Haplogroup E3b (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup E3b (M35) (previously called Hg21) is a [Y chromosome analysis? Y-chromosome haplogroup] with a circum-Mediterranean distribution.
E3b is a branch of [Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)? haplogroup E]. It is believed to have first appeared in Northeast Africa approximately 26,000 years ago and dispersed to the Middle East during the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. From there, it traveled west with the expansion of Neolithic agriculturalists.
Outside of East Africa, its two most prevalent clades are E-M81 (referred to as the "Berber marker"), which reaches frequencies of up to 80% in North Africa, and E-M78α, which has its highest frequencies in southeastern Europe (up to 30%) but is found throughout the continent, marking a recent expansion from the Balkan Peninsula.
Arredi et al. (2004) A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa
Cruciani et al. (2004) Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa
Luis et al. (2004) The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations
Rosser et al. (2000) Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language
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