Comparative Antioxidant, Phytochemical and Proximate Analysis of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Talinum triangulare
God`swill Nduka Anyasor, Kayode Olusola Ogunwenmo, Adewale Ayodele Ogunnowo and Olabisi Alao-Sanni
This study evaluated and compared in vitro antioxidant activity, phytochemical constituent and proximate analysis of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Talinum triangulare to determine their acceptability in folkloric medicine. The total phenolic content of aqueous and methanolic extracts of V. amygdalina (0.822±0.050 and 0.681±0.050 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE/g respectively) was higher than aqueous and methanolic extract of T. triangulare (0.456±0.040 and 0.288±0.020 mg GAE/g respectively). Furthermore, DPPH scavenging activity of V. amygdalina was significantly higher (p<0.05) than T. triangulare at all levels of concentration (100, 200 and 300 μg/ml). Lipid peroxidation was inhibited by all samples, although there was no significant difference (p>0.05). Aqueous extracts of leaf tested positive to tannin, phlobatannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids. The proximate composition of V. amygdalina leaf showed higher percentage crude fibre, fat, protein and total carbohydrate content than T. triangulare except moisture and ash contents. Methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of V. amygdalina possess higher antioxidant properties, phyto-nutrients and longer shelf life than T. triangulare and hence it's pervading use and acceptability in folkloric and trado-medicine.
God`swill Nduka Anyasor, Kayode Olusola Ogunwenmo, Adewale Ayodele Ogunnowo and Olabisi Alao-Sanni, 2010. Comparative Antioxidant, Phytochemical and Proximate Analysis of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Talinum triangulare. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9: 259-264.
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2010.259.264
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2010.259.264
1: Abdalla, A.E. and J.P. Roozen, 1999. Effect of plant extracts on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil and emulsion. Food Chem., 64: 323-329.
2: Akah, P.A. and C.L. Okafor, 1992. Blood sugar lowering effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del, in an experimental rabbit model. Phytother. Res., 6: 171-173.
3: Akinpelu, D.A., 1999. Antimicrobial activity of Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Fitoterapia, 70: 432-434.
4: Agyakwa, C.W. and I.O. Akobundu, 1998. A Handbook of West African Weeds. 2nd Edn., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, ISBN: 9781311290, Pages: 564
5: Amic, D., D. Davidovic-Amic, D. Beslo and N. Trinajstic, 2003. Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of flavonoids Croat. Chem. Acta, 76: 55-61.
6: Aregheore, E.M.K., H.P.S. Makkar and K. Becker, 1998. Feed value of some browse plants from the central zone of Delta State, Nigeria. Trop. Sci., 38: 97-104.
7: Ayoola, G.A., A.D. Folawewo, S.A. Adesegun, O.O. Abioro, A.A. Adepoju-Bello and H.A.B. Coker, 2008. Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of some plants of Apocynaceae from South West Nigeria. Afr. J. Plant Sci., 2: 124-128.
8: Bahorun, T., M.A. Soobrattee, V. Luximon-Ramma and O.I. Aruoma, 2006. Free radicals and antioxidants in cardiovascular health and disease. Internet J. Med. Update, 1: 1-17.
9: Buttler, G.W. and R.W. Bailey, 1973. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Herbage. Vol. 1, Academic Press, London
10: Dahanukar, S.A., R.A. Kulkarni and N.N. Rege, 2000. Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products. Indian J. Pharmacol., 32: 81-118.
11: Farombi, E.O. and A. Fakoya, 2005. Free radical scavenging and antigenotoxic activities of natural phenolic compounds in dried flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 49: 1120-1128.
12: Genestra, M., 2007. Oxyl radicals, redox-sensitive signalling cascades and antioxidants. Cell Signal, 19: 1807-1819.
13: Halliwell, B. and J.M.C. Gutteridge, 2008. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 4th Edn., Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK
14: Halliwell, B., 1990. How to characterize a biological antioxidant. Free Raical Res. Commun., 9: 1-32.
15: Harboune, J.B., 1973. Phytochemical Methods. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp: 97-143
16: Ukpong, I.E. and J.O. Moses, 2001. Nutrient requirement for the growth of water leaf (Talinum triangulare) in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria. Environmentalist, 21: 153-159.
17: Kahkonen, M.P., A.I. Hopia, H.J. Vuorela, J.P. Rauha, K. Pihlaja, T.S. Kujala and M. Heinonen, 1999. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47: 3954-3962.
18: Kaur, C. and H.C. Kapoor, 2001. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables-the millennium's health. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 36: 703-725.
19: Keay, R.W.J., 1981. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Whitefriars Press Ltd., London
20: Mbang, A., S. Owolabi, O. Jaja and J.O. Opeyemi, 2008. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. J. Complement. Integr. Med., Vol. 5, No. 1.
21: Mensah, J.K., R.I. Okoli, J.O. Ohaju-Obodo and K. Eifediyi, 2008. Phytochemical, nutritional and medical properties of some leafy vegetables consumed by Edo people of Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7: 2304-2309.
22: Mensor, L.L., F.S. Menezes, G.G. Leitao, A.S. Reis, T.C. dos Santos, C.S. Coube and S.G. Leitao, 2001. Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytother. Res., 15: 127-130.
23: Odukoya, O.A., S.I. Inya-Agha, F.I. Segun, M.O. Sofidiya and O.O. Ilori, 2006. Antioxidant activity of selected Nigerian green leafy vegetables. Med. Plant Res. Book Abstr. Planta Med., 72: 10-14.
24: Ologunde, M.O., F.O. Ayorinde, R.K. Shepard, O.A. Afolabi and O.L. Oke, 1992. Sterols of seed oils of Vernonia galanesis, Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus hybridus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus grown in the humid tropics. J. Sci. Food Agric., 58: 221-225.
25: Pearson, D., 1976. Laboratory Techniques in Food Analysis. The Butterworth Group, London, UK
26: Ruberto, G. and M.T. Baratta, 2000. Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chem., 69: 167-174.
27: Sathishsekar, D. and S. Subramanian, 2005. Antioxidant properties of Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) seeds on Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 14: 153-158.
28: Singleton, V.L. and J.A. Rossi, 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Viticult., 16: 144-158.
29: Sofowora, A., 1993. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. 2nd Edn., Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria, ISBN-13: 9782462195, Pages: 289
30: Uhegbu, F.O. and K.J. Ogbuehi, 2004. Effect of the aqueous extract (crude) of leaves of Vernonia amygdalina on blood glucose, serum cholesterol and serum albumin levels in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. Global J. Pure Applied Sci., 10: 189-194.
31: Wang, H., T. Liu, Y. Chen and D. Shiuan, 2007. Protective effect of freeze dried extract of vegetables and fruits on the hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative damage of DNA and decreased of erythrocytes deformability. Applied Biochem. Biotechnol., 141: 241-249.
32: Gulcin, I., I.G. Sat, S. Beydemir, M. Elmastas and O.I. Kufrevioglu, 2004. Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.). Food Chem., 87: 393-400.