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300 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/07/2023, 06:17:55</t0>
Norman Anthony Smiley (born February 28, 1965) is an English-American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with the Mexican promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre from 1991 to 1995 and with the American promotion World Championship Wrestling from 1997 to 2001. He currently signed to WWE as a trainer for <e0>NXT</e0>.[1][4] Championships held by Smiley over the course of his career include the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship and the WCW Hardcore Championship.
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301 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/07/2023, 06:17:55</t0>
Since its inception as a developmental territory, Smiley has continued to work as a trainer for WWE in <e0>NXT</e0>.[19]
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302 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>01/31/2021, 16:15:37</t0>
During <e0>World War II</e0>, the town was saved from destruction by the efforts of Tony Clarke, a British Royal Horse Artillery officer who halted the Allied artillery attack in order to save Piero della Francesca's fresco Resurrection.[6]
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303 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>08/16/2023, 01:13:46</t0>
In contemporary history, the 3rd (third) millennium is the current millennium in the Anno Domini or Common Era, under the Gregorian calendar. It began on 1 January 2001 (MMI) and will end on 31 December 3000 (MMM), spanning the <e0>21st</e0> to <e1>30th</e1> centuries.
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304 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>01/23/2021, 23:01:25</t0>
Windfall Indiana World War II POW Camp was a <e0>World War II</e0> German prisoner-of-war camp from 1944 to 1945 in Windfall, Indiana, United States.[1] The camp was located near the site of the Windfall High School.[2] The location, on the northeast side of town, is now home to a mobile home community. At its peak the camp housed 1,500 German prisoners and their prison officers. The prisoners were put to work laboring on local farms.[3]
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305 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/04/2023, 12:28:30</t0>
<e0>World War I</e0> (1914—1918) had a significant impact on the Kurds.[14]
The victorious Allies partitioned the defeated Ottoman Empire, dividing its Kurdish-inhabited areas among new nation-states such as Syria, Turkey, and Iraq.[15]
In 1916, before the war had been won, Britain and France made a secret deal to divide the Middle East, known as the Sykes–Picot Agreement,[16]
which influenced Middle East borders for a century and came to symbolize the victimization and manipulation of Kurds by British and French imperialists.[17]
The first encounter between the French Armed Forces and Kurds in Syria came in late 1919 in the Kurd Mountains, which the French were able to pass through without much difficulty. In the Jazira, French troops were resisted more effectively.[18]
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306 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/04/2023, 12:28:30</t0>
France negotiated a Treaty of Independence with the First Syrian Republic in 1936, but the onset of <e0>World War II</e0> prevented its implementation. France was occupied by Germany in 1940, and the French mandate was seized by Vichy France. Allied forces retook Syria in 1941 and recognized the Syrian Arab Republic as independent and sovereign within the French mandate. Xoybûn had remained active during the war years but disbanded in 1946.[35]
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307 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/11/2023, 03:46:03</t0>
The world population in the <e0>20th century</e0> experienced a large amount of death due to two major world wars. <e1>World War II</e1> was responsible for the most war related deaths in the 1900s with a death toll between 40,000,000 and 85,000,000 deaths. Other predominate wars in the 1900s include <e2>World War I</e2> with up to 22,000,000 deaths, the Russian Civil War with up to 9,000,000 deaths, the Afghan Civil War with up to 2,000,000 deaths, and the Mexican Revolution with up to 2,000,000 deaths. Several other major wars took place in the 20th century, such as the Iran–Iraq War, the Soviet–Afghan War, the second Sudanese civil war, the Korean War and the Vietnam war.
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308 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/11/2023, 03:46:03</t0>
A natural population increase occurs when birth rates are higher than death rates. Recently and most notably, the years immediately after <e0>World War II</e0> saw an explosion in fertility rates called the Baby Boom because the returning soldiers and displaced people started new families. Death rates were significantly lower during the baby boom and thus populations increased substantially. Today these baby boomers are approaching old age and driving up the average age of the overall population. The World Bank predicts a dramatic decrease in population size from the increase in death rates over the next decade.[6]
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309 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/24/2023, 08:20:56</t0>
During the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte at the beginning of the 19th century, Ibbenbüren belonged to the first French Empire, until it was freed by Prussian and Russian troops in 1815. It came back under Prussian rule on January 1, 1816, and was assigned to the district of Tecklenburg. After the end of <e0>World War II</e0> the city Ibbenbüren and the municipality Ibbenbüren Land were formed on December 31, 1974, into the department federation Ibbenbüren, resulting in today's city of Ibbenbüren. With the simultaneous dissolution of the district of Tecklenburg and fusion with the old district of Burgsteinfurt, Ibbenbüren was assigned to the new district of Steinfurt.
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310 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/16/2023, 09:27:46</t0>
1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1911th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 911th year of the <e0>2nd millennium</e0>, the 11th year of the <e1>20th century</e1>, and the 2nd year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1911, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. | [
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311 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/26/2022, 02:51:22</t0>
With the outbreak of the <e0>Second World War</e0>, the available resources of the gun trade had been mobilised to recondition a reserve of Pattern 1914 Enfield rifles, and in 1940 the Parker-Hale Arms Company was founded. Additional premises were acquired "for the duration" of the war and, under the management of Arthur Hale, a large reconditioning programme was rapidly carried through. A wide range of additional war contract work followed, principally with the manufacture of .30-06 Springfield and .303 British drill cartridges in large quantities.[1]
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312 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>04/08/2022, 20:33:09</t0>
August 14 --
1801 --
1735 --
<e0>1930</e0> --
Andrzej Kuśniewicz --
#A - E --
Tadeusz Gajcy --
1966 --
1939 --
#P - R --
Teofil Lenartowicz --
1870 --
Bogdan Miklusz --
Polish language --
<e1>1980</e1> --
Poetry --
#See also --
Kajetan Koźmian --
Irena Tuwim --
List of famous Poles --
Cyprian Kamil Norwid --
Ernest Bryll --
1938 --
1878 --
June 30 --
1922 --
<e2>1900</e2> --
1876 --
2004 --
Henryk Sienkiewicz --
Marcin Świetlicki --
1944 --
1934 --
1505 --
Tomasz Różycki --
1872 --
Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz --
Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna --
Artur Oppman --
1957 --
1793 --
1867 --
Stefan Garczyński --
1901 --
1885 --
1666 --
Władysław Reymont --
Adam Wiedemann --
1953 --
1529 --
1894 --
September 24 --
1569 --
Nobel Prize in literature --
1976 --
Zbigniew Jerzyna --
1925 --
1907 --
1945 --
1967 --
Poland --
#T - V --
1865 --
Elzbieta Druzbacka --
#H - J --
1895 --
<e3>1940</e3> --
#W - Z --
1935 --
1765 --
#K - L --
Jadwiga Piotrowczykowa --
1998 --
1971 --
1918 --
#S --
1975 --
1465 --
1807 --
Jerzy Harasymowicz --
#F - G --
1891 --
1869 --
#M - O --
Maryla Wolska --
September 1 --
1911 --
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313 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>05/01/2023, 16:57:06</t0>
Fergana Region is one of the centers of ancient culture in Uzbekistan. Photographs of Stone Age settlements and rocks found in the area show that stone tools have been used by people in the valley since <e0>ancient times</e0>. Excavations of the Great Fergana Canal have played an important role in the study of archaeological monuments in the region. During the excavation of the canal, monuments from the Bronze Age, slavery and land ownership were discovered and studied. Finds from the 5th century BC and early medieval period in the town of Quva are well studied. Historical sources from the 10th to 11th century state that this city was the largest and most prosperous in the valley after Akhsikath. Archaeological materials confirm that the city of Margilan was a large village in the 10th century and took on the appearance of a hamlet in the 11th and 12th centuries.
