'... and therefore the Lord increased this her beauty ...' (Judith 10:4) – the beauty of Judith in Italian oratorios of the Baroque
Author(s): Anna Ryszka-Komarnicka / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017
Baroque oratorios about biblical Judith are usually regarded as oratori erotici. However, our research, covering the whole of the Italian Baroque oratorio repertoire on this subject, has revealed that such works did not dominated that repertoire to such a significant degree. For around one-third of the librettists, Judith's similarity to the donne forti of 17th-century Venetian operas was a true religious-moral and artistic challenge, accompanied by the conviction that thanks to music one could see with the ears what the lack of scenic action rendered invisible. The article cites several solutions for 'mirror scenes' in oratorios about Judith: both the openly secular (e.g. by A. Ottoboni and Vajani de Borgi) and those whose librettists endeavoured to include a commentary accentuating Judith's spiritual virtues or divine inspiration (Gigli, Silvani). Others (including Metastasio) eschewed that which was sensual in Judith. That strategy may be compared to dissimulazione onesta, the honest concealment of the facts, which was popular in those times, particularly in Italy..
'Shall I Offer My Eldest Son?' (Mi. 6:7).
Author(s): Edward Lipinski / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 62/1/2015
Leaving aside the speculations about the alleged god Molech, who does notbelong to the Bible, but only to the history of biblical studies, the article deals witha few passages referring to child sacrifices. Starting from Mi. 6:7, which shows that the molk-offering was a particular form of Yahwistic cult, practiced in the 8th-7th centuries B.C., a distinction is made between an old belief that the first-born should be 'given' to the deity and the accomplishment of an unfortunate vow. Among the passages examined are Ex. 22:28-29; 34:19, and Judg. 11. More attention is paid to Lev. 20:2-5 and to Isa. 30:33, where the image of a sacrificed victim ready to be burnt is applied to Assyria. Since the question cannot be studied historically without using non-biblical sources, the article also refers to related Phoenician, Punic, and Latin texts. It examines the etymology of the words molek and tophet, as well as the particular meaning of gēr in the 8th-7th centuries B.C.
"A place where no woman has ever entered…"
The unique spiritual heritage of the Athos peninsula in the context of history and present time
Author(s): Peter Caban / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017
Christian spirituality was perceived differently in the whole history of Church. When we look at the spiritual heritage of Christianity, a special position is given to a unique spiritual and geographic locality – the state of monks – Athos peninsula. It is a beautiful place where no woman has ever entered. This contribution aims to describe and interpret the religious heritage of this spiritually unique place. It is perceived as a protected area and the centre of eastern spirituality. It will be described on the basis of Church history as well as on the basis of personal experience of the author who visited Mount Athos and scientifically explored the sources.
"AYINTÂBÎ'NİN TERCÜME-İ TİBYÂN TEFSİRİNİN MUHTEVA VE METOD BAKIMINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ" BAŞLIKLI MAKALENİN ELEŞTİRİSİ
Author(s): Ihsan KAHVECI / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 32/2015
This study critically evaluate the article written on the Qur'an's first printed Turkish translation and interpretation, namely Mehmed Efendi's Tarjama-i Tibyân, Tefsîr-i Tibyan, Tarjama-i Tefsîri Tibyân. For this purpose, the study evaluates the above mentioned article in terms of content, style, use of scientific sources and references. Since the article is published in a scientific peerreviewed journal, the author is expected to be attentive in all these points and to comply with the ethical requirements. In addition, the evaluation concludes that, as the author strongly indicated, Mehmed Efendi's work is not the translation of the work by Hıdr al-Azdî, namely alTibyan fî Tafsir al-Qur'an. But to interpret Tarjama-i Tibyân as "Translation of Explanations" is misleading, instead the use of "Translation and Interpretation of the Qur'an" would be more accurate understanding and interpretation.
"Be fruitful and increase in number…!"
An Orthodox perspective on overpopulation
Author(s): Stelian Manolache / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017
Many voices adhered to the vision of the Anglican pastor Thomas Malthus (1766 – 1834), the author of An essay on the principle of population (1798), trying to draw attention on some presumed risks, more or less apocalyptic, generated by the accelerated growth of the population of Earth. In the vision of Thomas Malthus, the growth of the population is possible to throw the humanity in chaos through the lack of equilibrium between the geometric mean of population growth and the arithmetic mean of the natural resources – the available material resources as food, water air and energy and mineral resources are limited in time. The demographic boom - observed during the 19th century under the dark perspective of a predictable self-destruction through hunger, social chaos, wars and the destruction of the environment manifested acuter in the 20th century, - the humanity was in front of some radical options/decisions, demanding to choose between the control and the limitation of the births, through modern family planning. Our study is related to this choice and to the contemporary relation of the Christian family with the presumed logical reasoning and Malthusian social relevance.
