Spain then and now
Spanish Architecture Overview
Medieval Architecture in Spain.
Architecture as Cultural Signpost
The Great Mosque of Córdoba. La Mezquita.
Inside the Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain.
Córdoba's Cathedral is a Mosque!
Córdoba's Mosque: Muslim Calligraphy and Christian Imagery
Alhambra. Historical Introduction.
The Alhambra: What's inside?
Entering the Alhambra.
Inside the Alhambra. The Nasrid Palace.
The Alhambra: Court of the Lions
Alhambra. A Case of Two Palaces.
Alhambra. Palaces and Power.
Alhambra. Poetry and Arabesque.
San Baudelio. A Gem of Mozarabic Architecture.
Castles in Spain. History.
Romanesque Architecture. Characteristics.
Romanesque Architecture in Catalonia.
Romanesque in Aragón, Navarra, Castile-León
Church Architecture and the Reconquista.
Cistercian Architecture in Spain.
Gothic Architecture. Characteristics.
Four Spanish Gothic Cathedrals.
Burgos Cathedral.
Plateresque Style in Spain's Golden Age Architecture.
Renaissance Architecture in 16th Century Spain
Golden Age Architecture. Charles V's Palace in the Alhambra.
Antoni Gaudí. Catalan Architect.
Gaudí. La Sagrada Familia. History.
Gaudí. La Sagrada Familia.
Spanish Art Overview
Cave Paintings in Spain
Romanesque Art and Sculpture in Spain
Painting in Spain's Golden Age. Overview.
Golden Age Religious Painting and Flemish Influence.
Golden Age Religious Painting and Italian Influence
Golden Age Art: Religion, Politics, Art in the 16th Century.
Golden Age Art: Portraiture.
El Greco. Domenikos Theotocopoulos (ca. 1541-1614)
Spanish Culture Overview
Spanish Food. History. Introduction.
Spain's Jamón Ibérico. The World's Greatest Ham.
Spanish Food History: The Early Days.
Spanish Food History: The Romans.
Spanish Food. Al-Andalus and Cookbooks
Food. Al-Andalus. Agriculture.
Spanish Food. Ziryab (789-857).
Conversos and Moriscos: Tyranny of Food.
Bullfighting in Spain ("Corrida de toros")
Spanish History Overview
The earliest years
Spain in the Palaeolithic Age
Spain. Copper Age: Antequera.
The Iberians in Spain
The Celts in Spain.
Iberians and Celts in 19th and 20th-Century Spain.
Tartessus
The Phoenicians in Spain.
The Greeks in Spain.
The Carthaginians in Spain.
Roman Conquest of Spain/Hispania.
Roman Legacy in Spain/Hispania.
Roman Roads in Spain/Hispania.
Roman Towns in Spain/Hispania.
Roman Spain/Hispania and Christianity.
Visigoths in Spain. Arrival and Legacy.
Visigoths or Invisigoths!
Spain. Visigoths and Unity: Monarchy. Religion. Law.
Spain. Visigoths and Jews.
Al-Andalus. History of the Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain.
Al-Andalus. 8th Century Invasion.
Al-Andalus. 8th Century. Consolidation.
Al-Andalus. 9th Century.
Al-Andalus: 10th Century. Abd al-Rahman III.
Al-Andalus. 10th Century. Córdoba and Culture.
Al-Andalus. 10th Century. Al-Mansur.
Al-Andalus. 11th Century. Taifa kingdoms
Almoravids in Al-Andalus. 11th Century.
Almohads in Al-Andalus. 12th Century.
Al-Andalus: Survival of Granada.
Al-Andalus: Economy.
Al-Andalus. Dhimmis.
Al-Andalus. Muwallads.
Al-Andalus. Mozarabs.
Mozarabs. Resistance Accommodation.
Mozarabs. A Controversial Term.
Mudejars. From Survival to Conversion.
Moriscos. Their History in Spain.
Asturias. León. History of Early Christian kingdoms.
Pamplona. Navarre. History of Early Christian kingdoms.
Castile. Early History and Formation.
Alfonso X, el Sabio 1221-84. Politics.
Alfonso X. El Sabio: Language and Law.
Alfonso X. El Sabio: Histories and Translations.
History of the Jews in Spain to 13th Century.
History of the Jews in Spain.14th-Century.
History of the Jews in Spain. Early 15th-Century.
