définition - Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems
Solar Energy Generating Systems
"SEGS" redirects here. For the airport with that ICAO code, see Seymour Airport.
Aerial view showing portions of four of the five SEGS III–VII plants located at Kramer Junction
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Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS), at 354 MW, is the largest solar energy generating facility in the world. It consists of nine solar power plants in California's Mojave Desert, where insolation is among the best available in the United States. SEGS I–II (44 MW) are located at Daggett (34°51′45″N 116°49′45″W / 34.8625°N 116.82917°W / 34.8625; -116.82917), SEGS III–VII (150 MW) are installed at Kramer Junction, and SEGS VIII–IX (160 MW) are placed at Harper Lake.(35°02′N 117°21′W / 35.033°N 117.35°W / 35.033; -117.35)[1] NextEra Energy Resources operates and partially owns the plants located at Kramer Junction and Harper Lake.
1 Plants' scale and operations
2 Principle of operation
2.1 Mirrors
2.2 Heat transfer
3 Individual locations
3.1 Harper Lake
3.2 Kramer Junction
3.3 Daggett
4 Accidents and incidents
Plants' scale and operations
Close-up aerial view. Note that several of the mirrors have been broken
The plants have a 354 MW installed capacity, making it the largest installation of solar plants of any kind in the world.[1] The average gross solar output for all nine plants at SEGS is around 75 MWe — a capacity factor of 21%. In addition, the turbines can be utilized at night by burning natural gas.
NextEra claims that the solar plants power 232,500 homes (during the day, at peak power) and displace 3,800 tons of pollution per year that would have been produced if the electricity had been provided by fossil fuels, such as oil.[2]
The facilities have a total of 936,384 mirrors and cover more than 1,600 acres (6.5 km2). Lined up, the parabolic mirrors would extend over 229 miles (370 km).
As an example of cost, in 2002, one of the 30 MW Kramer Junction sites required $90 million to construct, and its operation and maintenance cost is about $3 million per year (4.6 cents per kilowatt hour).[3]
Principle of operation
Sketch of a Parabolic Trough Collector
The installation uses parabolic trough solar thermal technology along with natural gas to generate electricity. 90% of the electricity is produced by the sunlight. Natural gas is only used when the solar power is insufficient to meet the demand from Southern California Edison, the distributor of power in southern California.
The parabolic mirrors are shaped like a half-pipe. The sun shines onto the panels made of glass, which are 94% reflective, unlike a typical mirror, which is only 70% reflective. The mirrors automatically track the sun throughout the day. The greatest source of mirror breakage is wind, with 3000 typically replaced each year. Operators can turn the mirrors to protect them during intense wind storms. An automated washing mechanism is used to periodically clean the parabolic reflective panels.
The sunlight bounces off the mirrors and is directed to a central tube filled with synthetic oil, which heats to over 400 °C (750 °F). The reflected light focused at the central tube is 71 to 80 times more intense than the ordinary sunlight. The synthetic oil transfers its heat to water, which boils and drives the Rankine cycle steam turbine,[4] thereby generating electricity. Synthetic oil is used to carry the heat (instead of water) to keep the pressure within manageable parameters.
Individual locations
The SEGS power plants were built by Luz Industries,[4][5] and commissioned between 1984 and 1991. After Luz Industries bankruptcy in 1991 plants were sold to various investor groups as individual projects and expansion including three more plants was halted.
Kramer Junction employs about 95 people and 45 people work at Harper Lake.
SEGS plant history and operational data
Net turbine
Gross solar production
of electricity (MWh)
(m²)
SEGS I 1984 Daggett 14 82,960 307 19,261 22,510 25,055 16,927 23,527 21,491
SEGS II 1985 Daggett 30 165,376 316 25,085 23,431 38,914 43,862 39,156
SEGS III 1986 Kramer Jct. 30 230,300 349 49,444 61,475 63,096 69,410
SEGS IV 1986 Kramer Jct. 30 230,300 349 52,181 64,762 70,552 74,661
SEGS V 1987 Kramer Jct. 30 250,500 349 62,858 65,280 72,449
SEGS VI 1988 Kramer Jct. 30 188,000 390 48,045 62,690
SEGS VII 1988 Kramer Jct. 30 194,280 390 38,868 57,661
SEGS VIII 1989 Harper Lake 80 464,340 390 114,996
SEGS IX 1990 Harper Lake 80 483,960 390 5,974
Total production (MWh) 19,261 47,595 150,111 244,937 353,230 518,487
Sources: Solargenix Energy,[6] KJC Operating Company,[7] IEEE,[8] NREL[9][10]
average 1998–2002
SEGS I 20,252 17,938 20,368 20,194 19,800 19,879 19,228 18,686 11,250 17,235 17,947 17,402 16,500 331,550
SEGS II 35,168 32,481 36,882 36,566 35,853 35,995 34,817 33,836 33,408 31,207 32,497 31,511 32,500 549,159