"Chi è quest'uomo che osa anche rimettere i peccati?" (Lc 7,49).
La trama ed il clou del racconto lucano sulla donna peccatrice (Lc 7,36-50).
Author(s): Marcin Kowalski / Language(s): English,Italian / Issue: 61/1/2014
The story of the sinful woman (Luke 7:36-50) is an excellent example of Luke's narrative skills. It presents a coherent plot, abounds in interesting turning points, and shows a vivid interaction between main characters. In the same time, the story is filled with tensions, gaps and ambiguity which regard the gestures of the woman, the forgiveness she receives, and the role which in the entire process is played by Jesus. The purpose of the present article lies in illumining the development of Luke's account with the use of the narrative approach. The story is divided into scenes and set up in the spatial-temporal, and socio-cultural frame. The scheme of the narration is labeled as a plot of discovery. Its focal point is not the love or faith of the sinful woman, but the identity of Jesus. The full revelation of his divine authority takes place in the pardon of sins granted to the woman (vv.47a.48), which brings to completion the ongoing process of her reconciliation. The article finishes with the analysis of interaction between the text and its readers and with the exposition of the techniques used by the narrator to shape the competences and the choices made by the recipients of the story.
"DEĞER" İLE "SORUN" ARASINDA TÜRKİYE'DE YAŞLILARLA İLGİLİ TOPLUMSAL DEĞER YARGILARI (DİN BİLİMLERİ PERSPEKTİFİNDEN BİR İNCELEME)
Author(s): Abdullah Ince / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 36/2017
Aging is a phenomenon which is associated with social, psychological and economic aspects. The Value judgments about senescence and oldster are related to how they are looked at. Perceptions about aging influence the social position of the elders. Statistical distribution of the elders, sociocultural environment, socioeconomic conditions are the factors affecting the formation of value judgments related to the elders. The value judgments related to the old age can sometimes stem from prejudices. In the studies related to the aging period, it is seen that the value judgments related to the elderly are handled with three dimensions; positive, negative and mixed. In Turkey, value judgments about elderly people are shaped in a religious-traditional frame, but it changes depending on sociocultural change. This study aims to reveal positive and negative value judgments about the elderly in Turkey from the perspective of religious sciences. In addition, this value judgments is analyzed in the context of theories of aging, social change and related literature.
"DID YOU BRING NEW SONGS?" THE ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY CATHOLIC MUSIC IN HUNGARY
Author(s): Kinga Povedák / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011
Contemporary Christian music appeared in Hungary in the 1960s. In a unique period of Hungary when religion was suppressed and rock and roll was denounced, the merging of the two, Christian rock music was even more disapproved during the communist regime. For many, contemporary Christian music was more than simply music; it indicated opposition against the political system. Therefore contemporary Christian music was an alternative music not only from a clerical but also from a political point of view. This article tries to analyze the function of contemporary Christian music in listeners' religious folklife, their experience during listening to contemporary Christian music.
"Givenness from Above"
The I Can and its Limits
Author(s): Karl Hefty / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018
This article compares the concept of the living body (or "flesh") in Edmund Husserl's Ideas II with that of the French phenomenologist Michel Henry. It locates in their descriptions of the I Can a basic difference in the way they understand the roles that impressionality, affectivity, and perception play in the phenomenological method. It then examines Henry's concept of "auto-affection" and argues that the "strong" and "weak" senses of auto-affection must be understood in terms of what Henry, following Kierkegaard, calls the "dialectic of pathos." Henry finally distinguishes three degrees of passivity—of sensibility with regard to the world, of flesh with regard to itself, and of flesh with regard to incarnation. In the shift from the second to the third, we see a shift from a concept of givenness to a concept of "givenness from above." It is here that the article locates the presence of a "transcendence" in Henry's work, which in turn helps to clarify how he understands the boundary between phenomenology and theology.
