Should the Penny Stay in Circulation? - Top 3 Pros and Cons
Monday, July 2, 2018 | Author: ProCon.org | MORE HEADLINES
Freshly minted pennies at the US Mint in Denver
Source: Jeffrey Sparshott, "The Penny Cost More to Make Than It's Worth, Again," Dec. 27, 2016
The US Mint shipped 8.4 billion pennies for circulation in 2017, more than all nickels (1.3 billion), dimes (2.4 billion), and quarters (1.9 billion) combined. [1] While countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand have phased out their one-cent pieces, Harris Poll found that 55% of Americans are in favor of keeping the penny and 29% want to abolish it. [2][3]
The US Mint produces coins as instructed by Congress, so a law would have to be passed by Congress and signed by the President in order for pennies to be removed from circulation. [4] Several unsuccessful legislative efforts have sought to bring about the penny's extinction. Most recently, in 2017, Senators John McCain (R-AZ) and Mike Enzi (R-WY) sponsored ultimately failed legislation that would have suspended minting of the penny. [5]
Proponents of keeping the penny in circulation say that its use avoids increased prices that will hurt low-income households the most, that pennies have a long lifespan and are more cost-efficient to manufacture than nickels, and that pennies are vital to several charities' fundraising efforts.
Opponents of the continued use of pennies say that the coin has become worthless, that the penny minting process is costly and harmful to the environment, and that eliminating pennies would save time at the point of purchase without harming customers or businesses.
Should the Penny Stay in Circulation?
Preserving the penny keeps consumer prices down and avoids harming low-income households. Mark Weller, Executive Director of the pro-penny group Americans for Common Cents, says, "The alternative to the penny is rounding to the nickel, and that's something that will negatively impact working families every time they buy a gallon of gas or a gallon of milk." [6]
The US Federal Reserve found that minorities and low-income people are more likely to use cash than credit cards. [7] Raymond Lombra, Professor of Economics at Pennsylvania State University, says the extra rounding charges would exceed $600 million annually and would "be regressive, affecting the poor and other disadvantaged people groups disproportionately." [9]
One study found that penny rounding in Canada costs grocery store customers an estimated 3.27 million Canadian dollars (2.5 million USD) annually. [9] Con 1
The penny has practically no value and should be taken out of circulation just as other coins have been in US history. You can't buy anything for a penny; vending machines and parking meters won't accept them. [18] Harvard economist Greg Mankiw stated, "The purpose of the monetary system is to facilitate exchange. The penny no longer serves that purpose. When people start leaving a monetary unit at the cash register for the next customer, the unit is too small to be useful." [19] Former US Mint Director Philip Diehl said, "[T]he value of a penny has shrunk to the point that, if you earn more than the minimum wage, you're losing money stopping and picking up a penny on the sidewalk." [20]
Comedian John Oliver noted, "Two percent of Americans admitted to regularly throwing pennies in the garbage, which means the US Mint is spending millions to make garbage." [21] Two-thirds of the billions of pennies produced are never seen in circulation again once they reach a consumer via the bank. [22]
A penny can be used for decades and is more cost-efficient to produce than a nickel. Most US coins have an expected circulation life of 20 to 30 years, meaning a single penny could be used thousands or even millions of times. [10][11] So what if it costs 1.8 cents to make? [1] That's a bargain for how many times it gets used.