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314 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/02/2022, 19:42:06</t0>
On desktop, it is used in conjunction with a <e0>cursor</e0>, usually a pointer, whereby the tooltip appears when a user hovers the pointer over an item without clicking it.[2][3]
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315 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/11/2020, 08:41:13</t0>
Although there had been no powerful hereditary aristocracy since the <e0>Song dynasty</e0>, the gentry (shenshi), like their British counterparts, enjoyed imperial privileges and managed local affairs. The status of this scholar-official was defined by passing at least the first level of civil service examinations and holding a degree, which qualified him to hold imperial office, although he might not actually do so. The gentry member could legally wear gentry robes and could talk to officials as equals. Informally, the gentry then presided over local society and could use their connections to influence the magistrate, acquire land, and maintain large households. The gentry thus included not only males holding degrees but also their wives and some of their relatives.[124]
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316 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/11/2020, 08:41:13</t0>
During the Ming–Qing period (1368–1911) the biggest development in the Chinese economy was its transition from a command to a market economy, the latter becoming increasingly more pervasive throughout the Qing's rule.[131] From roughly 1550 to 1800 China proper experienced a second commercial revolution, developing naturally from the first commercial revolution of the <e0>Song</e0> period which saw the emergence of long-distance inter-regional trade of luxury goods. During the second commercial revolution, for the first time, a large percentage of farming households began producing crops for sale in the local and national markets rather than for their own consumption or barter in the traditional economy. Surplus crops were placed onto the national market for sale, integrating farmers into the commercial economy from the ground up. This naturally led to regions specializing in certain cash-crops for export as China's economy became increasingly reliant on inter-regional trade of bulk staple goods such as cotton, grain, beans, vegetable oils, forest products, animal products, and fertilizer.[123]
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317 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>08/01/2023, 09:47:02</t0>
Kirensk Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Киренск) (IATA: KCK, ICAO: UIKK) is an airport in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia located 3 km west of Kirensk. It handles small transport aircraft. This airfield was part of the Yakutsk-Kirensk-Krasnoyarsk leg of the <e0>World War II</e0> Lend-Lease program Alaska-Siberian (ALSIB) air route.[1]
Angara Airlines serves scheduled flight to Irkutsk six times a week.
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318 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/15/2023, 13:25:22</t0>
Bella Akhmadulina was born in Moscow on 10 April 1937, the only child of Akhat Valeevich Akhmadulin, a Tatar father and Nadezhda Makarovna Lazareva, a Russian-Italian mother.[2][6][7] They underwent evacuation to Kazan when <e0>World War II</e0> broke out.[2]
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319 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>02/07/2023, 09:36:09</t0>
The novel is set during <e0>World War II</e0>, from 1942 to 1944. It mainly follows the life of antihero Captain John Yossarian, a U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bombardier. Most of the events in the book occur while the fictional 256th US Army Air Squadron is based on the island of Pianosa, in the Mediterranean Sea west of the Italian mainland, although it also includes episodes from basic training at Lowry Field in Colorado and Air Corps training at Santa Ana Army Air Base in California. The novel examines the absurdity of war and military life through the experiences of Yossarian and his cohorts, who attempt to maintain their sanity while fulfilling their service requirements so that they may return home.
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320 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/19/2023, 04:47:33</t0>
The communal territory was already settled during the <e0>Neolithic</e0> age, and later was a Roman colony, under the name of Bitunia.
From the 11th century it was a fief of the bishops of Piacenza, and later of the Malaspina. In 1257 it was included in the State of the Landi, to which it belonged until 1682, when it was confiscated by the Duchy of Parma.
During the <e1>Unification of Italy</e1>, the population was protagonist of an insurrectionary movement for the annexation of the country to Piedmont.
In recent times Bedonia has been given an important role as a remembrance community that contributed to the Partisan fights (during World War II).
In the life of Bedonia an important role of cultural promotion has been carried out from the Seminary, instituted in 1846 from Mons. Giovanni Agazzi and Stefano Grapnels.
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321 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>01/12/2023, 10:04:50</t0>
Traces of colonization dating back to the <e0>Neolithic</e0> period have been found in the area.
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322 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/04/2023, 13:45:00</t0>
The Shīʿa version of the Shahada, the Islamic profession of faith, differs from that of the Sunnīs.[18] The Sunnī version of the Shahada states "There is no god except God, Muhammad is the messenger of God", but to this declaration of faith Shīʿa Muslims append the phrase Ali-un-Waliullah (علي ولي الله: "ʿAlī is the <e0>Wali</e0> (custodian) of God"). The basis for the Shīʿa belief in ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as the Wali of God is derived from the Quranic verse 5:55.
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323 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/09/2022, 01:35:44</t0>
In the middle of the <e0>13th century</e0>, Venetian bankers began to trade in government securities. In 1351 the Venetian government outlawed spreading rumors intended to lower the price of government funds. Bankers in Pisa, Verona, Genoa and Florence also began trading in government securities during the 14th century. This was only possible because these were independent city-states not ruled by a duke but a council of influential citizens. Italian companies were also the first to issue shares. Companies in England and the Low Countries followed in the 16th century. Around this time, a joint stock company—one whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders—emerged and became important for the colonization of what Europeans called the "New World".[17]
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324 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/22/2023, 22:57:32</t0>
Frank Miller (born January 27, 1957)[1][2] is an American comic book artist, comic book writer, and screenwriter known for his comic book stories and graphic novels such as his run on Daredevil, for which he created the character Elektra, and subsequent Daredevil: Born Again, The Dark Knight Returns, Batman: Year One, Sin City, and <e0>300</e0>.
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325 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/22/2023, 22:57:32</t0>
As penciller and co-plotter, Miller, together with writer Chris Claremont, produced the miniseries <e0>Wolverine</e0> #1–4 (Sept.-Dec. 1982),[30] inked by Josef Rubinstein and spinning off from the popular X-Men title. Miller used this miniseries to expand on Wolverine's character.[31] The series was a critical success and further cemented Miller's place as an industry star. His first creator-owned title was DC Comics' six-issue miniseries Ronin (1983–1984).[32] In 1985, DC Comics named Miller as one of the honorees in the company's 50th-anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.[33]
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326 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/22/2023, 22:57:32</t0>
Written and illustrated by Miller with painted colors by Varley, <e0>300</e0> was a 1998 comic-book miniseries, released as a hardcover collection in 1999, retelling the Battle of Thermopylae and the events leading up to it from the perspective of Leonidas of Sparta. 300 was particularly inspired by the 1962 film The 300 Spartans, a movie that Miller watched as a young boy.[65]
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327 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/22/2023, 22:57:32</t0>
Daredevil: Born Again and The Dark Knight Returns were both critical successes and influential on subsequent generations of creators to the point of being considered classics of the medium. Batman: Year One was also met with praise for its gritty style, while comics including Ronin, <e0>300</e0> and Sin City were also successful, cementing Miller's place as a legend of comic books. However, later material such as Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again received mixed reviews. In particular, All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder was widely considered a sign of Miller's creative decline.[116][117][118]
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328 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/14/2023, 10:57:16</t0>
Immediately following the end of <e0>World War II</e0> and the foreign occupation of Germany, simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country, each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party. Consequently, the CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year.