"God's Elect Nation" Myth: Religious and Secular Dimensions
Author(s): Nonka Bogomilova / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017
The paper analyzes the religious and the secular dimensions of the "God's elect nation" myth, outlining that associating religion and mythology is one of the social-psychological mechanisms used to create and maintain the nation. The cultural mechanisms of the paradoxical reduction of religious universality to the local/national, the transformation of that which binds into that which separates are explained. The thesis is elaborated that the "nationalization" of God, whereby his transcendence is replaced by historical immanence, holds a potential to engender conflicts even between communities of the same religious confession. A sufficient number of historical instances indicate that most nations and peoples have each their own specific religious or secular myth of divine election or messianic myth of some exclusive mission or value; these myths are activated under conducive conditions. The situations that provoke feelings of ethnic or national unity and activate messianic mythologies are outlined. The religious radicalization is analyzed either as resulting from political and ethnic radicalization, from war, or as involved in these processes. The functions of intellectuals, of rationality and reason are discussed.
"I'm On My Long Journey Home": Rhetorical Identification in the Bluegrass Gospel Singing of Ralph Stanley and the Stanley Brothers
Author(s): Paul Koptak / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017
The gospel songs of Ralph Stanley offer solace by means of identification with the singer's losses and struggles, but they also offer a metaphoric framework of journey and homecoming found in many folk and country songs. The framework gives shape and meaning to the troubled aspects of life that make up much of the content of bluegrass songs, sacred and secular. Referencing Kenneth Burke's early theories of rhetorical identification and symbolic appeal, this study reads the inclusion of gospel songs in stage and recorded performance as a secularized means of self-definition: singers and listeners are linked as people with common origins and destinations. While expected themes of repentance and faith run throughout these gospel songs, the progressive form of home that is lost and then recovered sets up a secular analogy to the story of sin and redemption so common in American Protestant Evangelicalism. By scattering these songs throughout a bluegrass performance, the journey toward home becomes the pathway by which all the troubles of betrayal, heartbreak, conflict, and hard times are borne and transformed. In place of creed or practices of piety, all are invited to find common purpose in the experiences of disappointment, regret, and loss in the knowledge that they are on the "Long Journey Home."
"Io sono a scacchi". L'identità ebraica nell'opera letteraria e teatrale di Janusz Korczak
Author(s): Giovanna Tomassucci / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2016
This paper focuses on the problem of ethnic coexistence as presented in some of Korczak's literary and dramatic works, from his earlier humorous short stories to the play The Senate of Madmen. Like many Polish writers, Korczak perceived literature as a space of freedom, but, unlike other Jews writing in Polish, he always stressed his Jewishness and his firm belief in an equal and double identity (Jewish and Polish). In his long literary career Korczak never practiced ethnic agnosticism: on the contrary, he brought the tradition of Ashkenazi humor and Yiddish literary topics (szmonces, schlemiel and nudnik, the shtetl) into Polish culture, converting these symbols of Jewish identity into universal cultural elements.
"Kulak" Ve "Ses" İfadelerinin Kur'an Ayetlerindeki İzdüşümleri
Author(s): AYSE BETÜL ORUÇ / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2018
The ear is one of our sensory organs that allow us to perceive our surroundings. We perceive with it the voices that the objects possess by means of the waves within the mass of air surrounding us. In this sense, the ear has an important value for being. In the Qur'an, besides being an ear or a sensory organ, it reveals a person who reflects his level of consciousness and perception, revealing his awareness. It is not just the voices heard; the ear is special importance in understanding what is being said and what is said. Other sense organs and mold are mentioned together because of the feature. Of course, the word "voice" is also on the agenda when the ear is concerned. The verses found at the base of the basic qualities that man should possess present important dynamics about sound. Beyond being a symptom of voice being an inherent symptom, the latest discovery is pointing to the dimension of telling the apocalypse. This study tries to show in what context the hearing aid ear is expressed in the verses and its distinctive features, and its associated value, as well as its inherent value.
"NACHFOLGE" BY BONHOEFFER: THE "IMITATIO CHRISTI" OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Author(s): Fanel ?uteu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018
Eight decades are precisely marked since Nachfolge, the work of the Lutheran pastor and theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945), has appeared in the German realm (1937). In 2009, 72 years since that date, the Cluj publisher Peregrinul, published this book in Romanian language. There lies a possibility of the title being translated literally but hermetically, such as: "Succession","Emulation", or "Imitation". The latter refers to a writing by a medieval monk called Hammerkin, Die Nachfolge Christi (it is about the extremely well known work by Thomas a Kempis, Imitatio Christi). Ligia Taloș – the translator of Bonhoeffer's work – chose a title accessible to the common Christian reader, probably drawing inspiration from the English version The Cost of Discipleship.