History of the Jews and Conversos in Spain. 15th Century
Conquest of Granada.
History of Spain. 16th Century Overview.
Ferdinand and Isabella: Catholic Monarchs. Politics.
Charles V of Spain. Politics.
History of Spain.17th-Century Overview.
History of Spain.18th Century. Overview (1)
History of Spain.18th Century. Overview (2).
History of Spain.19th Century. Overview.
Spain. The Peninsular War 1808-14.
Spain. Restoration 1875-1902
Anarchism in Spain in the 19th Century.
History of Spain. 20th Century. Overview.
Spain. Regeneration and Restoration1902-23.
Spain. Restoration 1902-1931. The Monarchy.
Spain. Restoration 1900-1923. The Military.
General Miguel Primo de Rivera: The Rise of a Dictator.
General Miguel Primo de Rivera: The Fall of a Dictator.
Second Spanish Republic 1931-36. History. Overview.
Second Spanish Republic 1931-36. Transition to Provisional Government.
Second Spanish Republic. The Church June 1931-November 1933.
Second Spanish Republic. Agrarian Reform June 1931-November 1933.
Second Spanish Republic. Military Reform June 1931-November 1933.
Second Spanish Republic. Regional Autonomy. June 1931-November 1933.
Second Spanish Republic. 1931-33. Unions and Forces of Order.
Casas Viejas, January 1933. A Spanish Tragedy.
Second Spanish Republic. Nov 1933-Feb 1936. The Right Takes Charge.
Second Spanish Republic. Nov1933-Feb1936. The Left Reacts.
Second Spanish Republic. February 1936-July 1936. Prelude to Civil War.
Spanish Civil War: An Overview of the Causes.
Spanish Civil War. War Breaks Out.
Spanish Civil War. Objective Madrid.
Spanish Civil War. Republican Disunity.
Spanish Civil War. International Context.
Spanish Civil War. An Uncivil War.
Spain after the Civil War. International Relations.
Franco Crusader Saviour?
The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War.
The Catholic Church after the Spanish Civil War.
CORDOBA. Historical Overview.
GRANADA Spain to the 17th Century.
GRANADA Spain from the 17th to 20th Century.
SEVILLE to 1500.
SEVILLE. 16th and 17th Centuries.
SEVILLE from 1700.
TOLEDO. Historical Overview.
CATALONIA. Early History to 1000 AD.
Catalonia History: 11th and 12th Centuries.
Catalonia History 13th Century.
Catalonia. History. 14th Century.
Catalonia. History. 19th-Century.
Catalonia. Renaixença. Cultural Rebirth.
Catalonia. Towards a Catalan Voice.
Catalonia. History 1900-1923.
ARAGON. Early History to 1137.
Spanish Literature Overview
Poema or Cantar de Mío Cid (Song of the Cid)
El Cid: Brief Biography
Poema de Mío Cid: Is the Cid Spain's Hero?
Poema de Mío Cid: A Different Hero.
Alfonso X el Sabio and Poetry.
Book of Good Love: Libro de buen amor
Book of Good Love: Ambiguity
Book of Good Love: Love and seduction
Spanish Ballads. Historical Overview to Civil War 1936-39.
Spanish Ballads. Origins. Classification.
Spanish Ballads. Metre. Rhyme. Style.
Spanish Ballad. De amores trata Rodrigo.
Spanish Ballad. Encima del duro suelo.
La Celestina. Summary.
La Celestina. Author. Genre. Location.
La Celestina. The Upstairs World of Calisto and Melibea.
The Downstairs World of Celestina.
La Celestina. Challenge and Innovation.
La Celestina. Daily Needs and Survival.
La Celestina. Interpretation(s).
Spain Golden Age Literature. Background.
Spain Golden Age Literature. Overview.
Romances of Chivalry. Definition and Characteristics.
Amadis of Gaul. Summary.
Amadis of Gaul. The Art of Storytelling.
Spain. Romances of Chivalry. Popularity.
Spain. Romances of Chivalry Decline.
Garcilaso de la Vega 1498?-1536. Life and Fame.
Garcilaso de la Vega. Poetic Innovations.
Garcilaso de la Vega. Sonnet 1. Cuando me paro … Analysis.
Garcilaso de la Vega. En tanto que de rosa… Analysis.
Lazarillo de Tormes: Summary.
