Tag Archives: Spanish
Article: Greek & Spanish Savings Flee Eurozone Crisis
The link below is to a report on the latest news out of the European Union, where Greek and Spanish savings are being withdrawn rapidly.
For more visit:
http://www.news.com.au/business/greek-spanish-savings-flee-eurozone-crisis/story-e6frfm1i-1226397683962
Posted in economy, European Union, Greece, news, Spain	| Tagged artic, article, crisis, European Union, Greece, Greek, news, rapidly, savings, Spain, Spanish, withdrawn | Leave a comment
Morocco Continues to Purge Nation of Foreign Christians
Posted on July 10, 2010 by particularkev
New wave of deportations raises concerns for foreigners married to Moroccans.
ISTANBUL, July 1 (CDN) — Moroccan authorities expelled eight more foreign Christians from the country last weekend, bringing the total of deported Christians since March to 128.
Two foreign women married to Moroccan Christians were included in this third wave of deportations since March, raising concerns that local authorities intend to harass the country's small but growing Protestant community.
"They are all in fear," a source told Compass, "because this happened to people who are married."
One of the women, a Lebanese national married to a Moroccan, was diagnosed with cancer last month and is the mother of a 6-year old girl whom she was forced to leave behind.
A Spanish national, Sara Domene, 31, was also deported on Monday (June 28), according to news sources. Domene was working as a language teacher in the Western Sahara, a territory under Moroccan sovereignty.
Authorities called the foreigners to police stations across Morocco on Friday (June 25) and told them they had 48 hours to leave the country on grounds of "threatening public order."
Other nationals who were forced to leave the country over the weekend came from France, Egypt, Lebanon, Switzerland, Nigeria and Spain.
A source explained that Moroccan authorities are essentially deporting Christians for "proselytism," which is illegal in Morocco, but in order to justify the deportations they have claimed that the foreigners pose a threat to the state.
In April nearly 7,000 Muslim religious leaders backed the deportations by signing a document describing the work of Christians within Morocco as "moral rape" and "religious terrorism." The statement from the religious leaders came amid a nationwide mudslinging campaign geared to vilify Christians in Morocco for "proselytism" – widely perceived as bribing people to change their faith.
There are an estimated 1,000 Moroccan Christian converts in the country. They are not recognized by the government. About 99 percent of Morocco's population of more than 33 million is Muslim.
On June 17, the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission held a U.S. congressional hearing on the ongoing deportations of U.S. citizens and other foreigners from Morocco.
Morocco has expelled about 58 U.S. citizens in the last four months. On Thursday (June 24) authorities informed about 10 U.S. citizens that they had 48 hours to leave the country, but within 24 hours the deportation orders were rescinded.
In a statement after the June 17 hearing, Rep. Frank Wolf (R-Va.), who co-chairs the Lantos commission, said he would lobby for the U.S. government to withhold funds it has pledged to Morocco if he did not see improvements in the treatment of Christians there.
"I will continue to stay with this issue until a resolution has been reached," he said. "Should this matter remain unresolved, it is possible that I may offer amendments in the Appropriations committee and on the House floor to restrict U.S. foreign aid from going to Morocco."
In a letter addressed to the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission on June 17, Ambassador of Morocco to the United States Aziz Mekouar claimed that the deportations "solely and exclusively targeted proselytism activities, which are clearly and categorically forbidden by the laws of Morocco and the precepts of Islam."
The ambassador said the Moroccan Penal Code imposes fines and prison sentences for those who "use means of seduction in the aim of undermining a Muslim's faith or of converting him/her to another religion, either by exploiting his weaknesses or needs, or through the use, to this end, of health or educational establishments, as well as shelters or orphanages."
Moroccan authorities have failed to provide foreign Christians whom they expelled with documented proof or official charges of their alleged proselytism activities. In his letter, the ambassador said the deportations were preferable to the "difficult ordeal" of incarceration and a trial as part of a criminal procedure against the Christians.
Wolf noted that that among those who were deported or denied reentry were businessmen, educators and humanitarian and social workers, "many of whom had resided in Morocco for over a decade in full compliance with the law. Additionally, those deported were forced to leave the country within two hours of being questioned by authorities, leaving everything behind."
Christian foreigners who were able to obtain official deportation documents have appealed their cases in the Moroccan courts. The hearings for those cases started in May and are continuing.