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329 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/14/2023, 10:57:16</t0>
In the beginning, it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of <e0>World War II</e0>, but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of the United Kingdom began to lean more toward the CDU and significantly away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), especially due to geopolitical reasons. The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union (USSR), depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican. The Western powers appreciated the CDU's right-ward slant, its commitment to capitalism, and its value as a pivotal oppositional force to the communists, thereby keeping consistent with US/UK foreign policy. In addition, Adenauer was also trusted by the British.[20]
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330 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/17/2023, 11:14:27</t0>
Hinds was born in Handsworth, Birmingham, England, to parents who migrated to the UK from Jamaica in the mid-1950s, along with many other Jamaicans and other British Caribbean islanders to rebuild post-<e0>World War II</e0> Britain. At the age of five, he started elementary school and completed all his schooling by 1974. During that period, the music out of Jamaica became a major influence on Hinds' perception on life in years to come. As he explained in an interview on radio programme Afropop Worldwide, "I remember each of my elder siblings coming over with the latest form of music and dance as well as what was happening socially and politically on the island."[2]
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331 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>02/03/2013, 02:23:02</t0>
Goro's original design was as a two-armed humanoid character named Rokuro, a member of "a race of demon warriors" who would join the tournament "to restore the pride and respect of his race".[1] Series creators Ed Boon and John Tobias drew design inspiration from the stop motion adventure films of Ray Harryhausen, especially his depiction of <e0>Kali</e0> in The Golden Voyage of Sinbad in redesigning Goro with four arms.[2][3] He was originally named "Gongoro" before his final name was determined, and was constructed as a stop-motion clay figurine that eventually fell apart after excessive use in capturing its movements for the game.[4]
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332 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>02/03/2013, 02:23:02</t0>
Khameleon is a Zaterran who possesses the abilities of the franchise's female ninjas. Introduced in the Nintendo 64 version of Mortal Kombat Trilogy, she is the last known female of her race.[125] Due to Shao Kahn's role in her race's near extinction, Khameleon seeks revenge against him. Khameleon was the franchise's only previously playable character excluded in the original release of Armageddon, but was added to the <e0>Wii</e0> version.[126] Series art director Steve Beran acknowledged that she was included in Armageddon due to heavy fan demand.[127]
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333 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/21/2021, 18:06:47</t0>
In the 2000s, the House of Representatives and Senate repeatedly voted on the status of the refuge. President George W. Bush pushed to perform exploratory drilling for crude oil and natural gas in and around the refuge. The House of Representatives voted in mid-2000 to allow drilling. In April 2002 the Senate rejected it. In 2001 <e0>Time</e0>'s Douglas C. Waller said the Arctic Refuge drilling issue has been used by both Democrats and Republicans as a political device, especially through contentious election cycles.[30]
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334 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/21/2023, 16:19:12</t0>
Artificial ligaments are devices used to replace damaged ligaments. Today, the most common use of artificial ligaments is in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.[1] Although autotransplantation remains the most common method of ligament reconstruction, numerous materials and structures were developed to optimize the artificial ligament since its creation in the <e0>World War I</e0> era.[2] Many modern artificial ligaments are made of synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene terephthalate.[3] Various coatings have been added to improve the biocompatibility of the synthetic polymers.[3] Early artificial ligaments developed in the 1980s were ineffective due to material deterioration.[4] Currently, the Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System (LARS) artificial ligament has been utilized extensively in clinical applications.[5] Tissue engineering is a growing area of research which aims to regenerate and restore ligament function.[2]
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335 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/21/2023, 16:19:12</t0>
Artificial ligament research began in the <e0>World War I</e0> era.[2] In the first documented case of an artificial ligament in 1914, Dr. Corner utilized a piece of silver filament as synthetic graft to reconstruct a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).[2] A ligament made of silk was used to replace an ACL in 1918.[2]
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336 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/25/2023, 17:32:11</t0>
Peace for Britain was short-lived, and in 1803 the country once again found itself at war with Napoleonic France. Brigadier Skerrett was tasked with recruiting an infantry unit consisting of ten companies in Newfoundland for the purposes of local defence. Titled the Newfoundland Regiment of Fencible Infantry, the unit consisted of many veterans of the previous Newfoundland Regiment. By 1806 the regiment numbered nearly 700 men and was given the title Royal by King George III.[8] 'Local defence' included all of British North America, and in 1807 the regiment was deployed to Fort Anne in Nova Scotia. The regiment was again transferred in 1808, this time to the Citadel in Quebec City where it remained until the <e0>outbreak of war</e0> in 1812.
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337 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/25/2023, 17:32:11</t0>
The regiment, called at the time the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of Fencible Infantry, was significantly involved in the <e0>War of 1812</e0>. In May 1812, weeks before outbreak of the war with the United States, Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, commander of his Majesty's Forces in Upper Canada, deployed the regiment into smaller companies or detachments, combined with other units or regiments in defensive positions all over the province. Some were employed as marines on board naval vessels on the Great Lakes as part of the Provincial Marine. These marines were involved in a number of notable naval actions during the war, including the Battle of Lake Erie and the capture of USS Tigress and USS Scorpion.
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338 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/25/2023, 17:32:11</t0>
When the United Kingdom <e0>declared war</e0> on Germany on September 3, 1939, Newfoundland too found itself at war. The presence of the German Navy in Atlantic waters threatened the security of the colony, and in September 1939 it was decided to raise the Newfoundland Militia, a local defence militia unit for the defence of the island.[39] The Newfoundland Militia was tasked with guarding strategic positions on the island, including the dry docks, water supply, and oil reserves in St. John's and the Newfoundland Broadcasting Company's radio station in Mount Pearl. Later, these guard duties were expanded to include the maintenance of a coastal defence battery on Bell Island to protect the Wabana Iron Ore Mines, and mines and docks throughout the rest of the island. Following the Battle of France, Canada assumed responsibility for the defence of Newfoundland with the establishment of W Force.[40] The Newfoundland Militia was immediately placed under command of W Force. The efforts of the Canadian Army to expand and train the militia to professional standards resulted in the Newfoundland Militia being re-designated the Newfoundland Regiment on March 2, 1943.[39] The regiment stayed in a home-defence role, but in addition to these duties was also tasked with training excess recruits for the two regiments of the Royal Artillery that were recruited in Newfoundland for overseas service: the 166th (Newfoundland) Field Artillery Regiment and 59th (Newfoundland) Heavy Artillery Regiment. By the end of the Second World War, 1,668 Newfoundlanders had enlisted for service; 820 had deployed overseas with the Royal Artillery while a further 447 trained gunners were in Newfoundland awaiting transport to Europe on VE Day.[39] 17 members of the regiment were killed on December 12, 1942, during the Knights of Columbus Hostel fire in St. John's.
