPH degrees have the option of choosing between five concentrations: Biometry, Environmental Health, Epidemiology, Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, and Health Management and Policy. The GSPH is among only five schools in the United States whose MPH concentration in Management and Policy is accredited by the Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education in addition to being accredited by CEPH." ]

[ "Itō Hirobumi Prince was a Japanese statesman and genrō. A London-educated samurai of the Chōshū Domain and an influential figure in the early Meiji Restoration government, he chaired the bureau which drafted the Meiji Constitution in the 1880s. Looking to the West for legal inspiration, Itō rejected the United States Constitution as too liberal and the Spanish Restoration as too despotic before ultimately drawing on the British and German models, especially the Prussian Constitution of 1850. Dissatisfied with the prominent role of Christianity in European legal traditions, he substituted references to the more traditionally Japanese concept of \"kokutai\" or \"national polity\", which became the constitutional justification for imperial authority. In 1885, he became Japan's first Prime Minister, an office his constitutional bureau had introduced. He went on to hold the position four times, becoming one of the longest serving PMs in Japanese history, and wielded considerable power even out of office as the occasional head of Emperor Meiji's Privy Council. A monarchist, Itō favoured a large, bureaucratic government and opposed the formation of political parties. His third term in government was ended by the consolidation of the opposition into the Kenseitō party in 1898, prompting him to found the Rikken Seiyūkai party in response. He resigned his fourth and final ministry in 1901 after growing weary of party politics, but served as head of the Privy Council twice more before his death. Itō's foreign policy was ambitious. He strengthened diplomatic ties with Western powers including Germany, the United States and especially the United Kingdom. In Asia he oversaw the First Sino-Japanese War and negotiated Chinese surrender on terms aggressively favourable to Japan, including the annexation of Taiwan and the release of Korea from the Chinese Imperial tribute system. Itō sought to avoid a Russo-Japanese War through the policy of \"Man-Kan kōkan\" – surrendering Manchuria to the Russian sphere of influence in exchange for the acceptance of Japanese hegemony in Korea. A diplomatic tour of the United States and Europe brought him to Saint Petersburg in November 1901, where he was unable to find compromise on this matter with Russian authorities. Soon the government of Katsura Tarō elected to abandon the pursuit of \"Man-Kan kōkan\", and tensions with Russia continued to escalate towards war. The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 made Itō the first Japanese Resident-General of Korea. He initially supported the sovereignty of the indigenous Joseon monarchy as a protectorate under Japan, but he eventually accepted and agreed with the increasingly powerful Imperial Japanese Army, which favoured the total annexation of Korea, resigning his position as Resident-General and taking a new position as the President of the Privy Council of Japan in 1909. Four months later, Itō was assassinated by Korean-independence activist and nationalist An Jung-geun in Manchuria. The annexation process was formalised by another treaty the following year after Ito's death. Through his daughter Ikuko, Itō was the father-in-law of politician, intellectual and author Suematsu Kenchō. Itō's birth name was Hayashi Risuke (林利助). His father Hayashi Jūzō was the adopted son of Mizui Buhei who was an adopted son of Itō Yaemon's family, a lower-ranked samurai from Hagi in Chōshū Domain (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture). Mizui Buhei was renamed Itō Naoemon. Mizui Jūzō took the name Itō Jūzō, and Hayashi Risuke was renamed to Itō Shunsuke at first, then Itō Hirobumi. He was a student of Yoshida Shōin at the Shōka Sonjuku and later joined the \"Sonnō jōi\" movement (\"to revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians\"), together with Katsura Kogorō. Itō was chosen as one of the Chōshū Five who studied at University College London in 1863, and the experience in Great Britain convinced him Japan needed to adopt Western ways. In 1864, Itō returned to Japan with fellow student Inoue Kaoru to attempt to warn Chōshū Domain against going to war with the foreign powers (the Bombardment of Shimonoseki) over the right of passage through the Straits of Shimonoseki. At that time, he met Ernest Satow for the first time, later a lifelong friend. After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Itō was appointed governor of Hyōgo Prefecture, junior councilor for Foreign Affairs, and sent to the United States in 1870 to study Western currency systems. Returning to Japan in 1871, he established Japan's taxation system. Later that year, he was sent on the Iwakura Mission around the world as vice-envoy extraordinary, during which he won the confidence of Ōkubo Toshimichi, one of the leaders of the Meiji government. In 1873, Itō was made a full councilor, Minister of Public Works, and in 1875 chairman of the first Assembly of Prefectural Governors. He participated in the Osaka Conference of 1875. After Ōkubo's assassination, he took over the post of Home Minister and secured a central position in the Meiji government. In 1881 he urged Ōkuma Shigenobu to resign, leaving himself in unchallenged control. Itō went to Europe in 1882 to study the constitutions of those countries, spending nearly 18 months away from Japan. While working on a constitution