Posted in Christianity, Egypt, France, Islam, Lebanon, Morocco, Nigeria, Spain, Switzerland, USA	| Tagged activities, addressed, aim, alleged, ambassador, amendments, amid, appealed, appropriations, authorities, Aziz Mekouar, backed, behind, bribing, bringing, businessmen, campaign, cancer, cases, categorically, change, charges, Christian, Christianity, Christians, citizens, claimed, clearly, co-chairs, committee, community, compliance, concerns, congressional, continues, converting, converts, country, Courts, criminal, denied, deportations, deporting, describing, diagnosed, difficult, document, documented, educational, educators, Egypt, end, essentially, establishments, everything, exclusively, expelled, explained, exploiting, failed, faith, fear, fines, floor, forbidden, forced, foreign, foreign aid, foreigners, France, Frank Wold, full, funds, geared, girl, grounds, growing, happened, harass, health, hearings, house, humanitarian, illegal, imposes, improvements, incarceration, included, informed, intend, Islam, issue, justify, language, laws, leaders, leave, leaving, Lebanese, letter, lobby, married, matter, means, moral, Moroccan, Moroccan Penal Code, Moroccans, Morocco, mother, mudslinging, Muslim, muslims, nation, national, nationwide, needs, new, Nigeria, obtain, official, ongoing, ordeal, order, orders, orphanages, part, people, perceived, Persecution, pledged, police stations, pose, possible, precepts, preferable, prison, procedure, proof, proselytism, Protestant, provide, public, purge, raises, rape, reached, recognized, reentry, religion, religious, remain, Rep., rescinded, resided, resolution, restrict, Sara Domene, seduction, sentences, shelters, signing, small, social, solely, soverignty, Spain, Spanish, state, stay, Switzerland, targeted, teacher, territory, terrorism, third, threat, threatening, Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission, Total, treatment, trial, undermining, unresolved, USA, vilify, Virginia, wave, weaknesses, Western sahara, widely, withhold, women, work, workers, working | Leave a comment
India Finally Allows EU to Visit Orissa – But No Fact-Finding
Posted on January 31, 2010 by particularkev
After months of asking, delegation wins clearance to enter Kandhamal district.
NEW DELHI, January 29 (CDN) — Weary of international scrutiny of troubled Kandhamal district in Orissa state, officials yesterday finally allowed delegates from the European Union (EU) to visit affected areas – as long as they do no fact-finding.
A team of 13 diplomats from the EU was to begin its four-day tour of Kandhamal district yesterday, but the federal government had refused to give the required clearance to visit the area, which was wracked by anti-Christian violence in 2008. A facilitator of the delegation said that authorities then reversed themselves and yesterday gave approval to the team.
The team plans to visit Kandhamal early next month to assess the state government's efforts in rehabilitating victims and prosecuting attackers in the district, where a spate of anti-Christian violence in August-September 2008 killed over 100 people and burned 4,640 houses, 252 churches and 13 educational institutions.
When the federal government recommended that Orissa state officials allow the delegation to visit the area, the state government agreed under the condition that the diplomats undertake no fact-finding, according to the Press Trust of India (PTI) news agency. The government stipulated to the EU team, led by the deputy chief of mission of the Spanish embassy, Ramon Moreno, that they are only to interact with local residents. The delegation consented.
Delegates from the EU had also sought a visit to Kandhamal in November 2009, but the government denied permission. The diplomats from Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Finland were able to make it only to the Orissa state capital, Bhubaneswar, at that time.
Ironically, three days before the government initially denied permission to the EU team, the head of the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Mohan Bhagwat, visited Orissa and addressed a huge rally of its cadres in Bhubaneswar, reported PTI on Tuesday (Jan. 26).
While Bhagwat was not reported to have made an inflammatory speech, many Christians frowned on his visit. It is believed that his organization was behind the violence in Kandhamal, which began after a leader of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (World Hindu Council or VHP), Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati, was killed by Maoists (extreme Marxists) on Aug. 23, 2008. Hindu extremist groups wrongly blamed it on local Christians in order to stir up anti-Christian violence.
On Nov. 11, Orissa Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik told the state assembly House that 85 people from the RSS, 321 members of the VHP and 118 workers of the Bajrang Dal, youth wing of the VHP, were rounded up by the police for the attacks in Kandhamal.
EU's Indictments
It is believed that New Delhi was hesitant to allow EU's teams into Kandhamal because it has indicted India on several occasions for human rights violations. Soon after violence broke out in Kandhamal, the European Commission, EU's executive wing, called it a "massacre of minorities."
Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, who was attending the ninth India-EU summit in France at the time of the violence, called the anti-Christian attacks a "national shame." French President Nicolas Sarkozy, head of the European Council, and Jose Manuel Barroso, president of the European Commission, took up the issue "strongly with Singh," reported The Times of India on Sept. 30, 2008.
On Aug. 17, 2009, the EU asked its citizens not to visit Kandhamal in an advisory stating that religious tensions were not yet over. "We therefore advise against travel within the state and in rural areas, particularly in the districts of Kandhamal and Bargarh," it stated.
The EU's advisory came at a time when the state government was targeting the visit of 200,000 foreign tourists to Orissa, noted PTI.
Kandhamal Superintendent of Police Praveen Kumar suggested that the advisory was not based on truth.
"There is no violence in Kandhamal since October 2008," he told PTI. "The people celebrated Christmas and New Year's Day as peace returned to the tribal dominated district."
Before denying permission to the EU, the Indian government had restricted members of a U.S. panel from coming to the country. In June 2009, the government refused to issue visas for members of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) to visit Orissa. The panel then put India on its "Watch List" for the country's violations of religious freedom.
Tensions Remain
Local human rights activist Ajay Singh said that while the state government had made some efforts to rehabilitate the victims, a lot more needed to be done.
An estimated 300 families are still living in private relief camps in Kandhamal, and at least 1,200 families have left Kandhamal following the violence, he said. These families have not gone back to their villages, fearing that if they returned without converting to Hinduism they would be attacked, he added.
Singh also said that authorities have asked more than 100 survivors of communal violence living in an abandoned market complex known as NAC, in G. Udayagiri area of Kandhamal, to move out. He said it is possible they were asked to leave because of the intended visit of the EU team.
Of the more than 50,000 people displaced by the violence, around 1,100 have received some compensation either from the government or from Christian and other organizations, he added.
Additionally, the state administration has to do much more in bringing the attackers to justice, said a representative of the Christian Legal Association. Of the total 831 police cases registered, charges have been filed in around 300 cases; 133 of these have been dropped due to "lack of evidence," said the source.
Posted in Christianity, Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Hinduism, Iceland, India, Norway, Spain, Sweden, USA	| Tagged 2008, 2009, abandoned, activist, addressed, administration, advise, advisory, affected, against, agency, agreed, Ajay Singh, allow, allows, anti-Christian, approval, areas, asked, asking, assess, attacked, attackers, attacks, attending, authorities, Bajrang Dal, Bargarh, based, began, behind, believed, Bhubaneswar, blamed, bringing, broke out, burned, cadres, called, capital, celebrated, charges, Chief Minister, Christian, Christian Legal Association, Christianity, Christians, Christmas, churches, citizens, clearance, coming, Commission on International Religious Freedom, communal, compensation, complex, condition, consented, converting, country, delegates, delegation, denied, Denmark, denying, deputy chief of mission, diplomats, displaced, district, dominated, done, Dr, dropped, educational, embassy, enter, estimated, EU, European Commission, European Council, European Union, evidence, executive, extreme, facilitator, fact-finding, fearing, federal, filed, finally, Finland, foreign, France, French, frowned, G. Udayagiri, government, groups, head, hesitant, Hindu, Hinduism, Hindus, house, houses, huge, human rights, Iceland, India, India-EU, Indian, indicted, indictments, inflammatory, institutions, intended, interact, international, issue, Jose Manuel Barroso, justice, Kandhamal, killed, known, lack, leader, leave, led, living, local, made, Manmohan Singh, Maoists, market, Marxists, massacre, members, minorities, Mohan Bhagwat, move out, NAC, national, nationalist, Naveen Patnaik, needed, New Delhi, New Year's Day, news, Nicolas Sarkozy, Ninth, no, Norway, occasions, order, organization, organizations, Orissa, panel, particularly, peace, people, permission, Persecution, plans, police, possible, Praveen Kumar, President, Press Trust of India, Prime Minister, private, prosecuting, PTI, rally, Ramon Moreno, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Singh, received, recommended, refused, registered, rehabilitate, rehabilitating, relief camps, religious, religious freedom, remain, reported, representative, required, residents, restricted, returned, reversed, rounded up, RSS, rural, scrutiny, shame, sought, Spanish, spate, speech, state, state assembly, stipulated, stir, strongly, suggested, summit, superintendent of police, survivors, Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati, Sweden, targeting, team, tensions, The Times of India, time, Total, tour, tourists, travel, tribal, troubled, truth, undertake, US, USA, USCIRF, VHP, victims, villages, violations, violence, visas, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, visit, visited, Watch List, weary, wing, wins, workers, World Hindu Council, wracked, wrongly, youth | Leave a comment
Mexican High Court Frees Nine Men Accused in Acteal Massacre
Posted on November 7, 2009 by particularkev
Joy mixes with disappointment as 28 of 57 convicted in Chiapas remain in prison.
