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Obice da 75/18 modello 34 The Obice da 75/18 modello 34 was an Italian artillery piece used during World War II. History The borders of Italy are mountainous terrain, so the Italian army has always had an interest in mountain artillery. However, by the 1930s much of Italy's mountain artillery was obsolescent and overdue for replacement. In 1934, the Italian firm of Ansaldo produced a new mountain howitzer design, the Obice da 75/18 modello 34, designed by Lt. Colonel Sergio Berlese who served in the Italian artillery. The modello 34 could be broken down into eight loads for transport. In the interest of standardization and logistics a version of the 75/18, the modello 35, was also used as the light howitzer component of normal field batteries. The modello 35 did not break down into smaller loads and had a split, rather than box, trail. The Italians sold the modello 35 abroad in order to obtain foreign currency. In 1940 a sizable batch was sold to Portugal, and more went to South American countries in exchange for raw materials. The gun was also used as the main armament of the Semovente 75/18 self-propelled gun where, due to its "Effetto Pronto" (HEAT) ammunition, it also had a good anti-tank capability. In 1941 some captured pieces were used against the Germans by the forces of the Commonwealth during the Battle of Crete and were probably present in the defence of Maleme airfield. Two of them are nowadays displayed next to the Battle of Crete monument in Heraklion. References Modello 34 on Builders Paradise Modello 35 on "Comando Supremo" website Obice da 75/18 on "Italie 1935-45" website Category:World War II mountain artillery Category:World War II artillery of Italy Category:World War II field artillery Category:Weapons of Portugal Category:75 mm artillery Category:Gio. Ansaldo & C. artillery

Nuevo Mundo Airport Nuevo Mundo Airport is an airport in the lightly populated pampa of the Beni Department in Bolivia. See also Transport in Bolivia List of airports in Bolivia References External links OpenStreetMap - Nuevo Mundo OurAirports - Nuevo Mundo FallingRain - Nuevo Mundo Airport Google Maps - Nuevo Mundo Category:Airports in Bolivia Category:Airports in Beni Department

Hellinsia pelospilus Hellinsia pelospilus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae that can be found in Peru and Ecuador. The wingspan is 23‑25 mm. The forewings are creamy‑white and the markings are dark brown, consisting of a faint longitudinal dash, an oblique spot before the base of the cleft. The hindwings are grey‑brown. References pelospilus Category:Moths described in 1877 Category:Moths of South America

Amorphosternoides Amorphosternoides vianai is a species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus Amorphosternoides. References Category:Monotypic Buprestidae genera

Long/short equity Long/short equity is an investment strategy generally associated with hedge funds, and more recently certain progressive traditional asset managers. It involves buying equities that are expected to increase in value and selling short equities that are expected to decrease in value. This is different from the risk reversal strategies where investors will simultaneously buy a call option and sell a put option to simulate being long in a stock. Overview Typically, equity long/short investing is based on "bottom up" fundamental analysis of the individual companies, in which investments are made. There may also be "top down" analysis of the risks and opportunities offered by industries, sectors, countries, and the macroeconomic situation. Long/short covers a wide variety of strategies. There are generalists, and managers who focus on certain industries and sectors or certain regions. Managers may specialize in a category — for example, large cap or small cap, value or growth. There are many trading styles, with frequent or dynamic traders and some longer-term investors. A fund manager typically attempts to reduce volatility by either diversifying or hedging positions across individual regions, industries, sectors and market capitalization bands and hedging against un-diversifiable risk such as market risk. In addition to being required of the portfolio as a whole, neutrality may in addition be required for individual regions, industries, sectors, and market capitalization bands. There is wide variation in the degree to which managers prioritize seeking high returns, which may involve concentrated and leveraged portfolios, and seeking low volatility, which involves more diversification and hedging. Equitized strategy This is in addition to market neutral strategy, as it adds a permanent stock index futures overlay, which makes profit or losses, depending on the movement of the market. Your portfolio then has a full equity market exposure. Hedging example A hedge fund might sell short one automobile industry stock, while buying another—for example, short $1 million of DaimlerChrysler, long $1 million of Ford. With this position, any event that causes all auto industry stocks to fall will cause a profit on the DaimlerChrysler position and a matching loss on the Ford position. Similarly, events that cause both stocks to rise—for example a rise in the market as a whole—will have little or no effect on the position. Presumably the hedge fund has sold DaimlerChrysler and bought Ford because the manager expects Ford to perform better. If the manager is correct, the fund should profit irrespective of market and sector moves. Market neutral strategies Market neutral strategies can be seen as the limiting case of equity long/short, in which the long and short portfolios of the fund are balanced with great care so that a very high degree of hedging is achieved. Some advantages of market neutral strategies include being able to generate positive returns in a down market, and generating returns with a lower volatility profile. "Market neutrality" refers to hedging out market risk, which can be managed through the use of derivatives, such as futures on market indexes. Market neutral funds usually seek to hedge against most or all predictable risk exposures. An extension on the market neutral strategy is the factor neutral strategy. The factor neutral strategy is neutral on market risk, as well as major factors like momentum and large cap vs small cap. This is a step towards more modern capital market models like the Fama–French three-factor model. Problems There are many difficulties with managing long/short funds. These include the difficulties of estimating and hedging the risks to which a portfolio is exposed, and the requirement to manage unsuccessful short positions in an active manner. Short positions that are losing money grow to become an increasingly large part of the portfolio, and their price can increase without limit. To make money, the hedge fund must successfully predict which stocks will perform better. It requires making intelligent use of the available information, but this is not enough—it also requires making better use of the available information than large numbers of capable investors. This strategy is primarily implemented by hedge funds and sophisticated institutions. References Singh, Laurie Kaplan (2001), "Keeping It Clean", Institutional Investor Magazine External links Equity Long-Short – Hedge Fund Strategy Explained Pimco Long-Short – Hedge Fund Strategy Explained Category:Financial markets

NORD.LINK NordLink is a proposed subsea HVDC power cable between Norway and Germany. The over long cable will have a capacity of 1,400 megawatt (MW) and an operational voltage of 500 kV. It is estimated to cost €1.5–2 billion, which was financed in 2015 when Statnett decided to realize the project. The interconnector is planned to be installed between a new substation at Ertsmyra (near Tonstad) in Norway and Wilster substation in Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. The new connection is expected to be tested in late 2019, and operational in 2020. The Norwegian state-owned company and transmission system operator, Statnett SF, owns 50% of the project, whilst the Dutch transmission system operator TenneT TSO and the German state-owned bank KfW own the other half. A cable between Norway and Germany is listed in the EU's projects of common interest (PCI). Sites See also Cross-Skagerrak HVDC Norway–UK NorGer NorNed Scotland-Norway interconnector External links – ABB to link Norwegian and German power grids 4c page References Category:Electrical interconnectors to and from the Nordic grid Category:HVDC transmission lines Category:Electric power infrastructure in Norway Category:Electric power transmission systems in Germany Category:Proposed electric power transmission systems Category:Electrical interconnectors in the North Sea Category:Germany–Norway relations

The Hussite Sermon The Hussite Sermon (German - Die Hussitenpredigt) is a painting by the Düsseldorf-based painter Carl Friedrich Lessing, showing an open-air sermon being delivered by a Hussite preacher in the 15th century. It is now in the Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin. In 1834 Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia saw an oil sketch on the subject by Lessing in 1834 and commissioned him between 1835 and 1836 to produce a full-scale version. The mainly-Catholic Rhineland had recently been annexed to the Protestant-dominated Kingdom of Prussia by the Congress of Vienna and so the work was seen as a piece of anti-Catholic propaganda for the area's Protestant minority. In the context of the Restoration of the German princes to their thrones and the Vormärz, others also saw it as a criticism of the repressiveness of the states and systems put in place by Metternich and the Congress. Middle-class audiences saw it as an expression of opposition to kingly and church authority alike. It was briefly exhibited in Germany and Paris, spreading the reputation of the Düsseldorf school of painting. category:History paintings category:1836 paintings category:Paintings of the Alte Nationalgalerie

Salmacina Salmacina is a genus of marine polychaete worms in the family Sabellidae. The type taxon is Salmacina incrustans Claparède, 1870. Species The following species are classified in this genus: Salmacina amphidentata Jones, 1962 Salmacina australis Haswell, 1885 Salmacina ceciliae Nogueira & ten Hove, 2000 Salmacina dysteri (Huxley, 1855) Salmacina huxleyi (Ehlers, 1887) Salmacina incrustans Claparède, 1870 Salmacina piranga (Grube, 1872) Salmacina setosa Langerhans, 1884 Salmacina tribranchiata (Moore, 1923) References Category:Serpulidae

2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final The 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final was the 12th final of the CONCACAF Gold Cup, the international championship tournament for CONCACAF, the governing body of soccer in North and Central America. The match took place on 28 July 2013 at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The final was between the United States and Panama. The match was a rematch of the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final. This was first time since 2005 that the Gold Cup Final did not include Mexico. With the win, the United States advanced to the one-game playoff played on October 10, 2015 against the champion of the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup, which turned out to be Mexico. The winner of the play-off would qualify to represent CONCACAF in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia. Route to the final United States The host started well in the tournament, trashing debutant Belize with 6–1. Three goals came from striker Chris Wondolowski in the first half. In the second game, the USA fell behind after José Ciprian Alfonso converted a cross from Ariel Martínez. After left-back Edgar Castillo was tripped by Yénier Márquez in the injury time of the second half, Donovan scored from the penalty spot to make it 1–1. Joe Corona gave the US the lead with a shot from just outside the box in the 57th minute and Wondowlowski, coming on as a substitute, added two more goals, making the final score 4–1. In the final group game, USA faced Costa Rica in order to determine the group winner. Substitute Brek Shea scored the only goal of in the match in the 82nd minute. In the quarterfinal, the US faced El Salvador who had qualified as one of the two best third-placed teams. Defender Clarence Goodson gave the hosts the lead in the 21st minute. Goalkeeper Nick Rimando made two fine saves against Léster Blanco and Richard Menjivar before Joe Corona scored a second goal for the USA. Rodolfo Zelaya converted a penalty after he was fouled by U.S. Captain DaMarcus Beasley in the 39th minute, making it 2–1 at half-time. Only seconds after coming in, Eddie Johnson headed in a corner by Landon Donovan in the 60th minute. Donovan and Mix Diskerud added two more goals, giving the USA a clear 5–1 win. In the semifinal, the hosts had to defeat Honduras in order to advance to the Chicago final. Eddie Johnson scored an early goal and Donovan doubled the lead in the 27th minute. In the second half, a header by Nery Medina brought hope for Honduras, but once again Donovan netted in to make it 3–1. It was the final goal of the game. Late in the Honduras match, U.S. manager Jürgen Klinsmann was sent off for arguing a foul on DaMarcus Beasley, which, by rule, meant a one-match suspension. Attempts to appeal by the U.S. Soccer Federation were unsuccessful; the U.S. was forced to replace Klinsmann with assistant Andreas Herzog and scout Martin Vasquez. Panama Panama surprised at the opening game by beating reigning champions Mexico. Gabriel Torres converted a penalty to make it 1–0 in the 7th minute after Raúl Jiménez brought down Alberto Quintero inside the penalty box. Mexico equalized through Marco Fabián seconds before halftime. Gabriel Torres scored the winning in the 48th minute after a cross from Alberto Quintero. In the second match against Martinique, Panama had to wait long for the lead. When Martinique was down to ten men due to the dismissal of Jacky Berdix, substitute Jairo Jiménez was fouled by Sébastien Crétinoir inside the penalty box. Again Gabriel Torres scored the winning goal by converting the penalty in the 85th minute. In the final group game, a nearly complete different team played out a goalless draw against Canada. The result was enough to see Panama through as winner of Group A. In the quarterfinal, Panama played against Cuba, who had trashed Belize 4–0 to make it through as one of the two best third-ranked teams. Panama initially fell behind when José Ciprian Alfonso converted a chip pass by Jaime Colomé in the 21st minute. However, when Cuban defender Renay Malblanche blocked a shot from Marcos Sánchez with his hand inside the penalty box, referee Mark Geiger gave Panama a penalty kick. Once again Gabriel Torres stepped up and made it 1–1 only four minutes after the Cuban goal. In the 37th minute, Torres scored another goal, this time after a headed pass by his co-striker Blas Pérez. In the second half, Cuba was decimated after Ariel Martínez was sent off after a high challenge on Blas Pérez. Panama went on to score four more times, making the final result 6–1. In the semifinal, the Canaleros once again faced title defender Mexico. Panama took an early lead through a goal from Blas Pérez in the 13th minute, but Luis Montes equalized for El Tri midway through the first half. In the 61st minute, Panama skipper Román Torres headed in a corner by Gabriel Torres, once again giving his team the lead. This time, it lasted till the final whistle, despite several good opportunities for the Mexicans. Match Summary Before the match, suspended U.S. manager Jürgen Klinsmann was escorted to a suite inside Soldier Field to watch the match. During some cuts in between stoppages on FOX, Klinsmann could be visibly seen reacting to every missed chance by the U.S. In the 19th minute, Stuart Holden suffered a sprained knee on a collision with Alberto Quintero and was substituted by Mix Diskerud. The only goal of the game came from Brek Shea in the 69th minute when he touched into an open net from inches out with his left foot after a cross from the right by Alejandro Bedoya had passed Panama's goalkeeper Jaime Penedo. Shea scored after only entering the game as a substitute for Joe Corona 42 seconds earlier. The win gave the USA its fifth Gold Cup championship. References Notes External links Final Category:United States men's national soccer team matches Category:Panama national football team matches Category:CONCACAF Gold Cup finals CON Gold Category:Soldier Field

Constitution of Southern Sudan The Constitution of Southern Sudan was the 2005 Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan, as established by the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement within the framework of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ending the Second Sudanese Civil War, signed into practice on 9 January 2005. The constitution establishes a presidential system of government headed by a President who is both Head of State, Head of Government, and the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The constitution establishes English and Arabic as the official languages. The constitution establishes three levels of government: national, state and local. The constitution prohibits slavery, and torture, limits capital punishment, and establishes equal rights for men and women, and equality before the law. The separate "Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan" was drafted by a Southern Sudan Constitutional Drafting Committee and adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the South Sudan Legislative Assembly. This new constitution came in force on 9 July 2011 when South Sudan was proclaimed as independent state. Notes References External links South Sudan's Constitution of 2011, The Constitute project. South Sudan Category:Government of South Sudan

The Gentleman in Black The Gentleman in Black is a two-act comic opera written in 1870 with a libretto by W. S. Gilbert and music by Frederic Clay. The "musical comedietta" opened at the Charing Cross Theatre on 26 May 1870. It played for 26 performances, until the theatre closed at the end of the season. The plot involves body-switching, facilitated by the magical title character. It also involves two devices that Gilbert would re-use: baby-switching and a calendar oddity. Produced soon after Gilbert first met Arthur Sullivan, but before the two had collaborated, Gilbert's first full-length comic opera, The Gentleman in Black, was based on the theatrically popular theory of metempsychosis. Gilbert and Frederic Clay had collaborated previously on a one-act opera, Ages Ago. The music was not published and is now lost. The piece was never revived in Gilbert's lifetime, although modern performances have been given, some adapting Sullivan music. The libretto is included in Original Plays by W. S. Gilbert in Four Series, in the fourth volume in the series (1911) published by Chatto and Windus of London. Background From the mid-1860s through the early 1870s, W. S. Gilbert was extremely productive, writing a large quantity of comic verse, theatre reviews and other journalistic pieces, short stories, and dozens of plays and comic operas. His output in 1870 alone included dozens of his popular comic Bab Ballads; two blank verse comedies, The Princess and The Palace of Truth; two comic operas, Our Island Home and The Gentleman in Black; and various other short stories, comic pieces, and reviews appearing in various periodicals and newspapers. In 1871 he was even busier, producing seven plays and operas. Gilbert's dramatic writing during this time was evolving from his early musical burlesques. Some of his work during this period exhibited a more restrained style, exemplified by a series of successful "fairy comedies", such as The Palace of Truth (1870). At the same time, he was developing his unique style of absurdist humour, described as "Topsy-Turvy", made up of "a combination of wit, irony, topsyturvydom, parody, observation, theatrical technique, and profound intelligence". The opera The Gentleman in Black, one of Gilbert's most absurdist pieces, dates from the middle of this period, when Gilbert was trying different styles and working towards the mature comic style of his later work, including the famous series of Gilbert and Sullivan operas. The story of The Gentleman in Black contains early glimpses of some of the "Topsy Turvy" ideas that Gilbert would later use in his more famous works written with Arthur Sullivan, including the switching of infants who grow up to be different ages (as in H.M.S. Pinafore) and plot devices that depend on technical errors involving the calendar (as in The Pirates of Penzance). The music was in an "Offenbachian" vein, and the story is a "dramatic variation of the pseudo-German supernatural tale, such as Dickens's 'The Baron of Grogswig'", "The Metapsychosis" or Gilbert's own "The Triumph of Vice". Synopsis The opera is set in 1584 with Act I in the Market Place of a German Village and Act II at the Gates of Castle Schlachenschloss. Act I Bertha Pompopplesdorf, who considers herself the prettiest girl in the village, is engaged to Hans Gopp, a handsome, kindly, but simple villager (Gopp was originally played by a woman). Hans is jealous of the rich, but ugly, old and unpleasant Baron Otto von Schlachenstein, who is strangely attractive to women. The Baron woos Bertha. Bertha pretends to be in love with the Baron to teach Hans a lesson. Depressed by this, Hans wishes that he could swap places with the Baron. At the same time, the Baron, realising that Bertha is just using him, envies Hans and wants to swap places with him. The Gentleman in Black (the King of the Gnomes) has the power to transfer souls. He offers to make the two men's wishes come true by exchanging their souls and bodies for one month. The date is 13 August 1584, and so the souls will revert to their original bodies on 13 September. He utters this spell: Otto's body, grim and droll, Shrine young Hans's simple soul; Otto's soul, of moral shoddy, Occupy young Hans's body! Act II After the souls are transferred, Hans notices that Bertha is attracted to his former body, which now contains the Baron's soul. Hans is now rich, but he is old and ugly, with a large family. To the Baron, the attention of Bertha and the advantages of a younger body are not sufficient compensation for the life of poverty that he now must live. He devises a cunning plan. He tells Hans that, as babies, they were both nursed by Hans's mother, and that the peasant baby was jealous of the young Baron. "One night – the babes were three weeks old, and were wonderfully alike – the peasant's babe crept from his clothes basket, quietly removed the sleeping Baron from his sumptuous cradle, placed the Baron's son in the clothes basket, and creeping into the Baron's cradle, covered himself up and went to sleep. The cheat was never discovered! The peasant's son was brought up as the young Baron – the young Baron as the peasants son." Hans: "But I think you must be mistaken, for you are twenty years older than I am." Baron: "I am now – but when I was three weeks old, of course I was the same age as you were when you were three weeks old. ... You see I am naturally quicker than you are – besides, I'm ashamed to say I've lived a very fast life". Hans signs a contract agreeing to these facts and stipulating that they should resume their original social positions immediately. So Hans becomes a peasant in the old Baron's body but assumes that he will be a youthful Baron beginning on 13 September. However, this is all a trick so that the Baron can immediately regain his baronial station. By 13 September, he says, "I shall destroy the paper, and prove by the fact that I am twenty years older than he is, it's utterly impossible we could have been changed at birth – I shall return to my rank, and he will be punished as an impostor." But an announcement is made before the Baron puts his plan into action: "Proclamation! Whereas certain irregularities have crept into the calendar in the course of the last 1584 years, and whereas these irregularities (although in themselves unimportant), constitute in the aggregate a considerable space of time, be it enacted, and it is hereby enacted, that from this date forward, thirteen days be omitted from the calendar, whereby this third day of September under the Old Style becomes the thirteenth day of September under the New Style!" The result of this imperfectly calculated proclamation is that the Baron and Hans find themselves immediately in their original bodies. Hans and Bertha begin a life of youthful nobility, and the Baron is left an ugly, old peasant. Original cast The Baron Otto von Schlachenstein – Edward Danvers Grumpff, his steward – William M. Terrott Hans Gopp, a Villager – Emily Fowler The Gentleman in Black – Charles P. Flockton Tintelstein, Syndic of Schlachenschloss – F. Robson Schlipps, an Innkeeper – Mr. Herbert Bertha Pomopplesdorf – Emmeline Cole The Baroness von Schlachenstein – Helen Maxse Maria, a market girl – Miss Dalton Gretchen, a market girl – Rose Roberts Emma – Miss Wilson Notes References Chapter 6. External links Libretto of The Gentleman in Black Synopsis of the opera by Philip Sternenberg (2008) Category:1870 plays Category:Works by W. S. Gilbert Category:Plays by W. S. Gilbert Category:Operas Category:English-language operas Category:Operas by Frederic Clay

Polynomial basis In mathematics, a polynomial basis is a basis of a polynomial ring, viewed as a vector space over the field of coefficients, or as a free module over the ring of coefficients. The most common polynomial basis is the monomial basis consisting of all monomials. Other useful polynomial bases are the Bernstein basis and the various sequences of orthogonal polynomials. In the case of a finite extension of a finite fields, polynomial basis may also refer to a basis of the extension of the form where α is the root of a primitive polynomial of degree m equal of the degree of the extension. The set of elements of GF(pm) can then be represented as: using Zech's logarithms. Addition Addition using the polynomial basis is as simple as addition modulo p. For example, in GF(3m): In GF(2m), addition is especially easy, since addition and subtraction modulo 2 are the same thing (so like terms "cancel out"), and furthermore this operation can be done in hardware using the basic XOR logic gate. Multiplication Multiplication of two elements in the polynomial basis can be accomplished in the normal way of multiplication, but there are a number of ways to speed up multiplication, especially in hardware. Using the straightforward method to multiply two elements in GF(pm) requires up to m2 multiplications in GF(p) and up to m2 − m additions in GF(p). Some of the methods for reducing these values include: Lookup tables — a prestored table of results; mainly used for small fields, otherwise the table is too large to implement The Karatsuba algorithm — repeatedly breaking the multiplication into pieces, decreasing the total number of multiplications but increasing the number of additions. As seen above, addition is very simple, but the overhead in breaking down and recombining the parts make it prohibitive for hardware, although it is often used in software. It can even be used for general multiplication, and is done in many computer algebra systems. Linear feedback shift register-based multiplication Subfield computations — breaking the multiplication in GF(pm) to multiplications in GF(px) and GF(py), where x × y = m. This is not frequently used for cryptographic purposes, since some composite degree fields are avoided because of known attacks on them. Pipelined multipliers — storing intermediate results in buffers so that new values can be loaded into the multiplier faster Systolic multipliers — using many cells that communicate with neighboring cells only; typically systolic devices are used for computation-intensive operations where input and output sizes are not as important, such as multiplication. Squaring Squaring is an important operation because it can be used for general exponentiation, as well as inversion of an element. The most basic way to square an element in the polynomial basis would be to apply a chosen multiplication algorithm on an element twice. In general case, there are minor optimizations that can be made, specifically related to the fact that when multiplying an element by itself, all the bits will be the same. In practice, however, the irreducible polynomial for the field is chosen with very few nonzero coefficients which makes squaring in polynomial basis of GF(2m) much simpler than multiplication. Inversion Inversion of elements can be accomplished in many ways, including: Lookup tables — once again, only for small fields, otherwise the table is too large for implementation Subfield inversion — by solving systems of equations in subfields Repeated square and multiply — for example, in GF(2m), A−1 = A2m−2 The Extended Euclidean algorithm The Itoh–Tsujii inversion algorithm Usage The polynomial basis is frequently used in cryptographic applications that are based on the discrete logarithm problem such as elliptic curve cryptography. The advantage of the polynomial basis is that multiplication is relatively easy. For contrast, the normal basis is an alternative to the polynomial basis and it has more complex multiplication but squaring is very simple. Hardware implementations of polynomial basis arithmetic usually consume more power than their normal basis counterparts. References See also normal basis dual basis change of basis Category:Linear algebra Category:Field theory Category:Theory of cryptography

Jonathan Rowe Jonathan “Johnny” Rowe may refer to: Johnny Rowe (footballer) (born 1907), English footballer (1946–2011), American journalist; see Point Reyes Light (newspaper) Johnny Rowe, a member of the Canadian band Tin Star Orphans See also John Rowe (disambiguation)

Römerstein Römerstein is a municipality in Baden-Württemberg, Germany; three formerly independent villages (Böhringen, Donnstetten, Zainingen) and two hamlets (Strohweiler and Aglishardt) were merged in 1975. Townhall is in Böhringen. The community is located on the Swabian Alb, in the northeastern corner of the district of Reutlingen. The community is named after the Römerstein, the highest hill of the region at 875 m. Geography The municipality is located about 22 kilometers east of Reutlingen on the plateau of the Swabian Alb at an altitude of 803 m above sea level. NN (Rathaus Donnstetten). Römerstein reaches an elevation of 874 m above sea level at its highest point. The municipality is bordered by Lenningen (Esslingen district) Wiesensteig (Göppingen District), Westerheim, Laichingen (both Alb-Donau-Kreis), Gutsbezirk Münsingen, Bad Urach and grave Stetten (all district Reutlingen). Municipality arrangement The community consists of the previously independent municipalities Böhringen, Donnstetten and Zainingen. The former municipalities Donnstetten and Zainingen today form localities within the definition of Baden-Württemberg municipal code with independent local councils and mayors. Böhringen includes the village of Böhringen, the hamlet of Strohweiler, and the homestead Aglishardt. Donnstetten includes the village of Donnstetten and the Haus Römersteinhäuser, an observation tower erected in 1912 on the Römerstein. Zainingen consists only the village of the same name. In the municipality of Römerstein are several traces of former places which no longer exist; in the territory of the village Böhringen the 1487 as Fischenhusen, and probably in Aglishardt Fischhausen, zu dem Gaiswyler mentioned in 1454, Gölenbrunnen, Hofen, two places mentioned in 1275: Ichenhusen and Horgenloch, Katzensteig, mentioned around 1192 as Cazcensteige, Oberwiler mentioned in 1454 as Oberweiler, Vohenhausen mentioned in 1345 as uf Vohenhusen, and Zimmerbuch, mentioned in 1204 as Zimberbuch and in 1299 as Zymberbuch. In the territory of the village Donnstetten are the two deserted villages of Beuren, attested by a toponym, and Roter Hof History Presumably the settlement was in the Roman settlement back Clarenna. The identification of the Roman town Clarenna which is passed down through the Peutingertafel is, with the archaeological finds in Donnstetten very likely, but not absolutely certain. → Main article: Castle Donnstetten The municipality Römerstein originated during the Baden-Württemberg district reform on 1 January 1975 as a merger of the formerly independent municipalities Böhringen (with thatched hamlets and Aglishardt) Donnstetten and Zainingen. The entire current community area was formerly part of the district of Münsingen and came with its resolution 1973 the district of Reutlingen . Coat of Böhringen Böhringen Böhringen was 1090 documentary mentioned for the first time together with the Hofgut Aglishardt. The place was originally part of Kirchheimer hundred . About the Men of Sperbereck Böhringen came in the 15th century to Württemberg . In the Thirty Years' War the city was almost completely destroyed. In World War II there was in the last days of the war heavy destruction. Coat of Donnstetten Donnstetten Already 776 Donnstetten was in a document of Lorsch called Tunnesstate. 1603 it became part of Württemberg . Coat of Zainingen Zainingen Zainingen was first 788 as Zeininger marca in Lorsch codex mentioned. 1383 was the place to Württemberg . Religions The St. George's Church in Donnstetten district Already in 1192 the St. Gallus Church in Böhringen mentioned. The church was first mentioned in Zainingen 1275th Donnstetten which previously belonged ecclesiastically to Zainingen, since 1447 has the status of a separate parish. Since the introduction of the Reformation, the places are Lutheran coined. In Römerstein Today there are three Protestant churches, the Protestant parish Böhringen with St. Gallus Church, the Protestant parish Zainingen with Martin Church and the Protestant church Donnstetten-Westerheim with the St. George's Church. The members of the United Methodist Church gather in Laichingen, while the Catholics of the parish of St. Joseph are assigned in Bad Urach. Politics The administrative center is Böhringen, local administrative bodies are in Donnstetten and Zainingen. Council The council Römerstein has 14 members. The local elections on 25 May 2014 led to the following official results. The turnout was 64.4% (2009: 65.8%). The council consists of the elected honorary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council. Free Bürgerliste Römerstein 45.3% 6 seats (2009: 55.7%, 8 seats) Independent Citizens List Römerstein 54.7% 8 seats (2009: 44.3%, 6 seats) Mayor The mayor is elected for a term of eight years. 1975-1999: Hans Sigel 1999-2013: Michael Donth 0000: Matthias Winter Crest Blazon : "About a double row of black and silver geschachten sign foot in Blue a flying upwards golden hawk." Museums In Donnstetten is a local history museum in the parish barn. Teams German Red Cross, the local association Römerstein: Founded in 1976 as a result of local government reform from the three DRC -Ortsgruppen Böhringen, Donnstetten and Zainingen. Swabian Albverein eV, local group Zainingen: Founded in 1949 in Zainingen Music Accordion and Concertina Club Römerstein e. V., founded in 1951 in *Donnstetten Vocal Group "Frohsinn" Böhringen Founded in 1887 Liederkranz Donnstetten founded 1843 Musikverein Zainingen e. V. founded in 1920 Musikverein "harmony" Donnstetten, founded in 1895 as a mouth Erich's Chapel Sports Sportfreunde Donnstetten founded, April 3, 1948 Sportverein Zainingen, founded March 14, 1926 TSV Böhringen founded in 1919 FC Römerstein founded 2005 Buildings The St. Gallus Church in Böhringen was built in neo-Gothic style in the years 1885-86, the choir dates from 1498th The Church of St. George in Donnstetten was built in the 15th century. St Martin's Church in Zainingen. The foundation year is not precisely known, but a stone in the wall behind the church organ records that it was in place by 1494. Noteworthy is the churchyard wall that was built in 1559. The church served both the population of Zainingen, as well as travelling merchants passing through the village on the route from Paris to Prague. A 15th century fresco of Saint Christopher, the patron saint of travellers, is still visible on the south wall. Towers The 28 m high Römersteinturm is located on the 872 m high Römerstein three kilometers north and was emerged 1912. The 20 m high Waldgreutturm is two kilometers southeast of Zainingen. [3] The 42 m high tower is Hursch southwest of Zainingen. [4] Economy and Infrastructure Transportation Römerstein is conveniently located on the main roads 28 and 465 ( Kirchheim unter Teck - Leutkirch im Allgäu ), which pass through the municipality. Public transport is by the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau guaranteed (NALDO). The community is located in the comb 222nd Tourism Winter sports in Römerstein Three ski lifts and six inter-related cross-country trails totaling over 50 kilometers in length make Römerstein a popular winter sports resort in the Swabian Alb. Römerstein has a bobsled, and Zainingen one reaches the Swabian Alb Biosphere Reserve in the former military training area Münsingen . In the center of Zainingen be one of the last original is obtained Hülen in the Swabian Alb. From the covered observation deck of the Roman stone tower a view in all four directions over medium Alb is possible. Education The main school Römerstein in Böhringen and primary schools in Zainingen and Donnstetten there in Römerstein three schools. For the youngest inhabitants there is a municipal and two Protestant kindergartens. Personality Famous citizens Ludwig Friedrich Gifftheil (1595–1661), pacifist, religious writer, and a pioneer of early Pietism in the Netherlands "Knight Bauer" Georg Length (1898–1990), head of the pietistic community hour in Böhringen References Category:Reutlingen (district)

Celinowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship Celinowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skulsk, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. References Celinowo

M.V. Pedulla Guitars Pedulla was an American manufacturer of electric bass guitars from near Boston, Massachusetts. Mike Pedulla announced his retirement in May 2019, and the company ceased its operations. References External links Pedulla - Official site Category:Bass guitar manufacturing companies Category:Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States

Perpète Evrard Perpète Evrard (1662–1727) was a Flemish painter of portraits and miniatures, born at Dinant and employed at several foreign courts. He died at the Hague in 1727. References Category:1662 births Category:1727 deaths Category:Flemish painters Category:Flemish portrait painters Category:Portrait miniaturists Category:People from Dinant

Sarab, East Azerbaijan Sarab (; also Romanized as Sarāb) is a city and capital of Sarab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42,057, in 11,045 families. Sarab is famous for its rugs. From 1747 to 1813, it was the capital of the Sarab Khanate. Sarab is from Tehran, and from Tabriz. Sarab is situated between the high mountains of Bozquosh and the peak of Sabalan. It has a very lovely and pleasant temperature in summer but very cold one in winter. The city of Sarab is one of the oldest and historic settlements of Azarbijan. An epigraph which belongs to the Urartu periodic has been found near the city. The volcanic mountains situated around the city contain much spa water and many streams. Interesting sights in Sarab include the stony Epigraph Orratoey Qirax Qizlar, the stony Epigraph of Razliq which is located 12 km north to the town of Sarab, fireplace (Chahar Taqi) Agmiyan which is located north-east to the city of Sarab and belongs to the Sassanid period, the stony caravan Sara Saein which belongs to the Safavid period, the old and stony mosque Jamalabad and Asneq which are located in Alan Baraghoush, and belongs to the early Islamic period, the Jami mosque of Sarab which belongs to the 9th century AH and the spa waters such as Allah Hag, Abres and Sarab. Rugs The rugs of Sarab, which are also classified among those known as Heriz, have light, rather bright colour schemes. The usual adjective for "of Sarab" would be "Sarab-i", this changed to "Serapi". In 1876, about the time that Sarabi rugs were coming on the market in England, the Prince of Wales made a trip to India on H.M.S. Serapis. The similarity of the names led to the form "Serapi" for the rugs. Allameh Amini Technical College of Sarab Universities of Sarab Islamic Azad University, Sarab Branch Sama Technical College of Sarab Payame noor University of Sarab Allameh Amini Technical College of Sarab References External links Information Site of Sarab City Category:Populated places in Sarab County Category:Cities in East Azerbaijan Province

21st Golden Horse Awards The 21st Golden Horse Awards (Mandarin:第21屆金馬獎) took place on November 18, 1984 at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan. References *1984 Category:1984 film awards Category:1984 in Taiwan

Bois d'Arc Formation The Bois d'Arc Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period. See also List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma Paleontology in Oklahoma References Category:Devonian geology of Oklahoma Category:Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits

Typhoon Damrey The name Damrey (Khmer: ដំរី, [ɗɑm.ˈrəj]) has been used for four tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific basin. The name, submitted by Cambodia, means "elephant" in the Khmer language. Typhoon Damrey (2000) (T0001, 01W, Asiang) – first name used from the WMO and strongest storm in 2000. Typhoon Damrey (2005) (T0518, 17W, Labuyo) – most powerful storm to affect Hainan in over 30 years. Typhoon Damrey (2012) (T1210, 11W) – the strongest to affect the area north of the Yangtze River since 1949. Typhoon Damrey (2017) (T1723, 28W, Ramil) – affected Vietnam. Category:Pacific typhoon disambiguation pages

Pere Jacques Marquette (Queoff) Pere Jacques Marquette is a public art work by American artist Tom Queoff, located in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The bronze figure depicts the Jesuit missionary standing with cross in hand. It is located in Pere Marquette Park near the Milwaukee County Historical Society and Riverwalk. References Category:Outdoor sculptures in Milwaukee Category:Bronze sculptures in Wisconsin Category:1987 sculptures Category:Statues in Wisconsin Category:1987 establishments in Wisconsin Category:Sculptures of men in Wisconsin Category:Monuments and memorials in Wisconsin Category:Jacques Marquette

Mickey He He Shengming (born He Min on July 9, 1976) is a Chinese actor and singer. Born in Xiantao, Hubei, He moved to Guangzhou, Guangdong in the early 1990s to pursue a music career. Along with Peng Liang and Yang Guang, they formed the boy band China Power in 1996, with He as their main vocalist. He left the band in 1998 and released his first single "Solo" that same year, performing under the name He Weiqi. He has recently found success in his performances in Mainland Chinese television dramas, most of them Yu Zheng productions. He's popularity in dramas also revived his music career, which suffered ever since he left China Power in 1998. Career He Min was born in Xiantao, Hubei, People's Republic of China on July 9, 1976. He has one older brother, Hairong. As a result, close relatives and friends often call him Xiao Hai ("Little Hai"). In 1996, He moved to Guangzhou, Guangdong and formed the short-lived boy band China Power with members Peng Liang and Yang Guang. China Power was extremely popular in the Cantonese music scene, and the group won "Best Group" at the first annual Chinese Singing Awards, which was held in Hong Kong in 1997. As the lead vocalist, He was the most popular member. In 1998, He left the group and released his first single "Solo" under the stage name He Weiqi to support a Shenzhen food company. He released his first complete album in 1999, which only received lukewarm responses. He announced his indefinite leave in the industry and enrolled in the Beijing Film Academy, occasionally filming for several dramas. He attempted to return to the music scene in 2005, using his first stage name He Min. He was unsuccessful, and retired to working as a backstage visual supervisor instead. Yu Zheng, one of Mainland China's most popular television drama producers, discovered He and cast him a role in Rose Martial World (2008), which propelled He to stardom. Following Rose, He continued his collaboration with Yu in other big-budgeted works, such as Beauty's Rival in Palace (2009), Pretty Maid (2009), and Happy Mother-in-Law, Pretty Daughter-in-Law (2010). He is perhaps best known for his role as the Fourth Imperial Prince on the 2011 period drama Palace, also a Yu Zheng production. He has since starred in many signature Yu Zheng dramas, namely Abandoned Secret, Spell of the Fragrance, Palace II, Beauty World, Desperate Love, and Allure Love. He has since transitioned to more serious acting, take on roles in spy and war dramas Tongbai Hero and Hunt Wolf. He also starred in the medical drama OB Gyns, gaining recognition with his acting; and as an antagonist in the wuxia drama The Four. Filmography Film Television series Discography Albums Singles Soundtracks Awards References External links Baidu Baike profile Sina profile Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:Male actors from Hubei Category:Chinese male singers Category:People from Xiantao Category:Beijing Film Academy alumni Category:Chinese Mandopop singers Category:Musicians from Hubei Category:Cantopop singers Category:Singers from Hubei Category:Chinese television producers Category:Chinese male film actors Category:Chinese male television actors Category:21st-century Chinese male actors Category:21st-century Chinese singers Category:21st-century male singers

The Surrogate (1984 film) The Surrogate is a 1984 Canadian erotic thriller film directed by Don Carmody and starring Art Hindle, Carole Laure, Shannon Tweed, and Jackie Burroughs. The film was written by Don Carmody and Robert Geoffrion, produced by Don Carmody and John Dunning, and executively produced by André Fleury and André Link. The film also features Jim Bailey, Michael Ironside, Marilyn Lightstone, Jonathan Welsh, Tony Scott, Mark Burns and Vlasta Vrána. The music was composed by Daniel Lanois, the cinematography was done by François Protat, and the editing was done by Rit Wallis. The film was released 2 November 1984 through Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Plot A married couple, Frank and Lee, has problems with their sexual relationship. The psychotherapist recommends them to hire a mysterious woman who will give them new imaginations to restore their passion. Soon they find themselves drawn to a disastrous web of violence, insanity, and murder. Cast Art Hindle as Frank Waite Carole Laure as Anouk Van Derlin Shannon Tweed as Lee Waite Jim Bailey as Eric Michael Ironside as George Kyber Marilyn Lightstone as Dr. Foreman Jackie Burroughs as Woman at Anouk's Barbara Law as Maggie Simpson Jonathan Welsh as Brenner References Notes External links Category:1984 films Category:Canadian films Category:1980s thriller films Category:Films produced by Don Carmody Category:Canadian thriller films Category:Films produced by John Dunning Category:Canadian erotic thriller films

Ademović Ademović is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Ahmed Ademović, Serbian trumpeter Edin Ademović (born 1987), Serbian-Bosnian footballer Category:Bosnian-language surnames

Vartan Achkarian Vartan Achkarian (January 22, 1936 – July 28, 2012) was the Armenian Catholic titular bishop of Tokat degli Armeni and auxiliary bishop of Beirut. Ordained to the priesthood in 1961, Achkarian became bishop in 1987 and retired in 2011. Notes Category:Armenian Catholic bishops Category:1936 births Category:2012 deaths Category:20th-century Eastern Catholic bishops Category:21st-century Eastern Catholic bishops

2016 Florida Tech Panthers football team The 2016 Florida Tech Panthers football team represented the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) during the 2016 NCAA Division II football season. They were led by head coach Steve Englehart, who was in his fourth season at Florida Tech. The Panthers play their home games at Florida Tech Panther Stadium, approximately one mile from the Florida Tech campus and are members of the Gulf South Conference. Schedule Florida Tech announced its 2016 football schedule on February 17, 2016. The schedule consists of 5 home and 6 away games in the regular season. The Panthers will host GSC foes Delta State, Mississippi College, North Alabama, and Valdosta State, and will travel to Shorter, West Alabama, West Florida, and West Georgia. The Panthers hosted only one non-conference game against Fort Valley State of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and travel to two against Newberry of the South Atlantic Conference and Presbyterian of the Big South Conference. The game between Florida Tech and North Alabama was cancelled in advance of the arrival of Hurricane Matthew. Game summaries at Newberry Mississippi College at Shorter at Presbyterian at West Florida Fort Valley State at West Alabama Valdosta State at West Georgia Delta State North Greenville Awards and milestones Gulf South Conference honors Ten players from Florida Tech were honored as All-GSC selections by the league's coaches, including a program-record six First Team members. Gulf South Conference All-Conference First Team Antwaun Haynes, RB/AP Kenny Johnston, TE Cory Sanicky, G Adonis Davis, DL Chris Stapleton, LB Manny Abad, DB Gulf South Conference All-Conference Second Team Trevor Sand, RB Wayne Saunders II, WR Joe Laguna, T Kevin Delgado, G Gulf South Conference offensive player of the week November 14: Antwuan Haynes Gulf South Conference defensive player of the week September 12: Adonis Davis September 26: Jo Jackson October 31: Tyler Rosenblatt November 7: Chris Stapleton School records Most rushing touchdowns in a season: 10, Antwuan Haynes and Trevor Sand Most passing yards in a single game: 502, Mark Cato (October 22) Most receiving yards in a single game: 185, Kenny Johnston (October 1) Most interceptions in a single game: 2, Tyler Rosenblatt (October 29) and Jo Jackson (September 24th) Most yards of total offense gained in a single game: 643 (October 22) Fewest yards of total offense surrendered in a single game: 73 (September 17) References Florida Tech Category:Florida Tech Panthers football seasons Florida Tech Panthers f

Tomasz Nowak (footballer) Tomasz Nowak (born 30 October 1985) is a Polish footballer who plays for Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała in the I liga. Career Korona Kielce He joined Korona Kielce in the winter break 2006/07 from Kania Gostyń. For the 2009–10 season he was loaned to Polonia Bytom. Górnik Łęczna In February 2011, he joined Górnik Łęczna on a half year deal. ŁKS Łódź On 13 June 2011, Nowak joined Polish Ekstraklasa side ŁKS Łódź on a free transfer from Górnik Łęczna. He signed a two-year deal. Podbeskidzie Ahead of the 2019/20 season, Nowak joined Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała. International He was a part of Poland national football team, for which he has played three times and scored one goal. References External links Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:People from Kościan Category:Sportspeople from Greater Poland Voivodeship Category:Polish footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:Polish expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Belarus Category:Ekstraklasa players Category:I liga players Category:Belarusian Premier League players Category:Amica Wronki players Category:Korona Kielce players Category:Polonia Bytom players Category:Górnik Łęczna players Category:ŁKS Łódź players Category:FC Gomel players Category:Zagłębie Sosnowiec players Category:Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała players

John Joseph Sims John Joseph Sims VC (1835 – 6 December 1881) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Details Sims was about 19 years old, and a private in the 34th Regiment of Foot (later the Border Regiment), British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 18 June 1855 at Sebastopol, Crimea, after the regiment had retired into the trenches from the assault on the Redan, Private Sims went out under very heavy fire in broad daylight and brought in wounded soldiers outside the trenches. References Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999) The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997) External links Location of grave and VC medal (E. London) Profile Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross Category:Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross Category:British Army personnel of the Crimean War Category:Border Regiment soldiers Category:People from Bloomsbury Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis Category:1835 births Category:1881 deaths Category:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross

Barrier Industrial Council The Barrier Industrial Council is the trades and labour council for the isolated mining town of Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. It was formed in 1923 by eighteen unions and grew to be one of the most influential forces in the politics of the city of Broken Hill in the late twentieth century. It also owns Broken Hill's only newspaper, the "Barrier Daily Truth". History The town of Broken Hill has had a turbulent industrial history since its formation, with the harsh working conditions in the mines forging a strong culture of union militancy. By 1890 nearly all workers at the Line of Lode mine, which was the only major source of employment in the town, were union members. The early years of the town were characterised by bitter industrial disputes and strikes in 1892, 1909 and 1919. The first attempt to establish a peak body to represent all trade unions in Broken Hill was in 1916 with the formation of the Broken Hill Trades and Labour Council. However, the dominant union in the town, the Amalgamated Miners' Association (AMA), did not join and some tradesmens' unions were represented separately by the Iron Trades Council. In 1921 the AMA was renamed the Workers' Industrial Union of Australia and joined the Trades and Labour Council in 1923. The following year the council was renamed after the Barrier Ranges, first as the Barrier Industrial and Political Council and then as the Barrier Industrial Council (BIC). By the end of 1925 all the tradesmens' unions had affiliated. The BIC grew in power and influence over the 20th century as its control over the supply of labour in the isolated, and economically influential, town allowed it to dictate terms to both the mining companies and politicians in state government. The BIC's influence allowed it to greatly improve the conditions of workers in the town, who often received more generous entitlements than was standard for employees in the rest of Australia, such as a 35-hour working week and five weeks of annual leave. One notable example of the BIC's influence in the town is the Badge Show Day. Established in 1923 the Badge Show Day is an event held four times a year in which union members march through the town wearing badge distributed by the BIC. During the period of compulsory unionism this acted as a way of ensuring that all workers were financial members of their relevant union as the individually numbered badges indicated which union they were a member, and which shift they worked on if they were miners. The influence of the BIC has declined to some extent with the decline in mining employment in the town, as well as greater state and federal government regulation, but it is still an important organisation in local politics. Further reading Ellem, Bradon and Shields, John, 'Making a 'Union Town': Class, Gender and Consumption in Inter-War Broken Hill', Labour History, vol. 78, 2000, pp. 116–140. Ellem, Bradon and Shields, John, 'Placing Peak Union Purpose and Power: The Origins, Dominance and Decline of the Barrier Industrial Council', Economic and Labour Relations Review, vol. 12, no. 1, 2001, pp. 61–84. Ellem, Brandon and Shields, John, 'Making the 'Gibraltar of Unionism': Union Organising and Peak Union Agency in Broken Hill, 1886-1930', Labour History, vol. 83, 2002, pp. 65–88 Dale, George, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, Fraser and Jenkinson, Melbourne, 1918. Howard, William A., Barrier bulwark: the life and times of Shorty O'Neil, Willry, 1990. References Sydney 'Shorty' O'Neil (1903-2000): the King of Broken Hill by John Shields (Workers Online Issue 69, 2000) External links Barrier Industrial Council Category:Australian labour movement Category:Broken Hill, New South Wales Category:Trades councils Category:Economy of New South Wales

Potato Lake Potato Lake is a lake in Hubbard County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Potato Lake was named for a native root eaten by Native Americans. See also List of lakes in Minnesota References Category:Lakes of Minnesota Category:Lakes of Hubbard County, Minnesota

Chirodella Chirodella is an extinct genus of conodonts in the family Prioniodinidae. References Two new genera Comperniodontella n. gen. and Galeodontella n. gen., and new multielement of Chirodella Hirschmann, 1959 and Cypridodella Mosher, 1968 (Conodonta) from the Mamonia Complex (Upper Triassic), Cyprus. Christopher C. Ryley and Lars E. Fahraeus, Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie Abhandlungen, 1994, volume 1931, pages 21–54 External links Category:Prioniodinida genera Category:Triassic conodonts

Canton of Reims-1 The canton of Reims-1 is an administrative division of the Marne department, northeastern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Reims. It consists of the following communes: Reims (partly) References Category:Cantons of Marne (department)

Francisco Galindo Francisco Galindo was a Mexican basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics. References Category:Year of birth missing Category:Possibly living people Category:Mexican men's basketball players Category:Olympic basketball players of Mexico Category:Basketball players at the 1948 Summer Olympics Category:Place of birth missing

Logie Awards of 2003 The 45th Annual TV Week Logie Awards was held on Sunday 11 May 2003 at the Crown Palladium in Melbourne, and broadcast on the Nine Network. The ceremony was hosted by Eddie McGuire, and guests included Simon Baker and Dennis Haysbert. Winners and nominees In the tables below, winners are listed first and highlighted in bold. Gold Logie Acting/Presenting Most Popular Programs Most Outstanding Programs Performers Steve Irwin Delta Goodrem Bec Cartwright Sophie Monk Dannii Minogue Hall of Fame After several years on Australian television, Don Lane became the 20th inductee into the TV Week Logies Hall of Fame. References External links 2003 Category:2003 television awards Category:2003 in Australian television

Ballingry Ballingry ( or locally or (older) ); , ) is a small town in Fife, Scotland. It is near the boundary with Perth and Kinross, north of Lochgelly. It has an estimated population (2004) of 5,740. The once separate villages of Ballingry, Lochore, Crosshill, and Glencraig are now somewhat joined together as the part of the Benarty area. Ballingry, along with its neighbour Lochgelly, is one of Fife's 'regeneration areas' and is classed as in need of regeneration economically and socially. History In 1160 the Parish of Ballingry and Auchterderran belonged to the Barony of Lochore. A church was built in the area to attend to the needs of the people. In 1561 Peter Watson was sent to minister to the people of Ballingry. Rev Jamie obtained most facts from old Kirk Session Records, fourteen volumes in various sizes were discovered. These minutes go back to 1669. It is believed that Ballingry is one of the oldest Parishes in Scotland. Following World War II, plans went into effect to create a settlement to house the population drawn to this part of Fife by the opportunities created by what was then an expanding coal industry. Toponymy The name Ballingry may come from the Scottish Gaelic baile iongrach, meaning "oozing estate", possibly from the springs on the slopes above the town. Schools It has a large primary school, Benarty Primary School, as well as a smaller Roman Catholic primary school, St Kenneth's, one of seven feeder schools to St. Columba's Roman Catholic High School in Dunfermline. Facilities Opened in October 2012 to replace a number of facilities in Ballingry, Lochore and Crosshill, the Benarty Centre houses contains Fife Council offices, a library, childcare and catering facilities, a computer suite, gym, meeting room and cafe. Ballingry is also located very close to Lochore Meadows Country Park which includes the loch itself, as well as a large park for children, a canoe club and a 9-hole golf course. The village had its own junior football team, Ballingry Rovers FC which dissolved in late 2014 after 62 years, they played as part of the East Region Junior League. The village has four shops, a chemist, two pubs (The Craigie and the Cleik), a bookmakers, Chinese and Indian takeaways and two chip shops. Transport Stagecoach operates the 19 service between Ballingry and Rosyth which runs through Lochore, Crosshill, Glencraig, Lochgelly, Lumphinans, Cowdenbeath, Hill of Beath, Crossgates, Halbeath and Dunfermline, operating at up to every ten minutes on week days and Saturdays. The 34 service runs between Ballingry and Kirkcaldy.The 81 service operates hourly between Queen Margaret Hospital in Dunfermline and Glenrothes, with stops in between in Cowdenbeath and Ballingry. The nearest railway station is Lochgelly, with services to Dunfermline, Edinburgh, Kinghorn, Burntisland, Glenrothes and Kirkcaldy. Notable people Singer-songwriter and filmmaker Richard Jobson, footballer Doug Rougvie, the Rock’n’Roll/Punk Band Paris Street Rebels and actor Michael Nardone from the town, as was John George, a miner who became a Unionist MP. References Category:Towns in Fife Category:Parishes in Fife Category:Mining communities in Fife

Appellation (disambiguation) An appellation in general is a name, title, designation, or the act of naming. Specifically it may refer to: Appellation a verbal or written designation of an individual, e.g. Lord, or Prince a verbal or written designation of a unique object, e.g. Mount Everest a verbal or written designation of a unique concept, e.g. Nobel Prize a geographical-based term used to identify where the grapes for a wine were grown (Appellation) - see also Appellation d'origine contrôlée below Appellation of origin, a geographical indication, a name or sign used on products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or place of origin Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), a certification for French agricultural products, which is the origin of the word as used in other languages In jurisprudence: For appeal or appellate, see Court of Appeals Distinguish from Appalachian (disambiguation) (US placenames)

Finally Free Finally Free is the fourth album of Lebanese-Canadian artist Karl Wolf released on 10 July 2012 after Face Behind the Face (2006), Bite the Bullet (2007) and Nightlife (2009). Musically the album is rooted in electronic music, while branching off into other genres such as dance-pop, house music, dubstep, R&B, and hip hop. Prior to the release of the album, two singles appearing on the album had already been released as singles in 2011, "Ghetto Love" featuring Kardinal Offishall and "Mash It Up" (produced by Greg Stainer and Dany Neville) featuring Three 6 Mafia, also released as "Fuck Shit Up" In addition to the title track "Finally Free", the track "DJ Gonna Save Us" written by Devion Young, Sean Alexander, and Karl Wolf featuring Mr. OxXx was the third single from the album. Track list All songs written by Karl Wolf except as indicated "Finally Free" (3:18) "UFO" (3:58) [Beat Merchant / Show Stevens / Karl Wolf] "Ghetto Love" (feat. Kardinal Offishall) (3:24) [ Peter Cetera / David Foster / Diane Nini / Karl Wolf] "Peace Out" (feat. P. Reign) (3:16) [Jeremy Thurber / Karl Wolf] "Mash It Up" (feat. Three 6 Mafia) (4:06) [Ricky J. / Show Stevens / Karl Wolf] "DJ Gonna Save Us" (feat. Mr. OxXx) (4:17) [ Sean Alexander / Karl Wolf / Devion Young] "Number One" (feat. Demarco) (3:06) [ Karl Wolf / Fred Wreck] "Crazy4U" (3:29) [John Stary] "Never Let You Go" (3:33) [Cory Campbell / Anthony Leggett] "Wake Up" (3:25) [ Ricky Campanelli / David Lopera / Jose David Lopera / Shahe Sinanoglu / Karl Wolf] "Tell Me" (feat. Nirvana Savoury) (3:13) [Show Stevens / Karl Wolf] "Belly Dancer" (3:25) "No Way" (3:42) "Connected" (feat. Robin) (3:17) [Beat Merchant / Karl Wolf "DJ Gonna Save Us" (Dubstep Remix) (3:06) [Sean Alexander / Karl Wolf / Devion Young] "Waiting for a Star to Fall" (Karl Wolf & Cassandra Debison) (bonus track available only on special edition version of the album) (4:39) References Category:2012 albums Category:Karl Wolf albums

Mana Māori Movement The Mana Māori Movement was a New Zealand political party. It advocated on behalf of the Māori people. It was founded by Eva Rickard, a prominent Māori activist. Rickard was originally a member of Mana Motuhake, another Māori party, but quit when Mana Motuhake joined the Alliance (a broad left-wing coalition). Rickard, believing that an independent Māori party was needed, founded Mana Māori in 1993. The party contested the with 18 list candidates, and got 4070 votes (0.20%). Rickard's daughter, Angeline Greensill later took over co-leadership of the Mana Māori Movement, the largest wholly Māori party contesting the 2002 New Zealand general election, and incorporated the smaller Te Tawharau and Piri Wiri Tua parties, but did not win any seats. The party received only 4,980 votes (0.25%) in 2002. The emergence of the new Māori Party, founded by sitting MP Tariana Turia, prompted the transfer of support from Mana Māori, and Greensill agreed to temporarily recess the party which was officially deregistered in 2005. Greensill stood twice for the Māori Party before later joining the breakaway Mana Movement. References Category:Political parties established in 1993 Category:Defunct political parties in New Zealand Category:Māori political parties in New Zealand Category:1993 establishments in New Zealand Category:Political parties disestablished in 2005

Jamie Campbell (English footballer) Jamie Campbell (born 21 October 1972) is an English former professional footballer who made nearly 300 appearances in the Football League. A defender or midfielder, Campbell played for Luton Town, Mansfield Town, Cambridge United, Barnet, Brighton & Hove Albion and Exeter City, where he was Player of the Year in 2000–01. He then moved into non-league football with clubs including Stevenage Borough, for whom he played on the losing side in the 2002 FA Trophy Final, Woking, and Havant & Waterlooville. References Category:1972 births Category:Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands Category:Living people Category:Association football defenders Category:English footballers Category:Luton Town F.C. players Category:Mansfield Town F.C. players Category:Cambridge United F.C. players Category:Barnet F.C. players Category:Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players Category:Exeter City F.C. players Category:Stevenage F.C. players Category:Woking F.C. players Category:Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players Category:English Football League players Category:National League (English football) players Category:Southern Football League players