Lázaro: The Letter Writer.
Lazarillo. Cynic, Saint. Knight?
Lazarillo de Tormes and Reality.
San Juan de la Cruz: Noche oscura. Analysis.
San Juan de la Cruz . Llama de amor viva. Analysis.
Góngora. Mientras por competir… Analysis.
Quevedo: Poderoso caballero… Analysis.
Quevedo: ¡Ah de la vida!…
Quevedo. El Buscón. Introduction.
Quevedo. El Buscón. Book I. Summary.
Quevedo. El Buscón. Book II. Summary.
Quevedo. El Buscón. Book III. Summary.
Guzmán de Alfarache. Introduction.
Guzmán de Alfarache. From Equality to Heroism.
Guzman de Alfarache. New Epic or Novel?
Cervantes. Life. Part I. 1547-80.
Cervantes. Life. Part II. 1580-1616.
Cervantes: What is it about Titles?
Cervantes: What is it about the title "Don Quixote"?
Don Quixote Part I (1605). Summary.
Don Quixote Part II (1615): Summary.
Don Quixote: A Famous Failure.
Don Quixote. Hero or Fool?
Don Quixote and the Real World. Part I (1605).
Don Quixote and the Real World. Part II (1615).
Don Quixote's Squire Sancho Panza.
Don Quixote. An Authoritarian's Nightmare.
Don Quixote: The "True"Story
Don Quixote. Hero or Religious Extremist?
Fuenteovejuna. Summary.
La vida es sueño. Summary.
Life is a Dream. La Vida es Sueño. Act I. Scenes 1 to 4.
EL Burlador de Sevilla. Summary.
Don Juan…the Devil
Don Juan and Honour.
Spanish Travel Overiew
General Map of Spain.
Geography of Spain.
The Spanish Coast.
Spain. The North Coast.
Las Rías
Spanish Coast. La Costa Verde.
Spanish Coast. La Costa Vasca.
Spanish Coast. La Costa Cantábrica.
Spain. The Mediterranean Coast.
La Costa de la Luz
Spain. Mountains.
Spain. The Meseta.
Spain. Rivers.
Spain. Water Problems.
Spain: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Visiting Córdoba.
Visiting Toledo.
Travel Itinerary: 2013 Trip to Spain.
Travel 2013: Barcelona Arrival
Travel 2013. Day 1. Barcelona
Travel 2013. Day 3. Barcelona to Cuenca
Travel 2013. Day 4. Cuenca to Granada
Travel 2013. Day 5 (1). Granada
Travel 2013. Day 6. Las Alpujarras
Travel 2013. Day 7. Granada La Hoya
Travel 2013. Day 8. La Hoya to Carmona
Travel 2013. Day 9 (1). Carmona Seville
Travel 2013. Day 9 (2) Seville
Travel 2013. Day 10 (1) Carmona Córdoba
Travel 2013. Day 10 (2) Cordoba Almagro
Travel 2013. Day 11. Almagro to Madrid
Travel 2013. Day 12 (1) Madrid
Travel 2013. Day 13 Madrid to Segovia
Travel 2013. Day 14 Segovia El Burgo de Osma
Travel 2013 Day 15 Berlanga, Baudelio, Gormaz
Travel 2013. Day 15 (2) Calatanazor
Travel 2013. Day 16. Burgo de O to Sos del Rey
Travel 2013. Day 17 Sos and Leyre Monastery
Travel 2013 Day 18. San Juan de la Peña and Alquézar
Travel 2013. Day 19. Alquézar
Travel 2017: Itinerary and Arrival.
Travel 2017. Day 1. Madrid Bilbao.
Travel 2017. Day 2. Bilbao Argoños
Travel 2017. Day 3. Argoños.
Travel 2017. Day 4. Santillana del Mar.
Travel 2017. Day 5. Comillas. Gaudí's El Capricho.
Travel 2017. Day 6. Bárcena Mayor.
Travel 2017. Day 7. Santillana to Oviedo.
Travel 2017. Day 8. Oviedo Bárzana.
Travel 2017. Day 9. Oviedo Ribadeo.
April 26, Day 10 (1) Carmona to Córdoba
See Travel Itinerary for a rationale of this trip, a who's who of those travelling, and our itinerary.