SEGS III 60,134 48,702 58,248 56,892 56,663 64,170 64,677 70,598 70,689 65,994 69,369 66,125 68,555 995,686
SEGS IV 64,600 51,007 58,935 57,795 54,929 61,970 64,503 71,635 71,142 63,457 64,842 70,313 68,278 1,017,283
SEGS V 59,009 55,383 67,685 66,255 63,757 71,439 75,936 75,229 70,293 73,810 71,826 73,235 72,879 1,014,444
SEGS VI 64,155 47,087 55,724 56,908 63,650 71,409 70,019 67,358 71,066 68,543 67,339 64,483 67,758 878,476
SEGS VII 58,373 46,940 54,110 53,251 61,220 70,138 69,186 67,651 66,258 64,195 64,210 62,196 65,048 834,986
SEGS VIII 102,464 109,361 130,999 134,578 133,843 139,174 136,410 137,905 135,233 140,079 137,754 138,977 137,990 1,691,773
SEGS IX 144,805 129,558 130,847 137,915 138,959 141,916 139,697 119,732 107,513 128,315 132,051 137,570 125,036 1,594,852
Total 608,960 538,458 613,798 620,358 628,674 676,091 674,473 662,631 636,851 652,835 657,834 662,542 8,967,123
Sources: Solargenix Energy,[11] KJC Operating Company,[7] IEEE,[12] NREL[13][14]
Harper Lake
SEGS VIII and SEGS IX, located at 35°01′54″N 117°20′53″W / 35.0316°N 117.348°W / 35.0316; -117.348 (SEGS VIII and IX), are the largest solar power plants individually and collectively in the world.[15] They were the last, the largest, and the most advanced of the nine plants at SEGS, designed to take advantage of the economies of scale. Construction of the tenth plant in the same locality was halted because of the bankruptcy of Luz Industries. Construction of the approved eleventh and twelfth plants never started. Each of the three planned plants had 80 MW of installed capacity.[16]
Kramer Junction
This location (35°00′51″N 117°33′32″W / 35.0142°N 117.559°W / 35.0142; -117.559 (SEGS III–VII)) receives an average of 340 days of sunshine per year, which makes it an ideal place for solar power generation. The average direct normal radiation (DNR) is 7.44 kWh/m²/day (310 W/m²),[7] one of the best in the nation.
SEGS I and II are located at 34°51′47″N 116°49′37″W / 34.8631°N 116.827°W / 34.8631; -116.827 (SEGS I and II).
Accidents and incidents
In February 1999, a 900,000-US-gallon (3,400 m3) therminol storage tank exploded at the SEGS II (Daggett) solar power plant, sending flames and smoke into the sky. Authorities were trying to keep flames away from two adjacent containers that held sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. The immediate area of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) was evacuated.[17]
Renewable energy portal
List of concentrating solar thermal power companies
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Parabolic trough
Renewable energy in the United States
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Solar power in the United States
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Solar thermal energy
^ a b The Energy Blog: About Parabolic Trough Solar
^ "Solar Electric Generating System" (PDF). http://www.nexteraenergyresources.com/content/where/portfolio/pdf/segs.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
^ Reducing the Cost of Energy from Parabolic Trough Solar Power Plants, NREL, 2003
^ a b "Solar thermal power generation". Solel Solar Systems Ltd. Archived from the original on 2008-06-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20080601185224/http://www.solel.com/products/pgeneration/ls2/. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
^ Alexis Madrigal (November 16, 2009). "Crimes Against the Future: The Demise of Luz". Inventing Green. http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/11/the-bankruptcy-of-luz/. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
^ Cohen, Gilbert (2006). "Nevada First Solar Electric Generating System" (PDF). IEEE May Technical Meeting. Las Vegas, Nevada: Solargenix Energy. p. 10. http://ewh.ieee.org/r6/las_vegas/IEEELASVEGASMAY2006.pdf
^ a b c Frier, Scott (1999). "An overview of the Kramer Junction SEGS recent performance" (PDF). Parabolic Trough Workshop. Ontario, California: KJC Operating Company. http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/pdfs/1999_kjc.pdf
^ Kearney, D. (August 1989). "Solar Electric Generating Stations (SEGS)". IEEE Power Engineering Review (IEEE) 9 (8): 4–8. DOI:10.1109/MPER.1989.4310850.
^ Price, Hank (2002). "Parabolic trough technology overview" (PDF). Trough Technology - Algeria. NREL. p. 9. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/engineering_science_technology/world/renewable/Trough%20Technology%20-%20Algeria2.pdf
^ Solar Electric Generating Station IX
^ Jones, J. (2000), "Solar Trough Power Plants", National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
^ California Energy Commission - Large Solar Energy Projects
^ Storage Tank at Solar Power Plant in Desert Explodes; Immediate Area Is Evacuated
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Coordinates: 35°01′N 117°34′W / 35.017°N 117.567°W / 35.017; -117.567
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