MEXICO CITY, November 6 (CDN) — More than 35 mainly evangelical Christian prisoners unjustly accused in the December 1997 massacre in Acteal, Chiapas had hoped they would be released from jail this week, but after long deliberations the Supreme Court of Mexico on Wednesday (Nov. 4) ruled only nine should be freed and ordered new trials for 16 others.
The high court thus ended its involvement in the controversy over the ordeal of the peasant laborers, ordering the release of the nine men – without declaring them innocent – and retrials for 16 others, this time without "invented" evidence and testimony. Those 16 men, plus several others including six who had previously been granted retrials, remain in prison.
In a 4-1 vote, the court ruled the federal attorney general violated legal process, fabricated evidence and false testimonies, formulated non-existent crimes and provided no concrete argument establishing culpability of the nine men.
Supreme Court Justice José Ramón Cossío Diaz said the decision to free the men was not a declaration of innocence but recognition of "a lack of impugning evidence" against them in the Dec. 22, 1997 massacre, in which 45 people were killed, including women and children.
"These Indians were condemned and declared guilty as a result of a trial that was plagued with violations," Cossío Diaz said, according to El Universal. "No material proving their guilt exists."
When prisoners convicted in the Acteal slayings learned that only nine were being released, they reportedly wept – some for joy, but most from disappointment.
"Everything was invented – I did not kill anyone," one of the evangelical Christians released, 45-year old Manuel Luna Perez, told Proceso magazine. "Many of our companions [in jail] also know nothing about who planned the massacre."
The court ruled that federal authorities had used "invented proofs and witnesses" in convicting the men, many of them evangelical Christians supportive of the then-ruling party who had land disputes and other conflicts with their accusers – mainly Roman Catholics sympathetic to the rebel Zapatista National Liberation Army.
At least five of the nine men released were known to be evangelical Christians when they were rounded up 12 years ago: Pablo Perez Perez, Emilio Gomez Luna, Juan Gomez Perez, Hilario Guzman Luna, and Manuel Luna Perez. Also released were Mariano Diaz Chicario, Pedro Lopez Lopez, Juan Hernandez Perez and Ignacio Gomez Gutierrez.
The nine were released from El Amate federal prison in Cintalapa, Chiapas yesterday and transported to Tuxtla where they are temporarily housed.
"There must have been about 200 to 250 people who made the trip [to the prison] – many were spouses and family members anxious to see the men," said a Compass source in Chiapas. "As per the previous occasion, the people waited patiently outside the prison for the men to be released, only to be disappointed because they were not allowed to speak with them when they left the prison. The men were put in a mini-bus and taken to where they will be housed under government supervision for the next couple of weeks."
The relatives and others traveled on to the men's temporary quarters in Tuxtla, where they were able to meet with them, and several of the ex-prisoners' spouses and other family members are staying with them there, the source said.
The freed men said the government has offered them what it promised 20 prisoners released on Aug. 13, the source said: farmland, help with building houses, water, electricity and other basic amenities, as well as helping them monetarily until they become self-supporting.
An attorney representing 31 defendants in the case, Jose Antonio Caballero, reportedly expressed disappointment that the high court didn't free more of those accused. But the attorney told EFE news service that the ruling would help remedy some of the mistakes in the legal process.
In the case of the 16 men to be given new trials, the high court ruled there was sufficient evidence for prosecution to retry them in a lower court in Chiapas. This time, the Supreme Court ruled, the lower court will not take into consideration any of the fabricated evidence or false testimonies, and the charges of use of military weapons and carrying a gun without a license are dropped.
On Aug. 12 the high court ordered the release of the first 20 prisoners (freed the next day), for the same reasons the nine men were released yesterday. All the freed men, mostly evangelical believers who insisted on their innocence, had been sentenced to 25 years and had already served nearly 12.