We left Carmona, taking the NIV E5 along the broad, fertile Guadalquivir valley to Córdoba, 105 kilometres (65 miles) to the east. The river was away to our left, too far to see. This flat countryside, known as La Campiña, is dotted with agricultural towns. Surrounding the towns is a patchwork of cereal crops, much of it belonging to large latifundia (estates) whose origins go back to the 13th century when nobles were granted large tracts of land as reward for helping defeat Moorish forces. Most of these lands later became entailed estates, i.e. they could not be broken up.
Most interesting on this road were La Luisiana and La Carlota, two towns founded in the 18th century as part of a programme of agrarian reform. Their primary purpose was to repopulate uninhabited areas of royal land in Andalucía and improve agricultural production which the landed gentry weren't interested in developing. A secondary objective was to reduce banditry on the main Madrid-Seville road, along which bullion from the Americas travelled. The really intriguing aspect of this programme was the arrival of thousands of German and Flemish Catholics, encouraged by the Spanish Crown with offers of free land, houses, tools, cattle and seeds. To avoid growth of large landholdings, the new owners were prohibited from increasing or dividing their property.
A dozen such towns (aka colonies or settlements) were established, from La Luisiana to La Carolina on the south eastern edge of the Sierra Morena, all distinguished by their rectangular streets, and simple churches and houses. They are a good illustration of attempts at social planning by Enlightenment thinkers in the 18th century. The project had mixed success; about half of the northern Europeans found the heat of Andalusia too much and left (the area between Seville and Córdoba is one of the hottest in Europe). Spanish families came to replace them, but there still remain descendants of the German and Flemish pioneers, as attested by surnames still found in the areas.We arrived at Córdoba by about 10 a.m., crossed the Guadalquivir at the Puente (Bridge) San Rafael and quickly found a place to park just outside the old walls (look for P signs). Margaret and I knew that there were severe restrictions on traffic in the old town, with collapsible pillars in the middle of street entrances to cut off entry to unauthorised vehicles.
Still, we were only about 15 minutes away from the Mezquita, Córdoba's Great Mosque, and one of the greatest architectural and cultural legacies left by the Moors in Spain. It was consecrated as a cathedral after the conquest of Córdoba by Christian forces in 1236.
The mosque: west wall.
As a bonus, the walk to the mosque took us through the old Jewish quarter, the Judería. We decided to get to the mosque as soon as possible, and leave the leisurely walk through the Judería for our return to our van.
Patio de los Naranjos.
Margaret, John and I had visited the mosque numerous times, but for Leslie, Andrew and Alex, it was a new experience. We bought our tickets in the Patio de los Naranjos (Courtyard of the Orange trees), where ablutions were once carried out by Muslims before entering the Mosque.
Although we were there fairly early, there were already lots of visitors crowding the ticket office. Once inside the mosque, however, it was easy to find space and quiet. The only places where crowds gathered were in front of the mihrab, the niche on the qibla wall indicating the direction of Mecca**, and the 16th-century Christian cathedral (actually choir and chancel) sitting right in the centre of the mosque.
**In this mosque, however, the qibla faces Damascus,
home of the exiled Abd al-Rahman I, who arrived in
Córdoba in 756AD.
Many people have disapproved of the Christian choir and sanctuary built in the centre of the mosque in the 1520s, claiming that its structure has spoilt the integrity of the mosque's design.
Church and mosque together
There's little doubt about that, but there's no other building in the world that allows us to see so graphically the difference in the architectural practice of two major religions. The nomadic background of the early Muslims in Arabia and the lack of stone building material might have something to do with the horizontal structure of mosques, although general opinion is that their design was inspired by the simple rectangular form of Muhammad's house, which also served as a mosque. Churches emerged basically from the Roman basilica, a rectangular civil structure used for meetings, e.g town halls or courts of justice.
By chance, the differences in height between church and mosque tell us something of their respective congregations; in the increasingly higher churches from Romanesque to Gothic, there is a strong element of pride, a kind of reaching for the heavens; the low-lying mosque reflects the idea of submission before Allah enshrined in Islam (Muslim means one who submits him/herself to Allah). The mosque/cathedral of Córdoba does in the religious sphere what the two palaces of the Alhambra in Granada do on the secular level.
