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The Book of Kells
The Book of Kells (Irish: Leabhar Cheanannais), sometimes known as the Book of Columba, is an illuminated manuscript in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. It was transcr...
Abd-ar-Rahman III, Caliph of Córdoba
Abd-ar-Rahman III was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba (912–961) of the Ummayad dynasty in al-Andalus. Called al-Nasir li-Din Allah ("the Defender of God's Faith"), he ascended the throne in his early 20s, and reigned for half a century as th...
Timbuktu, Mali
Timbuktu is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African nation of Mali. It was made prosperous by Mansa Musa. It is home to the prestigious Sankore University and other madrasas, and was an intellectual and spiritual capital and centre...
Ferdowsi, Persian Poet of Shahnameh
Abu 'l-Qasim Ferdowsi Tusi, or Ferdowsi was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is the world's longest epic poem created by a single poet, and the national epic of Greater Iran. Ferdowsi is celebrated as t...
Vladimir the Great, Ruler Kievan Rus
Vladimir the Great was a grand prince of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus' in (980–1015). Vladimir's father was the prince Sviatoslav of the Rurik dynasty. After the death of his father in 972, Vladimir, who was then prince of Novgorod, was forced...
Avicenna, Ibn-Sina, Persian Polymath
Avicenna is the Latinate form of Ibn-Sina. He was a Persian polymath regarded both in Europe and the Middle East as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age. He is known to have written around 450 works acr...
Pope John XIX
John XIX (born ? in Rome, died October 1032), was Pope from 1024 to 1032. He succeeded his brother, Pope Benedict VIII (1012–24), both being members of the powerful house of Tusculum. When elected Pope John XIX he was an unordained layman....
Anselm of Canterbury, Founder Scholasticism
Anselm of Canterbury was a Benedictine monk, an Italian medieval philosopher, theologian, and church official who held the office of Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. Called the founder of scholasticism, he is famous as the origin...
Pope Urban II, Crusade Instigator
Urban is best known for starting the First Crusade. Urban's crusading movement took its first public shape at the Council of Piacenza, where in March 1095 Urban received an ambassador from the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus, asking fo...
Rashi, French Rabbi, Comments on Talmud and Tanakh
Shlomo Yitzchaki, today generally known by the acronym Rashi, was a medieval French rabbi and author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud and commentary on the Tanakh. Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the tex...
Saint Margaret, The Pearl of Scotland
Saint Margaret of Scotland, also known as Margaret of Wessex, was an English princess and a Scottish queen. Margaret was sometimes called "The Pearl of Scotland". Born in exile in the Kingdom of Hungary, she was the sister of Edgar Ætheling...
Peter the Hermit, Preacher 1st Crusade
Peter the Hermit, French religious leader. In 1095 he was a very successful preacher of the First Crusade, and he led one of its bands. In 1096 he reached Constantinople with his undisciplined followers; when they arrived in Asia Minor, Pet...
Algazel (Al-Ghazali), Persian Scholar
Al-Ghazali known as Algazel to the western medieval world, born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran). He was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic of Persian origin and remains one of the most...
Hugues de Payens, 1st Grand Master
Hugues de Payens, also de Payns, a French knight from the Champagne region, was the co-founder and first Grand Master of the Knights Templar. With Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, he created the Latin Rule, the code of behavior for the Order....
Peter Abelard, French Scholastic Philosopher
Peter Abelard (Latin: Petrus Abaelardus or Abailardus; French: Pierre Abélard) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. His love for, and affair with, Héloïse d'Argenteuil have become legendary. The...
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