"Prva" reformacija: Jan Hus (1369. - 1415.) i John Wycliffe (1328. - 1384.)
Author(s): Marko Cuturic,Fra Oliver Livancic / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1+2/2017
Mnogo godina prije velike reformacije koju je 1517. godine pokrenuo njemački svećenik Martin Luther, u Europi su se pojavljivala nastojanja i pokreti koji su imali za cilj Crkvu reformirati i pročistiti. Razlog takvim nastojanjima bili su istinski problemi koji su najčešće mučili vjernike na marginama društva. Svi ti pokreti i pojedinci imali su jedan zajednički cilj: pokušati unijeti duhovne i strukturalne promjene u Crkvu. Nažalost mnogi od njih su prenaglili i završili u herezi i apostaziji. Ono pozitivno što se mora priznati svim pokretima koji su prethodili reformaciji jest zanimanje za Sveto pismo i poruku koju je čovječanstvu donio Isus Krist.
"SHINING FACE" AS HIDDEN AND REVEALED CHRISTOLOGY
Author(s): Nichifor Tanase / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017
The "shining face" theology as luminous metamorphosis of a visionary has experienced three great challenges: the anthropomorphic controversy, iconoclastic debate and the hesychast dispute. This study attempts to make a mystagogical connection between those three theological developments which are standing all together in God's holy fire with the 'unveiled face'. I have imposed myself a line of research into the contemplative spirituality field, which in fact represents a hermeneutical trajectory: Glory in the NT (hidden-revealed or being-energies) – Glory in the NT (theosis as Christification) – pre-nicene Christology (eikonic and apophatic Light / glory) – Desert Fathers ("shining face" christology) – Efrem the Syrian (clothing metaphore) – Dionysius the Areopagite (veils of theurgic rays and Christ's Presence as immanent transcendence or as tension between transcendent hiddenness and revelation) – Palamas hesychasm (christology of the uncreated light). I am the first who calls the light from the "Shining Faces" of the Desert Fathers as an uncreated light and a discovery of a Hidden pre-Nicene (apophatic) Christology. I have to emphasize that because these two aspects of my 'disclosure' (meaning 'uncreated' light and 'hidden christology' of the Desert Fathers) were inspired to me by the readings in the field of palamite theology which consider that this light of the ascet's glowing face to be an uncreated light experienced by the body (aesthetically), an inner presence of Christ who identifies himself with His light (apophatic), He Himself being the deifying light as uncreated divine gift. All studies in the Late Antiquity ignore this visionary experience, reducing it to the level of a simple metaphor of light (completing the ascetic quest for "real self"), a metaphor in which the saint's life is hagiographically (mystifying!) described. A second reason for this 'blindness' was a restraint coming from the Evagrian theology that draws attention to the danger of seeking visionary experiences, because in that light there is the risk of an illusory or deceitful demonic appearance. Another reason represints the fact that the hesychast controversy and the theology of the uncreated light as divine energy of the Saint Gregory Palamas' theology (which in Western media has long been discredited as heretical) have played a negative role in accepting the nature of uncreated light into the "shining face" Christology of the Desert Fathers.
"Son Dönem Karadenizli Merhûm Kurrâlar" Sempozyumu
Author(s): Yasar Akaslan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2018
Samsun İl Müftülüğü'nün düzenlediği "Son Dönem Karadenizli Merhûm Kurrâlar" Sempozyumu 10 Mart 2018 (Cumartesi) tarihinde Samsun'da gerçekleştirildi. Bu sempozyum hatırı sayılır nicelikte ve nitelikte kurrâ yetiştiren Karadeniz bölgesinin, Türkiye'deki kıraat çalışmalarına etkisi bağlamında önemli bir organizasyon olmuştur. Ayrıca bölgenin bu açıdan düzenlenen ilk sempozyumudur.