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339 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/25/2023, 17:32:11</t0>
The government of Canada does not recognize an unbroken lineage of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment to earlier units as there were gaps in existence. However, it recognizes that the regiment commemorates the history and heritage of previous units. In this respect Canada has awarded three battle honours to the regiment to commemorate the services rendered during the <e0>War of 1812</e0> by the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of Fencible Infantry and it recognizes battle honours earned by an early iteration of the regiment during the First World War.
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340 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>05/21/2023, 09:53:57</t0>
After <e0>World War II</e0>, the bakery was converted into the headquarters of the Admiralty Constabulary, also housing some offices and stores. It remained in use until British forces left Malta in 1979, and it was subsequently abandoned before reopening as the Malta Maritime Museum in 1992.[2]
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341 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/05/2022, 11:30:01</t0>
The CMP FAT (Field Artillery Tractor), was a Canadian Military Pattern vehicle manufactured by Ford and Chevrolet. The FAT was an artillery tractor of the British and Commonwealth forces during <e0>World War II</e0>. Several models were produced by the two manufactures as CGT (Chevrolet Gun Tractor) and FGT (Ford Gun Tractor).
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342 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>07/23/2022, 23:22:12</t0>
The novel's main plot begins on June 28, 1914, the same day Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg of Austria-Hungary, are assassinated in Sarajevo by Nedeljko Čabrinović with a bomb thrown into their car and explodes (as opposed to Gavrilo Princip with a gun in our timeline), with the incident drawing the European powers into a whirlwind of war. At the eruption of an alternate <e0>World War I</e0> known as the Great War, the USA and CSA find themselves on opposite sides of the divide between the Central Powers and the Entente Powers, respectively. The fighting in Europe quickly spreads to North America, where the pro-German United States under President Theodore Roosevelt and 75-year-old General George Armstrong Custer declare war on President Woodrow Wilson's CSA, which are allied with the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. After the Confederate seizure of Washington, D.C., and invasion into Pennsylvania, and initial US invasions of Kentucky, Canada, and western Virginia, the conflict bogs down into trench warfare.
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343 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>02/28/2023, 06:57:26</t0>
Incompetence is a dystopian comedy novel by <e0>Red Dwarf</e0> co-creator Rob Grant,[1] first published in 2003 with the tag line "Bad is the new Good." It is a murder mystery and political thriller set in a near-future federal Europe where no-one can be "prejudiced from employment for reason of age, race, creed or incompitence [sic]". Consequently, much of the population demonstrates an extreme lack of competence in their occupations.[2]
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344 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/01/2023, 16:19:07</t0>
"My mum brought three boys up: my dad was in the army and so he was frequently away. During <e0>the war</e0> and post-war, we tended to travel following him around so my mum was the boss. She laid down the law and the law was God. We just said, 'Yup, okay' – we didn't argue. I think that's where the respect has come from, because she was tough."
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345 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/01/2023, 16:19:07</t0>
Born two years before <e0>World War II</e0> began, Scott was brought up in a military family. His father, an officer in the Royal Engineers, was absent for most of his early life. His elder brother, Frank, joined the Merchant Navy when he was still young and the pair had little contact.[17] During this time the family moved around; they lived in Cumberland as well as other areas in England, in addition to Wales and Germany. After the war the Scott family moved back to County Durham and eventually settled on Teesside.
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346 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/01/2023, 16:19:07</t0>
In 2002, Ridley Scott and his brother Tony were among the executive producers of The Gathering Storm, a television biographical film of Winston Churchill in the years just prior to <e0>World War II</e0>. A BBC–HBO co-production, it received acclaim, with Mark Lawson of The Guardian ranking it as the most memorable television portrayal of Churchill.[114] The brothers produced the CBS series Numb3rs (2005–10), a crime drama about a genius mathematician who helps the FBI solve crimes; and The Good Wife (2009–2016), a legal drama about an attorney balancing her job with her husband, a former state attorney trying to rebuild his political career after a major scandal. The two Scotts also produced a 2010 film adaptation of 1980s television show The A-Team, directed by Joe Carnahan.[115][116]
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347 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>02/21/2021, 11:10:39</t0>
By the early 1880s, canals which had little ability to economically compete with rail transport, were off the map. In the next couple of decades, coal was increasingly diminished as the heating fuel of choice by oil, and growth of coal shipments leveled off. Later, after <e0>World War I</e0> when motor-trucks came into their own, the last small U.S. barge canals saw a steady decline in cargo ton-miles alongside many railways, the flexibility and steep slope climbing capability of lorries taking over cargo hauling increasingly as road networks were improved, and which also had the freedom to make deliveries well away from rail lined road beds or ditches in the dirt which could not operate in the winter.
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348 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>02/21/2021, 11:10:39</t0>
Canal companies were initially chartered by individual states in the United States. These early canals were constructed, owned, and operated by private joint-stock companies. Four were completed when the <e0>War of 1812</e0> broke out; these were the South Hadley Canal (opened 1795) in Massachusetts, Santee Canal (opened 1800) in South Carolina, the Middlesex Canal (opened 1802) also in Massachusetts, and the Dismal Swamp Canal (opened 1805) in Virginia. The Erie Canal (opened 1825) was chartered and owned by the state of New York and financed by bonds bought by private investors. The Erie canal runs about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, at Lake Erie. The Hudson River connects Albany to the Atlantic port of New York City and the Erie Canal completed a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. The canal contains 36 locks and encompasses a total elevation differential of around 565 ft. (169 m). The Erie Canal with its easy connections to most of the U.S. mid-west and New York City soon quickly paid back all its invested capital (US$7 million) and started turning a profit. By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world. From New York City these agricultural products could easily be shipped to other U.S. states or overseas. Assured of a market for their farm products the settlement of the U.S. mid-west was greatly accelerated by the Erie Canal. The profits generated by the Erie Canal project started a canal building boom in the United States that lasted until about 1850 when railroads started becoming seriously competitive in price and convenience. The Blackstone Canal (finished in 1828) in Massachusetts and Rhode Island fulfilled a similar role in the early industrial revolution between 1828 and 1848. The Blackstone Valley was a major contributor of the American Industrial Revolution where Samuel Slater built his first textile mill.
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349 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/03/2023, 14:17:38</t0>
Espoo was settled in the Prehistoric Era, with evidence of human settlements dating back 8,000 years.[2] However, the population disappeared during the early Iron Age.[12] During the Early Middle Ages, the region was populated by Tavastians and Southwestern Finns.[13] Following the Northern Crusades, Swedish settlers began to emigrate to the coastal regions of modern-day Finland. Espoo was subsequently founded as an autonomous Catholic parish in the 15th century. Following the conclusion of the Finnish War, the decision to make Helsinki the new capital of the Russian-controlled Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812 had a significant positive impact on the municipality's growth and development. Nevertheless, the territory continued to be mainly agrarian until the twentieth century. In the years that followed <e0>World War II</e0>, Espoo underwent swift urbanization and significant demographic shifts, with Finnish becoming the majority language around 1950, replacing Swedish. The municipality attained market town status in 1963 and was subsequently granted city status in 1972.[2]
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350 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/03/2023, 14:17:38</t0>
<e0>World War I</e0> had an effect on the Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Finland when the German Empire declared war on Russia on 1 August 1914.[30] Russia immediately started preparing for war against Germany. At the start of the war, the main forces of the Russian Baltic Fleet had been concentrated at Sveaborg in front of Helsinki.[31] The Russian military feared that Germany would use southern Finland to attack Petrograd, so Russia started building a fortification chain of over 20 kilometres surrounding Helsinki to protect it.[19][31][32]: 16 Construction of the fortification started in 1915 and took almost three years.