Every time we have visited the mosque, Margaret and I have found it a very tranquil place, and this time was no different. Leslie observed that she too felt the same and, to her, the mosque was a much "warmer" building than the immense cathedral in Seville, which we had seen the day before (Travel. Day 9). The mosque is also huge, in fact larger in area than Seville's cathedral, but being low slung it is more intimate. The open arches lent an air of weightlessness and freedom as we walked unimpeded in whichever direction we chose, unlike a church where our steps are directed towards the altar. The differences between the mosque and the cathedral (and the numerous side chapels incorporated in the outer walls) do not point to the superiority of one over the other; they indicate different roads taken to reach the same God. The mosque of Córdoba represents a unique spot where those roads meet.
The interior of the Great Mosque, Cordoba's greatest attraction. Completed under al-Mansur.
We were in the mosque well over an hour, but the time sped by. Back outside, we turned left, crossed the Patio de los Naranjos and exited by Puerta de los Deanes to the Calle de Torrijos. Here we headed left, down the slope, around a tall pillar bearing a statue of St Raphael, patron saint of Córdoba, and past a late 16th-century triumphal archway (Puerta de Felipe/ Philip II) and onto Córdoba's ancient Roman bridge. Actually the bridge, now closed to vehicles, has been rebuilt so many times that the only Roman thing left is the foundations.
At the far end of the bridge is the 14th-century crenellated Torre de Calahorra, housing a museum. Inside, life in 10th-century Córdoba is recreated through audiovisual displays. The museum's founder and director was a Frenchman, Roger Garaudy, one time French Catholic senator, then Protestant, then Communist and finally Muslim.
If you look downriver as you cross the bridge, you can see remains of old Moorish watermills that were used for grinding flour and watering the gardens of the Alcázar de los Reyes Católicos. You can see the walls of the Alcázar across the road to you right as you look at the mill ruins.
Water mill (the wheel can be seen in the greenery) with Alcázar in background.
After reaching the Torre de Calahorra, we wandered back over the Guadalquivir, which looked quite muddy. By now we were hungry, and I wanted to see whether a bar that I had frequented when I spent time in Córdoba was still there. We retraced our steps along the Calle de Torrijos and turned left past the Hotel Maimonides. In the past, Margaret and I have stayed a few times at the Maimonides. Although the rooms are a little small, it is clean, comfortable, convenient and reasonably priced, and on each occasion we were fortunate to have rooms looking out on the mosque and its belfry right across the road (depending on your sleeping habits, you might find those rooms noisy since this intersection is very busy, and Cordobans go to bed late).
Once past Maimonides and the many souvenir shops selling leather and filigree goods for which Córdoba has been famous since Moorish times, we were in the Judería. We did the tourist thing and looked at some leather shops, and then hunted for the bar. Fortunately, I have a fairly good sense of direction, and it didn't take long to find it: Taberna Rafaé on Calle de los Deanes, 2. It hadn't changed a bit … very much a local bar less frequented by tourists. I had liked the food there, fulsome with little fuss. We all decided on take-out Spanish omelette bocadillos, and they didn't disappoint … big chunks of omelette in crunchy, chewy baguettes, all washed down with cold bottled water.
As we ate, we wandered through the labyrinth of narrow, white streets for which Córdoba's Judería is well known.
Street in La Juderia.
One of the favourite "photo ops" in Cordoba. The Calleja de las Flores with a view of the Renaissance belfry that replaced the minaret in the 16th century.
As in Seville's Judería, we glimpsed beautiful, flowered patios behind wrought-iron doorways, and heard the occasional murmur of a fountain. Eventually, we found our way to the 14th-century synagogue, one of only three remaining in Spain.
Córdoba: Synagogue entrance.
It's on the Calle de los Judíos, but you have to be alert because its entrance is very small so you might easily miss it. Inside, it's tiny and although some attempt was made to control entry, it was crammed with tourists.
After the synagogue, we returned to our van; it was time to head for Almagro, where we had accommodation reserved for the night.
For other places to visit in Córdoba, see Visiting Córdoba.
