The Prompt Payment Rollercoaster
By Garret Murai, February 1, 2016
This past year we wrote about a case involving California's prompt payment laws and the current state of confusion with the prompt payment statutes which are scattered throughout the state Code and which are inconsistent in the use of their terminology and, thus importantly, application.
In United Riggers & Erectors, Inc. v. Coast Iron & Steel Co., California Court of Appeals for the Second District, Case No. B258860 (December 18, 2015), the Court of Appeals for the Second District addressed whether under one of the prompt payment statutes, Civil Code section 8814, a general contractor may withhold retention without being subject to prompt payment penalties if there is a dispute of any kind between the general contractor and the subcontractor, or only when the dispute relates to the retention itself.
The United Riggers Case
In 2010, Universal City Studios, LLLP contracted with Coast Iron & Steel Co. ("Coast") to provide "miscellaneous metals" work for the construction of Universal Studio Hollywood's new Transformers ride. Coast, in turn, subcontracted with United Riggers & Erectors, Inc. ("United") to perform work on the ride.
As is typical on construction projects, the Coast-United subcontract provided that Coast would withhold retention of 10 percent on payments made to Coast until final completion of the work.
At the end of the project, Coast owed United $149,602,52 in retention. In March 2012, Coast sent an email to United requesting that it submit its final change order log together with any outstanding change order requests. In response, United sent a letter demanding $274,158.40 as compensation for "the mis[]management and or delayed deliveries caused by Coast" as well $78,384 in outstanding change order requests. Coast replied with an email stating "I will see you in court!!" Things apparently went downhill fast.
In January 2013, United filed suit against Coast seeking $446,857.42 in damages comprised of $149,602.52 in retention, $23,186.50 in unpaid change orders, and $274,068.40 in damages attributed to "missing parts, lack of communication by Coast, fabrication errors, delays in installation of steel and lack of transportation access." United also alleged that Coast was subject to prompt payment penalties under Civil Code sections 8814 and 8818, which require that direct contractors pay their subcontractors retention not more than 10 days after receipt of payment from the owner or be subject to prompt payment penalties of 2 percent per month unless, and this is important, the withholding is based on a "good faith dispute."
Three weeks after the case was filed, Coast paid United approximately two-thirds of its retention. Ten months later, Coast paid the remaining $42,887.
Following trial in May 2014, the trial court ruled in favor of Coast, finding that United had failed to follow the subcontract's procedures for submitting change orders and that United had failed to show that Coast was responsible for the extra expenses incurred by United. The trial court further found that "there was a good faith dispute between Coast and United . . . that entitled Coast to withhold the payment of retention."
United appealed.
The Court of Appeals Decision
On appeal, United argued that the trial court erred in ruling that Coast was not subject to prompt payment penalties because, argued United, a "good faith dispute" under Civil Code section 8814 must relate to a dispute concerning the retention itself, not any dispute, such as Coast's dispute with United concerning whether United was entitled to additional compensation for delays and extra costs.
The Court of Appeals agreed.
Civil Code section 8814 provides:
(a) If a direct contractor has withheld a retention from one or more subcontractors, the direct contractor shall, within 10 days after receiving all or part of a retention payment, pay to each subcontractor from whom retention has been withheld that subcontractor's share of the payment.
(b) If a retention received by the direct contractor is specifically designated for a particular subcontractor, the direct contractor shall pay the retention payment to the designated subcontractor, if consistent with the terms of the subcontract.
(c) If a good faith dispute exists between the direct contractor and a subcontractor, the direct contractor may withhold from the retention to the subcontractor an amount not in excess of 150 percent of the estimated value of the disputed amount.
Civil Code section 8818 provides in turn:
If an owner or direct contractor does not make a retention payment within the time required by this article:
(a) The owner or direct contractor is liable to the person to which payment is owed for a penalty of 2 percent per month on the amount wrongfully withheld, in place of any interest otherwise due.
(b) In an action for collection of the amount wrongfully withheld, the prevailing party is entitled to costs and reasonable attorney's fees.
While "there was no case directly on point" explained the Court of Appeals, two cases had been decided under the Public Contract Code section 7107, the prompt payment statute governing the release of retention on public works projects (note: Civil Code section 8814 and 8818 apply to private works projects) by public entities to direct contractors and by direct contractors to their subcontractors – Martin Brothers Construction, Inc. v. Thompson Pacific Construction, Inc. (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 1401 and East West Bank v. Rio School District (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 742 – although both cases reached opposite results.
In Martin Brothers, the Court of Appeals for the Third District held that a general contractor on a public works project could withhold retention from a subcontractor under Public Contract Code section 7107 even if the dispute was not about retention. However, in East West Bank, the Court of Appeals for the Second District (note: this is the same court deciding the United case, so you can guess where this is going) held that a public entity could withhold retention from a general contractor under Public Contract Code section 7107 only if the dispute concerned the retention itself.
Criticizing the Martin Brothers court for failing to interpret the prompt payment statutes in accordance with the remedial purpose of the statutes – "to encourage general contractors to pay timely their subcontractors and to provide the subcontractor with a remedy in the event that the contractor violates the statute" – the Court of Appeals held that "[t]he East West Bank court found the proper balance between the broader remedial purpose of the prompt payment statutes and the right of contractors to insist on performance from subcontractors prior to final payment."
Here, because Coast did not deny that it owed United the full $149,602.52 in retention and the only dispute was over whether United was also entitled to the other payments it claimed, "[t]o excuse Coast in this case from paying United the retention payments would unduly increase the leverage of owners and primary contractors over smaller contractors and subcontractors by discouraging subcontractors from making legitimate claims for fear of delaying the retention payment."
United Riggers provides some clarity to California's prompt payment statutes. However, given its criticism of the Martin Brothers case decided by the Third District Court of Appeals, its unclear how the Third District and other Courts of Appeals will interpret Civil Code sections 8814 and 8818, let alone, the other prompt payment statutes scattered throughout the California Code. We may be in for an interesting ride.
Categories: Cases, Prompt payment penalties
Tagged: Civil Code section 8814, Civil Code section 8818, Coast, East West, Estadio Beira-Rio, Martin Brothers, Prompt payment, Public Contract Code section 7107, Thompson, United
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