Chinese furniture The forms of Chinese furniture evolved along three distinct lineages which dates back to 1000 BC, based on frame and panel, yoke and rack (based on post and rail seen in architecture) and bamboo construction techniques. Chinese home furniture evolved independently of Western furniture into many similar forms including chairs, tables, stools, cupboards, cabinets, beds and sofas. Until about the 10th century CE the Chinese sat on mats or low platforms using low tables, in typical Asian style, but then gradually moved to using high tables with chairs. Chinese furniture is mostly in plain polished wood, but from at least the Song dynasty the most luxurious pieces often used lacquer to cover the whole or parts of the visible areas. All the various sub-techniques of Chinese lacquerware can be found on furniture, and become increasingly affordable down the social scale, and so widely used, from about the Ming dynasty onwards. carved lacquer furniture was at first only affordable by the imperial family or the extremely rich, but by the 19th century was merely very expensive, and mostly found in smaller pieces or as decorated areas on larger ones. It was especially popular on screens, which were common in China. Lacquer inlaid with mother of pearl was especially a technique used on furniture. Chinese furniture is usually light where possible, anticipating Europe by several centuries in this respect. Practical fittings in metal such as hinges, lock plates, drawer handles and protective plates at edges or feet are used, and often given considerable emphasis, but compared to classic fine European furniture purely decorative metal mounts were rare. From the Qing dynasty furniture made for export, mostly to Europe, became a distinct style, generally made in rather different shapes to suit the destination markets and highly decorated in lacquer and other techniques. Chinese furniture for sitting or lying on was very often used with cushions, but textiles and upholstery are not, until very late historical periods, incorporated into the piece itself in the Western manner. Openwork in carved wood or other techniques is very typical for practical purposes such as chair-backs, and also for decoration. The Ming period is regarded as the "golden age" of Chinese furniture, though very few examples of earlier pieces survive. Ming styles have largely set the style for furniture in traditional Chinese style in subsequent periods, though as in other areas of Chinese art, the 18th and 19th centuries saw increasing prosperity used for sometimes excessively elaborated pieces, as wider groups in society were able to imitate court styles. Cultural context What is now considered the Chinese aesthetic had its origins in China as far back as 1500–1000 BC. The furniture present in some of the artwork from that early period shows woven mats on elevated floors, sometimes accompanied by arm rests, providing seating accompanied by low tables. In this early period both unadorned and intricately engraved and painted pieces were already developing. High chairs, usually single ones, had existed as status symbols, effectively thrones, since at least the Eastern Zhou period (771–256 BCE), but were not used with tables at the same level. Buddhism, entering China around AD 200, brought with it the idea of (the Buddha) sitting upon a raised platform instead of simply mats. The platform was adopted as an honorific seat for special guests and dignitaries or officials. Longer versions were then used for reclining as well, which eventually evolved into the bed and daybed. Taller versions evolved into higher tables as well. The folding stool also proliferated similarly, after it was adapted from designs developed by nomadic tribes to the North and West, who used them for both their convenience and light weight in many applications such as mounting horses. Later, woven hourglass-shaped stools evolved; a design still in use today throughout China. Some of the styles now widely regarded as Chinese began appearing more prominently in the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). It is here that evidence of early versions of the round and yoke back chairs are found, generally used by the elite. By the next two Dynasties (the Northern and Southern Song) the use of varying types of furniture, including chairs, benches, and stools was common throughout Chinese society. Two particular developments were recessed legs and waisted tables. Newer and more complex designs were generally limited to official and higher class use. It was from this basis that more modern Chinese furniture developed its distinguishing characteristics. Use of thick lacquer finish and detailed engraving and painted decoration as well as pragmatic design elements would continue to flourish. Significant foreign design influence would not be felt until increased contact with the West began in the 19th century, due to efforts on the part of the ruling elite to limit trade. During the Ming and Qing dynasties previous bans on imports were lifted, allowing for larger quantities and varieties of woods to flood in from other parts of Asia. The use of denser wood led to much finer work, including more elaborate joinery. A Ming Imperial table entirely covered in carved lacquer, now in London, is one of the finest survivals of the period. Four categories Chinese furniture traditionally consisted of four distinct categories, all formed by the mid Qing dynasty, but each with its own unique characteristics. Beijing category (京式家具): characterized by its simple build, directly developed from Ming Dynasty furnitures. Guangzhou category (广式家具): incorporating western influence, fully formed in the 19th century but dating back to at least 17th century. Characterized by the adoptation of Baroque and Rococo artistic styles, use of native timbers in the Lingnan region, and the decorative mounting of marble and the shells of shellfish. Shanghai category (海式家具): characterized by its decorative carving and carved lacquer. Suzhou category (苏式家具): opposite to the Beijing category, characterized by its elaborate decoration, developed from early Qing Dynasty furniture. Material Classic Chinese furniture is typically made of a class of hardwoods, known collectively as "rosewood" (紅木, literally "red wood"). These woods are denser than water, fine grained, and high in oils and resins. These properties make them dimensionally stable, hardwearing, rot and insect resistant, and when new, highly fragrant. The density and toughness of the wood also allows furniture to be built without the use of glue and nail, but rather constructed from joinery and doweling alone. According to the Chinese industry standards the woods are grouped into eight classes: Furniture and carving made from these woods are typically referred to, in the market, as "hongmu furniture" (紅木家具, literally "rosewood furniture"). Due to overlogging for the said furniture, most of the species are either threatened or endangered. Construction Construction of traditional wooden Chinese furniture is based primarily of solid wood pieces connected solely using woodworking joints, and rarely using glue or metallic nails. The reason was that the nails and glues used did not stand up well to the vastly fluctuating temperatures and humid weather conditions in most of Central and South-East Asia. Further, the oily and resinous woods used in Chinese furniture generally do not glue well, even when pre-cleaned with modern industrial solvents. Platform construction is based on box designs and uses frame-and-panel construction in simple form during earlier periods evolving into more and more modified forms in later periods. While earlier pieces show full frame-and-panel construction techniques, different parts of the construction were modified through the centuries to produce diverse looking pieces which still share the same basic construction. First the panel, originally complete, is subject to cut-out sections, followed by further reduction to what may appear to be simply decorative brackets. Further refinement of the same pattern lead the shape of the decorative brackets being incorporated into the shape of the surrounding frame and simultaneously the two mitered vertical pieces comprising a corner become one solid piece. Pieces start to have small cross-pieces attached to the bottom of the feet rather than a frame that is equal on all sides and finally, with evolution of the complex woodworking joints that allow it, the cross-pieces are removed entirely, leaving a modern table with 3-way mitered corners. Unlike European-derived styles, table designs based on this style will nearly always contain a frame-in-panel top, the panel serving as the tabletop center and the frame sometimes also serving as what would be rails on a European table. Cabinets in this style have a top that does not protrude beyond the sides or front. The critical element in almost all pieces of this type is the mitered joints, especially the 3-way mitered joining of the leg and two horizontal pieces at each corner. The Yoke and Rack construction differs critically in the way that the legs of the piece are joined to the horizontal portion (be it tabletop, seat or cabinet carcass) using a type of wedged mortise-and-tenon joint where the end grain of the leg is visible as a circle in the frame of the tabletop. The cross-pieces (stretchers in the western equivalent) are joined through mortise-and-tenon joinery as well. The legs and stretchers are commonly round rather than square or curvilinear. The simplest pieces are simply four splayed legs attached to a solid top, but more complicated pieces contain decorative brackets, drawers and metal latches. Cabinets in this style typically have an overhanging top similar to western-style cabinetry. Bamboo construction style, although historically rooted in pieces made from bamboo, later saw many pieces made from hardwood with patterning to imitate the look of bamboo, or simply in the style of previous pieces made from bamboo. The construction is more similar to the Yoke and Rack style with some apparent crossover. See also Gustav Ecke Notes References "Grove", Handler, Sarah, Oxford Art Online, "China, XII. Furniture", Subscription required External links Classical Chinese Furniture: Information Cybercenter for the Collector and Scholar. Includes images of datable furniture, explanations of joinery and construction, a lengthy bibliographical section. Category:Furniture Category:History of furniture Category:Arts in China *

Kristy Pond Kristy Pond (born 25 July 1996) is an Australian athletics competitor. She was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in athletics in the 100 metre and 200 metre events. She did not medal at the 2012 Games. Personal Pond was born on 25 July 1996, and is from Baulkham Hills, New South Wales. She has cerebral palsy. In 2010, Pond earned the title Parramatta Sportsperson of the Year. She earned the 2011 Junior Sports Star award from the Parramatta Advertiser. Cerebral Palsy Sport and Recreation Association, an organisation she belongs to, nominated her for the award. In 2012, she was named the NSW Young Athlete with a Disability. , she is a student. Athletics Pond is a T34 classified athletics wheelchair racer. She is a member of the Hills District Senior Athletics Club. She has an athletics scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport, and is coached by her mother, Jenny Pond, and Paralympian Louise Sauvage. Pond started competing in 2008. At the 2008 Pacific School Games, she set four Australian records while earning five gold medals. At the 2010 National Underage Championships, she earned six gold medals. In 2010, she competed in the Australian National Athletics With Disability championship. She set Australian records in the 400m, 800m, 1500m wheelchair races and javelin events, while finishing first in the 100m, 400m, 800m, 1500m, shot put and javelin events. She participated in the Queen's Baton event that preceded the 2010 Commonwealth Games. At the 2011 IWAS World Games, she finished third in the 100 metre event and first in the 800 metre event. At the 2011 Arafura Games, she finished first in the Women' Javelin Throw Wheel Chair event with a distance of 7.89 metres. She also finished first in the Women's 400m Wheel Chair event. She also finished first in the 800 metres event with a time of 2:58.74. In May 2011, she was named the IPC Athlete of the Month. In January 2012, Pond participated in a national team training camp. In January 2012, she participated in the Australia Day Series in Canberra, where she finished third with a time of 38.43 in the junior race. She was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in athletics in the 100 metre and 200 metre events. The Games were her first. She did not medal at the 2012 Games. References Category:Paralympic athletes of Australia Category:Living people Category:1996 births Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics Category:Australian female sprinters Category:New South Wales Institute of Sport alumni

Ahmadabad, Miyan Jolgeh Ahmadabad (, also Romanized as Aḩmadābād) is a village in Ghazali Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,246, in 342 families. References Category:Populated places in Nishapur County

Sankhni Sankhni (سانکھنی) is a village in Uttar Pradesh state, India. It's 3 km from Jahangirabad, 25 km from Bulandshahr and 100 km from Delhi, include in NCR Demographics مخصوص تعداد عوام The majority of this village, around 98%, are Muslims ( اثنا اشری/Twelver ), other communities are also living there freely. Some families moved to Pakistan at the time of the Partition of India and some to Jahangirabad and Aligarh. The occupation of the villagers are agriculture. Farmers use high Tech. machines and modern technology for cultivation and farming. Teaching is also a vital source of earning. A large number of teachers are working in Government Sectors in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. Education تعلیم Sankhni has produced many professionals including teachers, doctors, journalists and engineers working in USA, UK, Germany, Gulf, Saudi Arabia and in their native country India. There are a number of government and private schools in Sankhni, so the education standard from primary to sesecondary level of Sankhni Village is comparable to that of a city. Most of candidates from Sankhni have competed for the competitive exams and have been selected for both government and private sectors. Both male and female students move from the village for higher studies. The main source for higher education for Sankhni is Aligarh Muslim University, Alfalah University Faridabad, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi University, Jamia Hamdard, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, UP Board,UPTU, CBSE,NIOS, UGC, ICSC approved and some distance learning Universities. Sankhni is prestigious for Mourning of Imam Hussain a.s. Category:Villages in Bulandshahr district

Sid Deane Sid Deane (1885–1967) was a foundation Australian rugby league player. He was a Centre for the Australia national team. He played in 5 Tests between 1908 and 1914. In 1914 he became the ninth Australian national captain and the first from the North Sydney Club. Club career Born in North Sydney, he commenced his footballing career with Norths rugby union. He was present at the North Sydney School of Arts in 1907 for the meeting which founded North Sydney. He was elected onto the players committee and played at five-eighth in the inaugural round of rugby league matches played in Sydney on 20 April 1908. Following his appearances for Australia on the inaugural Kangaroo tour of England in 1908 several English clubs made offers for him to stay and he reached agreement with the Oldham. For the next four seasons he featured in a star-studded team including Arthur Anlezark, Kangaroo Tom McCabe and English representatives James "Jim" Lomas, Alf Wood and Albert Avery. Oldham were Championship finalists for each of those four years. Deane played right-, i.e. number 3, in Oldham's 3-7 defeat by Wigan in the Championship Final during the 1908–09 season at The Willows, Salford on Saturday 1 May 1909, played, and was captain in Oldham's 13-7 victory over Wigan in the Championship Final during the 1909–10 season, and played, and was captain in Oldham's 20-7 victory over Wigan in the Championship Final during the 1910–11 season. He had further seasons with North Sydney from 1912 to 1914, then returned to England to play with Hull F.C. for two seasons 1915-1916. He finished his career with North Sydney in 1919. In August, 2006 Deane was named in the North Sydney Bears' Team of the Century. Representative career He made his representative début for New South Wales in May 1908 against the New Zealand "All Golds" and later that year for a NSW side against the NZ Maori. In July Deane was selected in the Pioneer Kangaroo side to tour England and made his international début in the centres alongside Dally Messenger in the first Ashes Test on 22 November 1908. Following Deane's return from the English competition in 1912 he again represented New South Wales against touring New Zealand and English sides. During the 1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand Deane captained the Kangaroos in all three Ashes Tests. Australia won the second Test in July 1914 12-7. This was the first rugby league Test played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and the first Australian home victory against the English. After football Deane's wider family contributed to the development of rugby league in Australia. His brothers Os and Lal both played for North Sydney. Os Deane represented New South Wales and Lal became a first grade and representative level referee. Deane's sister married his North Sydney and Australia teammate Con Sullivan and their son, Bob went on to represent Australia in 1954, and both he and another nephew Jack played for Norths as well. After retirement he helped run the family sports store and billiards room in North Sydney and was an SP bookmaker in later life. Matches played References Sources Whiticker, Alan (2004) Captaining the Kangaroos, New Holland, Sydney Andrews, Malcolm (2006) The ABC of Rugby League, Austn Broadcasting Corpn, Sydney Category:1885 births Category:Australian rugby league players Category:North Sydney Bears players Category:Australia national rugby league team players Category:Oldham R.L.F.C. players Category:Australia national rugby league team captains Category:Hull F.C. players Category:1967 deaths Category:Rugby league centres Category:Date of birth missing Category:Rugby league players from Sydney

Mouth for War "Mouth for War" is a song by American heavy metal band Pantera. It was first released on the band's sixth album Vulgar Display of Power and was the first single off that album. It was later released on the band's compilation album, The Best of Pantera: Far Beyond the Great Southern Cowboys' Vulgar Hits! The song was released as downloadable content for the music video games Rock Revolution, and for Rock Band 3 alongside "Walk", "I'm Broken" and "5 Minutes Alone". Composition "Mouth for War" was composed in the key of G major. Lyrics Phil Anselmo stated in a 1992 interview on Much More Music, that "Mouth for War" is about channeling your hate into something productive. This is evident in the lyrics "When I channel my hate to productive/I don't find it hard to impress". According to Anselmo, the song was written about the then middleweight champion James ‘Lights Out’ Toney Video The video shows the band playing the song to an audience. The majority of the video is shot in black and white, and a screenshot of the video was used as the cover for "Walk". It was directed by Paul Rachman who also directed all the videos from the band's first album "Cowboys From Hell" and the feature documentary film "American Hardcore." Release and reception "Mouth for War" was the band's first single from their Vulgar Display of Power album. The song is one of Pantera's most popular songs and experienced moderate commercial success, becoming the band's first song to ever chart, reaching number 73 on the UK Singles Chart. It was used as the theme song for MTV's Headbanger's Ball. Metal Hammer ranked the song #7 on their list of the 50 best Pantera songs. Odyssey considered "Mouth for War" to be the best Pantera song. They rated it 5/5, and wrote that it was a metal classic and had an iconic solo. Covers "Mouth for War" has been covered by the Italian melodic death metal band Disarmonia Mundi on their third album titled Mind Tricks. Another cover version by Biohazard appears in the Metal Hammer Tribute to Dimebag Darrell album. An instrumental, all-cello version was also recorded by The Portland Cello Project on the Kill Rock Stars label. Avenged Sevenfold covered the song live in 2011 featuring Vinnie Paul on drums. Track listing Charts References Category:Pantera songs Category:1992 singles Category:1992 songs Category:Atco Records singles Category:Song recordings produced by Terry Date Category:Songs written by Dimebag Darrell Category:Songs written by Vinnie Paul Category:Songs written by Phil Anselmo Category:Songs written by Rex Brown no:This Love

Primorya ussuriensis Primorya ussuriensis is a species of true flies in the family Sarcophagidae. Range Primorsky Krai, Russia. References Category:Sarcophagidae Category:Diptera of Asia Category:Insects described in 1998

Quo Taichi Quo Tai-chi (; 1888–1952) was a diplomat during the Republic of China and an active member of the Kuomintang from the early years of the Republic of China until shortly after the fall of mainland China to the Communists. Quo was born in Hupei (Hubei) province in 1888 and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1911, Phi Beta Kappa. He was one of the technical delegates of China to the Paris Peace Conference, 1918–1919. At a time when the victors of the Great War were negotiating the spoils of war and punishment of the conquered, Quo controversially stated it would be better for the Germans to retain their concessions in Shantung (Shandong) than to allow the aggressive, militarist Japanese to take possession of them. The Chinese delegation's wishes were largely ignored by the European powers, and Quo's words proved prophetic as over the next three decades, Japan's appetite for conquest proved genocidal. Quo published a book in English, entitled China's Fight for Democracy, in 1920, at a time when the Kuomintang was actively struggling against several regional warlords to reunify China as a democratic republic. Quo Tai-chi held a variety of posts, including commissioner of foreign affairs of the "Canton government" in 1927 and Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1929, he resigned the post of vice-minister of foreign affairs in protest of the placement of so many former imperial and warlord bureaucrats in the Kuomintang's Nanking (Nanjing) government, but was convinced to return. During one of his tenures as Vice-Minister, he was beaten by an angry, nationalist mob in Shanghai in May 1932 for his decision to sign an armistice with the Japanese, who were continuously pushing further into Chinese territory. He signed the armistice from the hospital, but resigned his post that year. From 1932 to 1940, Quo served as the first Chinese representative to Britain elevated from minister/legate to ambassador. He worked tirelessly to make China's case against Japan's continued, aggressive expansion in northern China at a time when the British were far more concerned with fascist acts of war on the Continent. He also lobbied for an end to British arms sales to the Japanese, whose airplanes, armed with British guns, were killing countless civilians in China even before war was declared. While ambassador to Court of St. James, Quo also signed treaties of amity between the Republic of China and the republics of Latvia and Estonia. In April 1941, Quo was named to replace Wang Ch'ung-hui as foreign minister by the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. During his time as foreign minister, he negotiated an end to the special, extraterritorial rights exercised by the United States and United Kingdom in China since the mid-19th century. It was also he who, on December 8, 1941, confirmed that the Republic of China was officially at war with not only the Empire of Japan, but also Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy. Quo represented China at the newly formed United Nations in San Francisco in 1946. He also presided over the first session of the U.N. Security Council held in March 1946 in New York. In November 1947, Y.P. Tsiang was named permanent Chief Chinese Delegate to the United Nations, replacing Quo. In December 1947, Quo was appointed Chinese ambassador to Brazil, replacing Cheng Tien-ku. He could remain the seat of China in the UN despite the communists' dominance in Mainland China and the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Quo died on February 29, 1952 in Santa Barbara, California. He was 63. Category:Foreign Ministers of the Republic of China Category:Permanent Representatives of the Republic of China to the United Nations Category:People from Huanggang Category:Republic of China politicians from Hubei Category:1888 births Category:1952 deaths

SS Klondike SS Klondike was the name of two sternwheelers, the second now a national historic site located in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. They ran freight between Whitehorse and Dawson City along the Yukon River, the first from 1929-1936 and the second, an almost exact replica of the first, from 1937-1950. Klondike I was built by the British Yukon Navigation Company (a subsidiary of the White Pass and Yukon Route railway company) in 1929 and had the distinction of having 50% more capacity than a regular sternwheeler, while still having the shallow draft and meeting the size requirements in order to travel down the Yukon River. Klondike I had a cargo capacity of 270 metric tonnes without having to push a barge. Klondike I ran aground in June 1936 north of 'The Thirty Mile' section of the Yukon River (at ). The company salvaged the ship's boiler, engines and many fittings to build Klondike II the following year. The hull of the SS Klondike I can still be seen at low water by canoeists on the Yukon River. Klondike II carried freight until the early 1950s. Due to the construction of a highway connecting Dawson City and Whitehorse, many Yukon River sternwheelers were decommissioned. In an attempt to save Klondike II, she was converted into a cruise ship. The venture shut down in 1955 due to lack of interest, and Klondike II was left on the ways in the Whitehorse shipyards. The ship was donated to Parks Canada and was gradually restored until 1966, when city authorities agreed to move the ship to its present location, at that time part of a squatters' area. The task required three bulldozers, eight tons of Palmolive soap, a crew of twelve men, and three weeks to complete. Greased log rollers eased the process. On 24 June 1967, the SS Klondike was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, and she is now open during the summer as a tourist attraction. See also SS Keno SS Nenana Steamboats of the Yukon River References External links Category:Steamboats of the Yukon River Category:Merchant ships of Canada SS Klondike Category:Museum ships in Yukon Category:1921 ships Category:1937 ships Category:Whitehorse, Yukon

Boniewo, Lublin Voivodeship Boniewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Fajsławice, within Krasnystaw County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. References Boniewo

Wiliete S.C. Wiliete Sport Clube is an Angolan sports club from the city of Benguela, in the namesake province. In 2019, the team qualified to the Gira Angola, the qualifying tournament for Angola's top division, the Girabola. League & Cup Positions Managers Agostinho Tramagal (2019-20) Jorge Pinto Leite (2018-19) Players and staff Players Staff External links Girabola.com profile Zerozero.pt profile Facebook profile References Category:Football clubs in Angola Category:Sports clubs in Angola

Ñuflo de Chaves Ñuflo de Chaves or Ñuflo de Chávez (1518–1568) was a Spanish conquistador. He is best known for founding the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in (what is today) Bolivia. Ñuflo de Chaves was born and grew up in the small Spanish village of Santa Cruz de la Sierra ("Holy Cross of the Mountains"), some 12 km south of Trujillo in the Extremadura region in Spain. He had an elder brother Diego. Ñuflo de Chaves joined the military and went to South America as a conquistador. In 1544 in Asunción (in today's Paraguay) he participated in the revolt against the Spanish governor Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. He helped Domingo Martínez de Irala's appointment as governor, and prepared an expedition to Charcas (currently Sucre). In 1557 he planned an expedition to conquer Jarayes lands, and reached today's Brazilian federal state of Mato Grosso, where he thought that he would find gold mines. In 1561 he moved to the southern Amazon Basin with a group of settlers, where he founded the town of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, giving it the name of his hometown in Spain. Ñuflo de Chaves settled in his new town with his family, being the first European to introduce goats and sheep to the region. He was killed there in a conflict with the Itatines natives in 1568. A few years later the settlement was moved to a new position 220 km further to the west because of the continuing conflicts with the natives. Today the Province of Ñuflo de Chávez in the Bolivian Department of Santa Cruz is named in his honor. He is featured on 1961 Spanish and 1970 Bolivian postal stamps. References Category:1518 births Category:1568 deaths Category:People from Tierra de Trujillo Category:16th-century Spanish people Category:Extremaduran conquistadors Category:Santa Cruz de la Sierra [[Category:Spanish military personnel killed in action]}

VersaCold VersaCold is Canada’s largest supply chain company focused exclusively on the handling of temperature sensitive products. Overview VersaCold started in 1946 as B.C. Ice & Cold Storage Co., serving Vancouver’s fishing industry. In the decades that followed, the company expanded steadily east. By the 1980s the company had established a strong base in the West with eight facilities in BC, Alberta and Washington. A series of mergers and acquisitions throughout the 1990s put VersaCold on the continental and, by 2005, global map, as the purchase of P&O Cold Storage added operations in the US, Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. In 2010, VersaCold sold its offshore operations and returned to its Canadian roots. VersaCold is jointly owned by Toronto-based private equity firm KingSett Capital and Quebec-based investor Ivanhoé Cambridge. Today, VersaCold operates the largest temperature-sensitive logistics network in Canada, with 27 temperature-controlled warehouses and distribution centres and a fleet of trucks providing local, regional, national and international transportation across Canada and the United States. Services VersaCold delivers a suite of fully integrated logistics services through its national network of facilities, transportation fleet and advanced technologies. References Category:Companies based in Vancouver Category:Business services companies established in 1946 Category:Distribution companies of Canada Category:1946 establishments in British Columbia

Bulgarian Women's Basketball Championship The Bulgarian Women's Basketball Championship is the premier league for women's basketball clubs in Bulgaria. Slavia Sofia is the championship's most successful club with 15 titles between 1953 and 2004 followed by Akademik Sofia and Levski Sofia with eight titles, Lokomotiv Sofia with seven and Minyor Pernik with six, while Neftokhimik Burgas has been the most successful team in recent years with 5 titles since 2005. The championship's leading teams were fairly successful in FIBA Europe competitions during the communist era, with Slavia Sofia and Levski Sofia winning three European Cups and two Ronchetti Cups between 1959 and 1984. Maritsa Plovdiv and Minyor Pernik also played in European finals. History 2018-19 teams Beroe Stara Zagora Montana Slavia Sofia NSA WBC Septemvri 97 Akademic Plovdiv Lokomotiv St. Zagora WBC Champion 2006 Sofia List of champions 1945 Rakovski Sofia 1946 Rakovski Sofia 1947 Rakovski Sofia 1948 Lokomotiv Sofia 1949 Lokomotiv Sofia 1950 Lokomotiv Sofia 1951 Lokomotiv Sofia 1952 Lokomotiv Sofia 1953 Slavia Sofia 1954 Slavia Sofia 1955 Slavia Sofia 1956 Slavia Sofia 1957 Slavia Sofia 1958 Slavia Sofia 1959 Slavia Sofia 1960 Akademik Sofia 1961 Slavia Sofia 1962 Slavia Sofia 1963 Slavia Sofia 1964 Slavia Sofia 1965 Slavia Sofia 1966 Akademik Sofia 1967 Lokomotiv Sofia 1968 Akademik Sofia 1969 Akademik Sofia 1970 Akademik Sofia 1971 Maritsa Plovdiv 1972 Minyor Pernik 1973 Maritsa Plovdiv 1974 Maritsa Plovdiv 1975 Akademik Sofia 1976 Akademik Sofia 1977 Minyor Pernik 1978 Minyor Pernik 1979 Minyor Pernik 1980 Levski Sofia 1981 Minyor Pernik 1982 Akademik Sofia 1983 Levski Sofia 1984 Levski Sofia 1985 Levski Sofia 1986 Levski Sofia 1987 Levski Sofia 1988 Levski Sofia 1989 Kremikovtsi 1990 Beroe Stara Zagora 1991 Lokomotiv Sofia 1992 Beroe Stara Zagora 1993 Kremikovtsi 1994 Levski Sofia 1995 Montana 1996 Minyor Pernik 1997 Kremikovtsi 1998 Kremikovtsi 1999 Kremikovtsi 2000 Montana 2001 Akademic Plovdiv 2002 Slavia Sofia 2003 Slavia Sofia 2004 Slavia Sofia 2005 Neftokhimik Burgas 2006 Neftokhimik Burgas 2007 CSKA Sofia 2008 Dunav Ruse 2009 Neftokhimik Burgas 2010 Neftokhimik Burgas 2011 Neftokhimik Burgas 2012 Dunav Ruse 2013 Dunav Ruse 2014 Dunav Ruse 2015 Dunav Ruse 2016 Montana 2003 2017 Haskovo 2012 2018 Montana 2003 References lea Bulgaria Category:Sports leagues established in 1942 Category:Basketball leagues in Bulgaria Basket

Time Masters Time Masters may refer to The Time Masters, a science fiction novel by Wilson Tucker Time Masters, a 1995 novel by Gary Blackwood Les Maîtres du temps, a Franco-Hungarian animated science fiction film Time Masters, a DC comic book series starring Rip Hunter Time Masters, an organization appearing in Legends of Tomorrow Time Masters (game show), a 1996–98 Australian kids game show for Seven Network

Berkatlah Yang DiPertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan Berkatlah Yang DiPertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan is the state anthem of Negeri Sembilan. It was composed by Andrew Caldecott (1884–1951) with lyrics by Tunku Zakaria Mambang, and it was used by Tuanku Muhammad, who was the ruler at that time. The anthem had went under a revitalization project by the efforts of the second son of the current Yang DiPertuan Besar, Tunku Zain Al-'Abidin ibni Tuanku Muhriz. The rearranged composition, recorded with the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra and choir groups from several schools across the state, was first presented to the public on the installation ceremonies of Tuanku Muhriz and his wife Tuanku Aishah Rohani in early 2009, and it was officially launched on 27 October 2010. Lyrics Malay Berkatlah Yang Dipertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan Kurniai sihat dan makmur Kasihi rakyat lanjutkan umur Akan berkati sekalian yang setia Musuhnya habis binasa Berkatlah Yang Dipertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan. Rough English translation Blessed are you, great ruler of Negeri Sembilan May you be healthy and live long Love your citizens, live long Will readily pray for you All his enemies will be completely destroyed Blessed are you, great ruler of Negeri Sembilan. The line "Musuhnya habis binasa" is also adapted as a motto for the state's football team, Negeri Sembilan FA. References External links Instrumental mp3 Vocal mp3 Category:Negeri Sembilan Category:Anthems of Malaysia

Vanilla moonii Vanilla moonii is an endangered vanilla species found only in Sri Lanka. References External links Culturesheet.org moonii Category:Orchids of Sri Lanka Category:Endemic flora of Sri Lanka Category:Endangered plants

Werner Theunissen Werner Theunissen (12 May 1942 – 18 January 2010) was a Dutch composer and lyricist of the 70s Dutch country music band "Pussycat". He rose to fame when his song "Mississippi", released by the band in 1975, became an international hit and sold an estimated 7 million copies worldwide. Musical career He began his musical career in the early sixties with 'The Rocking Apaches'. However, it was with the Indo – rock band from Heerlen called 'The Entertainers' that he wrote his first single. He also gave guitar lessons to three sisters Toni (later Toni Willé lead singer of Pussycat), Marianne and Betty Kowalczyk from Limburg who were around 10, 11 and 12 years old at that time. Werner got them acquainted with contemporary pop music. He discovered their talent and went on to write his first song for them called 'Bitte, Bitte, Liebe Mich'. Six years later in 1973 he formed the group 'Sweet Reaction' with the core of the group consisting of these three singing sisters, Lou Willé the guitarist from another band called Ricky Rendall and His Centurions along with two other musicians from a band called Scum. Recording came quickly to the nascent group. Within the same year as 'Sweet Reaction' they cut a single, "Tell Alain," for the Telstar label owned by Johnny Hoes which did not yield much success. But very soon with the next single and a string of well written and composed songs by Werner, this group was on its way to make history. Pussycat Under the name of Sweet Reaction, the group sent a demotape with three songs on it to EMI Bovema and one of them was 'Mississippi'. This song was written by Werner for the girls in 1969 being inspired by the Bee Gees song 'Massachusetts' but was shelved by him for a reason Werner himself describes as the demise of country music in favor of rock and pop. When listening to the tape, it was 'Mississippi' that grabbed EMI Bovema's attention, and they decided to sign the band. EMI's arranger Eddy Hilberts became their producer. With the sisters still the core members of the group, by early 1975 they recruited drummer Theo Coumans, bassist Theo Wetzels and guitarist John Theunissen to update their image once again now finally emerging as Pussycat. Success of Mississippi 'Mississippi' was Werner's first single released under the 'Pussycat' banner. It was recorded in February 1975 in the EMI Bovema studios in Heemstede, Netherlands. The company was kind enough to postpone the recording sessions until after carnival, a festivity that is widely celebrated in the southern part of the Netherlands, to avoid the sisters having trouble with their voices as a result of celebrating carnival. 'Mississippi' was released in the Netherlands in the summer of 1975 backed with 'Do It' from the debut album by Pussycat. When Meta de Vries, a Dutch radio DJ played it on her radio show she received calls from various people inquiring about the song. Following this incident, they were invited to play the song in a Dutch TV quiz show hosted by Kick Stockhuyzen, as they had a question about the river 'Mississippi' on the show and the broadcasting company thought it would be a nice idea to let Pussycat play 'Mississippi' right after the question. That's when things started to roll and by December 1975 the song became a massive hit seller at the Number One position in the Dutch charts, followed by the international success in 1976 pushing them into the charts across Europe and England as far as Africa and Australia, where it reached number one in August 1976. In South America alone, it even was charted for 129 weeks. 7 million copies were estimated to have been sold worldwide. In the Netherlands, Pussycat was well sought after and Werner's songs yielded one hit after the other. During the following 10 years 6 hit albums and 17 singles, all of them almost equally successful. The follow-up of Werner's other hits after "Mississippi" were "Georgie" (1976) at No.4 in the Netherlands, and "Smile" (also in 1976) at No. 2. Both of these songs also charted in the United Kingdom. Some of his other well-known hits include "My Broken Souvenirs" (1977), "Wet Day in September" (1978) and "Doin'La Bamba" (1980). Accolades Werner's panache in composing music and the band's own brilliant style of execution led the group 'Pussycat' to win several prestigious awards including the 'Conamus Award' (now called the Buma Export Award), 'Edison Award' and the German 'Löwe von Radio Luxemburg'. Pussycat won Conamus Export Award on 5 January 1977 from the Conamus Foundation. This award was bestowed upon them by the British Ambassador to the Netherlands, Sir John Barnes in The Hague for being the first Dutch pop group that had primarily taken on the British charts with their debut song 'Mississippi'. Werner wrote several other hit songs for Pussycat albums. Some of them include "Same Old Song", "Tennage Queenie" and "Then The Music Stopped". Towards the end of 1984 the third line up of 'Pussycat' had disbanded and Werner with a repertoire of songs to his credit moved on to write songs for other artists. Death Werner Theunissen continued to write songs until his death due to a cardiac arrest in a restaurant in England on 18 January 2010. The last song he wrote for Toni Willé the former lead vocalist of Pussycat was 'Impressions'. In 2012 she dedicated this song to him. The Entertainers – Discography 1965 Searching / Down Home Girl (Public-Records PR 651) 1965 Searching / Down Home Girl (CNR UH 9778) 1965 Searching / Down Home girl (Columbia C 23118) Duitsland 1966 It's You / I'm Sorry Girl (CNR UH 9798) 1966 Crazy Miss Daisy / Little Girl (CNR UH 9803) Charts Dutch Charts: Werner Theunissen (Pussycat) Singles UK Charts : The Best Rated Songs from Werner Theunissen (Pussycat) UK Charts: The Most Known Songs from Werner Theunissen References External links Chart Information for 'Smile' German Charts Top 20 – Top 300 Muziekencyclopedie – Werner Theunissen Toni Willé Online 45 Cat Pussycat Music at Loads A Music Juke Box Pussycat by Henk Bloebaum Sweet Reaction by Henk Bloebaum Category:1942 births Category:2010 deaths Category:Dutch songwriters Category:People from Brunssum Category:Pussycat (band)

