The Wolf Intelligencer
News and Information about Wolves Worldwide
Alaska / Beringia
Northern United States
Great Lakes Region USA
Isle Royale (Michigan)
West Coast of United States
Southwest United States/Mexico
Colorado (Mexican Gray Wolves)
Utah (Mexican Gray Wolves)
Breeding Facilities (Red Wolf)
British Columbia (Canada)
Labrador & Newfoundland
Albania – Shqipëri
Bulgaria – България
Croatia – Republika Hrvatska
Czech Republic – Česká Republika
Germany – Deutschland
Greece – Ελλάδα
Hungary – Magyarország
FYROM Macedonia – Македонија
Netherlands – Nederland
Poland – Polska
Serbia and Montenegro – Србија и Црна Гора
Slovakia – Slovenská Republika
Spain – España
Switzerland – Schweiz
Scandinavia and Greenland
Denmark – Danmark
Finland – Suomi
Norway – Norge
Sweden – Sverige
Greenland – Grønland
Eastern Europe / Russia
Estonia – Eesti
Latvia – Latvija
Lithuania – Lietuva
Belarus – Беларусь
Ukraine – Україна
Russia – Россия
India / East Asia
Myanmar – မြန်မာ
China – 中国
India – इंडिया
South Korea – 대한민국
Mongolia – Монгол улс
Nepal – नेपाल
Middle East / Asia
Afghanistan – افغانستان
Armenia – Հայաստան
Azerbaijan – Azərbaycan
Bahrain – البحرين
Georgia – საქართველო
Jordan – الأردن
Kazakhstan – Қазақстан
Kyrgyzstan – Кыргызстан
Iran – ایران
Iraq – العراق
Israel – ישראל
Lebanon – لبنان
Oman – سلطنة عمان
Pakistan – پاکستان
Syria – سوريا
Saudi Arabia – المملكة العربية السعودية
Tajikistan – Тоҷикистон
Turkey – Türkiye
United Arab Emirates – الإمارات العربية المتحدة
Uzbekistan – O'zbekiston
Yemen – اليمن
Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Old World
Iberian Wolf (Canis lupus signatus)
Eurasian Wolf (Canis lupus lupus)
Tundra Wolf (Canis lupus albus)
Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes)
Steppe Wolf (Canis lupus campestris)
Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs)
Italian Wolf (Canis lupus italicus)
Tibetan Wolf (Canis lupus filchneri)
Mongolian wolf (Canis lupus chanco)
Gray Wolf (Canis Lupus) New World
Arctic Wolf (Canis lupus arctos)
Mexican Gray Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi)
Mexican Gray Wolf Captive Breeding Facilities
Great Plains Wolf (Canis lupus nubilus)
Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (Canis lupus irremotus)
Labrador Wolf (Canis lupus labradorius)
Alexander Archipelago Wolf (Canis lupus ligoni)
Southern Rocky Mountain Wolf (Canis Lupus Youngi)
Nothwestern Wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis)
British Columbia Wolf (Canis lupus columbianus)
Vancouver Island wolf (Canis lupus crassodon)
Hudson Bay Wolf (Canis lupus hudsonicus)
Mackenzie River wolf (Canis Lupus Mackenzii)
Yukon wolf (Canis lupus pambasileus)
Alaskan tundra Wolf (Canis Lupus Tundrarum)
Baffin Island (Canis lupus manningi)
Greenland Wolf (Canis lupus orion)
Red Wolf (Canis Rufus)
Himalayan Wolf (Canis himalayensis)
African Golden Wolf (Canis anthus)
Egyptian Wolf (Canis Anthus Lupaster)
Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis)
Dingo (Canis lupus dingo)
Eastern Wolf "Algonquin Wolf" (Canis lycaon, Canis lupus lycaon)
Indian Wolf (Canis indica)
Biology and Behavior Index
Vocabulary C-D
Vocabulary E-F
Vocabulary G-H
Vocabulary I-J
Vocabulary K-L
Vocabulary M-N
Vocabulary O-P
Vocabulary Q-R
Vocabulary S-T
Vocabulary U-V
Vocabulary W-X
Vocabulary Y-Z
Sanctuaries / Refuges / Learning Centers
Russian Zapovendniks & Wolf Resources
Wolf Sanctuaries & Refuges in Africa & Asia
A-B / C-D / E-F / G-H / I-J / K-L / M-N / O-P / Q-R / S-T / U-V / W-X / Y-Z
A hiding place used for storing food if there is an abundance of meat from a kill; v. to store or hide.