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351 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/03/2023, 14:17:38</t0>
The Russian Revolution in 1917 stopped work at the fortification.[19][32]: 20 Finland became independent in December 1917, and the fortifications were never actually needed to protect Saint Petersburg from a German attack. The fortifications only ever saw action in one battle during the Finnish Civil War, when the red forces in Leppävaara fought the German forces who had come to the aid of the whites on 14 April 1918. The fortifications were later used as ammunition storage and civil protection during <e0>World War II</e0>.[32]: 20
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352 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/03/2023, 14:17:38</t0>
Espoo's location right next to the capital city of Helsinki attracted people working in the capital city to move into the rapidly growing neighbour city, and already before <e0>World War II</e0> there were many suburbs along the Rantarata railway, such as Leppävaara, Kilo and Kauklahti which had formed into an industrial area. After the new Jorvaksentie road (predecessor to the Länsiväylä highway) was completed, new detached houses were built along it, particularly in Westend. After the war, many detached houses for soldiers having fought at the frontline were built in Espoo. The highest increase in population only started in the early 1950s when the Asuntosäätiö foundation started construction of the garden city of Tapiola, and construction of a new campus area of the Helsinki University of Technology started in the neighbouring district of Otaniemi.
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353 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/18/2023, 01:09:02</t0>
I-15 and I-80 are the main <e0>interstate</e0> highways in the state, where they intersect and briefly merge near downtown Salt Lake City. I-15 traverses the state north-to-south, entering from Arizona near St. George, paralleling the Wasatch Front, and crossing into Idaho near Portage. I-80 spans northern Utah east-to-west, entering from Nevada at Wendover, crossing the Wasatch Mountains east of Salt Lake City, and entering Wyoming near Evanston. I-84 West enters from Idaho near Snowville (from Boise) and merges with I-15 from Tremonton to Ogden, then heads southeast through the Wasatch Mountains before terminating at I-80 near Echo Junction.
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354 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/19/2023, 09:25:21</t0>
He studied under Gu Yanping, director of the Chinese painting department of Suzhou Fine Arts College. The Gu family is a large family of well-known Chinese collectors. The "Guoyun Pavilion" established by this family has been collecting the works of many great artists in the history of Chinese art for nearly a century, dating from the <e0>Tang dynasty</e0> to the <e1>Qing dynasty</e1>. Starting from 1935, Liu Zhibai lived for a long time at the Guoyun Pavilion. There he studied and explored, under Professor Gu Yanping's guidance, the works of the great Chinese painters and learned ancient art history. During the Second World War, Japan invaded China. Liu Zhibai then embarked on a journey of exile that lasted eight years. He finally returned to his home county of Fengyang in 1946 to teach art in a college. In 1948, during the Chinese Civil War, Liu Zhibai fled the war and traveled to Guangxi Province. In December of the same year, he proposed his first theory of painting, External Learning Focused on the Ego, in Quanzhou County, birth country of Shi Tao, a great Chinese painter.
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355 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/26/2023, 03:12:22</t0>
Confusion surrounds Poirot's retirement. Most of the cases covered by Poirot's private detective agency take place before his retirement to attempt to grow larger marrows, at which time he solves The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. It has been said that the twelve cases related in The Labours of Hercules (1947) must refer to a different retirement, but the fact that Poirot specifically says that he intends to grow marrows indicates that these stories also take place before Roger Ackroyd, and presumably Poirot closed his agency once he had completed them. There is specific mention in "The Capture of Cerberus" of the twenty-year gap between Poirot's previous meeting with Countess Rossakoff and this one. If the Labours precede the events in Roger Ackroyd, then the Ackroyd case must have taken place around twenty years later than it was published, and so must any of the cases that refer to it. One alternative would be that having failed to grow marrows once, Poirot is determined to have another go, but this is specifically denied by Poirot himself.[45] Also, in "The Erymanthian Boar", a character is said to have been turned out of Austria by the <e0>Nazis</e0>, implying that the events of The Labours of Hercules took place after 1937. Another alternative would be to suggest that the Preface to the Labours takes place at one date but that the labours are completed over a matter of twenty years. None of the explanations is especially attractive.
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356 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/29/2023, 21:54:52</t0>
In 1912, the Finnish conductor Georg Schnéevoigt—who had served as the principal cellist of the Philharmonic Society from 1895 to 1912 and taught cello at the orchestra school from 1896 to 1902[6]—founded the Helsinki Symphony Orchestra (in Finnish: Helsingin sinfoniaorkesteri; in Swedish: Helsingfors symfoniorkester). A bitter "feud" between the two competing organizations ensued: with 150,000 residents, Helsinki could not sustain rival orchestras, especially with the Swedish-speaking patrons supporting Schnéevoigt and the Finnish-speakers backing Kajanus.[7] The city recognized the situation was unsustainable, and although each group proposed initially that the other should disband, the two merged and municipalized in 1914 under a new name, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra (literally, the Helsinki City Orchestra).[8] In part, the resolution was due to the dawn of the <e0>First World War</e0> in July 1914: the Helsinki Symphony Orchestra collapsed after the German musicians who formed its backbone were expelled from the country; Kajanus and Schnéevoigt initially co-served as chief conductors of the Philharmonic Orchestra, which then consisted of forty players surviving on starvation wages.[9][c] During this time, the Philharmonic Orchestra struggled to survive: not only did Kajanus and Schnéevoigt quarrel with each other through the press, but also there were not—despite the orchestral school having been open for decades—enough Finnish musicians to supply the orchestra; in response, Kajanus sought to recruit musicians from neutral countries such as Denmark and the Netherlands.[d] In 1916, Schnéevoigt left the Philharmonic Orchestra to assume the chief conductorship of the Stockholm Concert Society Orchestra (in Swedish: Stockholms Konsertförenings Orkester).[10]
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357 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/08/2023, 13:08:14</t0>
1784 (MDCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1784th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 784th year of the <e0>2nd millennium</e0>, the 84th year of the <e1>18th century</e1>, and the 5th year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1784, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. | [
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358 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/06/2023, 13:26:25</t0>
The apparent, earliest formal division of the geologic record with respect to time was introduced by Thomas Burnet who applied a two-fold terminology to mountains by identifying "montes primarii" for rock formed at the time of the 'Deluge', and younger "monticulos secundarios" formed later from the debris of the "primarii".[36][29] This attribution to the 'Deluge', while questioned earlier by the likes of da Vinci, was the foundation of Abraham Gottlob Werner's (1749–1817) Neptunism theory in which all rocks precipitated out of a single flood.[37] A competing theory, Plutonism, was developed by Anton Moro (1687–1784) and also used primary and secondary divisions for rock units.[38][29] In this early version of the Plutonism theory, the interior of Earth was seen as hot, and this drove the creation of primary igneous and metamorphic rocks and secondary rocks formed contorted and fossiliferous sediments. These primary and secondary divisions were expanded on by Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti (1712–1783) and Giovanni Arduino (1713–1795) to include tertiary and quaternary divisions.[29] These divisions were used to describe both the time during which the rocks were laid down, and the collection of rocks themselves (i.e., it was correct to say Tertiary rocks, and Tertiary Period). Only the Quaternary division is retained in the modern geologic time scale, while the Tertiary division was in use until the early 21st century. The Neptunism and Plutonism theories would compete into the early <e0>19th century</e0> with a key driver for resolution of this debate being the work of James Hutton (1726–1797), in particular his Theory of the Earth, first presented before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1785.[39][40][41] Hutton's theory would later become known as uniformitarianism, popularised by John Playfair[42] (1748–1819) and later Charles Lyell (1797–1875) in his Principles of Geology.[43][44][45] Their theories strongly contested the 6,000 year age of the Earth as suggested determined by James Ussher via Biblical chronology that was accepted at the time by western religion. Instead, using geological evidence, they contested Earth to be much older, cementing the concept of deep time.
