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CES Research
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) ResearchKellie Marksberry2022-09-19T12:27:44-05:00
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation
(CES) Research
Research and published reports are listed by indication, primary investigator, title and year in chronological order with the most recent publication listed first.
This bibliography is divided into the following sections:
Mechanistic Studies
Meta-Analyses and Review Articles
Graphic Summary for Anxiety Studies
Park BS, Jin S, Kim WY, Kang DS, Choi YJ, Lee YS. Comparison of the effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation and midazolam as preoperative treatment in geriatric patients: A CONSORT-compliant randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Sep 2;101(35). Download Article
Hill, Nolan. The Effects of Alpha Stimulation on Induced Anxiety. 2015. Digital Commons @ ACU, Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 6. http://digitalcommons.acu.edu/etd/6. Download Article
LU Ling, HU Jun. A Comparative study of anxiety disorders treatment with Paroxetine in combination with cranial electrotherapy stimulation therapy. Medical Innovation of China, 11(08):080-082, 2014. Download Article in English or Download Article in Chinese
Barclay TH, Barclay RD. A clinical trial of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety and comorbid depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164:171-177, 2014. Presented at the American Psychological Association National Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 2013. Download Article
Lee, S-H, Kim, W-Y, Lee C-H, Min, T-J, Lee Y-S, Kim J-H. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on preoperative anxiety, pain and endocrine response. Journal of International Medical Research, 41(6) 1788–1795, 2013. Download Article
Kolesos ON, Osionwo HO, Akkhigbe. The role of relaxation therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the management of dental anxiety in Nigeria. ISOR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2013, 10(4): 51-57. Download Article
Strentzsch, Julie A. An examination of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on alpha-amylase levels, cortisol levels and state-trait anxiety scores in the chronically mentally ill. Doctoral Dissertation, Saint Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas, 2008.
Mellen, Ronald R. and Mackey, Wade. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) and the reduction of stress symptoms in a sheriff's jail security and patrol officer population: a pilot study. American Jails, 22(5): 32-38, 2008. Download Article
Kim, Hyun Jung, Kim, Woon Young, Lee, Yoon Sook, Chang, Moon Seok, Kim, Jae Hwan, and Park, Young Cheol The Effect of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation on Preoperative Anxiety and Hemodynamic Responses. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 55(6): 657- 661, 2008. Download Article
Chen Yixin, Yu Lin, Zhang Jiuping, Li Lejia, Chen Tunong, Chen Yi. Results of cranial electrotherapy stimulation to children with mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 19(4):203-205, 2007. Download Article in English.
Download Article in Chinese
Winick, Reid L. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES): A Safe and Effective Low Cost Means of Anxiety Control in a Dental Practice. General Dentistry, 47(1):50-55, 1999. Download Article
Voris, Marshall D. An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders Among Outpatient Psychiatric Patients, Impulse Control Parolees and Pedophiles. Delos Mind/Body Institute Newsletter, Dallas and Corpus Cristi, Texas, 1995. Download Article
Heffernan, Michael. The Effect of a Single Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation on Multiple Stress Measures. The Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, 147:60-64, 1995. Presented at the Eighth International Montreux Congress on Stress, Montreux Switzerland, February 1996 and Patients. Download Article
Overcash, Stephen J, and Siebenthall, Alan. The Effects of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation and Multisensory Cognitive Therapy on the Personality and Anxiety Levels of Substance Abuse Patients. American Journal of Electromedicine, 6(2):105-111, 1989. Download Article
Gibson, Thomas H. and O'Hair, Donald E. Cranial Application of Low Level Transcranial Electrotherapy vs. Relaxation Instruction in Anxious Patients. American Journal of Electromedicine, 4(1):18-21, 1987. Doctoral dissertation (TG), California School of Professional Psychology, 152 pages, 1983. Download Article
Open Clinical Trials
Morriss R, Price L. Differential effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on changes in anxiety and depression symptoms over time in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020, 277: 785-788.
