Closing the Loop: Zero Waste, GHG Emissions and Green Jobs in BC
March 28, 2013 Marc Lee Leave a comment
Below is the summary for our latest Climate Justice Project report, Closing the Loop: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Creating Green Jobs through Zero Waste in BC (I recommend checking the much prettier full paper, stand-alone summary, and awesome infographic by Sam Bradd on the website). Closing the Loop was a complex and challenging project that made my head spin, but in the end is one I am really proud of. For me it puts in place a key foundational piece of the Climate Justice Project, and bridges the ecological economics that I had first encountered in grad school two decades ago with all of the nuances of how waste policies have played out in the real world.
To make this happen, I had the good fortune to work with some really amazing co-authors. Ruth Legg came on as a student highly recommended by Bill Rees, and she did a lot of the early legwork on the project by interviewing experts, and developing early drafts. Sue Maxwell, of Ecoinspire, was our zero waste geek, and helped ground our analysis in the BC and local government context. And of course, Bill Rees, whose footprint is all over our conceptual framework. Thanks also to the Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions who provided additional funding for this report.
Summary: Closing the Loop
Most people are familiar with the idea that we need to "reduce, reuse, and recycle" to protect our environment. Over the last few decades, waste management programs have made good progress in diverting solid waste from landfills through recycling and composting. But success has been lacking in reducing the amount of waste that is created in the first place, and in re-using materials (like bottles and packaging) before recycling.
This study aims to address the core problem: a culture of consumption and an economic system that is wasteful and that contributes to climate change. It looks at the possibilities for reducing both solid waste and greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining a high quality of life from the products and services we use.
"Zero waste" policies emphasize upstream, proactive solutions – aggressive materials reduction, re-design, and re-use before recycling and composting. The object is dramatic reductions in the volume of materials that flow through the economy, and therefore energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. "Closing the loop" refers to the shift away from a linear economic model – where materials are extracted, made into consumer goods, then trashed – and towards a resource recovery model where materials cycle through the economy.
Well-designed policies can also support local economic development and the creation of new green jobs by increasing domestic capacity to manage and add value to the materials that are recovered.
Landfills, Incineration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Carbon dioxide is BC's single largest waste by weight—more than 49 million tonnes in 2010, compared to 5 million tonnes of solid waste generated ¬– even though carbon pollution goes into the atmosphere not a landfill. From a solid waste management perspective, both landfills and incineration pose challenges due to greenhouse gases.
In the case of landfills, methane, a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, is released when organic material does not decompose properly:
• Official estimates of BC landfill emissions are about 4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e) per year. However, recent analysis suggests they are likely to be much higher, around 13-19 Mt.
• More than one-quarter of waste going to landfill is compostable organic material. Composting programs, and initiatives like Metro Vancouver's plan to ban organics from disposal by 2015, are recognizing and starting to address this problem.
• Landfill gas can be captured in some cases, and used for energy, but this should be viewed as a short-term measure.
Incineration gives the impression of making waste disappear, but it merely transforms solid waste into ash, gases, heavy metals and toxic compounds. While billed as "waste-to-energy" (WTE), incineration, in fact, wastes the embodied energy that was used in making a product – the energy required for resource extraction and processing, product manufacture and transportation.
BC has one major incinerator in Burnaby, a waste-to-energy facility that processes about 280,000 tonnes of waste per year (about 28% of waste disposed in Metro Vancouver). A planned new incineration facility for Metro Vancouver would handle up to 370,000 tonnes of waste per year. This growing reliance on incineration needs to be rethought:
• Incineration produces the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
• Official estimates of GHG emissions from incineration in BC (84 kt CO2e) are dramatically understated because they do not include emissions from combusting organic materials.
• In terms of GHG emissions, energy generated from incineration is worse than any fossil fuel generation, including coal.
• Incineration often competes with or hinders more progressive solutions like recycling.