რენესანსული ანტროპოცენტრიზმიდან ბაროკოულ თეოცენტრიზმამდე
Author(s): Maia Nachkebia / Language(s): Georgian / Issue: 17/2016
Ideological grounds for renaissance culture is humanism, and its anti-dogmatic and anti-Christian secular nature world outlook mirrored deep social and ideological changes taking place in late Middle Ages Italy. At this time an interest was generated towards antique culture and its revival was started. A man, free from feudal-ecclesiastic violence was in the center of interests of humanists. Thus, humanists formulated a new human conception: if church ideology of Middle Ages tried to inculcate in men an idea that he was feeble and sinner, the humanists, in the contrary, praised a person, believed in his unlimited abilities and creative potential. Renaissance started liberation of a person and it lead a man from anonymity of Middle Ages. Christianity became more structured, more open for life, more acceptable for secular men, loyal to perception of beauty of body and world. Humanists tried to rehabilitate perceptual nature of a man; renaissance literature that was free from church press protected free opinion of a man and his personal freedom: personal dignity, its protection and unlimited belief in a man is the essence of renaissance. Humanists believed in kind nature of a man. According to their opinion, the nature awarded a man with the properties, which prevented him from sinning, from doing all kinds of evil and negative. According to their opinion a man needed no external restrictions, since he had inner harmony and measure, which was a measure of splendid constellation of giant writers, poets, painters, sculptures and learned men such as: Boccaccio, Petrarch, Ariosto, Ronsard, Rafael, Leonardo da Vinci, Titian, Masaccio, Perugino, Giorgione, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Mirandola. This is how a man and nature appeared in the center of renaissance art. Humanist philologist, poet and politician Cristoforo Landino (1424-1498) consideredthat theory of Plato didn't contradict Christian doctrine and always tried coordination of theological and philosophical traditions. It is namely the result of thinking according to Christian categories that humanistic orientation of renaissance found most vivid expression in the theory created about a human being, when it created a new conception of a man on the base of biblical Christianity, the base of renaissance humanism, renaissance anthropocentrism. The apex of humanistic idea is namely the doctrine, teaching about aman; it directed its attention to human being and put him in the center of all interests: "I put you [human being -M.N.] in the center of universe" (Leon Battista Alberti). Renaissance world outlook is based on belief of harmony of the universe, goodwill of man, but the late humanism puts under doubt a doctrine "about unlimited possibilities" and about kind nature of a man. XVII century in almost the whole Europe is an epoch of social, political and public cataclysms and we don't meet anymore strife for life, belief that a man will win over the evil in the works of authors of baroque, motifs of pessimism, skepticism and instabilityof real life are prevailing. Changes in baroque literature style and its essence were conditioned by qualitative changes in historic reality, termination of the era of renaissance. Religion-ethical prerequisite of baroque culture is in a deep belief that it was necessary to rescue post-renaissance man: it was necessary to rescue a man from his own self and for it, it was necessary to restore theocentric picture of the world, together with itsmoral demands towards a man, which was expulsed by renaissance anthropocentrism. World of baroque could not or didn't accept a world in which the central place was not occupied by God. Baroque created the world where there was a balance, harmony, where dramatic effect, confrontations and harmony were prevailing, where contrasts, struggle, emotions and sufferings were lingering. Statistics of renaissance epoch, sculptures andpaintings full of dignity ceded the place to faces illuminated with mystic rapture (Bernini's St. Teresa's Ecstasy, El Greco's The Ecstasy of St. Francis of Assisi and Mary of Magdala). Baroque is distinguished by its efforts to actualize spiritual experience, which was accumulated by Christian culture of Middle Ages, but alongside with it, antique mythology personages were not unknown for it, which was used by it masterfully together with biblical characters. Baroque tried not only to inhale new spirit in Christian experience of Middle Ages, but to implement synthesis of theocentrism of Middle Ages to revive conception of human freedom and dignity. Epochs of significant fluctuations and perturbations are always accompanied with repetitive revelations of biblical books. This is why the key book of baroque man became the Bible. Genesis and respectively theme of the original sin was one of the leading ones in baroque literature. Biblical conception of a man, which is based on a theme of Old Testament, was expressed in many authors of European baroque (du Bartas' First week,that is genesis, Andreoni's Adam, Vondel's Lucifer and Adam in Exile. Milton's Paradise Lost. Theme of the original sin in Georgian baroque literature was expressed in Archil's The Dispute of a Man and the World (1684), which expresses the most significant idea for Baroque Age: that a man from the ruler of the world, which is a renaissance