Morriss R, Xydopoulos G, Craven M, Price L, Fordham R. Clinical effectiveness and cost minimisation model of Alpha-Stim cranial electrotherapy stimulation in treatment seeking patients with moderate to severe generalised anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2019, June; 253:426-437.
Platoni K, Oakley R, Haltiwanger SG, Kirsch TB, Marksberry J and Price LR. First responder research shows that electrical brain stimulation helps control anxiety, insomnia, and depression. JJ Psych Behav Sci. 2019; 6(1): 25-31.
Kirsch TB, Kuhn J, Price LR, Marksberry J, Haltiwanger SG. A novel medical device that relieves anxiety, depression and pain while improving sleep in a population of teachers. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. 2019; 8:334.
Morrow DJ, Fischer EP, Walder AM, Jubran NI. Nonopioid Alternatives to Addressing Pain Intensity: A Retrospective Look at Two Noninvasive Pain Treatment Devices. Federal Practitioner. 2019, 36(4):181-187.
Yennurajalingam S, Kang D-H, Hwu W-J, Padhye NS, Masino C, Dibaj SS, Liu DD, Williams JL, Lu Z, Bruera E. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the management of depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and pain in patients with advanced cancer: a preliminary study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. E-published ahead of print, September, 2017.
Mellen, Ronald R., Case, Jan and Ruiz, Deanna J. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) As a treatment for reducing stress and improving prefrontal cortex functioning in victims of domestic violence. International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology Newsletter. 48(3):12-15, 2016. Download Article
Liu Yanmin, Zhang Guiqing. qEEG Study on the Treatment of ADHD with CES. Chinese Journal of Clinicians (Electronic Edition), 2011;5(8):2462-2463. Download Article
Bystritsky, A., Kerwin, L., Feusner, J. A pilot study of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69:412-417, 2008. Download Article
Lu XY, Wang AH, Li Y, Zhang JS, Liu BX. Safety and effectiveness of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in treating children with emotional disorders. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation, 2005; 9(8):96-7. Download article in English or Download article in Chinese
Overcash, Stephen J. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in Patients Suffering from Acute Anxiety Disorders. American Journal of Electromedicine, 16(1):49-51, 1999. Download Article
Smith, Ray B, & Shiromoto, Frank N. The Use of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation to Block Fear Perception in Phobic Patients. Journal of Current Therapeutic Research. Download Article
Case Series and Reports
Hare, Jean P., Misialek, Leah H., Palis, Katy and Wong, Charmin. Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Therapy to Treat Behavioral Health Symptoms in a Combat Operational Setting. Military Medicine. 2016; 181(11):1410-1412. Download Article
Kirsch DL, Price LR, Nichols F, Marksberry JA and Platoni KT. Efficacy of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Anxiety, PTSD, Insomnia, and Depression: US Military Service Members and Veterans Self Reports. The Army Medical Department Journal. October-December 2014:46-54. Download Article
Alfred G. Bracciano, Wen-Pin Chang, Stephanie Kokesh, Abe Martinez, Melissa Meier & Kathleen Moore. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study of Two Military Veterans. Journal of Neurotherapy, 16(1): 60-69, 2012. Download Article
Graphic Summary of Insomnia Studies
Lande, R. Gregory and Gragnani, Cynthia. Efficacy of cranial electric stimulation for the treatment of insomnia: A randomized pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21(1):8-13, 2013. Download Article
Rickabaugh K, Johnson T, Martin S, Jones C and Onifer D. A Retrospective review of patient perception of Alpha-Stimulation treatment. Poster presented at The Military Health System Symposium in Kissimmee, Florida. 2016; August 15-18.Download Poster
Clark, Nancy, Mills, Daniel & Marchant, Jeremy. Evaluation of the potential efficacy of the Alpha-Stim SCS in the Horse. DeMontfort University Equestrian Centre and Field Station, Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. January, 2000. Download Article
Graphic Summary of Depression Studies
Amr, Mostafa, El-Wasify, Mahmoud, Elmaadawi, Ahmed, Roberts, Jeannie, and El-Mallakn, Rif. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronically Symptomatic Bipolar Patients. Journal of ECT, 29(2): 31-32, 2013. Download Article
Mellen, Ronald R. and Mackey, Wade. Reducing Sheriff's Officers' Symptoms of Depression Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES): A Control Experimental Study. The Correctional Psychologist, 41(1):9-15, 2009. Download Article
Chen Yixin, Yu Lin, Zhang Jiuping, Li Lejia, Chen Tunong, Chen Yi. Results of cranial electrotherapy stimulation to children with mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 19(4):203-205, 2007. Download Article in English. Download Article in Chinese
Lu XY, Wang AH, Li Y, Zhang JS, Liu BX. Safety and effectiveness of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in treating children with emotional disorders. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation, 9(8):96-7, 2005. Download article in English. Download article in Chinese.