Minami-ku, Sagamihara is one of three wards of Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan, located in the east part of the city. The west of Minami-ku faces Chūō-ku. Minami-ku was created on April 1, 2010 when Sagamihara became a city designated by government ordinance (a "designated city"). As of March 2010, Minami-ku had a population of 272,794, with a land area of 38.2 square kilometers. Category:Wards of Sagamihara

2012 Davis Cup Americas Zone Group II The Americas Zone is one of the three zones of regional Davis Cup competition in 2012. In the Americas Zone there are three different groups in which teams compete against each other to advance to the next group. Participating nations Seeds: Remaining nations: Draw First round Paraguay vs. Barbados Mexico vs. El Salvador Bolivia vs. Dominican Republic Puerto Rico vs. Venezuela Second round Mexico vs. Barbados Dominican Republic vs. Venezuela Play-offs Paraguay vs. El Salvador Bolivia vs. Puerto Rico Third round Mexico vs. Dominican Republic References External links Official website Americas Zone Group II Category:Davis Cup Americas Zone

Verkh-Kuchuk Verkh-Kuchuk () is a rural locality (a selo) in Shelabolikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,044 as of 2013. There are 12 streets. References Category:Rural localities in Altai Krai

Illinois Valley Community College Illinois Valley Community College (IVCC) is a community college in Oglesby, Illinois. The college serves a district encompassing all of Putnam and parts of Bureau, LaSalle, DeKalb, Grundy, Lee, Livingston, and Marshall counties. The college sits on a campus that was constructed in 1972 and serves a student body of around 4500 students. The college offers associate degrees and certificates and has been accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools since 1929. History LPO Junior College IVCC was founded in 1924 under the name LaSalle-Peru-Oglesby Junior College with an entering class of 32 students studying in facilities provided by the LaSalle-Peru Township High School. The mission of the college during this time period was to lay the foundations for successful careers. The first president of the college was Dr. Thomas J. McCormack, who had served as superintendent of the high school since 1903. On July 1, 1966, LaSalle-Peru-Oglesby College was given a new name. Illinois Valley Community College replaced LPO, and in the fall of 1968 was relocated to its current location on the opposite side of the Illinois River from the LaSalle-Peru area. The new name seemed fitting because much of the area that the college district encompasses is referred to as the Illinois Valley. The relocation was possible due to an $8.25 million referendum voted on by members of District 513 to finance the beginning of IVCC. The first courses took place in the new location in September, 1968. Alumni Clay Zavada- Major League Baseball player IVCC today The Illinois Valley Community College district encompasses roughly , contains 21 high schools, and includes more than 146,000 residents. The college is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The HLC is a division of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. In November 2002, IVCC was accepted into the HLC's Academic Quality Improvement Program. The majority of courses occur in buildings A through E, but the campus is not limited to this area. Industrial courses are taught in buildings on the eastern side of the campus, and a cultural center and gym with a fitness center are also present. Although 89% of students attend class during the day, IVCC offers night courses for those whose schedules conflict with the earlier class periods. In 2000 the college opened a branch campus at Ottawa Center. The college is supported by a foundation created in 1976 to manage bequests and other financial gifts to the college. In 2007 the foundation created IVCC's first alumni association. In 2009, Cassie Fuller and Veronica Blue were named to the All-USA Community College Academic Team, placing them in the top 50 and 150 community college students nationwide. Student activities and services Clubs and athletics The department "complements the student's academic experience through the development of, exposure to, and participation in social, cultural, multicultural, intellectual, recreational, community service and campus governance programs". The college puts on theatrical and musical performances each year. Performers range from students to visiting artists. IVCC is home to varsity and intramural sports teams. Varsity sports include basketball, baseball, soccer and tennis. The college's Eagle's athletic program is a member of the Arrowhead Conference, that also includes Carl Sandburg College, Black Hawk College, Black Hawk College — East, Kishwaukee College, Highland Community College and Sauk Valley Community College. The college offers eight varsity sports. Services Counselors are available to assist students in developing academic strategies or in determining a career path. Counseling is not limited to academic matters, students facing other issues are welcome to talk to a counselor. In addition to the counseling and advising services, students can use the peer tutoring and reading, writing and study skills lab. Peer tutors are hired by the College to assist other students who are struggling. An on-site bookstore, computer resource center and day care are available. Academics Programs of study Illinois Valley Community College is primarily a two-year institution; therefore, the majority of the programs offered are either completed in this two-year period, or they set the foundation for students transferring to a 4-year institution. Associate in Applied Science Degrees are completed in two years and prepare students for employment. Computer Aided Engineering and Design, Early Childhood Education and Therapeutic Massage are a few of the two-year programs. In addition to these programs, forty-one certificate programs are available to students. Certificates offered by the college typically require one to four semesters and prepare students for a vocational career upon completion of the program. Additional associate degrees are available for students planning to transfer to a four-year institution. Associate Degrees in the Arts, Sciences, Engineering Sciences and General Studies are offered to potential transfer students. Even though the IVCC offers a variety of programs, some students will be unable to take the necessary courses for their intended major. For situations such as these, Illinois Valley Community College "maintains a close cooperative agreement with 20 other colleges in the Illinois community college system". Students may complete their degree at the appropriate institution and not have to pay any out-of-district fees. Admissions Illinois Valley Community College generally offers open admission; however, prospective students must have a high school diploma or GED to be enrolled in the institution. Acceptance into the nursing and dental programs is selective, and minimum GPAs are specified for these programs. A minimum 2.0 GPA on a 4.0 scale is required for students planning to enroll in the dental assistant program or the nursing program to be a Licensed practical nurse. A background in laboratory science and a 2.5 GPA are required for students enrolling in the nursing program to be a Registered nurse. Presidents 1. Thomas J. McCormack (1924 - ) 2. 3. 4. Francis Dolan (1947–1967) 5. 6. R. Earl Trobaugh (1969–1974) 7. Alfred E. Wisgoski (1974–1996) 8. Jean Goodnow (1996–2005) Charles R. Novak (interim) 9. Larry Huffman (2006–2007) Dave Louis (interim) 10. Jerome Corcoran (2008–present) References External links Official site Category:Education in LaSalle County, Illinois Category:Community colleges in Illinois Category:Educational institutions established in 1924 Category:Buildings and structures in LaSalle County, Illinois Category:NJCAA athletics

Crepidodera nigricoxis Crepidodera nigricoxis is a species of flea beetle from Chrysomelidae family that can be found in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, and Near East. References Category:Beetles described in 1878 Category:Beetles of Europe Category:Galerucinae

Traditional Thai clothing Traditional Thai clothing is called chut thai (), which literally means 'Thai outfit'. It can be worn by men, women, and children. Chut thai for women usually consists of a pha nung or a chong kraben, a blouse, and a sabai. Northern and northeastern women may wear a sinh instead of a pha nung and a chong kraben with either a blouse or a suea pat. Chut thai for men includes a chong kraben or pants, a Raj pattern shirt, with optional knee-length white socks and a sabai. Chut thai for northern Thai men is composed of a sado, a white Manchu-styled jacket, and sometimes a khian hua. In formal occasions, people may choose to wear a so-called formal Thai national costume. History Historically, both Thai males and females dressed themselves with a loincloth wrap called chong kraben. Men wore their chong kraben to cover the waist to halfway down the thigh, whilst women wear their chong kraben down the waist to well below the knee. Members of the nobility wore silk robes called khrui and a tall, pointed hat called lomphok in attendance of royal affairs. Bare chests and bare feet were accepted as part of the Thai formal dress code, and are observed in murals, illustrated manuscripts, and early photographs up to the middle–1800s. Prior to the 20th century, the primary markers that distinguished class in Thai clothing were the use of cotton and silk cloths with printed or woven motifs, but both commoners and royals alike wore wrapped, not stitched clothing. Traditional Thai attire changed significantly during the Rattanakosin period. Prior to the 1700s, Thai men and women both kept their hair long. However, following the Burmese–Siamese wars of 1759-1760 and 1765–1767 and repeated Burmese invasions into Ayutthaya, central Thai women began cutting their hair in a crew-cut short style, which remained the national hairstyle until the 1900s. From the 1860s onward, Thai royals "selectively adopted Victorian corporeal and sartorial etiquette to fashion modern personas that were publicized domestically and internationally by means of mechanically reproduced images." Stitched clothing, including court attire and ceremonial uniforms, were invented during the reign of King Chulalongkorn. Western forms of dress became popular among urbanites in Bangkok during this period. During the early–1900s, King Chulalongkorn encouraged Thai women to wear long hair instead of traditional short hair which later became a trend during the reign of King Vajiravudh along with wearing pha sinh (ผ้าซิ่น), a tubular skirt, instead of the chong kraben (โจงกระเบน), a cloth wrap. On 15 January 1941, Plaek Pibulsonggram issued a Thai cultural mandate to modernize and Westernize Thai dress, by deeming the long-practiced customs of wearing underpants, wearing no shirt, or wearing a wraparound cloth, as forms of inappropriate public attire. Traditional costumes Chong kraben Chong kraben or Chang kben ( ) is a lower-body, wraparound cloth. It is synonymous with the Khmer sampot. The sampot is a long, rectangular cloth worn around the lower body. The traditional dress is similar to the dhoti of South Asia. The chong kraben resembles pants more than skirts. It is a rectangular piece of cloth measuring three meters long and one meter wide. It is worn by wrapping around the waist, stretching it away from the body, twisting the ends together then pulling the twisted fabric between the legs and tucking it in the back of the waist. Pha nung The pha nung () is the Thai name for a cloth worn around the lower body that resembles a long skirt. Pha sin A pha sin () is a long fabric which is wrapped around the waist like a skirt. Sabai Sabai ( ) or pha biang ( ) is shawl-like garment, or breast cloth. Sabais can be used by women or men. The sabai is also known as a long piece of silk, about a foot wide, draped diagonally around the chest by covering one shoulder which its end drops behind the back. Sabais could be worn around the naked chest or on top of another cloth. The practice of wearing Sabai along with Victorian cloth was a common practice during the reign of King Chulalongkorn and lasted until the reign of King Vajiravudh when Westernized clothing became more fashionable. The wearing of sabais as daily wear was officially banned by Plaek Pibulsonggram during Thailand's clothing reform. Sinh The sinh (, , ) is a tube skirt which is worn wrapped around the waist. A sinh typically consists of three parts: hua sinh, tua sinh, and tin sinh. Suea pat Suea pat ( ) is a long-sleeved shirt with no buttons. It is worn by wrapping the right side of the front panel of the shirt over the left side of the front panel, and the two panels are tied together via strings. Suea pats are typically worn by northern Thai women Raj pattern Raj pattern refers either to a Thai men's costume consisting of a white Nehru-style jacket with five buttons, a chong kraben, knee-length socks, and dress shoes (, ) , or to the specific form of the jacket itself (, ). It was worn chiefly during the late-19th and early-20th centuries by government officials and the upper class in Bangkok, and nowadays is used in select circumstances as a national costume. Formal costume The formal Thai costume, (, literally, 'Thai dress of royal endorsement'), includes several sets of dress, designed as the Thai national costume at formal occasions. Although described and intended for use as national costume, it is of relatively modern origins, having been conceived in the second half of the 20th century. See also Xout lao Raj pattern History of Thai clothing Formal Thai national costume Culture of Thailand School uniforms in Thailand References Further reading Conway, Susan, and Mūnnithi Čhēm ʻĒt Dapbœ̄nyū Thō̜msan. Power dressing: Lanna Shan Siam 19th century court dress. Bangkok: James H.W. Thompson Foundation, 2003. Conway, Susan. Thai Textiles. London: British Museum Press, 1992. Lu, Sylvia. Handwoven Textiles of South-East Asia. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988. Meanmas, Chavalit. Costumes in ASEAN. Thailand: The National ASEAN Committee on Culture and Information of Thailand, 2000. Wee, C. J. Wan. Local cultures and the "new Asia": The State, Culture, and Capitalism in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002. External links Traditional Thai Costumes Thai National Costume The Formal Thai National Costume Thai National Costume in Thailand Thai tradition Category:Thai clothing Category:Thai culture

Stay Up Forever Stay Up Forever is the third studio album by British synthpop group Chungking, released on August 13, 2007, in the United Kingdom. Track listing Ticking Love Is Here To Stay Itch And Scratch Stay Up Forever I Love You Baby Slow It Down It Could Be Wonderful Beautiful Inside Know What You Mean Sorry Maybe It's Over Reception While sales on this album are unknown, those who have bought it gave the album high marks for its diversity, sound, and style, calling the album "the hidden gem" of albums.{{citation needed date=August 2019}} Category:2007 albums Category:Albums produced by Richard X Category:Chungking (band) albums Category:New wave albums by English artists

Desserts (film) Desserts is a 1998 short film directed by Jeff Stark and starring Ewan McGregor. Cast Ewan McGregor as Stroller Plot A man (the stroller) is walking along a beach and finds a chocolate éclair, ponders over it for a bit then decides to eat it, then suddenly is yanked into the sea by a hook and line. External links Category:1998 short films Category:1998 films Category:1990s drama films Category:Films scored by Simon Boswell

Balša Koprivica Balša Koprivica (; born May 1, 2000) is a Serbian college basketball player for the Florida State Seminoles of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). He was considered one of the top ten college recruits in the Class of 2019 until he dropped to a four star recruit during his senior year. Early life Koprivica was born in Belgrade, Serbia, FR Yugoslavia to Slaviša Koprivica and Tanja Čavić. Slaviša, who stands 6-foot-9 (2.06 m), is a former Serbian professional basketball player who won the 1992 EuroLeague with Partizan. Koprivica moved to Florida, United States in 2012. High school career Koprivica began playing high school basketball in 2015 with University School of Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Broward County, Florida. He played at the 2015 Battle at The Villages high school tournament. In July 2017, he transferred to Windermere Preparatory School in Lake Butler, Orange County, Florida. On September 27, 2017, the FBI announced an investigation on the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball corruption scandal. Koprivica was identified as "Player-11" in which Brad Augustine, a youth coach in Florida, and Christian Dawkins, a pro sports agent conspired to facilitate $150,000 in exchange for the commitment to play at the University of Louisville. In December 2017, he transferred to Montverde Academy in Montverde, Florida. College career On October 26, 2018, he committed to the Florida State University. National team career Koprivica was a member of the Serbian U-18 national basketball team that won the gold medal at the 2017 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. Koprivica and Marko Pecarski played together for the national team and won a gold medal at the 2017 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. Thirty years ago, their fathers Slaviša Koprivica and Miroslav Pecarski played together for the national team and won a gold medal at the 1987 FIBA Under-19 World Championship. References External links Profile at eurobasket.com Profile at draftexpress.com Profile at basketball.realgm.com Category:2000 births Category:Living people Category:Centers (basketball) Category:Florida State Seminoles men's basketball players Category:Serbian men's basketball players Category:Sportspeople from Belgrade Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in the United States Category:Serbian people of Montenegrin descent Category:Montverde Academy alumni

Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement was a defence procurement project of the Canadian government to purchase Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighters for the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), a process started in 1997. The F-35 procurement has been a source of considerable controversy in public policy circles in Canada since the federal government announced its intention to purchase the aircraft in 2010. In April 2012, with the release of a highly critical Auditor General of Canada report on the failures of the government's F-35 program, the procurement was labelled a national "scandal" and "fiasco" by the media. In a December 2014 analysis of the government's handling of the procurement Ottawa Citizen writer Michael Den Tandt cited the Harper government's "ineptitude, piled upon ineptitude, and bureaucracy, and inertia, driving a lack of progress". The F-35 was conceived by the United States Department of Defense as requiring participation from many countries, most of whom would contribute to the manufacturing of the aircraft, as well as procuring it for their own armed forces. Canada, through the Department of National Defence (DND) and the departments of Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC) and Industry Canada (IC), has been actively involved in the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) project from its beginning in 1997. Canada's initial participation in the JSF project required a US$10 million investment from DND to be an "informed partner" during the evaluation process. Once Lockheed Martin was selected as the primary contractor for the JSF project, Canada elected to become a level-three participant (along with Norway, Denmark, Turkey, and Australia) in the JSF project. An additional US$100 million from DND over 10 years and another $50 million from IC were dedicated in 2002. On 16 July 2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper's Conservative government announced that it intended to procure 65 F-35s to replace the existing 80 McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornets for C$16 billion (with all ancillary costs included) with deliveries planned for 2016. The stated intention was to sign a sole-sourced, untendered contract with Lockheed Martin. This, combined with the government's refusal to provide detailed costing of the procurement, became one of the major causes of the finding of contempt of Parliament and the subsequent defeat of the Conservative government through a non-confidence vote on 25 March 2011. The F-35 purchase was a major issue in the Canadian 2011 federal election, which resulted in a Conservative majority government. The Government of Canada has only stated an intention to purchase the F-35 and there is no contract to purchase any yet. There would be no cancellation fees if the government chose not to proceed, although Canadian contractors might lose F-35-related contracts as a result. Should they purchase the F-35, RCAF pilots may receive flight training either from the USAF or from contractors to allow the RCAF to devote more aircraft to the operational fleet. The F-35 did not feature in the federal budget tabled in March 2012 and was not mentioned in the Conservative Party 2015 election platform. On 19 October 2015 the Liberal Party of Canada under Justin Trudeau won a majority in part on a campaign promise to not purchase the F-35, but instead "one of the many, lower-priced options that better match Canada's defence needs". Level 3 industrial partner Alan S. Williams of Queen's University, the former Assistant Deputy Minister of National Defence (Matériel) who signed the original industrial participation agreement, has indicated he believes that the Government of Canada's rationale for joining the JSF project was not due to an urgent need to replace the Canadian Forces' fleet of CF-18 Hornets; instead, it was driven primarily by economics. Through the Government of Canada's investment in the JSF project, Williams says that Canadian companies were allowed to compete for contracts within the JSF project, as there were fears that being shut out from industrial participation in such a large program would severely damage the Canadian aviation industry. Joining the JSF project also furthered Canadian Forces access to information regarding the F-35 as a possible contender when it eventually plans to replace the CF-18 Hornet fleet. Improved interoperability with major allies allowed the Canadian Forces to gain insight on leading edge practices in composites, manufacturing and logistics, and offered the ability to recoup some investment if the Government of Canada did decide to purchase the F-35. As a result of the Government of Canada's investment in the JSF project, 144 contracts were awarded to Canadian companies, universities, and government facilities. Financially, the contracts are valued at US$490 million for the period 2002 to 2012, with an expected value of US$1.1 billion from current contracts in the period between 2013 and 2023, and a total potential estimated value of Canada's involvement in the JSF project from US$4.8 billion to US$6.8 billion. By 2013 the potential benefits to Canadian firms had risen to $9.9 billion. History Canada began its investment in the F-35 program in 1997 under the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien, when the Department of National Defense committed $10M to join the "Concept Demonstration" phase of the Joint Strike Fighter program. In 2002 Canada invested another $150M to participate in the System Development and Demonstration phase which was scheduled for more than 10 years. In 2006 the Canadian government, along with its allies; the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, Australia, Turkey, Italy and Norway signed a memorandum of understanding, at an anticipated cost of over half a billion dollars to Canada, for "Production, Sustainment and Follow-on Development" for the period 2007 to 2051. On 16 July 2010, the Government of Canada under Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced its intention to buy 65 F-35s to replace the Canadian Forces' existing 80 CF-18s. The parliamentary opposition indicated that the government had not justified the lack of a competition to choose the aircraft. The Liberal Party Leader Michael Ignatieff immediately called for the House of Commons Standing Committee on National Defence to convene as soon as possible and examine the purchase of the aircraft, with the Liberal Party calling the announcement a "secretive, unaccountable decision to proceed with this contract." Ignatieff indicated that they would put the sole-sourced contract on hold should they form the next government. The July 2010 announcement led to quick media speculation that, with opposition parties uniting against the sole-source contract, the issue might bring down the minority Conservative government and force an election. Elements of the media criticized the aircraft as being too expensive, too short-ranged and too complex for Canada's needs and also questioned the suitability of a single-engined fighter to patrol Canada's vast airspace. Moreover, Leonard Johnson, a retired Canadian Forces Major-General and former Commandant of the National Defence College said, "It's hard to see any useful military role for the F-35. The age of major inter-state war between developed nations has vanished, so why prepare for one?" There has also been significant support for the procurement from active and retired Air Force personnel. Major-General Thomas J. Lawson, at that time Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, said that the F-35's stealth could help defend Canadian sovereignty as Russian bombers would be faced with an "undetectable threshold". Some members of the Liberal party, such as retired general Romeo Dallaire and former Quebec Liberal MP Jacques Saada, backed the F-35 purchase. Dallaire referred to the F-35 as an "excellent" fighter and suggested Canada should purchase more than the contracted 65, while Saada, the current head of Quebec's Aerospace Association (AQA), claimed the contract was the culmination of a "very serious" competitive bidding process in the 1990s – countering the claims of the two opposition parties. 2006 The Canadian air force concluded the F-35 was the most cost effective plane to meet its needs. However, only one JSF test model existed at that time and there was no way to actually prove the JSF had the lowest cost per aircraft or that it would be the cheapest to fly. Announcing a "strong preference" for the F-35 according to the Auditor General. December 2006 Canada signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the next phase of JSF development under a Conservative government, expected to cost US$551 million through 2051. Canada emphasized that the commitment does not mean Canada would purchase the plane. Canada also had to accept F-35 procurement rules, according to the auditor general, who claimed ministers were not fully informed of this aspect. 2008 May 2008 May 12, 2008 The Canada First Defence Strategy called for replacing the CF-18 fleet, beginning in 2017. 2009 Department of National Defense (DND) asked the Conservative government for permission to buy the F-35, but permission was denied. 2010 February 2010 The Pentagon notifies Canada that the U.S. is "reassessing its cost projections" because of expected delays in development, according to the auditor general. May 2010 Conservative Defence Minister Peter MacKay told the Commons that Canada would buy the F-35. Ninety minutes later, he said he misspoke and announced there will be an open competition with all aircraft considered. Six weeks later, ignoring what he previously said, MacKay announced that Canada will purchase 65 F-35s. The cost is estimated by the government as $9 billion. Deliveries would begin in 2016. July 2010 On 16 July 2010, the government announced plans to acquire 65 F-35 Lightning II aircraft from Lockheed Martin, calling it the only fifth-generation design that can meet Canada's needs and ensure interoperability with NATO allies. DND estimated a $9-billion acquisition cost. Opposition parties questioned the plan to sole-source the new aircraft. The auditor general later concluded that "in the lead-up to this announcement, required documents were prepared and key steps were taken out of sequence. Key decisions were made without required approvals or supporting documentation." Canadian Wikipedia controversy On 28 July 2010, the National Post newspaper reported that IP addresses registered to the Canadian Department of National Defence Defence Research Establishment Ottawa had been used on 20 and 21 July to attempt to remove critical text of the F-35 purchase from the Wikipedia article on the aircraft. Repeated attempts to remove text and add insults against the opposition were made by three IP addresses at the establishment. Martin Champoux, DRDC Manager of Public Affairs indicated it was not part of a government campaign to eliminate criticism, stating, "It sounds to me like someone was freelancing. This is not behaviour we commonly condone"; and indicated that IT specialists were attempting to track down those responsible and that employees would be reminded about government regulations regarding computer use. On 31 July 2010, the Ottawa Citizen reported that the IP addresses responsible had been traced to CFB Cold Lake and on 25 August reported they had been further traced to 1 Canadian Air Division Headquarters, CFB Winnipeg. "Now it's up to chain of command to pursue that, identify the individual and determine whether disciplinary or administrative action is appropriate," stated Canadian Forces spokesman Captain (N) David Scanlon. On 29 July 2010, opposition leader Michael Ignatieff stated that the Wikipedia incidents showed the government had "something to hide". He added, "Instead of making the case for Canadians ... saying, 'this is why we need this plane,' they're playing these games with Wikipedia. If you can't prove this case straight up and you have to resort to these tricks, then there's something wrong with the very proposition." New Democratic Party Leader Jack Layton publicly said on 29 July 2010, "Attempting to expunge the realities of debate. I mean what the heck is going on here? We all knew [Prime Minister Stephen] Harper operated a controlling operation, but we didn't think he was willing to go so far as to snatch the words out of people's mouths and pretend they never were spoken. I hope that DND are simply disavowing this practice and will put a stop to it ASAP." August 2010 Public Works officials received a more formal statement of operational requirements from National Defence, as it was required to justify procuring the F-35 without a competition. Chief of the air staff, Lieutenant-General André Deschamps, stated that stealth would be useful both for survivability in foreign missions and to maintain an element of surprise in defending Canada's airspace. Philippe Lagassé, a defence analyst at the University of Ottawa, disagreed that stealth was useful in the domestic interception role. September 2010 The Montreal Gazette reported in September 2010 that the Canadian Forces had planned to hold a competition in 2010, with a contract awarded in 2012 and the new aircraft to be operational between 2018 and 2023 to replace the CF-18 fighters which must be retired no later than 2020, when the sole sourced contract was announced. In September 2010 Prime Minister Harper started referring to the Canadian Forces aircraft as the "CF-35", however, DND officially called it the "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter" as recently as March 2011. October 2010 On 6 October 2010, retired Assistant Deputy Minister of National Defence (Matériel) Alan Williams testified before the House of Commons Defence Committee regarding the F-35; an aircraft which the Canadian media had referring to as the Flying Credit Card – with no prefixed spending limit. Williams was the ADM who signed the original industrial participation contract for the F-35 project on behalf of the Government of Canada. In his testimony, Williams indicated that the lack of a proper competition for the contract would likely squander billions of dollars in both tax dollars and lost business opportunities, stating "Procurement demands not only the highest degree of integrity, but also the appearance of the highest degree of integrity. Undertaking sole-source deals leaves the procurement process more vulnerable to fraud, bribery and behind the scene deal making and leaves the federal government more susceptible to such charges." Williams labelled Minister of National Defence Peter MacKay's logic in defending the F-35 file as being "flawed" and that it "insults our intelligence". Prime Minister Stephen Harper responded to Williams' testimony, furiously attacking his integrity and accused him of changing his mind. Williams in turn responded to the Prime Minister stating "That's a lie" and "I've never ever changed my opinion about sole-sourcing. I have no idea to what he's referring to. I take great offence to that." On 14 October 2010, the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives issued a report examining the proposed F-35 purchase entitled Pilot Error – Why the F-35 Lightning II stealth fighter is wrong for Canada. CCPA research associate, Rideau Institute president, and co-founder of Ceasefire Canada, Steven Staples stated: "Canada does not need the F-35, either for North American/domestic roles or for expeditionary roles. The Canadian government should not proceed with the planned procurement of the F-35". Staples added that the proposed purchase "has put Lockheed Martin in an extremely strong bargaining position in future negotiations over maintenance costs." While the government has claimed the purchase will create Canadian aerospace jobs, Staples wrote: "such claims are dubious at best" and that the F-35 contract contains "none of the spelled out 'offsets' that are typically built into such procurement projects." Staples concluded that Canada should: curtail the expeditionary role for Canadian aircraft; stretch the life of Canada's existing CF-18 fleet by restricting aircraft to North American/domestic air surveillance and control; investigate the acquisition of a fleet of unarmed long-endurance pilotless aircraft, to undertake surveillance/reconnaissance missions and eventually air control duties; and use money saved by these measures to contribute to security in more effective ways. On 26 October 2010, Sheila Fraser, Auditor General of Canada, identified "troubling" systemic problems, rigged competitions and cost overruns in defence procurement programs and indicated that the F-35 purchase could cost far more than the budgeted numbers indicate. Following Fraser's report Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff stated that if elected a Liberal government would cancel the sole-sourced deal and hold a formal competition to replace the existing CF-18 fighters. Retired Canadian Forces Lieutenant-General Angus Watt in October 2010 said of the F-35, "It's the best of all the available choices. It provides the best value for money, the best platform to address the security needs of Canada through to 2050, which is probably how long we'll have this airplane." He commented that competition for a replacement fighter would be fought over undermining the specifications rather than offering alternative fifth-generation fighters. "The F-35 gives us a jet at the beginning of its technological life span. If you buy a jet at the end of its life span, that means in five to ten years it's going to be obsolete. That means you're going to have to try to add technology and that's really tough. The growth potential, the ability to evolve this jet over the next 30–40 years, far surpasses anything else on the market." In response to criticism that stealth was not needed, Watt responded: "Stealth is not some voodoo technology that lets you go in and willy-nilly take over Third World nations at will. It simply allows the pilot to survive. It isn't necessary for every mission, but for some. For instance, reconnaissance. They can go quietly into territory, undetected, and come back safely. Or they can do a mission like the Kosovo bombing campaign, where there was a fairly sophisticated air defence system, and come back completely safely." November 2010 In early November 2010 representatives of both Boeing and Dassault Aviation made formal complaints in front of a Canadian parliamentary committee saying that their products were not considered as Canada's new fighter. The companies claim that their F-18 Super Hornet and Rafale would satisfy all Canadian Forces requirements, but that DND officials did not even request detailed information on these aircraft. In December 2010 Eurofighter and Saab offered their own fourth generation fighter jets – the Typhoon and Gripen, respectively – for much less than the cost of the F-35, but the Government of Canada stated that the F-35's stealth was the best way to ensure that future Canadian Forces pilots could complete their missions and return safely. A national poll conducted by Abacus Data between 29 October and 1 November 2010 indicated that the Canadian public was evenly split on support of the F-35 purchase with 35% in support and 37% opposed. In a national public opinion poll conducted by EKOS Research Associates between 3–9 November 2010 a majority of Canadians, 54%, opposed the purchase of the F-35 by the Government of Canada. The largest result group were those who "strongly oppose" the purchase, at 34%. The same poll showed that overall support for the Conservative government had fallen below 30%. On 17 November, the Standing Committee on Finance asked the parliamentary budget officer to analyze F-35 costs. On 18 November the House of Commons held a debate on a Liberal motion to immediately cancel the F-35 tendering process. December 2010 In a December 2010 press briefing, staff from the Canadian Forces' Directorate of Air Requirements stated that the F-35 was the only aircraft that matched their list of 14 mandatory and 56 less absolute requirements. They claimed that the list was not devised to ensure that only the F-35 met these requirements, but that the list could not be revealed to the public because the requirements are "highly classified," and "a question of national security." By late 2010 Canada's political parties had outlined their positions on the proposed F-35 purchase. The Conservatives had declared it their top defence priority, the Liberals indicated that they would hold a competition to select a new fighter jet, the New Democratic Party was opposed to the purchase and the Bloc Québécois were in favour of it only as long as Quebec aerospace firms get a share of the work. 2011 January 2011 In a January 2011 announcement, United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the F-35B variant would be put on two years probation due to on-going delays, overruns and program development difficulties and that the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter project as a whole was suffering "ongoing development issues." This announcement created a significant reaction in Canada. Canadian Forces Major-General Tom Lawson, the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff stated, "I say without hesitation ... this is the only aircraft for the future." DND officials also issued assurances that Canadian F-35 deliveries would not be delayed due to the US announcement. However, Marc Garneau, opposition industry critic responded, "You can say that there's nothing new here that affects Canada. But all of the concerns that we've expressed in the past continue to exist. And I, from my point of view, feel that we're not out of the woods with the development of this aircraft ... We should be only looking at an aircraft that is certified, developed, and for which we have a firm cost and a delivery. And that's obviously not the case today." NDP national defence critic Jack Harris said "It indicates that the program itself has significant flaws." By mid-January the Government of Canada continued to aggressively defend the F-35 procurement, drawing parallels with the Liberal cancellation of the EH-101 helicopter project in 1993. Prime Minister Stephen Harper made campaign-style speeches at aerospace plants in an attempt to gain support for the purchase. The Liberal response included accusing Harper of hypocrisy, as the records indicate he was in favour of the EH-101 cancellation at the time. Liberal industry critic Marc Garneau explained his party's position on holding a competition to choose a new fighter, saying "We know we can get a better deal for Canadians, with guaranteed offsets." He also questioned the utility of a short-range, single engine fighter for the Canadian Forces, adding "all things being equal, two engines are better than one." General Walter Natynczyk, Chief of Defence Staff, entered the debate in January 2011 to counter a new Liberal Party advertising campaign questioning the purchase of the F-35. In an interview with The Globe and Mail Natynczyk stated, "From my perspective, the F-35 is the best aircraft with the best value for Canada ... The cost per unit is the cheapest for any fourth- or fifth-generation aircraft". In January 2011 the Government of Canada also enlisted the aid of two retired Canadian Forces Generals, Paul Manson and Angus Watt, to write a vigorous defence of the purchase for the media, entitled The truth about those jets. Their position, particularly about the lack of need for a competition, was refuted by former Assistant Deputy Minister of National Defence (Materiel) Alan Williams who said "For Canada to commit to purchase an aircraft without knowing for certain what it will cost nor how it will perform operationally makes no sense. If the F-35 is, in fact, the best aircraft for Canada it will win a competition. I cannot understand why its supporters are fearful of subjecting it to an open, fair and transparent competition." Other industry observers pointed out that while Manson had described himself as a "former Chief of Defence Staff" in his article, that he had neglected to mention his chairmanship of Lockheed Martin Canada, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin. Steven Staples, President of the Rideau Institute, said "While this fact in no way disqualifies the generals from sharing their opinion, it is an important truth about the F-35 debate that the stealth fighters' strongest backers are the military and the aerospace companies. In fact, it's getting awfully hard to tell them apart." In February 2011 opposition critic Marc Garneau criticized the government for incurring over C$200,000 in overtime and travel expenses to have military personnel and civil servants defend the political process of acquiring the F-35, calling the use of Canadian Forces officers to sell the aircraft to Canadians "unprecedented". Liberal MP Bryon Wilfert, who reviewed Defence Department public service overtime statistics, stated, "The lines are being blurred between government (workers) and the Conservative party. This is supposed to stand on its own as the best aircraft that we need, so why is it up to civil servants to sell it to the public?" The Government of Canada is planning to purchase the F-35A model; this is the same model under development for the United States Air Force. However, unlike the F-35C model (under development for the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps), the F-35A cannot refuel from the Canadian Forces' existing tanker aircraft, which use the US Navy-style probe and drogue system. Additionally, the F-35A model cannot land on the short runways found at the Canadian Forces' forward operating air strips in the Arctic. However Defence Minister Peter MacKay has said that both issues will be dealt with under the current budget. Prime Minister Stephen Harper attacks a Liberal plan to hold a competition for a new fighter jet. He says it would hurt Canada's aerospace industry. "I don't understand how the Liberal MPs from this region could want to cancel the contract," said Harper, during a visit to a helicopter plant in Quebec. Critics point out that Harper is being misleading since no contract had been signed. Several months later, Parliamentary Budget Officer Kevin Page releases a report predicting F-35 program will cost $30 billion over 30 years. National Defence says price is $14.7 billion. February 2011 The Prince Albert Daily Herald called the classified nature of the government's statement of operational requirements for the F/A-18 replacement "stealth-gate", noting that other requirements for military equipment have been made public. Kevin Page requested that the DND present a breakdown of the $9-billion acquisition cost cited by the government. March 2011 On 10 March 2011 the Parliamentary Budget Officer, Kevin Page presented a cost analysis of the F-35 program and concluding a total cost C$29.3B over 30 years, not the C$16B to C$18B claimed by the government, and a resulting per aircraft cost of C$450M each. Minister of National Defence Peter MacKay stated that cancelling the deal would "endanger the lives of Canadian pilots" and "endanger the sovereignty of this country", although he did not give specifics as to why that would be the case. In an editorial, The Globe and Mail said, "The PBO raises sharp questions. An accountable government, one that tried to convince on the basis of evidence, would answer them." The government questioned some of Page's assumptions, such as the 30 years lifespan instead of the planned 20. After reviewing the report, the opposition Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe was reportedly shocked by the cost and changed his mind on supporting the sole-sourced F-35 procurement and began to oppose it as unaffordable, favouring open competition instead. The Department of National Defence responded with details of a $16 billion cost estimate, over a 20-year lifespan only. On 23 March 2011, Kevin Page responded to the Assistant Deputy Minister of National Defence, claiming that Page made mathematical errors on both the individual F-35 cost and on long-term maintenance; Page indicated that the latest United States Department of Defense estimates are for US$151M per aircraft and that the United States Air Force would not pay more for the aircraft than its allies. As of November 2012, MPs remained deadlocked over a Tory attempt to strike Page's testimony. On March 21, a parliamentary committee recommended the government be held in contempt of Parliament for failing to provide enough documents, including per-plane F-35 cost estimates. The government fell soon afterwards, triggering an election. Laurie Hawn, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of National Defence, stated that they expected a purchase price to be between $70 and 75 million each, based on conversations with other customers. He defended the 20-year budget figure and said "It really is the best airplane for the best price with the best benefit to Canadian industry to serve our military's needs for the next 40 years". Canadian media commentators suggested that part of the reason for the symbolic deployment of six CF-18s to Operation Odyssey Dawn was to make the case that fighter jets will be required in the future and help make the case for the F-35. Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Conservative Party caucus members have suggested that the Libyan mission shows a need for the F-35, while others, such as Winslow Wheeler, an analyst with the Center for Defense Information in Washington, noted that the United States did not send stealth aircraft such s the F-22s to Libya, employing non-stealth fighters instead. Wheeler stated that the F-35 is the "culmination of such malevolent trends" in the United States and concluded it is "a poor choice ... for the United States — and for Canada". Lockheed had previously replied to the same points by Wheeler by suggesting that the F-35 should be compared on a performance and cost basis against legacy aircraft that had combat equipment added, equivalent to capabilities built into the F-35 itself. The Canadian version of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter will differ from the USAF F-35A through the addition of a USN/USMC F-35B/C style refueling probe and a drag chute. Polling conducted in March 2011 by Nanos Research showed that the majority of Canadians opposed purchasing the F-35. The poll showed that 68% of Canadians agreed with the statement "now is not a good time" to proceed with the purchase of the F-35. 56% of those identified as Conservatives oppose the purchase, as do 75% of undecided voters. Only 27% of those polled supported the purchase. This poll showed increased public opposition to the F-35 purchase over a similar poll conducted in November 2010. Also in March 2011 retired Assistant Deputy Minister of National Defence (Matériel), Alan Williams, questioned the government's assertion that the F-35 procurement would only cost $75M per aircraft in an article entitled Let's be honest about the price tag on those planes. He stated, "In reviewing the government material tabled on March 17, 2010 before the Parliamentary and House Affairs Committee, it appears to me that the $75-million figure is not the "procurement cost" but rather the "unit recurring flyaway cost", which is merely part of the procurement cost ... None of us can know for certain what the final cost to acquire the F-35 will be until we get a firm price quote. As production increases, the costs may drop. Nevertheless, all evidence to date indicates that we would pay over $120 million per aircraft, rather than $75 million, should we decide to acquire this aircraft." Echoing Williams' statements, Mike Sullivan, Director of Acquisition Management at the United States Government Accountability Office, said he doesn't know where the $75 million estimate comes from. In an interview with CBC's Power & Politics with Evan Solomon, he stated "That's not a number that I am familiar with at all" and indicated the price is presently "in the low 100 millions ... Probably somewhere between $110–115 million". On 30 March 2011 the weekly Canadian foreign policy Embassy magazine reported that "While Lockheed says the F-35 A-variant will cost $70 to $75 million, the PBO said on Mar. 10 that this plane will likely cost between $148 and $163 million, twice the original Government of Canada estimate. The US GAO put out its annual report on the JSF program on 15 March 2011 and said there were significant per-plane cost increases as well, putting the cost of each A-variant at $127 million." F-35 as an election issue After all three opposition parties indicated that they would not support the governing Conservative Party of Canada's budget presented on 22 March 2011, Liberal Party of Canada leader Michael Ignatieff moved a motion of non-confidence in the government on 26 March 2011. The motion declared the government to be in contempt of Parliament over its withholding of costing information for prison construction and the F-35 procurement. All opposition parties supported the motion which triggered the 2011 federal election, making the F-35 procurement a central election issue. On 28 March 2011 The Globe and Mail revealed that the Conservative Party of Canada candidate for the Ontario riding of Algoma-Manitoulin-Kapuskasing, Raymond Sturgeon, was until December 2010 a paid lobbyist working at CFN Consultants and lobbying the government on behalf of Lockheed Martin. Sturgeon stopped lobbying for the company a month before he won the nomination. The federal government's lobbyists' registry indicates that Sturgeon was working on behalf of Lockheed Martin in a role described as: "(assisting) in marketing strategy for the sale of aircraft and aircraft components to the department of national defence." The riding was not won by Sturgeon, but was retained by NDP MP Carol Hughes. On the second full day of campaigning, 28 March 2011, Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff outlined his primary objection to the F-35 procurement, indicating that its huge price tag would prevent the federal government from properly funding health care in the future. He reiterated that Canada needs a new fighter jet to replace the aging CF-18s, but that a Liberal government would choose one through an open competition. He indicated that the government has "absolutely got to deliver the right plane at the right price. We can't fool around here, there's only so much money to go around" and labelled the government's position on the contract as "deeply irresponsible". Opponents of a competition point to the lack of competitive stealth fighter aircraft on offer to compete against the F-35 while Liberals question the need for stealth in a future fighter. A national poll conducted in the first two days of the election campaign by Forum Research indicated that more than 60% of Canadians oppose the purchase of the F-35. On 30 March 2011 Carl Meyer writing in the weekly Canadian foreign policy publication, Embassy magazine, noted: "The F-35 is already promising to be a big issue in Campaign 2011 with the Liberals raising it several times on the hustings. As well, the Conservatives are trying to contain the fallout from the recent revelation that one of their candidates in the current election was a lobbyist until last December for Lockheed. Pollsters say the fighter jet tops the short list of foreign policy controversies that could end up defining the campaign if leaders begin pushing the issue as a ballot box question." The proposed procurement proved to be an issue in some specific riding races in the election. In the Ottawa-area riding of Carleton-Mississippi Mills incumbent Conservative MP Gordon O'Connor, a retired Canadian Army general and former Minister of National Defence who was serving as the chief government whip, was challenged by retired Canadian Forces navigator Lieutenant Colonel Karen McCrimmon, running as a Liberal. McCrimmon stated that the F-35 is not suitable for Canada because it remains under development, has not been evaluated for cold-weather operations, cannot safely use small northern deployment runways and also is not compatible with Canada's existing in-flight refuelling tankers. She has also noted that its single engine makes it unsuitable for use in the Arctic where twin-engined reliability is required. For his part O'Connor defended the F-35 pointing out that it is suitable for Canada because it won an intense, four-year US military competition for their new fighter aircraft. O'Connor stated, "The aircraft is in the final stages of its development: it's a world leader." 2011 Election party platforms On 3 April 2011 the Liberal party released their policy document for the election campaign entitled Your Family. Your Future. Your Canada. Of the F-35 it stated: On 4 April 2011, the Bloc Québécois released their policy document entitled Parlons Qc (English: Let's Talk Quebec). There was no mention of the F-35 or the subject of defence at all; the party had previously stated opposition to the purchase as a result of the Parliamentary Budget Officer's March 2011 report outlining the F-35's estimated costs. On 7 April 2011, the Green Party of Canada released their policy document, entitled smart economy. strong communities. true democracy. The policy did not mention the F-35 by name but did state that a Green government would reorient the armed forces towards peacekeeping, and reduce military spending to the 2005 level; and stated that the party would: "Support the transition from a Department of Defence into a Department of Peace and Security". On 8 April 2011, the Conservative Party of Canada released their policy platform document entitled Stephen Harper's Low-Tax Plan For Jobs and Economic Growth. Of the F-35, it stated: Reacting to the Conservative policy direction on the F-35, NDP leader Jack Layton stated, "without question, Stephen Harper's high-risk procurement strategy on the fighter jets places in doubt whether he has the right priorities for Canadian Forces or that he can get the job done" and indicated that decision will lead to "unstable employment, lack of capital investment, high-quality, value-added jobs being shipped overseas." Layton indicated that the country has not had a defence white paper since 1994, and that a new white paper needed to set Canadian defence priorities before decisions on aircraft were made. On 10 April 2011 the New Democratic Party released their policy platform entitled Giving your family a break – Practical first steps. On the F-35, it stated: American versus Canadian pricing On 5 April 2011 at a Parliament Hill press conference, Winslow Wheeler, of the Center for Defense Information in Washington discussed the F-35's pricing. Wheeler worked for 30 years in Washington for both Republican and Democratic senators and for the United States General Accounting Office. He said of the Harper government's figures that "nobody on this earth" will pay just $75M for their F-35s, indicating that Parliamentary Budget Officer Kevin Page's numbers were "by far and away" more accurate than the government estimates. On the aircraft's performance he stated, "This airplane is nothing to write home about ... a gigantic performance disappointment ... you're getting an underperforming airplane for a huge amount of money". Wheeler recommended Canada hold a competition to choose an aircraft instead of a sole-sourced purchase. On 10 April 2011 Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that the United States would have to pay more for the F-35 but that Canada would get the aircraft at a fixed price that would not be affected by any cost overrun. He said: "On the F-35s, I think we've been clear: there have been detailed briefings from the department of national defence on this, there's a memorandum of understanding that's posted. We are sheltered from research and development costs." In criticizing the Liberal plan to hold a competition to choose a new fighter, Harper said, "This is a good deal for the country, the fantasy is on the other side. That somehow they're going to come up with some airplane out of thin air and they don't even know what airplane, they're still going to buy planes they say but they don't know airplane and they don't have any agreement." On 17 April 2011 the Ottawa Citizen and Calgary Herald newspapers reported that the government's C$14 billion project costing does not include the F-35's engines. The engines are listed as "government furnished equipment", indicating they must be purchased separately. Representatives of the Conservative Party and at the Department of National Defence responded that the price of the engines was included the overall price. Retired Canadian Forces Lieutenant-General Angus Watt responded to the engines controversy on April 19, 2011, indicating that the engines are not included in the purchase from Lockheed Martin, but are purchased separately from Pratt & Whitney and are included in the overall price quoted. He stated that the quote of C$75M per aircraft does not include some spares, weapons or infrastructure costs and thus is not comparable to quoted US costs which do include those items; and that if included would bring unit cost to about C$138M per aircraft, comparable to current US pricing. He concluded, "the airplane has not suddenly become more expensive. It is simply a matter of which costs you directly attribute to the airplane." In late April 2011 the Department of National Defence issued a statement indicating that the F-35 unit purchase price would be higher than $75M each, due to development cost overruns. DND indicated that these increases would be absorbed in the overall project budget. Pentagon information revealed operating costs to also be much higher than the Government of Canada had previously indicated, even higher than the Parliamentary Budget Officer had forecast and will total more than C$24B over 30 years for 65 aircraft. In response to the DND statement Prime Minister Stephen Harper was dismissive, stating that extra costs would be covered by contingency funds. To the press questions about his seeming contradiction of DND officials, Harper said, "many of the reports you're citing are comparing apples to oranges. Our experts have put out their detailed figures and everything we've seen is within those figures and their contingencies — the contingencies that have been allowed." Opposition politicians reacted to Harper's statement. Liberal Party Leader Michael Ignatieff stated "And the thing that is so mendacious about what the government is doing is that they say to the Canadian people we can get you the plane at the right price. Let me tell you folks. Not even President Obama knows what the planes are going to cost. This thing is out of control." Bloc Québécois Leader Gilles Duceppe said, "What we've said since the very beginning and when Mr. Harper is saying, he [doesn't] want to withdraw a contract, that means there's a contract. It's time until next Monday that he showed us that contract." NDP Leader Jack Layton said, "We've got issues of our own sovereignty, we've got the north, we've got questions of disasters that might take place and equipment that might be required, whether it's elsewhere in the world or right here in Canada. Let's have a full discussion of what the equipment needs are and what the priorities should be." Leaders' debates During the English-language leaders' debate held in Ottawa on 12 April 2011 the F-35 procurement was attacked by all opposition leaders and defended by Stephen Harper. In the debate Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff explained his reasoning for the election, which included the F-35. He said, "I think I explained why we're having an election, which is that we asked for the truth about his jets, jails and corporate tax breaks, and (Harper) didn't tell the House of Commons the truth so he was found in contempt. That's why we're having an election." In remarks made after the debate Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe attacked the Conservative F-35 price estimates, saying, "Well, I would imagine if you have a contract, you know how much it costs. (Harper) says he doesn't know. He refused to answer that. So we're going from $75 million for a fighter aircraft that probably doesn't even have a motor, that has no attack or defence system in it. Did we buy kites? What did we buy?" The French-language debate was held the next day, on 13 April 2011 and also prominently featured the F-35 purchase as an issue. Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff accused the Harper government of having "forgotten people" in the recovery from the Late 2000s recession and indicated that the Conservative government intends to spend billions on fighter jets, corporate tax cuts and new super-prisons, while ignoring regional economic development. Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe attacked the Prime Minister over the many reports that indicate Canada will pay far more for the F-35 than the government's figure of C$75M per aircraft and challenged Harper to reveal the actual cost of the aircraft. Harper responded saying, "I'm the only leader on this platform, on this set, who is defending the role of our Canadian and Quebec aerospace sector in the purchasing of airplanes." Ignatieff pointed out that even the US, the country that is building the F-35, doesn't know what they will cost. Ignatieff stated, "Even President Obama doesn't know how much it will cost the United States. That's the first problem. And you have no real idea what the plane will cost you because they're still developing this plane. So we don't know how much it will cost. And as a potential prime minister I can't accept a plane, the cost of which is increasing." Post-debate campaign and election results Speaking in Vancouver on 17 April 2011, Liberal Leader Michael Ignatieff said of Harper and the question of whether engines are included or not, "This guy has gone down to the first car lot and bought the first car he saw. And now we don't even know whether it has an engine, we're not perfectly sure it's got a steering wheel and the wheels might not be in the deal either ... The deal here that every Canadian needs to understand about the F-35 is that it is an airplane in development ... and the costs keeping going up." Ignatieff indicated that US defence department officials are "tearing their hair out at the cost overruns" in the F-35 program. He further stated, "Mr. Harper is going around trying to tell Canadians, 'I know what this plane is going to cost.' (U.S.) President (Barack) Obama doesn't know what this plane is going to cost." Ignatieff agreed that the country's CF-18 fleet will need replacing but said: "but we have to get the right plane at the right price at the right time and that has to be mean a competitive bid." On 2 May 2011 the election was held, resulting in a Conservative majority government. The New Democratic Party formed the official opposition, while the Liberal party was cut to 34 seats and the Bloc Québécois to four seats. May 2011 After the election further details began to leak out, including further delays in the schedule, beyond the retirement of the CF-18s. June 2011 On 15 June 2011, Assistant Deputy Minister for National Defence (Materiel) Dan Ross mistakenly testified to Parliament that development on the F-35A had already been completed. October 2011 In October 2011 it was revealed that the F-35 model under consideration by the RCAF would not be able to communicate via the Canadian Forces satellite communications network used in the Canadian Arctic. This deficiency is expected to be addressed in the fourth production phase in 2019, or perhaps later. The RCAF was considering whether a stop-gap solution, such as an external communications pod could be fitted to the F-35. November 2011 In November 2011, The Canadian Press released several access-to-information request responses on the procurement. Department of National Defence documents indicate that 65 aircraft represent the absolute minimum number; this did not include any attrition aircraft. An Air Force Association of Canada source said that this was done to minimize the total purchase price. The reports also noted that delivery plans indicate that the F-35s would be delivered at the same time that the CF-18s are to retire, leaving no room for delays. Chief of Defence Staff General Walter Natynczyk confirmed on 3 November 2011 in addressing the House of Commons Standing Committee on National Defence that 65 is the "bare minimum number" needed. Government officials confirmed that delays had been accounted for. Retired Canadian Forces Lieutenant-General George MacDonald, currently a consultant who has worked for Lockheed Martin said, "this delay eats most of that up. So the risk is still not great for Canada. But it's tighter. The schedule doesn't have the flexibility it used to have." In a speech in Fort Worth, Texas on 8 November 2011, Associate Minister of National Defence Julian Fantino stated, "We will purchase the F-35. We're on record. We're part of the crusade. We're not backing down." In November, it was announced that initial F-35s delivered will not be equipped with communication systems such as Link 16 or Blue Force Tracking, which allows aircraft to communicate with older aircraft and ground forces, helping to reduce friendly fire incidents. These functions aren't expected until an upgrade program in 2019 – three years after deliveries begin. In November, Associate Defence Minister Julian Fantino outlined the government's F-35 plan. "We will purchase the F-35," Fantino said. "We're on record. We're part of the crusade. We're not backing down." A little more than a week later Fantino stated: "There's a plan A, there's a plan B, there's a plan C, there's a plan Z and they're all F-35s." On 13 March 2012, Fantino told the Commons Defence Committee that the government had not ruled out backing away from the F-35 program. December 2011 In response to the most recent block of production F-35As being procured by the United States Air Force and the Royal Air Force at a unit price of US$141–145M each, Associate Defence Minister Julian Fantino said in an interview with L'Actualite that the final Canadian procurement might be fewer than 65 aircraft. Fantino said: "We are still talking about it, analyzing it. There is still time, before 2013, to decide the final number. Could it be fewer than 65? Maybe." On 3 November 2011 Chief of Defence Staff General Walter Natynczyk had stated to the House of Commons Standing Committee on National Defence, "Sixty-five is the minimal operational requirement for us. We need to have these aircraft, both for the sovereignty of Canada and to meet our international obligations as set by the government of Canada." Fantino refused to elaborate when asked about the interview in the House of Commons on 12 December 2011. The opposition used Fantino's remarks to show that the government's insistence that a lower price of US$75M per aircraft for Canada was wrong. The NDP's military procurement critic Matthew Kellway stated, "It's an acknowledgment that they can't get the plane for the number that they said they could. I think just about everybody else in the world has acknowledged that that's the case." In December 2011, Defence Research and Development Canada predicted a 54% chance of losing aircraft to the point of having only 63 in service at the time last one is delivered. 2012 February 2012 By February 2012 the mounting program delays and increasing costs resulted in the federal government reconsidering how many of the aircraft can be affordably purchased. The US government's latest budget documents included buying 29 F-35s in fiscal year 2013 for US$9.17B On 9 February 2012 Associate Minister of Defence Julian Fantino, in an angry outburst in the House of Commons, said that a journal article criticizing the F-35 purchase was "critical of everything that is holy and decent about the government's efforts" to equip the Canadian Forces. The article in question was written by Dr. Michael Byers of the University of British Columbia and by the Salt Spring Forum's Research Associate, Stewart Webb. Their response to the Associate Minister of Defence Julian Fantino was published in Embassy magazine and said "Thanks to the introduction of faith-based procurement, the Harper government can now ignore the complexities and inefficiencies of design specifications, equipment testing, contract tendering, specified industrial regional benefits, etc. From now on, decisions on new equipment for the Canadian Forces will be divinely ordained, and channelled to Canadians through Mr. Fantino's divine connections ... Being responsive and adaptive researchers, we've put aside the books and journals on aircraft capabilities, geopolitics and military history, and have started re-reading the Bible. (Mr. Fantino must have an updated version of the Holy Book, for we couldn't find the Gospels of Lockheed Martin or anything about fighter jets in the old editions.) Then it occurred to us that cows, and other things, are sometimes referred to as holy. Especially by people, like Mr. Fantino, who are prone to missteps." In an interview with Evan Solomon on CBC's Power & Politics on 13 February 2012, Fantino was asked about the program and whether Canada will buy fewer aircraft. Fantino explained, "I think Canada, as with all other countries, has to be very much plugged in to the environment, the economics of the day if you will, but we remain committed to ensuring that we purchase or we acquire the best resources for our men and women, and also at the very same time address the absolute certainty that Canada, Canadian taxpayers will receive the best possible outcome." When Solomon asked how much Canada will pay per aircraft Fantino stated "I don't have that information for you at this point in time. These are things that are evolving." Fantino confirmed that Canada will host a meeting at the Canadian embassy in Washington in March 2012 where all the other F-35 partner nations can "deal with misinformation, miscommunication and a whole lot of other misunderstandings with respect to this aircraft." On 14 February Defence Minister Peter MacKay was asked about the purchase and responded, "we are committed to giving the Canadian air force the best opportunity for mission success." On 15 February Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated in the House of Commons on the F-35 purchase: "There's a budget for that and the government has been clear, we will operate within that budget". Opposition politicians reacted to the news. NDP MP Peter Julian pronounced the F-35 procurement a "fiasco" and a "$30-billion boondoggle." Julian added "It could well be more now because of the Pentagon stepping back from this plane. They botched this file from the beginning to the end and they need to come clean with Canadian taxpayers." NDP MP Brian Masse, suggested the Washington meeting was a result of the Harper government "panicking" and indicated that the government's assertion that the purchase is on track is a "fantasy." Interim Liberal Leader Bob Rae said: "the deal is now a different deal than the one that we thought we originally had so clearly there's a problem. This is a government that is targeting Old Age Security because they say that's unsustainable. But when it comes to a jet contract whose ultimate price we do not know, how many planes we do not know, its affordability we do not know, they say, 'Oh that, that is sacrosanct. So clearly they've made their priorities." The news media and in particular editorial writers provided analysis and comment on the government's use of rote speeches and obscuring jargon around the issue. Toronto Star national affairs columnist Tim Harper indicated that it is now inevitable that the government will announce a "Plan B" on F-35 procurement. Harper said, "the price tag Ottawa has placed on the planes —$16 billion — was surely conjured by Aesop and its insistence on delivery dates had to be penned by the Brothers Grimm. The bargain bulk buying price that was quoted because the plane would be in "peak production" starting in 2016 is gone. The US estimate is almost double the cost per plane. There were ever only two guarantees associated with this untendered deal — cost overruns and production delays. There should now be a third guarantee. This government will drastically reduce the size of this deal — why 65? — or seek to extend the life of the CF-18s or both. They will announce it following a meeting it has convened in Washington with other purchasers or after a subsequent meeting of the bruised buyers in Australia. They may stick it in the federal budget in the name of austerity, or they may release the decision under cover of Friday evening darkness." The National Post's John Ivison reported on 14 February 2012 that the Harper cabinet has recently discussed cutting the F-35 procurement and ordering armed UAVs instead, although the military dismisses claims that drones can replace the F-35. Ivison indicated that a likely outcome of a review of the Canadian Aerospace Industry by former industry minister David Emerson is the purchase of a combination of Boeing F-18E Super Hornets and UAVs, terming the F-35 "a political millstone". On 15 February 2012 Fantino was quick to dismiss reports that UAVs would be purchased to cover a shortfall in the minimum number of F-35s that the RCAF needs to defend the country, calling it "speculation". Fantino however refused to state how many F-35s the government would buy, what the cost would be or when they would be delivered. Liberal Leader Bob Rae responded, "The prime minister said that the government is going to live within its $9.5 billion budget. (Chief of Defence Staff Gen. Walter) Natyncyzk said they need at least 65 planes, and that is a minimum number. Now Lockheed has said that the price is going to be far higher than the original $75 million. These are three things that just do not go together." March 2012 A meeting of F-35 partners was held at the Canadian Embassy in Washington on 1–2 March 2012, hosted by Canadian Associate Minister of Defence Julian Fantino. In a released statement Fantino described the meeting as confirming that the F-35 is making good progress and that all partners remain committed to procurement of the aircraft. He qualified his remarks, though, saying, "While good progress continues to be made, we will always be vigilant with our stewardship of taxpayers' hard earned dollars." It was decided that these political meetings would be held on an annual basis, in addition to the biannual gatherings of the military customers. By the middle of March the federal government's official tone and message about the F-35 procurement notably changed. On 13 March 2012 Fantino stated in front of the House of Commons Defence Committee, "We have not as yet discounted, the possibility, of course, of backing out of any of the program ... None of the partners have. We are not. And we'll just have to think it through further as time goes on, but we are confident that we will not leave Canada or our men and women in uniform in a lurch, but it's hypothetical to go any further right now ... One of the things that I know for certain is that Canada remains involved in the joint strike fighter program ... The decision, the determinate decision, has not as yet been made as to whether or not we are going to actually purchase, buy, acquire, the F-35." Fantino confirmed that a team of senior defence department officials is examining alternatives to the F-35. The CBC's Laura Payton wrote in analysis, "Fantino's comments mark a change in tone from previous answers to questions about the possibility of rising costs and design problems with the Lockheed Martin fighter jets. He had previously left no possibility the government is exploring other options or considering pulling out of the agreement with allies like the United States, Norway, Italy and Australia." Interim Liberal Leader Bob Rae responded to the news of the government's statements, saying "Inevitably, they'll have to find a new model, because the F-35 model doesn't work for Canada. What obviously happened in Washington was that Lockheed Martin made it crystal clear that this is not a $75-million buy. And even though the prime minister said months ago that Canada had a firm, firm contract at $75 million, what Mr. Fantino is saying today is completely different: There is no contract, it's not a matter of when but if and when." NDP defence critic David Christopherson stated that Fantino's remarks illustrated that the Conservative government previous dismissal of criticism of the program as unpatriotic has been "all bluster and the reason they suggest it's maybe unpatriotic is because they don't have solid answers to give. They're in serious trouble here. This program is not working, it's not flying. Literally, it's not flying." The Globe and Mail columnist Campbell Clark accused Fantino of carrying out a "classic tactical manoeuvre: the quarter-turn retreat." He stated, "According to the junior defence minister, the Harper government is committed to the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, but not so much that it's necessarily going to buy the things. Mr. Fantino's definition of commitment would make a marriage counsellor blush." On 15 March 2012 media reports were released about an upcoming Auditor General of Canada report that concludes that the Department of National Defence misled Parliament about the costs of the F-35 acquisition. National Post columnist John Ivison noted the Department's long history of intentionally underestimating costs in order to get the equipment they desire and predicted the report will contribute to the cancellation of the F-35 acquisition. Ivison stated, "the fall-out in Parliament may persuade the government the price of sticking with the F-35 program is no longer worth paying". Indications are that the Auditor General's highly critical report was behind the governments' sudden change in stance on the F-35 procurement. Senior government officials had warned the Harper government to leave room to exit the program, but were ignored as the F-35 procurement became a central feature of the 2011 election campaign. In reacting to the news that officials at DND had misled the government in order to ensure purchase of the F-35, Liberal defence critic John McKay stated, "It does speak to the issue of the military's ability to snowball politicians. Having said that, this is a government that basically snookered themselves by wrapping themselves in the military's flag so they can no longer critique the military." Retired Defence Assistant Deputy Minister Matériel Alan Williams said, "this is the first case that I can recall of a clear and unambiguous hijacking of the process." The news of the upcoming Auditor General's report caused media prediction that the government's reaction will be to put the procurement on hold, although aerospace and defence industry experts are expecting the sole-sourced procurement will be eventually cancelled in favour of an open competition. On 26 March 2012 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation program Power & Politics host Evan Solomon reported that he had seen the original statement of operational requirements for the new fighter aircraft, which was never made public, and that the F-35 failed to meet one requirement, that it provide "360-degree, out-of-cockpit visual situational awareness in a no-light environment". Questions were also asked about the statement of operational requirements, how it was written only weeks ahead of the defence minister's public announcement that Canada would buy the aircraft and years after Canada become involved in the program. Former assistant deputy defence minister Alan Williams stated that proper procedures were not followed. On the program he stated, "not only is it not normal, but it's a complete hijacking and rigging of the process. In 2006, the military and civilians recommended the F-35 to the minister and four years later, they developed their requirements, obviously rigged or wired to ensure that the only jet to meet the requirements would be the one that they recommended four years earlier." The requirement in question seemed to be written to require the promised Helmet mounted display and AN/AAQ-37 electro-optical Distributed Aperture System (DAS) of the F-35, which are now failing to perform to this spec. Access to information documents obtained by the Ottawa Citizen showed that DND officials met more with Lockheed Martin representatives than all other competitors combined and the meetings with competitors were "pro-forma" to simply show that they had met. University of Calgary Director of the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, David Bercuson, stated "there never really was a competition" at all. The accusations of rigging the purchase were taken up by opposition MPs in the House of Commons on 27 March 2012. NDP MP Matthew Kellway indicated that the government had tabled a response to an order paper stating that F-35 currently meets all of the military's stated requirements. Kellway asked, "Which document is the truth? The one for public consumption or the one kept secret?". Fantino's answer was "We will remain committed to the Joint Strike Fighter program. A budget has been identified, a contract has not been signed for a replacement aircraft and we will make sure that the air force and the men and women there have the necessary tools to do their job and that's the bottom line." Prime Minister Stephen Harper was asked questions by the press during a trip to South Korea. He responded that "we haven't yet signed a contract, as you know, we retain that flexibility but we are committed to continuing our aerospace sector's participation in the development of the F-35." Interim Liberal Leader Bob Rae said that it appears that the government is considering buying a different aircraft as an alternative to the F-35 and this should be made public. Rae said, "There's obviously been a shift in position in the last several weeks." The new NDP leader Thomas Mulcair said the documents reported by the CBC indicate that the government created a "bogus bidding process" to hide that it had already chosen the F-35 before the mandatory requirements had even been written. Mulcair stated, "They tried to rig the process by defining something that only one plane could meet. It's a very old strategy in government procurement, but even there we're now finding out the F-35 doesn't meet the bogus requirements that they were setting out in their rigged bid. They're bringing us down a corridor that can only result in one thing, the purchase of that one [plane] because their next argument is going to be 15 years later we can't start changing our mind." On 28 March 2012, as the controversy, grew Prime Minister Harper gave assurances that even if the government decides not to buy any F-35s that Canada would remain an F-35 industrial participant to guarantee that work on the aircraft would continue to come to Canadian companies. By March 2012 66 Canadian companies had won C$435M in F-35 contracts against a federal government investment of C$278M. April 2012 On 3 April 2012 the Auditor General of Canada heavily criticized the government's F-35 procurement in his spring report. The report stated that the government did not run a fair competition, that costs were seriously understated and that decisions were made without required approvals or documentation. The report said, "when National Defence decided to recommend the acquisition of the F-35, it was too involved with the aircraft and the JSF Program to run a fair competition. It applied the rules for standard procurement projects but prepared key documents and took key steps out of proper sequence. As a result, the process was inefficient and not managed well. Key decisions were made without required approvals or supporting documentation ... National Defence did not exercise the diligence that would be expected in managing a $25-billion commitment. It is important that a purchase of this size be managed rigorously and transparently." As a result of the report the government announced it would strip DND of responsibility for the project and give it to a new special secretariat of deputy ministers that will be part of the Public Works and Government Services Canada. The Treasury Board will also be involved and will review all DND documents to improve accuracy and oversight. Associate Defence Minister Julian Fantino confirmed that the government will also study alternatives to the F-35 procurement. Treasury Board will commission an independent review of the program, including its all assumptions made, along with the potential costs. The review will be made public, when complete. In the meantime all F-35 program funding will be frozen. "Funding will remain frozen and Canada will not purchase new aircraft until further due diligence, oversight and transparency is applied to the process of replacing the Canadian Forces' aging CF-18 fleet," stated Rona Ambrose, the minister responsible for Public Works and Government Services Canada. On 4 April 2012 the media started labeling the F-35 procurement