Nobel Laureates by age
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This list shows the Laureates by age at the year of the award.
The Nobel Peace Prize 2014
"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915
Lawrence Bragg
"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"
"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
Paul A.M. Dirac
"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
Carl D. Anderson
"for his discovery of the positron"
Tsung-Dao Lee
"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
Rudolf Mössbauer
"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"
Frederick G. Banting
"for the discovery of insulin"
Mairead Corrigan
Tawakkol Karman
"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"
Brian D. Josephson
"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects"
Joshua Lederberg
"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
Betty Williams
Rigoberta Menchú Tum
"in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"
Donald A. Glaser
"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
Guglielmo Marconi
"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
Max von Laue
"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals"
Arthur H. Compton
"for his discovery of the effect named after him"
Chen Ning Yang
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935
Frédéric Joliot
"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
Konstantin Novoselov
"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
Adolf Butenandt
"for his work on sex hormones"
Archibald V. Hill
"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"
Pieter Zeeman
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"
"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"
"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
J. Georg Bednorz
"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
Age 38 (10)
Manne Siegbahn
"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"
Gustav Hertz
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
Ernest Lawrence
"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
Irène Joliot-Curie
Richard Kuhn
"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"
Richard L.M. Synge
"for their invention of partition chromatography"
Robert Bárány
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
Otto Meyerhof
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"
Frederick C. Robbins
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
"for their discovery of the antiproton"
Gerd Binnig
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
Glenn T. Seaborg
"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
Alexis Carrel
"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"
Ernst B. Chain
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
Thomas H. Weller
Leymah Gbowee
Charles Glover Barkla
"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements"
E. M. Purcell
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
Murray Gell-Mann
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
Samuel C.C. Ting
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
Eric Cornell
"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
Frederick Sanger
"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
Manfred Eigen
"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
Hartmut Michel
"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
Lech Walesa
Robert Schrieffer
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
Victor Grignard
"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry"
Harold C. Urey
"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
Arthur Kornberg
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
Marshall W. Nirenberg
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
Howard M. Temin
"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
Hideki Yukawa
"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"
Willis E. Lamb
"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
Nicolay G. Basov
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
Leon N. Cooper
Robert Woodrow Wilson
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
Klaus von Klitzing
"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"
Adam G. Riess
"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
The Svedberg
"for his work on disperse systems"
Wendell M. Stanley
"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
Archer J.P. Martin
Thomas R. Cech
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
William P. Murphy
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author"
Philipp Lenard
"for his work on cathode rays"
Gustaf Dalén
"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys"
James Franck
Russell A. Hulse
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
Richard Willstätter
"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
Koichi Tanaka
"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
Niels Ryberg Finsen
"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"
Edgar Adrian
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"
Gerald M. Edelman
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
Pierre Curie
"for the discovery of the neutron"
"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
Brian P. Schmidt
Svante Arrhenius
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation"
"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"
Edwin M. McMillan
Roald Hoffmann
"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"
Gerhard Domagk
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"
Michael S. Brown
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"
Johannes Stark
"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"
George Paget Thomson
"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"
Burton Richter
Arno Penzias
Francis W. Aston
"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
John C. Kendrew
"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
Johann Deisenhofer
Ronald Ross
"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"
Peter Medawar
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
Joseph L. Goldstein
"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"
Isidor Isaac Rabi
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
William B. Shockley
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
Robert Hofstadter
"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
Kenneth G. Wilson
"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"
Theodore W. Richards
"in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
Arne Tiselius
"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"
August Krogh
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"
Corneille Heymans
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"
Andrew Huxley
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"
Robert W. Holley
H. Gobind Khorana
Craig C. Mello
"for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
Sigrid Undset
"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"
"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"
Carl von Ossietzky
Ralph Bunche
Oscar Arias Sánchez
"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"
"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"
"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"
Cecil Powell
"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
Felix Bloch
Julian Schwinger
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
Richard P. Feynman
Sheldon Glashow
Eduard Buchner
"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"
Alfred Werner
"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry"
Friedrich Bergius
"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
George Porter
Roderick MacKinnon
"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
Emil von Behring
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"
Sir Howard Florey
Hamilton O. Smith
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
Erwin Neher
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"
Andrew Z. Fire
"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
Alfred Fried
José Ramos-Horta
"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor"
Jody Williams