Without pennies, the Mint would be forced to make more five-cent pieces. That would cost an estimated $10.9 million more annually than it would cost to keep making pennies. [12]
Pennies and nickels both cost more to make than their face values, but on average over the last five years, nickels have been made at a loss of 2.58 cents per coin, compared to .65 cents per penny. [1][13] The cost of making and shipping pennies includes some fixed costs that the US Mint would continue to incur even if we abolished the penny, because the Mint would still make other coins. [12]
Con 2
The process of making pennies is costly both financially and environmentally. At a total per unit cost of 1.82 cents, it costs nearly two pennies to make one penny. [1] Aaron Klein, former Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy at the Treasury Department, estimates that the United States could see $1.78 billion in losses over the next 30 years if the penny remains in production. [23]
Making pennies also has environmental consequences from mining and transportation. Mining zinc and copper produces carbon dioxide emissions and pollutants, and uses vast amounts of energy. [24]
Over the last 35 years, 107 million pounds of carbon dioxide have been emitted due to pennies being delivered from the Mint to banks. [25] A California company called Mike's Bikes has banned the penny from its registers because "Making pennies wastes natural resources [and] is toxic to people and the environment." [26]
The existence of pennies helps raise a lot of money for charities. Organizations such as the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the Salvation Army, and the Ronald McDonald House ask people to donate pennies to raise funds. [11] In 2009, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society announced that school children had collected over 15 billion pennies in support of its charitable work -- that's $150 million dollars for blood cancer research and treatment. [14]
Dagmar Serota, who created a nonprofit called Good Cents for Oakland, said, "Pennies are easy to ask for and they are easy to give. And it's very easy for a child to say, 'Will you help me support this nonprofit, will you give me your pennies?'" [6] Elementary school students in Los Angeles, CA, gain significant leadership and civic engagement experience from USC's Penny Harvest program by choosing how to donate the money they raise. [15]
Common Cents, a nonprofit based in Dallas, TX, has run a "Pennies from the Heart" program for 20 years, and the student-led efforts have raised over $850,000 for local charities. [16] The Ms. Cheap Penny Drive for Second Harvest in Tennessee raised enough to pay for 316,039 meals for the hungry in 2017. [17]
Eliminating pennies would save time at the point of purchase without hurting customers or businesses financially. The use of pennies in paying for goods and making change adds time to sales transactions. A study by Walgreen's and the National Association of Convenience Stores found that pennies add 2 to 2.5 seconds to each cash transaction. [27]
As a result of that extra time per transaction, the average citizen wastes 730 seconds a year (12 minutes) paying with pennies. [28] Harvard economist Greg Mankiw says that this wasted time costs the US economy around $1 billion annually. [29] An estimate from Citizens to Retire the penny says that the 107 billion cash transactions in the United States annually add up to 120 million hours of time between customers and employees - at a cost of $2 billion to the US economy. [27]
Rounding transactions to the nearest nickel instead of using pennies wouldn't harm consumers or stores. Robert M. Whaples, Professor of Economics at Wake Forest University, crunched the numbers and found that "The convenience stores and the customers basically broke even." [30]
In 1792, Congress created a national mint authorized to make gold, silver, and copper coins, including the one-cent piece known as the penny. Abraham Lincoln's face replaced an image of Lady Liberty on the penny in 1909, the 100th anniversary of his birth, making him the first real person featured on a regular-issue American coin. [31][32][33]
The first penny, known as the "Fugio cent," was reportedly designed by Benjamin Franklin in 1787. Franklin is also credited with the saying, "A penny saved is a penny earned." [35]