conception of a man, turned into a slave of a world, which already is the baroque conception of a man. When baroque poets declare the idea that as a result of the original sin the world lost harmony and that a man created similar to god, a man that is "the crown of the world" will turn into a slave, clearly expresses confrontation between the main principles of renaissance and baroque: renaissance man is almighty, he stands in the center of the world, while baroque man is no more equal to god, he is a "thinking cane", while ancestral fortune lies is in his weak nature, himself. Thus, renaissance anthropocentrism was replaced by baroque theocentrism, which returned god into the center of the universe again. Among biblical books in Baroque Epoch specific place is occupied by Psalms, which covers infinite range of human emotions, feelings and also extremely lyrical, high artistic value and allegorical Song of Songs, its motifs of holly love attracted baroque authors. This attitude in Georgian baroque literature was expressed in poetry of Vakhtang VI (Satrfaloni). Ecclesiastes has become a philosophical base of baroque in which the authors of this epoch found the most organic text for them. The image of a sage depicted in it, who achieved everything a man can dream, passed through everything and came to the conclusion (Vanitas vanitatum, omnia vanitas est) –"Venity of venities, all is vanity" (Ecclesiastes 1: 2). Antinomy attracted Baroque Epoch authors like magneto, for them antithesis became a mentality system. The most significant role in Baroque Epoch was played by great scientific revelations and correspondingly, anthropocentric conceptions were substituted with absolutely different approaches. Baroque man more acutely felt dependence on irrational forces and similar to that when it turned out that the globe is not a center of the closed world a man could no more perceive himself as a center of the world. High moral biblical categories occupied the place of renaissance ideal of beauty. Baroque man never forgot that life was temporary and short, while death was inevitable and this is why the motto of renaissance Carpe Diem! was replaced with radically confronting essence Memento Mori! Feeling of this transient life became a mark of this epoch. This is why the baroque poetry is impregnated with the theme of time transiency and parish ability, which created mystic fear, but on the other hand feeling of transient and all perishing time and vanity ofeverything earthly used to incite surprising hedonism: love for life and its adoration. Such paradox lead baroque literature and it was namely this antithesis that united a split baroque man. David Guramishvili is distinguished for its highest baroque expressiveness: tragic emotion of his dissociated, dualized soul and plead for its union is expressed in antithesis couples. If painters of the renaissance conceived human anatomy as support means for creation of adequate impression on human body and attributed great attention to the study of muscle system (Pollaiuolo, Leonardo da Vinci), since they needed knowledge of human anatomy to depict beauty of human body, baroque painting and poetry directed renaissance interest towards human body in quite another vector: here anatomy is not a support means but is a feeling, emotion associated with death. In poetry as well as in painting one of the forms of expression of life finiteness is associated with human anatomical body.Such an attitude to death was expressed in baroque poetry of Georgia too, where death, as a personage is offered by David Guramishvili by plastic obviousness. Baroque poetry and painting show well attitude of a man to death: "All go unto one place; all are of the dust, and all return to dust again" (Ecclesiastes 3:20).
تطور اللغة وأثره في القرآن الكريم
Author(s): Hasan Akres / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 29/2014
The development in a language is like the development and change in any object. It is inevitable matter. Simply the development in a language is mainly effected its sounds and the cocepts of the sounds. On the other hand the changes can effected the meaning of the words all these changes is results and effected with peoples way of live. Modern linguistic research has shown that languages a mandatory process of development and change. The protection of a language can not stop its development, because these changes is not coming by chance or by peoples efforts but actually these are realized as mandatory in languages progress. This changement covers all language's items, but mostly effected its sounds and the concept of sounds. The changement and development in Arabic is slowly than other languages because arabic is protected by Allah and this is because its relations with Quran.
جاحلا وبأ ملاس دمحم حلاص
Author(s): Salah Mohamed Salem / Language(s): Arabic / Issue: 32/2015
I have differentiated between "Alekhtalaf jurisprudence", "Alkhelaf jurisprudence" and "Comparative jurisprudence" in terms of definition and upbringing. I mentioned the most benefits to the study of the differences between scholars. I showed six approaches to the formation in the jurisprudence of difference with the representation by a book and an issue in "Alkhelaf jurisprudence". Then I reported an approach in "Alkhelaf jurisprudence", and four approaches in "Comparative jurisprudence" to show the student how authoring is clear between the foregoings and contemporaneouses.