"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"
Ernest T.S. Walton
"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
John Bardeen
Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
Leo Esaki
Robert B. Laughlin
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
Paul Karrer
"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
Kurt Alder
"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
Max F. Perutz
Robert B. Woodward
"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
Jean-Marie Lehn
"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
Otto Warburg
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
Henrik Dam
"for his discovery of vitamin K"
Bengt I. Samuelsson
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
Susumu Tonegawa
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"
Eric F. Wieschaus
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
Carol W. Greider
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
Eugene O'Neill
"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"
Gustav Stresemann
Georges Pire
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
Barack H. Obama
"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"
Hendrik A. Lorentz
Owen Willans Richardson
"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
Ben R. Mottelson
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
James Cronin
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
William D. Phillips
Horst L. Störmer
Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"
Hans Fischer
"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"
Kary B. Mullis
"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
Allvar Gullstrand
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"
Jules Bordet
"for his discoveries relating to immunity"
George R. Minot
Paul Müller
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"
Edward Tatum
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
Alan Hodgkin
Werner Arber
Bert Sakmann
Phillip A. Sharp
"for their discoveries of split genes"
"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"
"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
Il´ja M. Frank
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
Antony Hewish
"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
Carlo Rubbia
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
Emil Fischer
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses"
Fritz Haber
"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
Heinrich Wieland
"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"
Artturi Virtanen
"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"
Lord Todd
"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"
Melvin Calvin
"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
Yuan T. Lee
"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
Sidney Altman
Edward A. Doisy
"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
Daniel Bovet
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"
Daniel Nathans
Harold E. Varmus
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
Richard J. Roberts
Shinya Yamanaka
"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
Gerhart Hauptmann
"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"
Henri Becquerel
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"
Patrick M.S. Blackett
"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
Douglas D. Osheroff
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
Irving Langmuir
"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
Derek Barton
"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
Robert Huber
Carl Cori
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
Gerty Cori
Baruch S. Blumberg
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
Andrew V. Schally
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"
The Prize in Economic Sciences 1972
Kenneth J. Arrow
"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
Andre Geim
Saul Perlmutter
Sir William Ramsay
"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"
Adolf Windaus
"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"
Peter Debye
"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"
Leopold Ruzicka
"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
Willard F. Libby
"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
Geoffrey Wilkinson
"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
Mario J. Molina
"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
Stefan W. Hell
"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
Max Theiler
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"
Hugo Theorell
"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"
Werner Forssmann
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
Konrad Bloch
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"
Sir Paul Nurse
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"
"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"
Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"
"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"
Christian Lange
William Bragg
Victor F. Hess
"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"
Aage N. Bohr
Abdus Salam
Heinrich Rohrer
Gerardus 't Hooft
"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"
Frank Wilczek
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
Richard E. Smalley
"for their discovery of fullerenes"
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
Tadeus Reichstein
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"
Feodor Lynen
D. Carleton Gajdusek
Roger Guillemin
J. Michael Bishop
Alfred G. Gilman
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"
Robert C. Merton
"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
John Cockcroft
Walter H. Brattain
Pavel A. Cherenkov
Emilio Segrè
Lev Landau
"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
Hiroshi Amano
"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
Henri Moissan
"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him"
Fritz Pregl
"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"
Norman Haworth
"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"
William F. Giauque
"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
Vincent du Vigneaud
"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
Paul Berg
"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
Dudley R. Herschbach
Peter Agre
"for the discovery of water channels"
Eric Betzig
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"
"in recognition of their work on immunity"
Philip S. Hench
Fritz Lipmann
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
Barry J. Marshall
"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
Bruce A. Beutler
"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"
"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"
Andrei Sakharov
David Trimble
"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"
Albert A. Michelson
"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
Robert A. Millikan
"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
Edward V. Appleton
"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
H. David Politzer
John H. Northrop
Ernst Otto Fischer
Ivan Pavlov
"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"
George Beadle
Rodney R. Porter
Allan M. Cormack
"for the development of computer assisted tomography"
David H. Hubel
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
John R. Vane
Stanley B. Prusiner
"for his discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection"
H. Robert Horvitz
"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"
"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"
"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"
"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"
"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"
Paul A. Samuelson
"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"
"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"
Jean Baptiste Perrin
"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
Clinton Davisson
J. Hans D. Jensen
"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
Martin Ryle
Melvin Schwartz
