The Distribution of Dissolved Iron in the West Atlantic Ocean
Micha J. A. Rijkenberg*, Rob Middag, Patrick Laan, Loes J. A. Gerringa, Hendrik M. van Aken, Veronique Schoemann, Jeroen T.M. de Jong, Hein J.W. Baar, de
117 Citaten (Scopus)
Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element for marine life. Extremely low Fe concentrations limit primary production and nitrogen fixation in large parts of the oceans and consequently influence ocean ecosystem functioning. The importance of Fe for ocean ecosystems makes Fe one of the core chemical trace elements in the international GEOTRACES program. Despite the recognized importance of Fe, our present knowledge of its supply and biogeochemical cycle has been limited by mostly fragmentary datasets. Here, we present highly accurate dissolved Fe (DFe) values measured at an unprecedented high intensity (1407 samples) along the longest full ocean depth transect (17500 kilometers) covering the entire western Atlantic Ocean. DFe measurements along this transect unveiled details about the supply and cycling of Fe. External sources of Fe identified included off-shelf and river supply, hydrothermal vents and aeolian dust. Nevertheless, vertical processes such as the recycling of Fe resulting from the remineralization of sinking organic matter and the removal of Fe by scavenging still dominated the distribution of DFe. In the northern West Atlantic Ocean, Fe recycling and lateral transport from the eastern tropical North Atlantic Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) dominated the DFe-distribution. Finally, our measurements showed that the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), the major driver of the so-called ocean conveyor belt, contains excess DFe relative to phosphate after full biological utilization and is therefore an important source of Fe for biological production in the global ocean.
Published - 30-jun.-2014
10.1371/journal.pone.0101323Licentie: CC BY
The Distribution of Dissolved Iron in the WestFinal publisher's version, 4,98 MBLicentie: CC BY
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http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903625402&partnerID=MN8TOARS
Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Middag, R., Laan, P., Gerringa, L. J. A., van Aken, H. M., Schoemann, V., de Jong, J. T. M., & Baar, de, H. J. W. (2014). The Distribution of Dissolved Iron in the West Atlantic Ocean. PLoS ONE, 9(6), [e101323]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101323
Rijkenberg, Micha J. A. ; Middag, Rob ; Laan, Patrick et al. / The Distribution of Dissolved Iron in the West Atlantic Ocean. In: PLoS ONE. 2014 ; Vol. 9, Nr. 6.
@article{a42fa1f968fc4ffcbb96b2d794aa79cf,
title = "The Distribution of Dissolved Iron in the West Atlantic Ocean",
abstract = "Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element for marine life. Extremely low Fe concentrations limit primary production and nitrogen fixation in large parts of the oceans and consequently influence ocean ecosystem functioning. The importance of Fe for ocean ecosystems makes Fe one of the core chemical trace elements in the international GEOTRACES program. Despite the recognized importance of Fe, our present knowledge of its supply and biogeochemical cycle has been limited by mostly fragmentary datasets. Here, we present highly accurate dissolved Fe (DFe) values measured at an unprecedented high intensity (1407 samples) along the longest full ocean depth transect (17500 kilometers) covering the entire western Atlantic Ocean. DFe measurements along this transect unveiled details about the supply and cycling of Fe. External sources of Fe identified included off-shelf and river supply, hydrothermal vents and aeolian dust. Nevertheless, vertical processes such as the recycling of Fe resulting from the remineralization of sinking organic matter and the removal of Fe by scavenging still dominated the distribution of DFe. In the northern West Atlantic Ocean, Fe recycling and lateral transport from the eastern tropical North Atlantic Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) dominated the DFe-distribution. Finally, our measurements showed that the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), the major driver of the so-called ocean conveyor belt, contains excess DFe relative to phosphate after full biological utilization and is therefore an important source of Fe for biological production in the global ocean.",
keywords = "SOUTHERN-OCEAN, NORTH-ATLANTIC, TROPICAL ATLANTIC, BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON, COMPLEXING LIGANDS, TRACE-ELEMENTS, SAHARAN DUST, INDIAN-OCEAN, RIVER PLUME",
author = "Rijkenberg, {Micha J. A.} and Rob Middag and Patrick Laan and Gerringa, {Loes J. A.} and {van Aken}, {Hendrik M.} and Veronique Schoemann and {de Jong}, {Jeroen T.M.} and {Baar, de}, {Hein J.W.}",
journal = "PLOS-One",
publisher = "PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE",
Rijkenberg, MJA, Middag, R, Laan, P, Gerringa, LJA, van Aken, HM, Schoemann, V, de Jong, JTM & Baar, de, HJW 2014, 'The Distribution of Dissolved Iron in the West Atlantic Ocean', PLoS ONE, vol. 9, nr. 6, e101323. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101323
The Distribution of Dissolved Iron in the West Atlantic Ocean. / Rijkenberg, Micha J. A.; Middag, Rob; Laan, Patrick et al.