Taylor, Ann Gill, Anderson, Joel G., Riedel, Shannon L., Lewis, Jante E., Kinser, Patricia A., and Bourguignon, Cheryl. Cranial electrical stimulation improves symptoms and functional status in individuals with fibromyalgia. Pain Management Nursing, 2013 Dec;14(4):327-335. Download article
Taylor, Ann Gill, Anderson, Joel G., Riedel, Shannon L., Lewis, Janet E. and Bourguignon, Cheryl. A randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot study of the effects of cranial electrical stimulation on activity in brain pain processing regions in individuals with fibromyalgia. Explore, 9(1):32-40, 2013. Download article
Tan, Gabriel, Rintala, Diana, Jensen, Mark P., Richards, J. Scott, Holmes, Sally Ann, Parachuri, Rama, Lashgari-Saegh, Shamsi and Price, Larry R. Efficacy of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: a multi-site randomized controlled trial with a secondary 6-month open-label phase. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 34(3):285-296, 2011. Download article
Rintala, Diana H., Tan, Gabriel, Willson, Pamela , Bryant, Mon S., and Lai, Eugene C. H. Feasibility of Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Pain in Persons with parkinson's disease. Parkinson's Disease. 8 pages, 2010. Download Article
Tan, Gabriel, Rintala, Diana H., Thornby, John, Yang, June, Wade, Walter, and Vasilev, Christine. Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation to Treat Pain Associated with Spinal Cord Injury.Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(4):461-474, 2006. Presented at the South Central VA Health Care Network's Pain Management Initiative 2nd Annual Pain Management Symposium: Campaign Against Pain. Jackson, Mississippi, April 7, 2006. Download Article
Cork, Randall C., Wood, Patrick, Ming, Norbert, Shepherd, Clifton, Eddy, James, Price, Larry The Effect of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) on Pain Associated with Fibromyalgia. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology, 8(2), 2004. Download Article
Tan, G., Rintala, D., Herrington, R., Yang, J., Wade, W., Vasilev, C. and Shanti, B.F. Treating Spinal Cord Injury Pain With Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 26(3), 2003. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Paraplegia Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, September 2-4, 2003. Download Poster
Lichtbroun, Alan S., Raicer, Mei-Ming C., and Smith, Ray B. The Treatment of Fibromyalgia with Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 7(2):72-78, 2001. Presented at the Fifteenth Annual International Symposium on Acupuncture and Electro-Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, October 1999. Download Article
Sizer P, Sawyer S, Brismee J, Jones K, Bruce J, Slauterbeck J. The Effect of Microcurrent Stimulation on Postoperative Pain After Patellar Tendon-Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Presented at the American Physical Therapy Association Annual Conference and Exposition, Indianapolis, Indiana; June, 2000.
