Restaurant tipping in Europe : a comparative assessment
S. Gössling, S Fernandez, C Martin-Rios, S Pasamar Reyes, V Fointiat, Rami Isaac, M Lunde
Academy for Tourism
Tipping is a social norm in many countries and has important functions as a source of income, with significant social welfare effects. Tipping can also represent a form of lost tax revenue, as service workers and restaurants may not declare all cash tips. These interrelationships remain generally insufficiently understood. This paper presents the results of a comparative survey of resident tipping patterns in restaurants in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses confirm significant variation in tipping norms between countries, for instance with regard to the frequency of tipping and the proportion of tips in relation to bill size. The paper discusses these findings in the context of employment conditions and social welfare effects, comparing the European Union minimum wage model to gratuity-depending income approaches in the USA. Results have importance for the hospitality sector and policymakers concerned with social welfare
Current Issues in Tourism
Economic value
service gratuity
https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy1.dom1.nhtv.nl/doi/full/10.1080/13683500.2020.1749244
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social welfare Earth & Environmental Sciences
Restaurants Business & Economics
Social Welfare Business & Economics
Europe Earth & Environmental Sciences
norm Earth & Environmental Sciences
minimum wage Earth & Environmental Sciences
income Earth & Environmental Sciences
employment conditions Social Sciences
Gössling, S., Fernandez, S., Martin-Rios, C., Pasamar Reyes, S., Fointiat, V., Isaac, R., & Lunde, M. (2020). Restaurant tipping in Europe : a comparative assessment. Current Issues in Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1749244
Gössling, S. ; Fernandez, S ; Martin-Rios, C ; Pasamar Reyes, S ; Fointiat, V ; Isaac, Rami ; Lunde, M. / Restaurant tipping in Europe : a comparative assessment. In: Current Issues in Tourism. 2020.
@article{ced53f8e13e74d6298959663ab6e2857,
title = "Restaurant tipping in Europe : a comparative assessment",
abstract = "Tipping is a social norm in many countries and has important functions as a source of income, with significant social welfare effects. Tipping can also represent a form of lost tax revenue, as service workers and restaurants may not declare all cash tips. These interrelationships remain generally insufficiently understood. This paper presents the results of a comparative survey of resident tipping patterns in restaurants in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses confirm significant variation in tipping norms between countries, for instance with regard to the frequency of tipping and the proportion of tips in relation to bill size. The paper discusses these findings in the context of employment conditions and social welfare effects, comparing the European Union minimum wage model to gratuity-depending income approaches in the USA. Results have importance for the hospitality sector and policymakers concerned with social welfare",
keywords = "Economic value, minimum wage, restaurants, service gratuity, social welfare, tipping",
author = "S. G{\"o}ssling and S Fernandez and C Martin-Rios and {Pasamar Reyes}, S and V Fointiat and Rami Isaac and M Lunde",
journal = "Current Issues in Tourism",
Gössling, S, Fernandez, S, Martin-Rios, C, Pasamar Reyes, S, Fointiat, V, Isaac, R & Lunde, M 2020, 'Restaurant tipping in Europe : a comparative assessment', Current Issues in Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1749244
Restaurant tipping in Europe : a comparative assessment. / Gössling, S.; Fernandez, S; Martin-Rios, C; Pasamar Reyes, S; Fointiat, V; Isaac, Rami; Lunde, M.
In: Current Issues in Tourism, 2020.
T1 - Restaurant tipping in Europe : a comparative assessment
AU - Gössling, S.
AU - Fernandez, S
AU - Martin-Rios, C
AU - Pasamar Reyes, S
AU - Fointiat, V
AU - Isaac, Rami
AU - Lunde, M
N2 - Tipping is a social norm in many countries and has important functions as a source of income, with significant social welfare effects. Tipping can also represent a form of lost tax revenue, as service workers and restaurants may not declare all cash tips. These interrelationships remain generally insufficiently understood. This paper presents the results of a comparative survey of resident tipping patterns in restaurants in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses confirm significant variation in tipping norms between countries, for instance with regard to the frequency of tipping and the proportion of tips in relation to bill size. The paper discusses these findings in the context of employment conditions and social welfare effects, comparing the European Union minimum wage model to gratuity-depending income approaches in the USA. Results have importance for the hospitality sector and policymakers concerned with social welfare
AB - Tipping is a social norm in many countries and has important functions as a source of income, with significant social welfare effects. Tipping can also represent a form of lost tax revenue, as service workers and restaurants may not declare all cash tips. These interrelationships remain generally insufficiently understood. This paper presents the results of a comparative survey of resident tipping patterns in restaurants in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses confirm significant variation in tipping norms between countries, for instance with regard to the frequency of tipping and the proportion of tips in relation to bill size. The paper discusses these findings in the context of employment conditions and social welfare effects, comparing the European Union minimum wage model to gratuity-depending income approaches in the USA. Results have importance for the hospitality sector and policymakers concerned with social welfare
KW - Economic value
KW - minimum wage
KW - restaurants
KW - service gratuity
KW - social welfare
KW - tipping
JO - Current Issues in Tourism
JF - Current Issues in Tourism
Gössling S, Fernandez S, Martin-Rios C, Pasamar Reyes S, Fointiat V, Isaac R et al. Restaurant tipping in Europe : a comparative assessment. Current Issues in Tourism. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1749244