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
Takaaki Kajita
"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"
"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"
Walther Nernst
"in recognition of his work in thermochemistry"
Hans von Euler-Chelpin
"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
Christian Anfinsen
"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
John E. Walker
"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
Roger Y. Tsien
"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
George H. Whipple
Herbert S. Gasser
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
Rosalyn Yalow
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
Peter C. Doherty
"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"
Roger Martin du Gard
"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault"
"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"
"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"
"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"
Dag Hammarskjöld
Shirin Ebadi
"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children"
William F. Sharpe
"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
Myron Scholes
James J. Heckman
"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"
Roger B. Myerson
"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
Maria Goeppert Mayer
Luis Alvarez
"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
Val Fitch
Carl Bosch
William Lipscomb
"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
John C. Polanyi
Sir Harold Kroto
Aaron Ciechanover
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
Brian Kobilka
"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
Albrecht Kossel
"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"
John F. Enders
Salvador E. Luria
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
Christian de Duve
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
Torsten N. Wiesel
Louis J. Ignarro
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
Linda B. Buck
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
Jack W. Szostak
Verner von Heidenstam
"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"
Wladyslaw Reymont
"for his great national epic, The Peasants"
"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"
Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
F.W. de Klerk
"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"
Eric S. Maskin
C.T.R. Wilson
"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
James Rainwater
Paul Sabatier
"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years"
George de Hevesy
"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
John Cornforth
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"
"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
Richard R. Ernst
"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"
Julius Axelrod
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
Richard Axel
Thomas C. Südhof
"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"
"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"
"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"
Carlos Saavedra Lamas
Robert E. Lucas Jr.
"for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"
A. Michael Spence
"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
Ferdinand Braun
Charles Edouard Guillaume
"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
Simon van der Meer
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
Robert C. Richardson
Daniel C. Tsui
James B. Sumner
"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
Stanford Moore
"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
Roger D. Kornberg
"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
Johannes Fibiger
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"
Sir Bernard Katz
"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"
"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"
"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"
Albert Gobat
Henri La Fontaine
"for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"
"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"
Arthur L. Schawlow
"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
K. Alex Müller
Jerome I. Friedman
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
John C. Mather
"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
Shuji Nakamura
Richard Zsigmondy
"for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry"
Nikolay Semenov
Giulio Natta
"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
Barry Sharpless
"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
Richard R. Schrock
"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"
Sir John Eccles
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Baruj Benacerraf
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
John E. Sulston
Karl Gjellerup
"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"
Henrik Pontoppidan
"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"
"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"
Pär Lagerkvist
"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"
"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"
"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"
Gao Xingjian
"for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"
Charles G. Dawes
Lester Bowles Pearson
Anwar al-Sadat
Lawrence R. Klein
"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
James A. Mirrlees
"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
Hans Bethe
"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Richard E. Taylor
George F. Smoot
Sir Robert Robinson
"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"
William H. Stein
"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
Martin Chalfie
William E. Moerner
Sir Henry Dale
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
André F. Cournand
Dickinson W. Richards
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
George Wald
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
Renato Dulbecco
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"
Elizabeth H. Blackburn
"for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"
"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature"
"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
Hjalmar Branting
Sir Norman Angell
George A. Akerlof
Robert F. Engle III
"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
Finn E. Kydland
"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"
"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
Lars Peter Hansen
"for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
Jean Tirole
"for his analysis of market power and regulation"
Lord Rayleigh
"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"
Hannes Alfvén
"for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"
Elias James Corey
"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
Paul J. Crutzen
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"
Alphonse Laveran
"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"
Charles Nicolle
"for his work on typhus"
Karl Landsteiner
"for his discovery of human blood groups"
Georg von Békésy
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
George E. Palade
Ferid Murad
Leland Hartwell
Sully Prudhomme
"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"
Rudolf Eucken
"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"
"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"
"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"
Bertha von Suttner
Sir Austen Chamberlain
Albert Lutuli
"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"
Gerard Debreu
"for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium"
"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour"
Christopher A. Pissarides
"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
Gabriel Lippmann
"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
Igor Y. Tamm
Kai M. Siegbahn
"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"
David J. Gross
Otto Wallach
"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
Kenichi Fukui
Bruce Merrifield
"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
Robert F. Curl Jr.