Reducing Emissions by Reducing Waste
Clearly, there are major opportunities for diverting waste from landfill and incineration. But far more attention needs to be paid to reducing the amount of waste produced in the first place. Reduction and re-use strategies go beyond recycling by displacing the need for new emissions-intensive manufacturing and transportation.
• Large parts of consumer waste could be transformed by re-use and better product design, from soft drinks to product packaging to food containers to electronic components. Banning single-use containers would also help.
• Requiring extended warranties on durable products and consumer electronics would push manufacturers to provide repair, maintenance and even upgrades.
• Collaborative consumption or sharing has been around for a long time, with public libraries being a good example. Some communities are building on this idea with toy or tool "libraries" that decrease resource consumption while building community.
• Growth of the Internet has also enabled dematerialization – digital music, video, books and magazines are the most obvious examples – a pure reduction in materials while allowing essentially the same consumption.
Building a Resource Recovery Economy
For economies like BC, "closing the loop" is no small task. BC's resource-based economic model has been subsidized by government through tax credits, low royalty rates, cheap electricity and publicly-funded infrastructure. In addition, policies have allowed many of the costs of production to be externalized: for example, costs like pollution and climate change are borne by people in general and by the environment, not by the specific producer or consumer.
Many of the materials collected from BC recycling programs are not processed locally, but are sold to other countries.
Closing the loop requires changes in economic incentives to capture externalized costs like pollution and develop robust local markets for resource recovery:
• Shift away from encouraging the extraction of raw resources and toward supporting the use of recycled materials and fostering local manufacturing.
• Drive market demand for recycling by addressing key barriers such as a lack of domestic capacity in areas such as carpet, non-refundable glass, and paper.
• Disposal bans or increasing tipping fees for disposal in landfills or incinerators would help drive incentives for recycling.
• Ensure demand for recycled materials through public procurement policies and requirements for minimum amounts of recycled content.
• Encourage the diffusion of business models based on renting and leasing, rather than owning.
• Support cooperative economies and collaborative consumption approaches.
The overall framework for managing how material flows through the economy may eventually resemble supply management systems like those that currently exist in agriculture, and could be supported by public investments or a Crown corporation if necessary.
Making collection easy for households and businesses should be a priority. Extended producer responsibility (EPR, also known as "stewardship" or "take back") programs put the onus on producers for post-consumer recycling of materials. New requirements for EPR programs should also encourage reductions in waste generated by:
• Including targets for recovery, consumer awareness and access, and goals for reducing, re-using and repair;
• Requiring better labelling for products;
• Establishing deposit and return systems for some products;
• Guarding against contamination that makes materials less valuable and can result in higher residual wastes (most waste experts caution against cheaper "single stream" collection efforts for this reason).
• Tailoring collection systems (curbside pickup, on-street bins, retail return points, or designated depots) to meet the particular circumstances of the product and the regional district or municipality.
Developing a Green Jobs Agenda
Managing waste for resource recovery has the potential to create green jobs in BC in sophisticated collection and sorting systems, and to redirect recovered material from export markets towards domestic re-use, re-manufacturing and recycling activities.
Based on research carried out in the US, UK and Europe, we estimate that there would be about 12,300 direct jobs from 100% recycling of BC's waste, with all sourcing and processing done locally. With an existing provincial diversion rate of 43%, this would mean about 7,000 new direct jobs. In addition to these, there are also potential jobs gains in the more labour-intensive repair and refurbishment of products.
Because there may be job losses from reduced resource extraction and landfilling and incineration practices, "just transition" programs will be needed that facilitate new skills development. On balance, it is anticipated that job creation impacts would be larger than losses, but policy should actively seek to create those jobs by developing the sectors cited above. Promoting and supporting unionized workforces would push green jobs to ensure decent wages and working conditions.