The most recent group was to have been freed on Oct. 28, but the Chiapas government led by Gov. Juan Sabines requested extra time to present "new proofs which demonstrate the probable responsibility of previous state and federal public officials, as well as civilians" in the massacre, according to La Jornada. Over the years, lawyers have insisted that the men were tried without access to interpreters or legal defenders acquainted with their indigenous culture and customs, as required by Mexican law.
For the past several weeks, families of the condemned men had set up a form of tent protest in the central plaza of Mexico City, attempting to call attention to the plight of their husbands, fathers, brothers and cousins.
With this week's decision and the decision on Aug. 12, the court has ordered the release of 29 of the total 57 prisoners and retrials for 22 others accused in the Acteal massacre. Those 22 plus six others remain in prison.
Controversy over who killed the 45 people has revolved around whether there was a "massacre" by numerous "paramilitary" villagers or a "confrontation" between a handful of neighboring peasants and Zapatista National Liberation Army rebels. Historian Héctor Aguilar Camín has argued that there was both a confrontation and a massacre, with some overlap between each, but that they were largely separate incidents.
Five confessed killers have testified that they and four others engaged only Zapatista militia to avenge the death of a relative, while the federal attorney general's office charged that at least 50 pro-government "paramilitaries" descended on a relief camp hermitage full of displaced peasants bent on killing and robbing them. The testimonies of the five confessed killers – four others remain at large – agree that the nine avengers were the only ones involved in the firefights, and that the decision to attack the Zapatistas was a private family decision made with no involvement from government authorities.
They also agree that the sole motive was to avenge the assassination of a relative – the latest of 18 unprosecuted murders by Zapatistas over the previous three months, according to Aguilar Camín.
Government prosecutors unduly dismissed much of the testimony of the five confessed avengers, Aguilar Camín wrote in a 2007 article for Nexos, noting that the killers testified that state security forces were nearby and did nothing. He highlighted the judicial irregularities of the round-up and conviction of the peasants – apprehensions without evidence or warrant, charging 83 people with homicide when only 45 people were killed and lack of translators and attorneys for the suspects, Tzotzil Mayans who did not know Spanish.
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PHILIPPINES: CHRISTIANS FEAR FAILED PACT INCREASES RISK OF REPRISALS
Posted on October 7, 2008 by particularkev
Frustrated Muslim demand for larger autonomous region in Mindanao could lead to war.
DUBLIN, October 6 (Compass Direct News) – Militant Islamists in the southern island of Mindanao have stepped up their attacks on majority-Christian villages following the failure of a peace agreement that would have enlarged an existing Muslim autonomous region there.
With Muslim commanders of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in the southern Philippines yesterday saying ongoing support from the international community was necessary to prevent a full-scale war breaking out in Mindanao, both Muslim and Christian residents in the disputed territories were fearful of what the future might hold.
"The problem is that many people living in these areas don't want to be part of a Muslim autonomous region," a source in Mindanao who preferred to remain anonymous told Compass.
"The closer you get to these zones, the more nervous people are," he said. "The town of Kolambugan, where most of the fighting took place in mid-August, became a virtual ghost town for a while. It had a population of 25,000. But people are slowly returning to their homes."
A Christian family from the area said many people were afraid to sleep at night because they kept hearing reports that they would be attacked at midnight.
"When MILF forces attack Christian villages, Muslim neighbors are afraid that Christians will retaliate against them, even though they have nothing to do with the violence," the source added. "This has happened in the past."
He also explained that some moderate Muslims are drawn to support the MILF because the rebels claim the Christians have stolen their ancestral homelands. Communities in Mindanao often struggle with extreme poverty.
"If MILF is successful in gaining control over these lands, the people assume that their economic situation will improve," he said. "So although they want the fighting to stop, they sympathize with the MILF."
While the conflict is primarily political, religion plays a significant role. As a member of the Moro Youth League stated in an Aug. 5 national television interview in the Philippines, "As a Muslim, in order to live in a righteous way, you need to be living under sharia [Islamic] law and with an Islamic government. We believe we have the right to fight for this."
Other Youth League members on the program agreed that sharia was a primary objective of autonomy, and that Islam was the only "real path of doing anything in this world."
Violence Erupts
Some 2,000 MILF supporters yesterday held a protest march in Marawi city, Lanao del Sur, appealing to the United Nations and the Organization of the Islamic Conference to compel the Philippine government to revive the aborted peace agreement that would have enlarged the existing Muslim autonomous region in the south.