Medieval Architecture • Architecture as cultural signpost. • The Great Mosque of Córdoba: La Mezquita • Inside the Great Mosque of Córdoba • Córdoba's Cathedral is a Mosque! • Cordoba Mosque: Calligraphy and Imagery • Alhambra: Historical Introduction • Approaching the Alhambra • Entering the Alhambra • Inside the Alhambra • Alhambra: Court of the Lions • Alhambra: Poetry and Arabesque. • Alhambra: A Case of Two Palaces • Alhambra: Palaces and Power • Mozarabic Architecture: San Baudelio. • Castles in Spain • Romanesque Architecture: Background. • Romanesque in Catalonia. • Romanesque in Aragón, Navarra, Castile-León. • Church Architecure and the Reconquista. • Cistercian Architecure. • Gothic Architecture: Background. • Gothic: Four Cathedrals. • Burgos Cathedral • Antoni Gaudí. • Gaudí. Sagrada Familia. History. • Gaudí. Sagrada Familia • Testing
SPANISH ART
Cave Paintings in Spain • Romanesque Art and Sculpture in Spain. • Francisco de Goya
Bullfighting in Spain • Jamón ibérico • Spanish Food. Introduction. • Food. From Early Days to the Romans. • Food. Al-Andalus. Agriculture. • Spanish Food. Ziryab (789-857). • Food. Al-Andalus and cookbooks. • Conversos and Moriscos: Tyranny of Food.
SPANISH HISTORY
The Earliest Years • Spain in the Palaeolithic Age • Copper Age: Antequera. • The Iberians in Spain • The Celts in Spain • Iberians and Celts in 19th and 20th-Century Spain • Tartessus • The Phoenicians in Spain • The Greeks in Spain • The Carthaginians in Spain • Roman Conquest of Hispania • Rome and Hispania • Roman Roads in Hispania • Roman Towns in Hispania • Rome. Hispania, Christianity • Visigoths in Spain. • Visigoths or Invisigoths! • Visigoths and Unity • Visigoths and Jews. • Al-Andalus: Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain • 8th C Al-Andalus: Invasion • 8th C Al-Andalus: Consolidation • 9th C Al-Andalus • 10th C Al-Andalus: Abd al-Rahman III • 10th C Al-Andalus: Cordoba and Culture • 10th C. Al-Andalus: Al-Mansur • 11th C al-Andalus: Taifa kingdoms. • 11th C al-Andalus: Almoravids. • 12th C al-Andalus: Almohads. • Al-Andalus: Survival of Granada • Al-Andalus: Economy • Al-Andalus: Dhimmis • Al-Andalus: Muwallads • Al-Andalus: Mozarabs • Mozarabs: Resistance Accommodation • Mozarabs: A Controversial Term • Mudejars • Moriscos • Early Christian kingdoms: Asturias, León. • Early Christian kingdoms: Pamplona, Navarre. • Early Christian kingdoms: Castile. • Alfonso X, el Sabio: Politics. • Jews in Spain to 13th Century • Jews in 14th-Century Spain • Jews in Early 15th-Century Spain • Jews and Conversos in 15th-Century Spain • Conquest of Granada • 16th C Spain. Overview: Politics • Catholic Monarchs: Politics • Carlos/Charles V: Politics • 17th C Spain. Overview: Politics • 18th C Spain. Overview: Politics (1) • 18th C Spain. Overview: Politics (2) • 19th C Spain. Overview: Politics • The Peninsular War 1808-14 • Restoration 1875-1902 • Anarchism in 19th-century Spain • 20th C Spain. Overview: Politics • Restoration 1902-1923: Regeneration • Restoration 1902-1931: Alfonso XIII • Restoration 1900-1923: The Military • M. Primo de Rivera: Coup and Success. • M. Primo de Rivera: Fall. The Second Republic. Introduction. 3/18• Spanish Civil War: The Opening Salvo • Spanish Civil War: Objective Madrid. • Civil War: The Republic. • Civil War: International Context. • Spain's Uncivil War. • Franco Crusader Saviour? • Civil War and the Catholic Church • Franco's Spain & International Relations • Franco and the Catholic Church • Córdoba: Historical Overview • Granada to the 17th Century • Granada from the 17th to 20th Century • Seville to 1500 • Seville: 16th and 17th Centuries • Seville from 1700 • Toledo: Historical Overview • CATALONIA: Early Days to 1000 AD. • Catalonia 18th Century • Catalonia. 19th-Century Politics. • Catalonia Renaixença • Towards a Catalan Voice. • Catalonia 1900-1923 • ARAGON: The Early Days.