for Japan, he also wrote the first Imperial Household Law and established the Japanese peerage system (\"kazoku\") in 1884. In 1885, he negotiated the Convention of Tientsin with Li Hongzhang, normalizing Japan's diplomatic relations with Qing-dynasty China. In 1885, based on European ideas, Itō established a cabinet system of government, replacing the Daijō-kan as the decision-making state organization, and on December 22, 1885, he became the first prime minister of Japan.", "In 1885, based on European ideas, Itō established a cabinet system of government, replacing the Daijō-kan as the decision-making state organization, and on December 22, 1885, he became the first prime minister of Japan. On April 30, 1888, Itō resigned as prime minister, but headed the new Privy Council to maintain power behind-the-scenes. In 1889, he also became the first \"genrō\". The Meiji Constitution was promulgated in February 1889. He had added to it the references to the \"kokutai\" or \"national polity\" as the justification of the emperor's authority through his divine descent and the unbroken line of emperors, and the unique relationship between subject and sovereign. This stemmed from his rejection of some European notions as unfit for Japan, as they stemmed from European constitutional practice and Christianity. He remained a powerful force while Kuroda Kiyotaka and Yamagata Aritomo, his political nemeses, were prime ministers. During Itō's second term as prime minister (August 8, 1892 – August 31, 1896), he supported the First Sino-Japanese War and negotiated the Treaty of Shimonoseki in March 1895 with his ailing foreign minister Mutsu Munemitsu. In the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of 1894, he succeeded in removing some of the onerous unequal treaty clauses that had plagued Japanese foreign relations since the start of the Meiji period. During Itō's third term as prime minister (January 12 – June 30, 1898), he encountered problems with party politics. Both the and the \"Shimpotō\" opposed his proposed new land taxes, and in retaliation, Itō dissolved the Diet and called for new elections. As a result, both parties merged into the \"Kenseitō\", won a majority of the seats, and forced Itō to resign. This lesson taught Itō the need for a pro-government political party, so he organized the \"Rikken Seiyūkai\" (Constitutional Association of Political Friendship) in 1900. Itō's womanizing was a popular theme in editorial cartoons and in parodies by contemporary comedians, and was used by his political enemies in their campaign against him. Itō returned to office as prime minister for a fourth term from October 19, 1900, to May 10, 1901, this time facing political opposition from the House of Peers. Weary of political back-stabbing, he resigned in 1901, but remained as head of the Privy Council as the premiership alternated between Saionji Kinmochi and Katsura Tarō. Toward the end of August 1901, Itō announced his intention of visiting the United States to recuperate. This turned into a long journey in the course of which he visited the major cities of the United States and Europe, setting off from Yokohama on September 18, traveling through the U.S. to New York City (Itō received an honorary doctorate LL.D. from Yale University in late October), from which he sailed to Boulogne, reaching Paris on November 4. On November 25, he reached Saint Petersburg, having been asked by the new prime minister, Katsura Tarō, to sound out the Russians, entirely unofficially, on their intentions in the Far East. Japan hoped to achieve what it called \"Man-Kan kōkan\", the exchange of a free hand for Russia in Manchuria for a free hand for Japan in Korea, but Russia, feeling greatly superior to Japan and unwilling to give up its ability to use Korean ports for its navy, was in no mood to compromise; its foreign minister, Vladimir Lamsdorf, \"thought that time was on the side of his country because of the (Trans-Siberian) railway and there was no need to make concessions to the Japanese.\" Itō left empty-handed for Berlin (where he received honors from Kaiser Wilhelm), Brussels, and London. Meanwhile, Katsura had decided that \"Man-Kan kōkan\" was no longer desirable for Japan, which should not renounce activity in Manchuria. When Itō reached London, he had talks with Lord Lansdowne which helped lay the groundwork for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance announced early the following year. The failure of his mission to Russia was \"one of the most important events in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War\". It was during his terms as Prime Minister that he invited Professor George Trumbull Ladd of Yale University to serve as a diplomatic adviser to promote mutual understanding between Japan and the United States. It was because of his series of lectures he delivered in Japan revolutionizing its educational methods, that he was the first foreigner to receive the Second Class honor (conferred by the Meiji Emperor in 1907) and the Third Class honor (conferred by The Meiji Emperor in 1899), Orders of the Rising Sun. He later wrote a book on his personal experiences in Korea and with Resident-General Itō. When he died, half his ashes were buried in a Buddhist temple in Tokyo and a monument was erected to him. In November 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 was made between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea, making Korea a Japanese protectorate. After the treaty had been signed, Itō became the first Resident-General of Korea on December 21, 1905. In 1907, he urged Emperor Gojong to abdicate in favor of his son Sunjong and secured the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907, giving Japan its authority to control