Ryoji Noyori
"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
Robert H. Grubbs
Camillo Golgi
Ilya Mechnikov
Charles Richet
"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"
Otto Loewi
Günter Blobel
"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
James E. Rothman
"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"
Giorgos Seferis
"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"
"for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"
"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"
"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"
Le Duc Tho
"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"
"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"
Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
James Tobin
"for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices"
Robert M. Solow
"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth"
Harry M. Markowitz
Daniel L. McFadden
"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"
Percy W. Bridgman
"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics"
Alfred Kastler
"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
Henry W. Kendall
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Theodor W. Hänsch
"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"
Arthur Harden
Luis Leloir
"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
Paul J. Flory
"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
Alan Heeger
"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
Hideki Shirakawa
Kurt Wüthrich
"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
Willem Einthoven
"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"
Sir Alexander Fleming
Edward C. Kendall
Selman A. Waksman
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
Keffer Hartline
Stanley Cohen
"for their discoveries of growth factors"
Sir James W. Black
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
Klas Pontus Arnoldson
Aristide Briand
Nathan Söderblom
"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"
"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"
Sir Arthur Lewis
"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
Reinhard Selten
"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
Edward C. Prescott
Frits Zernike
"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"
David M. Lee
Anthony J. Leggett
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
F. Duncan M. Haldane
"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
Otto Hahn
"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"
Karl Ziegler
Lars Onsager
"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
Bernard L. Feringa
"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"
Charles B. Huggins
"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
Ulf von Euler
Randy W. Schekman
"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"
"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"
"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end"
Tjalling C. Koopmans
"for his contributions to welfare economics"
Louis Néel
"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
Leon M. Lederman
"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
Hans Spemann
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"
Nikolaas Tinbergen
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"
Sune K. Bergström
Sir Martin J. Evans
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below"
Jan Tinbergen
"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"
John F. Nash Jr.
Jack Steinberger
Hans G. Dehmelt
"for the development of the ion trap technique"
Gerhard Herzberg
"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
Herbert C. Brown
"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
Jerome Karle
"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
George A. Olah
"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
Avram Hershko
Thomas H. Morgan
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"
Ragnar Granit
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"
"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"
François Mauriac
"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"
"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"
"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"
Wassily Leontief
"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
Franco Modigliani
"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
James M. Buchanan Jr.
"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"
Merton H. Miller
Robert W. Fogel
"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
Robert Mundell
"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas"
Bengt Holmström
"for their contributions to contract theory"
Georges Charpak
"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
Martin L. Perl
"for the discovery of the tau lepton"
Martinus J.G. Veltman
Peter Grünberg
"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"
Toshihide Maskawa
Serge Haroche
"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
David J. Wineland
Henry Taube
"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
Herbert A. Hauptman
Donald J. Cram
F. Sherwood Rowland
Theodor Kocher
"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"
Sir Frederick Hopkins
"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"
Walter Hess
"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"
Roger W. Sperry
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
J. Robin Warren
Ralph M. Steinman
"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"
Michael W. Young
"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"
"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"
"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"
Odysseus Elytis
"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"
"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"
John R. Hicks
"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
Thomas J. Sargent
"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"
Albert Fert
Jaroslav Heyrovsky
"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"
Vladimir Prelog
"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
Rudolph A. Marcus
"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
Thomas A. Steitz
Robert J. Lefkowitz
Paul Modrich
"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
Aziz Sancar
Martin Rodbell
"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"
"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"
Ivo Andric
"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"
"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"
"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"
"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"
"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"
Élie Ducommun
Léon Bourgeois
Nicholas Murray Butler
Lord Boyd Orr
Clive W.J. Granger
"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"
Christopher A. Sims
Zhores Alferov
"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics"
Adolf von Baeyer
"in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
Robert S. Mulliken
"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
Ronald G.W. Norrish
Ada E. Yonath
Dan Shechtman
"for the discovery of quasicrystals"
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"
Joseph Erlanger
Gertrude B. Elion
E. Donnall Thomas
"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
Sir Peter Mansfield
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