Poema or Cantar de Mío Cid: Summary • El Cid: Brief Biography. • Poema de Mío Cid: Spain's Hero? • Poema de Mío Cid: A Different Hero. • Book of Good Love: Libro de buen amor • Book of Good Love: Ambiguity • Book of Good Love: Love and seduction • Ballads/Romances. Historical Overview to Civil War (1936-39) • Ballads/Romances. Origins. Classification. • Ballads/Romances. Metre, Rhyme, Style. • romances-ballads-de-amores-trata-rodrigo-2-18 Celestina: Summary • Celestina: Author, genre, location • Celestina: The World of Calisto and Melibea • Celestina: The World of Celestina • Celestina: Challenge and Innovation • Celestina: Daily Needs and Survival • Celestina: Interpretations • Spain Golden Age Literature: Background • Spain Golden Age Literature: Overview • Romances of Chivalry • Amadis of Gaul: Summary • Amadis of Gaul: What is it about? • Spain: Romances of Chivalry Popularity • Spain: Romances of Chivalry Decline • Garcilaso: Life and Fame • Garcilaso: Innovations • Garcilaso: Sonnet 1 • Garcilaso: Sonnet 23 • Lazarillo de Tormes: Summary • Lazaro: The Letter Writer • Lazarillo: Cynic,Saint, Knight,? • Lazarillo de Tormes and Reality • San Juan de la Cruz: Noche oscura. • San Juan: Llama de amor viva. • Góngora: Mientras por competir… • Quevedo: Poderoso caballero. • Quevedo: ¡Ah de la vida!... • Quevedo. El Buscón Introduction. • Quevedo. El buscón Book I Summary. • Quevedo. El Buscón Book II Summary. • Quevedo. El Buscón Book III Summary • Guzmán de Alfarache. • Guzmán de Alfarache. From equality to heroism. • Guzman de Alf. New Epic or Novel? • Cervantes: Life Part I • Cervantes: Life Part II • Cervantes: What is it about titles? • Cervantes: What is it about the title "Don Quixote"? • Don Quixote Part I (1605): Summary • Don Quixote Part II (1615): Summary • Don Quixote and Fame • Don Quixote: Hero or Fool? • Don Quixote and the Real World Part I • Don Quixote and the Real World Part II • Don Quixote: Sancho Panza • Don Quixote: An Authoritarian's Nightmare. • Don Quixote: The "True" Story • Don Quixote. Hero or religious extremist? • Fuenteovejuna: Summary. • La vida es sueño: Summary • El burlador de Sevilla. Summary • Don Juan...the Devil. • Don Juan and Honour.
SPANISH TRAVEL
General Map of Spain • Geography • Coastal Regions • The North Coast • Las Rias • La Costa Verde • La Costa Cantábrica • La Costa Vasca • The Mediterranean Coast • La Costa de la Luz • Mountains • The Meseta • Rivers • Water Problems • Spain: UNESCO World Heritage Sites • Visiting Córdoba. • Visiting Toledo • Travel Itinereray: 2013 Trip to Spain • Travel 2013: Barcelona Arrival • Travel 2013. Day 1. Barcelona • Travel 2013. Day 2. Barcelona. • Travel 2013. Day 3. Barcelona to Cuenca. • Travel 2013. Day 4. Cuenca to Granada. • Travel 2013. Day 5 (1). Granada. • Travel 2013. Day 5 (2). Granada. • Travel 2013. Day 6. Las Alpujarras. • Travel 2013. Day 7. Granada La Hoya. • Travel 2013. Day 8. La Hoya to Carmona • Travel 2013. Day 9 (1). Carmona Seville. • Travel 2013. Day 9 (2) Seville. • Travel 2013. Day 10 (1) Carmona Cordoba. • Travel 2013. Day 10 (2) Cordoba Almagro. • Travel 2013. Day 11. Almagro to Madrid • Travel 2013. Day 12 (1) Madrid. • Travel 2013. Day 12 (2) Madrid. • Travel 2013 Day 13 Madrid to Segovia. • Travel 2013 Day 14 Segovia El Burgo de Osma. • Travel 2013 Day 15 Berlanga, Baudelio, Gormaz • Travel 2013. Day 15 (2) Calatanazor. • Travel 2013. Day 16 Burgo de O to Sos del Rey C • Travel 2013. Day 17 Sos and Leyre Monastery. • Travel 2013 Day 18. San Juan de la Pena and Alquezar. • Travel 2013. Day 19. Alquezar.
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