In: PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Nr. 6, e101323, 30.06.2014.
T1 - The Distribution of Dissolved Iron in the West Atlantic Ocean
AU - Rijkenberg, Micha J. A.
AU - Middag, Rob
AU - Laan, Patrick
AU - Gerringa, Loes J. A.
AU - van Aken, Hendrik M.
AU - Schoemann, Veronique
AU - de Jong, Jeroen T.M.
AU - Baar, de, Hein J.W.
N2 - Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element for marine life. Extremely low Fe concentrations limit primary production and nitrogen fixation in large parts of the oceans and consequently influence ocean ecosystem functioning. The importance of Fe for ocean ecosystems makes Fe one of the core chemical trace elements in the international GEOTRACES program. Despite the recognized importance of Fe, our present knowledge of its supply and biogeochemical cycle has been limited by mostly fragmentary datasets. Here, we present highly accurate dissolved Fe (DFe) values measured at an unprecedented high intensity (1407 samples) along the longest full ocean depth transect (17500 kilometers) covering the entire western Atlantic Ocean. DFe measurements along this transect unveiled details about the supply and cycling of Fe. External sources of Fe identified included off-shelf and river supply, hydrothermal vents and aeolian dust. Nevertheless, vertical processes such as the recycling of Fe resulting from the remineralization of sinking organic matter and the removal of Fe by scavenging still dominated the distribution of DFe. In the northern West Atlantic Ocean, Fe recycling and lateral transport from the eastern tropical North Atlantic Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) dominated the DFe-distribution. Finally, our measurements showed that the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), the major driver of the so-called ocean conveyor belt, contains excess DFe relative to phosphate after full biological utilization and is therefore an important source of Fe for biological production in the global ocean.
AB - Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element for marine life. Extremely low Fe concentrations limit primary production and nitrogen fixation in large parts of the oceans and consequently influence ocean ecosystem functioning. The importance of Fe for ocean ecosystems makes Fe one of the core chemical trace elements in the international GEOTRACES program. Despite the recognized importance of Fe, our present knowledge of its supply and biogeochemical cycle has been limited by mostly fragmentary datasets. Here, we present highly accurate dissolved Fe (DFe) values measured at an unprecedented high intensity (1407 samples) along the longest full ocean depth transect (17500 kilometers) covering the entire western Atlantic Ocean. DFe measurements along this transect unveiled details about the supply and cycling of Fe. External sources of Fe identified included off-shelf and river supply, hydrothermal vents and aeolian dust. Nevertheless, vertical processes such as the recycling of Fe resulting from the remineralization of sinking organic matter and the removal of Fe by scavenging still dominated the distribution of DFe. In the northern West Atlantic Ocean, Fe recycling and lateral transport from the eastern tropical North Atlantic Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) dominated the DFe-distribution. Finally, our measurements showed that the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), the major driver of the so-called ocean conveyor belt, contains excess DFe relative to phosphate after full biological utilization and is therefore an important source of Fe for biological production in the global ocean.
KW - SOUTHERN-OCEAN
KW - NORTH-ATLANTIC
KW - TROPICAL ATLANTIC
KW - BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
KW - MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON
KW - COMPLEXING LIGANDS
KW - TRACE-ELEMENTS
KW - SAHARAN DUST
KW - INDIAN-OCEAN
KW - RIVER PLUME
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903625402&partnerID=MN8TOARS
JO - PLOS-One
JF - PLOS-One
M1 - e101323
Rijkenberg MJA, Middag R, Laan P, Gerringa LJA, van Aken HM, Schoemann V et al. The Distribution of Dissolved Iron in the West Atlantic Ocean. PLoS ONE. 2014 jun. 30;9(6):e101323. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101323