Heffernan, Michael. The Effect of Variable Microcurrents on EEG Spectrum and Pain Control. Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine, 4(10):4-11, 1997. Download Article
Brotman, Philip. Low-intensity transcranial electrostimulation improves the efficacy of thermal biofeedback and quieting reflex training in the treatment of classical migraine headache. American Journal of Electromedicine, 6(5):120-123, 1989. Doctoral dissertation, City University Los Angeles, 117 pages, 1986. Download Article
Zimmerman, Stephen I, & Lerner, Fred N. Biofeedback and Electromedicine Reduce the Cycle of Pain Spasm Pain in Low Back Patients. Medical Electronics, 117:108-120, June 1989. Doctoral dissertation (SZ), City University Los Angeles, 284 pages, 1987. Download Article
Roth, Peter M, & Thrash, William J. Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Controlling Pain Associated with Orthodontic Tooth Movement. American Journal of Orthodontics, 90(2):132-138, 1986. Download Article
Tan, Gabriel, Dao, Tam K., Smith, Donna L., Robinson, Andrew and Jensen, Mark P. Incorporating Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Therapies to Expand Psychological Services to Veterans Suffering From Chronic Pain. Psychological Services, 7(3):148–161, 2010. Download Article
Holubec, Jerry T Cumulative Response From Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) for Chronic Pain. Practical Pain Management, 9(9):80-83, 2009. Download Article
Kulkarni, Arun D. The Use of Microcurrent Electrical Therapy and Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in Pain Control. Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine.2(2):99-102, 2001. Download Article
Keizer B, Sposato L, and Yancosek K. A Progressive Treatment for a Chronic Progressive Disease: The War Against Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. The Pain Practitioner. 2016; 6(1):26-31. Download Article
Kirsch DL, Price LR, Nichols F, Marksberry JA and Platoni KT. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation: Treatment of Pain and Headache in Military Population. Practical Pain Management, 15(8):57-64, 2015. Download Article
Smith, Ray B. Is Microcurrent Stimulation Effective in Pain Management? An Additional Perspective. American Journal of Pain Management, 11(2):62-66, 2001. Download Article
Alper EJ, Kirsch DL. A Patient With Traumatic Brain Injury and Full Body Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Treated with Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. American Journal of Pain Management, 8(4): 123-128. Download Article.
Bauer, William. Electrical Treatment of Severe Head and Neck Cancer Pain. Archives of Otolaryngology, 109(6):382-383, 1983. Download Article
Lande GR and Gragnani CT. Prospective Study of Brain Wave Changes Associated with Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 2018; 20(1). Download White Paper
Qiao Jainping, Weng Shenhong, Wang Pengwei, Long Jun, and Wang Zhishun. Normalization of Intrinsic Neural Circuits Governing Tourette's Syndrome Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2015 May;62(5): 1272-80. Download Article
Feusner, J. D., Madsen, S., Moody, T. D., Bohon, C., Hembacher, E., Bookheimer, S. Y. and Bystritsky. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on resting state brain activity. Brain and Behavior. Pp 1-10, 2012. Download Article
Kennerly, Richard. Changes in Quantitative EEG and Low Resolution Tomography Following Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, the University of North Texas. 529 pp., 81 tables, 233 figures, 171 references, 2006. Download Article
Kennerly, Richard. QEEG Analysis of Cranial Electrotherapy: A Pilot Study. Journal of Neurotherapy (8)2, 2004. Presented at the International Society for Neuronal Regulation annual conference, September 18-21, 2003 in Houston, Texas. Download Article
Schroeder, M.J., and Barr, R.E. Quantitative Analysis of Electroencephalogram During Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology. 112:2075-2083, 2001. Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin, 191 pages, 1999. Download Article
Heffernan, Michael Comparative Effects of Microcurrent Stimulation on EEG Spectrum and Correlation Dimension. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 31(3):202-209, 1996. Download Article
Meta-Analyses, Commentaries and Review Articles
Price, L., Briley, J., Haltiwanger, S. and Hitching, R. A Meta-Analysis of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2021; (135), 119-134. Download article
Price LR, Briley J, Hitching R. A Meta-Analyses of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Insomnia. Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2020; 8(3): 1157. Download Article
Aseem A., Hussain M.E. Impact of Cranial Electrostimulation on Sleep: A Systematic Review. Sleep Vigilance. 2019; 3: 101–112. Download Article
Ryall, Jo-Ellyn. FDA moving toward CES neuromodulation approval for home use: are we ready? Missouri Psychiatry. First Quarter- 2017: 3. Download Article
O'Hara, Christiane and Putnam, Helen (Netta). Sleep: the missing link. Sleep assessment and interventions for combat veterans with disrupted sleep. Combat Stress; 6(1): 3-18. Download Article
Scarff, Jonathan R. When to consider cranial electrotherapy stimulation for patients with PTSD. Current Psychiatry. 2017; 16(2): 27-28.