program the "F-35 scandal" and "the F-35 fiasco". The opposition responded quickly to the Auditor General's report. Marc Garneau, the Liberal Party's Industry, Science, and Technology critic, said "The government will do an enormous amount of spin today and say that they were misled by [Defence Department] officials, it wasn't their fault, and now they're going to take action. There is no question that the generals ... wanted the F-35 and drove everything towards that. But that doesn't excuse the minister of national defence and the prime minister for buying it, hook, line and sinker, without then doing their own due diligence." The fallout from the Auditor General's report was felt in question period. Interim Liberal leader Bob Rae argued that the Prime Minister is responsible and that resignations are expected. Rae stated, "Any company that made a mistake of this kind, that misled its shareholders, that misled the public, that put out a misleading prospectus, that published false figures and false documents to the tune of billions of dollars, any company that did those things would fire the CEO and replace the board of directors." Rae indicated that the Liberal Party research showed trouble in 2010. He said, "The numbers did not add up. The numbers were not real numbers. We knew it, we said it. What was Mr. Harper's answer then? He called us liars. He said we were unpatriotic. He cannot now pretend that he was just the piano player in the brothel who didn't have a clue as to what was really going on upstairs." Rae called on Harper to resign for deliberately misleading Parliament and lying to Canadians and concluded that the scandal shows "Stephen Harper is not fit to be the Prime Minister of Canada". Matthew Kellway, NDP military procurement critic said "They still have a lot of explaining to do for the auditor general's report and we will keep asking them for explanations for, for example, the $10 billion that suddenly was left out of the department's estimates for the F-35. All I can say is that it's hard to [say], in light of all the information in the media, all the information coming out of various accountability offices in the United States, that they weren't aware. But I think we're left with basically a binary alternative here. Either they were aware and they deliberately misled Canadians or they weren't aware and we have a negligence and competence issue with this government." The media reaction to the affair focused on the wider implications for the government. Ottawa Citizen columnist Michael Den Tandt wrote, "Here's what a sober-minded, fiscally responsible and cautious prime minister would do, given the outrageous chronicle of incompetence, stupidity and duplicity revealed by Auditor General Michael Ferguson's report on the F-35 fighter program: He would demand and receive the resignation of Chief of the Defence Staff Walter Natynczyk. He would demand and receive the resignation of Defence Minister Peter MacKay." CBC News reporter Brian Stewart stated that the events indicate infighting between DND and the government, dominated by a culture of secrecy and intimidation. The Globe and Mail'''s John Ibbitson indicated that the Harper government had "bungled the biggest and most important contract on its watch". He added that for a "Prime Minister who practically branded criticism of the F-35 acquisition as treasonous must now deeply regret, and will have to eat, his words." Andrew Coyne of the National Post said "a fiasco from top to bottom, combining lapses of professional ethics, ministerial responsibility and democratic accountability into one spectacular illustration of how completely our system of government has gone to hell." Coyne concluded that not only had Parliament lost control of public spending some time in the past, but that the government now had as well. DND officials have indicated that the blame for the program failures lie with the Defence Minister Peter MacKay and Associate Minister Julian Fantino, saying that the two have given contradictory messages about competitions, costs and made claims about the F-35 that did not hold up under public scrutiny. Conservative MP Chris Alexander, parliamentary secretary to Defence Minister Peter MacKay, blamed the media for the scandal, saying "In the media, there has been a consistent effort to mislead people, to imply that money has been spent. It hasn't yet." On 5 April 2012 Auditor General Michael Ferguson appeared before the House of Commons Defence Committee. He stated that based in his investigation that the government would have known that the F-35 program estimate was C$25B at the time that the Defence Department told Parliament it was C$14.7B, in the weeks leading up to the May 2011 federal election. Ferguson would not say whether he believed the government intentionally misled Parliament or not. In question period Prime Minister Stephen Harper and other government ministers refused to answer any opposition questions regarding when they knew that the DND had estimated the program cost would be C$25 billion. Interim Liberal leader Bob Rae responded to this revelation, saying, "if they did, then we have a real problem because then that means that they were effectively misleading Parliament for many, many, many months. Misleading the people of Canada throughout the last election." Rae also raised a question of privilege in the House of Commons over the government's statement that they accept the Auditor General's recommendations, but not his conclusions. Rae asserted that if the government accepts Ferguson's report, then it accepts the fact that it misled Parliament. Government House leader Peter Van Loan disagreed with Rae's position on the question of privilege, saying, "the position of the government is not the position taken by the officials in those departments." NDP Leader Thomas Mulcair, in a speech to the Economic Club of Canada, also on 5 April 2012 said, "we have clear and convincing evidence that the government intentionally provided false information to Parliament and that's serious. This is a basic question of respect of our institutions." NDP military procurement critic Matthew Kellway said, "what's just been uncovered and revealed is political fraud at the core of this government. This isn't a matter of negligence. This is a matter of knowing the cost estimates and failing to tell Canadians what those cost estimates were and, in fact, approving information going out that was knowingly false." Press reaction to the Auditor General's statements was swift. Michael Den Tandt of the Ottawa Citizen wrote that if the Auditor General's report is "true then [Harper's government] will have no defenders, anywhere. Cabinet-level resignations yes, as a starting point. But it's bigger than that. The government itself will be discredited. There is no moving on from a lie this big." CBC political commentator Rex Murphy called Defence Minister Peter MacKay "a seat warmer with status" and indicated he must resign. Peter Wothington, writing in the Toronto Sun said "the monkey business over Canada committing (sort of) to the hugely expensive F-35s without competitive bids as 'the only acceptable plane,' stinks to high heaven. If it's the 'only acceptable plane,' what's to fear from competitive bids?" On 8 April on the CTV program Question Period Defence Minister Peter MacKay indicated that the change in public figures of C$10B was "a different interpretation in the all-up costs" and refused to resign stating, "this money has not been spent. No money is missing". MacKay also warned that while Canada could stop the purchase without losing any money at this point, that cancelling the existing memorandum of understanding would mean losing Canada's serial numbers on the production line and that that would result in delaying replacement of the CF-18. The opposition rejected MacKay's explanation. NDP MP Jack Harris said "They can't paper this over. This is going to haunt them". Liberal MP Ralph Goodale agreed with Harris stating, "There's no way Mr. MacKay can explain this away. And quite frankly this buck doesn't stop with Mr. MacKay. This issue is for the prime minister. It is the prime minister who knew every minute detail of this file." In arguing that operating costs should not be included MacKay cited the Auditor General's report that he stated showed that Parliamentary Budget Officer Kevin Page had also left the aircraft's operating costs out. MacKay was mistaken and actually cited the Department of National Defence's own accounting in the Auditor General's report, by mistake and not Page's. The Defence Department had actually removed the operating costs for its lower estimate, while Page included them in his own $14-billion number. Liberal Defence critic Marc Garneau labelled MacKay incompetent, saying, "It's very disturbing ... I had to go to the question of, 'is he trying to pull a quick one on us again, hoping the general public is not going to see this?' Or is he not too bright? It went through my mind, I have to admit." On 9 April 2012 Chief of Defence Staff General Walter Natynczyk endorsed the F-35 purchase during a ceremony at Vimy Ridge. Natynczyk also claimed that he has always told the truth about the costs of the F-35 to the government. Winslow Wheeler, of the Centre for Defence Information indicated that the money issue is just a small part of the story and that the press has been ignoring that the aircraft will not perform the missions asked of it and focused on its lack of stealth capabilities, inability to defend itself and inability to fill the fighter role. Retired Assistant Deputy Minister of National Defence (Matériel) Alan Williams raised the issue that the departmental cost estimates were set at 20 years instead of the aircraft's planned lifespan of 36 years, thus reducing the costs for replacement aircraft and mid-life upgrades. Williams said "That's a known distortion. If you have as your intent to be as open as possible, you don't do that. Also on 9 April 2012 Allan Williams accused the government of secretly intending to buy 79 F-35s instead of the planned 65 and splitting the purchase to hide the costs. In a pointed editorial on 10 April 2012 the Ottawa Citizen agreed that the costing of the purchase can plausibly be made to include or exclude a myriad of factors, but concluded "the government must still explain its benefits to Canadians. What jobs will it create in Canada? What are the risks that the price of the F-35 will be more than Canada can afford? What is our plan if that happens? All these points must be addressed with factual analysis, not assertions. The F-35 controversy proves, not for the first time, that full and honest disclosure is preferable to editing the facts down to what government thinks people need to know. The downside of managing the truth is that, when you finally tell it, people just won't believe you." By mid April Defence Minister MacKay had taken the approach that the Auditor General and his department merely disagreed as to what should be included in the aircraft's life cycle costs. The National Post's Andrew Coyne pointed out that DND had agreed with the Auditor General in 2010, after a similar disagreement about the Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone costing, that all life cycle costs be included in future reports. Coyne explained "once that claim is knocked down — that this was all just a dispute over accounting — there is no escape. The government knowingly misrepresented the true costs of the F-35 in its public statements. It knew how it was supposed to account for these, under Treasury Board rules, under the Auditor-General's recommendation, and by its own publicly stated agreement with both. And it knew how it was doing so in its own internal documents, going back to 2010. It simply chose to tell a different story to Parliament and the public." Like many journalists Coyne saw this as a much bigger issue than an aircraft purchase. "This isn't about the planes, in other words, or costs, or accounting. This is about accountability. This is about whether departments are answerable to their ministers, and whether ministers are answerable to Parliament — or whether billions of public dollars can be appropriated without the informed consent of either Parliament or the public. It is about whether ministers speak for their departments, or can disown them when it suits them. And it is about whether we, as citizens, are prepared to pay attention, and hold people in power to account when they lie to us. Which is to say, it is about whether we live in a functioning Parliamentary democracy, or want to." On 14 April 2012 opposition members of the House of Commons public accounts committee commenced action to recall the committee during the Easter break to have it examine the Auditor General's report. The government indicated that it had nothing to hide and as a result it welcomed the public review. But on 18 April 2012 the Conservatives used their majority on the committee to prevent the calling of witnesses that might embarrass the government, resulting in opposition accusations of a cover-up. Liberal MP Gerry Byrne said, "This exposes that they have no intentions of actually operating in a transparent and accountable way. They'll hold meetings in secret. They won't allow officials to appear before us. They will do everything to prevent the truth from being heard." NDP MP Malcolm Allen said, "this is about trying to control the message. Which members of the executive of this government knew what and when? From my perspective, we're not headed down a good road. What would be more humiliating and more embarrassing to them is the testimony from the witnesses that I proposed. They will do anything and everything to cover this up." On 25 April 2012 retired air force Colonel Paul Maillet, an aeronautical engineer and former CF-18 fleet manager at National Defence Headquarters spoke out against purchasing the F-35, indicating it was unsuitable for Canadian service. Maillet criticized the F-35 as unsuitable for use in Canada's arctic saying, "how do you get a single-engine, low-range, low-payload, low-manoeuvrability aircraft that is being optimized for close air support ... to operate effectively in the North?" He also noted that it will obsolete soon after its introduction due to advances made in UAV technology. Maillet suggested that the F-18E/F Super Hornet or even extending the life of the CF-18s and buying UAVs would be a better choice for Canada. Maillet has run unsuccessfully for the Green Party of Canada in previous federal elections and the Conservative government responded to his comments dismissively. Jay Paxton, spokesman for Defence Minister Peter MacKay, said, "the goal of this failed candidate is to promote a political party without a care for the future of our nation." On 26 April 2012 an access to information request was made public that revealed that Deputy Defence Minister Robert Fonberg had briefed Fantino about serious problems with the cost and schedule for the F-35 at the same time that Fantino was publicly saying that these items were not an issue. Fonberg wrote in a 30 September 2011 briefing note for Fantino's trip to Fort Worth in November 2011, "the purpose of this trip is to demonstrate the government's commitment to the JSF program, while impressing upon key interlocutors Canadian concerns with cost, production schedules and the need for transparent communication to JSF partner nations." During the subsequent visit Fantino said in an address to Fort Worth business leaders, "We will purchase the F-35. We're on record. We're part of the crusade. We're not backing down." On Saturday 28 April 2012 Parliamentary Budget Officer Kevin Page was interviewed on the CBC Radio program The House. Page indicated that the government appeared to be maintaining two sets of books on the F-35 project, one for internal use with higher estimates and one for public consumption with lower numbers. Page also indicated that with soaring prices for the aircraft the government would only be able to purchase 40–45 of the aircraft, not the minimum 65 required. The US Government Accountability Office (GAO) has stated that F-35 currently will cost US$137M each. May 2012 In early May 2012 the newly created interdepartmental secretariat charged with overseeing the fighter acquisition project indicated that the Department of National Defence should, on its own volition start from scratch on the program with a complete assessment of alternatives. An unnamed senior official said, "If the military were smart, they would do it themselves, unsolicited. There seems to be an overwhelming public appetite to ask why [the government is] asking for this capability, and to be involved in a consideration of whether we should continue." On 2 May 2012 the Public Works Minister, Rona Ambrose confirmed that the name of the secretariat had been changed to eliminate the impression of bias in selecting a new fighter. It was previously called the "F-35 Secretariat". The new name is the "National Fighter Procurement Secretariat". Ambrose explained, "I think it's self-evident that the change in policy is that the government is, as we've indicated, hitting restart with this process." In May 2012 former Assistant Deputy Minister of Defence Alan Williams released a book on the F-35 procurement entitled Canada, Democracy and The F-35. Williams explained how the procurement process was run backwards, picking the aircraft first and then creating requirements to justify the choice. Williams also accused the government of repeatedly telling lies about the F-35 and its program. Williams contends that the most often used government statements about the aircraft are all false, including that "there was a competition in 2001, so there is no need to conduct another one. Canada needs the F-35 because of the industrial and regional benefits. The government was just continuing along the lines established by the previous Liberal government. The F-35 is the best aircraft at the best price. The F-35 will cost the U.S. $75 million." On 14 May 2012 an annual planning report for the F-35 program was presented to the House of Commons by Treasury Board President Tony Clement which clearly indicated that the government was still not considering any alternatives to the F-35 and expected delivery of the first example in 2017, a year later than previously forecast. This was despite the fact that both the Defence Minister and Associate Defence Minister had asserted that no decision to procure the aircraft had been made. On 15 May 2012 in response to confusing and contradictory information provided by officials at the Defence Department in response to parliamentary committee hearings into the F-35 affair, opposition parliamentary committee members declared that they had lost confidence in the department. NDP MP Malcolm Allen stated. "There's no faith in this department anymore. None whatsoever ... This is a department that's really gone rogue. [Defence Minister Peter MacKay] has totally lost control of that department. If the officials in the Defence Department are actually misleading the committee and misleading Parliament then I guess they ought to be gone. You can't have folks at that level misleading the committee and misleading Parliament, if that's indeed what they've done." Douglas Bland, a defence expert from Queen's University analysed the situation and indicated that the government has cut its support to the military as Canadians turn against the government on military issues. "The hissing sound you hear is the air going out of the pro-military balloon at the Conservative Party headquarters. They've had enough," Bland stated. On 24 May 2012 Lockheed Martin issued a statement that if Canada does not buy the F-35 then Canadian companies will not get future contracts. Lockheed Martin Vice President Steve O'Bryan said, "right now we will honour all existing contracts that we have. After that, all F-35 work will be directed into countries that are buying the airplane." O'Bryan also indicated that Canada was indeed buying the F-35, despite the government indicating that the purchase was being reconsidered and assessed. "What we have is the official statement out of the government and we're working with the government. They're committed to the F-35, they've selected it, and we haven't had any change in that official position," O'Bryan stated. On 17 May 2012, the Conservative majority in the public accounts committee, led by Conservative MP Andrew Saxton, moved to stop calling witnesses and have the panel start preparing its report on the auditor general's findings of the F-35 procurement process. A member of the committee, Liberal MP Gerry Byrne, spoke out, saying "The government wants to shut this down, and for good reason. They are very afraid of what is going to come out." Byrne faces possible punishment from the committee for relating an in camera meeting, which is prohibited under parliamentary rules.Berthiaume, Lee. "Tory effort to shut down F-35 hearings delayed." Postmedia News, May 29, 2012. June 2012 In June 2012 documents were made public showing that the defence department knew in 2011 that the F-35 deliveries would not be completed until after the CF-18s were required to be retired. The released e-mails contradicted the Conservative government's assertions that a stop gap measure would not be needed. Life extensions for the CF-18 fleet had been previously rejected as too expensive. Also associate defence minister Julian Fantino revealed that the mandatory requirements for the replacement aircraft included "stealth, secure data link communications, visual operation in no-light conditions and automatic data and sensors information sharing", all areas in which the F-35 is supposed to excel in. August 2012 In August 2012, a tender for an independent auditor had not been filled, reportedly due to the tender not permitting sub-contracting. An amended tender was re-issued on 8 August 2012; Amber Irwin, a spokeswoman for Public Works Minister Rona Ambrose, explained, "This request for proposals (RFP) issued today will ensure that this independent review is done properly and supersedes the previous one issued. The requirements of the RFP have been broadened to ensure qualified bidders can fulfil the task required by the government ... The National Fighter Procurement Secretariat is committed to getting this done right and in a timely manner." New Democratic Party procurement critic Matthew Kellway labelled the delays as "absurd", and said, "this is a process that is out of control. The government has gone to great lengths and jumped over a lot of hurdles, likely at tremendous cost to Canadians, to avoid releasing numbers that are being produced by the Joint Strike Fighter Program office." Because the government did not allow opposition members of the House Defence Committee to call certain witnesses through the termination of debate, members of the New Democratic Party decided to hold their own hearings on Parliament Hill on 21 August 2012. New Democrat defence critic Jack Harris explained why the hearing was held, "we will be referring to the testimony that was given here today. We will using that to reinforce the arguments that this government is not doing the right thing". The meeting heard from retired US defence auditor Winslow Wheeler, former Canadian Associate Deputy Minister of Defence Alan Williams, University of Ottawa defence procurement expert Philippe Lagasse and defence writer Scott Taylor. All four were critical of the procurement process and the F-35 as a choice. Wheeler stated "The F-35 is only 25 per cent through its flight test program. That's only the preliminary flight tests. That's the laboratory testing. The more combat-realistic testing starts in 2017 and won't be finished until 2019. Anybody, including my country, who buys this airplane before then, is a fool because you don't know what you're getting in terms of performance. And you don't know what you're getting in terms of cost." In August, Steve O'Bryan, Lockheed Martin Vice-President, controversially stated that the company was planning delivery of 65 F-35s to the Royal Canadian Air Force. The parliamentary secretary to Minister of National Defence Peter MacKay, Chris Alexander, stated that the government had never announced it would buy the F-35 and accused opposition parties of starting rumours to cause confusion; despite repeated announcements by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, MacKay and other senior government officials stating the purchase of the aircraft in 2010. Philippe Lagasse, a defence expert at the University of Ottawa, explained, "Governments do this all the time, and it's totally understandable that they would try to change the conversation. The problem is there's so much public evidence, that really you're inviting mockery." September 2012 In early September 2012, KPMG was selected to audit the independent cost review of Canada's F-35 acquisition at a cost of C$643,535. Also that month the National Defence revealed that its CF-18 pilots have been shutting down one of the two engines almost once a month for the past twenty years, raising additional questions about the safe operations of a single engine fighter. On 28 September 2012 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired an investigative report on The Fifth Estate that provided evidence that the Department of National Defence had never seriously considered any alternatives and had taken US evaluations of competitive aircraft at face value. The former Canadian chief of the air staff, Lieutenant-General Steve Lucas, commented that he had not been a competition as it conflicted with Canada's participation in the F-35 program. Ottawa defence analyst Steven Staples also indicated that the 2010 announcement of Canada's F-35 purchase was intended to give Lockheed Martin some good news when development had been experiencing troubles. Former Pentagon aircraft designer Pierre Sprey expressed the expectation that unit prices would continue to rise and reach in excess of US$200M. October 2012 The Public Works and Government Services Canada issued a RFP for a firm to review the purchase decision on 26 October 2012. The chosen company will receive a contract in December 2012 to review factors under the existing seven-point action plan. The contractor will "determine whether the shortcomings the Auditor General identified in the acquisition process have been addressed; confirm whether the steps taken in the acquisition process for the period up to June 2012 were in accordance with government policies, procedures and regulations; and provide lessons learned and propose recommendations for changes, if any, to current practices and policies for acquisitions of a similar nature". Despite the apparent copying of the F-35 design in the Chinese Shenyang J-31, NDP MP Matthew Kellway said that since Canada would never oppose China, there was no need for Canada to have advanced jet fighters. November 2012 On 21 November 2012, the public accounts committee presented its final report on the F-35. The report cited the Department of National Defence for poor procurement handling, without further explanation or blame; and called for future transparency and accountability. Opposition politicians called the report, crafted by a Conservative-majority committee, a whitewash. NDP MP Malcolm Allen said, "When you compare the final [committee] report to the auditor general's report, it's nothing but one great big whitewash. We were hoping to see that Canadians would really find out the whole truth of what actually transpired and this government would then take responsibility for its actions on this file." The Canadian Press found that the most pointed comments of Page and Ferguson were deleted or softened in the final report. The National Post noted, "There have been allegations the Harper government remains committed to buying the F-35 despite its insistence that other possible replacements for the country's CF-18 fighters are being considered. Those concerns were bolstered over the weekend when Defence Minister Peter MacKay refused to say whether the government is actually looking at other options." In late November, it was decided to put aside the statement of requirements to conduct an options analysis, including dialogue with nations purchasing the F-35. General Thomas J. Lawson, Canada's Chief of the Defence Staff, has admitted the partial stealth features offered by competing "4.5th generation" fighters would also be sufficient to meet Canada's needs. December 2012 In December 2012 it was revealed that the Prime Minister and the cabinet had been kept up to date on all of the problems, schedule slippages and cost overruns of the project as they happened, even as Harper had been painting a rosy picture of the program leading up to the election. On December 6, the Ottawa Citizen ran a front page headline, Federal government cancels F-35 fighter purchase and indicated that the soon-to-be-released KPMG would put the program costs at $44.8B, that the federal Cabinet operations committee had decided to cancel the purchase and hold a competition. The Prime Minister's Office immediately responded saying that the F-35 purchase had not been cancelled and labelled the news story "inaccurate on a number of fronts". The National Post reported that they had seen portions of the KPMG report and that it put the full program cost at $45,802,000,000 over 42 years, double the amount the government had previously publicized. The National Post also reported that the US government was alarmed by the Ottawa Citizen announcement of cancellation. Another factor noted in news sources and in questions from parliament was the lack of guaranteed purchases of Canadian products as part of the deal, as is common for most military aircraft purchases. Canada will incur costs whether it stays in the F-35 program or not as the government will be required to invest more in the F-35 development in May 2013 or will attract penalties if it withdraws from industrial participation. The Ottawa Citizen also reported that the timing of the KPMG report and the attention that the government knew it would attract was critical with regard to the 2012 US elections. A Citizen source stated, "The PM (Stephen Harper) didn't want it to become a (U.S.) election issue and therefore hurt Canada-U.S. relations." Interim Liberal Leader Bob Rae called for the Minister of National Defence's resignation, saying, "I don't see how the minister of defence can possibly continue in his job ... He's basically been a sales spokesperson for Lockheed Martin, the manufacturers of the F-35, since he took office. He's denigrated and attacked every person in opposition, in the Liberal Party or elsewhere, who has ever raised concerns or questions about this ... The government has consistently misled Canadians about the true cost of this aircraft. They've misled Canadians about their degree of oversight and their readiness to deal with the situation". Liberal defence critic John McKay also called for the Defence Minister to resign, stating, "He's already been half fired by the prime minister. He's not responsible for procurement any longer. I don't know why the prime minister just doesn't put this guy out of his misery. A spokesman for Prime Minister Stephen Harper responded to calls for MacKay's resignation on Twitter, "Not going to happen". NDP defence critic Jack Harris stated "The whole process is in a shambles, quite frankly. This is not good enough. We've got enough misleading information out there in front of the public. ... They didn't do their due diligence, they didn't have an open, fair and transparent process. They've demonstrated their incompetence in a $40-billion-plus contract." The media also criticized government handing of the program; Postmedia News's Andrew Coyne said, "It is difficult to imagine how a worse mess could have been made of the F-35 procurement, but I'm willing to bet this government will try. When I say mess, I don't mean to suggest charming ineptitude, but culpable incompetence, mixed with deliberate misrepresentation. What started with a catastrophic failure of oversight, progressed through many months of dishonesty, secrecy, and stonewalling, culminating in what can only be called electoral fraud — followed by still more dishonesty about everything that had gone before ... If ever proof were needed of the weakness of our democratic institutions — and of the urgent necessity of reform — this is it. Democratic accountability, we should now be able to see, isn't some abstract, academic issue, divorced from the bread-and-butter concerns of the public. It's about as bread-and-butter as it gets. It's about their money." The government appointed an independent panel to consider the problem of a new fighter aircraft for Canada over a period of three months. The panel consisted of: Philippe Lagassé, assistant professor of public and international affairs at the University of Ottawa and critic of the F-35 procurement; James Mitchell of consulting firm Sussex Circle, a retired senior civil servant with cabinet and the Treasury Board; Keith Coulter, former head of the Communications Security Establishment, former fighter pilot who commanded a CF-18 squadron and former member of the Snowbirds; Rod Monette, former federal comptroller-general and DND chartered accountant. The government also quietly informed aerospace industry principals that they should expect a full competition to follow the analysis of options. Retired air force Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard was originally asked to be on the panel, but declined, indicating he was too busy. The government released the KPMG report on 12 December 2012 and it projected the acquisition's lifetime cost at C$45.8 billion over 42 years. It also showed that the estimated cost to purchase the jet and provide needed upgrades and infrastructure was included the government's $9 billion figure given previously, although it did not include operating costs. Also, in order to keep the purchase under $9 billion, the new estimate eliminated the requirement to be compatible with Canada's refueling aircraft and expenditures on infrastructure and even ammunition were reduced. The industrial offsets report, also released on 12 December 2012, showed that the best estimate of potential benefits to Canadian industry would be C$9.8 billion, far below the C$45.8 billion the government was forecast to spend. The report also said that the government would be expected to pay $92M per aircraft, not the $75M that Prime Minister Harper had said was guaranteed. Public Works Minister Rona Ambrose stated that the government was accepting the Auditor General's report. Defence Minister Peter MacKay said the program had been "reset". Officials confirmed that sole sourced F-35 procurement was off the table and that all fighters currently in production or scheduled to soon be in production would be given consideration as replacements for the current CF-18 fleet, although a competition was specifically noted as not being announced. The Eurofighter Typhoon and the Boeing Super Hornet were specifically named as being considered, while the Dassault Rafale and Saab Gripen may also be considered. Other aircraft manufacturers have indicated they will not provide data to the Canadian government unless a full competition is held. NDP MP Jack Harris responded, stating, "This is a charade. This is not a new process. The reset button does not create anything more than another version of a sole-source contract. They're not going to put it out to a fair and transparent public tendering process". Harris termed the government's "market analysis" a "shopping expedition". Government officials also confirmed that cost analysis is underway to extend the life of the CF-18 fleet. Defence Minister Peter MacKay was asked if he regretted his previous harsh language used against critics who turned out to be right in their assessments, MacKay described himself as being "passionate" regarding military procurement priorities. The Ottawa Citizen published an editorial by Andrew Coyne on 12 December 2012 entitled Tories refuse, even now, to come clean on F-35 costs, detailing how the government continued to try to reduce the damaging effects of the costs KPMG revealed. Coyne said, "just to be clear, they're still spinning us. Even now. Even after all that has gone before, even with the release of its own specially commissioned independent review by the accounting firm of KPMG, the Conservative government still can't bring itself to tell us the whole truth about the costs of the F-35." He strongly criticized the government's approach, "... even if one were inclined to excuse the initial deception, what is really inexcusable is the government's subsequent refusal to back down, even when it was called on it, but rather to carry on spinning — as it did after the Parliamentary Budget Officer's report, as it did after the auditor general's report, as it is doing even today." In a scathing editorial published by CBC News on 13 December 2012, Brian Stewart termed the F-35 project a "global wrecking ball" due to its run-away costs and lack of affordability. He faulted the decision to manufacture the aircraft before flight testing was completed for greatly driving up costs and indicated that the huge cost, including a per aircraft cost of US$167M, would have "strategic consequences" as nations cancel or cut back orders, thus driving up unit costs further. Stewart stated, "America's problems here put Ottawa in a most uncomfortable position as it finds itself wrestling with a fighter option it can't afford with an aerospace giant in decline and likely unable to extend as many economic side benefits as were initially promised ... But given the enormous stakes involved, we can expect immense pressure from the U.S., our closest ally, to not reject this plane before the eyes of the world." He concluded that the F-35 acquisition is a "dank swamp [that] will only grow more terrifying for ministers to contemplate with each passing month". On 13 December 2012, interim Liberal leader Bob Rae stated: "I think Canadians need to understand how big a screw-up this has been ... I think this is a huge spin operation. One of the things that came out yesterday is the government said the life of the CF-18s is longer than previously thought. Maybe they think they can kick this process over past the next election." Rae also noted: "We haven't had a question period for the last six months where [Defence Minister] Peter MacKay has answered a single question about the affair." Former National Defence procurement chief Alan Williams said that the government's focus on stealth is misplaced and what is really needed is an assessment of Canada's actual needs. Opposition critics and even inside sources accused the government of refusing to go to a full competition, suggesting the requirements might be manipulated so that only the F-35 could qualify. Experts debated what the "reset" of the process to choose a new fighter would accomplish. Rob Huebert, from the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary, indicated that the F-35 would be chosen anyway, saying, "what's the alternative? ... You're not going to buy the Russian or Chinese aircraft — that just ties you in to a back lane that you just don't want to go into." Huebert said that the Eurofighter Typhoon is solely an "interceptor", the Saab Gripen is "a bit of a [Cold War] relic", and the Super Hornet a "total colossal waste of money", noted that Australia is only buying them as a stopgap measure until the F-35 becomes available. Ugarhan Berkok from the Royal Military College of Canada disagreed with Huebert, saying that "multi-function is probably the order of the day"; he indicated that the Typhoon, Rafale, Gripen and Super Hornet all offer that capability. Ottawa Citizen columnist Michael Den Tandt called for a complete cabinet shuffle to remove Peter MacKay as Defence Minister and "a reset of the government itself". 2013 January 2013 In January 2013, Dassault Aviation received an information demand from Canada about the Rafale fighter. Each of the four companies received the same 15 page survey asking for suggestions, but not detailed pricing information. Critics of the F-35 and one of the companies offering an alternative fighter called the Public Works activity a mere 'market' analysis of the fighters that would not probe deeply into Canada's actual needs. On 21 January 2013, having left his government position, retired Assistant Deputy Minister (Materiel) Dan Ross blamed the failure of the F-35 procurement on Harper's culture of secrecy and lack of accountability. On the outcome of the new procurement process, Ross predicted, "At the end of the day, the Royal Canadian Air Force will fly F-35s, if we have an Air Force that flies fighters." A poll of Canadians conducted by Forum Research in January 2013 found that even though two thirds believed that they had been misled by Harper, almost half thought the F-35 deal would go through anyway. NDP MP Matthew Kellway responded to the poll, saying, "I think the vast majority of Canadians have seen enough to understand that misleading Canadians is pathological for this government. They suggest that flipping through brochures of other fighter jets—again—is a serious reset of the procurement process. That is arrogant and cynical, it assumes Canadians are gullible and these numbers [in this poll] show that that is clearly a miscalculation." On 25 January 2013, the Canadian National Fighter Procurement Secretariat issued a draft questionnaire to Boeing, Dassault Aviation, EADS, Lockheed Martin, and Saab Group to obtain detailed information on the capabilities of their available fighter aircraft. The draft questionnaire seeks detailed information on technical capabilities of fighter aircraft in production or scheduled to be in production. Public Works indicated that these other fighters might only be used as a stop gap solution until the F-35 was ready. February 2013 In February 2013 retired Air Force Colonel Paul Maillet, who had previously worked on fighter procurement, reacted to an announcement of a reduction in the budget for weapons in the F-35 program estimates. He noted that since the aircraft will still require bombs and missiles, these would be moved into other funding projects, a violation of normal cost accounting procedures. Maillet suggested that if adequate stocks of weapons were not purchased, then the F-35 would be relegated to a surveillance role. In late February Boeing started an aggressive campaign to convince Canada to buy the Boeing Super Hornet instead of the F-35, promoting it on the basis that the overall cost of ownership would be half that of the F-35, even though the Super Hornet has two engines. March 2013 The Conservative government opened the door for plans to extend the useful lives of the existing CF-18 fleet. By the early part of March observers were noting that the F-35 and its procurement had become an object of national ridicule. Due to the aircraft's lack of IFR capability and inability to be operated in cold weather as well as issues with helmet design, cockpit design, radar and other factors, Maclean's columnist Aaron Wherry referred to it as "a joke" and compared it to the Senate of Canada for ineffectiveness. NDP defence critic Matthew Kellway said in the House of Commons, "Mr. Speaker, the Conservatives committed to buying the F-35 multiple times. They told us it is on the right track multiple times. According to the Pentagon, the F-35 needs a heated hangar in Florida, it cannot fly at night, and the pilots stay out of the clouds." April 2013 In April 2013 Lockheed Martin announced that the per unit price for the aircraft had risen and was now expected to be US$85M per aircraft. The company also commenced a Canada-wide promotional effort, including a travelling simulator, to convince Canadians that the F-35 should still be purchased. Unusually, the advertising campaign including purchasing large ads on OC Transpo buses in Ottawa. May 2013 In May 2013, SAAB declined to participate in the Canadian government's market analysis for alternatives to the F-35. June 2013 On 3 June 2013, Saab unexpectedly pulled the JAS 39 Gripen out of the competition. Following discussions with Canada at the current stage of the evaluation process, Saab decided not to take part as "conditions were not ripe to act." The Gripen may be re-entered later if conditions change. In late June 2013 e-mails surfaced that indicated that Canadian diplomats and military personnel had been instructed to downplay the negative impacts of the Auditor General's report a year earlier. They were told to inform allied nations that the criticism of the Auditor General's F-35 purchase was only "bureaucratic" in nature and not a substantive issue, as part of federal government damage-control efforts. August 2013 With a decision on the fighter contract likely to be delayed until after the next Canadian national election, the prospect of over $200 million investment in a new software center that would employ up to 20 Canadian military officials was also on hold. In late August an independent audit by the accounting firm of Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton forecast a unit price of $95.2M per aircraft for the Canadian acquisition in 2017. September 2013 By September 2013 the estimated potential lifetime costs of the fleet had grown to $71 billion. In September 2013, Boeing provided Canada with cost and capability data for its Advanced F/A-18 Super Hornet, suggesting that a fleet of 65 aircraft would cost $1.7 billion less than a fleet of F-35s. The Advanced Super Hornet builds upon the existing Super Hornet, which is derived from the F/A-18 Hornet and an improvement over the current, modernized CF-18 Hornet. The U.S. Navy buys Super Hornets for $52 million per aircraft, while the advanced version would add $6–$10 million per aircraft, depending on options selected. Also in September, Lockheed Martin announced that if Canada does not decide to buy the F-35 then Canadian industry would lose $10.5 billion in potential future F-35-related aerospace contracts. Company Executive Vice-President Orlando Carvalho indicated that Lockheed Martin will honour existing contracts with Canadian companies but that future contracts would go to companies from countries actually buying the aircraft. As part of its ongoing efforts to convince Canada to buy the F-35 Lockheed Martin appointed retired RCAF Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard as head of company activities in the country. October 2013 William D. Hartung, the Director of the Arms and Security Project at the Center for International Policy and the author of Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex'' warned Canadians about Lockheed Martin's motivations in selling the F-35 to Canada. He stated, "Lockheed Martin may make bold promises of Canadian job creation with products like the F-35, but the fact remains, their priority will be keeping their main customer – the U.S. Department of Defense – happy by providing American jobs – even if they are supported by Canadian weapons purchases." Hartung suggested Canada should be supporting the Arms Trade Treaty which was voted favourably, but not adopted by Canada, noting, "the government would be well advised to aim at controlling the arms industry, rather than investing in defence firms". 2014 March 2014 Dassault Aviation of France commenced an aggressive marketing campaign to sell Canada the twin-engined and combat proven Dassault Rafale, in place of the F-35. As part of the deal Dassault would transfer intellectual property and technology, including the aircraft's software source codes. They would also contractually guarantee industrial offsets in the same amount as the aircraft purchase contract value. April 2014 In April 2014 the delivery of the first aircraft was delayed by yet another year to 2018. The federal government will have to start paying for the new aircraft in 2016 if it intends to take delivery of the first example in 2018, just before the CF-18 fleet is retired in 2020. The Ottawa Citizen discovered that pre-publication versions of the December 2012 DND report had questioned the capability of the F-35 to fulfill Canada's needs, but that these issues had been edited out of the final report which focused only on price. In mid-April the long awaited "options analysis" of the different fighter aircraft available was completed, although the report itself was not made public. An analysis by The Globe and Mail found that even if a full competition were held it would "automatically lead to F-35", as the current Statement of Requirements (SoR) is written to require its capabilities. Political observers have noted that the commissioning of the report is likely a delaying tactic to keep the F-35 procurement from being an issue in the next federal election. In late April a report for The Centre for Policy Alternatives and the Rideau Institute by Michael Byers, indicated that government estimates for the whole F-35 program may underestimate cost by Cdn$12-Cdn$81 billion, depending on many different factors taken over the full 40-year life of the aircraft. Alyson Queen, a spokeswoman for Public Works Minister Diane Finley, responded to the report immediately saying, "real independent third party experts, with access to the real facts, are working to ensure that the reports being prepared by DND are rigorous and impartial." Lockheed Martin's vice president of F-35 business development and customer engagement, Steven O'Bryan, indicated that he thought the data used was out of date and suggested that reports like this were intentionally trying to inflate the F-35's price tag. June 2014 In June the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives released a report entitled "One Dead Pilot," written by Michael Byers, the Canada Research Chair in Global Politics and International Law at the University of British Columbia. The report concluded that due to the nature of operations in Canada that "the need for a twin-engine fighter jet is very clear, and purchasing a single-engine fighter jet would be a serious mistake." Also in June, the government's independent panel on the new fighter aircraft released their report. The panel examined the risks and costs of each possible fighter choice, but did not make a recommendation as to which aircraft to buy, leaving that up to the government to decide. Panel member James Mitchell stated, "The purpose of this is not (to) reach conclusions or recommendations but to satisfy ministers that the necessary rigorous analytic work has been done and that it's been done fairly and objectively." Alan Williams, the former head of procurement at the Department of National Defence and who was in charge of the country's initial involvement in the F-35 program, dismissed the panel report as public relations ploy. He argued that an open competition is required. The Conservative Government approved an upgrade to the CF-18 fleet to keep the planes flying until 2025. August 2014 In August Industry Canada released a report that showed that 32 Canadian companies had received US$587M in contracts for work on the F-35 program, an increase of US$83M since 2013. September 2014 In September secret defence documents were quoted in the media that indicated that the ongoing delay in making a decision in procuring a replacement for the CF-18 would have costs involved in life-extension work on the CF-18 fleet. Analysis indicated that the government's indecision on the issue would keep F-35 costs further in the future and prevent the aircraft from being an issue in the upcoming federal election. November 2014 In a 27 October briefing to the secretary of the US Air Force by Lt.-Gen. Chris Bogdan, the head of the F-35 program at the Pentagon, revealed that Canada will buy four F-35s by swapping their LRIP 9 purchase for four USAF aircraft in the LRIP 6 batch, formalizing the order in mid-November 2014 and taking delivery in 2015. The Canadian government denied this, saying "no decision has been made on the replacement of Canada's CF-18 fleet." NDP defence critic Jack Harris called the announcement "outrageous". He further stated, "This is going on behind the backs of Canadians after the debacle that we've had with the F-35, keeping everybody in the dark about the price, sole sourcing it after they said they were going to have an open competition ... Canadians are ... just being deceived by this government taking action without the kind of transparency that's required, without the proper debate, without notifying Canadians, without notifying Parliament." Liberal defence critic Joyce Murray asked, "Why is an American general informing us that Canada is set to order four F-35s in the next few weeks? ... Pressing the 'reset' button on the CF-18 replacement clearly hasn't taught the Conservatives a single thing about conducting an open and transparent procurement process." Government officials continued to deny that a secret purchase had been arranged through mid-November. Unnamed senior government sources indicated that Lockheed Martin had not provided Canada with even the basic information to make a purchase decision, that the aircraft's ongoing development problems and unknown cost rule out buying any at the present time. December 2014 By December 2014 the collapse in the world price of oil had reduced the value of the Canadian dollar. That factor, plus inflation and increased F-35 unit costs from reduced volumes as other nations delay or cancel planned purchases resulted in a DND report indicating that the required 65 F-35s could no longer be purchased within the planned budget when contingencies were accounted for. Also in December an official DND report indicated that "it is estimated that seven to 11 aircraft could be lost over the useful life of the fleet and the cost to replace these lost aircraft could be in the order of $1 billion." This cost has not been accounted for in the fleet costs before. On 10 December 2014, in a detailed analysis ten months before a scheduled October 2015 federal election, Ottawa Citizen writer Michael Den Tandt criticized Prime Minister Stephen Harper and his handling of the F-35 procurement: Another DND report on future fighter operational requirements, also released in December 2014, indicated that it was "highly unlikely" that Canada would be engaged in first strikes against other nations with sophisticated air defence systems. The analysis indicated that Canada has little operational need for a stealth aircraft. 2015 September 2015 In September 2015 Michael Byers, Canada Research Chair in Global Politics and International Law at the University of British Columbia wrote an analysis of the F-35 procurement that indicated with the recent loss of value of the Canadian dollar, due to the crash in oil prices, that the F-35 was no longer affordable. Byers' calculations indicated that the RCAF could only afford to buy 54 aircraft, well below the minimum number of 65 that the force indicated it needs to fill the role. Byers indicated the only options were to increase the funds available to buy the minimum number or else buy a more affordable aircraft. He also noted that increasing the money available was unlikely and noted that the Harper government had cut defence spending to the lowest levels in 50 years. Byers concluded, "the fact is, Harper took a reckless approach to replacing the CF-18s. He could have held a fair competition at the outset, and bought a proven model of fighter jet on-time and on-budget. Instead, he reached for the latest and most expensive technology, took on a significant cost risk, and got burned." F-35 again as an election issue With a federal election campaign underway, both the main opposition parties indicated they would hold a competition to replace the county's aging CF-18 fleet. On 21 September at a speech in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Liberal Party of Canada leader Justin Trudeau said "our Canadian Forces are in a state of stagnation" and promised an "open and transparent competition" to choose a more affordable aircraft than the F-35, indicating that it had become too expensive to consider. Trudeau stated that money saved by not buying the F-35 would be employed to buy ships for the Royal Canadian Navy. On 21 September 2015 Prime Minister Stephen Harper responded to Justin Trudeau ruling out the F-35 as too expensive, saying, "The Liberal Party is living in a dream world if they think we can pull out of the development project of the F-35 and not lose business. I don't know what planet they're living on. Whether it's his statements on the aerospace industry, his statements on the deficit, you name it. It shows his disconnect and a profound lack of understanding about the Canadian economy." The same day NDP leader Tom Mulcair stated that Trudeau's ruling out the F-35 showed his "total lack of experience." Muclair said, "how can he decide the result in advance of the process? You can't do that. The basic rule of public administration is you define what you need, then you go to a public tender process and the lowest conforming bidder gets the contract." Mulcair indicated that the NDP would hold an open competition to replace the CF-18, that would include the F-35 as a contender. On Monday 21 September 2015 Trudeau again spoke about the F-35 procurement at an election rally in Orleans, Ontario, responding to Harper's remarks. Trudeau said "That F-35 might be Stephen Harper's dream, but I can tell you, for Canadian taxpayers, it'll be a nightmare." Writer Mark Gollom of CBC News noted that Trudeau was using the F-35 as an issue to differentiate himself from the Conservative and NDP positions and "seemed to relish [Harper's response], wearing the insult almost as a badge of honour". A Canadian Press analysis of the disagreement between Trudeau and Harper over whether cancelling buying the F-35 would negatively affect the Canadian aerospace industry noted that F-35 contracts make up 2.29% of the industry's total revenues and would probably be offset with work on any new aircraft chosen. Murray Brewster of The Canadian Press concluded: "Harper's claim earns the rating of "a lot of baloney."" 2015 Election party platforms The Green Party of Canada stated in their 21 September 2015 election platform, "we will not purchase the F-35 stealth fighter jets. We will invest in new military equipment that fits Canada's defence requirements. We will purchase fixed-wing search and rescue planes, ice-breakers and replace dangerous old military hardware to ensure that threats to our military are not posed by the equipment we give them." The Liberal Party of Canada released their election platform on 5 October 2015. It said: "We will not buy the F-35 stealth fighter-bomber. We will immediately launch an open and transparent competition to replace the CF-18 fighter aircraft. The primary mission of our fighter aircraft should remain the defence of North America, not stealth first-strike capability. We will reduce the procurement budget for replacing the CF-18s, and will instead purchase one of the many, lower-priced options that better match Canada's defence needs ... We will make investing in the Royal Canadian Navy a top priority. By purchasing more affordable alternatives to the F-35s, we will be able to invest in strengthening our Navy, while also meeting the commitments that were made as part of the National Shipbuilding and Procurement Strategy." The New Democratic Party of Canada released their election platform on 9 October 2015. It criticized the Conservative government, saying, "The attempt to sole-source the F-35 fighter jet while hiding the full costs was just one of several major procurement failures on the Conservatives' watch." The party promised that they would, "launch a comprehensive review, as part of the Defence White Paper, to determine how best to meet Canada's needs in the replacement of our aging fleet of CF-18 Fighters, and ensure that any new program is subject to a competitive process." The Conservative Party of Canada also released their election platform on 9 October 2015. It made no mention of the F-35 or the fighter procurement project at all. Election results On 19 October 2015 the Liberal Party of Canada under Justin Trudeau won a large majority, after having made the election promise not to buy the F-35, but instead to hold an open competition excluding the F-35, to pick a more suitable aircraft. By October 2015 the Government of Canada had spent US$309.3M on the program, including US$10.6M on the concept demonstration phase, US$94.4M to the system development and demonstration phase and US$204.3M for the production, sustainment, and follow-on development phase. In 2014 a government report indicated that just over 30 Canadian firms had active contracts worth US$637M. November 2015 In early November 2015 the Hill Times reported that the previous Conservative government had very quietly disbanded the Public Works department secretariat established in 2012 that was in charge of reviewing the new fighter procurement earlier in 2015, indicating that a decision had been made on the purchase. The cabinet had apparently not approved the purchase and the procurement of F-35s appears to have not proceeded beyond that point. December 2015 Harjit Sajjan, the new Liberal Defence Minister refused to say that the F-35 would be excluded from a competition to replace the CF-18, as had been promised in the Liberal campaign document. Sajjan said, "my focus isn't about F-35 or any other aircraft; my focus is about replacing the CF-18s. We will open it up to an open process." 2016 February 2016 In an interview in February 2016, Judy Foote, Minister of Public Services and Procurement, again did not rule out including the F-35 in the competition to replace the aging CF-18 fleet. She indicated that Minister of National Defence Harjit Sajjan had not completed his review of the new fighter aircraft requirements. Foote said, "We need to look at what is required of the defence position we take as a country and we can do that by looking at any number of options." March 2016 In March 2016 Robert Work, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, indicated that it was important for the Government of Canada to take its time and make the right decision on a fighter aircraft for its needs. He said, "It's important for Canada to make the decision on the aircraft that they need for their national interest, and then the United States and Canada can work it out ... I work in the Pentagon, so I measure time different ways than other people, so I don't believe it's been long. These are very important political decisions and defence decisions for Canada to make, and we're not trying to pressure them in any way ... We'd like to know, we're anxious to know, where exactly will you go so we can start to plan together. But these types of decisions are made in due course and we're looking forward to the final decision." Also in Conservative MP James Bezan warned that if Canada does not buy the F-35 that existing contracts with Canadian companies would be cancelled. Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan disagreed, saying "I don't think those jobs are going to be cancelled. These Canadian companies have been selected for a particular reason because of their skills." Lockheed Martin had previously stated that existing contracts with Canadian companies would not be cancelled, but that new contracts may not be awarded if Canada does not choose the F-35. May 2016 On 31 May 2016 the government missed a $32M payment to remain part of the F-35 consortium. A spokesperson for the defence department stated, "the missed payment does not signal Canada's withdrawal from the agreement". June 2016 In early June 2016 the media reported multiple sources indicated that the new Liberal government had decided to buy Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornets as an "interim measure" fighter, after Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan warned that the country has an impending military capability gap. The F-18E/Fs would be retained until some future date after a competition is held. This approach may reduce the chances of lawsuits over the campaign promise not to buy the F-35. Alan Williams, who had previously criticized the Harper government for proposing to sole-source, said, "I was shocked, I don't think anyone would have expected that kind of behaviour ... I'm not sure companies want to take the government to court on this kind of thing, but, you know, there is no legal justification for doing this." On 6 June 2016 a spokeswoman for the Defence Minister stated that no sole-sourced deal had been discussed. On 10 June 2016, Pat Finn, the Assistant Defence Deputy Minister of Materiel, addressed a House of Commons committee and stated that all the possible options, including sole-sourcing and a full competition, were under study, but that no decision had been made. In response to the rumours about an interim fighter purchase, Lockheed Martin made statements that indicated that Canadian aerospace manufacturers would lose contracts to build F-35 components if the government buys an aircraft other than the F-35. November 2016 On 22 November 2016 Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan announced that the country would acquire 18 Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornets as an interim measure, to make up for waning capabilities in the aging CF-18 fleet. Sajjan described that continuing to fly the CF-18s past their lifespan dates "would be imprudent and irresponsible". Minister of Public Services and Procurement Judy Foote indicated that a full competition would be held for a replacement fighter and that process would likely take five years, given a full defence policy review that is underway and must be completed first. F-35 manufacturer Lockheed Martin responded to the Canadian announcement, "although disappointed with this decision, we remain confident the F-35 is the best solution to meet Canada's operational requirements at the most affordable price, and the F-35 has proven in all competitions to be lower in cost than fourth-generation competitors". Alan Williams, former head of procurement at the Department of National Defence, previously critical of the Conservative government's handling of the fighter replacement, responded to the Super Hornet announcement, saying it was "absurd" and "unnecessary", adding "I'm not sure whether the government really understands the business of defence procurement". Also in November 2016 the government contributed a further C$36M to the F-35 development program, to maintain the country's status as a participant in the program, including access to F-35 contract work for Canadian companies. 2017 December 2017 The Liberal government decided not to buy an interim fleet of Super Hornets after Boeing launched a trade action against Canada over subsidies paid to Bombardier for its CSeries airliners. Instead Canada decided to buy 18 used Royal Australian Air Force F/A-18s, for delivery in January 2019, to keep its own fleet of similar aircraft flying until a full competition can be held. The competition will result in a contract award in 2019 and first deliveries in 2025. Reports have claimed that no company will be excluded from the competition process, but they will be assessed on their "overall impact on Canada's economic interests", a move that is believed to penalize companies like Boeing for engaging in legal action against the country. 2019 July 2019 In July 2019 the federal government released a formal request for proposals to purchase 88 new fighters. The request invited Airbus, Boeing, Lockheed Martin and Saab to submit proposals for their Eurofighter Typhoon, Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Lockheed Martin F-35 and the Saab Gripen, in a competition that will assess the bids under a points system, assigning 60% for technical merit, 20% for cost and 20% for industrial benefits to Canada. The winner is expected to be announced in 2022 and first deliveries in 2025. Dassault announced it would not place a bid for the competition in November 2018, citing cost and development issues with properly integrating the aircraft to the NORAD and Five Eyes requirements as being too high, as well as the high cost of integrating American weapon systems. Similarly, Airbus withdrew the Eurofighter Typhoon from the competition in August 2019, citing the same reasons as Dassault, leaving only the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet (Block III), Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II and Saab Gripen E as potential contenders. References External links Archives of the official company website for Canada Official US JSF web site Official Team JSF industry web site F-35 – Global Security Air Rage a review of the F-35 Canadian procurement, by CTV Television Network's W5, September 2012 Runaway Fighter Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's The Fifth Estate program about the Canadian procurement, September 2012 Category:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Category:Canada–United States relations Category:Canadian defence procurement Category:Royal Canadian Air Force Category:Wikipedia pages referenced by the press