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359 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/06/2023, 13:26:25</t0>
The discovery of radioactive decay by Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, and Pierre Curie laid the ground work for radiometric dating, but the knowledge and tools required for accurate determination of radiometric ages would not be in place until the mid-1950s.[5] Early attempts at determining ages of uranium minerals and rocks by Ernest Rutherford, Bertram Boltwood, Robert Strutt, and Arthur Holmes, would culminate in what are considered the first international geological time scales by Holmes in 1911 and 1913.[28][46][47] The discovery of isotopes in 1913[48] by Frederick Soddy, and the developments in mass spectrometry pioneered by Francis William Aston, Arthur Jeffrey Dempster, and Alfred O. C. Nier during the early to mid-<e0>20th century</e0> would finally allow for the accurate determination of radiometric ages, with Holmes publishing several revisions to his geological time-scale with his final version in 1960.[5][47][49][50]
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360 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/06/2023, 13:26:25</t0>
The content of the table is based on the official ICC produced and maintained by the ICS who also provide an online interactive version of this chart. The interactive version is based on a service delivering a machine-readable Resource Description Framework/Web Ontology Language representation of the time scale, which is available through the Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information GeoSciML project as a service[75] and at a <e0>SPARQL</e0> end-point.[76][77]
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361 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/30/2023, 19:37:05</t0>
The area was annexed by Germany following the Franco-Prussian War, and returned to France after <e0>World War I</e0>. The residents were evacuated twice during <e1>World War II</e1>, and a German military camp operated nearby until the village was liberated by American troops on March 17, 1945.
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362 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>08/29/2023, 16:36:28</t0>
1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1964th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 964th year of the <e0>2nd millennium</e0>, the 64th year of the <e1>20th century</e1>, and the 5th year of the 1960s decade. | [
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363 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/08/2023, 23:47:22</t0>
Christoph Dassler was a worker in a shoe factory, while his wife Pauline ran a small laundry in the Franconian town of Herzogenaurach, 20 km (12.4 mi) from the city of Nuremberg. After leaving school, their son, Rudolf Dassler, joined his father at the shoe factory. When he returned from fighting in <e0>World War I</e0>, Rudolf was trained as a salesman at a porcelain factory, and later in a leather trading business in Nuremberg.[7]
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364 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/08/2023, 12:30:13</t0>
In January 1988, Lara made his first-class debut for Trinidad and Tobago in the Red Stripe Cup against Leeward Islands.[22] In his second first-class match he made 92 against a Barbados attack containing Joel Garner and Malcolm Marshall, two greats of West Indies teams.[22] Later in the same year, he captained the West Indies team in Australia for the Bicentennial Youth World Cup where the West Indies reached the semi-finals. Later that year, his innings of 182 as captain of the West Indies Under-23s against the <e0>touring Indian team</e0> further elevated his reputation.
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365 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/26/2023, 14:56:39</t0>
William Gould Dow (September 30, 1895 – October 17, 1999) was an American scientist, educator and inventor. He was a pioneer in a variety of fields, including electrical engineering, space research, computer engineering, and nuclear engineering. He helped develop life-saving radar jamming technology during <e0>World War II</e0>, and was a long-time professor at the University of Michigan.
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366 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/26/2023, 14:56:39</t0>
He attended the University of Minnesota, obtaining his BS in 1916 and his BSE in EE in 1917. During <e0>World War I</e0>, Dow was a lieutenant in the US Army Corps of Engineers, with stints at Camp A.A. Humphreys, Virginia (now Fort Belvoir) and the National Bureau of Standards.[4] Upon leaving the Army in 1919, he took on a variety of sales and marketing positions, mainly selling electrical equipment for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
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367 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/26/2023, 14:56:39</t0>
Dow obtained a contract from General Motors' Fisher Body division to develop new induction welding technologies that used higher frequency current than previous methods. Because of the skin effect of alternating current moving through a conductor, higher frequencies meant more of the current (and thus the heat required for welding) was contained in the very upper layers of the material to be welded, rather than being wasted by being distributed deeper inside. The patent Dow obtained for his method contemplates frequencies of up to 3 MHz of alternating current. Although originally intended for use in automobile manufacturing, when the US entered <e0>World War II</e0>, GM instead put his technology into production manufacturing airplanes.[5]
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368 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/18/2023, 01:41:31</t0>
The shoreline of Lake Biel has been inhabited since at least the <e0>Neolithic</e0> age. The remains of two neolithic settlements were found at Vingelz in 1874. The remains of the settlements became the Vingelz / Hafen archaeological site, which is now part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. East of the Vingelz site, a late Bronze Age settlement was also discovered.[6] After the Roman conquest, the region was part of Germania Superior. During the Roman era the Roman road from Petinesca to Pierre Pertuis or Salodurum (now Solothurn) passed through the village of Mett, which is now part of Biel/Bienne. The foundations of buildings and a 4th-century cemetery in Mett come from a late Roman or an early medieval military guard station.[7]
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369 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/18/2023, 01:41:31</t0>
As of 2003[update] the average price to rent an average apartment in Biel/Bienne was 935.83 <e0>Swiss francs</e0> (CHF) per month. The average rate for a one-room apartment was 463.73 CHF, a two-room apartment was about 706.49 CHF, a three-room apartment was about 846.98 CHF and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 1749.16 CHF. The average apartment price in Biel/Bienne was 83.9% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[25] The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2011[update], was 2%.
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370 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>05/08/2023, 18:20:04</t0>
The construction of a bridge with the same name, Butchers' Bridge, was planned already in the late 1930s by the architect Jože Plečnik. According to his plans, the bridge was to be covered, and was a part of the Ljubljana Central Market. However, due to the outbreak of <e0>World War II</e0>, the bridge was never built. For more than fifty years, an empty spot in the middle of the Ljubljana Central Market marked the place where the bridge was meant to be built.
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371 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/29/2023, 14:01:30</t0>
As with many towns in this part of France, <e0>World War I</e0> saw the place reduced to rubble.
A Parisian architect, Jacques Debat-Ponsan, was employed to design and reconstruct the town's public buildings.