Massoumi L. Benefits of Alpha-Stim. The Carlat Report: Psychiatry. 2016; 14(11 &12): 1,4-5.
Moehringer J and Knabe MB. Transdermal electrical neurostimulation therapies in psychiatry: A review of the evidence. Psychiatric Annals, 46(10):589-593. Posted October 11, 2016.
Libretto S, Hilton L, Gordon S, and Zhang W. Effects of Integrative PTSD Treatment in a Military Health Setting. Energy Psychology. 2015; 7(2):33-44. Download Article
Anderson, Joel G., Kebaish, Samy A., Lewis, Janet E., and Taylor, Ann G. Effects of Cranial Electrical Stimulation on Activity in Regions of the Basal Ganglia in Individuals with Fibromyalgia. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(3): 206-207, 2014. Download Article
Horowitz, Sala. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 19(4):188-193, 2013. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Nichols, Francine. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for treatment of anxiety, depression and insomnia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 36(1):169-176, 2013. Download Article
Farina Woodbury, Michael A. Efecto de la Microcorriente Sobre Síntomas, de Ansiedad, Depresión, Insomnio y Dolor. Galanus, 1(5):15-18, 2008. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. CES for mild traumatic brain injury. Practical Pain Management, 8(6):70-77, 2008. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. CES in the treatment of addictions: A review and meta-analysis. Practical Pain Management, 7(9):73-79, 2007. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. CES in the Treatment of Insomnia: A Review and Meta-Analysis Practical Pain Management, 7(7):28-39, 2007. Download Article
Tan Gabriel and Jensen Mark P. Integrating Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Into Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Treatment. In Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Management: a Guidebook for Program Development and Excellence of Treatment. Schatman and Campbell (editors), Taylor & Francis, Pp. 75-99, 2007. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression – Part 1. Practical Pain Management, 7(4):33-41, 2007. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall.Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression – Part 2. Practical Pain Management, 7(5):32-40, 2007. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. A Review and Meta-Analysis of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders – Part 1. Practical Pain Management, 7(2):40-47, 2007. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: Statistical Considerations – Part 2. Practical Pain Management, 7(3):22-39, 2007. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation For the Treatment of Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia and Other Conditions. Insert: Giordano, James. Illustrating how CES works. Natural Medicine, 23:118-120, 2006. Download Article
Gilula, Marshall F. and Barach, Paul R. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation: a Safe Neuromedical Treatment for Anxiety, Depression or Insomnia. Southern Medical Journal. 97(12):1269-1270, 2004. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Smith, Ray B. The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the management of chronic pain: a review. NeuroRehabilitation, 14(2):85-94, 2000. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. Electromedical Treatment of Headaches Practical Pain Management, 6(8):58-65, 2006. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. Microcurrent Electrical Therapy (MET): A Tutorial Practical Pain Management, 6(7):59-64, 2006. Download Article
Kirsch, Daniel L. A Practical Protocol for Electromedical Treatment of Pain. Chapter 61 in Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians (the textbook of the American Academy of Pain Management) edited by Richard S. Weiner, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2002 Download Article
Mark L. Johnson, Eugenia Bodenhamer-Davis, and Michael S. Gates. Neuromodulation Methods to Suppress Tinnitus in
Somatosensory Subtypes: A Case Series. Neuroregulation, Vol. 3(4):150–161, 2016. Download Article
Lee In Ho, Seo Eun Jung, and Lim In Soo. Effects of aquatic exercise and CES treatment on the changes of cognitive function, BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF of persons with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry, 2014;18(1):19-24. Download Article
Johnson, Mark, Bodenhamer-Davis, Eugenia, and Bailey, Laurie. Neurofeedback, cranial electrotherapy stimulation and microcurrent electrical stimulation to treat tinnitus: a case series. Poster presented at Helping the Brain Help Us, the 18th Annual meeting of the International Society for Neurotherapy and Research, Denver, Colorado, September 29-October 3, 2010. Download Article