Breakaway MILF commanders on Aug. 18 attacked several majority-Christian villages after the Supreme Court prevented the Aug. 5 signing of the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD). The agreement potentially would have given the MILF power to establish an Islamic state governed by sharia law.
Christian leaders in Mindanao appealed to the Supreme Court when they realized that if they voted against inclusion in the proposed Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE), their majority-Christian villages would become small islands in the midst of MILF-administered territory. As a result, they feared, they would be forced to move elsewhere.
Incensed by the 11th-hour stalling of the agreement, three MILF commanders on their own initiative led attacks against towns in North Cotabato and Lanao del Norte provinces on Aug. 18, burning homes, seizing livestock and killing at least 37 people. Another 44,000 residents immediately fled the area.
When some Christian residents armed themselves in defense, Secretary of Interior Ronaldo Puno warned that anyone carrying weapons would be disarmed.
The MILF has only 11,000 active fighting men, according to local estimates. But by Aug. 20, the National Disaster Coordinating Council had reported a total of 159,000 people displaced by the rebel attacks.
The Philippine army quickly retaliated, sweeping villages in an attempt to seize the rebel commanders.
After two weeks of violent clashes, the Philippine government officially abandoned the MOA-AD. Spokeswoman Lorelei Fajardo said President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo would seek a new agreement based on consultation with legislators and local politicians rather than negotiations with the MILF.
Furthermore, the government would concentrate on the "disarmament, demobilization and rehabilitation" of MILF cadres, Fajardo said.
In response, MILF leaders rejected any renegotiation of the peace deal with Arroyo's administration.
Overcoming Prejudice
An opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) on Aug. 7 stated that the MOA-AD would only reinforce prejudices between Christian and Muslim communities.
Under the agreement, WSJ claimed, the government would further divide Mindanao into Muslim and Christian enclaves, increasing the likelihood of territorial disputes. Separating Muslims from the rest of Philippine society, it stated, would encourage a vision already held by MILF to help create a pan-Islamic state covering several countries in the region, including Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore.
Finally, the WSJ said, less Philippine control of Mindanao would "invite even more terrorist activity in an area that already has strong ties to al Qaeda."
While there are proven terrorist leanings in groups such as the MILF and the Abu Sayyaf, not all area Muslims approve of or engage in such activities.
Camilo Montesa, a key figure in peace negotiations, in his blog on Aug. 30 described an encounter with a young man who believed that Muslim residents would readily seize property from Christians once the BJE were formed.
Others told Montesa that, "Muslims were scouting and marking the big houses of Christians in Cotabato and staking a claim over them in anticipation of the signing of the peace agreement."
"The hearts and minds of the people are the battlefields, and not some hill or base camp," Montesa concluded. "There is a limit to what arms and war can produce … It is unfortunate that we are so divided as a people at this point in our national life."
Reclaiming 'Ancestral Domains'
As Islamic identity strengthened in the Middle East after World War II – and as many Philippine Muslims traveled to study in Middle Eastern countries – certain sectors of the Bangsamoro population became committed to reclaiming "ancestral domains."
Their claims dated back to the rule of the Sultanate of Sulu, which existed prior to Spanish colonial rule in the 1500s, and the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. When the last sultan died in 1936, the fledgling Philippine government refused to recognize his heir, effectively eradicating the traditional Bangsamoro power base.
When the Philippines became a republic in 1946, its constitution allowed for the establishment of an autonomous region in Muslim Mindanao. Initially the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) fought alone for this autonomous territory; in 1977, however, MNLF member Hashim Salamat – who had studied in Saudi Arabia – and his followers seceded from the movement and founded the rival MILF.
The Philippine government signed an agreement with the MNLF in January 1987, and territories were added to the resulting Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) through a series of plebiscites or referendums in 1989, 2001, 2002 and 2006.
MILF commanders later laid claim to a further 712 villages outside the ARMM.
Negotiations between the government and the MILF began in earnest in June 2001. Both parties were to formally sign the resulting MOA-AD on Aug. 5, a deal which could have led to the creation of the separate Bangsamoro Juridical Entity, or fully-functioning state, replacing the ARMM by 2010.
When details of the agreement were leaked to the press, however, Christian politicians in regions of Mindanao affected by the agreement appealed to the Supreme Court, which in turn issued a temporary restraining order on the signing of the agreement on Aug. 4.
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