Jean Tinguely Jean Tinguely (22 May 1925 – 30 August 1991) was a Swiss sculptor best known for his kinetic art sculptural machines (known officially as metamechanics) that extended the Dada tradition into the later part of the 20th century. Tinguely's art satirized automation and the technological overproduction of material goods. Life Born in Fribourg, Tinguely grew up in Basel, but moved to France in 1952 with his first wife, Swiss artist Eva Aeppli, to pursue a career in art. He belonged to the Parisian avantgarde in the mid-twentieth century and was one of the artists who signed the New Realist's manifesto (Nouveau réalisme) in 1960. His best-known work, a self-destroying sculpture titled Homage to New York (1960), only partially self-destructed at the Museum of Modern Art, New York City, although his later work, Study for an End of the World No. 2 (1962), detonated successfully in front of an audience gathered in the desert outside Las Vegas. Tinguely married fellow Swiss artist Eva Aeppli in 1951. In 1971, he married his second wife, Niki de Saint Phalle with whom he collaborated on several artistic projects, such as the Hon – en katedral or Le Cyclop. Tinguely died in 1991 at the age of 66 years in the Bern Hospital of heart failure. Public works Chaos I (1974), sculpture in The Commons, Columbus, Indiana, USA Le Cyclop outside of Milly-la-Forêt. The Stravinsky Fountain (fr: La Fontaine Stravinsky) near the Centre Pompidou, Paris (1983), a collaboration with Niki de Saint Phalle. Carnival Fountain (Fasnachtsbrunnen) (1977) in Basel. Tinguely Fountain (1977) in Basel. Lifesaver Fountain on Königstrasse in Duisburg, Germany, a collaboration with Niki de Saint Phalle Jo Siffert Fountain (commonly called Tinguely Fountain), Fribourg, Switzerland La Cascade, sculpture in the Carillon Building lobby, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA Métamatic generative sculptures (1950s) Luminator (1991), on loan until 2014 to the EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse Hon – en katedral Hon – en katedral (Swedish: "She, a Cathedral") was an art installation that was shown at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1966. The exhibition consisted of a sculpture of a colorful pregnant woman lying on her back with her legs wide apart. The sculpture was 25–26 meters long, about 6 meters high and 11 metres wide. It was built of scaffolding and chicken wire covered with fabric and fiberglass, painted with brightly coloured poster paint. Through a door-sized entry in the location of the woman's vagina, visitors could go into the sculpture. Inside was a screen showing Greta Garbo films, a goldfish pond, and a soft drink vending machine. Johann Sebastian Bach's organ music played through speakers. The exhibition was created by Niki de Saint-Phalle, Tinguely and Per Olov Ultvedt. It had 80,000 visitors during the exhibition period from June 4 to September 9, 1966. Noise music recordings 1963 'Sounds of Sculpture', 7, Minami Gallery, Tokyo, Japan_[Tinguely's sculptures recorded by avant-garde composer Toshi Ichiyanagi during Japanese exhibition] 1972 'Méta', book+7_, Propyläen Verlag, Stockholm 1983 'Sculptures at The Tate Gallery, 1982'_, Audio Arts cassette 1983 'Meta-Harmonie H' incl. in ‘Meridians 2_ compmqenan ate a pie 2001 'Relief Meta-Mechanique Sonore I' incl. in 'A Diagnosis' compilation, Revolver-Archiv für Aktuelle Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Influence on others In Arthur Penn's Mickey One (1965) the mime-like Artist (Kamatari Fujiwara) with his self-destructive machine is an obvious Tinguely tribute. Survival Research Laboratories, directed by Mark Pauline (USA) D.A. Therrien (USA) Prominent kinetic sculptor Arthur Ganson described Tinguely as his "primary spiritual artistic mentor", and paid homage to him in his work "Tinguely in Moscow". Gallery of Works See also New Realism Rube Goldberg—Conceptual pioneer of excessively complex machinery Useless machine Arthur Ganson Further reading Museum Tinguely in Basel Chapter on Tinguely in Calvin Tomkins' The Bride and Her Bachelors. K.G. Pontus Hultén: Jean Tinguely 'Méta'. London: Thames & Hudson, 1975 (original German version Frankfurt/M.: Ullstein, 1972) G. Bischofsberger: Catalogue raisonné, 3 Vols. Basel, 1982. Margit Hahnloser-Ingold: Pandämonium – Jean Tinguely. Bern: Benteli, 1988 (rather hagiographic, but with interesting personal memories and background material) Heidi E. Violand: Jean Tinguely's Kinetic Art or A Myth of the Machine Age''. Diss, New York University, 1990 Museum Jean Tinguely (eds.): Die Sammlung. (The collection) Bern: Benteli, 1996 (incl. an interesting biographical report by Margit Hahnloser: "Jean Tinguely und die Schweiz") Museum Jean Tinguely (eds.): Jean le Jeune. Basel: Benteli, 2002 (incl. a biographical text by Jocelyn Daignes about Tinguely's early love of materials and machines, his pacifism, and his Catholicism, p. 23-65). References External links Tinguely-Museum in Basel Biography by the Tinguely Museum in Basel Art Cyclopaedia: Jean Tinguely https://web.archive.org/web/20060210001214/http://www.art-public.com/cyclop/cyclop_g.htm videos: Tinguely's kinetic fountains in Basel and Paris Métamatic Research Initiative Lecture by Kaira Cabañas (PhD, Princeton University) Homage to New York: Jean Tinguely's Destructive Art delivered November 20, 2008 in New York City at Museum of Modern Art Category:1925 births Category:1991 deaths Category:Neo-Dada Category:People from Fribourg Category:Swiss sculptors Category:20th-century Swiss artists Category:20th-century Swiss sculptors Category:20th-century Swiss painters Category:Swiss male painters Category:Swiss contemporary artists Category:Nouveau réalisme artists Category:20th-century sculptors Category:Modern sculptors Category:Jean Tinguely Category:Kinetic art