Eidelman, William S. Control of cigarette cravings with cranial electrotherapy stimulation. The Townsend Letter for Doctors, 311(6): 81-85, 2009. Download Article
Bystritsky, Alexander, Moody, Teena, Hembacher, Emily, Hoffman, Jordan, Moller, Hayley, Feusner, Jamie. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on brain activity in the resting state. Poster presented at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP), Hollywood, Florida, December 8, 2009. Download Poster
Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation as a proven effective treatment for fibromyalgia. Townsend Letter. 25(1): 75-79, 2008. Download Article
Mellen, Ronald R. and Mitchell, Stephanie. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation: a case study. The Correctional Psychologist, 40(4):4-8, 2008. Download Article
Childs, Allen and Price, Larry. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation reduces aggression in violent neuropsychiatric patients. Primary Psychiatry, 14(3):50-56, 2007. Download Article
Smith, Ray B. The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The Original Internist, 9(3):25-28, September, 2002. Download Article
Smith, Ray B. Microcurrent therapies: emerging theories of physiological information processing. NeuroRehabilitation, 17(1):3-7, 2002. Download Article
Tyers, Steve and Smith, Ray B. A comparison of cranial electrotherapy stimulation alone or with chiropractic therapies in the treatment of fibromyalgia.The American Chiropractor, 23(2):39-41, 2001. Download Article
Smith, Ray B. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of stress related cognitive dysfunction, with an eighteen month follow up. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 17(6):14-18, 1999. Download Article
McClure, Mark W., and Morehead, Kenneth. A pilot study of the use of microcurrent stimulation in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. October, 1999.
Voris, Marshall D. and Good, Shirley. Treating sexual offenders using cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Medical Scope Monthly. 3(11):14-18, 1996. Download Article
May, Brad, et. al. Pilot project using the Alpha-Stim 100 for drug and alcohol abuse. August, 1993.
King, GE, et al. Electrotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen: promising treatments for postradiation complications. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 62(3):331-334, 1989. Also published in the book, Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine, 283-289, edited by ME O'Conner, RHC Bentall and JC Monahan, Springer Verlag, New York, 1990. Download Article
Boswell, NS. Neuroelectric therapy eliminates xerostomia during radiotherapy – A case history. Medical Electronics, 115:105-107, February, 1989. Download Article
Madden, R, et. al. Low intensity electrostimulation improves human learning of a psychomotor task. American Journal of Electromedicine, 4(2):41-45, 1987. Doctoral dissertation, City University Los Angeles, 95 pages, 1987. Presented at The New Brain Technologies and Accelerated Learning Conference at the University of Hawaii, April, 1987. Download Article
Engelberg, M, et. al. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation for tinnitus. Laryngoscope, 95(10):1,167-1,173, 1985. Presented at the Meeting of the Southern Section of the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, January, 1985. Download Article
Nolan, FF. The effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation on the orthodontic movement of teeth. Masters thesis, The University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, Dental Branch, 49 pages, 1985.
Boswell, NS, et. al. Noninvasive electrical stimulation for the treatment of radiotherapy side effects. American Journal of Electromedicine, 2(3), 1985. Presented at the International Conference on Head and Neck Cancer, Baltimore, Maryland, July, 1984. Download Article
Brovar, Alan. Cocaine detoxification with cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES): A preliminary appraisal. International Electromedicine Institute Newsletter, 1(4), July/Aug, 1984. Also in Brain/Mind Bulletin, 9(14), August, 1984. Download Article
Lerner, Fred N, et. al. A doubleblind comparative study of microstimulation and placebo effect in short term treatment of the chronic back pain patient. Journal of the American Chiropractic Association, 15(11):101-106, 1981. Download Article
Libretto, Salvatore, et. al. Effects of integrative PTSD treatment in a military health setting. Energy Psychology 7:2, 33-44, November 2015. Download Article
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