International Wolf Center Glossary
Nelson ME, Mech LD. Wolves, Canis lupus, carry and cache the collars of radio-collared White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, they killed. The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 2011
Bugnyar T, Schwab C, Schloegl C, Kotrschal K, Heinrich B. Ravens judge competitors through experience with play caching. Current biology. 2007 Oct
Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA)
Includes all of the 94 major and 36,469 minor islands lying to the north of the Canadian continental mainland in the Arctic Sea (excluding Greenland). Comprising most of Nunavut and part of the Northwest Territories.
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), a section of the Climate Research Division, develops and applies computer models of the climate system to simulate global and Canadian climate, and to predict changes on seasonal to centennial timescales. Analysis of these simulations, together with observations, is used to provide science-based quantitative information to inform climate change adaptation and mitigation in Canada and internationally, and to improve our understanding of the climate system.
Breeding animals in such places as zoos. Captive breeding is a tool to save critically endangered species such as the Mexican gray wolf (Canis lupus balleyi) and the red wolf (Canis rufus). These captive populations may be used for reintroduction in designated areas.
Ramirez O, Altet L, Ensenat C, Vilà C, Sanchez A, Ruiz A. Genetic assessment of the Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus captive breeding program. Conservation Genetics. 2006 Dec
The total number of a species that a given area of a habitat can support at any given time; the ability of a given area to supply water, food and shelter to a species.
Fredrickson RJ, Hedrick PW. Dynamics of hybridization and introgression in red wolves and coyotes. Conservation Biology. 2006 Aug
Jensen AL, Miller DH. Modeling emigration of wolves from a wilderness area into adjacent agricultural regions. Ecological modelling. 2004 Jul
catkin or ament
A slim, cylindrical flower cluster (a spike), with inconspicuous or no petals, usually wind-pollinated (anemophilous) but sometimes insect-pollinated.
Active primarily during twilight (that is, the periods of dawn and dusk).
Smithsonian Glossary
CEWP – Central European Wolf Population
Wolves in Germany and the western half of Poland (west of the 18° 08' meridian) belong to the Central European Lowland population (KACZENSKY et al. 2013). With the inclusion of Czech Republic, Denmark and Netherlands.
Standards for the monitoring of the Central European wolf population in Germany and Poland. Reinhardt I, Kluth G, Pierużek-Nowak S, Mysłajek RW. BfN Federal Agency for Nature Conservation; 2015.
Cervid
Any member of the deer family, Cervidae, comprising deer, caribou, elk, and moose, characterized by the bearing of antlers in the male or in both sexes.
The Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) project is one of the core projects of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), serving as the focal point for climate science related to the cryosphere, its variability and change, and interaction with the broader climate system.
The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ)
"A ~ 4300 km2 area in Belarus and Ukraine that remains heavily contaminated with radiation from the nuclear accident of 1986. Long standing controversy persists on the fate of wildlife within the CEZ following human abandonment of the area. Human residency remains extremely sparse, and the CEZ has become a refuge for some populations of wildlife, including gray wolves (Canis lupus)."
Evidence of long-distance dispersal of a gray wolf from the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Byrne ME, Webster SC, Lance SL, Love CN, Hinton TG, Shamovich D, Beasley JC. European journal of wildlife research. 2018 Aug
Climate Forcing or Radiative Forcing
The difference between the sunlight absorbed by the planet and the energy radiated back into space.
"Change in energy flux caused by natural or anthropogenic drivers of climate change."