List of AFL debuts in 1996 During the 1996 Australian Football League (AFL) season 81 Australian rules footballers made their AFL debut with 48 others playing their first game for a new club. Summary AFL debuts Change of AFL club References Full listing of players who made their AFL or club debut in 1996 Category:Australian rules football records and statistics Category:Australian rules football-related lists Debut

Trechini Trechini is a tribe of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are about 9 genera and more than 1,100 described species in Trechini. Genera These nine genera belong to the tribe Trechini: Ameroduvalius Valentine, 1952 Blemus Dejean, 1821 Darlingtonea Valentine, 1952 Neaphaenops Jeannel, 1920 Nelsonites Valentine, 1952 Pseudanophthalmus Jeannel, 1920 Trechoblemus Ganglbauer, 1891 Trechus Clairville, 1806 Xenotrechus Barr & Krekeler, 1967 References Further reading External links Category:Trechinae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot

Paul Griffin (rower) Paul Griffin (born 1 September 1979 in Tralee) is an Irish rower. He finished 6th in the men's lightweight coxless four at the 2004 Summer Olympics. External links Category:1979 births Category:Living people Category:Irish male rowers Category:Olympic rowers of Ireland Category:Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Category:Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Sportspeople from County Kerry Category:World Rowing Championships medalists for Ireland

Weak topology (polar topology) In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics the weak topology is the coarsest polar topology, the topology with the fewest open sets, on a dual pair. The finest polar topology is called strong topology. Under the weak topology the bounded sets coincide with the relatively compact sets which leads to the important Bourbaki–Alaoglu theorem. Definition Given a dual pair the weak topology is the weakest polar topology on so that . That is the continuous dual of is equal to up to isomorphism. The weak topology is constructed as follows: For every in on we define a seminorm on with This family of seminorms defines a locally convex topology on . Examples Given a normed vector space and its continuous dual , is called the weak topology on and the weak* topology on Category:Topology of function spaces

David Levy David Levy may refer to: David A. Levy (born 1953), U.S. Representative from New York David Benjamin Levy (fl. 2000s), American musicologist David H. Levy (born 1948), Canadian astronomer and science writer David Levy Yulee (1810–1886), Democratic senator from Florida, industrialist and railroad entrepreneur David L. Levy (born 1936), Board President of Children's Rights Council David Levy (chess player) (born 1945), Scottish chess International Master; writer on chess, software, and game theory David Levy (inventor) (born c. 1967), "Inventor in Residence" to the Arthur D. Little Company David Levy (Israeli politician) (born 1937), Israeli politician David Levy (psychologist) (born 1954), American psychologist, professor, author, actor David Levy (footballer) (born 1963), Israeli former footballer David Levy (economist), American economist and author David Guy Levy, president and CEO of Periscope Entertainment David Levy, former CEO of the Brooklyn Nets and former president of the Turner Broadcasting System David M. Levy, American computer scientist at the University of Washington David C. Levy (born 1938), educator, museum director and art historian See also David Levi (disambiguation) Dave Levey, Executive Chef in the sixth season of American version of Hell's Kitchen

2008 Gerry Weber Open The 2008 Gerry Weber Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the 16th edition of the Gerry Weber Open, and was part of the International Series of the 2008 ATP Tour. It took place at the Gerry Weber Stadion in Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, from 7 June through 15 June 2008. The singles draw featured World No. 1, French Open runner-up and 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 Halle champion Roger Federer, ATP No. 7, Delray Beach and Houston finalist James Blake, and defending champion Tomáš Berdych. Also present were Australian Open quarterfinalist and Chennai titlist Mikhail Youzhny, 2007 Halle runner-up Marcos Baghdatis, Radek Štěpánek, Jarkko Nieminen and Ivan Ljubičić. Champions Singles Roger Federer defeated Philipp Kohlschreiber, 6–3, 6–4 It was Federer's 2nd title of the year, and the 55th of his career. It was his 5th win at the event, and one he accomplished without dropping serve once throughout the entire tournament. Doubles Mikhail Youzhny / Mischa Zverev defeated Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes, 3–6, 6–4, [10–3] It was Youzhny's first title of the year and the 8th of his career. It was Zverev's first career title. External links Official website Singles draw Doubles draw Qualifying Singles draw Gerry Weber Open Category:Halle Open Category:2008 in German sport

Lung Fu Shan Country Park Lung Fu Shan Country Park (, established 18 December 1998) is a country park located in the Central and Western District of Hong Kong. It covers the densely vegetated slopes of Lung Fu Shan, including the disused Pinewood Battery as well as the Pinewood Garden picnic area, providing a scenic backdrop to the residential and commercial districts of Hong Kong Island. In proximity to residential areas in the Mid-levels and the Western District, Lung Fu Shan area is intensively used by the public, especially by morning walkers and picnickers. It is situated at the north of Pok Fu Lam Country Park. Towards the east of Lung Fu Shan Country Park is Hatton Road, to the south is Harlech Road whereas to the north and west is a covered conduit constructed by the Water Supplies Department. This country park covers an area of about 47 hectares, making it the smallest country park in Hong Kong (not including special areas). It is also the newest country park, according to the establishment date. Spots Lung Fu Shan Environmental Education Centre Situated on Kotewall Road and near University Drive. Established in 2008 by Hong Kong University and the Environmental Protection Department, the Environmental Education visitor centre has been set up to address environmental challenges through collaborative and constructive actions. Its mission is to maintain and take care of nature through education by working together with the University, Government, and the community. Its main goal is to provide accessible education to the community, so that they can grow and become closer to nature On top of building public awareness and education, the centre is now carrying out Citizen Science projects. Their first BioBlitz was held in 2017, with the 100 participants and volunteers observing 151 species in Lung Fu Shan Country Park with the guidance of 11 experts. In 2018 this was expanded to separate BioBlitz surveys into four animal groups: Birds; Butterflies, (other) Insects, and Amphibians and Reptiles Lung Fu Shan Trail Lung Fu Shan Fitness Trail is a 2750m long trail on the Peak. Signs provide information about safe hiking on the trail. The trail starts at Pinewood Garden, routing through the Pinewood Battery, a few barbecue sites, a number of shelters, a flight of steps and a section of steep road before arriving at the junction of Harlech Road and Hatton Road. It takes about 60 minutes to complete the trail. Pinewood Battery The disused Pinewood Battery is a historic military site constructed in around 1903, and is now under preservation. Interpretive signs are erected to illustrate the historical significance of this Battery. With the excellent environment, the Battery became a spot for wargaming. To prevent further damage of the Battery, the Country and Marine Parks Authority, AFCD has set up a warning sign on the site, stating that "using or possession of any firearm, airgun, propelling or releasing instrument are prohibited". However, many plastic BB bullets are still found on the site. View Compass The View Compass commands an excellent vistas of the western part of the territory and the Victoria Harbour. Country parks nearby Pok Fu Lam Country Park See also Country parks and conservation in Hong Kong References Distribution of country parks and special areas External links Lung Fu Shan Country Park Initial text based on information provided by the Hong Kong Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), under the provision that the re-dissemination or reproduction is for non-commercial use. Category:Country parks and special areas of Hong Kong Category:Central and Western District, Hong Kong

Oku-Komyo-En Sanatorium Oku-Kōmyō-En Sanatorium (光明園), or National Sanatorium Oku-Kōmyō-En is a sanatorium for leprosy and ex-leprosy patients on the island of Nagashima, Oku-machi, Setouchi, Okayama, Japan. The same island holds the National Sanatorium Nagashima Aiseien. As of December 2, 2005, the Oku-Kōmyō-En housed 252 residents (131 males and 121 females). History Sotojima Hoyoen Sanatorium opened April 1, 1909 in Nakashima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka for patients in Kyoto fu, Hyogo prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Wakayama prefecture, Mie prefecture, Shiga prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Fukui Prefecture, Ishikawa Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, and Tottori Prefecture. The sanatorium, built in the Kanzaki River delta valley, was hit by the Muroto typhoon on September 21, 1934. The storm left 2,702 dead and 334 missing, including 187 people in the sanatorium (173 patients, 3 employees, and 11 family members). On September 24, 1934, the Interior Ministry decided to transfer 416 survivors to other sanatoriums, including Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium (78 patients), Kyushu Sanatorium (Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium) (50 patients), Ooshima Sanatorium (70 patients), Zensho Byoin (Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium) (70 patients), Hokubu Hoyoen Sanatorium (50 patients), and Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium (98 patients). Timeline April 1938: Prefectural Oku-Kōmyō-En Sanatorium was opened at Nagashima Island, neighboring Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium July 1941: National Leprosarium Oku-Kōmyō-En 1946: National Sanatorium Oku-Kōmyō-En May 9, 1988: the Oku-Nagashima-Oohashi Bridge was completed from the mainland to the islands of Oku-Kōmyō-En and Nagashima Airakuen April 1996: The 1953 Leprosy Prevention Law was abolished July 1998: The trial for compensation started May 11, 2001: The trial for compensation ruled that the previous Leprosy Prevention was unconstitutional May 25, 2001: The trial for compensation was confirmed. The compensation of 8,000,000 yen to 14,000,000 yen was given to patients, depending on the duration of unconstitutional periods Number of patients at end of fiscal year The number of inpatients in a given year depends not only on those newly hospitalized and the recently deceased, but also on other factors such as patient escapes and discharges, depending on the conditions of the times. Recently, the sanatorium was encouraged to discharge patients , but a long-standing segregation and the resulting stigma against leprosy patients might have influenced the number of patients discharged. See also Leprosy in Japan Takekichi Sugai, the first physician at Sotojima Sanatorium Torajiro Imada, the first director of Sotojima Sanatorium References Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1909 Category:Hospitals in Japan Category:Leper hospitals Category:Hospitals established in 1909 Category:Leprosy in Japan Category:1909 establishments in Japan

John Cleveley the Younger John Cleveley the Younger (24 December 1747 – 25 June 1786) was a British artist and marine painter. Life and work Cleverley was the son of John Cleveley the Elder. He and his twin brother Robert were both, like their father, marine painters. John and Robert were both brought up and trained in dockyards, but (particularly by producing pictures especially for print reproduction) addressed much wider audiences with their art than their father had done. He trained under the artist Paul Sandby at Woolwich. He was Joseph Banks' draughtsman on his journey to the Hebrides, Orkney, and Iceland, his sketches were worked into watercolour, some of which were placed with the British Museum. John was employed to turn drawings made on Captain Cook’s second voyage to the South Seas (1772–75) into engravings, and later also got access to some of the art produced on the third voyage, 1776-80 (via drawings and eyewitness accounts made by his brother James, who was a carpenter on the third voyage). Despite going on neither expedition personally, John moved fast to cash in on the new demand for South Seas images, producing images for the print market such as the Death of Cook, and HMS Resolution and at Moorea. John the Younger painted the Royal Dockyards at Deptford, Woolwich and Chatham (e.g. the hand-coloured print A view of His Majesty’s dockyard at Chatham, showing a naval ship being floated out, a launching scene common in the work of both father and son; and Launch of HMS Alexander at Deptford in 1778). However, John the Younger's launch scenes abandon John the Elder's documentary style and its stiffness, and instead show a more atmospheric, open view, with low horizons reminiscent of 17th-century Dutch Golden Age marine art. The son's range of subjects was also far wider. References External links "The Cleveley Family", at Portcities Category:British marine artists Category:18th-century English painters Category:English male painters Category:English watercolourists Category:1747 births Category:1786 deaths

2011 English Greyhound Derby The 2011 William Hill Greyhound Derby took place during May and June with the final being held on 11 June 2011 at Wimbledon Stadium. Trainer Charlie Lister won greyhound racing's premier event for a sixth time (a new record), one better than the five wins by Leslie Reynolds many years previous. Taylors Sky won the first prize of £75,000 and broke the track record in the final. Final result At Wimbledon (over 480 metres): + Track record Distances 4, 1¼, head, 2½, 1½ (lengths) The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. One length is equal to 0.08 of one second. Competition Report Before the competition began the defending champion Bandicoot Tipoki had finished lame in a trial stake and was retired to stud. Despite the loss of Bandicoot Tipoki Charlie Lister sent a strong team which included Scottish Greyhound Derby champion Taylors Cruise, 16-1 ante post favourite Boher Paddy, Taylors Sky, Jordansoilutions, Boher Ash and Yahoo Jamie. Other main contenders were track record holder Droopys Oscar, trained by Seamus Cahill (20-1), Tyrur Big Mike (25-1), Blue Artisan, the Gymcrack champion (33-1). The main Irish threat came from trainer Dolores Ruth who had three fast hounds called Razldazl Jayfkay, Razldazl George, and Makeshift. Three of the previous year’s finalists were back in Krug Ninety Five, Hungarian hound Lyreen Mover and Adageo but all three were not expected to challenge. In the first round the Irish pair; Razldazl Jayfkay recorded 28.35 and Razldazl George 28.42. Blue Artisan beat Taylors Sky by a length in 28.47 and Makeshift recorded 28.55. Casualties included Droopys Oscar and Blonde Snapper. During the second round 2009 English Greyhound Derby champion Kinda Ready and veteran campaigner Glenard Sunrise failed to make it through to round three as did makeshift an Romeo Reason. Razldazl George and Jayfkay both won again in 28.27 and 28.33 to become the new favourites. In round three Razldazl Jayfkay broke the track record by recording 28.22 in the first heat, Barefoot Bullet then won in 28.26 before Jordansoilutions qualified despite being knocked over, he crossed the line in third place after three hounds all hit the deck. Boher Paddy, Taylors Cruise and Shaws Dilemma all failed to progress. Blue Artisan crashed out in heat one of the quarter finals before Taylors Sky broke the track record in the next heat from trap one (28.21) in a strong heat that saw Razldazl Jayfkay and Boher Legend outside of the qualifying places. Barefoot Bullet won the third quarter and the last was taken by outsider Cloheena Cash. Taylors Sky then equalled his own track record in the first semi-final beating Barefoot Bullet and Bright Redcliffe. Razldazl George continued his good form taking the second from Cloheena Cash and Westmead Guru, Nambisco just missed out finishing fourth. In the final Taylors Sky led on the run up and broke the track record again when winning in 28.17. Westmead Guru was bumped at the start and ran on well to take second place although still four lengths behind the winner. The Irish pair Barefoot Bullet and Razldazl George could not challenge the winner in the decider despite great form going into the final. Quarter finals + Track record Semi finals ++ Equalled Track record See also 2011 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year References External links Greyhound Board of Great Britain Greyhound Data Greyhound Derby Category:English Greyhound Derby English Greyhound Derby English Greyhound Derby English Greyhound Derby

Go! Push Pops Go! Push Pops, formally named The Push Pop Collective is a queer, transnational, radical Feminist art collective under the direction of Elisa Garcia de la Huerta (b. 1983 Santiago, Chile) and Katie Cercone (b. 1984 Santa Rosa, CA). History Go! Push Pops formed in 2010 at the School of Visual Arts (SVA) where both Cercone and Garcia obtained their MFA in 2011. Go! Push Pops studied with Marilyn Minter, Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt, Dan Cameron, Kate Gilmore (artist) and Jacqueline Winsor while at SVA. At that time, painter Anna Souvorov (b. 1983 Moscow, Russia) was the third leader of the collective. Go! Push Pops first unofficial performance happened spontaneously during a visit to artist Portia Munson’s “Pink Project” at P.P.O.W. Gallery in Chelsea. Go! Push Pops have performed at The Brooklyn Museum, The Bronx Museum of the Arts, Maryland Institute College of Art, C24 Gallery, Momenta Art, Apexart, Dixon Place and Cue Art Foundation. Go! Push Pops has been artist-in-residence at Soho20 Chelsea gallery in New York City and Alexandra Arts in Manchester, UK. In 2014, Go! Push Pops was awarded the Culture Push Fellowship for Utopian Practice. Go! Push Pops were a featured artist of Robert Adanto's the F-Word, a documentary about 4th wave feminist art. Influences Go! Push Pops work is contemporary performance art from a standpoint of embodied feminist pedagogy grounded in the spiritual principles of Ecofeminist art and can be connected to the Goddess movement The work is characteristically sex-positive. Their work references the Feminist art movement, Dada, Fluxus, Neo-Burlesque, Shamanism, Hip-hop feminism, Culture jamming, Riot grrrl, Queercore and American popular culture. As a young adult, Push Pop co-leader Katie Cercone interned at Bitch (magazine) where she was introduced to Third-wave feminism and its critique of popular culture. Go! Push Pops also name the artist Narcissister as an important influence and have appeared as Narcissister "sisters" in shows at the New Museum, The Kitchen, Envoy enterprises and The Hole. About the work Go! Push Pops performance work is collaborative in nature and socially engaged. Many of their performances engage elements of hip hop and involve rapping as a form of embodied feminism. In addition to live performance they offer workshops for youth and adults. Glossy 11 x 17 in. Go! Push Pops posters documenting each performance was a classic fixture of their early work. Go! Push Pops often use free items from Materials for the Arts to make their work. Career highlights Go! Push Pops broke into the Bushwick, Brooklyn performance art scene with their seven-hour durational performance “Gone Wild” during Bushwick Beta Spaces 2010. Go! Push Pops “Push Porn,” a 13-minute lesbian gangsta erotica film, premiered during Bushwick Open Studios 2011 inside a barbershop on Wilson Avenue. In 2011, Go! Push Pops performed Block Watching Remix at the Moore St. Market in a show curated by Michelle Lopez during Bushwick Open Studios remixing found footage of Luis Gispert's original 2002 Block Watching video. In 2013, Luis Gispert invited Go! Push Pops to perform Block Watching Remix during the Brooklyn Museum's Annual Artist Ball. Go! Push Pops also performed a piece called Bad Bitches, a collaboration with Michelle Marie Charles. Bad Bitches was performed in the center of Luis Gispert’s sculptural Jamaican sound system the Brooklyn Museum commissioned for the party and referenced the glitzy black power aesthetic of Mickalene Thomas, commercial rap music and nudity as a feminist protest tactic used by groups such as FEMEN. In early 2012 at The Frontrunner gallery in Soho, Go! Push Pops collaborated with painter Bryn McConnell in a performance called "Girlesque," featured in Bomb (magazine). Also In 2012, Go! Push Pops performed “Bulimic Flow,” a yoga hip hop fusion featuring TLC (group)’s lyric “crazy sexy cool” as Mantra. A collaboration with Andrae Hinds, Bulimic Flow happened during Amy Smith Stewart’s exhibition CAMPAIGN at C24 Gallery In the spring of 2013, Go! Push Pops were invited to Baltimore by the Maryland Institute College of Art where they performed with BoomBoxBoy (the rap artist Prince Harvey known for secretly recording his entire PHATASS album in the Apple Store), in a nomadic work that moved through local businesses of the Baltimore Arts District. In Fall of 2013, Go! Push Pops performed “QUEEN$ DOMiN8TiN” in collaboration with Untitled Queen at The Bronx Museum of the Arts. In 2013, Go! Push Pops performed for Art in Odd Places Festival for which they collaborated with Meg Welch on a piece about inter-military rape called “500,000.” Go! Push Pops was instrumental in organizing "The Clitney Perennial" performative feminist protest at the Whitney Museum of American Art during the Whitney Biennial in 2014. In 2015, Go! Push Pops organized a spirit animal workshop and parade during Roppongi Art Night in Tokyo, Japan, as featured in The Japan Times. Go! Push Pops was part of the first ever BUOY R&R in Deep River Connecticut organized by the feminist art duo BUOY along with artists such as India Menuez. References Category:International artist groups and collectives Category:Feminist artists

The Adventure of the Deptford Horror The Adventure of the Deptford Horror is a Sherlock Holmes story by Adrian Conan Doyle, the youngest son of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the Sherlock Holmes creator. The story was published in the 1954 collection, The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes. Plot Holmes and Watson are called to a house in Deptford, due to the concerns of a young woman about her safety. Several of her relatives have died in the past few years of heart attacks. A relative who trains canaries also lives in the house. Holmes is not able to detect anything amiss until he and Watson are en route home, but he suddenly solves the mystery and returns to Deptford to save the life of the young woman from a death by heart failure. For a time, we sat in silence. Our cab had reached the beginnings of the City and I was gazing out of the window, my fingers drumming idly on the half–lowered pane, which was already befogged with moisture, when my thoughts were recalled by a sharp ejaculation from my companion. He was staring fixedly over my shoulder. "The glass," he muttered. Over the clouded surface there now lay an intricate tracery of whorls and lines where my finger had wandered aimlessly. Holmes clapped his hand to his brow and, throwing open the other window, he shouted an order to the cabby. Allusions This apocryphal story was inspired by the mention in "The Adventure of Black Peter" of Holmes's "arrest of Wilson, the notorious canary-trainer, which removed a plague-spot from the East-End of London." In this story, Wilson is not arrested, but this discrepancy is explained as an error due to Dr Watson. See also The Canary Trainer References Deptford Horror Category:London literature Category:1954 short stories

Australia–Senegal relations Australia–Senegal relations refer to bilateral relations between Australia and Senegal. Diplomacy Until 2004 Australia's High Commissioner to Nigeria was accredited to Senegal (along with Ghana and the Gambia). Bob Whitty held this position from January 2001, followed by Iain Cameron Dickie from February 2004. In 2004 an Australian High Commission was opened in Ghana, and the High Commissioner was accredited to Senegal (along with Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Sierra Leone and Togo). Jonathan Richardson was the first High Commissioner in this role, then William Williams held the position until February 2012, when he was replaced by Joanna Adamson. Senegal's ambassadors accredited to Australia have included Ahmed Tijane Kane in 1985, Mady Ndao in 1989. It was announced in May 2012 that Australia would establish an embassy in Dakar, Senegal, which would be the first Australian embassy in a French-speaking African nation. This promise helped to deliver African votes for Australia to obtain a seat on the United Nations Security Council in October 2012. In May 2013, the promise was indefinitely delayed due to budget cuts at the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade under the Gillard Government. Trade Senegal's 2003 mining code is based on those of Australia and Canada. Senegal's Director of Mines and Geology actively promotes Australian mining investment. Several mining companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange including BHP Billiton, Mineral Deposits Limited, Bassari Resources, Erin Resources, and First Australian Resources (partnered with Petrosen, Senegal's national oil company), have projects in Senegal, primarily mining gold, mineral sands, and oil and gas. See also Foreign relations of Australia Foreign relations of Senegal References Category:Bilateral relations of Senegal Senegal

Drape (disambiguation) Drape can refer to: a curtain Drapery, cloth used for decorative purposes Drape suit, a British variation of the lounge suit

Errew Errew () is a small rural settlement, 8km from the county town of Castlebar, County Mayo, Ireland. The history of Errew follows the Franciscan monastery which was established in 1879 as a boys school which closed in 1975, the church in the monastery remained open until 1981 There are 22 Brothers buried in the Monastery cemetery. Gilla Áedha Ua Maigín, Bishop of Cork (died 1172), is noted in the Annals of the Four Masters as "of the family of Errew of Lough Con." Errew has a national school, and as well as a number of archeological sites, such as forts, souterrains and 'fairy forts'. See also Tigernan of Errew List of towns and villages in Ireland Category:Towns and villages in County Mayo