Mario R. Capecchi
Jules A. Hoffmann
Harry Martinson
"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"
Philip Noel-Baker
Seán MacBride
Simon Kuznets
"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
James E. Meade
"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements"
Peter A. Diamond
"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare"
Dennis Gabor
"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
Riccardo Giacconi
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
John L. Hall
Gerhard Ertl
"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
Christiaan Eijkman
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"
Joseph E. Murray
Eric Kandel
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy"
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"
"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"
Johannes V. Jensen
"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"
Fredrik Bajer
Jane Addams
Arthur Henderson
Alfonso García Robles
Martti Ahtisaari
"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"
George J. Stigler
"for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"
Richard Stone
"for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis"
Dale T. Mortensen
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
Sir Nevill F. Mott
William A. Fowler
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
Herbert Kroemer
Arthur B. McDonald
Hermann Staudinger
"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
Odd Hassel
Jean-Pierre Sauvage
Richard Henderson
"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution"
Edmond H. Fischer
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
Harald zur Hausen
"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"
Jeffrey C. Hall
"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"
"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"
"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"
"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"
Léon Jouhaux
Yitzhak Rabin
"for his contributions to behavioural economics"
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
J. Michael Kosterlitz
John Pople
"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
Arieh Warshel
Michael Rosbash
"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"
"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"
"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"
"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
Henry Dunant
Tobias Asser
Frank B. Kellogg
Robert Cecil
Eisaku Sato
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Douglass C. North
Edmund S. Phelps
"for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"
Norman F. Ramsey
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
Otto Diels
Sir J. Fraser Stoddart
Edwin G. Krebs
Paul C. Lauterbur
"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"
Carl Spitteler
"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"
"for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"
"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
John C. Harsanyi
Eugene F. Fama
Walter Kohn
"for his development of the density-functional theory"
Yves Chauvin
Ei-ichi Negishi
"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
Jacques Dubochet
Sir Charles Sherrington
Egas Moniz
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"
Paul Greengard
John O'Keefe
"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"
"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"
"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"
"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"
Randal Cremer
Kim Dae-jung
"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"
Friedrich von Hayek
"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena"
Vernon L. Smith
"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms"
Robert J. Aumann
"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
Wolfgang Paul
Bertram N. Brockhouse
"for the development of neutron spectroscopy"
Masatoshi Koshiba
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
Charles K. Kao
"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
Luc Montagnier
"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"
"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"
"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"
Gunnar Myrdal
Elinor Ostrom
"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"
Frederick Reines
"for the detection of the neutrino"
Jack Kilby
"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
Kip S. Thorne
"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
Tomas Lindahl
Joachim Frank
George D. Snell
Rita Levi-Montalcini
Edward B. Lewis
Arvid Carlsson
"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"
"who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"
Theodore W. Schultz
Maurice Allais
"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"
Oliver E. Williamson
"for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"
John H. van Vleck
Irwin Rose
"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"
"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"
Shmuel Agnon
"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"
"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
Bertil Ohlin
Trygve Haavelmo
"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures"
Clifford G. Shull
"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"
George E. Smith
"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
Paul D. Boyer
Jens C. Skou
"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
Richard F. Heck
Sir John B. Gurdon
"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"
"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"
"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"
Frédéric Passy
Emily Greene Balch
Ernst Ruska
"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"
Roy J. Glauber
"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
Osamu Shimomura
Akira Suzuki
"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
Paul Heyse
"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"
Auguste Beernaert
Alva Myrdal
François Englert
"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
John R. Mott
René Cassin
Ronald H. Coase
"for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy"
David J. Thouless
Georg Wittig
Robert F. Furchgott
Oliver Smithies
"master of the contemporary short story"
William Vickrey
Charles J. Pedersen
Martin Karplus
Jaroslav Seifert
"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"
Pyotr Kapitsa
"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"
Peter Higgs
William Knowles
Thomas C. Schelling
Willard S. Boyle
Isamu Akasaki
Rainer Weiss
John B. Fenn
Robert G. Edwards
"for the development of in vitro fertilization"
"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria"
Theodor Mommsen
"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome"
Ferdinand Buisson
Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Yoichiro Nambu
"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
Peyton Rous
"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
Karl von Frisch
"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"
Raymond Davis Jr.
"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"
Lloyd S. Shapley
Leonid Hurwicz
MLA style: Nobel Laureates by age. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2019. Thu. 18 Jul 2019. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-laureates-by-age>