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372 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/08/2023, 23:40:50</t0>
During the Whiskey Rebellion, local citizens raised a liberty pole in support of the rebels, and to protest conscription of soldiers to put down the rebellion. Nevertheless, these citizens were censured in a town meeting and removed the pole the next day.[34] President George Washington, while leading United States troops against the rebels, came through town on the way from Carlisle to Bedford, staying overnight on October 12, 1794. According to tradition, Washington lodged with Dr. Robert Johnson, a surgeon in the Pennsylvania line during the Revolution. This march was one of only two times that a sitting president personally commanded the military in the field. (The other was after President James Madison fled the British occupation of Washington, D.C., during the <e0>War of 1812</e0>.) After sending the troops toward Pittsburgh from Bedford under General Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee, Washington returned through Chambersburg sometime between October 21 and 26.[35] James Chambers was appointed a Brigadier General of Militia during the Whiskey Rebellion.[36]
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373 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/16/2023, 22:38:03</t0>
Engelbert Endrass (German: Engelbert Endraß) (2 March 1911 – 21 December 1941) was a German U-boat commander in <e0>World War II</e0>. He commanded the U-46 and the U-567, being credited with sinking 22 ships on ten patrols, for a total of 118,528 gross register tons (GRT) of Allied shipping, to purportedly become the 23rd highest claiming U-boat commander of World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. It was Germany's highest military decoration at the time of its presentation to Endrass.
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374 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/20/2023, 16:52:25</t0>
In 222, at the Battle of Xiaoting, Sun Quan's general Lu Xun dealt Liu Bei a major defeat, stopping the Shu offensive. Shu would not again pose a threat to Sun Quan from that point on. Later that year, when Cao Pi demanded that Sun Quan send his crown prince Sun Deng to the Wei capital Luoyang as a hostage (to guarantee his loyalty), Sun Quan refused and declared independence (by changing era name), thus establishing Eastern Wu as an independent state. Cao Pi <e0>launched a major attack on Wu</e0>, but after Wei defeats in early 223, it became clear that Wu was secure. After Liu Bei's death later that year, Zhuge Jin's brother Zhuge Liang, the regent for Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan, reestablished the alliance with Sun Quan, and the two states would remain allies until Shu's eventual destruction in 263.
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375 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/25/2022, 17:24:58</t0>
With the intensification of Germanization and anti-Polish policies in the German Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century, the ethnically mixed region of Upper Silesia became affected by growing tensions between German nationalists and indigenous Poles. After the end of <e0>World War I</e0> in 1918, the Polish state was finally restored. Amidst an atmosphere of ethnic unrest, the Polish Silesian Uprisings broke out, the first of which (in 1919) was centered on Rybnik, and the Upper Silesia plebiscite was held in 1921 to determine the future state affiliation. The lowest share of pro-German votes was registered in the districts of Rybnik (34.7%) and Pszczyna (25.9%).[4][5] However, in the city of Rybnik, 70.8% of the votes were in favour of Germany.[4] The city and the larger part of the Rybnik district were attached to Poland. Rybnik thus became Polish-ruled for the first time since 1788.
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376 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/25/2022, 17:24:58</t0>
During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started <e0>World War II</e0>, in September 1939, Rybnik was captured by Germany, and the Einsatzgruppe I entered the city to commit atrocities against Poles.[6] Under German occupation the city was directly annexed into Germany. The population was ethnically categorized and either "re-Germanized" or disfranchised and partially expelled into the General Government (German-occupied central Poland). Local teachers and school principals were among Polish teachers and principals murdered in Nazi concentration camps.[7] The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city.[8] The Polenlager No. 97, a forced labour camp for Poles, was operated in the city from 1942 to 1945.[9][10] In the camp, the Germans mainly held children whose parents were either arrested or deported to Germany, and also elderly people.[11] Nevertheless, the Polish resistance movement was active in Rybnik. In the final stages of the war, in January 1945, the Germans murdered 385 prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp in the city during a death march.[12]
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377 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/25/2022, 17:24:58</t0>
Historically, Rybnik was a small town, with population exceeding 1,000 people only in the late 1700s. It was similar in size to neighboring Żory and Wodzisław Śląski, around half the size of Gliwice and 1/3 the size of Racibórz. The population development accelerated after Upper Silesia was annexed by Prussia in 1740. In 1818, Rybnik became a county seat and in 1856 Rybnik was connected with Racibórz by rail. Two years later, in 1858, Rybnik gained a rail connection with Katowice, further accelerating growth. While the discovery of large coal deposits around Rybnik in late 1800s and early 1900s caused capital inflow and population growth of neighboring villages and settlements, Rybnik continued to be primarily a market town rather than transform into a large industrial city like other towns in the region, particularly in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. This changed after <e0>World War II</e0>, when the Polish communist government doubled-down on its heavy industrialization platform, increasing coal production in existing coal mines around Rybnik and building a new city for miners nearby. Due to its central location and existing infrastructure, Rybnik became the center of the Rybnik Coal Area, growing to 44,400 people in 1972.
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378 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/23/2023, 11:12:19</t0>
The Slovak koruna or Slovak crown (Slovak: slovenská koruna, literally meaning Slovak crown) was the currency of Slovakia between 8 February 1993 and 31 December 2008, and could be used for cash payment until 16 January 2009. The <e0>ISO 4217</e0> code was SKK and the local abbreviation was Sk. The koruna was subdivided into 100 haliers (abbreviated as "hal." or simply "h", singular: halier). The abbreviation is placed after the numeric value.
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379 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/23/2023, 12:20:19</t0>
The sharecropping system in the U.S. increased during the Great Depression with the creation of tenant farmers following the failure of many small farms throughout the Dustbowl. Traditional sharecropping declined after mechanization of farm work became economical beginning in the late 1930s and early 1940s.[21][37] As a result, many sharecroppers were forced off the farms, and migrated to cities to work in factories, or became migrant workers in the Western United States during <e0>World War II</e0>. By the end of the 1960s, sharecropping had disappeared in the United States.[citation needed]
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380 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/28/2023, 01:31:25</t0>
Bednorz was born in Neuenkirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany to elementary-school teacher Anton and piano teacher Elisabeth Bednorz, as the youngest of four children. His parents were both from Silesia in Central Europe, but were forced to move westwards in turbulences of <e0>World War II</e0>.[1]
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381 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>05/16/2023, 00:36:22</t0>
Claiborne was the first elected governor after Louisiana became a U.S. state, winning the election of 1812 against Jacques Villeré, and serving from 1812 through 1816. On the eve of the <e0>War of 1812</e0> he sent interpreter Simon Favre to the Choctaws to attempt to keep them out of the war. Claiborne raised militia companies and negotiated the aid of Jean Lafitte to defend New Orleans from British attack late in 1814.[16]
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382 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>05/16/2023, 00:36:22</t0>
The <e0>World War II</e0> Camp Claiborne was named for him in 1939. This installation is still used today for training the Louisiana Army National Guard, particularly by the 256th Infantry Brigade for road marches and land navigation.[citation needed]
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383 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>07/09/2023, 10:44:24</t0>
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg from a script by Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz, based on a story by George Lucas. It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones film series and a prequel to Raiders of the Lost Ark. The film features Harrison Ford who reprises his role as the title character. Kate Capshaw, Amrish Puri, Roshan Seth, Philip Stone and Ke Huy Quan, in his film debut, star in supporting roles. In the film, after arriving in British India, Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery, black magic, and ritual human sacrifice in honor of the goddess <e0>Kali</e0>.