Beyond Recycling: Next Steps for BC
We consider both reductions in generation (reducing) as well as increases in diversion rates (recycling and composting) in order to model scenarios for 2020 and 2040. We assume a commitment by governments to implement new programs, standards and regulations, most of which are in place by 2020, but longer-term changes in product design and robust substitutes for existing products take longer to phase in, as well as to establish new norms for society's behaviour around conserving materials.
• We estimate a 13% reduction in waste generation by 2020, and a 45% reduction by 2040 – a major shift toward decreasing materials and energy throughput in the economy.
• Changes in materials, and source-separated collection systems, push the economy close to 100% recycling of materials by 2040.
• By 2020, reduced generation and more aggressive recycling and composting lead to 4.9 million tonnes CO2e savings by displacing organics from disposal and reducing the need for energy-intensive extraction and processing activities.
• By 2040 this rises to 6.2 million tonnes.
Integrate GHG emissions into waste management planning – BC should establish formal targets for reductions in waste generation as well as increased diversion, and these plans should fully account for GHG implications in concert with climate action. The province should require that regional districts re-draft solid waste management plans in line with zero waste objectives.
Do not expand incineration (waste-to-energy) capacity – Incineration has adverse consequences for health and GHG emissions, and requires a steady stream of waste that is inconsistent with zero waste objectives. Even if energy is produced from incineration, it is uneconomic energy as it destroys useful materials that are costly to replace from virgin sources.
Require province-wide composting – Banning organic materials from landfills is a top priority in terms of GHG emissions, and will take effect in Metro Vancouver as of 2015. Similar requirements should be applied across BC.
Phase out single use products and packaging – BC should implement deposit and return systems in support of re-use mandates (all beverage containers, including milk and soft drinks; food containers and cutlery) and require that stores take back containers and packaging for any product they sell. Other single-use items may need to be phased out, such as junk mail, telephone directories, disposable plates, cutlery and food containers, and plastic bags.
Move cautiously on a new BC framework for packaging and printed paper – Potential moves toward "integrated resource management" that mix more types of waste together, instead of maintaining multiple streams of materials, are problematic. A new framework must also respect municipal government and social enterprise investments and existing labour contracts, push producers up the pollution prevention hierarchy, and be rolled out for the industrial, commercial and institutional sector, as well as the residential one.
Establish minimum recycled content requirements – BC should implement re-use requirements and minimum recycled content requirements for a wide range of products. Public sector procurement should also strongly support keeping material flows in BC rather than exporting.
Invest in capacity to move up value chain – BC will need to make public investments in support of a shift away from landfills and incinerators, and toward waste reduction, re-use, repair and maintenance, and finally, recycling and composting.
Develop a green jobs and just transition framework – Policies are needed to help create well-paid, decent green jobs in the resource recovery sector, including policy to support retraining and job transitions from status quo operations. A sector-wide approach that includes collective bargaining and a commitment to decent wages and working conditions is important to this end.
Support research and innovation aimed at reducing the amount of materials flowing through the economy– Research funding should target resource recovery with an emphasis on efficient design, product durability and service economies that dramatically reduce material throughput. In addition, funds to support pilots and start-ups, innovative business models (such as leasing), re-use centres, dematerialization, and other sharing/cooperative projects would accelerate the transition to lower waste generation.
Ban or tightly regulate materials that are toxic or non-recyclable – Materials flowing through the economy should be safe for human, plant and animal health. The "precautionary principle," which puts the onus on producers to demonstrate their products are safe, should be the bedrock of materials regulation in the economy.
Shift incentives through pricing and regulation – Ecological fiscal reform should include reforming the royalty regime for resource extraction, which would make recycling more competitive. Fees for disposal to landfill and incineration should be steadily increased.
Following the directions laid out in this paper, the next generation of zero waste policy has great potential to help reduce GHG emissions and create green jobs through "closing the loop" on production in BC. Furthermore, a provincial policy mandate for zero waste creates an important opportunity to develop a localized economy better positioned to weather global changes— climate change, market volatility and resource scarcity—that are gathering on the horizon.