Korea's internal affairs. Itō's position, however, was nuanced.", "Itō's position, however, was nuanced. He was firmly against Korea falling into China or Russia's sphere of influence, which would cause a grave threat to Japan's national security. He was initially against radical annexation, advocating instead that Korea should remain as a \"protectorate\". When the cabinet eventually voted for annexing Korea, he insisted and proposed a delay, hoping that the annexation decision could be reversed in the future. His political nemesis came when the politically influential Imperial Japanese Army, led by Yamagata Aritomo, whose main faction was advocating annexation forced Itō to resign on June 14, 1909. However, prior to the cabinet's annexation decision and his resignation on June 14, 1909, Itō had already changed his mind on his original stance of keeping Korea as a \"protectorate\", approving the annexation of Korea after Katsura Tarō and Komura Jutarō presented Japan's future annexation plans to him on April 10, 1909 (his securing of the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 laid the groundwork for a full annexation of Korea, discrediting the claim that Itō was purely in favor of a \"protectorate\" Korea). His assassination is believed to have accelerated the path to the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty. Itō arrived at the Harbin Railway Station on October 26, 1909 for a meeting with Vladimir Kokovtsov, a Russian representative in Manchuria. There An Jung-geun, a Korean nationalist and independence activist, fired six shots, three of which hit Itō in the chest. He died shortly thereafter. His body was returned to Japan on the Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser , and he was accorded a state funeral. An Jung-geun later listed \"15 reasons why Itō should be killed\" at his trial. A portrait of Itō Hirobumi was on the obverse of the Series C 1,000 yen note from 1963 until a new series was issued in 1984. Itō's former house in Shinagawa, Tokyo has been transported to the site of his childhood home in Yamaguchi prefecture. It is now preserved as a museum near the Shōin Jinja in Hagi. The publishing company Hakubunkan takes its name from \"Hakubun\", an alternate pronunciation of Itō's given name. The Annals of Sunjong record that Gojong held a positive view of Itō's governorship. In an entry for October 28, 1909, almost three years after being forced to abdicate his throne, the former emperor praised Itō, who died two days earlier, for his efforts to develop civilization in Korea. However, the integrity of Joseon \"silloks\" dated after the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 is dubious due to the influence exerted over record-keeping by the Japanese. Among all the dynasty's annals, only those of the two post-treaty monarchs, Gojong and Sunjong, are singled out as unreliable by the National Institute of Korean History. These are furthermore the only \"silloks\" not regarded as national treasures by South Korea or Memories of the World by UNESCO. Itō has been portrayed several times in Korean cinema. His assassination was the subject of North Korea's \"An Jung-gun Shoots Ito Hirobumi\" in 1979 and South Korea's \"Thomas Ahn Joong Keun\" in 2004; both films made his assassin An Jung-geun the protagonist. The 1973 South Korean film \"\" is a biopic of Itō's adopted Korean daughter Bae Jeong-ja (1870–1950). Itō argued that if East Asians did not cooperate closely with each other, Japan, Korea and China would all fall victim to Western imperialism. Initially, Gojong and the Joseon government shared this belief and agreed to collaborate with the Japanese military. Korean intellectuals had predicted that the victor of the Russo-Japanese War would assume hegemony over their peninsula, and as an Asian power, Japan enjoyed greater public support in Korea than did Russia. However, policies such as land confiscation and the drafting of forced labor turned popular opinion against the Japanese, a trend exacerbated by the arrest or execution of those who resisted. Ironically, An Jung-geun was also a proponent of what would later come to be called Pan-Asianism. He believed in a union of the three East Asian nations in order to repel the \"White Peril\" of Western imperialism and restore peace in the region. \"From the Japanese Wikipedia article\"" ]

[ "Kith and Kin Pro Kith and Kin Pro is genealogy software for computers running Microsoft Windows. The program aids family historians by storing, querying and documenting family history. Developed by SpanSoft, Scotland, the software is distributed as shareware with a free trial period of 30 days. Unique, whole-tree display allows instant access to the data in any part of the family tree. Multi-layering feature splits the list of families into a more easily managed display for large trees. The software imports and exports GEDCOM files and exports Web pages. Data searches can be carried out using simple criteria or SQL statements. The immediate predecessor of Kith and Kin Pro was the software \"Kith and Kin\", a Windows 3.1 program developed by Nick Hunter and released as shareware in 1993. \"Kith and Kin\" was one of the first Windows genealogy programs to be produced. To avoid confusion with the older DOS software \"Kith and Kin\" developed by Coherent Software, Australia, the program was marketed as \"Of that Ilk\" in Australia and New Zealand only. \"Of that Ilk Pro\" V1 and V2 were released as the Australia and New Zealand versions of Kith and Kin Pro V1 and V2 but the name was dropped with the release of Kith and Kin Pro V3. Kith and Kin Pro stores data in a multi-file, relational database using the built-in DBISAM engine. Data can also be imported and exported as GEDCOM files." ]