The official name for the US penny is "one-cent piece," according to the US Department of the Treasury, but early Americans were allegedly in the habit of using the British term "penny." [4][35]
Although originally made of pure copper, pennies today are composed of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper. [34]
The Department of Defense banned the use of pennies at overseas military bases in 1980 because the coins were deemed too heavy and not cost effective to ship. [36]
The difference between the face value of a coin and and the actual cost to make it is known as seigniorage. [37]
Men are nearly twice as likely as women to favor dropping the penny (39% vs. 20%). [3]
United States Mint, "United States Mint 2017 Annual Report," usmint.gov, Jan. 2018
Brian Milligan, "The Penny Coin: Should We Follow Ireland and Phase It Out?," bbc.com, May 8, 2016
The Harris Poll, "Penny for Your Thoughts? Americans Oppose Abolishing the Penny," theharrispoll.com, Sep. 22, 2015
US Department of the Treasury, "Resource Center: Denominations," treasury.gov, June 15, 2018
John McCain, "Senators John Mccain & Mike Enzi Reintroduce the Coins Act to Save Billions in Taxpayer Dollars," mccain.senate.gov, Mar. 29, 2017
Andrew Stelzer, "Phasing out Pennies in a Bid for Change," npr.org, Nov. 29, 2009
Shaun O'Brien, "Consumer Preferences and the Use of Cash: Evidence from the Diary of Consumer Payments Choice Working Paper," frbsf.org, June 2014
Raymond E. Lombra, "Eliminating the Penny from the U.S. Coinage System: An Economic Analysis," Eastern Economic Journal, Fall 2001
Vancouver School of Economics, "Penny Rounding Profitable for Canadian Grocers: UBC VSE Student Research," economics.ubc.ca, Nov. 16, 2017
Reuters, "Pennies: The Throwaway Coins We Can't Let Go Of," latimes.com, May 31, 1994
Amy Livingston, "Should We Get Rid of the Penny? – 8 Reasons to Keep It vs Eliminate It," moneycrashers.com (accessed July 2, 2018)
Rodney J. Bosco and Kevin M. Davis, "Impact of Eliminating the Penny on the United States Mint's Costs and Profit in Fiscal Year 2011," pennies.org, Apr. 12, 2012
United States Mint, "United States Mint 2015 Annual Report," usmint.gov, June 2016
Associated Press, "US Penny Campaign Benefits Blood Cancer Research," newsday.com, Feb. 10, 2009
University of Southern California, "The USC Penny Harvest Wrapped up Its Third Successful Year," communities.usc.edu (accessed July 2, 2018)
Common Cents, "Non-Profits," commoncentsdallas.org (accessed July 2, 2018)
Mary Hance, "Penny Drive Sets Record in Raising Money for Second Harvest," tennessean.com, Feb. 17, 2017
Vlogbrothers, "I HATE PENNIES!!!! (Also Nickels.)," YouTube.com, Sep. 6, 2010
Greg Mankiw, "Get Rid of the Penny!," gregmankiw.blogspot.com, Apr. 22, 2006
Philip N. Diehl, "The Real Diehl: It's Time for the United States to Eliminate the One Cent Coin," coinweek.com, Jan. 28, 2015
Last Week Tonight, "Pennies: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)," YouTube.com, Nov. 22, 2015
J. William Gadsby, "Future of the Penny: Options for Congressional Consideration," gao.gov, July 16, 1996
Aaron Klein, "Time for Change: Modernizing to the Dollar Coin Saves Taxpayers Billions," dollarcoinalliance.org, July 22, 2013
Michelle Z. Donahue, "How Much Does it Really Cost (the Planet) to Make a Penny?," smithsonianmag.com, May 18, 2016
Josh Bloom, "Want to Help the Environment? Get Rid of Stupid Pennies," acsh.org, June 17, 2016
Mike's Bikes, "Pennies Don't Make 'Cents,'" mikesbikes.com (accessed July 2, 2018)
Retire the Penny, "It Makes 'Cents,'" retirethepenny.org (accessed July 2, 2018)
Sebastian Mallaby, "The Penny Stops Here," washingtonpost.com, Sep. 25, 2006
Greg Mankiw, "How to Make $1 Billion," gregmankiw.blogspot.com, Sep. 25, 2006
Consumer Affairs, "The Penny's End Is Near," consumeraffairs.com, July 2006
Courtney Waite, "The Origination of the Lincoln Penny," livinglincoln.web.unc.edu, Apr. 16, 2015
United States Mint, "Fun Facts Related to the Penny," usmint.gov (accessed July 2, 2018)
APMEX, "The 1909-S VDB Lincoln Cent – the King of Lincoln Cents," apmex.com (accessed July 2, 2018)
United States Mint, "History," usmint.gov, June 19, 2018
Jennie Cohen, "10 Things You Didn't Know about the Penny," history.com, Mar. 30, 2012
Army & Air Force Exchange Service, "Retail & General FAQs," aafes.com (accessed July 2, 2018)
David Kestenbaum, "What Is Seigniorage?," npr.org, Jan. 9, 2009