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384 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>07/09/2023, 10:44:24</t0>
A second draft was finished by September. Captain Blumburtt, Chattar Lal, and the boy Maharaja originally had more crucial roles. A dogfight scene was deleted, as were scenes where those who drank the <e0>Kali</e0> blood turned into zombies with physical superhuman abilities. During pre-production, the Temple of Death title was replaced with Temple of Doom. From March to April 1983, Huyck and Katz simultaneously performed rewrites for a final shooting script.[9]
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385 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/30/2023, 08:51:15</t0>
Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (German: Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (Todeslager), or killing centers (Tötungszentren), in Central Europe during <e0>World War II</e0> to systematically murder over 2.7 million people – mostly Jews – in the Holocaust.[1][2][3] The victims of death camps were primarily murdered by gassing, either in permanent installations constructed for this specific purpose, or by means of gas vans.[4] The six extermination camps were Chełmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Extermination through labour was also used at the Auschwitz and Majdanek death camps.[5][6][4] Millions were also murdered in concentration camps, in the Aktion T4, or directly on site.[7]
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386 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>04/07/2020, 01:38:24</t0>
Prior to the outbreak of <e0>World War II</e0>, May Harrison's performances were frequently heard live in Promenade Concerts and via the BBC Radio. Three of the Harrison sisters – Margaret, Beatrice and May – performed in the Delius Memorial Concert at Wigmore Hall on 29 May 1946, which helped raise funds to ease the war-related suffering of European children.[24]
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387 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/16/2023, 14:53:50</t0>
As Alfa Romeo was a state-controlled company, they were often subject to political pressure. To help industrialize Italy's underdeveloped south, Alfa Romeo's new compact car was to be built at a new factory at Pomigliano d'Arco in Campania. Even the car's name, Alfa Sud (Alfa South), reflected where it was built. 18 January 1968, saw a new company named "Industria Napoletana Costruzioni Autoveicoli Alfa Romeo-Alfasud S.p.A." being formed, 90% of which belonged to Alfa Romeo and 10% to Government controlled holding company Finmeccanica.[16] This plant was built in the wake of France's <e0>1968 protests</e0> and Italy's Hot Autumn and was never "properly started."[17] The employees had mainly construction backgrounds and were not trained for factory work, while industrial relations were troublesome throughout. Absenteeism rates in the Pomigliano factory ran at 16.5 percent through the 1970s,[18] reaching as high as 28 percent.[19]
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388 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/16/2023, 14:53:50</t0>
The BBC motoring show <e0>Top Gear</e0> repeatedly argued the significance of owning an Alfa Romeo car as a car enthusiast, stating that "You can't be a true petrolhead if you have never owned/or wanted to own an Alfa Romeo". Presenters Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May continuously praised Alfas for their beauty and driving characteristics even though Italian cars had a long-term bad reputation for unreliability. They argued that the owner build a personal relationship with the car despite all of its mechanical faults. Both Clarkson and May have previously owned Alfas (a GTV6 for Clarkson and an Alfa 164 for May) and both have stated that they regretted selling their Alfas the most.
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389 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>08/01/2022, 22:52:36</t0>
The camp served as a German POW camp during <e0>World War II</e0>. Two attempted escape, but were quickly captured.[1]
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390 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/08/2023, 00:25:51</t0>
All state highways should include the category tag: [[Category:State highways in California|nnnA]] where nnn is 3-digit route number, and A is the letter designation if any (e.g. Route 1A is "001A", Route 2 is "002"). Use Category:Interstate Highways in California for highways that are also part of the <e0>Interstate Highway System</e0> in the state and Category:U.S. Highways in California for highways that are also part of the U.S. Highway System in the state.
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391 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/04/2023, 15:10:33</t0>
Hans Schmidt (28 April 1877 – 5 June 1948) was a German general during <e0>World War II</e0>. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.
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392 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/27/2023, 10:04:20</t0>
The Campaign to Maintain the Advanced Nature of Communist Party Members was alluded to during the Fourth Plenum of the Communist Party leadership in September 2004, and on 1 October 2004, party leadership established a central leading group to coordinate the campaign, led by CCP Organization Department chief He Guoqiang. It was formally launched in January 2005 with the publication of editorials in the <e0>People's Daily</e0> and Xinhua News Agency.[4][5]
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393 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/03/2021, 23:26:51</t0>
When <e0>World War II</e0> broke out the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940, while the Dutch East Indies was occupied by Imperial Japan in 1942. All non Axis Europeans, including most Indo-European males, were interned in Japanese prisoner camps until 1945. During this period close to 25% of the POW’s did not survive their imprisonment.[65][66]
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394 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/04/2023, 18:54:03</t0>
During <e0>World War II</e0> Efroimson worked on the warfront as an epidemiologist, paramedic, and a German-speaking intelligence member from August 1942 through November 1945 and was awarded military decorations.[2][4] In February 1945 he reported to the Military Council of his Army about unacceptable excesses against German civilians including the mass rape of German women.[1]
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395 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/19/2023, 04:13:54</t0>
In the late 1970s, Graves shifted away from modernism to pursue <e0>Postmodernism</e0> and New Urbanism design for the remainder of his career. He began by sketching designs that had Cubist-inspired elements and strong, saturated colors. Postmodernism allowed Graves to introduce his humanist vision of classicism, as well as his sense of irony and humor. His designs, notable for their "playful style" and "colorful facades," were a "radical departure" from his earlier work.[26] The Plocek Residence (1977), a private home in Warren Township, New Jersey, was among the first of his designs in this new style.[10]
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396 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/19/2023, 04:55:55</t0>
In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution made the income tax a permanent fixture in the U.S. tax system. In fiscal year 1918, annual internal revenue collections for the first time passed the billion-dollar mark, rising to $5.4 billion by 1920.[19] The amount of income collected via income tax has varied dramatically, from 1% in the early days of US income tax to taxation rates of over 90% during <e0>World War II</e0>.
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397 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>07/19/2022, 07:57:57</t0>
Prior to 1942, the site of the park was private, expensive oceanfront land. In 1942, during <e0>World War II</e0>, the site was condemned and purchased by the United States government for the construction of Fort Dearborn as part of an across-the-board modernization of US coast defenses. In 1961 the site was ceded to the state of New Hampshire; the previous owners were not given the opportunity to re-purchase the land.[9]
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398 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/03/2023, 14:06:36</t0>
In 1912, Kresge incorporated the S.S. Kresge Company in Delaware with 85 stores. In 1916, Kresge incorporated a new S.S. Kresge Company in Michigan and took over the operations of the original company; the new company in Michigan is the modern day Kmart company. The company was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange on May 23, 1918. During <e0>World War I</e0>, Kresge experimented with raising the limit on prices in his stores to $1. By 1924, Kresge was worth approximately $375 million and owned real estate of the approximate value of $100 million.[14][better source needed] Growth early in the 20th century remained brisk, with 257 stores in 1924, rising to 597 stores by 1929. Kresge retired as president in 1925. The Great Depression reduced profitability and resulted in store closings, but the number rose to 682 in 1940. After the war, shopping patterns changed and many customers moved out of the cities into the suburbs.
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399 | Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/09/2023, 20:34:07</t0>
By the time of the Roman Empire, the term Hebraios (Greek: Ἑβραῖος) could refer to the Jews in general (as Strong's Hebrew Dictionary puts it: "any of the Jewish Nation")[9] or, at other times, specifically to those Jews who lived in Roman Judaea. Judaea was, from 6 CE until 135 CE, a Roman province. However, at the time of <e0>early Christianity</e0>, the term instead referred in Christian texts to Jewish Christians, as opposed to the Judaizers and to the gentile Christians.[10]
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