Shindell, Drew (2013). "Radiative Forcing in the AR5" (PDF). Retrieved 15 September 2016.
Concomitant – naturally accompanying
Color Phase
The color of an animal's pelage (fur), which is determined by genetics and may vary within a population.
Jolicoeur P. Multivariate geographical variation in the wolf Canis lupus L. Evolution. 1959 Sep
Cull, Culling
Culling is used reduce the population of (a wild animal) by selective slaughter or indiscriminate killing.
Chapron G, Treves A. Blood does not buy goodwill: allowing culling increases poaching of a large carnivore. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2016 May
Cursorial
An animal specifically adapted to run long distance at a high speed.
Cratering (ungulates)
Digging through the snow for food. Example: caribou digging strokes through snow to obtain lichen.
Fancy SG, White RG. Energy expenditures by caribou while cratering in snow. The Journal of wildlife management. 1985
A shelter, often a small cave or hole dug out of the ground, to protect the breeding female and her young pups from weather and other animals. In a normal den, the birthing chamber lies at the end of a tunnel that may be up to 15 feet long in soft soil. The den is often slightly elevated above the rest of the tunnel, and no den-lining material is used. … Sometimes wolves will use abandoned dens of other animals, such as bear dens or a beaver dam.
[PDF] Tolerance by denning wolves, Canis lupus, to human disturbance; RP Thiel, S Merrill, LD Mech – Canadian Field Naturalist, 1998 – wolf.org
The confirmed killing or maiming of lawfully present domestic livestock on federal, state, tribal, or other public lands, or private lands by one or more wolves or other predators.
Clark PE, Chigbrow J, Johnson DE, Larson LL, Nielson RM, Louhaichi M, Roland T, Williams J. Predicting Spatial Risk of Wolf-Cattle Encounters and Depredation. Rangeland Ecology & Management. 2020 Jan
Unless wolves or a wolf becomes a breeder in its natal pack, most will leave their natal packs and territories to establish their own territories and packs.
Geffen EL, Anderson MJ, Wayne RK. Climate and habitat barriers to dispersal in the highly mobile grey wolf. Molecular Ecology. 2004 Aug;
Distinct Population Segment (DPS)
A term created in the 1978 amendments to the Endangered species Act (ESA) allowing vertebrate species to be divided into distinct groups based on geography and genetic distinction. This controversial amendment to the ESA allows the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to adopt different management practices, including the level of protection, for different populations according to their need. The current DPSs are Northern Rocky Mountain, Western Great Lakes, Southwestern and Eastern.
Distant-dispersers;
Wolves that chance finding or founding new populations.
Disturance (Ecological)
In ecology, a disturbance is a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem. Disturbances often act quickly and with great effect, to alter the physical structure or arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements. Disturbance can also occur over a long period of time and can impact the biodiversity within an ecosystem. Major ecological disturbances may include fires, flooding, storms, insect outbreaks and trampling. Earthquakes, various types of volcanic eruptions, tsunami, firestorms, impact events, climate change, and the devastating effects of human impact on the environment (anthropogenic disturbances) such as clearcutting, forest clearing and the introduction of invasive species [cite].
Newman EA. Disturbance ecology in the Anthropocene. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7: 147. doi: 10.3389/fevo. 2019 May
Dominance Hierarchy
A linear "chain of command" concept describing rank within a wolf pack established through competition and conflict. According to this model, the strongest male and female are the "alphas," and the second in rank are the "betas." The "omega" wolf is the lowest ranking wolf, often having to beg food and always losing fights. While this status hierarchy may exist in captive packs comprised of unrelated individuals, natural wolf packs usually consist of parents and their offspring of various years. In a free-ranging wolf family, each wolf seems to know its standing and communicates it to the others. The parents are in charge, with the older siblings next in order of dominance followed by the pups of the current year.
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Captive Wolves
Collared Wolves
Ethiopian Wolf
Mexican Grey Wolf
Northern US
West Coast US